International Poisonous Plants Checklist : an Evidence-based ...

International 

Poisonous Plants 

Checklist 

An Evidence-Based Reference

International 

Poisonous Plants 

Checklist 

An Evidence-Based Reference 

D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Boca Raton London New York 

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

Wagstaff, D. Jesse, 1935- 

International poisonous plants checklist : an evidence-based reference / D. Jesse Wagstaff. 

p. cm. 

Includes bibliographical references and index. 

ISBN 978-1-4200-6252-6 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Poisonous plants--Toxicology. 2. Poisonous plants--Identification. I. Title. 

QK100.A1W34 2008 

615.9’52--dc22 2008008708 

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at 

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WARNING 

Failure to find a particular plant in this checklist should not be interpreted as evidence that the plant is not toxic. Only a small 

fraction of plants have been examined for toxicity. On the other hand, many food and drug plants listed here are generally 

recognized to be safe but can be toxic in uncommon situations. Dosages and poisoning circumstances such as species susceptibilities 

should be determined from the original literature. Questions regarding plant intoxications should be directed to poison 

control centers and health care providers.

Co Nt e Nt s 

Acknowledgments ......................................................................ix 

Introduction ................................................................................xi 

Author ........................................................................................ xv 

Entries A-Z ...........................................................................1-458

ACKNo WLe DGMe Nt s 

Contributions of several individuals are acknowledged including Wayne Binns (deceased), Claude Culvenor, John Kingsbury, 

Kenneth Lampe (deceased), as well as numerous botanists, toxicologists, librarians, and technical assistants who helped 

sharpen the focus, provided moral support, supplied helpful materials, and provided access to information sources. Particular 

gratitude is expressed to John Wiersema for including numerous poisonous plants in GRIN and for providing the model for 

this book by his publication, together with his coauthor Blanca León, of World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference. Manuscript 

reviewers are Marion R. Cooper, Elizabeth A. Dauncey, Terry D. Jacobson, Lynn F. James, Anthony W. Johnson, 

Anthony P. Knight, Ross A. McKenzie, Kip E. Painter, James A. Pfister, and Richard J. Schmidt. They are thanked for their 

efforts. Gratitude is also expressed for those anonymous reviewers selected by the editor.

INt Ro DUCt Io N 

Increasing international trade has focused attention on the inadequacy of regional information sources. Poisonous plant literature 

is geographically fragmented and is of variable reliability. As Claus et al. (1970) said, “Probably no field of scientific 

endeavor exists in which it is more difficult to separate fact from fiction than in the field of poisonous plants.” Confusion can 

be reduced through use of reliable information and universally-recognized plant names. Objectives of this checklist are: 

1. To define the known set of toxic vascular plants of the world using accepted botanic names. 

2. To support toxicity information for each plant from references to primary literature. 

3. To cross-reference selected synonyms and common names. 

This book is intended as an international reference for toxicologists, food safety regulators, researchers, laboratory diagnosticians, 

poison control center personnel, economic botanists, food safety scientists, trade officials, herbalists, physicians, 

veterinarians, and others who need information about plant toxicology. The subject is addressed as a subset of toxicology. 

Botany, chemistry, and other fields contribute but they are not the focus. 

A poisonous plant is here defined as a plant which, by means of toxic substances it contains, produces adverse effects in 

humans or economic animals such as livestock, laboratory animals, pets, wild animals, birds, fish, and bees. Most poisoning 

cases result from ingestion or other type of exposure to a plant for nutritional, therapeutic, or recreational intent. Other cases 

are due to experimental exposure, and a few are due to malicious intent. Vascular plants include ferns, fern allies, cycads, and 

flowering plants. Nonvascular plants are excluded, as are surface contamination, concentrated plant products, pharmaceuticals, 

and most recreational drugs. 

A statement that a plant is or is not toxic is only hearsay unless supported by reliable evidence, i.e, primary (original) 

sources. A primary source is a record created near the time of an event by an eyewitness qualified by training and experience. 

In contrast, a secondary source is a record made by a non-witness, an unqualified witness, or made long after an event, 

when memory may be fallible. Or even worse, a document is copied or extracted from prior documents in a chain stretching 

backwards through several steps of one author passing on material from prior authors until often the original report can not 

be located. 

Knowledge of plant toxicity has always been important but has not always been reliable. Prehistoric peoples learned which 

plants to eat and which to avoid. Certain toxic plant products were used to poison fish or to coat arrow tips. This knowledge, 

as part of their oral tradition, was not recorded. In the Biblical account, the fruit of one tree produced life, while another 

caused death (Genesis, Holy Bible). Dioscorides (Gunther 1959) wrote about medicinal and toxic properties of specific plants 

from sources made available to Greek scholars from lands of the expansive Hellenic Empire. His work was widely quoted and 

incorporated into books about poisonous plants down to the early part of the twentieth century. But even in his day, he complained 

of mistakes and falsehoods in the literary sources available to him. Nearly a millennium and a half passed before there 

was much further progress. In fact there was retrogression as ancient records were destroyed, as typified by the sacking and 

burning of libraries at Alexandria, Baghdad, and Rome. Mysticism tended to replace direct observation and experimentation 

as the bases for knowledge about plants. 

Finally in the Renaissance new ideas were put forth. The writings in the early 1500s of the Swiss physician Paracelsus were 

pivotal. He reasoned that effects of a plant on the body were due to particular chemical components of the plant and that the 

type and magnitude of the effects were proportional to the amount of the plant substance administered (Pachter 1961). Richard 

Mead, in A Mechanical Account of Poisons (1702), in several essays expressed regret that knowledge was extremely defective. 

Over time, authors began to reject from their lists of poisonous plants some that previous authors had included. The 19th 

century saw the application of the scientific method to the toxicology of plants when the chemist Orfila (1814−1815) used 

experimental animals, mainly dogs, to demonstrate the toxicity of 45 species of plants. 

Outside of Europe, science in this field developed slowly. It was not until the 1890s that scientists such as Victor King 

Chesnut were employed to study poisonous plants (Wagstaff 2004). Kingsbury (1964) reviewed the history of poisonous plant 

publications in detail. International communication expanded with the advent of the International Symposia on Poisonous 

Plants, which were started in 1977 as a joint effort of the United States and Australia and have been held since then at about 

4-year intervals and later expanded to cover other areas of the world (Acamovic et al. 2004; Colegate & Dorling 1994; Garland 

& Barr 1998; James et al. 1992; Keeler et al. 1978; Painter et al. 2007; Seawright et al. 1985). 

Botanic names are sometimes called scientific or Latin names. There are two purposes for using botanic names. The first 

is to satisfy the need for an international standard of identity to support worldwide communication and commerce. Second, 

the system of plant classification, being based upon common ancestry and genetic connections, provides a rational basis for 

studying and using plant relationships. The accepted botanic names in this checklist were taken from Wiersema and Leon’s 

(1999) World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference and updates to this work in the Germplasm Information Network online

xii D. Jesse Wagstaff 

database (GRIN) maintained by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Plant names not found in GRIN were taken from 

Missouri Botanical Garden's Vascular Topics online database (VAST) or from the International Plant Names Index (INI), 

another online database. A final comprehensive check of these sources for the plants named in this publication was performed 

in August 2007. 

A botanic name is comprised of two parts, genus and species, to which is appended the name or abbreviation of the 

author(s) who first validly published the name and authors who taxonomically reclassified the plant. For example, Abrus precatorius 

L. is the name published by Linnaeus for the precatory bean. Application of an accepted name to a plant specimen is 

based upon a description written and published in accord with rules of the International Botanical Nomenclature Committee 

(Greuter et al. 1994) and upon comparison to a dried, or otherwise preserved, specimen of the plant, called the type, which is 

filed in an internationally recognized herbarium. When a plant has been given different scientific names, rules of international 

taxonomic procedures are applied to determine the name with precedence, and the other names become synonyms. 

Four checklists of poisonous plants of the world have been published. The first, Poisonous Plants of All Countries, was published 

in 1905 by Bernhard-Smith, an English physician interested in plants. The second was published in 1911 as a section of 

the book A Manual of Poisonous Plants by the American botanist Pammel. The third was a 1923 revision of Bernhard-Smith’s 

earlier work. The fourth, Poisonous Plants of the World, was distributed in mimeographed form in 1949 (third revision in 1951) 

by Moldenke, a taxonomist at the New York Botanical Garden. However, none of these checklists are comprehensive, nor are 

any of them based upon primary evidence of toxicity. 

The checklist is organized alphabetically like a dictionary. There are two types of entries. First, main entries are the toxic 

plants themselves. And second, selected synonyms and common names are cross-referenced to the main entries. The header 

of each main entry is the accepted botanic name in bolded italicized print, followed by plant author(s) in non-bolded print, 

and then the plant family in square brackets. For example, the main entry for poison ivy is “To x ic o d e n d r o n r a d i - 

c a n s (L.) Kuntze [Anacardiaceae].” Beneath each header are selected botanic synonyms and common names. Following the 

nomenclatural information, the main entry is completed by primary citations supporting toxicity of the plant. In synonym 

cross-references the synonym is referred to the accepted botanic name with an equal (=) sign. An example is “Rhus radicans 

L. = Toxicodendron (L.) Kuntze.” In common name cross-references, the common name is referred to the accepted botanic 

name by the character string “−see− .” An example is “poison ivy −see− Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze.” An occasional 

note is placed at the bottom of a main entry. 

Literature citation lists for some plants are extensive but are not exhaustive. Likewise, the number of synonyms is limited 

to those common in poisonous plant literature. Attempts have been made in the past to standardize common names of plants, 

but these have not been universally accepted. The approach here is to list the most prevalent common names used in poisonous 

plant literature rather than evaluate acceptability of any particular name. Most of these names are from the English language 

together with some from other languages that use the Roman alphabet. A few local and tribal plant names are included. The 

array of common names in this checklist is not exhaustive. Such a list would be virtually endless and continually changing. 

Bibliographic files obtained from John Kingsbury of Cornell University and Kenneth Lampe of the American Medical 

Association were the initial sources of references for a relational bibliographic database. To these were added poisonous plant 

references from TOXLINE, MEDLINE, and other bibliographic sources. Because of the international and multidisciplinary 

nature of the material, major reference works from various geographic areas of the world such as those listed below in the 

general references were consulted. Confirmation of toxicity of each plant was obtained from original publications. Each 

document—book, monograph, or periodical article—was indexed by keyterms. Document-type keyterms were primary for 

original articles, review when the information was referenced, and secondary when it was not an original report and no 

references were given. Document subjects indexing terms were case report, experimental exposure, epidemiology, chemical 

analysis, botany, pharmacology, mechanism, metabolism, animal behavior, and weed control. Citations in this checklist were 

indexed as primary document type and case report, experimental exposure, or epidemiology document subject. The first major 

output from the bibliographic database was a poisonous plant subfile of TOXLINE produced in 1987 for the U.S. National 

Library of Medicine (Wagstaff et al 1989). 

Inclusion in this checklist of virtually all common animal feed plants and human food plants as well as many plants that 

are sources of herbal products widely used as dietary supplements, tonics, and therapeutic agents needs to be explained. The 

rate of adverse effects among users of these products, which are generally considered to be safe, is low. But because of the vast 

number of exposures, even this low rate of adverse effects results in some poisoning cases. Natural variation in populations 

results in some plants of high potency and some humans and animals of high susceptibility. Many other factors such as food 

processing inadequacies may lead to intoxications. 

Plants are toxic only under particular circumstances. Failure to find a plant name in this checklist should not be taken as 

proof that the plant is not toxic. The vast majority of plants have not been studied for toxicity. And some reports of toxicity 

may not have come to the attention of the author of this publication or he may not have properly evaluated them. Readers are 

encouraged to report deficiencies in this publication and to assist in rectification of identified problems.

Introduction xiii 

Care should be exercised in interpreting this checklist. A plant may have poisoning potential because of toxic substances it 

contains but it is included only if reports of actual poisoning cases have come the attention of this compiler. An exposure to a 

plant may not have been observed but was assumed from circumstantial evidence. Another issue is that adverse effects following 

an exposure may have been caused by factors other than the plant. Occasionally, a reported plant was not included in this 

checklist because the name given was so ambiguous that it could not be identified even after using reasonable assumptions. 

The standard is a voucher specimen of the plant collected from the lot to which the humans or animals were exposed that is 

deposited in an internationally recognized herbarium. Reference to such a voucher is uncommon in poisonous plant reports. 

This is not to say that plants named in reports are necessarily erroneous; many authors consult a trained botanist but fail to 

identify that person and the methods of plant identification. Much progress has been made in plant toxicology, but reporting 

deficiencies still occur (Wagstaff 2007). 

Ge Ne RAL Re f e Re NCe s 

Aslani MR (2004) Poisonous plants of Iran and their effects on animals. Ferdowsi University Press. Mashhad, Iran. 

Baldwin RE (1979) Hawaii's poisonous plants. Petroglyph Press. Hilo, Hawaii. 

Bernhard-Smith A (1905) Poisonous plants of all countries. Bristol, J Wright and Co. London. 

Bernhard-Smith A (1923) Poisonous plants of all countries, 2nd ed. Bailliere Tindall Cox. London. 

Bible, King James Version. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 

Burrows GE, Tyrl RJ (2001) Toxic plants of North America. Iowa State University Press. Ames, Iowa. 

Blohm H (1962) Poisonous plants of Venezuela. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

Bruneton J (1999) Toxic plants: Dangerous to humans and animals. Intercept. Andover, UK. 

Caius JF (1986) Medicinal and poisonous plants of India. Scientific Publ. Jodhpur, India. 

Cañizo Gomez JD, Martinez Vazquez M (1964) Plantas toxicas para el ganado en praderas y pastizales. Min Agric Manuales Tecnicos Ser 

M #26. Madrid. 

Claus EP, Tyler VE Jr, Brady LR (1970) Pharmacognosy, 6th ed. Lea & Febiger. Philadelphia. 

Colegate SM, Dorling PR (eds.) (1994) Plant-associated toxins. Agricultural, phytochemical and ecological aspects. CABI. Wallingford, UK. 

Connor HE (1977) The poisonous plants in New Zealand. EC Keating. Wellington. 

Cooper MR, Johnson AW, Dauncey E (2003). Poisonous plants and fungi: An illustrated guide, 2nd ed. The Stationery Office. London. 

Cornevin C (1887) Des plantes vénéneuses et des empoisonnements qu’elles déterminent. Firmin-Didot. Paris. 

Escobar N (1972) Flora tóxica de Panamá. Editorial Universitaria. Panama. 

Everist SL (1981) Poisonous plants of Australia, rev ed. Angus and Robertson. Sydney. 

Frohne D, Pfander HJ (2005) Poisonous plants: A handbook for doctors, pharmacists, toxicologists, biologists, and veterinarians, 2nd ed. Timber 

Press. Portland, Oregon. 

Gillis W (1971) The systematics and ecology of poison-ivy and the poison-oaks (Toxicodendron, Anacardiaceae). Rhodora 73:72−159. 

Garland T, Barr AC (1998) Toxic plants and other natural toxicants. CABI. New York. 

Greuter W, Barrie FR, Burdet HM, et al. (1994) International code of botanical nomenclature (Tokyo Code), adopted by the Fifteenth International 

Botanical Congress. Koeltz Scientific Books. Königstein. 

Gunther RT (1959) The Greek herbal of Dioscorides. Hafner. New York. 

James LF, Keeler RF, Bailey JM Jr, et al. (1992) Poisonous plants: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium. Iowa State University 

Press. Ames, Iowa. 

Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, James LF (1978) Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. Academic Press. New York. 

Kellerman TS, Botha CJ, Coetzer JA, et al. (2005) Plant poisonings and mycotoxicoses of livestock in southern Africa, 2nd ed. Oxford University 

Press. Oxford. 

Kingsbury JM (1964) Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 

Lampe KF, McCann MA (1985). AMA handbook of poisonous and injurious plants. Chicago Review Press. Chicago. 

Mead R (1702) A mechanical account of poisons. R South. London 

Mitchell JC, Rook AJ (1979) Plant dermatology. Greengrass. Vancouver. 

Moldenke HN (1951) Poisonous plants of the world, 3rd ed. of a mimeographed report. New York Botanical Garden. 

Mulligan GA, Munro DB (1990) Poisonous plants of Canada. Agriculture Canada. Ottawa. 

Nelson LS, Shih RD, Balick MJ (2007) Handbook of poisonous and injurious plants, 2nd ed. Springer Science and Business Media, New 

York. 

Núñez Meléndez E (1989) Plantas venenosas de Puerto Rico y las que producen dermatitis. University of Puerto Rico. Rio Piedras. 

Oakes AJ, Butcher JO (1962) Poisonous and injurious plants of the U.S. Virgin Islands. USDA Misc Publ #882. 

Orfila MJ (1814-1815) Traité des poisons tiré des rèsgnes minéral, végétal et animal ou toxicologie général consideree sous les rapports de la pathologie 

et des la medecine legale. Crochard. Paris. 

Pachter HM (1961) Paracelsus: Magic into science. Collier. New York. 

Pammel LH (1911) A manual of poisonous plants. Torch Press. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 

Painter KE, Wierenga TL, Pfister JA (2007) Poisonous plants: Global research and solutions. CABI, Wallingford, UK. 

Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K (1994) Giftpflanzen-Pflanzengifte. Nikol Verlagsgesellschaft. Hamburg. 

Sandberg F (1980) Medicinal and toxic plants from Equatorial Africa: A pharmacologic approach. J Ethnopharm 2(2):105−108. 

Seawright AA, Hegarty MP, James LF, et al. (1985) Plant toxicology. Queensland Poisonous Plant Committee. Yeerongpilly, Queensland. 

Stoilis E, Brikas P, Calaboukas C (1967) Poisonous and noxious plants of Greece. Hellenike Kteniatrike 10:149−167. 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Peixoto PV (2000) Plantas tóxicas do Brasil. Editoria Helianthus, Rio de Janeiro.

xiv D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Verdcourt B, Trump EC (1969) Common poisonous plants of East Africa. Collins. London. 

Wagstaff DJ (2004) Victor King Chesnut (1867−1938), a poisonous plant pioneer. In: Acamovic T, Stewart CS, Pennycott TW (eds.) Poisonous 

plants and related poisons. CABI. Wallingford, UK, pp. 120−122. 

Wagstaff DJ (2007) Evaluation of plant poisoning reports. In: Painter KE, Wierenga TL 

Wagstaff DJ, Wagstaff AT, Goshorn JC (1989) A poisonous plant file in TOXLINE. Toxicon 27(2):259−263. 

Wiersema JH, León B (1999) World economic plants: A standard reference. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. 

Zolla C (1982) Plantas tóxicas de México. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Mexico City Instituto.

AUt Ho R 

D. Jesse Wagstaff has worked many years in food safety and development of poisonous plant bibliographic databases. His 

interest started when he worked with Wayne Binns and Lynn James at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Poisonous Plant 

Laboratory before veterinary training at Cornell University, where John Kingsbury taught poisonous plants. After earning a 

Ph.D., Wagstaff taught toxicology at the University of Missouri. He researched safety of animal feeds and drugs and evaluated 

epidemiologic and safety aspects of human foods at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Although he is 

in emeritus status, the search for additional documents goes on. His collection of poisonous plant documents is the world's 

largest. 

Plant toxicology data has been obtained from interagency projects of the FDA, the U.S. National Library of Medicine 

(NLM), and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Further development has been funded by FDA, NLM, and the U.S. National 

Institutes of Health. Databases were developed with Kenneth Lampe of the American Medical Association. Additional 

material has come from personal searches at the Library of Congress, the U.S. National Agricultural Library, the Smithsonian 

Institution Herbarium, and libraries at Arizona State University, Brigham Young University, Colorado State University, 

Cornell University, Montana State University, University of California at Davis, University of Nevada at Reno, University of 

Utah, University of Washington, and Utah State University. Extensive use has been made of interlibrary loans, online dabases 

such as Pubmed and Agricola, and library catalogs.

Aalhorn –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

aam –see– Mangifera indica L. 

Aaron –see– Arum maculatum L. 

aasvoëbossie –see– Pteronia pallens L. f. 

abachi –see– Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. 

a b a c o p Te r is M u l Ti l i n e a Ta (Wall. ex 

Hook.) Ching [Thelypteridaceae] 

Citations: 

Devi S, Yasmeen, Singh J, et al. (1989) Patch testing animals 

to allergenic fern spores. J Toxicol Cutaneous Ocul Toxicol 

8(2):167-172. 

abang –see– Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg 

Abassian boxwood –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

a b e l Mo s c h u s e s c u l e n Tu s (L.) Moench 

[Malvaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h ibiscus esculentus L. 

Common Names: 

bhindi; gumbo; lady’s-finger; okra 

Citations: 

Matsushita T, Aoyama K, Manda F, et al. (1989) Occupational 

dermatoses in farmers growing okra (Hibiscus 

esculentus L.). Contact Dermatitis 21(15):321-325. 

Singh R, Siddiqui MA, Baruah MC (1978) Plant dermatitis 

in Delhi. Indian J Med Res 68(Oct):650-655. 

Sinha SM, Pasricha JS, Sharma RC, et al. (1977) Vegetables 

responsible for contact dermatitis of the hands. Arch 

Dermatol 113(6):776-779. 

abendlandischer Lebensbaum –see– Platycladus orientalis 

(L.) Franco 

a b i e s b a ls a Me a (L.) Mill. [Pinaceae] 

Common Names: 

balsam fir 

Citations: 

Kappes LO (1948) Balsam as a cause of contact dermatitis in 

a florist. Ann Allergy 6:(Jan-Feb)21-22. 

abnormal leaf flower –see– Phyllanthus abnormis Baill. 

abnormal leg flower –see– Phyllanthus abnormis Baill. 

abrepuño –see– Centaurea solstitialis L. 

abrin –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

abrojos –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

A 

a b r u s p r e c a To r i u s L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

abrin; bejuco-de-peonia; black-eye Susan; Buddhist 

rosary bead; coral bead plant; crab’s-eye; gidee gidee; 

habet-el-arus; Indian bead; Indian licorice; jequirity 

bean; jequirity pea; jumbee bead; love bean; love pea; 

lucky bean; minnie minnies; Paternostererbse; prayer 

bead; prayer bean; precatory bean; precatory pea; ratti; 

red bead vine; rosary bean; rosary pea; Santa Juane; 

weather plant; wild licorice 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1955) Abrin, lethal jewelry. AMA Arch Ind 

Health 12:468-469. 

Anonymous (1969) Rosary bean kills child, 2. Miami Herald. 

Nov 7:2C. 

Barri ME, El Dirdiri NI, Abu Damir H, et al. (1990) Toxicity 

of Abrus precatorius in Nubian goats. Vet Hum Toxicol 

32(6):541-545. 

Bukhari AQ , Ahmad S, Qureshi S (1976) Oral toxicology of 

Abrus precatorius Linn. J Pak Med Assoc 26(1):4-6. 

Burda A, Wahl M, Fischbein C, et al. (2004) Atypical poisonings 

with botanicals raise suspicion of malicious activity. 

Vet Hum Toxicol 46(6):341. 

Carvalho EC (1987) Sensibilidade de aves domésticas (Gallus 

gallus domesticus L.) à abrina, toxalbumina de Abrus 

precatorius L. - Aspectos anatomopatológicos na toxicose 

experimental. Arq Fluminenses Med Vet 2(3):89. 

Davis JH (1978) Abrus precatorius (rosary pea). The 

most common lethal plant poison. J Fla Med Assoc 

65(3):188-191. 

Desai VB, Sirsi M (1964) The effect of Abrus precatorius on 

pregnancy of mice. Curr Sci 33(19):585-587. 

Fernando C (2001) Poisoning due to Abrus precatorius 

(jequirity bean). Anaesthesia 56(12):1178-1180. 

Frohne D, Schmoldt A, Pfänder HJ (1984) Die Paternostererbse 

- Keineswegs harmlos. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 

124(43):2109-2113. 

Genest K, Lavalle A, Nera E (1971) Comparative acute toxicity 

of Abrus precatorius and Ormosia seeds in animals. 

Arzneimittelforschung 21(6):888-889. 

Guggisberg M (1968) A propos d’une curieuse intoxication 

par des grains de chapelet (Abrus precatorius). Rev Med 

Suisse Romande 88(3):206-208. 

Hart M (1963) Hazards to health. Jequirity-bean poisoning. 

N Engl J Med 268(16):885-886. 

Kinamore PA, Jaeger RW, de Castro FJ, et al. (1980) Abrus 

and ricinus ingestion: Management of three cases. Clin 

Toxicol 17(3):401-405. 

Moraillon R, Mutel M, Henry N, et al. (1978) A propos d’un 

cas d’intoxication mortelle d’un chien par la graine d’Abrus 

precatorius. Rec Med Vet Ec Alfort 154(3):223-225. 

Niyogi SK (1977) Elevation of enzyme levels in serum due 

to Abrus precatorius (jequirity bean) poisoning. Toxicon 

15(6):577-580.

2 - Abutilon theophrasti D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Omer SA, Ibrahim FH, Khalid SA, et al. (1992) Toxicological 

interactions of Abrus precatorius and Cassia senna 

in the diet of Lohmann broiler chicks. Vet Hum Toxicol 

34(4):310-313. 

Simpson KS, Banerjee PC (1932) Cases of poisoning in the 

horse with ratti seeds (Abrus precatorius) by oral administration. 

Indian J Vet Sci Anim Husb 2:59-65. 

Swanson-Biearman B, Dean BS, Krenzelok EP (1992) Failure 

of whole bowel irrigation to decontaminate the GI 

tract following massive jequirity bean ingestion. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 34(4):352. 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Monteiro MC (1970) Intoxicação 

experimental em bovinos pela semente de Abrus 

precatorius. Pesq Agric Bras 5(3):441-452. 

absinthe –see– Artemisia absinthium L. 

absinthium –see– Artemisia absinthium L. 

Abutilon avicennae Gaertn. = Abutilon theophrasti Medik. 

abutilon hemp –see– Abutilon theophrasti Medik. 

a b u Ti l o n Th e o p h r a s Ti Medik. [Malvaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a butilon avicennae Gaertn. 

Common Names: 

abutilon hemp; American jute; butter print; button 

print; button weed; Chinese jute; chingma; cottonweed; 

Indian mallow; velvet weed; velvetleaf 

Citations: 

Dugan GM, Gumbmann MR (1990) Toxicological and 

nutritional evaluation of velvetleaf seed: Subchronic 

90-day feeding study and protein efficiency ratio assay. 

Food Chem Toxicol 28(2):95-99. 

Keshavarz K, Park K (1992) The use of velvetweed in laying 

ration causes formation of eggs with pasty yolks. Poult Sci 

71(Suppl 1):54. 

Abyssinian kale –see– Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R. E. 

Fr. 

Abyssinian tea –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

a c a c i a b e r l a n d i e r i Benth. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

guajillo 

Citations: 

Boughton IB, Hardy WT (1940) Feeding trials of suspected 

plants. Texas Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 53:236-237. 


plants. Texas Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 54:159. 

a c a c i a b i n e rv i a (J. C. Wendl.) J. F. Macbr. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a cacia glaucescens Willd. 

Common Names: 

coast myall; river myall; Sally wattle 

Citations: 

Seddon HR, White HC (1928) River myall or sally wattle 

(Acacia glaucescens.) Proved poisonous to stock. Agric 

Gaz New South Wales 39:668-670. 

Seddon HR, White HC (1929) Acacia glaucescens 

(“river myall” or “sally wattle”) proved poisonous to 

stock. New South Wales Dep Agric Vet Res Rep 

1927-1928(5):96-99. 

a c a c i a c a Te c h u (L. f.) Willd. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

black catechu; catechu; cutch tree; khair 

Citations: 

Kulakkattolickal AT (1987) Piscicidal plants of Nepal: 

Preliminary toxicity screening using grass carp 

(Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerlings. J Ethnopharmacol 

21(1):1-9. 

Acacia cyanophylla Lindl. = Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. L. 

Wendl. 

acacia falsa –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

a c a c i a g e o r g i n a e F. M. Bailey [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Georgina gidyea; gidyea tree 

Citations: 

Barnes JE (1958) Georgina poisoning of cattle in the Northern 

Territory. Aust Vet J 34(Sep):281-290. 

Bell AT, Newton LG, Everist SL, et al. (1955) Acacia 

georginae poisoning of cattle and sheep. Aust Vet J 

31(Oct):249-257. 

Whittem JH, Murray LR (1963) The chemistry and 

pathology of Georgina River poisoning. Aust Vet J 

39(Apr):168-173. 

a c a c i a × g i r a f f a e Willd. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

giraffe thorn; kameelboom; kameeldoring; mimosa; 

Transvaal camelthorn; Transvaal kameeldoring 

Citations: 

Steyn DG (1936) Recent investigations into the toxicity 

of known and unknown poisonous plants in the Union 

of South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Indus 

7(1):169-178. 

a c a c i a g l a u c a (L.) Moench [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a cacia villosa (Sw.) Willd. 

Citations: 

Dunham LJ, Sheets RH, Morton JF (1974) Proliferative 

lesions in cheek pouch and esophagus of hamsters treated 

with plants from Curacao, Netherland Antilles. J Natl 

Cancer Instit 53(5):1259-1269. 

Acacia glaucescens Willd. = Acacia binervia (J. C. Wendl.) 

J. F. Macbr.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Acacia ×senegal - 3 

a c a c i a j a c q u e Mo n Ti i Benth. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

kikar 

Citations: 



a c a c i a l a s io p e Ta l a Oliv. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Natal camel thorn 

Citations: 

Steyn DG (1934) The camel-thorn tree and other Acacia species 

as stockfeed. Risk of stock being poisoned. Farming 

South Africa 9(Mar):89-90, 106. 

a c a c i a l e u c o p h l o e a (Roxb.) Willd. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

babul; kikar; rajma; raunja; reunja; safed kikar 

Citations: 

Gupta I, Nauriyal MM (1966) Acacia leucophloea 

Willd. (raunja) poisoning in livestock. Indian Vet J 

43(6):538-543. 

Prasad J, Singh AP, Rekib A (1977) Hydrocyanic acid poisoning 

in grazing sheep and goat on Acacia leucophloea 

(reunja). Indian Vet J 54(Sep):748-751. 

Vihan VS, Panwar HS (1987) A note on toxicity of Acacia 

leucophloea (rajma) in sheep. Indian J Anim Res 

21(1):53-55. 

a c a c i a Me l a n o x y l o n R. Br. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Australian blackwood; blackwood; Tasmanian 

blackwood 

Citations: 

Burry JN (1969) The value of patch testing: A review of 363 

cases of allergic contact dermatitis. Med J Aust 1(Jun 

14):1124-1231. 

Correia O, Barros MA, Mesquita-Guimarães J (1992) Airborne 

contact dermatitis from the woods Acacia melanoxylon 

and Entandrophragma cylindricum. Contact 

Dermatitis 27(5):343-344. 

Tilsley DA (1990) Australian blackwood dermatitis. Contact 

Dermatitis 23(6):40-41. 

a c a c i a n i l o Tic a (L.) Delile subsp. kraussiana 

(Benth.) Brenan [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Terblanche M, Pienaar JG, Bigalke R, et al. (1967) Acacia 

nilotica (L.) Del. subsp. kraussiana (Benth.) Brenan 

as a poisonous plant in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 

38(1):57-63. 

a c a c i a p e n d u l a A. Cunn. ex G. Don [Fabaceae] 

Common names: 

myall 

Citations: 

Hindmarsh WL (1937) Mortality in sheep due to the 

ingestion of the foliage of myall trees (Acacia pendula) 

infested with the boree moth (Teara contraria). Aust Vet 

J 13:124-125. 

a c a c i a p e n n a Ta (L.) Willd. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

aila; arfoo 

Citations: 

Kulakkattolickal AT (1987) Piscicidal plants of Nepal: Preliminary 

toxicity screening using grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon 

idella) fingerlings. J Ethnopharmacol 21(1):1-9. 

a c a c i a s a l ic i n a Lindl. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

black Sally wattle; black wattle; cooby; doolan 

Citations: 

McCosker PJ, Hunt SE (1966) Suspected poisoning of cattle 

with Acacia salicina. Aust Vet J 42(Sep):355. 

a c a c i a s a l ig n a (Labill.) H. L. Wendl. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a cacia cyanophylla Lindl. 

Citations: 

Allen JG, Creeper JH, Forshaw D, et al. (2004) Plant-associated 

diseases, either new or new to the state, encountered 

over the last decade (1991-2001) in Western Australia. In: 

Acamovic T, Stewart CS, Pennycott TW (eds.) Poisonous 

plants and related toxins. CABI. Wallingford, UK. 

pp. 540-547. 

a c a c i a × s e n e g a l (L.) Willd. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a cacia verek Guill. & Perr. 

Common Names: 

gum acacia; gum arabic 

Citations: 

Fötisch K, Fäh J, Wüthrich B, et al. (1998) IgE antibodies 

specific for carbohydrates in a patient allergic to gum arabic 

(Acacia senegal). Allergy 53(11):1043-1051. 

Ilchyshyn A, Smith AG (1985) Gum arabic sensitivity associated 

with epidemic hysteria dermatologica. Contact 

Dermatitis 13(4):282-283. 

Sprague PH (1942) Bronchial asthma due to sensitivity to 

gum acacia. Can Med Assoc J 47:253. 

Acacia verek Guill. & Perr. = Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. 

Acacia villosa (Sw.) Willd. = Acacia glauca (L.) Moench 

acajou –see– Anacardium occidentale L.; Semecarpus ater (G. 

Forst.) Vieill. 

acajou-jaune-du-Congo –see– Sarcocephalus diderrichii De 

Wild. 

acalypha –see– Acalypha indica L.

4 - Acalypha indica D. Jesse Wagstaff 

a c a l y p h a i n d ic a L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

acalypha; hierba-de-cancer; Indian acalypha; machelikoane; 

three-seed mercury 

Citations: 

Fernando R (2002) The national poisons information centre 

in Sri Lanka: The first ten years. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

40(5):551-555. 

Senanayake N, Sanmuganthan PS (1996) Acute intravascular 

haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 

deficient patients following ingestion of herbal broth containing 

Acalypha indica. Trop Doct 26(1):32. 

Steyn DG (1937) Recent investigations into the toxicity of 

known and unknown poisonous plants in the Union of 

South Africa. VIII. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Indus 

9:573-582. 

Steyn DG (1965) An investigation into cases of suspected 

poisoning in Africans in northern Rhodesia. S Afr Med 

J 39(16):344-350. 

a c a n Th o s p e r Mu M h is p i d u M DC. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

dashin yawo; hurab ekhowsa; star bur 

Citations: 

Ali B, Adam SE (1978) Effects of Acanthospermum hispidum 

on goats. J Comp Pathol 88(4):533-544. 

Ali B, Adam SE (1978) Toxicity of Acanthospermum hispidum 

to mice. J Comp Pathol 88(3):443-448. 

acebo –see– Ilex aquifolium L. 

acedera –see– Rumex crispus L. 

acedera común –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

acederilla –see– Oxalis acetosella L. 

a c e r Ma c r o p h y l l u M Pursh [Aceraceae] 

Common Names: 

big-leaf maple; Oregon maple 

Citations: 

Meeham J (1889) Poisonous plants. Garden Forest 

2(57):154. 

a c e r r u b r u M L. [Aceraceae] 

Common Names: 

Carolina maple; meadow maple; red maple; scarlet 

maple; soft maple; swamp maple; water maple; yellow 

maple 

Citations: 

De Witt SF, Bedenice D, Mazan MR (2004) Hemolysis 

and Heinz body formation associated with ingestion of 

red maple leaves in two alpacas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

225(4):578-583. 

Divers TJ, George LW, George JW (1982) Hemolytic anemia 

in horses after the ingestion of red maple leaves. J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 180(3):300-302. 

George LW, Divers TJ, Mahaffey EA, et al. (1982) Heinz 

body anemia and methemoglobinemia in ponies 

given red maple (Acer rubrum L.) leaves. Vet Pathol 

19(5):521-533. 

Long PH, Payne JW (1984) Red maple-associated pulmonary 

thrombosis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

184(8):977-978. 

McConnico RS, Brownie CF (1992) The use of ascorbic acid 

in the treatment of 2 cases of red maple (Acer rubrum)poisoned 

horses. Cornell Vet 82(3):293-300. 

Plumlee KH (1991) Red maple toxicity in a horse. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 33(1):66-67. 

Stair EL, Edwards WC, Burrows GE, et al. (1993) Suspected 

red maple (Acer rubrum) toxicosis with abortion in two 

Percheron mares. Vet Hum Toxicol 35(3):229-230. 

Tennant B, Dill SG, Glickman LT, et al. (1980) Red maple 

poisoning in horses associated with acute hemolytic anemia 

and methemoglobinemia. Proc Am Assoc Equine 

Pract 26:243-250. 

Tennant B, Dill SG, Glickman LT, et al. (1981) Acute 

hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, and Heinz body 

formation associated with ingestion of red maple leaves by 

horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179(2):143-150. 

ache-des-marrais –see– Apium graveolens L. 

ache douce –see– Apium graveolens L. 

ache olorante –see– Apium graveolens L. 

Achillea borealis Bong. = Achillea millefolium L. 

Achillea lanulosa Nutt. = Achillea millefolium L. 

a c h i l l e a Mi l l e f o l i u M L. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a chillea borealis Bong.; a chillea lanulosa Nutt. 

Common Names: 

milfoil; nosebleed; plumajillo; Schafgarbe; thousandleaf; 

yarrow 

Citations: 

Davies MG, Kersey PJ (1986) Contact allergy to yarrow and 

dandelion. Contact Dermatitis 14(4):256-257. 

Gans O (1929) Ueber die Dermatitis durch Achillea millefolium. 

Ein Beitrag zur Aetiologie der beim Freibaden 

entstehenden Hautausschläge. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 

55(29):1213-1215. 

Hausen BM (1979) The sensitizing capacity of Compositae 

plants. III. Test results and cross-reactions in Compositae-sensitive 

patients. Dermatologica 159(1):1-11. 

Philadelphy A (1928) Eine bullöse Hauterkrankung, hervorgerufen 

durch Achillea millefolium. Wien Klin 

Wochenschr 41:88-89. 

a c h n a Th e r u M r ob u s Tu M (Vasey) Barkworth 

[Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s tipa robusta (Vasey) Scribn.; s tipa vaseyi Scribn.; 

s tipa viridula Trin. var. robusta Vasey 

Common Names: 

Mexican sleepy grass; robust needlegrass; sleepy grass; 

Vasey’s-stipa grass

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Aconitum carmichaelii - 5 

Citations: 

Bailey V (1903) Sleepy grass and its effect on horses. Science 

17(427):392-393. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1929) Sleepy grass (Stipa vaseyi) 

as a stock-poisoning plant. U S Dep Agric Tech Bull 

#114:19 pp. 

Smalley HE, Crookshank HR (1976) Toxicity studies on 

sleepy grass, Stipa robusta (Vasey) Scribn. Southwestern 

Vet 29(1):35-39. 

a c h y r a n Th e s a s p e r a L. [Amaranthaceae] 

Common Names: 

apamarg; colic weed; hug melose; man-better-man; 

rabo-de-gato 

Citations: 

Han ST, Lin CC (2003) Cardiac toxicity caused by Achyranthes 

aspera. Vet Hum Toxicol 45(4):212-213. 

Sanchez Perere LL, Alfonso HA, Noa M, et al. (1995) 

Intoxication due to Achyranthes aspera L. Vet Hum Toxicol 

37(6):582. 

ackee –see– Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig 

Ackerkrone –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

Ackerrettich –see– Raphanus sativus L. 

Ackerrittersporn –see– Consolida regalis Gray 

Ackersenf –see– Sinapis arvensis L. 

Ackerwicke –see– Vicia sativa L. 

Ackerwinde –see– Convolvulus arvensis L. 

a c Me n a s Mi Th i i (Poir.) Merr. & L. M. Perry 

[Myrtaceae] 

Synonyms: 

e ugenia smithii Poir. 

Common Names: 

lily pilly 

Citations: 

Rosner SA, Nurse DS (1984) Contact dermatitis to lily pilly 

(Eugenia smithii): Report of a case. Aust J Dermatol 

25(1):25-26. 

Acokanthera friesiorum Markgr. = Acokanthera schimperi 

(A. DC.) Oliv. 

Acokanthera longiflora Stapf = Acokanthera oppositifolia 

(Lam.) Codd 

a c o k a n Th e r a o p p o s i Ti f o l i a (Lam.) Codd 

[Apocynaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a cokanthera longiflora Stapf; a cokanthera venenata 

auct. 

Common Names: 

arrow poison bush; bushman’s-poison; gifboom; Hottentot 

poison bush; ouabain; wabaio 

Citations: 

Mugera GM (1970) Toxic and medicinal plants of East 

Africa. I. Bull Epizootic Dis Afr 18(4):377-387. 

a c o k a n Th e r a s c h i Mp e r i (A. DC.) Oliv. 

[Apocynaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a cokanthera friesiorum Markgr. 

Common Names: 

Hottentot poison bush; ouabain; wabaio 

Citations: 

Cassels BK (1985)Analysis of a Maasai arrow poison. J Ethnopharmacol 

14(2-3):273-281. 



Acokanthera venenata auct. = Acokanthera oppositifolia 

(Lam.) Codd 

aconite –see– Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux; Aconitum 

ferox Wall. ex Ser.; Aconitum kusnezoffii Rchb.; Aconitum 

napellus L. 

Aconitum angelicum Stapf = Aconitum napellus L. 

a c o n i Tu M b r a c h y p o d u M Diels 

[Ranunculaceae] 

Citations: 

Tai YT, But PP, Young K, et al. (1992) Cardiotoxicity 

after accidental herb-induced aconite poisoning. Lancet 

340(8830):1254-1256. 

Zhang YG, Huang GZ (1988) Poisoning by toxic plants in 

China. Report of 19 autopsy cases. Am J Forensic Med 

Pathol 9(4):313-319. 

a c o n i Tu M ×c a MMa r u M L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Citations: 

Cheung K; Hinds JA; Duffy P (1989) Detection of poisoning 

by plant-origin cardiac glycoside with the Abbott TDx 

analyzer. Clin Chem 35(2):295-297. 

Pohjalainen T, Elomaa E, Hoppu K (2003) Cardiovascular 

disorders induced by Aconitum species. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 41(4):515-516. 

a c o n i Tu M c a r Mic h a e l i i Debeaux 


Common Names: 

aconite; bushi; chuanwu; fo tzu; fu tse; wutou; zhichuan-wu 

Citations: 

But PP Tai YT, Young K (1994) Three fatal cases of herbal 

aconite poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol 39(3):212-215. 

Chan TY, Chan JC, Tomlinson B, et al. (1994) Poisoning 

by Chinese herbal medicines in Hong Kong: A hospitalbased 

study. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(6):546-547. 

Chan TY, Tomlinson B, Chan WW, et al. (1993) A case of 

acute aconitine poisoning caused by chuanwu and caowu. 

J Trop Med Hyg 96(1):62-63.

6 - Aconitum carmichaelii D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Chan TY, Tomlinson B, Critchley JA, et al. (1994) Herbinduced 

aconitine poisoning presenting as tetraplegia. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 36(2):133-134. 

Chan WY, Ng TB, Lu JL (1995) Effects of decoctions prepared 

from Aconitum carmichaelii, Aconitum kusnezoffii 

and Tripterygium wilfordii on serum lactate dehydrogenase 

activity and histology of liver, kidney, heart, and 

gonad. Hum Exp Toxicol 14(6):489-493. 

Chen SS, Hung DZ, Deng JF, et al. (1992) Aconite poisoning 

in a herb preparation. Toxicon 30:497-498. 

Dickens P, Tai YT, But PP, et al. (1994) Fatal accidental 

aconitine poisoning following ingestion of Chinese 

herbal medicine: A report of two cases. Forensic Sci Int 

67(1):55-58. 

Fitzpatrick AJ, Crawford M, Allan RM, et al. (1994) Aconite 

poisoning managed with a ventricular assist device. 

Anaesth Intensive Care 22(6):714-717. 

Liu Y, Wolf LR, Zhu W (1997) Epidemiology of adult poisoning 

at China Medical University. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

35(2):175-180. 



340(8830):1254-1256. 

Tai YT, Lau CP, But PP, et al. (1992) Bidirectional tachycardia 

induced by herbal aconite poisoning. Pacing Clin 

Electrophysiol 15(5):831-839. 

Zhang ZZ (1983) [Experimental study on “18 against compatibilities” 

of Chinese traditional medicine: Acute toxicity 

of Aconitum carmichaelii and Pinellia ternata.] Bull 

Chin Materia Medica 8(4):33-34. 

a c o n i Tu M c a r Mic h a e l i i Debeaux var. 

truppelianum (Ulbr.) W. T. Wang & P. K. Hsiao 


Synonyms: 

a conitum chinense Paxton 

Common Names: 

Chinese aconite root 

Citations: 



Pathol 9(4):313-319. 

Aconitum chinese Paxton = Aconitum carmichaelii 

Debeaux var. truppelianum (Ulbr.) W. T. Wang & P. K. 

Hsiao 

Aconitum excelsum Rchb. = Aconitum lycoctonum L. 

subsp. lycoctonum 

a c o n i Tu M f e r o x Wall. ex Ser. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

aconite; bish poison; Indian aconite; Nepaul aconite 

Citations: 

Mahajani SS, Joshi RS, Gangar VU, et al. (1990) Some 

observations on the toxicity and antipyretic activity of 

crude and processed aconite roots. Planta Med 56:665. 

a c o n i Tu M k u s n e z o f f i i Rchb. 


Common Names: 

aconite; caowu; zhi-cao-wu 

Citations: 

But PP Tai YT, Young K (1994) Three fatal cases of herbal 

Aconite poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol 39(3):212-215. 




Chan TY, Tomlinson B, Chan WW, et al. (1993) A case of 

acute aconitine poisoning caused by chuanwu and caowu. 

J Trop Med Hyg 96(1):62-63. 

Chan TY, Tomlinson B, Critchley JA, et al. (1994) Herbinduced 

Aconitine poisoning presenting as tetraplegia. 

Vet Hum Toxicol 36(2):133-134. 


from Aconitum carmichaelii, Aconitum kusnezoffii 




Chen SS, Hung DZ, Deng JF, et al. (1992) Aconite poisoning 

in a herb preparation. Toxicon 30:497-498. 

Dickens P, Tai YT, But PP, et al. (1994) Fatal accidental 

aconitine poisoning following ingestion of Chinese 

herbal medicine: A report of two cases. Forensic Sci Int 

67(1):55-58. 

Fitzpatrick AJ, Crawford M, Allan RM, et al. (1994) Aconite 

poisoning managed with a ventricular assist device. 

Anaesth Intensive Care 22(6):714-717. 



340(8830):1254-1256. 

Tai YT, Lau CP, But PP, et al. (1992) Bidirectional tachycardia 

induced by herbal aconite poisoning. Pacing Clin 

Electrophysiol 15(5):831-839. 

a c o n i Tu M l y c o c To n u M L. subsp. lycoctonum 


Synonyms: 

a conitum excelsum Rchb.; a conitum septentrionale 

Koelle 

Citations: 

Leine N (1988) Forgiftning med tyrihjelm (lusehatt) 

Aconitum septentrionale. Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift 

100(10):736-737. 

a c o n i Tu M l y c o c To n u M L. subsp. vulparia 

(Rchb.) Nyman [Ranunculaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a conitum vulparia Rchb. 

Common Names: 

farkasölö sisakvirág; Gelbereisenhut; Gelber Sturmhut; 

monkshood; Wolfs-Eisenhut; wolfsbane 

Citations: 

Puschner B, Booth MC, Tor ER, et al. (2002) Diterpenoid 

alkaloid toxicosis in cattle in the Swiss Alps. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 44(1):8-10.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Actaea rubra - 7 

Puschner B, Booth MC, Tor ER, et al. (2004) Delphinium 

alkaloid toxicosis in cattle from Switzerland. In: Acamovic 

T, Stewart CS, Pennycott TW (eds.) Poisonous 

plants and related toxins. CABI. Wallingford, UK. pp. 

38-43. 

a c o n i Tu M n a p e l l u s L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a conitum angelicum Stapf 

Common Names: 

aconite; bachnag; bear’s-foot; Blauer Eisenhut; Blauer 

Sturmhut; blue rocket; Echter Eisenhut; Echter Sturmhut; 

European aconite; Fischerkappe; friar’s-cap; 

helmet flower; monk’s-cowl; monkshood; Reiterkappe; 

soldier’s-cap; Taubenkutsche; Turk’s-cap; Venus’-chariot; 

wolfsbane 

Citations: 

Birtanov Y, Toibaeva G, Birtanov A (2000) Acute aconite 

poisoning: A review of 219 cases. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

38(5):579. 

Crandon K, Thompson JP (2003) A fatal case of monkshood 

poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41(4):519-520. 

Edwards EP (1925) Aconite poisoning. Vet Rec 5(Jul 

4):559. 

Feldkamp A, Köster B, Weber HP (1991) Tödliche Vergiftung 

durch Blauen Eisenhut (Aconitum napellus). 

Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 139(6):366-367. 

Felgenhauer N, Zilker T, Dorfmann N (1999) Severe intoxication 

with Aconitum. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37(3):416. 

Gohel DR, Patel BI, Agarwal SB (1989) Aconite intoxication 

and cardiac arrythmias. J Assoc Physicians India 

37(3):245. 

Imazio M, Belli R, Pomari F, et al. (2000) Malignant ventricular 

arrythmias due to Aconitum napellus seeds. Circulation 

102(23):2907-2908. 

Moritz F, Compagnon P, Kaliszczak IG, et al. (2005) Severe 

acute poisoning with homemade Aconitum napellus 

capsules: Toxicokinetic and clinical data. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 43(7):873-876. 

Northall FS, Dauncey EA, Butler JM (2003) An overview of 

plant and fungal poisonings in the UK, and some interesting 

cases. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41(4):518-519. 



Toxicol 44(1):8-10. 



T, Stewart CS, Pennycott TW (eds.) Poisonous plants and 

related toxins. CABI. Wallingford, UK. pp. 38-43. 

Singh S, Fadnis PP, Sharma BK (1986) Aconite poisoning. J 

Assoc Physicians India 34(11):825-826. 

Solway RI (1949) Aconite intoxication and myocardial 

infarction. Connecticut State Med J 13:727-728. 

Taylor H (1925) Poisoning by the aconite plant. Vet Rec 

5(Jun 27):533. 

Toibaeva GM, Birtanov YA, Birtanov AB (2001) Acute 

aconite poisoning: A review of 219 cases. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 39(3):302. 

Travis AD, Gummin DD, McCann P, et al. (2002) Monkshood-induced 

dysrhythmia treated with magnesium. J 

Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40(5):646. 

Aconitum septentrionale Koelle = Aconitum lycoctonum L. 

subsp. lycoctonum 

Aconitum vulparia Rchb. = Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. 

vulparia (Rchb.) Nyman 

acoro bastardo –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

acorus –see– Acorus calamus L. 

a c o r u s c a l a Mu s L. [Acoraceae] 

Common Names: 

acorus; calamus; Kalmus; sweet cane; sweet cinnamon; 

sweet flag; sweet root; vegetable calomel 

Citations: 

Gross MA, Jones WI, Cook EL, et al. (1967) Carcinogenicity 

of oil of calamus. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 

8:24. 

Thomas M, Anandan S, Kuruvilla PJ, et al. (2000) Profile 

of hospital admissions following acute poisoning – Experiences 

from a major teaching hospital in south India. 

Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 19(4):313-317. 

Vargas CP, Wolf LR, Gamm SR, et al. (1998) Getting to 

the root (Acorus calamus) of the problem. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 36(3):259-260. 

acrid buttercup –see– Ranunculus acris L. 

Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. = Rhaponticum repens (L.) 

Hidalgo 

a c r o s Tic h u M a u r e u M L. [Pteridaceae] 

Citations: 

Devi S, Yasmeem, Singh J, et al. (1989) Patch testing animals 


8(2):167-172. 

a c Ta e a r a c e Mo s a L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c imicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. 

Common Names: 

black cohosh; black snakeroot; bugbane; cimicifuga; 

macrotys; rattleroot; squawroot 

Citations: 

Litovitz TL, Felberg L, Soloway RA, et al. (1995) 1994 

Annual Report of the American Association of Poison 

Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. 

Am J Emerg Med 12(5):551-597. 

Thomsen M, Vitetta L, Sali A, et al. (2004) Acute liver failure 

associated with the use of herbal preparations containing 

black cohosh. Med J Aust 180(11):598-600. 

a c Ta e a r u b r a (Aiton) Willd. [Ranunculaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ctaea spicata L. var. rubra Aiton 

Common Names: 

actée rouge; baneberry; coralberry; doll’s-eyes; red 

baneberry; snakeberry; western baneberry; yerba-del- 

Peco

8 - Actinidia chinensis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Bacon AE (1903) An experiment with the fruit of red 

baneberry. Rhodora 5(51):77-79. 

Actaea spicata L. var. rubra Aiton = Actaea rubra (Aiton) 

Willd. 

actée rouge –see– Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. 

Actinea odorata (DC.) Kuntze = Hymenoxys odorata DC. 

Actinea richardsonii (Hook.) Kuntze = Hymenoxys 

richardsonii (Hook.) Cockerell 

a c Ti n i d i a c h i n e n s is Planch. [Actinidiaceae] 

Common Names: 

kiwi 

Citations: 

Zina AM, Bundino S (1983) Contact urticaria to Actinidia 

chinensis. Contact Dermatitis 9(1):85. 

a c Ti n i d i a d e l ic io s a (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang & 

A. R. Ferguson [Actinidiaceae] 

Common Names: 

kiwi 

Citations: 

Gall H, Kalveram KJ, Forck G, et al. (1994) Kiwi fruit 

allergy: A new birch pollen-associated food allergy. J 

Allergy Clin Immunol 94(1):70-76. 

Gastaminza G, Bernaola G, Camino ME (1998) Acute 

pancreatitis caused by allergy to kiwi fruit. Allergy 

53(11):1104-1105. 

Mancuso G, Berdondini RM (2001) Oral allergy syndrome 

from kiwi fruit after a lover’s kiss. Contact Dermatitis 

45(1):41. 

Voitenko V, Poulsen LK, Nielsen L, et al. (1997) Allergenic 

properties of kiwi-fruit extract: Cross-reactivity 

between kiwi-fruit and birch-pollen allergens. Allergy 

52(2):136-143. 

Adam-and-Eve –see– Arum maculatum L. 

addad –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

addar –see– Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 

adder’s-meat –see– Arum maculatum L. 

adder’s-root –see– Arum maculatum L. 

adelfa –see– Nerium oleander L. 

a d e n i a g u MMi f e r a (Harv.) Harms 

[Passifloraceae] 

Citations: 

Neame PB, Pillay VK (1964) Spontaneous hypoglycaemia, 

hepatic and renal necrosis following the intake of herbal 

medicines. S Afr Med J 38(part 2):729-732. 

a d e n i a h o n d a l a (Gaertn.) W. J. de Wilde 


Synonyms: 

a denia palmata (Lam.) Engl.; Modecca palmata Lam. 

Common Names: 

hondala 

Citations: 



40(5):551-555. 

Fernando R, Fernando DN (1990) Poisoning with plants and 

mushrooms in Sri Lanka: A retrospective hospital based 


Lucas GN (1997) Plant poisoning: A hospital-based study in 

Sri Lanka. Indian J Pediatr 64(4):495-502. 

Munasinghe DR, Karunanayake A, Nimalasuriya A, et al. 

(1971) Poisoning with Adenia palmata. Ceylon Med J 

16(3):182-186. 

Adenia palmata (Lam.) Engl. = Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) 

W. J. de Wilde 

a d e n i a v o l k e n s i i Harms [Passifloraceae] 

Citations: 

Verdcourt B, Trump EC (1969) Common poisonous plants 

of East Africa. Collins. London. 

a d e n o s Ty l e s a l l i a r i a e A. Kern. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Alpendost 

Citations: 

Sperl W, Stuppner H, Gassner I, et al. (1995) Reversible 

hepatic veno-occlusive disease in an infant after consumption 

of pyrrolizidine-containing herbal tea. Eur J 

Pediatr 154(2):112-116. 

adhered –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Hook. f. ex Brandis = Haldina 

cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale 

Adlerblume –see– Consolida regalis Gray 

Adlerfarn –see– Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

a d o n is a e s Ti va l is L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

Adonisröschen; nyári hérics; Sommeradonisröschen; 

summer adonis; summer pheasant’s-eye 

Citations: 

Kummer H (1952) Vergiftungen bei Pferden durch Adonis 

in Luzerneheu. Tierarztl Umsch 7:430-431. 

Woods LW, Filigenzi MS, Booth MC, et al. (2004) Summer 

pheasant’s eye (Adonis aestivalis) poisoning in three 

horses. Vet Pathol 41(3):215-220. 

a d o n is a n n u a L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a donis phoenicea Bercht. & J. Presl 

Common Names: 

autumn adonis; bird’s-eye; pheasant’s-eye; Teufelsauge

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Aesculus hippocastanum - 9 

Citations: 

Degen A (1932) Adonis-Vergiftung. Fortschr Landwirtschaft 

7:556-558. 

a d o n is Mic r o c a r p a DC. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

pheasant’s-eye 

Citations: 

Davies RL, Whyte PB (1989) Adonis microcarpa (pheasant’s 

eye) toxicity in pigs fed field pea screenings. Aust Vet J 

66(5):141-143. 

adonis morado –see– Duranta erecta L. 

Adonis phoenicea Bercht. & J. Presl = Adonis annua L. 

Adonisröschen –see– Adonis aestivalis L. 

a e g l e Ma r Me l o s (L.) Corrêa [Rutaceae] 

Citations: 

Arseculeratne SN, Gunatilaka AA, Panabokke RG (1985) 

Studies on medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. Part 14. Toxicity 

of some traditional medicinal herbs. J Ethnopharmacol 

13:323-335. 




a e s c h y n a n Th u s p u l c h e l l a Hort. ex 

Hanst. [Gesneriaceae] 

Citations: 

van Ketel WG (1979) Occupational contact dermatitis due 

to Codiaeum variegatum and possibly to Aeschynanthus 

pulcher. Dermatosen 27(5):141-142. 

a e s c h y n o Me n e i n d ic a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Buddha pea 

Citations: 

Haraguchi M, Zambronio F, Górniak SL, et al. (2003) 

Neurotoxicity to pigs and rodents from different fractions 

of Aeschynomene indica seeds. Vet Hum Toxicol 

45(4):177-179. 

Oliveira FN, Barros RR, Rissi DR, et al. (2004) Focal 

symmetrical encephalomalacia in swine from ingestion 

of Aeschynomene indica seeds. Vet Hum Toxicol 

46(6):309-311. 

Oliveira FN, Rech RR, Rissi DR, et al. (2005) Intoxicação em 

suínos pela ingestão de sementas de Aeschynomene indica 

(Leg. Papilionoideae). Pesq Vet Bras 25(3):135-142. 

Riet-Correa F, Timm CD, Barros SS, et al. (2003) Symmetric 

focal degeneration in the cerebellar and vestibular 

nuclei in swine caused by ingestion of Aeschynomene 

indica seeds. Vet Pathol 40(3):311-316. 

a e s c u l u s c a l i f o r n ic a (Spach) Nutt. 

[Sapindaceae] 

Common Names: 

California buckeye; horse chestnut 

Citations: 

Vansell GB (1926) Buckeye poisoning of the honey bee. California 

Agric Exp Sta Circ #301:12 pp. 

a e s c u l u s f l a va Sol. [Sapindaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a esculus octandra Marshall 

Common Names: 

buckeye; sweet buckeye; yellow buckeye 

Citations: 

Magnusson RA, Whittier WD, Veit HP, et al. (1983) Yellow 

buckeye (Aesculus octandra Marsh) toxicity in calves. 

Bovine Pract 18(Nov):195-199. 

a e s c u l u s g l a b r a Willd. [Sapindaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p avia glabra Spach 

Common Names: 

buckeye; fetid buckeye; horse chestnut; Kastanie; Ohio 

buckeye; spring buckeye; Texas buckeye; western buckeye; 

white buckeye 

Citations: 

Casteel SW, Johnson GC, Wagstaff DJ (1992) Aesculus 

glabra intoxication in cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol 34(1):55. 

Creek RD, Vasaitis V (1963) The toxicity of the Ohio Buckeye 

to the chick. Poult Sci 42(6):1473-1474. 

Hansen AA (1928) Toxic trees. North Am Vet 9(10):49-53. 

Kornheiser KM (1983) Buckeye poisoning in cattle. Vet Med 

Small Anim Clin 78(5):769-770. 

Mayer H, Wacker R, Dalchow W (1986) Phytotoxikosen 

durch Kastanien, Oleander, Eicheln und Herbstzeitlose 

bei verschiedenen Zoo- und Wildtieren. Tierarztl Umsch 

41(3):169-178. 

a e s c u l u s h i p p o c a s Ta n u M L. [Sapindaceae] 

Common Names: 

buckeye; European horse chestnut; horse chestnut; 

Ignatius bean; marronier d’Inde; marton d’Inde; Pferdekastanie; 

Roßkastanie; venoplant; wilde Kastanie 

Citations: 

Jaspersen-Schib R, Theus L, Quirguis-Oeschger M, 

et al. (1996) Wichtige Pflanzenvergiftungen in der 

Schweiz 1966-1994. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 

126(25):1085-1098. 

Matyunas N, Krenzelok E, Jacobsen T, et al. (1997) Horse 

chestnut (Aesculus spp.) ingestion in the United States: 

1985-1994. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 35:527-528. 

Popp W, Horak F, Jager S, et al. (1992) Horse chestnut 

(Aesculus hippocastanum) pollen: A frequent cause of 

allergic sensitization in urban children. Allergy 47(4 Part 

2):380-383.

10 - Aesculus indica D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Ramón MF, Ballesteros S, Martínez-Arrieta R, et al. (2003) 

Plant and herb exposures in Spain. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

41(4):514. 

Schweitzer H (1952) Tödliche Saponinvergiftung durch 

Genuß von Roßkastanien. Med Klin 47(20):683-685. 

Spoerke DG, Temple AR (1978) One year’s experience with 

potential plant poisonings reported to the Intermountain 

Regional Poison Control Center. Vet Hum Toxicol 

20(2):85-89. 

Wälli F, Grob PJ, Müller-Schoop SJ (1981) Pseudo- 

(venocuran-)lupus: Eine kleine Episode Medizingeschichte. 

Schweiz Med Wochenschr 

111(38):1398-1405. 

Williams MC (1982) Poisonous plants. II. Poisonous plants 

of home and garden. Weeds Today 13(4):4-5. 

a e s c u l u s i n d ic a (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook. 

[Sapindaceae] 

Common Names: 

Indian horse chestnut 

Citations: 

Sood AK, Sharma M, Katoch BS (1990) Improvement in the 

nutritive value of Indian horse-chestnut kernel and cassia 

seeds by chemical treatments for feeding of chicks. Indian 

J Anim Sci 60(11):1364-1369. 

Aesculus octandra Marshall = Aesculus flava Sol. 

a e s c u l u s p a vi a L. [Sapindaceae] 

Common Names: 

buckeye; firecracker plant; horse chestnut; red buckeye; 

scarlet buckeye; small buckeye 

Citations: 

Cary CA (1922) Poisonous action of red buckeye on horses, 

mules, cattle, hogs and fish. Alabama Agric Exp Sta Bull 

#218:20 pp. 

a e Th u s a c y n a p i u M L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

ass’s-parsley; dog parsley; dog poison; false parsley; 

falso perejil; fool’s-cicely; fool’s-parsley; Gartenschierling; 

Glanzpeterlein; Glanzpetersilie; Hundsdill; 

Hundspetersilie; Krötenpeterlein; lesser hemlock; 

Petersilienschierling; petite ciguë; small hemlock 

Citations: 

Barr AG, Davies CS (1963) An unusual case of poisoning in 

a sow and litter. Vet Rec 75(17):457. 

Bubien MZ, Magat A, Delatour P (1970) Fréquence des 

intoxications des animaux en Pologne. Bull Soc Vet Med 

Comp Lyon 72(2):167-173. 

Seltmann L (1931) Über die toxische Wirkung der Hundspetersilie 

(Aethusa cynapium). Med Klin 27(8):281. 

Swart FW (1975) Vergiftiging van geiten door hondspeterselie. 

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 100(18):989-990. 

Teuscher E, Greger H, Adrian V (1990) Untersuchungen zur 

Toxizität von Aethusa cynapium L., der Hundspetersilie. 

Pharmazie 45(7):537-538. 

African Bermuda grass –see– Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst 

African bird pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L. 

African chili –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

African coffee tree –see– Ricinus communis L. 

African cucumber –see– Momordica charantia L. 

African eggplant –see– Solanum dasyphyllum Schumach. & 

Thonn. 

African hemp –see– Sparrmannia africana L. f. 

African lilac tree –see– Melia azedarach L. 

African mahogany –see– Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC.; 

Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. 

African maple –see– Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. 

African marigold –see– Tagetes erecta L. 

African milk bush –see– Synadenium grantii Hook. f. 

African oxeye daisy –see– Callilepis laureola DC. 

African pepper –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

African poison ivy –see– Smodingium argutum E. Mey. ex 

Sond. 

African rose –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

African rue –see– Peganum harmala L. 

African sorghum –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

African stargrass –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.; Cynodon 

nlemfuensis Vanderyst 

African teak –see– Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg 

African violet –see– Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl. 

African whitewood –see– Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. 

African yohimbine –see– Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) 

Pierre ex Beille 

Afrikanische Schwarznuß –see– Mansonia altissima (A. 

Chev.) A. Chev. 

Afrikanischer Birnbaum –see– Tieghemella heckelii Pierre ex 

A. Chev. 

Afrikanischer Buchsbaum –see– Sarcocephalus diderrichii De 

Wild. 

Afrikanisches Mahagoni –see– Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.; 

Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. 

afrormosia –see– Pericopsis elata (Harms) Meeuwen 

Afrormosia elata Harms = Pericopsis elata (Harms) 

Meeuwen 

afufa oyibo –see– Solanum incanum L. 

Afzelia –see– Afzelia africana Sm. ex Pers. 

a f z e l i a a f r ic a n a Sm. ex Pers. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Afzelia; oven 

Citations: 

Dantin-Gallego J, Armayor AF, Riesco J (1952) Some new 

toxic woods: Some new manifestations of toxicity. Ind 

Med Surg 21(2):41-46.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Ageratina adenophora - 11 

Oleffe JA, Sporcq J, Hublet P (1975) Epidemiological study 

of the wood industry in Belgium. Contact Dermatitis 

1(5):315-316. 

agathi –see– Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. 

a g a ve a Me r ic a n a L. [Agavaceae] 

Common Names: 

American agave; American aloe; century plant; 

maguey 

Citations: 

Kerner J, Mitchell J, Maibach HI (1973) Irritant contact dermatitis 

from Agave americana L. Incorrect use of sap as 

“hair restorer.” Arch Dermatol 108(1):102-103. 

Ricks MR, Vogel PS, Elston DM, et al. (1999) Purpuric 

agave dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 40(2 Part 

2):356-358. 

Villarreal R, Martínez O, Berumen U Jr (1985) Phytobezoar 

from the stem (“quiote”) of the cactus Agave 

americana: Report of case. Am J Gastroenterol 

80(11):838-840. 

Agave lecheguilla Torr. = Agave lechuguilla Torr. 

a g a ve l e c h u g u i l l a Torr. [Agavaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a gave lecheguilla Torr. 

Common Names: 

century plant; lecheguilla; lechuguilla; little lettuce 

Citations: 

Burrows GE, Stair EL (1990) Apparent Agave lecheguilla 

intoxication in Angora goats. Vet Hum Toxicol 

32(3):259-260. 

Camp BJ, Bridges CH, Hill DW, et al. (1988) Isolation of 

a steroidal sapogenin from the bile of a sheep fed Agave 

lecheguilla. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(6):533-535. 

Jungherr E (1931) Lechuguilla fever of sheep and goats; 

a form of swellhead in West Texas. Cornell Vet 

21(3):227-242. 

Mathews FP (1937) Lechuguilla (Agave lecheguilla) poisoning 

in sheep, goats, and laboratory animals. Texas Agric 

Exp Sta Bull #554:36 pp. 

Mathews FP (1938) An experimental investigation of lechuguilla 

poisoning. Arch Pathol 25:661-683. 

Mathews FP (1938) Lechuguilla (Agave lecheguilla) 

poisoning in sheep and goats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

93(Sep):168-175. 

Schmidt H, Jungherr E (1930) Swellhead of sheep and goats. 

Texas Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 43:9-11. 

a g a ve s is a l a n a Perrine [Agavaceae] 

Common Names: 

sisal 

Citations: 

Figueiredo LJ (1975) Estudo experimental da toxidade 

resíduo do sisal Agave sisalana perrine para bovinos. Arq 

Esc Vet Univ Fed Minas Gerais 27:391-392. 

a g a ve Te q u i l a n a F. A. C. Weber [Agavaceae] 

Citations: 

Salinas ML, Ogura T, Soffchi L (2001) Irritant contact dermatitis 

caused by needle-like calcium oxalate crystals, raphides, 

in Agave tequilana among workers in tequila distilleries and 

agave plantations. Contact Dermatitis 44(2):94-96. 

agba –see– Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum (Vermoesen) 

Harms 

Agelaea nitida Sol. ex Planch. = Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) 

Baill. 

Agelaea obliqua (P. Beauv.) Baill. = Agelaea pentagyna 

(Lam.) Baill. 

a g e l a e a p e n Tag y n a (Lam.) Baill. 

[Connaraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a gelaea nitida Sol. ex Planch.; a gelaea obliqua (P. 

Beauv.) Baill.; a gelaea trifolia (Lam.) Baill. 

Common Names: 

esura 

Citations: 

Vickery B, Vickery ML (1974) The toxicity of some members 

of the Connaraceae family. Br Vet J 130(2):41-43. 

Agelaea trifolia (Lam.) Baill. = Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) 

Baill. 

a g e r a Ti n a a d e n o p h o r a (Spreng.) R. M. 

King & H. Rob. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

e upatorium adenophorum Spreng.; e upatorium glandulosum 

Michx. 

Common Names: 

catweed; Crofton weed; croton weed; hemp agrimony; 

Mexican devil; sticky agrimony; sticky eupatorium; 

whitetop 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1953) Numimbah horse disease caused by Crofton 

weed. Agric Gaz New South Wales 63(Feb 1):110. 

Katoch R, Sharma OP, Dawra RK, et al. (2000) Hepatotoxicity 

of Eupatorium adenophorum to rats. Toxicon 

38(2):309-314. 

Kaushal V, Dawra RK, Sharma OP, et al. (2001) Biochemical 

alterations in the blood plasma of rats associated with 

hepatotoxicity induced by Eupatorium adenophorum. Vet 

Res Commun 25(7):601-608. 

O’Sullivan BM (1979) Crofton weed (Eupatorium adenophorum) 

toxicity in horses. Aust Vet J 55(1):19-21. 

O’Sullivan BM (1985) Investigations into Crofton weed 

(Eupatorium adenophorum) toxicity in horses. Aust Vet 

J 62(1):30-32. 

Sani Y, Harper PA, Cook RL, et al. (1992) The toxicity of 

Eupatorium adenophorum for the liver of the mouse. In: 

James LF, Keeler RF, Bailey JM Jr, et al. (eds.) Poisonous 

plants. Iowa State Univ Press. Ames, Iowa. pp. 626-629.

12 - Ageratina altissima D. Jesse Wagstaff 

a g e r a Ti n a a l Tis s i Ma (L.) R. M. King & H. 

Rob. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

e upatorium ageratoides L. f.; e upatorium rugosum 

Houtt.; Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard 

Common Names: 

boneset; deerwort; fall poison; Indian sanicle; poolroot; 

poolwort; richweed; squawweed; thoroughwort; 

white sanicle; white snakeroot; white snakeweed; 

whitetop 

Citations: 

Bulger HA, Smith FM, Steinmeyer A (1928) Milk sickness 

and the metabolic disturbances in white snakeroot poisoning. 

JAMA 91(25):1964-1966. 

Couch JF (1927) The toxic constituent of richweed or white 

snakeroot (Eupatorium urticaefolium). J Agric Res 

35(6):547-576. 

Curtis RS, Wolf FA (1917) Eupatorium ageratoides, the 

cause of trembles. J Agric Res 9(11):397-404. 

Doyle JT (1947) Milk sickness. N C Med J 8(Jul):404-410. 

Doyle LP, Walkey FL (1923) White snakeroot poisoning in 

livestock. Indiana Agric Exp Sta Bull #270:15 pp. 

Finno CJ, Valberg SJ, Wünschmann A, et al. (2006) Seasonal 

pasture myopathy in horses in the midwestern 

United States: 14 cases (1998-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 

229(7):1134-1141. 

Greer M (1925) Milk sickness. Ill Med J 48:75-78. 

Hansen AA (1924) A unique experiment with white snakeroot. 

J Am Vet Med Assoc 65:224-226. 

Hansen AA (1924) Poison in the woods. The strange story of 

white snakeroot, which science has finally found guilty of 

causing many mysterious deaths. Am Forests Forest Life 

30:163-191. 

Hansen AA (1927) Relation of white snakeroot to human 

milksickness (field studies). J Indiana State Med Assoc 

20(May):182-187. 

Hardin RH (1934) Milk sickness. Va Med Monthly 

61:528-531. 

Hartmann AF Sr, Hartmann AF Jr, Purkerson ML, et al. 

(1963) Tremetol poisoning - Not yet extinct. JAMA 

185(9):706-709. 

Knight HW (1935) Milk sickness due to white snake 

root (Eupatorium urticaefolium). Southern Med Surg 

97:142. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1917) Eupatorium urticaefolium 

as a poisonous plant. J Agric Res 11(13):699-715. 

Moseley EL (1906) The cause of trembles in cattle, sheep and 

horses and of milk-sickness in people. Ohio Naturalist 

6(4):463-470. 

Moseley EL (1906) The cause of trembles in cattle, sheep and 

horses, and of milk-sickness in people. Ohio Naturalist 

6(5):477-483. 

Nielsen EL, Eveleth DF (1941) White snakeroot poisoning 

in Arkansas. Vet Med 36(3):136-137. 

Olson CT, Keller WC, Gerken DF, et al. (1984) Suspected 

tremetol poisoning in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

185(9):1001-1003. 

Pammel LH (1923) Milksickness or trembles caused by white 

snakeroot. Vet Med 18:437-440. 

Richardson WP (1931) The milk sickness or trembles. Southern 

Med Surg 93:731. 

Sackett WG (1919) The connection of milksickness with the 

poisonous qualities of white snakeroot (Eupatorium urticaefolium). 

J Infect Dis 24:231-259. 

Sanders M (1983) White snakeroot poisoning in a foal: A 

case report. Equine Vet Sci 3(4):128-131. 

Smetzer DL, Coppock RW, Ely RW, et al. (1983) Cardiac 

effects of white snakeroot intoxication in horses. Equine 

Pract 5(2):26-32. 

Stotts R (1984) White snakeroot toxicity in dairy cattle. Vet 

Med Small Anim Pract 79(1):118-120. 

Thompson LJ (1989) Depression and choke in a horse: 

Probable white snakeroot toxicosis. Vet Hum Toxicol 

31(4):321-322. 

Walsh WE (1926) “Milk Sick,” or white snakeroot poisoning. 

JAMA 87(8):555-556. 

White JL, Shivaprasad HL, Thompson LJ, et al. (1985) 

White snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum) poisoning. Clinical 

effects associated with cardiac and skeletal muscle 

lesions in experimental equine toxicoses. In: Seawright 

AA, Hegarty MP, James LF, et al. (eds.) Plant toxicology. 

Queensland Poisonous Plant Committee. Yeerongpilly, 

Queensland. pp. 411-422. 

Wilkinson GR (1925) Milk sickness. South Med J 

18(11):797-780. 

Wolf FA, Curtis RS, Kaupp BF (1917-1918) Studies on 

trembles or milksickness and white snake root. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 52:820-827. 

Wolf FA, Curtis RS, Kaupp BF (1918) A monograph on 

trembles or milksickness and white snakeroot. North 

Carolina Agric Exp Sta Tech Bull #15:85 pp. 

a g e r a Ti n a r i p a r i a (Regel) R. M. King & H. 

Rob. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

e upatorium riparium Regel 

Common Names: 

creeping croftonweed; mist flower 

Citations: 

Gibson JA, O’Sullivan BM (1984) Lung lesions in horses fed 

mist flower (Eupatorium riparium). Aust Vet J 61(8):271. 

a g e r a Ti n a w r ig h Ti i (A. Gray) R. M. King & 

H. Rob. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

e upatorium wrightii A. Gray 

Common Names: 

Wright’s-eupatorium 

Citations: 

Hershey AL (1949) Another poisonous species of Eupatorium. 

Colorado Wyoming Acad Sci J 4(4):52. 

ageratum –see– Ageratum houstonianum Mill. 

a g e r a Tu M c o n y z o i d e s L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

bakarai bish; billygoat weed; floss flower; goat weed; 

nilphulia; whiteweed

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Ajuga decumbens - 13 

Citations: 

Purohit K (1962) Nilphulia (Ageratum conyzoides) poisoning 

in sheep. Indian Vet J 39:553-556. 

a g e r a Tu M h o u s To n i a n u M Mill. 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a geratum mexicanum Sims 

Common Names: 

ageratum; blue billygoat weed; celestina azul; floss 

flower 

Citations: 

Alfonso HA, Rivera M, Aparicio JM, et al. (1989) Intoxicación 

natural y experimental en bovinos con Ageratum 

houstonianum Mill (celestina azul). Rev Cubana Cienc 

Vet 20(1):113-119. 

Noa M, Sánchez LM, Durand R (2004) Ageratum houstonianum 

toxicosis in Zebu cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol 

46(4):193-194. 

Ageratum mexicanum Sims = Ageratum houstonianum 

Mill. 

agnus castus –see– Vitex agnus-castus L. 

a g r i Mo n i a e u p a To r i a L. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

agrimony 

Citations: 

O’Donovan WJ (1942) Dermatitis bullosa striata pratensis. 

Agrimony dermatitis. Br J Dermatol Syph 54:39-46. 

agrimony –see– Agrimonia eupatoria L. 

a g r o s Te MMa g i Th ag o L. [Caryophyllaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l ychnis githago (L.) Scop. 

Common Names: 

Ackerkrone; Adhered; bastard nigelle; cockle; corn 

campion; corn cockle; cow cockle; crown-of-the-field; 

Kornrade; la-nielle-des-blés; licheta; mullein pink; 

neguillon; nielle; old-maid’s-pink; purple cockle; rose 

campion; wild savages 

Citations: 

Brandl J (1908) Über Sapotoxin von Agrostemma githago. 

III. Fütterungsversuche an Schweinen, Kanichen, 

Rindern und Pferden. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Exp 

Pathol Pharmakol 59:299-310. 



Comp Lyon 72(2):167-173. 

Debré R, Névot A (1938) Toxicité expérimentale des graines 

de nielle (Lychnis githago) chez le singe (Macacus rhesus). 

C R Soc Biol 127:1094-1096. 

Heuser GF, Schumacher AE (1942) The feeding of corn 

cockle to chickens. Poult Sci 21:86-93. 

Kotz J (1964) Badania nad morfologia i patogeneza zatruć 

kąkolem u drobiu. I. Historia zatruć kąkolem. Med Weter 

20(4):200-204. 


kąkolem u drobiu. II. Badania własne. Med Weter 

21(3):143-150. 


kąkolem u drobiu. III. Badania własne. Med Weter 

21(9):520-524. 


kąkolem u drobiu. IV. Badania własne. Med Weter 

21(12):730-734. 

Quigley GD, Waite RH (1931) Miscellaneous feeding trials 

with poultry. I. The effects of corn cockle on poultry. 

Maryland Agric Exp Sta Bull #325:343-354. 

Roberg M (1950) Konjunktivitis durch Kornradesamen. Klin 

Monatsbl Augenheilkd 116:425-426. 

Smith RA, Miller RE, Lang DG (1997) Presumptive intoxication 

of cattle by corn cockle, Agrostemma githago (L) 

Scop. Vet Hum Toxicol 39(4):250. 

aguacate –see– Persea americana Mill. var. americana 

ague tree –see– Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees 

Ahlkirsche –see– Prunus padus L. 

ahouai –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

aila –see– Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. 

ailanthus –see– Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle 

a i l a n Th u s a l Tis s i Ma (Mill.) Swingle 

[Simaroubaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ilanthus glandulosa Desf. 

Common Names: 

ailanthus; Chinese sumach; copel tree; heavenwood; 

paradise tree; tree-of-heaven 

Citations: 

Blumstein GI (1943) Sensitivity to Ailanthus pollen with 

report of two clinically sensitive patients. J Allergy 

14(4):329-334. 

Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. = Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) 

Swingle 

air plant –see– Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet & 

H. Perrier; Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. 

ajenjo –see– Artemisia absinthium L. 

aji caballero –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

aji picante –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

ajo –see– Allium sativum L. 

a j u g a d e c u Mb e n s Thunb. [Lamiaceae] 

Citations: 

Chen TZ, Den JF, Tsai WJ (1990) Digitalis-like intoxication 

resulted from Ajuga decumbens Thunb consuming: 

A case report. Am Assoc Poison Control Cent 1990:111. 

ak –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton

14 - Albizia adinocephala D. Jesse Wagstaff 

akác –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

akada –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

akanda –see– Calotropis gigantea (L.) W. T. Aiton 

Akanta –see– Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel. 

Akazie –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

akee –see– Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig 

akee apple –see– Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig 

akpu –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

akwuosa –see– Dichapetalum barteri Engl. 

Alant –see– Inula helenium L. 

Alaska pea –see– Pisum sativum L. 

albariã –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

albescens –see– Pycnanthemum albescens Torr. & A. Gray 

a l b i z i a a d i n o c e p h a l a (Donn. Sm.) Britton 

& Rose ex Record [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Grant G, More LJ, McKenzie NH, et al. (1995) Nutritional 

and haemagglutination properties of several tropical 

seeds. J Agric Sci 124:437-445. 

a l b i z i a j u l i b r is s i n Durazz. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

mimosa; pink siris; silk tree 

Citations: 

Robinson GH, Burrows GE, Holt EM, et al. (1998) Evaluation 

of the toxic effects of the legumes of mimosa (Albizia 

julibrissin) and identification of the toxicant. In: Garland 

T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic plants and other natural toxicants. 

CABI. New York. pp. 453-458. 

a l b i z i a l e b b e c k (L.) Benth. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Mimosa sirissa Roxb. 

Common Names: 

lebbeck tree; siris; sirisha 

Citations: 

Dwatmadgi, Teleni E, Bird AR, et al. (1992) Nutritive value 

of Albizia lebbeck supplements for growing sheep. Aust J 

Exp Agric 32(3):273-278. 




a l b i z i a Ta n g a n y ic e n s is Baker f. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

red paperbark tree 

Citations: 

Basson PA, Adelaar TF, Naudé TW, et al. (1970) Albizia 

poisoning: Report of the first outbreak and some 

experimental work in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 

41(2):117-130. 

Jackson JJ, Needham AJ, Lawrence JA (1968) Some recent 

investigations into Rhodesian toxic plants. Proc Trans 

Rhodesia Sci Assoc 53:9-12. 

a l b i z i a v e r s ic o l o r Welw. ex Oliv. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

poison pod albizia 

Citations: 

Gummow B, Bastianello SS, Labuschagne L, et al. (1992) 

Experimental Albizia versicolor poisoning in sheep and 

its successful treatment with pyridoxine hydrochloride. 

Onderstepoort J Vet Res 59(2):111-118. 

Gummow B, Erasmus GL (1990) Pyridoxine (a vitamin B6) 

and its derivative pyridoxal as treatment for Albizia versicolor 

poisoning in guinea-pigs. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

57(2):109-114. 




Needham AJ, Lawrence JA (1966) The toxicity of Albizia 

versicolor. Rhodesia Agric J 63(6):137-140. 

Soldan AW, van Inzen C, Edelsten RM (1996) Albizia versicolor 

poisoning of sheep and goats in Malawi. J S Afr Vet 

Assoc 67(4):217-221. 

Van Rensburg HJ (1967) Albizia versicolor Welw.: A poisonous 

plant. Rhodesia Zambia Malawi J Agric Res 

5:109-110. 

alcanfor –see– Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl 

a l c e a r o s e a L. [Malvaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a lthaea rosea (L.) Cav. 

Common Names: 

hollyhock; Stockrose 

Citations: 

Hofstee AW (1989) Acute vergiftigingen bij dieren in Nederland 

over de periode 1985-1988. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 

114(22):1154-1158. 

alder buckthorn –see– Frangula alnus Mill. 

alder-leaf mountain mahogany –see– Cercocarpus montanus 

Raf. 

alecrim –see– Holocalyx balansae Micheli 

alecrim-de-campinas –see– Holocalyx balansae Micheli 

a l e c Tr y o n o l e i f o l i u s (Desf.) S. T. Reynolds 

[Sapindaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h eterodendrum oleifolium Desf. 

Common Names: 

boonaree; boonery; bullock bush; red heart-of-bullock 

bush; rosewood; western rosewood

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Allium cepa - 15 

Citations: 

Ramsay AA, Henry M (1929) Rosewood (Heterodendrum 

oleaefolium) and native fuchsia (Eremophila maculata): 

Two poisonous plants. Agric Gaz New South Wales 

40:834-837. 

alefoot –see– Glechoma hederacea L. 

alehoof –see– Glechoma hederacea L. 

alerce –see– Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina) I. M. Johnst. 

aleurit-des-molluques –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

Aleurites fordii Hemsl. = Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy 

Shaw 

a l e u r i Te s Mo l u c c a n u s (L.) Willd. 

[Euphorbiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a leurites trilobus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 

Common Names: 

aleurit-des-molluques; arbol-de-India; Bengal walnut; 

Camiri nut; candleberry; candlenut; country walnut; 

Indian walnut; Jamaican walnut; kukui nut; lumbán; 

lumbang; nogal-de-la-India; nuez-de-India; otaheite 

walnut; Singapore nut; varnish tree 

Citations: 

Emmel MW (1947) The toxic principle of the species Aleurites. 

J Am Vet Med Assoc 111(Nov):386-387. 

Emmel MW (1947) The toxic principle of the tung tree. 

Florida Agric Exp Sta Bull #431:35 pp. 

Aleurites montanus (Lour.) E. H. Wilson = Vernicia 

montana Lour. 

Aleurites trilobus J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. = Aleurites 

moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

Aleurites trisperma Blanco = Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) 

Airy Shaw 

Alexandrian clover –see– Trifolium alexandrinum L. 

Alexandrian senna –see– Senna alexandrina Mill. 

alfalfa –see– Medicago sativa L. 

alfalfa dodder –see– Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. 

alfilaria –see– Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. 

alfilerillo –see– Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. 

alfombrilla –see– Drymaria arenarioides Humb. & Bonpl. ex 

Schult. 

Algarroba –see– Prosopis glandulosa Torr.; Prosopis juliflora 

(Sw.) DC.; Vicia monantha Retz. 

Algerian ivy –see– Hedera helix L. subsp. canariensis 

(Willd.) Cout. 

algerita –see– Berberis aquifolium Pursh 

algodão-de-seda –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. 

Aiton 

algodón –see– Gossypium hirsutum L. 

algodón-de-seda –see– Calotropis gigantea (L.) W. T. Aiton 

aligustre –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

alkali grass –see– Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb.; 

Toxicoscordion nuttallii (A. Gray) Rydb.; Toxicoscordion 

paniculatum (Nutt.) Rydb. 

alkali hymenoxys –see– Hymenoxys lemmonii (Greene) 

Cockerell 

alkali mallow –see– Malva parviflora L. 

alkali weed –see– Isocoma plurifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) 

Greene 

all heal –see– Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.; Valeriana officinalis L. 

allamanda –see– Allamanda cathartica L. 

a l l a Ma n d a c a Th a r Tic a L. [Apocynaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a llamanda grandiflora (Aubl.) Lam.; o relia grandiflora 

Aubl. 

Common Names: 

allamanda; bejuco-de-San Jose; buttercup; canario; 

cantiva; flor-de-barbero; golden trumpet; jalapa; jasmin 

amarillo; San Jose; San Jose amarillo; trompeta-de-oro; 

yellow allamanda 

Citations: 

Tokarnia CH, Armién AG, Peixoto PV, et al. (1996) Estudo 

experimental sobre a toxidez de algumas plantas ornamentais 

em bovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 16(1):5-20. 

Allamanda grandiflora (Aubl.) Lam. = Allamanda 

cathartica L. 

alleluia –see– Oxalis acetosella L. 

alligator pear –see– Persea americana Mill. var. americana 

alligator weed –see– Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) 

Griseb. 

Allium ascalonicum auct. = Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum 

G. Don 

a l l i u M c a n a d e n s e L. [Alliaceae] 

Common Names: 

Canadian garlic; meadow garlic; meadow leek; wild 

garlic; wild onion 

Citations: 

Pierce KR, Joyce JR, England RB, et al. (1972) Acute hemolytic 

anemia caused by wild onion poisoning in horses. J 

Am Vet Med Assoc 160(3):323-327. 

Pipal FJ (1918) A suspected case of stock poisoning by 

wild onion (Allium canadense). Proc Indiana Acad Sci 

1917:139-143. 

a l l i u M c e p a L. [Alliaceae] 

Common Names: 

cebola; cipolle; løg; onion; ui; uie; uien; wild onion; 

Zwiebel

16 - Allium cepa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Burgess JF (1952) Occupational dermatitis due to onion and 

garlic. Can Med Assoc J 66(3):275. 

Burks JW Jr (1954) Classic aspects of onion and garlic dermatitis 

in housewives. Ann Allergy 12(5):592-596. 

Farkas MC, Farkas JN (1974) Hemolytic anemia due to 

ingestion of onions in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 

10(1):65-66. 

Fighera RA, Souza TM, Langohr I, et al. (2002) Intoxicação 

experimental por cebola, Allium cepa (Liliaceae), em 

gatos. Pesq Vet Bras 22(2):79-84. 

Franken P, van Beukelen P, Blok G (1980) Uien: Geen 

paardevoer. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 105(13):529-534. 

Gill PA, Sergeant ES (1981) Onion poisoning in a bull. Aust 

Vet J 57(10):484. 

Goldsmith WW (1909) Onion poisoning in cattle. J Comp 

Pathol Ther 22:151. 

Gruhzit OM (1931) Anemia of dogs produced by feeding of 

the whole onions and of onion fractions. Am J Med Sci 

181:812-815. 

Harvey JW, Rackear D (1985) Experimental onion-induced 

hemolytic anemia in dogs. Vet Pathol 22(4):387-392. 

Hjorth N, Roed-Petersen J (1976) Occupational protein 

contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis 

2(1):28-42. 

Hothi DS, Arneja JS, Chawla JS (1980) Onion (Allium cepa) 

poisoning in bullocks. Indian Vet J 57(Aug):690-692. 

Hutchison TW (1977) Onions as a cause of Heinz body 

anaemia and death in cattle. Can Vet J 18(12):358-360. 

Imada O (1980) [Experimental studies on the onion poisoning 

in dogs - Relation between the quantity of supplied 

onion and onset of the disease.] Azabu Univ Vet Med 

Bull 1(2):271-287. 

Kaplan AJ (1995) Onion powder in baby food may induce 

anemia in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207(11):1405. 

Kay JM (1983) Onion toxicity in a dog. Mod Vet Pract 

64(6):477-478. 

Kirk JH, Bulgin MS (1979) Effects of feeding cull domestic 

onions (Allium cepa) to sheep. Am J Vet Res 

40(3):397-399. 

Knight AP, Lassen D, McBride T, et al. (2000) Adaptation 

of pregnant ewes to an exclusive onion diet. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 42(1):1-4. 

Kobayashi K (1981) Onion poisoning in the cat. Feline Pract 

11(1):22-27. 

Kodama H, Yamaashi K (1976) [Acute haemolytic anaemia 

in dogs fed onions.] J Jpn Vet Med Assoc 29(9):482-484. 

Koger LM (1956) Onion poisoning in cattle. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 129(Jul 15):75. 

Kongshammer GB (1989) Onion poisoning resulting in 

Heinz body anaemia in a dog. Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift 

72(16):948. 

Lazarus AE, Rajamani S (1968) Poisoning due to onion 

spoilage in cattle. Indian Vet J 45(10):877-880. 

Lincoln SD, Howell ME, Combs JJ, et al. (1992) Hematologic 

effects and feeding performance in cattle fed cull 

domestic onions (Allium cepa). J Am Vet Med Assoc 

200(8):1090-1094. 

Maede Y (1977) High concentration of blood glutathione 

in dogs with acute hemolytic anemia. Jpn J Vet Sci 

39(2):187-189. 

Mandelli G, Persiani G (1964) Osservazione su di un episodio 

di avvelenamento da cipolla (Allium cepa) in bovini 

di allevamento. Clin Vet (Milano) 87(1):1-8. 

Neves RG (1964) Dermatito de contacto por bulbo de Liliáceas. 

An Bras Derm Sifilogr 39(4):23-31. 

Nordio CB (1952) Anemia mielotossica da alimentazione 

con cipolle (Allium cepa). Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 

28(1):53-56. 

Ogawa E, Shinoki T, Akahori F, et al. (1986) Effect of onion 

ingestion on anti-oxidizing agents in dog erythrocytes. 

Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 48(4):685-691. 

Pekelder JJ, Akkermans JP (1985) Uienvergiftiging. Tijdschr 

Diergeneeskd 110(1):31. 

Pérez-Calderón R, Gonzalo-Garijo MA, Fernández de 

Soria R (2002) Exercise-induced anaphylaxis to onion. 

Allergy 57(8):752-753. 

Petersson U, Petersson L, Björnehammar U (1984) Lökförgiftning 

på racing greyhound. Sven Vet 36(14):697. 

Rae HA (1999) Onion toxicosis in a herd of beef cows. Can 

Vet J 40(1):55-57. 

Robertson JE, Christopher MM, Rogers QR (1998) Heinz 

body formation in cats fed baby food containing onion 

powder. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212(8):1260-1266. 

Schlotthauser CF, Berryman GH (1943) Production of anemia 

in dogs due to feeding onions. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

102(791):109-111. 

Sebrell WH (1930) An anemia of dogs produced by feeding 

onions. Public Health Rep 45(21):1175-1191. 

Segalini E (1966) Osservazioni cliniche sulla intossicazione da 

Allium cepa nei bovini. Veterinaria (Milano) 15:45-48. 

Solter P, Scott R (1987) Onion ingestion and subsequent 

Heinz body anemia in a dog: A case report. J Am Anim 

Hosp Assoc 23(5):544-546. 

Spice RN (1976) Hemolytic anemia associated with ingestion 

of onions in a dog. Can Vet J 17(7):181-183. 

Stallbaumer M (1981) Onion poisoning in a dog. Vet Rec 

108(24):523-524. 

Thorp F Jr, Harshfield GS (1939) Onion poisoning in horses. 


van der Kolk JH (2000) Onion poisoning in a herd of dairy 

cattle. Vet Rec 147(18):517-518. 

Van Hecke E (1977) Contact allergy to onion. Contact Dermatitis 

3(3):167-168. 

van Ketel WG, de Haan P (1978) Occupational eczema from 

garlic and onion. Contact Dermatitis 4(1):53-54. 

van Schouwenburg S (1982) Hemolitiese anemie in ‘n miniatuur 

dachschund veroorsaak deur inname van groot hoeveelhede 

uie (Allium cepa). J S Afr Vet Assoc 53(3):212. 

Verhoeff J, Hajer R, van den Ingh TS (1985) Onion poisoning 

of young cattle. Vet Rec 117:497-498. 

Yamoto O, Maede Y (1992) Susceptibility to onion-induced 

hemolysis in dogs with hereditary high erythrocyte 

reduced glutathione and potassium concentrations. Am J 

Vet Res 53(1):134-137. 

Note: 

Onion is named Allium cepa L. var. cepa in some 

publications 

a l l i u M c e p a L. var. aggregatum G. Don 

[Alliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a llium ascolonicum auct. 

Common Names: 

shallot

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Allium ursinum - 17 

Citations: 

Crespo R, Chin RP (2004) Effect of feeding green onions 

(Allium ascalonicum) to white Chinese geese (Threskiornis 

spinicollis). J Vet Diagn Invest 16(4):321-325. 

a l l i u M p o r r u M L. [Alliaceae] 

Common Names: 

Lauchpflanze; leek 

Citations: 

Armentia A, Lombardero M, Fernàndez S, et al. (2005) 

Occupational rhinitis to leek (Allium porrum). Allergy 

60(1):132-133. 

Cadot P, Tits G, Bussels L, et al. (2001) Asthma and hand 

dermatitis to leek. Allergy 56(2):192-193. 



2(1):28-42. 

Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, et al. (1983) Causes of eczema 

in the food industry. Derm Beruf Umwelt 31(3):84-86. 

a l l i u M s a Ti vu M L. [Alliaceae] 

Common Names: 

ajo; diente-de-ajo; garlic; Graserich; Knoblauch; Knobleig; 

Knoflack; look; rustic treacle; stinking rose; wild 

garlic 

Citations: 

Al Bekairi AM, Shah AH, Qureshi S (1990) Effect of 

Allium sativum on epididymal spermatozoa, estradioltreated 

mice and general toxicity. J Ethnopharmacol 

29(2):117-125. 

Alnaqeeb MA, Thomson M, Bordia T, et al. (1996) Histopathological 

effects of garlic on liver and lung of rats. 

Toxicol Lett 85(3):157-164. 

Bleumink E, Douglas HM, Klokke AH, et al. (1972) Allergic 

contact dermatitis to garlic. Br J Dermatol 87(1):6-9. 

Bleumink E, Nater JP (1972) Garlic as a possible cause 

of contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatol Newsl 

12(Aug):310-311. 

Bleumink E, Nater JP (1973) Contact dermatitis to garlic; 

Crossreactivity between garlic, onion and tulip. Arch 

Dermatol Forsch 247(2):117-124. 

Bojs G, Svensson Å (1988) Contact allergy to garlic used for 

wound healing. Contact Dermatitis 18(3):179-181. 

Burgess JF (1952) Occupational dermatitis due to onion and 

garlic. Can Med Assoc J 66(3):275. 

Burks JW Jr (1954) Classic aspects of onion and garlic dermatitis 

in housewives. Ann Allergy 12(5):592-596. 

Campolmi P, Lombardi P, Lotti T, et al. (1982) Immediate 

and delayed sensitization to garlic. Contact Dermatitis 

8(5):352-353. 

Couturier P, Bousquet J (1982) Occupational allergy secondary 

to inhalation of garlic dust. J Allergy Clin Immunol 

70(2):145. 

Dixit VP, Joshi S (1982) Effects of chronic administration 

of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) on testicular function. 

Indian J Exp Biol 20(7):534-536. 

Edelstein AJ (1950) Dermatitis caused by garlic. Arch Derm 

Syphilol 61(1):111. 

Ekeowa-Anderson AL, Shergill B, Goldsmith P (2007) 

Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic. Contact Dermatitis 

56(3):174-175. 

Falleroni AE, Zeiss CR, Levitz D (1981) Occupational 

asthma secondary to inhalation of garlic dust. J Allergy 

Clin Immunol 68(2):156-160. 

Fehri B, Aiache JM, Korbi S, et al. (1991) Effets toxiques 

engendrés par une administration réitérée d’Allium sativum 

L. J Pharm Belg 46(6):363-374. 

Fernández de Corres L, Corrales JL, Muñoz D, et al. (1984) 

Dermatitis alérgicas de contacto por plantas. Allergol 

Immunopathol (Madr) 12(4):313-319. 

Henson GE (1940) Garlic: An occupational factor in the etiology 

of bronchial asthma. Case report. J Fla Med Assoc 

27(2):86. 

Hubbard VG, Goldsmith P (2005) Garlic-fingered chefs. 

Contact Dermatitis 52(3):165-166. 

Kaplan B, Schewach Millet M, Yorav S (1990) Factitial dermatitis 

induced by application of garlic. Int J Dermatol 

29(1):75-76. 

Lee TY, Lam TH (1991) Contact dermatitis due to topical 

treatment with garlic in Hong Kong. Contact Dermatitis 

24(3):193-196. 

Lembo G, Balato N, Patruno C, et al. (1991) Allergic contact 

dermatitis due to garlic (Allium sativum). Contact Dermatitis 

25(5):330-331. 

Lybarger JA, Gallagher JS, Pulver DW, et al. (1982) Occupational 

asthma induced by inhalation and ingestion of 

garlic. J Allergy Clin Immunol 69(5):448-454. 

Mitchell JC (1980) Contact sensitivity to garlic (Allium). 


Neves RG (1964) Dermatito de contacto por bulbo de Liliáceas. 

An Bras Derm Sifilogr 39(4):23-31. 

Pires G, Pargana E, Loureiro V, et al. (2002) Allergy to garlic. 

Allergy 57(10):957-958. 

Pirogova EP, Katiukhina ZD (1970) [Artificial dermatitis 

caused by garlic.] Vestn Dermatol Venerol 

44(12):53-54. 

Rose KD, Croissant PD, Parliament CF, et al. (1990) Spontaneous 

spinal epidural hematoma with associated platelet 

dysfunction from excessive garlic ingestion: A case 

report. Neurosurgery 26:880-882. 

van Ketel WG, de Haan P (1978) Occupational eczema from 

garlic and onion. Contact Dermatitis 4(1):53-54. 

Note: 

Garlic is named Allium sativum L. sativum in some 

publications. 

a l l i u M s c h o e n o p r a s u M L. [Alliaceae] 

Common Names: 

chives; ezonegi 

Citations: 



2(1):28-42. 

Kobayashi T (1950) Studies on the histo-pathologic changes 

of experimental cases of the “Ezonegi-poisoning” in 

horses. Jpn J Vet Sci 12(5):209-210. 

a l l i u M u r s i n u M L. [Alliaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bärenlauch; ransoms; Waldknoblauch; wild garlic; 

Zigeunerlauch

18 - Allium validum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Stevens H (1984) Suspected wild garlic poisoning in sheep. 

Vet Rec 115(14):363. 

a l l i u M va l i d u M S. Watson [Alliaceae] 

Common Names: 

Pacific onion; swamp onion; wild onion 

Citations: 

James LF, Binns W (1966) Effects of feeding wild onions 

(Allium validum) to bred ewes. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

149(5):512-514. 

Van Kampen KR, James LF, Johnson AE (1970) Hemolytic 

anemia in sheep fed wild onion (Allium validum). J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 156(3):328-332. 

allspice –see– Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. 

almendro macho –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth 

ex DC. 

almendro montes –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth 

ex DC. 

almendro seal –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex 

DC. 

almendron –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

almond –see– Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb 

almortas –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

alocasia –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

a l o c a s i a c u c u l l a Ta (Lour.) G. Don [Araceae] 

Common Names: 

nai habarala; panu habarala 

Citations: 

Deng JF, Lin TJ, Kao WF, et al. (1997) The difficulty in 

handling poisonings associated with Chinese traditional 

medicine: A poison control center experience for 

1991-1993. Vet Hum Toxicol 39(2):106-114. 

Goonasekera CD, Vasanthatkilake VW, Ratnatunga N, et 

al. (1993) Is Nai Habarala (Alocasia cucullata) a poisonous 

plant? Toxicon 31(6):813-816. 

Alocasia denudata Engl. = Alocasia longiloba Miq. 

Alocasia indica (Lour.) Spach = Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) 

G. Don 

a l o c a s i a l o n g i l ob a Miq. [Araceae] 

Synonyms: 

a locasia denudata Engl.; a locasia lowii Hook. f. 

Common Names: 

keladi; keladi chandek 

Citations: 

Teck LK (1967) Keladi poisoning in Singapore children. J 

Singapore Paediat Soc 9(1):54-57. 

Alocasia lowii Hook. f. = Alocasia longiloba Miq. 

a l o c a s i a Ma c r o r r h i z o s (L.) G. Don 

[Araceae] 

Synonyms: 

a locasia indica (Lour.) Spach; c olocasia indica (Lour.) 

Kunth; c olocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Schott & Endl. 

Common Names: 

ape; Australian cabbage; biga; creek lily; cungevoi; cunjeboi; 

cunjeboy; cunjevoi; elephant’s-ear; giant elephant’sear; 

giant taro; green arum; hai yu; kuan-yin-lien; lang du; 

lao-hu-yu; Queensland maple; spoon lily; tu-chiao-lien 

Citations: 

Chan TY, Chan LY, Tam LS, et al. (1995) Neurotoxicity following 

the ingestion of a Chinese medicinal plant, Alocasia 

macrorrhiza. Hum Exp Toxicol 14(9):727-728. 

Cleland JB (1931) Plants, including fungi, poisonous or otherwise 

injurious to man in Australia. Series III. Med J 

Aust 2(Dec 19):775-778. 

Lin TJ, Hung DZ, Hu WH, et al. (1998) Calcium oxalate 

is the main toxic component in clinical presentations of 

Alocasia macrorrhiza (L) Schott and Endl poisonings. 


Tang EW, Law RW, Lai JS (2006) Corneal injury by wild 

taro. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 34(9):895-896. 

a l o e a r b o r e s c e n s Mill. [Asphodelaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a loe arborescens Mill. var. natalensis (J. M. Wood & 

M. S. Evans) A. Berger 

Common Names: 

Barbados aloe; candelabra aloe; medicinal aloe; octopus; 

torch plant 

Citations: 

Nakamura T, Kotajima S (1984) Contact dermatitis from 

Aloe arborescens. Contact Dermatitis 11(1):51. 

Shoji A (1982) Contact dermatitis to Aloe arborescens. Contact 


Aloe arborescens Mill. var. natalensis (J. M. Wood & M. S. 

Evans) A. Berger = Aloe arborescens Mill. 

Aloe barbadensis Mill. = Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 

aloe capensis –see– Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 

aloe vera –see– Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 

a l o e v e r a (L.) Burm. f. [Asphodelaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a loe barbadensis Mill.; a loe vulgaris Lam. 

Common Names: 

aloe capensis; aloe vera; Barbados aloe; curaco aloe; 

Indian aloe; medicinal aloe; Mediterranean aloe; sempervivum; 

sinkle Bible; star cactus; zabila; zavila 

Citations: 

Bacis G, Moretti M, Chinaglia D, et al. (2004) Fatal lipoid 

pneumonitis after inhalation of Aloe vera extract. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 42(4):559.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Amaranthus caudatus - 19 

Aloe vulgaris Lam. = Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 

a l o y s i a c i Tr o d o r a Palau [Verbenaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a loysia triphylla (L’Her.) Britton; l ippia citriodora 

Kunth 

Common Names: 

lemon verbena 

Citations: 

Ciganda C, Laborde A (2003) Herbal infusions used for 

induced abortion. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41(3):235-239. 

Aloysia triphylla (L’Her.) Britton = Aloysia citrodora Palau 

Alpendost –see– Adenostyles alliariae A. Kern. 

Alpenkreuzkraut –see– Senecio alpinus (L.) Scop. 

Alpenveilchen –see– Cyclamen persicum Mill. 

alpine golden-chain –see– Laburnum alpinum (Mill.) J. Presl 

alpine kalmia –see– Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) A. Heller 

alpine laurel –see– Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) A. Heller 

alpine violet –see– Cyclamen persicum Mill. 

a l p i n i a g a l a n g a (L.) Sw. [Zingiberaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Maranta galanga L. 

Citations: 

Hong SJ, Chang CH (2006) Erythema multiforme-like 

generalized allergic contact dermatitis caused by Alpinia 

galanga. Contact Dermatitis 54(2):118-120. 

Alraunwurzel –see– Mandragora officinarum L. 

Alsatian clover –see– Trifolium hybridum L. 

alsike clover –see– Trifolium hybridum L. 

alstonia –see– Alstonia constricta F. Muell. 

a ls To n i a c o n s Tr ic Ta F. Muell. [Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

alstonia; bitter bark; Peruvian bark; quinine bush 

Citations: 

Copeland HM, Seddon HR (1931) Poisoning of sheep by 

quinine bush or bitter bark (Alstonia constricta). Agric 


a ls Tr o e Me r i a l ig Tu L. [Alstroemeriaceae] 

Common Names: 

Inca lily; Inkalilie 

Citations: 

Bjorkner, BE (1982) Contact allergy and depigmentation 

from Alstroemeria. Contact Dermatitis 8:178-184. 

Hausen BM, Prater E, Schubert H (1983) The sensitizing 

capacity of Alstroemeria cultivars in man and guinea pig. 

Remarks on the occurrence, quantity and irritant and 

sensitizing potency of their constituents tuliposide A and 

tulipalin A and (α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone). Contact 


Illuminati R, Russo R, Guerra L, et al. (1988) Occupational 

airborne contact dermatitis in a florist. Contact Dermatitis 

18(4):246. 

Marks JG Jr (1988). Allergic contact dermatitis to Alstroemeria. 

Arch Dermatol 124: 914-916. 

Mascarenhas R, Robalo-Cordeiro M, Fernandes B, et al. 

(2001) Allergic and irritant occupational contact dermatitis 

from alstroemeria. Contact Dermatitis 44(3):196-197. 

Rycroft RJ, Calnan CD (1981). Alstroemeria dermatitis. 

Contact Dermatitis 7(5): 284. 

alta fescue –see– Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 

altamisa –see– Artemisia vulgaris L. 

a l Te r n a n Th e r a p h i l o x e r o i d e s (Mart.) 

Griseb. [Amaranthaceae] 

Common Names: 

alligator weed 

Citations: 

Bourke CA, Rayward D (2003) Photosensitisation in dairy 

cattle grazing alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) 

infested pastures. Aust Vet J 81(6):361-362. 

Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. = Alcea rosea L. 

alui –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

amandier –see– Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb 

amapalo amarillo –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 

amaranth –see– Amaranthus retroflexus L. 

a Ma r a n Th u s b l i To i d e s S. Watson 

[Amaranthaceae] 

Common Names: 

prostrate amaranth; prostrate pigweed; spreading 

pigweed 

Citations: 

Ramos JJ, Ferrer LM, García L, et al. (2005) Polioencephalomalacia 

in adult sheep grazing pastures with prostrate 

pigweed. Can Vet J 46(1):59-61. 

a Ma r a n Th u s b l i Tu M L. [Amaranthaceae] 

Citations: 

Cheeke PR, Carlsson R, Kohler GO (1981) Nutritive value 

of leaf protein concentrates prepared from amaranthus 

species. Can J Anim Sci 61:199-204. 

a Ma r a n Th u s c a u d a Tu s L. [Amaranthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a maranthus edulis Speg. 

Citations: 



species. Can J Anim Sci 61:199-204.

20 - Amaranthus cruentus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Takken A, Connor JK (1985) Some toxicological aspects 

of grain amaranth for pigs. In: Seawright AA, Hegarty 

MP, James LF, et al. (eds.) Plant toxicology. Queensland 

Poisonous Plant Committee. Yeerongpilly, Queensland. 

pp.170-177. 

a Ma r a n Th u s c r u e n Tu s L. [Amaranthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a maranthus paniculatus L. 

Common Names: 

panicle amaranth; redshank; wild amaranth 

Citations: 




Amaranthus edulis Speg = Amaranthus caudatus L. 

a Ma r a n Th u s f l a vu s L. [Amaranthaceae] 

Citations: 




Amaranthus gangeticus L. = Amaranthus tricolor L. 

Amaranthus gracilis Desf., nom. nud. = Amaranthus viridis 

L. 

a Ma r a n Th u s h y b r i d u s L. [Amaranthaceae] 

Common Names: 

carelessweed; green pigweed; pigweed; quelite morado; 

redroot; smooth pigweed 

Citations: 

Duckworth RH (1975) Poisoning of cattle by Amaranthus. 

N Z Vet J 23(7):154-155. 

Jeppesen QE (1966) Bovine perirenal disease associated with 

pigweed. J Am Vet Med Assoc 149(1):22. 

Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. quitensis (Kunth) Costea & 

Carretero = Amaranthus quitensis Kunth 

a Ma r a n Th u s h y p o c h o n d r i a c u s L. 


Citations: 

Alfaro MA, Ramírez R, Martínez A, et al. (1987) Evaluacion 

de diferentes niveles de harina de amaranto (partes 

vegetativas), en sustitucion de harina de alfalfa para conejos 

en crecimiento. Arch Latinoam Nutr 37(1):174-185. 

Cheeke PR, Carlsson R (1978) Evaluation of several crops 

as sources of leaf meal: Composition, effect of drying 

procedure, and rat growth response. Nutr Rep Int 

18(4):465-473. 




Amaranthus mangostanus L. = Amaranthus tricolor L. 

a Ma r a n Th u s p a l Me r i S. Watson 


Common Names: 

bledo; careless weed; Palmer’s-amaranth; Palmer’s-pigweed; 

pigweed; redroot 

Citations: 

Castle RB (1944) Successful therapy for cyanogen poisoning 

in cattle. Vet Med 39:37-38. 

Thornber JJ (1919) Work on poison plants. Arizona Agric 

Exp Sta Annu Rep 30:428-431. 

Amaranthus paniculatus L. = Amaranthus cruentus L. 

a Ma r a n Th u s q u i Te n s is Kunth 


Synonyms: 

a maranthus hybridus L. subsp. quitensis (Kunth) 

Costea & Carretero 

Common Names: 

pigweed; yuyo colorado 

Citations: 

Cursack HA, Romano LA (1967) Posible intoxicacion subaguda 

con nitratos y nitritos. El “yuyo colorado” (Amaranthus 

hybridus, var. quitensis) como especie sospechosa de 

ser tóxica para el ganado vacuno. Gaceta Vet 29:69-74. 

Duffy SJ, León EA, Gavier MD, et al. (1985) Intoxicacion 

por Amaranthus quitensis (Yuyo colorado) en bovinos. 

Vet Argent 2(20):942, 944-949. 

Rodríguez Armesto R, Grande HA, de Baroni AC, et al. 

(1989) Intoxicacion por Amaranthus quitensis en vaquillonas 

Holando Argentino. Vet Argent 6(60):692, 694-700. 

Salles MS, Barros CS, Lemos RA, et al. (1991) Perirenal 

edema associated with Amaranthus spp poisoning in Brazilian 

swine. Vet Hum Toxicol 33(6):616-617. 

a Ma r a n Th u s r e Tr o f l e x u s L. 


Common Names: 

amaranth; careless weed; green amaranthus; green 

pigweed; pigweed; Prince-of-Wales feather; quelite; 

redroot; redroot pigweed; reflexed amaranthus; rough 

pigweed; szörös disznóparéj 

Citations: 

Brakenridge DT (1956) Nitrate poisoning caused by turnips 

and red root. N Z Vet J 4:165-166. 

Buck WB, Preston KS, Abel M, et al. (1965-1966) Common 

weeds associated with perirenal edema in swine. Proc Am 

Coll Vet Toxicol 1965:24-28. 

Buck WB, Preston KS, Abel M, et al. (1966) Perirenal edema 

in swine: A disease caused by common weeds. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 148(12):1525-1531. 

Buck WM [sic], Preston KS, Abel M (1965) Common weeds 

as a cause of perirenal edema in swine. Iowa State Univ 

Vet 27(3):105-108. 

Casteel SW, Johnson GC, Miller MA, et al. (1994) Amaranthus 

retroflexus (redroot pigweed) poisoning in cattle. 

J Am Vet Med Assoc 204(7):1068-1070.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Ambrosia psilostachya - 21 

Cho SW, Lee CS (1984) [Histopathological observations of 

the natural case and experimental occurrence of perirenal 

edema in pigs.] Korean J Vet Res 24(2):173-182. 

Ivana F, Georgescu C (1970) Observaţii asupra unor cazuri 

de intoxicaţie cu Amaranthus retroflexus la bovine. Rev 

Zootehnie Med Vet 20(11):64-66. 

Jeppesen QE (1966) Bovine perirenal disease associated with 

pigweed. J Am Vet Med Assoc 149(1):22. 

Kerr LA, Kelch WJ (1998) Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) 

toxicosis in cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol 40(4):216-218. 

Osweiler GD, Buck WB, Bicknell EJ (1969) Production of 

perirenal edema in swine with Amaranthus retroflexus. 

Am J Vet Res 30(4):557-566. 

Rae CA, Binnington BD (1995) Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot 

pigweed) poisoning in lambs. Can Vet J 36(7):446. 

Sanko RE (1975) Perirenal edema in swine - Caused by 

ingestion of Amaranthus retroflexus (pigweed). Vet Med 


Šenk L, Pogačnik M, Princes I, et al. (1985) Pojava perirenalnog 

edema (nefropatije) kod svinja u sr Sloveniji. Veterinarski 

Glasnik 39(12):1277-1282. 

Spearman G, Johnson K (1989) Redroot pigweed toxicosis in 

cattle. Can Vet J 30(3):255-256. 

Stuart BP, Nicholson SS, Smith JB (1975) Perirenal edema 

and toxic nephrosis in cattle, associated with ingestion of 

pigweed. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167(10):949-950. 

Torres MB, Kommers GD, Dantas AF, et al. (1997) Redroot 

pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) poisoning of cattle in 

southern Brazil. Vet Hum Toxicol 39(2):94-96. 

Zhokovski N (1966) [Poisoning and abortion caused by 

Amaranthus retroflexus in ewes.] Veterinarna Sbirka 

63(11):26. 

a Ma r a n Th u s s p i n o s u s L. [Amaranthaceae] 

Common Names: 

hogweed; needle bur; quelite espinoso; spiny amaranth; 

spiny pigweed; stickerweed; thorny amaranthus; thorny 

pigweed 

Citations: 

Peixoto PV, Brust LA, Brito MF, et al. (2003) Intoxicação 

natural por Amaranthus spinsosus (Amaranthaceae) 

em ovinos no Sudeste do Brasil. Pesq Vet Bras 

23(4):179-184. 

a Ma r a n Th u s Tr ic o l o r L. [Amaranthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a maranthus gangeticus L.; a maranthus mangostanus 

L. 

Citations: 




a Ma r a n Th u s v i r i d is L. [Amaranthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a maranthus gracilis Desf., nom. nud. 

Common Names: 

bledo blanco; chaulai; green amaranth; white 

amaranth 

Citations: 

Rivera M, Aguilo R, Lorenzo M, et al. (1984) Reporte de 

intoxicación en bovinos jóvenes por el Amaranthus viridis 

(bledo blanco). Rev Cubana Cienc Vet 15(3-4):335-338. 

Salles MS, Barros CS, Lemos RA, et al. (1991) Perirenal 

edema associated with Amaranthus spp poisoning in Brazilian 

swine. Vet Hum Toxicol 33(6):616-617. 



amargo –see– Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 

amber –see– Hypericum perforatum L. 

ambroisie –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & 

Clemants 

a Mb r o s i a a r Te Mis i i f o l i a L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

annual ragweed; bitterweed; hogweed; low ragweed; 

short ragweed; western ragweed 

Citations: 

Brunsting LA, Anderson CR (1934) Ragweed dermatitis. 

A report based on eighteen cases. JAMA 

103(17):1285-1290. 

Brunsting LA, Williams DH (1936) Ragweed (contact) dermatitis. 

JAMA 106(18):1533-1535. 

Epstein S (1960) Role of dermal sensitivity in ragweed contact 

dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 82(Jul):48-55. 

Jordon JW, Campbell PC, Osborne ED (1942) Ragweed 

dermatitis among workers in the flour and grain industries. 

Arch Derm Syphilol 46:721-724. 

Möller H, Spirén A, Svensson Å, et al. (2002) Contact 

allergy to the Asteraceae plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia 

L. (ragweed) in sesquiterpenelactone-sensitive patients in 

southern Sweden. Contact Dermatitis 47(3):157-160. 

a Mb r o s i a d e l To i d e a (Torr.) W. W. Payne 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

triangle-leaf bursage 

Citations: 

Schumacher MJ, Silvis NG (2003) Airborne contact dermatitis 

from Ambrosia deltoidea (triangle-leaf bursage). 


a Mb r o s i a e l a Tio r L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

short ragweed 

Citations: 

Sutton RL (1919) Ragweed dermatitis. JAMA 

73(19):1433-1437. 

a Mb r o s i a p s i l o s Ta c h y a DC. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

western ragweed 

Citations: 


JAMA 106(18):1533-1535.

22 - Ambrosia trifida D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Ford RM (1963) Ragweed pollinosis. Med J Aust 1(May 

11):712. 

a Mb r o s i a Tr i f i d a L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

giant ragweed; great ragweed; ironweed; tall ragweed 

Citations: 


JAMA 106(18):1533-1535. 

Sutton RL (1919) Ragweed dermatitis. JAMA 

73(19):1433-1437. 

amche –see– Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze 

a Me l a n c h i e r a l n i f o l i a (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. 

Roem. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

Saskatoon serviceberry; western serviceberry 

Citations: 

Majak W, Udenberg T, Clark LJ, et al. (1980) Toxicity of 

Saskatoon serviceberry to cattle. Can Vet J 21(3):74-76. 

Quinton DA (1985) Saskatoon serviceberry toxic to deer. J 

Wildl Manage 49(2):362-364. 

American agave –see– Agave americana L. 

American aloe –see– Agave americana L. 

American arbor vitae –see– Thuja occidentalis L. 

American arum –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

American beech –see– Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 

American cancer –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

American cocklebur –see– Xanthium strumarium L. var. 

canadense (Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray 

American coffeebean –see– Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. 

Koch 

American coffeeberry –see– Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. 

Koch 

American custard apple –see– Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 

American dogweed –see– Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. 

& Hook. f. ex A. Gray 

American ephedra –see– Ephedra viridis Coville 

American false hellebore –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

American fly poison –see– Amianthium muscitoxicum 

(Walter) A. Gray 

American ginseng –see– Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. 

American hellebore –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

American hemp –see– Apocynum cannabinum L. 

American holly –see– Ilex opaca Aiton 

American ivy –see– Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. 

American jute –see– Abutilon theophrasti Medik. 

American laurel –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

American mandrake –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

American manna grass –see– Glyceria grandis S. Watson 

American May apple –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

American mistletoe –see– Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) 

Reveal & M. C. Johnst. 

American nightshade –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

American papaw –see– Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 

American pennyroyal –see– Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. 

American purging nut –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

American rubber plant –see– Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. 

Dietr. 

American sanfoin –see– Galega officinalis L. 

American sassafras –see– Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees 

American sneezeweed –see– Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. 

Rock 

American stinging nettle –see– Urtica dioica L. 

American water hemlock –see– Cicuta maculata L. 

American white hellebore –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

American wormseed –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) 

Mosyakin & Clemants 

American wormwood –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) 


Amerikanische Grenadill –see– Brya ebenus (L.) DC. 

Amerikanischer Efeu –see– Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) 

Planch. 

Amerikanischer Lebensbaum –see– Thuja occidentalis L. 

Amerikanisches Mahagoni –see– Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. 

amerikansk olieplante –see– Ricinus communis L. 

a Mi a n Th i u M Mu s c i To x ic u M (Walter) A. 

Gray [Melanthiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c hrosperma muscitoxicum (Walter) Kuntze; z igadenus 

muscitoxicum (Walter) Regel 

Common Names: 

American fly poison; black snakeroot; crow poison; 

death camas; fall poison; fly poison; gray fly poison; St. 

Elmos’-feather; stagger grass; stagger plant 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1912) Poisonous-plant studies. U S Dep Agric 

Annu Rep 1911:61-62, 92, 277-280. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Marsh H (1918) Stagger grass 

(Chrosperma muscaetoxicum) as a poisonous plant. U S 

Dep Agric Bull #710:4 pp. 

amila –see– Phyllanthus emblica L. 

a MMi Ma j u s L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

atarillal; bishop’s-weed; falsa visnaga; greater ammi; 

Knorpelmöhre; lace flower; meadow sweet; Queen 

Anne’s-lace

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Amsinckia intermedia - 23 

Citations: 

Cheymol J (1958) Ammi majus et brunissement épidérmique. 

Therapie 13(6):974-978. 

Dollahite JW, Younger RL, Hoffman GO (1978) Photosensitization 

in cattle and sheep caused by feeding Ammi 

majus (greater Ammi; Bishop’s-Weed). Am J Vet Res 

39(1):193-197. 

Egyed MN, Malkinson M, Shlosberg A (1974) Observations 

on the experimental poisoning of young geese with 

Ammi majus. Avian Pathol 3(2):79-87. 

Egyed MN, Shlosberg A, Eilat A (1977) Photosensitizing 

effects of furocoumarin containing weeds on domestic 

birds. Vet Hum Toxicol 19(1):11-13. 

Egyed MN, Shlosberg A, Eilat A, et al. (1974) Photosensitization 

in dairy cattle associated with the ingestion of 

Ammi majus. Refu Vet 31(3):128-131. 

Egyed MN, Shlosberg A, Eilat A, et al. (1975) Acute and 

chronic manifestations of Ammi majus induced photosensitisation 

in ducks. Vet Rec 97(11):198-199. 

Egyed MN, Shlosberg A, Eilat A, et al. (1975) Chronic 

lesions in geese photosensitized by Ammi majus. Avian 

Dis 19(4):822-826. 

Egyed MN, Singer L, Eilat A, et al. (1975) Eye lesions in 

ducklings fed Ammi majus seeds. Zentralbl Veterinarmed 

A 22(9):764-768. 

Eilat A, Malkinson M, Shlosberg A, et al. (1974) A field 

outbreak of photosensitization in goslings caused by the 

ingestion of Ammi majus. Refu Vet 31(2):83-86. 

Kiistala R, Mäkinen-Kiljunen S, Heikkinen K, et al. 

(1999) Occupational allergic rhinitis and contact urticaria 

caused by bishop’s weed (Ammi majus). Allergy 

54(6):635-639. 

Méndez MC, Riet-Correa F, Schild AL, et al. (1991) Fotossensibilização 

em bovinos causada por Ammi majus 

(Umbelliferae) no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesq Vet Bras 

11(1-2):17-19. 

Odriozola E (1984) Fotosensibilizacion y queratoconjunctivitis 

en rumiantes por consumo de semillas de falsa viznaga 

(Ammi majus). Vet Argent 1(7):684-688. 

Schild AC, Motta AC, Riet-Correa F, et al. (2004) Photosensitization 

in cattle in southern Brazil. In: Acamovic T, 

Stewart CS, Pennycott TW (eds.) Poisonous plants and 


Shlosberg A, Egyed MN (1978) Ammi majus induced photosensitization 

in chickens and turkey poults. Refu Vet 

35(4):159-161. 

Shlosberg A, Egyed MN, Eilat A (1974) The comparative 

photosensitizing properties of Ammi majus and Ammi 

visnaga in goslings. Avian Dis 18(4):544-550. 

Sidi E, Bourgeois-Gavardin J (1953) Mise au point du 

traitment du vitiligo par L’Ammi majus. Presse Med 

61(21):436-441. 

Witzel DA, Dollahite JW, Jones LP (1978) Photosensitization 

in sheep fed Ammi majus (Bishop’s weed) seed. Am 

J Vet Res 39(2):319-320. 

Yeruham I, Lemberg D, Natan A, et al. (1988) Photosensitization 

in sheep due to ingestion of Vicia hay contaminated 

by Ammi majus. Isr J Vet Med 44(2):147. 

a MMi v is n ag a (L.) Lam. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

bishop’s-weed; bisnaga; biznaga; khella; khilla; khillala; 

toothpick ammi 

Citations: 

Egyed MN, Shlosberg A, Eilat A (1975) The susceptibility 

of young chickens, ducks, and turkeys to the photosensitizing 

effect of Ammi visnaga seeds. Avian Dis 

19(4):830-833. 

Ibrahim IA, El Badwi SM, Gadir WS, et al. (2004) Susceptibility 

of Bovans chicks to low dietary levels of Ammi 

visnaga and Artemisia herba-alba. Vet Hum Toxicol 

46(2):67-69. 

Shlosberg A, Egyed MN, Eilat A (1974) The comparative 

photosensitizing properties of Ammi majus and Ammi 

visnaga in goslings. Avian Dis 18(4):544-550. 

Trenchi H (1960) Ingestion of Ammi visnaga seeds and 

photosensitization - The cause of vesicular dermatitis in 

fowls. Avian Dis 4(3):275-280. 

Amomum cardamomum L. = Elettaria cardamomum (L.) 

Maton 

a Mo r p h o p h a l l u s k o n j a c K. Koch [Araceae] 

Synonyms: 

a morphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Carrière; c onophallus 

konjak Schott 

Common Names: 

devil’s-tongue; konjac; leopard palm; snake palm; 

umbrella arum 

Citations: 

Yoshizawa K (1971) [Ocular injury caused by bulbs of Amorphophallus 

konjac K. Koch.] Acta Soc Ophthalmol Jpn 

75(1):50-58;134-142. 

Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Carrière = 

Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch 

Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. = Parthenocissus 

quinquefolia (L.) Planch. 

Amsinckia arizonica Suksd. = Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. 

& C. A. Mey. 

Amsinckia echinata A. Gray = Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. 

& C. A. Mey. 

Amsinckia intactilis J. F. Macbr. = Amsinckia intermedia 

Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

a Ms i n c k i a i n Te r Me d i a Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

[Boraginaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a msinckia arizonica Suksd.; a msinckia echinata A. 

Gray; a msinckia intactilis J. F. Macbr.; a msinkia 

microphylla Suksd.; a msinkia nana Suksd.; a msinkia 

rigida Suksd. 

Common Names: 

buckthorn; coast buckthorn; coast fiddleneck; fiddleneck; 

finger weed; fireweed; ironweed; rancher’s-fiddleneck; 

tarweed; yellow burweed; yellow forget-me-not; 

yellow tarweed

24 - Anabasis aphylla D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Fowler ME (1968) Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in calves. 

J Am Vet Med Assoc 152(8):1131-1137. 

Kennedy PC (1957) Tarweed poisoning in swine. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 130(Apr 1):305-306. 

McCulloch EC (1940) Hepatic cirrhosis of horses, swine and 

cattle due to the ingestion of seeds of the tarweed, Amsinkia 

intermedia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 96(754):5-18. 

McCulloch EC (1942) The use of grain containing tarweed 

(Amsinckia intermedia) seed as poultry feed. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 101(Dec):481-483. 

Muth OH (1941) An attempt to determine the toxicity of 

Amsinckia intermedia (tarweed) for fattening lambs. J 


Woolsey JH Jr, Jasper DE, Cordy DR, et al. (1952) Two outbreaks 

of hepatic cirrhosis in swine in California, with 

evidence incriminating the tarweed, Amsinckia intermedia. 

Vet Med 47:55-58. 

Amsinkia microphylla Suksd. = Amsinckia intermedia 

Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

Amsinkia nana Suksd. = Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. 

A. Mey. 

Amsinkia rigida Suksd. = Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & 

C. A. Mey. 

amte –see– Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze 

Amur River privet –see– Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & 

Zucc. subsp. suave (Kitag.) Kitag. 

amyroot –see– Apocynum cannabinum L. 

anabasia –see– Anabasis aphylla L. 

a n a b a s is a p h y l l a L. [Chenopodiaceae] 

Common Names: 

anabasia 

Citations: 

Shatrov AP (1962) [Poisoning of sheep with Anabasis aphylla 

and A. solsa [sic].] Veterinariia Moscow 39(8):49-54. 

a n a b a s is s a ls a C. A. (Mey.) Benth. ex Volkens 

[Chenopodiaceae] 

Citations: 

Shatrov AP (1962) [Poisoning of sheep with Anabasis aphylla 

and A. solsa [sic].] Veterinariia Moscow 39(8):49-54. 

a n a c a r d i u M o c c i d e n Ta l e L. 

[Anacardiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c assuvium pomiferum Lam. 

Common Names: 

acajou; alui; balubad; cacahuil; cajú; cajuil; cashew; 

cashew apple; jocote marañón; marañón; noix d’acajou; 

palu-de-cashupete; pommier cajou; ului 

Citations: 

Aber R, Marks J, DeMelfi T, et al. (1983) Dermatitis associated 

with cashew nut consumption - Pennsylvania. 

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 32(9):129-130. 

Bedello PG, Goitre M, Cane D, et al. (1985) Allergic contact 

dermatitis to cashew nut. Contact Dermatitis 12(4):235. 

Bedi BM (1971) Cashewnut dermatitis (report of two cases). 

Indian J Dermatol 16(3):63-64. 

Diogenes MJ, Morais SM, Cavalho FF (1996) Contact dermatitis 

among cashew nut workers. Contact Dermatitis 

35(2):114-115. 

Downing JG, Gurney SW (1940) Dermatitis from cashew 

nut shell oil. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 22(5):169-174. 

Hamilton TK, Zug KA (1998) Systemic contact dermatitis 

to raw cashew nuts in a pesto sauce. Am J Contact Dermat 

9(1):51-54. 

Kilburn SA, Warner JO (2001) Clinical features of cashew 

allergy. Allergy 56(3):252-253. 

Kligman AM (1958) Cashew nut shell oil for hyposensitization 

against Rhus dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 

78(3):359-363. 

Lockey SD (1944) Cashew nut oil dermatitis. Ann Allergy 

2(1):22-25. 

Marks JG Jr, DeMelfi T, McCarthy MA, et al. (1984) 

Dermatitis from cashew nuts. J Am Acad Dermatol 

10(4):627-631. 

McNairy DJ (1959) Contact dermatitis from cashew nut shell 

novelties. Ariz Med 16(5):361-362. 

Orris L (1958) Cashew nut dermatitis. N Y State J Med 58(17 

part 1):2799-2800. 

Quercia O, Rafanelli S, Marsigli L, et al. (1999) Unexpected 

anaphylaxis to cashew nut. Allergy 54(8):895-897. 

Ratner JH, Spencer SK, Grainge JM (1974) Cashew nut 

dermatitis. An example of internal-external contact-type 

hypersensitivity. Arch Dermatol 110(6):921-923. 

Reginella RF, Fairfield JC, Marks JG Jr (1989) Hyposensitization 

to poison ivy after working in a cashew nut shell oil 

processing factory. Contact Dermatitis 20(12):274-279. 

Rosen T, Fordice DB (1994) Cashew nut dermatitis. South 

Med J 87(4):543-546. 

Schwartz L, Birmingham DJ, Campbell PC Jr, et al. (1945) 

Skin hazards - in the manufacture and use of cashew nut 

shell liquid - formaldehyde resins. Indus Med 14:500-506. 

Srinivas CR, Pasricha JS (1990) Dermatological problems of 

workers employed in cashew nut factories. Contact Dermatitis 

22(5):192. 

Anacardium orientale auct. ex Steud. = Semecarpus 

anacardium L. f. 

a n a d e n a n Th e r a c o l u b r i n a (Vell.) Brenan 

var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a nadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan; p iptadenia 

macrocarpa Benth. 

Common Names: 

angico; cebil colorado 

Citations: 

Brito MF, Franca TN, Oliveira KD, et al. (2000) Estudos 

experimentais em coelhos com plantas cianogênicas. Pesq 

Vet Bras 20(2):65-70. 

Tokarnia CH, Peixoto PV, Brito MF, et al. (1999) Estudos 

experimentais com plantas cianogênicas em bovinos. Pesq 

Vet Bras 19(2):84-90.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Anemone patens - 25 

Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan = 

Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil 

(Griseb.) Altschul 

a n ag a l l is a rv e n s is L. [Myrsinaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a nagallis caerulea Lam.; a nagallis foemina Mill.; 

a nagallis orientalis hort. ex Fisch. Mey. & Avé-Lall.; 

a nagallis pulchella Salisb. 

Common Names: 

bird’s-eye; blue pimpernel; dharati dhak; morgeline; 

mouron-des-champs; murajes; pimpernel; poison 

chickweed; poison weed; poor-man’s-weatherglass; red 

chickweed; red pimpernel; roode muur; rooimuur; scarlet 

pimpernel; shepherd’s-calendar; shepherd’s-clock; 

shepherd’s-delight; shepherd’s-weatherglass 

Citations: 

Pullar EM (1939) Studies on five suspected poisonous plants. 

Aust Vet J 15:19-23. 

Rivero R, Zabala A, Gianneechini R, et al. (2001) Anagallis 

arvensis poisoning in cattle and sheep in Uruguay. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 43(1):27-30. 

Rothwell JT, Marshall DJ (1986) Suspected poisoning of 

sheep by Anagallis arvensis (scarlet pimpernel). Aust Vet 

J 63(9):316. 

Schneider DJ (1978) Fatal ovine nephrosis caused by Anagallis 

arvensis L. J S Afr Vet Assoc 49(4):321-324. 

Anagallis caerulea Lam. = Anagallis arvensis L. 

Anagallis foemina Mill. = Anagallis arvensis L. 

Anagallis orientalis hort. ex Fisch. Mey. & Avé-Lall. = 

Anagallis arvensis L. 

Anagallis pulchella Salisb. = Anagallis arvensis L. 

anamú –see– Petiveria alliacea L. 

a n a n a s c o Mo s u s (L.) Merr. [Bromeliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a nanas sativus Schult. & Schult. f.; b romelia ananas 

L.; b romelia comosus L. 

Common Names: 

pineapple 

Citations: 

Kabir I, Speelman P, Islam A (1993) Systemic allergic reaction 

and diarrhoea after pineapple ingestion. Trop Geogr 

Med 45(2):77-79. 

Polunin I (1951) Pineapple dermatosis. Br J Dermatol 

63(12):441-455. 

Schilling R, Der Marderosian A, Speaker J (1980) Incidence 

of plant poisonings in Philadelphia noted as poison information 

calls. Vet Hum Toxicol 22(3):148-150. 

Ananas sativus Schult. & Schult. f. = Ananas comosus (L.) 

Merr. 

ananbeam –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

anantamul –see– Hemidesmus indicus (L.) W. T. Aiton 

anda –see– Joannesia princeps Vell. 

anda assu –see– Joannesia princeps Vell. 

Anderson’s-larkspur –see– Delphinium andersonii A. Gray 

a n d i r a i n e r Mis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ndira jamaicensis Urb.; g eoffroea inermis W. Wright; 

g eoffroea jamaicensis W. Wright 

Common Names: 

almendro macho; almendro montes; almendro seal; 

bastard cabbage; bastard mahogany; black blossom 

cherry; cabbagebark; carne asada; chaperno; cocu; 

cornwood; cuilinbaca; maca colorada; macallo; partridge; 

Rebhuhnholz 

Citations: 

Figueroa V, Sutherland TM (1972) “Muerte súbita” (sudden 

death) in cattle. 5. The role of toxic plants. Rev Cubana 

Cienc Agric Eng Ed 6(1):53-59. 

Glander KE (1977) Poison in a monkey’s Garden of Eden. 

Nat Hist 86(Mar):35-41. 

Andira jamaicensis Urb. = Andira inermis (W. Wright) 

Kunth ex DC. 

andrachne –see– Andrachne decaisnei Benth. 

a n d r a c h n e d e c a is n e i Benth. 

[Phyllanthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l eptopus decaisnei (Benth.) Pojark. 

Common Names: 

andrachne 

Citations: 

Churchward RE, Gurney EH (1938) A plant poisonous to 

sheep. Queensland Agric J 50:180-184. 

Andromeda floribunda Pursh = Pieris floribunda (Pursh) 

Benth. & Hook. f. 

Andropogon arundinaceus Scop. = Sorghum halepense (L.) 

Pers. 

Andropogon citratus DC. = Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf 

Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot. = Sorghum halepense (L.) 

Pers. 

Andropogon nardus L. = Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle 

Andropogon sorghum (L.) Brot. = Sorghum bicolor (L.) 

Moench 

a n e Mo n e p a Te n s L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p ulsatilla hirsutissima Britton; p ulsatilla patens (L.) 

Mill. 

Common Names: 

pasqueflower; prairie crocus; pulsatilla

26 - Anemone sylvestris D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Aaron TH, Muttitt EL (1964) Vesicant dermatitis due to 

prairie crocus (Anemone patens L.). Arch Dermatol 

90(Aug):168-171. 

Vance JC (1982) Toxic plants of Minnesota: Skin toxicity 

of the prairie crocus (Anemone patens L.). Minn Med 

65(3):149-151, 188. 

a n e Mo n e s y l ve s Tr is L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

snowdrop anemone 

Citations: 

Eikhler IN (1965) [Intoxication by “inebriating” poisonous 

honey.] Vopr Pitan 24(5):65-67. 

anès estrella –see– Illicium verum Hook. f. 

a n e Th u M g r a ve o l e n s L. [Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a nethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming; p eucedanum graveolens 

(L.) Benth. & Hook. f. 

Common Names: 

dill 

Citations: 

Knudson EA, Kroon S (1988) In vitro and in vivo phototoxicity 

of furocoumarin-containing plants. Clin Exp Dermatol 

13(2):92-96. 

Monteseirín J, Pérez-Formoso JL, Hérnandez M, et al. 

(2003) Contact urticaria from dill. Contact Dermatitis 

48(5):275. 

Monteseirín J, Pérez-Formoso JL, Sánchez-Hernández MC, 

et al. (2002) Occupational contact dermatitis to dill. 

Allergy 57(9):866-867. 

Anethum sowa Roxb. ex Fleming = Anethum graveolens L. 

angela –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

angelica –see– Angelica archangelica L. 

a n g e l ic a a r c h a n g e l ic a L. [Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ngelica officinalis Moench 

Common Names: 

angelica; Engelwurz 

Citations: 



13(2):92-96. 

Kuske H (1939) Experimentelle untersuchungen zur Photosensibilisierung 

der Haut durch pflanzliche Wirkstoffe. 

1. Mitteilung. Lichtsensibilisierung durch Furocumarine 

als Ursache verschiedener phytogener Dermatosen. Arch 

Derm Syphilol 178:112-123. 

Kuske H (1940) Perkutane Photosensibilisierung durch 

pflanzliche Wirkstoffe. Dermatologica 82:273-338. 

Angelica officinalis Moench = Angelica archangelica L. 

angel’s-tears –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

angel’s-trumpet –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh.; 

Brugmansia ×candida Pers.; Brugmansia suaveolens 

(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl; Datura 

stramonium L. 

angel’s-trumpet lily –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

angel’s-wings –see– Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 

angico –see– Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. 

cebil (Griseb.) Altschul 

änglatrumpet –see– Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & 

Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl 

anguna –see– Dregea volubilis (L. f.) Benth. ex Hook. f. 

anhalonium –see– Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm- 

Dyck) J. M. Coult. 

anil indigo –see– Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. 

anileira –see– Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. 

aninga para –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

anis –see– Illicium anisatum L.; Pimpinella anisum L. 

anis hinono –see– Foeniculum vulgare Mill. 

anise –see– Pimpinella anisum L. 

ankra –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

Anna Maria –see– Hyacinthus orientalis L. 

a n n o n a c h e r i Mo l a Mill. [Annonaceae] 

Common Names: 

cherimoya; sugar apple; sweet sop 

Citations: 

Sánchez-Guerrero IM, Escudero AI, Tortosa JA, et al. (2000) 

Anaphylaxis to cherimoya. Allergy 55(10):976-977. 

a n n o n a Mu r ic a Ta L. [Annonaceae] 

Common Names: 

anonas; guanábana; laguana; sorsaka; soursop 

Citations: 





a n n o n a r e Tic u l a Ta L. [Annonaceae] 

Common Names: 

bullock’s-heart; custard apple; Jamaica apple 

Citations: 

Gonzalo MA, Moneo I, Ventas P, et al. (1997) IgE-mediated 

hypersensitivity to custard-apple. Allergy 52(5):597. 

Sánchez-Morillas L, Moneo I, Sedano E, et al. (2003) Oral 

allergic syndrome after ingestion of custard apple. Allergy 

58(3):260-261. 

a n n o n a s q u a Mo s a L. [Annonaceae] 

Common Names: 

atis; custard apple; sitaphal; sugar apple; sweet sop

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Anticlea elegans - 27 

Citations: 

Visweswariah K, Jayaram M, Krishnaprasad NK, et al. 

(1971) Toxicological studies of the seeds of Annona squamosa. 

Indian J Exp Biol 9(4):519-521. 

Annona triloba L. = Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 

annual bitterweed –see– Hymenoxys odorata DC. 

annual mercury –see– Mercurialis annua L. 

annual ragweed –see– Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 

annual rye –see– Secale cereale L. 

annual ryegrass –see– Lolium multiflorum Lam.; Lolium 

rigidum Gaudin 

annual sage –see– Salvia reflexa Hornem. 

annual sunflower –see– Helianthus annuus L. 

annual sweet pea –see– Lathyrus odoratus L. 

a n o e c To c h i l u s f o r Mo s a n u s Hayata 

[Orchidaceae] 

Citations: 





anonas –see– Annona muricata L. 

antbush –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

a n Th e Mis a rv e n s is L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

corn chamomile; scentless chamomile 

Citations: 

Möslein P (1963) Pflanzen als Kontakt-Allergene. Derm 

Beruf Umwelt 11:24-32. 

a n Th e Mis c o Tu l a L. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

Maruta cotula (L.) DC. 

Common Names: 

camomile; dog camomile; dog chamomile; dog daisy; 

dog fennel; Dorfpflanze; Hundskamille; stinking 

chamomile; stinking Mayweed 

Citations: 

Benner MH, Lee HJ (1973) Anaphylactic reaction to chamomile 

tea. J Allergy Clin Immunol 52(5):307-308. 

Krantz W (1938) Ueber eine bei Erntearbeitern beobachtete 

bullöse Dermatitis. Munch Med Wochenschr 

85(28):1057-1060. 

Rowe AH (1934) Camomile (Anthemis cotula) as a skin irritant. 

J Allergy 5:383-388. 

Sequeira JH (1921) A case of bullous eruption caused by 

May-weed. Lancet 2:560. 

Sternberg L (1937) Contact dermatitis. Cases caused by oil 

of cloves and by oil of camomile tea (Anthemis cotula). J 

Allergy 8:185-186. 

Anthemis nobilis L. = Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. 

a n Th o x a n Th u M o d o r a Tu M L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

sweet vernal grass 

Citations: 

Bartol JM, Thompson LJ, Minnier SM, et al. (2000) 

Hemorrhagic diathesis, mesenteric hematoma, and 

colic associated with ingestion of sweet vernal grass 

in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216(10):1569-1570, 

1605-1608. 

Dwyer CJ, Downing GM, Gabor LJ (2003) Dicoumarol 

toxicity in neonatal calves associated with the feeding of 

sweet vernal (Anthoxanthum odoratum) hay. Aust Vet J 

81(6):332-335. 

Pritchard DG, Markson LM, Brush PJ, et al. (1983) Haemorrhagic 

syndrome of cattle associated with the feeding of 

sweet vernal (Anthoxanthum odoratum) hay containing 

dicoumarol. Vet Rec 113(4):78-84. 

Runciman DJ, Lee AM, Reed KF, et al. (2002) Dicoumarol 

toxicity in cattle associated with ingestion of silage containing 

sweet vernal grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum). 

Aust Vet J 80(1-2):28-32. 

a n Th r is c u s s y l ve s Tr is (L.) Hoffm. 

[Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

cow parsley; Wiesenkerbel; wild chervil; wild parsley 

Citations: 

Bellringer HE (1949) Phyto-photo-dermatitis. Br Med J 

1(Jun 4):984-986. 

a n Ti a r is To x ic a r i a Lesch. [Moraceae] 

Common Names: 

antsjar; ches tennent; dart poison; hypo; ipoh tree; 

Javanischer Giftbaum; Malayan arrow poison; pohon 

upas; pohun ipoh; pokok ipoh; upas tree 

Citations: 

Fasal P (1945) Cutaneous diseases in the tropics. A clinical 

study based on observations in Malaya. Arch Derm 

Syphilol 51(3):163-171. 

Ho LM, Cheong I, Jalil HA (1996) Rhabdomyolysis and 

acute renal failure following blowpipe dart poisoning. 

Nephron 72(4):676-678. 

a n Tic l e a e l e g a n s (Pursh) Rydb. 

[Melanthiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

z igadenus coloradensis Rydb.; z igadenus elegans Pursh; 

z igadenus glaucus (Nutt.) Nutt. 

Common Names: 

alkali grass; crow poison; death camas; elegant death 

camas; glaucous zigadenus; meadow death camas; 

mountain death camas; swamp camas; white camas; 

white death camas; wild onion

28 - Apium graveolens D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1922) The death camas species, 

Zygadenus paniculatus and Z. elegans, as poisonous 

plants. U S Dep Agric Bull #1012:25 pp. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Marsh H (1915) Zygadenus, or 

death camas. U S Dep Agric Bull #125:46 pp. 

antigopher plant –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

antler tree –see– Rhus typhina L. 

antsjar –see– Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. 

apamarg –see– Achyranthes aspera L. 

ape –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

ape nut –see– Gluta renghas L. 

Apfel –see– Malus domestica Borkh. 

Apfelsine –see– Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck 

apio –see– Apium graveolens L. 

a p i u M g r a ve o l e n s L. [Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c eleri graveolens (L.) Britton 

Common Names: 

ache douce; ache olorante; ache-des-marrais; apio; 

céleri; celeriac; celery; sedano; selino; Sellerie; wild celery; 

Zeller 

Citations: 

Agathos M (1980) Occupational dermatitis from celeriac. 

Contact Dermatitis 6(3):225. 

Anonymous (1985) Phytophotodermatitis among grocery 

workers - Ohio. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 

34(1):11-13. 

Austad J, Kavli G (1983) Phototoxic dermatitis caused by 

celery infected by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Contact Dermatitis 

9(6):448-451. 

Berkley SF, Hightower AW, Beier RC, et al. (1986) Dermatitis 

in grocery workers associated with high natural 

concentrations of furanocoumarins in celery. Ann Intern 

Med 105(3):351-355. 

Birmingham DJ, Key MM, Tubich GE, et al. (1961) Phototoxic 

bullae among celery harvesters. Arch Dermatol 

83(Jan):127-141. 

Borghijs A, Roelandts R (1984) Phototoxic dermatitis from 

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infected celery. Contact Dermatitis 

11(1):59. 

Déchamp C, Michel J, Deviller P, et al. (1984) Choc anaphylactique 

au céleri et sensibilisation à l’ambroisie et 

à l’armoise. Allergie croisée ou allergie concomitante? 

Presse Med 13(14):871-874. 

Forsbeck M, Ros AM (1979) Anaphylactoid reaction to celery. 


Gelfand HH (1936) Hypersensitiveness to celery. Report of a 

case of celery dermatitis. J Allergy 7:590-593. 

Groot BJ, Belinfante-Van Gelder ME, Jans HW (1992) Een 

epidemie van dermatitis door bleekselderij. Ned Tijdschr 

Geneeskd 136(25):1210-1213. 

Henry SA (1933) Celery itch: Dermatitis due to celery in 

vegetable canning. Br J Dermatol Syph 45:301-309. 

Henry SA (1938) Further observations on dermatitis due 

to celery in vegetable canning. Br J Dermatol Syph 

50:342-351. 



13(2):92-96. 

Kremser M, Lindemayr W (1983) Sellerieallergie (Selleriekontakturikariasyndrom) 

und Zusammenhänge mit 

Allergien gegen andere Pflanzenantigene. Wien Klin 

Wochenschr 95(23):838-843. 

Ljunggren B (1990) Severe phototoxic burn following celery 

ingestion. Arch Dermatol 126(10):1334-1336. 

Montgomery JF, Oliver RE, Poole WS (1987) A vesiculobullous 

disease in pigs resembling foot and mouth disease. 

1. Field cases. N Z Vet J 35:21-26. 

Montgomery JF, Oliver RE, Poole WS, et al. (1987) A vesiculo-bullous 

disease in pigs resembling foot and mouth 

disease. 2. Experimental reproduction of the lesion. N Z 

Vet J 35:27-30. 

Pauli G, Bessot JC, Braun PA, et al. (1988) Celery allergy: 

Clinical and biological study of 20 cases. Ann Allergy 

60(3):243-246. 

Pauli G, Bessot JC, Dietemann-Molard A, et al. (1985) Celery 

sensitivity: Clinical and immunological correlations 

with pollen allergy. Clin Allergy 15(3):273-279. 

Rose MH, Altman LC (1985) Anaphylaxis after ingestion of 

raw celery. Ann Allergy 54(2):166. 

Seligman PJ, Mathias CG, O’Malley MA, et al. (1987) Phytophotodermatitis 

from celery among grocery store workers. 

Arch Dermatol 123(11):1478-1482. 

Silverstein SR, Frommer DA, Dobozin B, et al. (1986) 

Celery-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. J Emerg 

Med 4(3):195-199. 

Wiswell JG, Irwin JW, Guba EF, et al. (1948) Contact dermatitis 

of celery farmers. J Allergy 19:396-402. 

Wüthrich B, Dietschi R (1985) Das «Sellerie-Karotten- 

Beifuss-Gewürz-Syndrom»: Hauttest- und RAST- 

Ergebnisse. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 115(11):358-364. 

Note: 

Celery is named Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) 

Pers. in some publications 

Apium petroselinum L. = Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) 

Nyman ex A. W. Hill 

Aplopappus heterophyllus (A. Gray) S. F. Blake = Isocoma 

plurifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene 

a p o c y n u M c a n n a b i n u M L. [Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

American hemp; amyroot; bitter root; black Indian 

hemp; bowman’s-root; Canadian hemp; chanvre-de- 

Canada; dogbane; glabrous hemp; hemp dogbane; 

Indian hemp; milkweed; rheumatism root; rheumatism 

weed; wild cotton 

Citations: 

Bania T, Hoffman RS, Howland MA, et al. (1993) Accidental 

Indian hemp (Apocyneacea [sic] cannabinum) cardiac 

glycoside toxicity. Vet Hum Toxicol 35(4):328.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Arctium lappa - 29 

apple –see– Malus domestica Borkh. 

apple-of-Peru –see– Datura inoxia Mill.; Datura stramonium 

L.; Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. 

apple-of-Sodom –see– Solanum anguivi Lam.; Solanum 

carolinense L.; Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

apple-of-the-tropics –see– Mangifera indica L. 

apple-of-Tolguacha –see– Datura stramonium L. 

apricot –see– Prunus armeniaca L. 

apricot vine –see– Passiflora incarnata L. 

Aprikose –see– Prunus armeniaca L. 

Arabian jasmine –see– Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton 

Arabian myrrh –see– Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. 

a r a c h is h y p o g a e a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

earthnut; Erdnuß; groundnut; monkey nut; peanut 

Citations: 

Bernard H, Paty E, Mondoulet L, et al. (2003) Serological 

characteristics of peanut allergy in children. Allergy 

58(12):1285-1292. 

Levy Y, Broides A, Segal N, et al. (2003) Peanut and tree 

nut allergy in children: Role of peanut snacks in Israel? 

Allergy 58(11):1206-1207. 

McCarrison R (1934) The goitrogenic action of soya-bean 

and ground-nut. Indian J Med Res 21:179-181. 

Arachnoides adiantiformis (Forst) Tindale = Rumohra 

adiantiformis (G. Forst.) Ching 

Aragallus lambertii (Pursh) Greene = Oxytropis lambertii 

Pursh 

Aragallus sericeus (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Greene = 

Oxytropis sericea Nutt. 

Aragallus spicatus (Hook.) Rydb. = Oxytropis campestris 

(L.) DC. var. spicata Hook. 

aralia –see– Fatsia japonica (Thunb.) Decne. & Planch.; 

Tetrapanax papyrifer (Hook.) K. Koch 

Aralie –see– Fatsia japonica (Thunb.) Decne. & Planch. 

aralu –see– Terminalia chebula Retz. 

aran –see– Hypericum perforatum L. 

arandi –see– Ricinus communis L. 

arandon –see– Wikstroemia ovata C. A. Mey. 

Araujia hortorum E. Fourn. = Araujia sericifera Brot. 

a r a u j i a s e r ic i f e r a Brot. [Apocynaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a raujia hortorum E. Fourn. 

Common Names: 

bladder flower; cruel vine; moth plant; Peruvian creeper; 

rubber vine; white moth plant 

Citations: 

Gaig P, Gázquez V, Lombardero M, et al. (2005) Moth plant 

(Araujia sericifera) allergy. Allergy 60(8):1092-1093. 

Hart L (1940) Poisonous to fowls. Seeds of the plant Araujia 

sericifera. Agric Gaz New South Wales 51:472-474. 

arbol-de-India –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

arbol-de-la-Muerte –see– Hippomane mancinella L. 

arbol-de-las-perlas –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

arbol-de-quitasol –see– Melia azedarach L. 

árbol-del-paraíso –see– Elaeagnus angustifolia L. 

arbol santo –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

arbor vitae –see– Thuja occidentalis L.; Thuja plicata Donn ex 

D. Don 

arbre-à-suif –see– Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 

arbre corail –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

a r c h i d e n d r o n j i r i n g a (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p ithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain; p ithecellobium 

lobatum Benth. 

Common Names: 

djaring; djengkol; djenkol; djenkol bean; Djenkolbohne; 

djering; genkol bean; jengkol bean; jenkol; jenkol bean; 

jering; kra niang; krakos; ma niang; niang 

Citations: 

Eiam-Ong S, Sitprija V, Saetang P, et al. (1987) Djenkol bean 

nephrotoxicity in Southern Thailand. In: Gopalakrishnakone 

P, Tan CK (eds.) Progress in venom and toxin 

research. National Univ. Singapore. pp. 628-632. 

H’ng PK, Nayar SK, Lau WM, et al. (1991) Acute renal 

failure following jering ingestion. Singapore Med J 

32(2):148-149. 

Reimann HA, Sukaton RU (1956) Djenkol bean poisoning 

(djenkolism): A cause of hematuria and anuria. Am J Med 

Sci 232(2):172-174. 

Segasothy M, Swaminathan M, Kong NC, et al. (1995) 

Djenkol bean poisoning (djenkolism): An unusual cause 

of acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 25(1):63-66. 

Vachvanichsanong P, Lebel L (1997) Djenkol beans as a 

cause of hematuria in children. Nephron 76(1):39-42. 

Wirya IW, Muhidin TT, Alatas H, et al. (1987) 

β 2-microglobulin in renal function of patients with jengkol 

intoxication. Paediatr Indones 27(7-8):155-162. 

Yong M, Cheong I (1995) Jering-induced acute renal failure 

with blue urine. Trop Doct 25(1):31. 

Arctic poppy –see– Papaver nudicaule L. 

Arctic sweet clover –see– Melilotus albus Medik. 

a r c Ti u M l a p p a L. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

l appa major Gaertn.; l appa vulgaris Hill

30 - Arctium minus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Common Names: 

bardana; beggar’s-buttons; burdock; great burdock; 

große Klette; harebur; Klettenhaare; lappa 

Citations: 

Bruhn AM (1938) Klinische und experimentelle Untersuchungen 

über Augenschädigungen durch Klettenhaare. 

Klin Monatsbl Augenheil Augenarztl Fortb 

101:730-741. 

a r c Ti u M Mi n u s (Hill) Bernh. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a rctium pubens Bab. 

Common Names: 

burdock; lesser burdock 

Citations: 

Havener WH, Falls HF, McReynolds WU (1955) Burdock 

bur ophthalmia. Arch Ophthalmol 53(2):260-263. 

Arctium pubens Bab. = Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. 

a r c To Th e c a c a l e n d u l a (L.) Levyns 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c ryptostemma calendula (L.) Druce 

Common Names: 

Capeweed 

Citations: 

Hand EA (1944) Contact dermatitis due to Capeweed. Arch 


Harris DJ, Rhodes HA (1969) Nitrate and nitrite poisoning 

in cattle in Victoria. Aust Vet J 45(12):590-591. 

Van der Walt SJ, Steyn DG (1940) Recent investigations into 

the toxicity of known and unknown poisonous plants in 

the Union of South Africa, X. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

15(1-2):261-277. 

a r e c a c a Te c h u L. [Arecaceae] 

Common Names: 

areca nut; betel nut; Betelkerne; cutch; noix d’arec; 

pinang wang; sorte-de-noix-d’arec 

Citations: 

Babu S, Bhat RV, Kumar PU, et al. (1996) A comparative 

clinico-pathological study of oral submucous fibrosis in 

habitual chewers of pan masala and betel quid. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 34(3):317-322. 

Chiang WT, Yang CC, Deng JF, et al. (1998) Cardiac 

arrhythmia and betel nut chewing - Is there a causal 

effect? Vet Hum Toxicol 40(5):287-289. 

Deng JF, Ger J, Tsai WJ, et al. (2001) Acute toxicities of 

betel nut: Rare but probably overlooked events. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 39(4):355-360. 

Hung DZ, Deng JF (1998) Acute myocardial infarction 

temporally related to betel nut chewing. Vet Hum Toxicol 

40(1):25-28. 

LÖhrer F, Kaiser R (1999) Biogene Suchtmittel. Neue Konsumgewohnheiten 

bei jungen Abhängigen? Nervenarzt 

70(11):1029-1033. 

Merchant A, Husain SS, Hosain M, et al. (2000) Paan without 

tobacco: An independent risk factor for oral cancer. 

Int J Cancer 86:128-131. 

Sarma AB, Chakrabarti J, Chakrabarti A, et al. (1992) Evaluation 

of pan masala for toxic effects on liver and other 

organs. Food Chem Toxicol 30(2):161-163. 

areca nut –see– Areca catechu L. 

arfoo –see– Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. 

argemone –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

a r g e Mo n e Me x ic a n a L. [Papaveraceae] 

Common Names: 

argemone; briuma dandie; cardo santo; chicalote; devil’s-fig; 

kateli; Mexican poppy; Mexican prickly-poppy; 

pila dhatura; poppy weed; prickly poppy; prickly yellow 

poppy; satayanashi; satyanasi; thistle root; yellow 

prickly poppy; yellow thistle 

Citations: 

Brink AJ, Lewis CM, Weber HW (1965) Myocardiopathy 

in Argemone mexicana poisoning. S Afr Med J 

39(1):108-114. 

Chaudhuri MN, Chaudhuri RN (1965) Epidemic dropsy 

in West Dinajpur. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 

13(2):37-38. 

Dogra J, Sharma KC (1986) Epidemic dropsy: Atypical presentation. 

Am J Med 81(6):1115. 

Gomber S, Daral TS, Sharma PP, et al. (1994) Epidemic 

dropsy in Trans Yamuma areas of Delhi and U.P. Indian 

Pediatr 31(6):671-674. 

Hakim SA, Jehangir RP (1977) Argemone oil poisoning. J 

Trop Med Hyg 80(7):149-151. 

Hart L (1941) The toxicity of seeds of Argemone mexicana 

for fowls. Aust Vet J 17(Apr):69-71. 

Krishnamachari KA, Satyanarayana K (1972) Epidemic 

dropsy in Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Med Res 

60(5):741-746. 

Kumar A, Husain F, Das M, et al. (1992) An out-break 

of epidemic dropsy in the Barabanki District of Uttar 

Pradesh, India: A limited trial for the scope of antioxidants 

in the management of symptoms. Biomed Environ 

Sci 5:251-256. 

Kumar L, Chugh KS, Singhal PC, et al. (1975) Argemone 

mexicana poisoning in north India. J Assoc Physicians 

India 23(3):205-208. 

Misra NP, Varma P, Jain SC, et al. (1984) Clinico-pathological 

and experimental study of epidemic dropsy. J Assoc 

Physicians India 32(11):943-947. 

Mohan M, Sood NN, Dayal Y, et al. (1984) Ocular and 

clinico-epidemiological study of epidemic dropsy. Indian 

J Med Res 80(Oct):449-456. 

Norton JH, O’Rourke PK (1980) Oedema disease in chickens 

caused by Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana) seed. 

Aust Vet J 56(4):187-189. 

Pahwa R, Chatterjee VC (1989) The toxicity of Mexican 

poppy (Argemone mexicana L.) seeds to rats. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 31(6):555-558.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Aristolochia bracteolata - 31 

Ramasastri BV, Babu S (1975) A study on toxicity of argemone 

oil in experimental animals. Indian J Med Res 

63(9):1353-1356. 

Sainani GS, Rajkondawar VL, Wechalekar MD, et al. 

(1972) Epidemic dropsy in Chandrapur, Maharashtra: 

Epidemiological and clinical study. J Assoc Physicians 

India 20(4):301-306. 

Sandhu HS, Tiwari SC, Naik G, et al. (1982) An epidemiological 

study of an outbreak of epidemic dropsy in Itarsi 

(MP). Indian J Public Health 26(1):10-15. 

Sanghvi LM, Misra SN, Bose TK (1960) Cardiovascular 

manifestations in Argemone mexicana poisoning (epidemic 

dropsy). Circulation 21(Jun):1096-1106. 

Sharma KC, Panwogra J, Banerjee S, et al. (1986) Epidemic 

dropsy in Rajasthan (India) - A clinical study. Indian J 

Nutr Diet 23(2):41-44. 

Shenolikar IS, Rukmini C, Krishnamachari KA, et al. (1974) 

Sanguinarine in the blood and urine of cases of epidemic 

dropsy. Food Cosmet Toxicol 12(5-6):699-702. 

Singh R, Faridi MM, Singh K, et al. (1999) Epidemic dropsy 

in the eastern region of Nepal. J Trop Pediatr 45(1):8-13. 

Sood NN, Sachdev MS, Mohan M, et al. (1985) Epidemic 

dropsy following transcutaneous absorption of 

Argemone mexicana oil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 

79(4):510-512. 

Tandon RK, Singh DS, Arora RR, et al. (1975) Epidemic 

dropsy in New Delhi. Am J Clin Nutr 28(8):883-887. 

Tandon RK, Tandon HD, Nayak NC, et al. (1976) Liver in 

epidemic dropsy. Indian J Med Res 64(7):1064-1069. 

Upreti KK, Das M, Kumar A, et al. (1989) Biochemical 

toxicology of argemone oil. IV. Short-term oral feeding 

response in rats. Toxicology 58:285-298. 

a r g y r a n Th e Mu M f r u Te s c e n s (L.) Sch. 

Bip. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

marguerite daisy 

Citations: 

Paulsen E (1998) Occupational dermatitis in Danish gardeners 

and greenhouse workers (II). Etiological factors. Contact 


a r g y r e i a n e rv o s a (Burm. f.) Bojer 

[Convolvulaceae] 

Common Names: 

Hawaiian baby woodrose; woolly morning-glory 

Citations: 

Furbee RB, Curry SC, Kunkle DB (1991) Ingestion of 

Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian baby woodrose) seeds. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 33(4):370. 

Hentschel H, Bergmann I, Lampe J, et al. (2000) Two cases 

of ingestion of Hawaiian baby wood rose (Argyreia nervosa). 

J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38(2):234. 

Hruby K (2002) Poisoning from natural drugs rediscovered 

for recreational abuse. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

40(3):276-277. 

a r io c a r p u s r e Tu s u s Scheidw. [Cactaceae] 

Common Names: 

false peyote 

Citations: 

Furst PT (1971) Ariocarpus retusus, the “false peyote” of 

Huichol tradition. Econ Bot 25(2):182-187. 

Arisaema acuminatum Small = Arisaema triphyllum (L.) 

Schott 

Arisaema atrorubens (Aiton) Blume = Arisaema triphyllum 

(L.) Schott 

Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash = Arisaema triphyllum (L.) 

Schott 

Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott = Arisaema triphyllum 

(L.) Schott 

Arisaema stewardsonii Britton = Arisaema triphyllum (L.) 

Schott 

a r is a e Ma Tr i p h y l l u M (L.) Schott [Araceae] 

Synonyms: 

a risaema acuminatum Small; a risaema atrorubens 

(Aiton) Blume; a risaema pusillum (Peck) Nash; 

a risaema quinatum Nutt.; a risaema stewardsonii 

Britton; a rum atrorubens Aiton; a rum triphyllum 

L. 

Common Names: 

bog onion; brown dragon; cuckoo plant; devil’s-ear; 

dragon turnip; dragonroot; Indian jack-in-the-pulpit; 

Indian turnip; jack-in-the-pulpit; marsh turnip; 

meadow turnip; memory root; parson-in-the-pulpit; 

pepper turnip; priest’s-pentle; small jack-in-the-pulpit; 

starchwort; wake robin; wild pepper 

Citations: 

Mrvos R, Krenzelok EP, Jacobsen TD (2001) Toxidromes 

associated with the most common plant ingestions. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 

Schilling R, Der Marderosian A, Speaker J (1980) Incidence 

of plant poisonings in Philadelphia noted as poison information 

calls. Vet Hum Toxicol 22(3):148-150. 

aristolochia –see– Aristolochia debilis Siebold & Zucc. 

Aristolochia bracteata Retz. = Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. 

a r is To l o c h i a b r a c Te o l a Ta Lam. 

[Aristolochiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ristolochia bracteata Retz. 

Common Names: 

worm killer 

Citations: 

Barakat SE, Wasfi IA, Adam SE (1983) The toxicity 

of Aristolochia bracteata in goats. Vet Pathol 

20(5):611-616. 

El Dirdiri NI, Barakat SE, Adam SE (1987) The combined 

toxicity of Aristolochia bracteata and Cadaba rotundifolia 

to goats. Vet Hum Toxicol 29(2):133-137.

32 - Aristolochia debilis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

a r is To l o c h i a d e b i l is Siebold & Zucc. 


Common Names: 

aristolochia 

Citations: 

Levi M, Guchelaar HJ, Woerdenbag HJ, et al. (1998) Acute 

hepatitis in a patient using a Chinese herbal tea - A case 

report. Pharm World Sci 20(1):43-44. 

a r is To l o c h i a f a n g c h i Y. C. Wu ex L. D. 

Chow & S. M. Hwang [Aristolochiaceae] 

Common Names: 

guang-fang-ji 

Citations: 

Schmeiser HH, Bieler CA, Wiessler M, et al. (1996) Detection 

of DNA adducts formed by aristolochic acid in renal 

tissue from patients with Chinese herbs nephropathy. 

Cancer Res 56(9):2025-2028. 

Stengel B, Jones E (1998) Insuffisance rénale terminal associée 

à la consommation d’herbes chinoises en France. 

Nephrologie 19(1):15-20. 

Vanherweghem LJ (1998) Misuse of herbal remedies: The 

case of an outbreak of terminal renal failure in Belgium. J 

Altern Complement Med 4(1):9-13. 

Vanherweghem JL, Tielemans C, Simon J, et al. (1995) 

Chinese herbs nephropathy and renal pelvic carcinoma. 

Nephrol Dial Transplant 10(2):270-273. 

a r is To l o c h i a Mo l l is s i Ma Hance 


Citations: 

Lo SH, Wong KS, Arlt VM, et al. (2005) Detection of herba 

aristolochia mollissemae in a patient with unexplained 

nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 45(2):407-410. 

a r is To l o c h i a p is To l o c h i a L. 


Citations: 

Pena JM, Borras M, Ramos J, et al. (1996) Rapidly progressive 

interstitial renal fibrosis due to a chronic intake of 

a herb (Aristolochia pistolochia) infusion. Nephrol Dial 

Transplant 11(7):1359-1360. 

arka –see– Calotropis gigantea (L.) W. T. Aiton; Calotropis 

procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

armoire –see– Artemisia herba-alba Asso 

armoire heche blanche –see– Artemisia herba-alba Asso 

armoise –see– Artemisia absinthium L. 

armoise commune –see– Artemisia vulgaris L. 

Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib. ex Usteri = Armoracia 

rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

a r Mo r a c i a r u s Tic a n a P. Gaertn. et al. 

[Brassicaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a rmoracia lapathifolia Gilib. ex Usteri; c ochlearia 

armoracea L.; n asturtium armoracia (L.) Fr.; r adicula 

armoracia (L.) B. L. Rob.; r orippa armoracia (L.) 

Hitchc. 

Common Names: 

Fleischkraut; horseradish; Kren; Mährrettig; Märek; 

Meerrettich; Pfefferwurzel; rábano magistro; rábano 

ragisco; rábano rusticano; rábano silvestre; raiz forte; 

red cole 

Citations: 

Hackett W (1917) Poisoning of cattle with horse-radish. J 

Comp Pathol Ther 30:138. 

Rubin HR, Wu AW (1988) The bitter herbs of Seder: More 

on horseradish horrors. JAMA 259(13):1943. 

Spitzer DE (1988) Horseradish horrors: Sushi syncope. 

JAMA 259(2):218-219. 

arn tree –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

arnica –see– Arnica montana L. 

a r n ic a l o n g i f o l i a D. C. Eaton [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Hausen BM, Herrmann HD, Willuhn G (1978) The senstitizing 

capacity of compositae plants. I. Occupational 

contact dermatitis from Arnica longifolia Eaton. Contact 


a r n ic a Mo n Ta n a L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

arnica; Arnika; Bergwohlverleih; Fallkraut; leopardbane; 

medicinal leopardbane; mountain alkanet; 

mountain tobacco; Wohlverleih; wolfbane 

Citations: 

Hausen BM (1978) Identification of the allergens of Arnica 

montana L. Contact Dermatitis 4(5):308. 

Hausen BM (1979) The sensitizing capacity of compositae 

plants. III. Test results and cross-reactions in compositaesensitive 


Hausen BM (1980) Arnicaallergie. Hautarzt 31(1):10-17. 

Hausen BM, Herrmann HD, Willuhn G (1978) The sensitizing 

capacity of compositae plants. I. Occupational 

contact dermatitis from Arnica longifolia Eaton. Contact 


Pirker C, Moslinger T, Koller DY, et al. (1992) Cross-reactivity 

with Tagetes in Arnica contact eczema. Contact 

Dermatitis 26(4):217-219. 

Reider N, Komericki P, Hausen BM, et al. (2001) The seamy 

side of natural medicines: Contact sensitization to arnica 

(Arnica montana L.) and marigold (Calendula officinalis 

L.). Contact Dermatitis 45(5):269-272. 

Rudzki E, Grzywa Z (1977) Dermatitis from Arnica montana. 


Topliff A, Grande G (2000) Significant toxicity after the 

ingestion of arnica. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38(5):518.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Artemisia herba-alba - 33 

a r n ic a s a c h a l i n e n s is (Regel) A. Gray 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Paßreiter CM, Florack M, Willuhn G, et al. (1988) Allergische 

Kontaktdermatitis auf Asteraceae. Identifizierung 

eines 8,9-epoxythymoldiesters als Kontakallergen von 

Arnica sachalinensis. Dermatosen 36(3):79-82. 

Arnika –see– Arnica montana L. 

aroeira –see– Lithraea brasiliensis Marchand; Schinus 

terebinthifolius Raddi 

a ro n i a spp. [Rosaceae] 

Citations: 

Lamminpaa A, Kinos M (1996) Plant poisonings in 

children. Hum Exp Toxicol 15(3):245-249. 

Aronsbeer –see– Arum maculatum L. 

Aronstab –see– Arum maculatum L. 

Aronstaub –see– Arum maculatum L. 

a r r a b i d a e a b i l a b i a Ta (Sprague) Sandwith 

[Bignoniaceae] 

Common Names: 

chibata; gibata; xibata 

Citations: 

Döbereiner J, Peixoto PV, Tokarnia CH (1984) Intoxicação 

experimental por Arrabidaea bilabiata (Bignoniaceae) em 

coelhos. Pesq Vet Bras 4(3):89-96. 

Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH, Silva MF (1983) Intoxicação 

por Arrabidaea bilabiata (Bignoniaceae) em bovinos na 

Região Amazônica do Brasil. Pesq Vet Bras 3(1):17-24. 

Jabour FF, Seixas JN, Tokarnia CH, et al. (2006) Variação 

da toxidez de Arrabidaea bilabiata (Bignoniaceae) em 


a r r a b i d a e a e l e g a n s (Vell.) A. H. Gentry 


Synonyms: 

p seudocalymma elegans (Vell.) Kuhlm. 

Citations: 

Tavares MI, Rezende AM, Döbereiner J (1974) Intoxicação 

experimental por Pseudocalymma elegans em coelhos e 

cobaios. Pesq Agric Bras Vet 9(7):91-94. 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Canella CF, et al. (1969) Intoxicação 

experimental por Pseudocalymma elegans (Vell.) 

Kuhlm. em bovinos. Pesq Agric Bras 4:195-204. 

a r r a b i d a e a j a p u r e n s is (A. DC.) Bureau & 

K. Schum. [Bignoniaceae] 

Citations: 

Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH (1983) Intoxicação experimental 

por Arrabidaea japurensis (Bignoniaceae) em coelhos. 

Pesq Vet Bras 3(3):95-97. 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J (1981) Intoxicação por Arrabidaea 

japurensis (Bignoniaceae) em bovinos em Roraima. 


arrebenta boi –see– Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. 

arrow crotalaria –see– Crotalaria sagittalis L. 

arrow poison bush –see– Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) 

Codd 

arrowgrass –see– Triglochin maritima L. 

arrowhead vine –see– Syngonium podophyllum Schott 

arrowroot –see– Arum maculatum L. 

arrowroot-de-Floride –see– Zamia integrifolia L. f. 

arruda –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

arsenic bush –see– Senna ×floribunda (Cav.) H. S. Irwin & 

Barneby 

a r Te Mis i a a b s i n Th i u M L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

absinthe; absinthium; ajenjo; armoise; madderwort; 

Magenkraut; mingwort; mugwort; old woman; warmot; 

Wermut; wermuth; wormwood 

Citations: 

Hamouda C, Amamou M, Thabet H, et al. (2000) Plant 

poisonings from herbal medication admitted to a Tunisian 

toxicologic intensive care unit, 1983-1998. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 42(3):137-141. 

Lundh K, Hindsén M, Gruvberger B, et al. (2006) Contact 

allergy to herbal teas derived from Asteraceae plants. 


Palmer M, Haller C, McKinney P, et al. (1999) Botanicals 

and other dietary supplements: Adverse events by age. J 


Weisbord SD, Soule JB, Kimmel PL (1997) Poison 

on line - Acute renal failure caused by oil of wormwood 

purchased through the Internet. N Engl J Med 

337(12):825-827. 

Artemisia arbuscula Nutt. subsp. nova (A. Nelson) G. H. 

Ward = Artemisia nova A. Nelson 

a r Te Mis i a f i l i f o l i a Torr. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

old-man sagebrush; sand sagebrush; sandsage 

Citations: 

Mathews FP (1941) Poisonous plants in the Davis Mountains. 

Texas Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 54:93. 

a r Te Mis i a h e r b a -a l b a Asso [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

armoire; armoire heche blanche; sheeh 

Citations: 

Al-Khazraji SM, Al-Shamaony LA, Twaij HA (1993) Hypoglycaemic 

effect of Artemisia herba alba. I. Effect of different 

parts and influence of the solvent on hypoglycaemic 

activity. J Ethnopharmacol 40:163-166. 




Toxicol 42(3):137-141.

34 - Artemisia ludoviciana D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Ibrahim IA, El Badwi SM, Gadir WS, et al. (2004) Susceptibility 

of Bovans chicks to low dietary levels of Ammi 

visnaga and Artemisia herba-alba. Vet Hum Toxicol 

46(2):67-69. 

Artemisia incompta Nutt. = Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 

a r Te Mis i a l u d ov ic i a n a Nutt. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a rtemisia incompta Nutt.; a rtemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 

var. mexicana (Willd. ex Spreng.) D. D. Keck; a rtemisia 

mexicana Willd. ex Spreng. 

Common Names: 

estafiate; Louisiana wormwood; prairie sage; romerillo; 

sagewort; western mugwort; white sage 

Citations: 

Mitchell JC, Geissman TA, Dupuis C, et al. (1971) Allergic 

contact dermatitis caused by Artemisia and Chrysanthemum 

species. The role of sesquiterpene lactones. J Invest 

Dermatol 56(2):98-101. 

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. subsp. mexicana (Willd. ex 

Spreng.) D. D. Keck = Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 

Artemisia mexicana Willd. ex Spreng. = Artemisia 

ludoviciana Nutt. 

a r Te Mis i a n ov a A. Nelson [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a rtemisia arbuscula Nutt. subsp. nova (A. Nelson) G. 

H. Ward; a rtemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. nova (A. 

Nelson) H. M. Hall & Clem. 

Common Names: 

black sagebrush 

Citations: 

Johnson AE (1978) Tetradymia toxicity - A new look at an 

old problem. In: Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, James LF, 

et al. (eds.) Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. Academic 

Press. New York. pp. 209-216. 

a r Te Mis i a p o n Tic a L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Roman wormwood 

Citations: 

Berlin R, Smilkstein M (1996) Wormwood oil@toxic.ing. J 

Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34:583. 

a r Te Mis i a Ta u r ic a Willd. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Gadzhiev KS (1989) [Poisoning of lambs with Artemisia 

taurica in Azerbaidzhan.] Veterinariia Moscow 6:13-14. 

a r Te Mis i a Tr i d e n Ta Ta Nutt. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

s eriphidium tridentatum (Nutt.) W. A. Weber 

Common Names: 

big sagebrush; chamiso hediondo; sagebrush 

Citations: 

Johnson AE, James LF, Spillett J (1976) The abortifacient 

and toxic effects of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) 

and juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) on domestic sheep. J 

Range Manag 29(4):278-280. 

Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. nova (A. Nelson) H. M. 

Hall & Clem. = Artemisia nova A. Nelson 

a r Te Mis i a v u l g a r is L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

altamisa; armoise commune; Beifuß; California mugwort; 

Fliegenkraut; Flöhkraut; mugwort; tithwan; 

wormwood 

Citations: 




Hausen BM, Schulz KH (1978) Polyvalente Kontaktallergie 

bei einer Floristin. Derm Beruf Umwelt 26(5):175-176. 

Jimeno L, Duffort O, Serrano C, et al. (2004) Monoclonal 

antibody-based ELISA to quantify the major 

allergen of Artemisia vulgaris pollen, Art v 1. Allergy 

59(9):995-1001. 

Kurz G, Rapaport MJ (1979) External/internal allergy to 

plants (Artemisia). Contact Dermatitis 5(6):407-408. 

artichauts –see– Cynara cardunculus L. 

artichoke –see– Cynara cardunculus L. 

Artischocke –see– Cynara cardunculus L. 

arum –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

Arum atrorubens Aiton = Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

arum lily –see– Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. 

a r u M Ma c u l a Tu M L. [Araceae] 

Common Names: 

Aaron; Adam-and-Eve; adder’s-meat; adder’s-root; 

Aronsbeer; Aronstab; Aronstaub; arrowroot; bloodyman’s-finger; 

bobbing Joan; bobbins; bulls-and-cows; 

calf’s-foot; cuckoopint; friar’s-cowl; Gefleckter Aronstab; 

kings-and-queens; lamb-in-a-pulpit; lilygrass; 

lords-and-ladies; mandrake; nightingales; pied-deveau; 

Portland sago; Portland starchroot; spotted arum; 

starchwort; wake robin; wild arum; Zehrwurz 

Citations: 

Dabija G, Domilescu C, Nemteanu S (1968) Über die Giftigkeit 

des Aronstabs (Arum maculatum) für Tiere. Arch 

Vet 4(1-2):157-168. 

Kanngiesser F (1916) Ueber die Giftigkeit der Aronsbeeren 

(Arum maculatum). Zeit Med 29:595-597. 

Kyle RA (1983) Poisoning of sheep by lords and ladies. Vet 

Rec 113(1):23. 

O’Moore LB (1955) Arum maculatum poisoning in cattle. 

Ir Vet J 9:146-147.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Asclepias curassavica - 35 

Stahl E, Kaltenbach U (1965) Die basischen Inhaltsstoffe 

des Aronstabes (Arum maculatum L.). Arch Pharm Ber 

Dtsch Pharm Ges 298( 9):599-604. 

Wolfle J, Kowalewski S (1995) Epidemiology of ingestions 

in a regional poison control center over twenty years. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 37(4):367-368. 

arum-of-the-Antilles –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) 

Schott 

Arum triphyllum L. = Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

a r u n d o d o n a x L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

cane reed 

Citations: 

Friedman SJ, Connolly SM (1986) Clarinettist’s cheilitis. 

Cutis 38(3):183-184. 

Inoue A, Shoji A, Yashiro K (1998) Saxophonist’s cane reed 

cheilitis. Contact Dermatitis 39(1):37. 

Ruiz-Hornillos FJ, Alonso E, Zapatero L, et al. (2007) 

Clarinetist’s cheilitis caused by immediate-type allergy to 

cane reed. Contact Dermatitis 56(11):243-245. 

arvi –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

Asaemia axillaris (Thunb.) Harv. ex O. Hoffm. = Asaemia 

minuta (L. f.) K. Bremer 

a s a e Mi a Mi n u Ta (L. f.) K. Bremer [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a saemia axillaris (Thunb.) Harv. ex O. Hoffm. 

Common Names: 

vuursiektebos 

Citations: 

Coetzer JA, Bergh T (1983) Photosensitivity in South Africa. 

IV. Pathological changes in the liver in ovine photosensitivity 

caused by the plant Asaemia axillaris (Thunb.) 

Harv. ex Jackson. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 50(1):55-58. 

Kellerman TS, Basson PA, Naudé TW, et al. (1973) Photosensitivity 

in South Africa. 1. A comparative study of 

Asaemia axillaris (Thunb.) Harv. ex Jackson and Lasiospermum 

bipinnatum (Thunb.) Druce poisoning in sheep. 




the Union of South Africa. IX. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci 

Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

asafetida –see– Ferula assa-foetida L. 

asafoetida –see– Ferula assa-foetida L. 

asarabacca –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

a s a r u M e u r o p a e u M L. [Aristolochiaceae] 

Common Names: 

asarabacca; Brechwurz; cabaret; Europäische Haselwurz; 

Hafelkraut; Hafelmünch; Hafelührlein; Haselwurz; 

Hasenöhrlein; hazelwort; hazelwurz; Lederkraut; 

oreille d’homme; Rebelwurz; Schwarzkraut; Schwarzwurz; 

wild nard 

Citations: 

Brändle W, Gurtner B, Wegmann T (1969) Hemiparese bei 

Abortversuch mit Haselwurtzteeabsud (Asarum europaeum). 

Praxis 58(27):868-869. 




126(25):1085-1098. 

asbos –see– Psilocaulon absimile N. E. Br. 

Asclepias asperula (Decne.) Woodson subsp. capricornu 

(Woodson) Woodson = Asclepias asperula (Decne.) 

Woodson var. decumbens (Nutt.) Shinners 

a s c l e p i a s a s p e r u l a (Decne.) Woodson var. 

decumbens (Nutt.) Shinners [Asclepiadaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a sclepias asperula (Decne.) Woodson subsp. capricornu 

(Woodson) Woodson; a sclepiodora decumbens 

(Nutt.) A. Gray 

Common Names: 

spider antelopehorn 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1935) Investigation of stock-poisoning plants. 

U S Dep Agric Bur Anim Indus Chief Rep 1935:39-40. 

a s c l e p i a s b r a c h y s Te p h a n a Engelm. 

[Asclepiadaceae] 

Common Names: 

short-crown milkweed 

Citations: 

Rowe LD, Ohlenbusch PD, Dollahite JW (1970) Toxicity 

of Asclepias brachystephana (shortcrown milkweed) for 

sheep. Southwestern Vet 23(Spring):219-221, 224. 

Asclepias cornuti Decne. = Asclepias syriaca L. 

a s c l e p i a s c u r a s s a vic a L. [Asclepiadaceae] 

Common Names: 

blood flower; Kittie McWanie; milkweed; oficial-desala; 

red cotton; redhead cottonbush; redtop; scarlet 

milkweed; silkweed 

Citations: 

Chakraborty S, Siegenthaler J, Buchi ER (1995) Corneal 

edema due to Asclepias curassavica. Arch Ophthalmol 

113(8):974-975. 

Tokarnia CH, Brito MF, Cunha BR (2001) Intoxicação 

experimental por Asclepias curassavica (Asclepiadaceae) 

em bovinos. Dados complementares. Pesq Vet Bras 

21(1):1-4. 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Canella CF (1972) Intoxicação 

experimental em bovinos por Asclepias curassavica. Pesq 

Agric Bras Vet 7:31-39.

36 - Asclepias eriocarpa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

a s c l e p i a s e r io c a r p a Benth. [Asclepiadaceae] 

Common Names: 

broad-leaf milkweed; California milkweed; Indian 

milkweed; woolly-pod milkweed 

Citations: 

Baxter CM (1944) Broadleaf milkweed poisoning. Cornell 

Vet 34(3):256-259. 

Benson JM, Seiber JN, Bagley CV, et al. (1979) Effects on 

sheep of the milkweeds Asclepias eriocarpa and A. labriformis 

and of cardiac glycoside-containing derivative 

material. Toxicon 17(2):155-165. 

Benson JM, Seiber JN, Keeler RF, et al. (1978) Studies on 

the toxic principle of Asclepias eriocarpa and Asclepias 

labriformis. In: Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, James LF, 



Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1923) Woolly-pod milkweed: A 

dangerous stock-poisoning plant. U S Dep Agric Circ 

#272:3 pp. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1924) The woolly-pod milkweed 

(Asclepias eriocarpa) as a poisonous plant. U S Dep Agric 

Bull #1212:13 pp. 

Vail EL (1942) Woolly-pod or broad-leafed milkweed 

(Asclepias eriocarpa) poisoning of rabbits. North Am Vet 

23(Aug):539-542. 

Asclepias florida N. E. Br. = Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) 

W. T. Aiton 

Asclepias fruticosa L. = Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. 

Aiton 

Asclepias galioides auct. Amer. = Asclepias subverticillata 

(A. Gray) Vail 

a s c l e p i a s h i r Te l l a (Pennell) Woodson 


Citations: 

Burrows GE, Ogden L, Tyrl RJ (1990) Intoxication due to 

Asclepias sp. (milkweeds). Toxicon 28(6):603-604. 

Ogden L, Burrows GE, Tyrl RJ, et al. (1992) Experimental 

intoxication in sheep by Asclepias. In: James LF, Keeler 

RF, Bailey JM Jr, et al. (eds.) Poisonous plants. Iowa State 

Univ Press. Ames, Iowa. pp. 495-499. 

a s c l e p i a s i n c a r n a Ta L. [Asclepiadaceae] 

Common Names: 

rose silkweed; swamp milkweed; water nerveroot; 

white Indian hemp 

Citations: 







a s c l e p i a s l a b r i f o r Mis M. E. Jones 


Common Names: 

labriform milkweed 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1936) Investigations of stock-poisoning plants. 

U S Dep Agric Bur Anim Indus Chief Rep. 1936:44-45. 



Benson JM, Seiber JN, Bagley CV, et al. (1979) Effects on 

sheep of the milkweeds Asclepias eriocarpa and A. labriformis 

and of cardiac glycoside-containing derivative 

material. Toxicon 17(2):155-165. 

Benson JM, Seiber JN, Keeler RF, et al. (1978) Studies on 

the toxic principle of Asclepias eriocarpa and Asclepias 

labriformis. In: Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, James LF, 





Ogden L, Burrows GE, Tyrl RJ, et al. (1992) Comparison of 

Asclepias species based on their toxic effects on chickens. 

In: James LF, Keeler RF, Bailey JM Jr, et al. (eds.) Poisonous 

plants. Iowa State Univ Press. Ames, Iowa. pp. 

500-505. 





a s c l e p i a s l a Ti f o l i a (Torr.) Raf. 


Common Names: 

broad-leaf milkweed; le chones; milkweed 

Citations: 



Mathews FP (1932) Miscellaneous poisonous plants. Texas 

Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 45:11-12. 





Tunnicliff EA, Cory VL (1930) Broad-leafed milkweed 

(Asclepias latifolia) poisonous for sheep and goats. J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 77:165-168. 

a s c l e p i a s Me x ic a n a Cav. [Asclepiadaceae] 

Common Names: 

Mexican whorled milkweed; narrow-leaf whorled 

milkweed 

Citations: 

Campbell HW (1931) Poisoning in chickens with whorled 

milkweed. J Am Vet Med Assoc 79:102-104. 

Campbell HW (1931) The whorled milkweed as a poisonous 

plant for poultry. California Dep Agric Bull 20:577-582. 

Fleming CE (1920) Poisonous range plants. Nevada Agric 

Exp Sta Annu Rep 1919:39-43.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Asclepias verticillata - 37 

Fleming CE, Peterson NF, Miller MR, et al. (1920) The 

narrow-leaved milkweed (Asclepias mexicana) and the 

broad-leaved or showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa), 

Plants poisonous to livestock in Nevada. Nevada Agric 


Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1921) The Mexican whorled milkweed 

(Asclepias mexicana) as a poisonous plant. U S Dep 

Agric Bull #969:16 pp. 

Asclepias phillipsiae N. E. Br. = Gomphocarpus fruticosa 

(L.) W. T. Aiton 

a s c l e p i a s p u Mi l a (A. Gray) Vail 


Common Names: 

dwarf poison milkweed; Great Plains whorled milkweed; 

low whorled milkweed; plains whorled milkweed; 

whorled milkweed 

Citations: 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1921) Poisonous properties of the 

whorled milkweeds Asclepias pumila and A. verticillata 

var. geyeri. U S Dep Agric Bull #942:14 pp. 

a s c l e p i a s s p e c io s a Torr. [Asclepiadaceae] 

Common Names: 

broad-leaf milkweed; showy milkweed 

Citations: 




narrow-leaved milkweed (Asclepias mexicana) and the 

broad-leaved or showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa), 

Plants poisonous to livestock in Nevada. Nevada Agric 






500-505. 





a s c l e p i a s s u b ve r Tic i l l a Ta (A. Gray) Vail 


Synonyms: 

a sclepias galioides auct. Amer. 

Common Names: 

bedstraw milkweed; beeweed; horsetail milkweed; 

narrow-leaf milkweed; western whorled milkweed; 

whorled milkweed 

Citations: 



Clark JG (1979) Whorled milkweed poisoning. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 21(6):431. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Couch JF, et al. (1920) The whorled 

milkweed (Asclepias galioides) as a poisonous plant. U S 


May WL (1920) Whorled milkweed. The worst stock-poisoning 

plant in Colorado. Colorado Agric Exp Sta Bull 

#255:39 pp. 





500-505. 





Robinson GH, Burrows GE, Holt EM, et al. (1998) Investigation 

of the neurotoxic compounds in Asclepias subverticillata, 

western-whorled milkweed. In: Garland T, Barr 

AC (eds.) Toxic plants and other natural toxicants. CABI. 

New York. pp. 435-439. 

Stiles GW (1942) Poisoning of turkey poults from 

whorled milkweed (Asclepias galioides). Poult Sci 

21(May):263-270. 

a s c l e p i a s s y r i a c a L. [Asclepiadaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a sclepias cornuti Decne. 

Common Names: 

selyemkóró; silkweed; summer milkweed 

Citations: 

Sályi G, Petri Á (1987) A szarvasmarhák selyemkóró - 

(Asclepias syriaca) mérgesése. Magyar Allator Lapja 

42(1):56-58. 

a s c l e p i a s Tu b e r o s a L. [Asclepiadaceae] 

Common Names: 

butterfly milkweed; butterfly weed; Canadian root; 

Indian nosy; orange apocynum; orange milkweed; 

orange swallowwort; orangeroot; pleurisy root; rubberroot; 

silkweed; tuberroot; whiteroot; windroot; yellow 

milkweed 

Citations: 







500-505. 





a s c l e p i a s v e r Tic i l l a Ta L. [Asclepiadaceae] 

Common Names: 

dwarf milkweed; eastern whorled milkweed; horsetail 

milkweed; spider milkweed; whorled milkweed

38 - Asclepias viridis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 



Glover GH (1917) The whorled milkweed. Am J Vet Med 

12:303-304, 308. 

Glover GH, Newsom IE, Robbins WW (1918) A new poisonous 

plant, the whorled milkweed (Asclepias verticillata). 

Colorado Agric Exp Sta Bull #246:16 pp. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1921) Poisonous properties of the 

whorled milkweeds Asclepias pumila and A. verticillata 

var. geyeri. U S Dep Agric Bull #942:14 pp. 





500-505. 





Pammel LH (1919) The whorled milkweed. Am J Vet Med 

14:135-136. 

Sprowls RW (1982) Horsetail milkweed intoxications in 

horses and cattle. Southwestern Vet 35(1):15. 

a s c l e p i a s v i r i d is Walter [Asclepiadaceae] 

Common Names: 

green milkweed; Ozark milkweed; spider milkweed 

Citations: 







500-505. 





Smith RA, Scharko P, Bolin D, et al. (2000) Intoxication 

of sheep exposed to Ozark milkweed (Asclepias viridis 

Walter). Vet Hum Toxicol 42(6):349-350. 

Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt.) A. Gray = Asclepias 

asperula (Decne.) Woodson var. decumbens (Nutt.) 

Shinners 

ash tree –see– Fraxinus excelsior L. 

Asian ginseng –see– Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. 

Asiatische Alpenrose –see– Rhododendron ponticum L. 

a s i Mi n a Tr i l ob a (L.) Dunal [Annonaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a nnona triloba L. 

Common Names: 

American custard apple; American papaw; custard 

apple; dog apple; dunal; false banana; fetid shrub; 

monim; papaw; pawpaw; poor-man’s-banana 

Citations: 

Barber MA (1905) Poisoning due to the papaw (Asimina triloba). 

JAMA 45(Dec 30):2013-2014. 

Douglass BW (1918) A case of papaw poisoning and an idiosyncrasy. 

Indianapolis Med J 21:120. 

Williams BG (1909) Case of dermatitis herpetiformis following 

papaw poisoning. JAMA 53(Dec 4):1916. 

asin asin –see– Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. 

asparagus –see– Asparagus officinalis L. 

asparagus fern –see– Asparagus officinalis L. 

a s p a r ag u s o f f ic i n a l is L. [Asparagaceae] 

Common Names: 

asparagus; asparagus fern; Spargel 

Citations: 

Brenning (1920) Ein Fall von Dermatitis durch Spargelsaft. 

Dermatol Wochenschr 71:851. 

Escribano MM, Muñoz-Bellido FJ, Serrano P, et al. (1998) 

Acute urticaria after ingestion of asparagus. Allergy 

53(6):622-623. 

Hajos B, Mohrmann BH (1929) Spargelidiosyncrasie. Klin 

Wochenschr 8(22):1024-1027. 

aspidium –see– Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 

a s p i d o s p e r Ma g o Me z i a n u M A. DC. 

[Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

peroba-da-campos 

Citations: 

de Jong JC, Lenstra JB, Vermeer DJ (1951) Eczema due to 

the wood of Peroba da Campos: Isolation of the allergen. 

Acta Derm Venereol 31:108-110. 

assacu –see– Hura crepitans L. 

ass’s-parsley –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

Aster simplex Willd. = Symphyotrichum lanceolatum 

(Willd.) G. L. Nesom 

Aster umbellatus Mill. = Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) 

Nees 

asthma herb –see– Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 

Asthmador –see– Atropa belladonna L.; Datura stramonium L. 

a s Tr ag a l u s a d s u r g e n s Pall. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

standing milk vetch 

Citations: 

Zuyu L, Xueqin F, Zihua Z, et al. (1987) [The effects of 

feeding diets containing Astragalus adsurgens Pall and 

Coronilla varia L. on broiler chickens.] Acta Vet Zootech 

Sin 18(3):157-162. 

Astragalus amphidoxus Blank. = Astragalus miser Douglas 

ex Hook.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Astragalus cicer - 39 

Astragalus argillosus M. E. Jones = Astragalus flavus Nutt. 

ex Torr. & A. Gray 

a s Tr ag a l u s a Tr o p u b e s c e n s J. M. Coult. & 

Fisch. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Kelsey’s-milk vetch 

Citations: 

Cronin EH, Williams MC, Olsen JD (1981) Toxicity and control 

of Kelsey milkvetch. J Range Manag 34(3):181-183. 

a s Tr ag a l u s b e r g i i Hieron. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

garbancillo; yerba loca 

Citations: 

Giusti L (1934) Experiencias sobre la acciÓn fisiolÓgica de 

la Wedelia glauca y del Astragalus bergii. Rev Argent 

Agron 1:223-228. 

Astragalus bigelovii A. Gray = Astragalus mollissimus Torr. 

var. thompsoniae (S. Watson) Barneby 

a s Tr ag a l u s b is u l c a Tu s (Hook.) A. Gray 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray var. bisulcatus; 

a stragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray var. haydenianus 

(A. Gray) Barneby; a stragalus diholcos Tidestr.; 

a stragalus haydenianus A. Gray; d iholcos bisulcatus 

(Hook.) Rydb.; d iholcos micranthus Rydb. 

Common Names: 

Hayden’s-poison vetch; poison vetch; two-groove 

locoweed; two-groove milk vetch; two-groove poison 

vetch 

Citations: 

Baker DC, James LF, Hartley WJ, et al. (1989) Toxicosis 

in pigs fed selenium-accumulating Astragalus 

plant species or sodium selenate. Am J Vet Res 

50(8):1396-1399. 

Beath OA, Draize JH, Eppson HF (1932) Three poisonous 

vetches. Wyoming Agric Exp Sta Bull #189:23 pp. 

Beath OA, Lehnert EH (1917) The poisonous properties 

of the two-grooved milk vetch (Astragalus bisulcatus). 

Wyoming Agric Exp Sta Bull #112:59-65. 

Hartley WJ, James LF, Broquist H, et al. (1985) Pathology 

of experimental locoweed and selenium poisoning in pigs. 

In: Seawright AA, Hegarty MP, James LF, et al. (eds.) 

Plant toxicology. Queensland Poisonous Plant Committee. 

Yeerongpilly, Queensland. pp. 141-149. 

James LF, Van Kampen KR, Hartley WJ (1983) Astragalus 

bisulcatus - A cause of selenium or locoweed poisoning? 


Panter KE, Hartley WJ, James LF, et al. (1996) Comparative 

toxicity of selenium from selano-DL-ethionine, sodium 

selenate, and Astragalus bisulcatus in pigs. Fundam Appl 

Toxicol 32:217-223. 

Van Kampen KR, James LF (1978) Manifestation of intoxication 

by selenium-accumulating plants. In: Keeler RF, 

Van Kampen KR, James LF, et al. (eds.) Effects of poisonous 

plants on livestock. Academic Press. New York. 

pp. 135-138. 

Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray var. bisulcatus = 

Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray 

Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray var. haydenianus (A. 

Gray) Barneby = Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray 

Astragalus campestris (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray = 

Astragalus convallarius Greene 

Astragalus campestris L. var. diversifolius (A. Gray) J. F. 

Macbr. = Astragalus diversifolius A. Gray 

a s Tr ag a l u s c a n a d e n s is L. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus carolinianus L.; p haca canadensis (L.) 

MacMill. 

Common Names: 

Canadian milk vetch 

Citations: 

James LF, Hartley WJ, Williams MC, et al. (1980) Field 

and experimental studies in cattle and sheep poisoned by 

nitro-bearing Astragalus or their toxins. Am J Vet Res 

41(3):377-382. 

Williams MC, James LF (1975) Toxicity of nitro-containing 

Astragalus to sheep and chicks. J Range Manag 

28(4):260-263. 

a s Tr ag a l u s c a n a d e n s is L. var. brevidens 

(Gand.) Barneby [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Williams MC, James LF (1974) Toxicity of several nitritebearing 

Astragalus species. Proc West Soc Weed Sci 27:4. 

Astragalus carolinianus L. = Astragalus canadensis L. 

a s Tr ag a l u s c i b a r i u s E. Sheld. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

browse milk vetch 

Citations: 


Astragalus species. Proc West Soc Weed Sci 

27:4. 



28(4):260-263. 

a s Tr ag a l u s c ic e r L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

cicer milk vetch 

Citations: 

Marten GC, Ehle FR, Ristau EA (1987) Performance and 

photosensitization of cattle related to forage quality of 

four legumes. Crop Sci 27(Jan-Feb):138-145.

40 - Astragalus convallarius D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Marten GC, Jordan RM, Ristau EA (1990) Performance and 

adverse response of sheep during grazing of four legumes. 

Crop Sci 30(Jul-Aug):860-866. 

Walter-Hansen K, Ruth G, Schwartz S, et al. (1986) Photosensitivity 

in calves and sheep fed cicer milkvetch 

(Astragalus cicer). Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn 

29:209-220. 

Astragalus confertiflorus A. Gray = Astragalus flavus Nutt. 

ex Torr. & A. Gray 

a s Tr ag a l u s c o n va l l a r i u s Greene 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus campestris (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray; 

h omalobus campestris Torr. & A. Gray 

Common Names: 

lesser rushy milk vetch; timber milk vetch; timber poison 

vetch 

Citations: 

Beath OA, Draize JH, Eppson HF (1932) Three poisonous 

vetches. Wyoming Agric Exp Sta Bull #189:23 pp. 



27:4. 



28(4):260-263. 

Astragalus decumbens (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray 

var. serotinus (J. G. Cooper) M. E. Jones = Astragalus 

miser Douglas ex Hook. var. serotinus (A. Gray ex J. G. 

Cooper) Barneby 

Astragalus diholcos Tidestr. = Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) 

A. Gray 

Astragalus diphysus A. Gray = Astragalus lentiginosus 

Douglas ex Hook. var. diphysus (A. Gray) M. E. Jones 

a s Tr ag a l u s d i ve r s i f o l i u s A. Gray 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus campestris L. var. diversifolius (A. Gray) J. 

F. Macbr. 

Common Names: 

mesic milk vetch 

Citations: 



27:4. 



28(4):260-263. 

Astragalus earlei Greene ex Rydb. = Astragalus mollissimus 

Torr. var. earlei (Greene ex Rydb.) Tidestr. 

a s Tr ag a l u s e Mo r y a n u s (Rydb.) Cory 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus emoryanus (Rydb.) Cory var. emoryanus; 

a stragalus emoryanus (Rydb.) Cory var. terlinguensis 

(Cory) Barneby 

Common Names: 

Emory’s-locoweed; Emory’s-milk vetch; peavine; redstem 

peavine 

Citations: 




41(3):377-382. 

Mathews FP (1938) Poisonous plants in the Davis Mountains 

area. Texas Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 51:13-14. 

Mathews FP (1940) The toxicity of red-stemmed peavine 

(=Astragalus emoryanus) for cattle, sheep and goats. J Am 






28(4):260-263. 

Williams MC, James LF (1976) Poisoning in sheep from 

emory milkvetch and nitro compounds. J Range Manag 

29(2):165-167. 

Williams MC, James LF, Bond BO (1979) Emory milkvetch 

(Astragalus emoryanus var emoryanus) poisoning in 

chicks, sheep, and cattle. Am J Vet Res 40(3):403-406. 

Astragalus emoryanus (Rydb.) Cory var. emoryanus = 

Astragalus emoryanus (Rydb.) Cory 

Astragalus emoryanus (Rydb.) Cory var. terlinguensis 

(Cory) Barneby = Astragalus emoryanus (Rydb.) Cory 

a s Tr ag a l u s f a l c a Tu s Lam. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Russian-sickle milk vetch; sicklepod milk vetch 

Citations: 




41(3):377-382. 



28(4):260-263. 

Williams MC, James LF, Bleak AT (1976) Toxicity of introduced 

nitro-containing Astragalus to sheep, cattle, and 

chicks. J Range Manag 29(1):30-33. 

a s Tr ag a l u s f l a v u s Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus argillosus M. E. Jones; a stragalus confertiflorus 

A. Gray

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Astragalus lentiginosus - 41 

Common Names: 

yellow milk vetch 

Citations: 



Astragalus glaber Michx. = Astragalus michauxii (Kuntze) 

F. J. Herm. 

Astragalus haydenianus A. Gray = Astragalus bisulcatus 

(Hook.) A. Gray 

a s Tr ag a l u s h o r n i i A. Gray [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Horn’s-milk vetch 

Citations: 

Vasey G (1874) Plants poisonous to cattle in California. U S 

Dep Agric Rep 1874:159-160. 

Astragalus hylophilus (Rydb.) A. Nelson = Astragalus miser 

Douglas ex Hook. var. hylophilus (Rydb.) Barneby 

a s Tr ag a l u s l e n Tig i n o s u s Douglas ex Hook. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

blue locoweed; freckled milk vetch; speckled locoweed; 

spotted locoweed 

Citations: 

Balls LD, James LF (1973) Effect of locoweed (Astragalus 

spp.) on reproductive performance of ewes. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 162(4):291-292. 

Daniel PF, Warren CD, James LF, et al. (1985) Characterization 

of oligosaccharides from locoweed-poisoned sheep 

and comparison with bovine mannosidosis. In: Seawright 




Ellis LC, James LF, McMullen RW, et al. (1985) Reduced 

progesterone and altered cotyledonary prostaglandin 

values induced by locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) in 

sheep. Am J Vet Res 46(9):1903-1907. 

Hartley WJ, James LF (1973) Microscopic lesions in fetuses 

of ewes ingesting locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus). Am 

J Vet Res 34(2):209-211. 

Hartley WJ, James LF (1975) Fetal and maternal lesions in 

pregnant ewes ingesting locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus). 

Am J Vet Res 36(6):825-826. 

Hartley WJ, James LF (1978) Summary of experimental 

Astragalus lentiginosus intoxication in the pregnant ewe. 

In: Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, James LF, et al. (eds.) 

Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. Academic Press. 

New York. pp. 368-369. 


of experimental locoweed and selenium poisoning in pigs. 




James LF (1971) Lesions in neonatal lambs resulting 

from maternal ingestion of locoweed. Cornell Vet 

61(4):667-670. 

James LF (1972) Effect of locoweed on fetal development: 

Preliminary study in sheep. Am J Vet Res 33(4):835-840. 

James LF (1976) Effect of locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) 

feeding on fetal lamb development. Can J Comp Med Vet 

Sci 40(4):380-384. 

James LF, Foote W, Nye W, et al. (1978) Effects of feeding 

Oxytropis and Astragalus pollen to mice and Astragalus 

seeds to rats. Am J Vet Res 39(4):711-712. 

James LF, Hartley WJ (1977) Effects of milk from animals 

fed locoweed on kittens, calves, and lambs. Am J Vet Res 

38(8):1263-1265. 

James LF, Olsen JD, Sharma RP (1977) Locoweed poisoning 

in sheep: Electroencephalographic and brain amine 

changes. Clin Toxicol 11(1):53-60. 

James LF, Shupe JL, Binns W, et al. (1967) Abortive and 

teratogenic effects of locoweed on sheep and cattle. Am J 

Vet Res 28(126):1379-1388. 

James LF, Van Kampen KR (1971) Effects of locoweed 

intoxication on the genital tract of the ram. Am J Vet Res 

32(8):1253-1256. 

James LF, Van Kampen KR (1976) Effects of locoweed toxin 

on rats. Am J Vet Res 37(7):845-846. 

James LF, Van Kampen KR, Hartley WJ (1970) Comparative 

pathology of Astragalus (locoweed) and Swainsona 

poisoning in sheep. Pathol Vet 7(2):116-125. 

James LF, Van Kampen KR, Johnson AE (1970) Physiopathologic 

changes in locoweed poisoning of livestock. 

Am J Vet Res 31(4):663-672. 

James LF, Van Kampen KR, Staker GR (1969) Locoweed 

(Astragalus lentiginosus) poisoning in cattle and horses. J 


Keeler RF, James LF (1971) Experimental teratogenic 

lathyrism in sheep and further comparative aspects 

with teratogenic locoism. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 

35(4):332-337. 

Keeler RF, James LF (1971) Failure of dietary supplementation 

to prevent the abortions and congenital malformations 

of lathyrism and locoism in sheep. Can J Comp Med 

Vet Sci 35(4):342-345. 

Keeler RF, James LF, Binns W, et al. (1967) An apparent 

relationship between locoism and lathyrism. Can J Comp 

Med Vet Sci 31(12):334-341. 

Nelson BK, James LF, Sharma RP, et al. (1977) Subtle postnatal 

effects of locoweed in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 

41(1):139-140. 

Nelson BK, James LF, Sharma RP, et al. (1980) Locoweed 

embryotoxicity in rats. Clin Toxicol 16(2):149-166. 

Panter KE, James LF, Hartley WJ (1989) Transient testicular 

degeneration in rams fed locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus). 


Panter KE, James LF, Nielson D, et al. (1988) The relationship 

of Oxytropis sericea (green and dry) and Astragalus 

lentiginosus with high mountain disease in cattle. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 30(4):318-323. 

Pfister JA, Stegelmeier BL, Gardner DR, et al. (2003) Grazing 

of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) by cattle 

and horses in Arizona. J Anim Sci 81(9):2285-2293. 

Rhees RW, James LF, Van Kampen KR (1978) Ultrastructural 

observations following locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) 

poisoning in sheep. Fed Proc 37(3):501. 

Sharma RP, James LF, Molyneux RJ (1984) Effect of 

repeated locoweed feeding on peripheral lymphocytic 

function and plasma proteins in sheep. Am J Vet Res 

45(10):2090-2093.

42 - Astragalus lentiginosus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Stegelmeier BL, James LF, Panter KE, et al. (1995) Serum 

swainsonine concentration and α-mannosidase activity 

in cattle and sheep ingesting Oxytropis sericea and 

Astragalus lentiginosus (locoweeds). Am J Vet Res 

56(2):149-154. 

Stegelmeier BL, Ralphs MH, Gardner DR, et al. (1994) 

Locoweed intoxication in range cattle and sheep: Serum 

α-mannosidase activity and clinicopathologic alterations. 

In: Colegate SM, Dorling PR (eds.) Plant-associated toxins. 

Agricultural, phytochemical and ecological aspects. 


Stegelmeier BL, Snyder PW, James LF, et al. (1998) The 

immunologic and toxic effects of chronic locoweed (Astragalus 

lentiginosus) intoxication in cattle. In: Garland T, 

Barr AC (eds.) Toxic plants and other natural toxicants. 


Tulsiani DR, Broquist HP, James LF, et al. (1984) The 

similar effects of swainsonine and locoweed on tissue 

glycosidases and oligosaccharides of the pig indicate 

that the alkaloid is the principal toxin responsible 

for the induction of locoism. Arch Biochem Biophys 

224(2):594-600. 

Tulsiani DR, Broquist HP, James LF, et al. (1988) Production 

of hybrid glycoproteins and accumulation of 

oligosaccharides in the brain of sheep and pigs administered 

swainsonine or locoweed. Arch Biochem Biophys 

264(2):607-617. 

Van Kampen KR, James LF (1969) Pathology of locoweed 



(Astragalus lentiginosus) poisoning in sheep. Sequential 

development of cytoplasmic vacuolation in tissues. Pathol 

Vet 7(6):503-508. 

Van Kampen KR, James LF (1971) Ovarian and placental 

lesions in sheep from ingesting locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus). 

Vet Pathol 8(3):193-199. 

Van Kampen KR, James LF (1972) Sequential development 

of the lesions in locoweed poisoning. Clin Toxicol 

5(4):575-580. 

Vansell GH (1934) Adult bees found dying on spotted loco. J 

Econ Entomol 27(3):635-637. 

Vasey G (1874) Plants poisonous to cattle in California. U S 

Dep Agric Rep 1874:159-160. 

Walkley SU, James LF (1984) Locoweed-induced neuronal 

storage disease characterized by meganeurite formation. 

Brain Res 324(1):145-150. 

Warren CD, Bugge B, Daniel PF, et al. (1989) Locoweed 

toxicosis in sheep: Oligosaccharides accumulated in fetal 

and maternal tissues. In: James LF, Elbein AD, Molyneux 

RJ, et al. (eds.) Swainsonine and related glycosidase 

inhibitors. Iowa State Univ Press. Ames, Iowa. pp. 

344-359. 

Warren CD, Sadeh S, Daniel PF, et al. (1983) Induced 

mannosidosis-excretion of oligosaccharides by locoweedintoxicated 

sheep. FEBS Lett 163(1):99-103. 


var. diphysus (A. Gray) M. E. Jones [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus diphysus A. Gray; a stragalus macdougali E. 

Sheld.; c ystium diphysum (A. Gray) Rydb. 

Common Names: 

blue locoweed; freckled milk vetch; rattleweed; speckled 

milk vetch; spotted locoweed; tall locoweed 

Citations: 

Marsh CD (1919) The locoweed disease. U S Dep Agric 

Farmers Bull #1054:24 pp. 

Pfister JA; Stegelmeier BL; Gardner DR; et al. (2003) 

Grazing of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) 

by cattle and horses in Arizona. J Anim Sci 

81:2285-2293. 


var. wahweapensis S. L. Welsh [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

spotted locoweed; Wahweap milk vetch 

Citations: 

Ralphs MH, James LF, Nielsen DB, et al. (1988) Cattle grazing 

Wahweap milkvetch in southeastern Utah. J Anim 

Sci 66(12):3124-3130. 

Astragalus lusitanicus Lam. = Erophaca baetica (L.) 

Boiss. 

Astragalus macdougali E. Sheld. = Astragalus lentiginosus 

Douglas ex Hook. var. diphysus (A. Gray) M. E. Jones 

a s Tr ag a l u s Mic h a u x i i (Kuntze) F. J. Herm. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus glaber Michx.; Tium michauxii (Kuntze) 

Rydb. 

Common Names: 

Michaux’s-milk vetch; poison vetch 

Citations: 

Duncan WH, Piercy PL, Starling RJ (1955) Toxicological 

studies of southeastern plants. I. Leguminosae. Econ Bot 

9(3):243-255. 

Williams MC, Yost GS, Stermitz FR (1977) Miserotoxin, a 

toxic compound in Astragalus michauxii. Phytochemistry 

16(9):1438-1439. 

a s Tr ag a l u s Mis e r Douglas ex Hook. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus amphidoxus Blank. 

Common Names: 

timber milk vetch; weedy milk vetch 

Citations: 




41(3):377-382. 

Williams MC, Van Kampen KR, Norris FA (1969) Timber 

milkvetch poisoning in chickens, rabbits, and cattle. Am 

J Vet Res 30(12):2185-2190.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Astragalus mollissimus - 43 

a s Tr ag a l u s Mis e r Douglas ex Hook. var. 

hylophilus (Rydb.) Barneby [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus hylophilus (Rydb.) A. Nelson 

Common Names: 

forest milk vetch; green timber milk vetch; timber milk 

vetch; Yellowstone milk vetch 

Citations: 



Newsom IE, Cross F, McCrory BR, et al. (1936) Timber 

milk vetch as a poisonous plant. Colorado Agric Exp Sta 

Bull #425:42 pp. 


oblongifolius (Rydb.) Cronquist [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

poison vetch; Rydberg’s-weedy milk vetch; timber milk 

vetch; Wasatch milk vetch 

Citations: 

Williams MC (1989) Toxicological investigations on Toano, 

Wasatch, and stinking milkvetches. J Range Manag 

42(5):366-368. 

Williams MC, Binns W (1967) Toxicity of Astragalus miser 

Dougl., var. oblongifolius (Rydb) Cronquist. Weeds 

15(4):359-362. 


serotinus (A. Gray ex J. G. Cooper) Barneby 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus decumbens (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) A. 

Gray var. serotinus (A. Gray ex J. G. Cooper) M. E. 

Jones; a stragalus palliseri A. Gray; a stragalus serotinus 

A. Gray ex J. G. Cooper 

Common Names: 

Columbia milk vetch; Cooper’s-milk vetch; late locoweed; 

late milk vetch; Palliser poison vetch; timber 

milk vetch 

Citations: 

Majak W, Neufeld R, Corner J (1980) Toxicity of Astragalus 

miser var. serotinus to the honeybee. J Agric Res 

19(3):196-199. 

Mosher GA, Krishnamurti CR, Kitts WD (1971) Physiological 

effects of timber milk vetch, Astragalus miser var. 

serotinus, on sheep. Can J Anim Sci 51(Aug):465-474. 

Nicholson HH (1963) The treatment of timber milk-vetch 

poisoning among cattle and sheep. Can J Anim Sci 

43(2):237-240. 

a s Tr ag a l u s Mo l l is s i Mu s Torr. var. earlei 

(Greene ex Rydb.) Tidestr. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus earlei Greene ex Rydb. 

Common Names: 

Big Bend locoweed; Earle’s-locoweed; garbancillo 

Citations: 



Mathews FP (1932) Locoism in domestic animals. Texas 

Agric Exp Sta Bull #456:28 pp. 

a s Tr ag a l u s Mo l l is s i Mu s Torr. var. 

mollissimus [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus mollissimus Torr.; a stragalus simulans 

Cockerell 

Common Names: 

crazyweed; locoweed; purple locoweed; Texas locoweed; 

woolly locoweed 

Citations: 

Crawford AC (1908) Laboratory work on loco-weed investigations. 

U S Dep Agric Bur Plant Indus Bull #121(Part 

3):39-40. 

James LF, Van Kampen KR (1971) Acute and residual lesions 

of locoweed poisoning in cattle and horses. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 158(5):614-618. 

Kirkpatrick JG, Burrows GE (1990) Locoism in horses. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 32(2):168-169. 

Klench JP (1888) Rattleweed or loco-disease. Am Vet Rev 

12:395-402. 

Marsh CD (1908) Results of loco-weed investigations in 

the field. U S Dep Agric Bur Plant Indus Bull #121(Part 

3):37-38. 

Marsh CD (1909) The locoweed disease of the plains. U S 

Dep Agric Bur Anim Indus Bull #112:130 pp. 



Marshall HT (1904) Loco-weed disease of sheep. Bull Johns 

Hopkins Hosp 15(158):181-182. 

McIlwraith CW, James LF (1982) Limb deformities in foals 

associated with ingestion of locoweed by mares. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 181(3):255-258. 

Oehme FW, Bailie WE, Hulbert LC (1968) Astragalus mollissimus 

(locoweed) toxicosis of horses in western Kansas. 


Peters AT, Sturdevant LB (1908) Loco weed poisoning in 

horses. Nebraska Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 21:74-107. 

Stalker M (1886) The “Loco” plant and its effect on animals. 

U S Dep Agric Bur Anim Indus Annu Rep 

3:271-276. 

Stegelmeier BL, Molyneux RJ, Elbein AD, et al. (1995) 

The lesions of locoweed (Astragalus mollissimus), 

swainsonine, and castanospermine in rats. Vet Pathol 

32(3):289-298. 

Stegelmeier BL, Molyneux RJ, James LF (1994) The pathology 

of swainsonine and locoweed (Astragalus mollissimus) 

in rodents. Vet Pathol 31:620. 


Locoweed intoxication in range cattle and sheep: Serum 

α-mannosidase activity and clinicopathologic alterations. 

In: Colegate SM, Dorling PR (eds.) Plant-associated toxins. 


CABI. New York. pp. 501-506.

44 - Astragalus mollissimus D. Jesse Wagstaff 


Serum α-mannosidase activity and the clinicopathologic 

alterations of locoweed (Astragalus mollissimus) 

intoxication in range cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 

6(4):473-479. 

a s Tr ag a l u s Mo l l is s i Mu s Torr. var. 

thompsoniae (S. Watson) Barneby [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus bigelovii A. Gray; a stragalus thompsoniae 

S. Watson 

Common Names: 

Thompson’s-woolly locoweed 

Citations: 

Buck WB, James LF, Binns W (1961) Changes in serum 

transaminase activities associated with plant and mineral 

toxicity in sheep and cattle. Proc Am Coll Vet Toxicol 

1961:13-24. 


transaminase activities associated with plant and 

mineral toxicity in sheep and cattle. Cornell Vet 

51(Oct):568-585. 

Astragalus nigrescens (Hook.) A. Gray = Astragalus tenellus 

Pursh 

Astragalus palliseri A. Gray = Astragalus miser Douglas ex 

Hook. var. serotinus (A. Gray ex J. G. Cooper) Barneby 

a s Tr ag a l u s p r a e l o n g u s E. Sheld. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus recedens (Rydb.) Ced. Porter; j onesiella 

recedens Rydb. 

Common Names: 

stinking milk vetch; straight-stem locoweed 

Citations: 

Baker DC, James LF, Hartley WJ, et al. (1989) Toxicosis 

in pigs fed selenium-accumulating Astragalus 

plant species or sodium selenate. Am J Vet Res 

50(8):1396-1399. 


of experimental locoweed and selenium poisoning 

in pigs. In: Seawright AA, Hegarty MP, James 

LF, et al. (eds.) Plant toxicology. Queensland Poisonous 

Plant Committee. Yeerongpilly. Queensland. pp. 

141-149. 

James LF, Smart RA, Shupe JL, et al. (1982) Suspected 

phytogenic selenium poisoning in sheep. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 180(12):1478-1481. 



42(5):366-368. 

a s Tr ag a l u s p Te r o c a r p u s S. Watson 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

wing milk vetch 

Citations: 




41(3):377-382. 


Astragalus species. Proc West Soc Weed Sci 27:4. 



28(4):260-263. 

a s Tr ag a l u s p u b e n Tis s i Mu s Torr. & A. Gray 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Green River milk vetch; locoweed 

Citations: 

Balls LD, James LF (1973) Effect of locoweed (Astragalus 

spp.) on reproductive performance of ewes. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 162(4):291-292. 




1961:13-24. 




51(Oct):568-585. 

James LF, Bennett KL, Parker KG, et al. (1968) Loco plant 

poisoning in sheep. J Range Manag 21(6):360-365. 

James LF, Binns W (1967) Blood changes associated with 

locoweed poisoning. Am J Vet Res 28(125):1107-1110. 

James LF, Keeler RF, Binns W (1969) Sequence in the abortive 

and teratogenic effects of locoweed fed to sheep. Am 

J Vet Res 30(3):377-380. 



Vet Res 28(126):1379-1388. 

James LF, Van Kampen KR, Hartley WJ (1970) Comparative 

pathology of Astragalus (locoweed) and Swainsona 




Am J Vet Res 31(4):663-672. 



Astragalus recedens (Rydb.) Ced. Porter = Astragalus 

praelongus E. Sheld. 

Astragalus serotinus A. Gray ex J. G. Cooper = Astragalus 

miser Douglas ex Hook. var. serotinus (A. Gray ex J. G. 

Cooper) Barneby 

a s Tr ag a l u s s i l iq u o s u s Boiss. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Williams MC, James LF, Bleak AT (1976) Toxicity of introduced 

nitro-containing Astragalus to sheep, cattle, and 

chicks. J Range Manag 29(1):30-33. 

Astragalus simulans Cockerell = Astragalus mollissimus 

Torr. var. mollissimus

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Atalaya hemiglauca - 45 

a s Tr ag a l u s Te n e l l u s Pursh [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus nigrescens (Hook.) A. Gray; h omalobus 

clementis Rydb.; h omalobus multiflorus (Pursh) Torr. 

& A. Gray; h omalobus stipitatus Rydb.; h omalobus 

strigulosus Rydb. 

Common Names: 

pulse milk vetch 

Citations: 


U S Dep Agric Bur Anim Indus Chief Rep 1934:38. 

a s Tr ag a l u s Te Tr a p Te r u s A. Gray 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

four-wing milk vetch; poison vetch 

Citations: 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1920) Astragalus tetrapterus, a 

new poisonous plant of Utah and Nevada. U S Dep Agric 

Circ #81:6 pp. 



28(4):260-263. 

Astragalus thompsoniae S. Watson = Astragalus 

mollissimus Torr. var. thompsoniae (S. Watson) Barneby 

a s Tr ag a l u s To a n u s M. E. Jones [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Toano milk vetch 

Citations: 



42(5):366-368. 



28(4):260-263. 

a s Tr ag a l u s w o o To n i i E. Sheld. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

bladderpod locoweed; garbancillo; rattleweed; western 

locoweed; Wooton’s-milk vetch 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1931) Investigation of stock-poisoning 

plants. U S Dep Agric Bur Anim Indus Chief Rep 

1931:56-57. 

James LF, Van Kampen KR (1974) Effect of protein and 

mineral supplementation on potential locoweed (Astragalus 

spp.) poisoning in sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

164(10):1042-1043. 

Mathews FP (1932) Locoism in domestic animals. Texas 

Agric Exp Sta Bull #456:5-28. 

Nelson BK, James LF, Sharma RP, et al. (1977) Subtle postnatal 

effects of locoweed in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 

41(1):139-140. 

Nelson BK, James LF, Sharma RP, et al. (1980) Locoweed 

embryotoxicity in rats. Clin Toxicol 16(2):149-166. 

Staley EE (1978) An approach to treatment of locoism in 

horses. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 73(9):1205-1206. 

a s Tr o l e p is c o c h is e n s is (Goodd.) D. M. 

Benham & Windham [Pteridaceae] 

Synonyms: 

n otholaena sinuata (Lag. ex Sw.) Kaulf. var. cochisensis 

(Goodd.) Weath 

Common Names: 

cloak fern; false cloak fern; jimmy fern 

Citations: 



Mathews FP (1942) Fern (Notholaena sinuata, var. crenata) 

poisoning in sheep, goats, and cattle - The so-called 

“jimmies” of the Trans-Pecos. Texas Agric Exp Sta Bull 

#611:5-15. 

Mathews FP (1945) A comparison of the toxicity of Notholaena 

sinuata and N. sinuata var. cochisensis. Rhodora 

47(564):393-395. 

a s Tr o n i u M u r u n d e u va (Allemão) Engl. 


Citations: 

Vilar MD, Diógenes MJ, Vilar JL, et al. (2004) Contact dermatitis 

associated with Astronium urundeuva (Allemão) 

Engl., a traditional medicinal plant from Brazil. Contact 

Dermatitis 51(5-6):311. 

a Ta l a y a h e Mig l a u c a (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex 

Benth. [Sapindaceae] 

Common Names: 

whitewood 

Citations: 

McConnell JD, Barnes JE (1956) The toxicity of the fruits of 

Atalaya hemiglauca (“Whitewood”) for horses. Aust Vet 

J 32(Apr):74-76. 

Murnane D (1927) “Walkabout,” or Kimberley horse disease. 

J CSIRO Aust 1:168-173. 

Murnane D (1929) Kimberley horse disease. J CSIRO Aust 

2:110-111. 

Murnane D (1953) The toxicity of Atalaya hemiglauca 

(whitewood) for horses. Aust Vet J 29(Jul):188-190. 

Murnane D, Ewart AJ (1928) Kimberley horse disease (walkabout 

disease). Aust CSIRO Bull #36:61 pp. 

Rose AL, Gardner CA, McConnell JD, et al. (1957) Field 

and experimental investigation of “walk-about” disease 

of horses (Kimberly horse disease) in Northern Australia. 

Crotalaria poisoning in horses. Part II. Aust Vet J 

33(Mar):49-62. 

Whittem JH (1968) Experimental whitewood, Atalaya 

hemiglauca, poisoning in the horse. Aust Vet J 

44(Sep):426. 

atarillal –see– Ammi majus L.

46 - Ateleia glazioveana D. Jesse Wagstaff 

a Te l e i a g l a z iov e a n a Baill. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

García y Santos MC, Schild AL, Barros SS, et al. (2004) 

Lesões perinatais em bovinos na intoxicação experimental 

por Ateleia glazioviana (Leg. Papilionoideae). Pesq 

Vet Bras 24(4):178-184. 

Gava A, Barros CS (2001) Field observations of Atelia 

glazioviana poisoning in cattle in southern Brazil. Vet 


Gava A, Barros CS, Pilati C, et al. (2001) Intoxicação por 

Ateleia glazioviana (Leg. Papilionoideae) em bovinos. 


Raffi MB, Barros RR, Braganca JF, et al. (2004) The pathogenesis 

of reproductive failure induced in sheep by the 

ingestion of Ateleia Glazioviana. Vet Hum Toxicol 

46(5):233-238. 

Stigger AL, Barros CS, Langohr IM, et al. (2001) Intoxicação 

experimental por Ateleia glazioviana (Leg. Papilionoideae) 

em ovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 21(3):98-108. 

a Th a n a s i a Tr i f u r c a Ta (L.) L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

klaaslouwbossie; kouterbossie 

Citations: 

Kellerman TS, Coetzer JA, Schneider DJ, et al. (1983) Photosensitivity 

in South Africa. III. Ovine hepatogenous 

photosensitivity caused by the plant Athanasia trifurcata 

L. (Asteraceae). Onderstepoort J Vet Res 50(1):45-53. 

atis –see– Annona squamosa L. 

Atlasholz –see– Chloroxylon swietenia DC. 

Atractylis gummifera L. Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

a Tr i pl e x c a n e s c e n s (Pursh) Nutt. 


Common Names: 

chamiza; four-wing saltbush; wingscale 

Citations: 



James LF, Smart RA, Shupe JL, et al. (1982) Suspected 

phytogenic selenium poisoning in sheep. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 180(12):1478-1481. 

a Tr i pl e x c o n f e r Ti f o l i a (Torr. & Frem.) S. 

Watson [Chenopodiaceae] 

Common Names: 

shadscale 

Citations: 

Fleming CE, Miller MR, Vawter LR, et al. (1931) Poisonous 

range plants. Nevada Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 

#1928:21-22. 

a Tr i pl e x h o r Te n s is L. [Chenopodiaceae] 

Common Names: 

garden orache; Gartenmelde; mountain orach; orache; 

orashe; Wilder Spinat; Zuckermelde 

Citations: 

Cheeke PR, Carlsson R (1978) Evaluation of several crops 

as sources of leaf meal: Composition, effect of drying 

procedure, and rat growth response. Nutr Rep Int 

18(4):465-473. 

Tyszlukiewicz D, Żelazowski K (1964) Zmiany skórne 

wywołane spożyciem łobody ogrodowej. Pol Tyg Lek 

(Wars) 19(30):1166-1167. 

a Tr i pl e x p a Tu l a L. [Chenopodiaceae] 

Common Names: 

orache 

Citations: 

Scheuer-Karpin R (1948) Poisoning by food plants. Lancet 

254(Apr 10):574-575. 

a Tr i pl e x r o s e a L. [Chenopodiaceae] 

Common Names: 

red orache; redscale; Rosenmelde 

Citations: 



a Tr o p a b e l l a d o n n a L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

Asthmador; banewort; belladone; belladonna; black 

cherry; daftberry; deadly nightshade; death’s-herb; 

dwale; dwayberry; galnebaer; great morel; morelle 

furieuse; naughty-man’s-cherry; nettleberry; poison 

blackcherry; sleeping nightshade; Tollkirsche; Waldnachtschatten; 

Wolfskirsche 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1846) Deaths from nightshade berries. Lancet 

2:251-252. 

Anonymous (1846) Poisoning with the deadly nightshade. 

Lancet 2:280. 

Anonymous (1948) Deadly nightshade poisoning. Lancet 

2(Sep 25):513-514. 

Anonymous (1948) Nightshade poisoning. Lancet 2(Sep 

11):438. 

Çaksen T, Odabaş D, Akbayram S, et al. (2003) Deadly 

nightshade (Atropa belladonna) intoxication: An analysis 

of 49 children. Hum Exp Toxicol 22(12):665-668. 

Cummins BM, Obetz SW, Wilson MR Jr (1968) Belladonna 

poisoning as a facet of psychodelia. JAMA 204(11):1011. 

Firth D, Bentley JR (1921) Belladonna poisoning from eating 

rabbit. Lancet 2(Oct 29):901. 

Gabel MC (1968) Purposeful ingestion of belladonna for 

hallucinatory effects. J Pediatr 72(6):864-866. 

Galizia EJ (1983) Clinical curio: Hallucinations in elderly tea 

drinkers. Br Med J 287(Oct 1):979. 

Golwalla A (1965) Multiple extrasystoles: An unusual manifestation 

of belladonna poisoning. Dis Chest 48:83-84. 

Hartmeier SH, Steurer J (1996) Mydriasis, Tachykardie. 

Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 85(15):495-498. 

Joll ME (1916) Three cases of belladonna poisoning. Lancet 

2(Oct 7):647. 

Joshi P, Wicks AC, Munshi SK (2003) Recurrent autumnal 

psychosis. Postgrad Med J 79(930):239-240.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Aucuba japonica - 47 

Koff M (1966) Poisoning from ingestion of asthma “powders.” 

JAMA 198(9):1034. 

Lange A, Toft P (1990) Forgiftning med galnebær, Atropa 

belladonna. Ugeskr Laeger 152(15):1096. 



70(11):1029-1033. 

Minors EH (1948) Five cases of belladonna poisoning. Br 

Med J 2(Sep 11):518-519. 

Muller DJ (1967) Unpublicized hallucinogens. The dangerous 

belladonna alkaloids. JAMA 202(7):650-651. 




Pestalozzi BC, Caduff F (1986) Gruppenvergiftung 

mit Tollkirschentee. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 

116(27-28):924-926. 

Plackova S, Caganova B (1998) Acute intoxications by 

mushrooms and plants in Slovakia. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

36(5):452-453. 

Schneider R, Lutum R, Kintz P, et al. (1996) Plasma and 

urine concentrations of atropine after the ingestion of 

cooked deadly nightshade berries. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

34(1):113-117. 

Schvartsman S, Marcondes E (1965) Intoxicações acidentais 

agudas na infancias. Revisão de 208 casos. Rev Paul Med 

66(1):24-39. 

Smith HC, Taussig RA, Peterson PC (1956) Deadly nightshade 

poisoning in swine. Case reports of two herds. J 

Am Vet Med Assoc 129(Aug 1):116-117. 

Southgate HJ, Egerton M, Dauncey EA (2000) Lessons to 

be learned: A case study approach. Unseasonal severe poisoning 

of two adults by deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna). 

J R Soc Health 120(2):127-130. 

Testasecca D, Caputi C, Pavoni PA (1978) Su di un caso 

di avvelenamento da bacche di belladonna. Clin Ter 

86(3):277-280. 

Tiossa GG, Pavliuk VT (1994) [Emergency care and intensive 

therapy in acute poisonings by belladonna berries.] 

Voen Med Zh 2(2):38-39. 

Tita B, Bolle P, Martinoli L, et al. (1988) A comparative 

study of Atropa belladonna and atropine on an animal 

model of urinary retention. Pharmacol Res Commun 

20(Suppl 5):55-58. 

Trabattoni G, Visintini D, Terzano GM, et al. (1984) Accidental 

poisoning with deadly nightshade berries: A case 

report. Hum Toxicol 3(6):513-516. 

Wilcox WP Jr (1967) More cases of atropinism. N Engl J 

Med 277(22):1209. 

a TTa l e a s p e c io s a Mart. ex Spreng. [Arecaceae] 

Synonyms: 

o rbignya phalerata Mart. 

Common Names: 

babassu 

Citations: 

Gaitan E, Cooksey RC, Legan J, et al. (1994) Antithyroid 

effects in vivo and in vitro of babassu and mandioca: A 

staple food in goiter areas of Brazil. Eur J Endocrinol 

131(21):138-144. 

aubergine –see– Solanum melongena L. 

aucuba –see– Aucuba japonica Thunb. 

a u c u b a j a p o n ic a Thunb. [Garryaceae] 

Common Names: 

aucuba; blotch-leaf laurel; gold-dust plant; gold-leaf 

plant; Japanese aucuba; Japanese laurel; spotted laurel; 

variegated laurel 

Citations: 

Leveau AM, Durand M, Paris RR (1979) Sur la toxicite des 

fruits de l’Aucuba japonica (Cornacees). Plantes Med 

Phytotherap 13(3):199-204. 

aulne noir –see– Frangula alnus Mill. 

auricula –see– Primula auricula L. 

Ausdauerndes Bingelkraut –see– Mercurialis perennis L. 

Australian asthma herb –see– Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 

Australian flame tree –see– Sterculia foetida L. 

Australian bean tree –see– Castanospermum australe A. 

Cunn. & C. Fraser ex Hook. 

Australian black bean tree –see– Castanospermum australe A. 


Australian blackwood –see– Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. 

Australian bush nut –see– Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & 

Betche; Macadamia tetraphylla L. A. S. Johnson 

Australian cabbage –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

Australian finger cherry –see– Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa 

Benth. 

Australian indigo –see– Indigofera australis Willd. 

Australian ivy palm –see– Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) 

Harms 

Australian nettle –see– Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) Chew 

Australian nut palm –see– Cycas revoluta Thunb. 

Australian phalaris –see– Phalaris aquatica L. 

Australian pine –see– Casuarina cristata Miq.; Casuarina 

equisetifolia L. 

Australian poison bush –see– Gastrolobium grandiflorum F. 

Muell. 

Australian silk oak –see– Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. 

Br. 

Australian snakeweed –see– Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 

Australian tea tree –see– Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & 

Betche) Cheel 

Australian umbrella tree –see– Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) 

Harms 

Australische Brennessel –see– Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) 

Chew 

Austrian pea –see– Pisum sativum L. 

autumn adonis –see– Adonis annua L. 

autumn crocus –see– Colchicum autumnale L.

48 - Avena sativa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

autumn sneezeweed –see– Helenium autumnale L. 

avasa –see– Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 

ave grace –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

aveia –see– Avena sativa L. 

aveia louca –see– Phalaris angusta Nees ex Trin. 

aveia-de-sangue –see– Phalaris angusta Nees ex Trin. 

avellana-purgante-de-Santo Domingo –see– Jatropha 

multifida L. 

a ve n a s a Ti va L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

aveia; Hafer; oats 

Citations: 

Allen AL, Townsend HG, Doige CE (1998) Ingestion of 

nitrate-containing plants as a possible risk factor for congenital 

hypothyroidism in foals. In: Garland T, Barr AC 

(eds.) Toxic plants and other natural toxicants. CABI. 

New York. pp. 334-338. 

Bradley WB, Beath OA, Eppson HF (1939) Oat hay poisoning. 

Science 89(Apr 21):365. 

de Paz Arranz S, Pérez Montero A, Zapatero Remón L, et 

al. (2002) Allergic contact urticaria to oatmeal. Allergy 

57(12):1215. 

Dempster JG (1981) Contact dermatitis from bran and oats. 


Newsom IE, Stout EN, Thorp F Jr, et al. (1937) Oat hay 

poisoning. J Am Vet Med Assoc 90(43):66-75. 

Sippel WL, Burnside JE (1954) Oat dermatitis. Georgia Vet 

6(2):3-4. 

Solomons B (1971) Sensitization to oats and barley. Contact 

Dermatol Newsl 10(Jul):231. 

Thorp F Jr (1938) Further observations on oat hay poisoning. 


averil –see– Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 

a ve r r h o a c a r a Mb o l a L. [Oxalidaceae] 

Common Names: 

star fruit 

Citations: 

Chang CH, Yeh JH (2004) Non-convulsive status epilepticus 

and consciousness disturbance after star fruit (Averrhoa 

carambola) ingestion in a dialysis patient. Nephrology 

(Carlton) 9(6):362-365. 

Chang CT, Chen YC, Fang JT, et al. (2002) Star fruit (Averrhoa 

carambola) intoxication: An important cause of consciousness 

disturbance in patients with renal failure. Ren 

Fail 24(3):379-382. 

Neto MM (1998) Intoxication by star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) 

in six dialysis patients? Nephrol Dial Transplant 

13(3):570-572. 

Neto MM, da Costa JA, Garcia-Cairasco N, et al. (2003) 

Intoxication by star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in 32 

uraemic patients: Treatment and outcome. Nephrol Dial 

Transplant 18(1):120-125. 

Tse KC, Yip PS, Lam MF, et al. (2003) Star fruit intoxication 

in uraemic patients: Case series and review of the 

literature. Intern Med J 33(7):314-316. 

avocado –see– Persea americana Mill. var. americana 

avocado pear –see– Persea americana Mill. var. americana 

avordiré –see– Turraeanthus africanus (Welw. ex C. DC.) 

Pellegr. 

awa –see– Piper methysticum G. Forst. 

axwort –see– Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

ayahuasca –see– Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C. 

V. Morton 

ayahuasca roja –see– Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) 

C. V. Morton 

ayan –see– Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill. 

a z a d i r a c h Ta i n d ic a A. Juss. [Meliaceae] 

Common Names: 

Chinese tallow tree; margosa tree; neem; neempathi; 

nim tree; nimb 

Citations: 

Ali BH (1987) The toxicity of Azadirachta indica leaves in 

goats and guinea pigs. Vet Hum Toxicol 29(1):16-19. 

Ali BH, Salih AM (1982) Suspected Azadirachta indica toxicity 

in a sheep. Vet Rec 111(21):494. 

Bhandari DS, Joshi MS (1974) The effect of feeding deoiled 

neem cake on health of sheep. Indian Vet J 51(Sep- 

Oct):659-660. 

Christopher KJ, Ahmed MN, Sastry GA (1976) Effects of 

feeding deoiled neem seed cake to chicken. Indian J Vet 

Pathol 1(1):27-30. 

Ibrahim IA, Omer SA, Ibrahim FH, et al. (1992) Experimental 

Azadirachta indica toxicosis in chicks. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 34(3):221-224. 

Joshi AR, Ahamed RN, Pathan KM, et al. (1996) Effect 

of Azadirachta indica leaves on testis and its recovery in 

albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol 34(11):1091-1094. 

Lai SM, Lim KW, Cheng HK (1990) Margosa oil poisoning 

as a cause of toxic encephalopathy. Singapore Med J 

31:463-465. 

Rahman MF, Siddiqui MK, Jamil K (2001) Effects of 

Vepacide (Azadirachta indica) on aspartate and alanine 

aminotransferase profiles in a subchronic study with rats. 

Hum Exp Toxicol 20:243-249. 

Sadagopan VR, Johri TS, Reddy V, et al. (1982) Feeding 

value of neem seed meal for starter chicks. Indian Vet J 

59(Jun):462-465. 

Sinniah D, Baskaran G (1981) Margosa oil poisoning as a 

cause of Reye’s syndrome. Lancet 1(8218):487-489. 

Sinniah D, Baskaran G, Looi AH, et al. (1982) Reye-like 

syndrome due to margosa oil poisoning: Report of a 

case with postmortem findings. Am J Gastroenterol 

77(3):158-161. 

azafran –see– Crocus sativus L. 

azalea –see– Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet; 

Rhododendron simsii Planch. 

azobe tree –see– Lophira alata Banks ex C. F. Gaertn. 

azufaifa –see– Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

a dau –see– Croton tiglium L. 

babassu –see– Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng. 

babul –see– Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. 

baby rubber plant –see– Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr. 

baby’s-breath –see– Gypsophila paniculata L. 

b a c c h a r i d a s Tr u M Tr i pl i n e rv i u M (Less.) 

Cabrera [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Langohr IM, Gava A, Barros CS (2005) Intoxicação por 

Baccharidastrum triplinervium (Asteraceae) em bovinos. 

Pesq Vet Bras 25(4):235-238. 

baccharis –see– Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers. 

b a c c h a r is c o r i d i f o l i a DC. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

mio mio; oromerillo; romerillo 

Citations: 

Döbereiner J, Rezende AM, Tokarnia CH (1976) Intoxicação 

experimental por Baccharis coridifolia em coelhos. 

Pesq Agric Bras Vet 11(9):27-35. 

Rissi DR, Rech RR, Fighera RA, et al. (2005) Intoxicação 

espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia em bovinos. Pesq 

Vet Bras 25(2):111-114. 

Rozza DB, Raymundo DL, Corrêa AM, et al. (2006) Intoxicação 

espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia (Compositae) 

em ovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 26(1):21-25. 

Ruiz LF (1930) Tres plantas toxicas de la flora Argentina. 

Bol Minist Agric Nac Rep Argentina 29(Mar):45-55. 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J (1975) Intoxicação experimental 

em bovinos por “Mio-Mio,” Baccharis coridifolia. Pesq 

Agric Bras Vet 10(8):79-97. 


em ovinos por “Mio-Mio,” Baccharis coridifolia. Pesq 


Varaschin MS, Alessi AC (2003) Poisoning of mice by Baccharis 

coridifolia: An experimental model. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 45(1):42-44. 

Varaschin MS, Barros CS, Jarvis BB (1998) Intoxicação 

experimental por Baccharis coridifolia (Compositae) em 

bovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 18(2):69-74. 

b a c c h a r is e r ig e r o i d e s DC. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Andrade SO, Camargo WV, Fernandes N (1963) II. Investigações 

sôbre plantas tóxicas no Estado de São Paulo. Arq 

Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 30(Oct):189-203. 

B 

b a c c h a r is g l o Me r u l i f l o r a Pers. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

baccharis; groundsel bush; silverling; southern 

baccharis 

Citations: 

Duncan WH, Piercy PL, Feurt SD, et al. (1957) Toxicological 

studies of southeastern plants. II. Compositae. Econ 

Bot 11:75-85. 

b a c c h a r is h a l i Mi f o l i a L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

consumption weed; eastern baccharis; groundsel bush; 

groundsel tree; salt groundsel; sea myrtle; silverling 

Citations: 

Duncan WH, Piercy PL, Feurt SD, et al. (1957) Toxicological 

studies of southeastern plants. II. Compositae. Econ 

Bot 11:75-85. 

Manley GD, Edds GT, Sundlof SF (1982) Cattle deaths 

from poisonous plant. Florida Vet J 11(Dec):20. 

Baccharis megapotamica Spreng. var. weirii (Baker) G. M. 

Barroso = Baccharis megapotamica Spreng. 

b a c c h a r is Me g a p o Ta Mic a Spreng. 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

b accharis megapotamica Spreng. var. weirii (Baker) G. 

M. Barroso 

Citations: 

Driemeier D, Cruz C, Loretti A (2000) Baccharis megapotamica 

var weirii poisoning in Brazilian cattle. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 42(4):220-221. 

Tokarnia CH, Peixoto PV, Gava A, et al. (1992) Intoxicação 

experimental por Baccharis megapotamica var. megapotamica 

e var. weirii (Compositae) em bovinos. Pesq Vet 

Bras 12(1-2):19-31. 

b a c c h a r is p Te r o n io i d e s DC. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

hierba-de-pasmo; yerba-de-pasmo; yerba manza 

Citations: 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Eggleston WW (1920) Baccharis 

pteronioides as a poisonous plant of the Southwest. J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 57:430-434.

50 - Baccharis stenocephala D. Jesse Wagstaff 

b a c c h a r is s Te n o c e p h a l a Baker 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 




bachnag –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

Badekraut –see– Levisticum officinale W. D. J. Koch 

badoh –see– Ipomoea violacea L.; Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. 

badoh negro –see– Ipomoea tricolor Cav. 

bagin –see– Derris trifoliata Lour. 

bagpod –see– Sesbania vesicaria (Jacq.) Elliott 

bagpod sesbane –see– Sesbania vesicaria (Jacq.) Elliott 

bagpod sesbania –see– Sesbania vesicaria (Jacq.) Elliott 

bagseed –see– Sesbania vesicaria (Jacq.) Elliott 

bahera –see– Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 

Bahia –see– Picradeniopsis oppositifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. 

Bahia grass –see– Paspalum dilatatum Poir.; Paspalum 

notatum Flüggé 

Bahia oppositifolia (Nutt.) DC. = Picradeniopsis 

oppositifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. 

Bahia rosewood –see– Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex 

Benth. 

baijiaolian –see– Podophyllum pleianthum Hance 

baileya –see– Baileya multiradiata Harv. & A. Gray ex Torr. 

b a i l e y a Mu l Ti r a d i a Ta Harv. & A. Gray ex 

Torr. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

baileya; cloth-of-gold; desert baileya; desert marigold; 

many-ray Baileya; paper flower 

Citations: 

Dollahite JW (1960) Desert baileya poisoning in sheep, 

goats, and rabbits. Texas Agric Exp Sta Prog Rep #2149:4 

pp. 



Mathews FP (1933) The toxicity of Baileya multiradiata for 

sheep and goats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 83(Nov):673-679. 

Mathews FP, Schmidt H (1934) Miscellaneous poisonous 


bajiaolian –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

bajra –see– Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. 

bakarai bish –see– Ageratum conyzoides L. 

bakario –see– Indigofera linnaei Ali 

bakkain –see– Melia azedarach L. 

balewort –see– Papaver somniferum L. 

b a l f o u r o d e n d r o n r i e d e l i a n u M (Engl.) 

Engl. [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

Piquiá marfim 

Citations: 

Freise FW (1936) Vergiftungen durch brasilianische 

Werkhölzer. II. Jacareúba-Holz und Seidenholz. Sammlung 

Vergiftungsfallen 7(C33):61-72. 

bali bali –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

ball nettle –see– Solanum carolinense L. 

ball nightshade –see– Solanum carolinense L. 

balloon cotton –see– Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. 

Aiton 

balsam –see– Euphorbia drummondii Boiss. 

balsam fir –see– Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. 

balsam-of-pine –see– Pinus sylvestris L. 

balsam-of-spruce –see– Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. 

balsam-of-tolu –see– Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms 

balsam pear –see– Momordica charantia L. 

balsamino –see– Momordica charantia L. 

balubad –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

balugo –see– Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. 

bambatsi grass –see– Panicum coloratum L. var. makariense 

Gooss. 

bamboo –see– Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J. C. Wendl. 

bambu –see– Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J. C. Wendl. 

b a Mb u s a v u l g a r is Schrad. ex J. C. Wendl. 

[Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

bamboo; bambu; caña brava 

Citations: 

Barbosa JD, Oliveira CM, Duarte MD, et al. (2006) Poisoning 

of horses by bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris. J Equine Vet 

Sci 26 (9):393-398. 

Schiff BL (1951) Contact dermatitis caused by bamboo. Arch 

Derm Syphilol 64(1):66-67. 

ban –see– Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus 

banana –see– Musa ×paradisiaca L. 

Banane –see– Musa ×paradisiaca L. 

bandera –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch 

bandjiebos –see– Tylecodon wallichii (Harv.) Toelken 

baneberry –see– Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. 

banewort –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

Bangar nut –see– Sterculia foetida L. 

Bangkok teak –see– Tectona grandis L. f. 

bangor nut –see– Sterculia foetida L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Barringtonia acutangula - 51 

b a n is Te r io p s is c a a p i (Spruce ex Griseb.) C. V. 

Morton [Malpighiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b anisteriopsis inebrians C. V. Morton 

Common Names: 

ayahuasca; ayahuasca roja; caapi; yage 

Citations: 

Flores FA, Lewis WH (1978) Drinking the South American 

hallucinogenic ayahuasca. Econ Bot 32(Apr- 

Jun):154-156. 



70(11):1029-1033. 

Banisteriopsis inebrians C. V. Morton = Banisteriopsis caapi 

(Spruce ex Griseb.) C. V. Morton 

b a n is Te r io p s is l o n g i a l a Ta (Nied.) B. Gates 

[Malpighiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b anisteriopsis rusbyana (Nied.) C. V. Morton 

Citations: 

Der Marderosian AH, Pinkley HV, Dobbins MF 4th (1968) 

Native use and occurrence of N,N-dimethyltryptamine 

in the leaves of Banisteriopsis rusbyana. Am J Pharm 

140(5):137-147. 



Jun):154-156. 

Banisteriopsis rusbyana (Nied.) C. V. Morton = 

Banisteriopsis longialata (Nied.) B. Gates 

Bank’s-grevillea –see– Grevillea banksii R. Br. 

banok –see– Sarcolobus globosus Wall. 

banucalad nut –see– Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw 

b a p Tis i a a l b a (L.) Vent. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

white wild indigo; wild indigo 

Citations: 



9(3):243-255. 

b a p Tis i a a u s Tr a l is (L.) R. Br. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

blue false indigo; blue wild indigo; false indigo 

Citations: 

Burrows GE, Schwab RP, Stein LE, et al. (1998) Comparison 

of the reproductive effects of Baptisia australis, Iva 

annua and Sophora nuttalliana in rats. In: Garland T, 



Hansen AA (1930) Indiana plants injurious to livestock. 

Purdue Agric Exp Sta Circ #175:38 pp. 

bar foot –see– Helleborus foetidus L. 

barba ursului –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

Barbados aloe –see– Aloe arborescens Mill.; Aloe vera (L.) 

Burm. f. 

Barbados purging nut –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

b a r b a r e a v u l g a r is R. Br. [Brassicaceae] 

Common Names: 

bitter water cress; winter cress; yellow rocket 

Citations: 



barbasco - see - Deguelia ulilis (A.C.Sm.) A.M.G. Azevedo; 

Verbascum thapsus L. 

barbatimão –see– Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) anon.; 

Stryphnodendron coriaceum Benth.; Stryphnodendron 

obovatum Benth. 

Barbey’s-larkspur –see– Delphinium barbeyi (Huth) Huth 

bardana –see– Arctium lappa L. 

Bärenfuß –see– Helleborus foetidus L.; Helleborus viridis 

L. 

Bärenklau –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & 

Levier 

Bärenlauch –see– Allium ursinum L. 

barilla –see– Halogeton glomeratus (M. Bieb.) C. A. Mey. 

barley –see– Hordeum vulgare L. 

baron’s-mercury –see– Mercurialis annua L. 

barr tree –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

barra –see– Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 

b a r r i n g To n i a a c u Ta n g u l a (L.) Gaertn. 

[Lecythidaceae] 

Common Names: 

freshwater mangrove; Indian oak 

Citations: 

Chakraborty DP, Nandy AC, Philipose MT (1972) Barringtonia 

acutangula (L.) Gaertn. as a fish poison. Indian 

J Exp Biol 10(1):78-80. 

barseem –see– Trifolium alexandrinum L. 

baru –see– Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 

Basin goldenrod –see– Solidago spectabilis (D. C. Eaton) A. 

Gray 

basket plant –see– Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson 

basora cora –see– Melochia tomentosa L. 

Bassia echinopsila (F. Muell.) F. Muell = Sclerolaena 

anisacanthoides (F. Muell.) Domin

52 - Bassia hyssopifolia D. Jesse Wagstaff 

b a s s i a h y s so p i f o l i a (Pall.) Kuntze 


Common Names: 

five-hook bassia; smother weed 

Citations: 

James LF, Williams MC, Bleak AT (1976) Toxicity of Bassia 

hyssopifolia to sheep. J Range Manag 29(4):284-285. 

b a s s i a s c o p a r i a (L.) A. J. Scott 


Synonyms: 

k ochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. 

Common Names: 

belvedere; burningbush; fireball; fireweed; kochia; 

Mexican fireweed; morenita; poor-man’s-alfalfa; summer 

cypress 

Citations: 

Coxworth EC, Salmon RE (1972) Kochia seed as a component 

of the diet of turkey poults: Effects of different 

methods of saponin removal or inactivation. Can J Anim 

Sci 52(Dec):721-729. 

Dickie CW, Berryman JR (1979) Polioencephalomalacia 

and photosensitization associated with Kochia scoparia 

consumption in range cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

175(5):463-465. 

Dickie CW, James LF (1983) Kochia scoparia poisoning in 

cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183(7):765-768. 

Galitzer SJ, Oehme FW (1979) Studies of the comparative 

toxicity of Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad (fireweed). Toxicol 

Lett 3:43-49. 

Kirkpatrick JG, Helman RG, Burrows GE, et al. (1998) 

Transient hepatoxicity in sheep grazing Kochia scoparia. 

In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic plants 

and other natural toxicants. CABI. New York. pp. 

504-508. 

Rankins DL Jr, Smith GS (1991) Nutritional and toxicological 

evaluations of Kochia hay (Kochia scoparia) fed to 

lambs. J Anim Sci 69(7):2925-2931. 

Rankins DL Jr, Smith GS, Hallford DM (1991) Altered 

metabolic hormones, impaired nitrogen retention, and 

hepatotoxicosis in lambs fed Kochia scoparia hay. J Anim 

Sci 69(7):2932-2940. 

Rankins DL Jr, Smith GS, Hallford DM (1991) Effects 

of metoclopramide on steers fed Kochia scoparia hay. J 

Anim Sci 69(9):3699-3705. 

Rankins DL Jr, Smith GS, Hallford DM (1991) Serum constituents 

and metabolic hormones in sheep and cattle fed 

Kochia scoparia hay. J Anim Sci 69(7):2941-2946. 

Sprowls RW (1981) Problems observed in horses, cattle, and 

sheep grazing kochia. Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn 

24:397-405. 

Thilsted J, Hibbs C, Kiesling H, et al. (1989) Kochia (Kochia 

scoparia) toxicosis in cattle: Results of four experimental 

grazing trials. Vet Hum Toxicol 31(1):34-41. 

bastard anise –see– Illicium anisatum L. 

bastard cabbage –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex 

DC. 

bastard clover –see– Trifolium hybridum L. 

bastard feverfew –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

bastard hellebore –see– Helleborus viridis L. 

bastard lentil –see– Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. 

bastard mahogany –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth 

ex DC.; Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. 

bastard nigelle –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

Bastardklee –see– Trifolium hybridum L. 

Bathurst bur –see– Xanthium spinosum L.; Xanthium 

strumarium L. 

bat’s-wing fern –see– Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm. 

batu –see– Croton tiglium L. 

baura –see– Trianthema portulacastrum L. 

bay –see– Laurus nobilis L. 

bay laurel –see– Laurus nobilis L. 

be-still tree –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

beach apple –see– Hippomane mancinella L. 

beach bean –see– Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. 

beach laurel –see– Leucothoe davisiae Torr. ex A. Gray 

bead tree –see– Melia azedarach L. 

beaked nightshade –see– Solanum rostratum Dunal 

bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

bean caper –see– Zygophyllum fabago L. 

bean tree –see– Castanospermum australe A. Cunn. & C. 

Fraser ex Hook.; Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

bean trefoil –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

bear corn –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

beargrass –see– Nolina microcarpa S. Watson; Nolina texana 

S. Watson 

bearded darnel –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

bear’s-ears –see– Primula auricula L. 

bear’s-foot –see– Aconitum napellus L.; Helleborus foetidus L.; 

Helleborus niger L.; Helleborus viridis L. 

bearwood –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

beaver poison –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. & 

Rose; Cicuta maculata L.; Cicuta virosa L. 

bedstraw milkweed –see– Asclepias subverticillata (A. Gray) 

Vail 

beech –see– Fagus sylvatica L. 

beech drops –see– Orobanche minor Sm. 

beechnut –see– Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.; Fagus sylvatica L. 

beef wood tree –see– Casuarina equisetifolia L. 

beefsteak plant –see– Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton 

beesbossie –see– Chrysocoma ciliata L. 

beeskaroo –see– Chrysocoma ciliata L. 

beet –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

beeweed –see– Asclepias subverticillata (A. Gray) Vail 

beggar’s-buttons –see– Arctium lappa L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Berkheyopsis echinus - 53 

beggar’s-lice –see– Cynoglossum officinale L. 

b e g o n i a a r g e n Te a Linden [Begoniaceae] 

Citations: 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 

behen –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

Beifuß –see– Artemisia vulgaris L. 

Beinholz –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

Beinved –see– Ilex aquifolium L. 

Beinwell –see– Symphytum officinale L. 

Beißbeere –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

bejuco-de-estrella –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

bejuco-de-pan –see– Dalechampia scandens L. 

bejuco-de-peonia –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

bejuco-de-San Jose –see– Allamanda cathartica L. 

bejuco marrullero –see– Pentalinon luteum (L.) B. F. Hansen 

& Wunderlin 

belder root –see– Oenanthe crocata L. 

beleño negro –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

beleric myrobalan –see– Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 

bell pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L. 

bell rose –see– Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 

bella gutta tree –see– Semecarpus anacardium L. f. 

bella sombra –see– Phytolacca dioica L. 

belladone –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

belladonna –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

b e l l is p e r e n n is L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

English daisy 

Citations: 




bellyache plant –see– Jatropha gossypiifolia L. 

belvedere –see– Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott 

ben –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

ben dock –see– Oenanthe crocata L. 

Bengal gam –see– Cicer arietinum L. 

Bengal gram –see– Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.; Cicer 

arietinum L. 

Bengal walnut –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

Benjamin tree –see– Ficus benjamina L. 

benweed –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

bequilla –see– Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A. W. Hill 

b e r b e r is a q u i f o l i u M Pursh [Berberidaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. 

Common Names: 

algerita; feuilles-de-houx; mahonia; Mahonie; mountain 

grape; mountain graperoot; Oregon grape; Oregon 

holly grape; racine-de-mahonia; trailing mahonia 

Citations: 

Lahde G (1973) Berberinvergiftung beim Banteng (Bos javanicus 

javanicus). In: Ippen R et al. (eds.) Erkrank der Zoot 

XV. Int Symp, Kolmarden Akad Verlag. pp. 131-133. 




20(2):85-89. 

b e r b e r is d a r w i n i i Hook. [Berberidaceae] 

Citations: 

Donovan D (1975) Barberri darwinii - A poisonous plant? J 

Ir Med Assoc 68(16):414. 

b e r b e r is w i lso n i a e Hemsl. [Berberidaceae] 

Citations: 

Hopkinss TR (1926) Barberry poisoning. Florists Exchange 

& Horticultural Trade World 61:1485. 

berceaux-de-la-vierge –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

berenghenas –see– Solanum melongena L. 

berg slangkop –see– Drimia depressa (Baker) Jessop 

bergamot –see– Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit. 

bergamot mint –see– Mentha ×piperita L. nothosubsp. 

citrata (Ehrh.) Briq. 

Bergamotte –see– Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit. 

Berglorbeer –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

Bergpfeffer –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

Bergwohlverleih –see– Arnica montana L. 

b e r k h e y o p s is b e c h u a n e n s is S. Moore 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 


the toxicity of plants, etc. XIII. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci 

Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

b e r k h e y o p s is e c h i n u s (Less.) O. Hoffm. 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

berloque –see– Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit. 

Bermuda buttercup –see– Oxalis pes-caprae L. 

Bermuda oxalis –see– Oxalis pes-caprae L.

54 - Bersama abyssinica D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Bermudagrass –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

berry rue –see– Cneoridium dumosum (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. 

Gray) Hook. f. ex Baill. 

b e r s a Ma a b y s s i n ic a Fresen. [Melianthaceae] 

Citations: 

Gourlay RN, Harker KW (1960) Bersama abyssinica poisoning: 

The clinical and pathological picture. J Comp Pathol 

70(Oct):464-474. 


Africa. II. Bull Epizootic Dis Afr 18(4):389-403. 



b e r s a Ma s w y n n e r To n i Baker f. 

[Melianthaceae] 

Citations: 

Shone DK (1966) Poisonous plants of Rhodesia. Part I. Rhodesia 

Zambia Malawi J Agric Res 4:81-94. 

berseem clover –see– Trifolium alexandrinum L. 

b e r Te r o a i n c a n a (L.) DC. [Brassicaceae] 

Common Names: 

hoary alyssum; hoary false alyssum 

Citations: 

Ellison SP (1992) Possible toxicity caused by hoary alyssum 

(Berteroa incana). Vet Med 87(May):473-475. 

Geor RJ, Becker RL, Kanara EW, et al. (1992) Toxicosis in 

horses after ingestion of hoary alyssum. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 201(1):63-67. 

Hovda LR, Rose ML (1993) Hoary alyssum (Berteroa 

incana) toxicity in a herd of broodmare horses. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 35(1):39-40. 

Pammel LH (1921) Hoary alyssum. Vet Med 16:45. 

b e r Th o l l e TTi a e x c e ls a Bonpl. 

[Lecythidaceae] 

Common Names: 

Brazil nut; Para nut 

Citations: 

Asero R (2002) Birch and ragweed pollinosis north of Milan: 

A model to investigate the effects of exposure to “new” 

airborne allergens. Allergy 57(11):1063-1066. 

Borja JM, Bartolome B, Gomez E, et al. (1999) Anaphylaxis 

from Brazil nut. Allergy 54(9):1007-1008. 



2(1):28-42. 

Markson LS (1942) Dermatitis from seed and oil of Bertholletia 

excelsa (Brazil nut). Arch Derm Syphilol 46:831-832. 

b e r u l a e r e c Ta (Huds.) Coville [Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b erula thunbergii (DC.) H. Wolff; s ium thunbergii DC. 

Common Names: 

cow cress; creeping cut-leaf water parsnip; creeping 

water parsnip; narrow-leaf water parsnip; water 

parsnip 

Citations: 




Mogg AO (1927) Vlei poisoning. S Afr J Sci 24:269-277. 

Berula thunbergii (DC.) H. Wolff = Berula erecta (Huds.) 

Coville 

besedin palm –see– Caryota mitis Lour. 

Besenginster –see– Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 

Besentrauch –see– Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 

besom –see– Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 

bessiboom –see– Melia azedarach L. 

b e Ta v u l g a r is L. [Chenopodiaceae] 

Common Names: 

beet; beterraba; betteraves; chard; fodder beet; Futterrübe; 

mangel; mangel wurzel; mangold; Mangold 

Rüben; remolacha; rote Bete; Rübe; Runkelrübe; silver 

beet; sugar beet; Swiss chard; Zuckerrübe 

Citations: 

Alexeyev NP (1976) [Parathyroid glands in metabolism 

of mineral substances in bulls fed pulp.] Selskok Biol 

11(1):96-102. 

Alibaşoğlu M, Ertürk E, Meriç I (1973) Kesif pancar posasiyla 

beslenen danalarda görülen encephalo-ocular syndrome. 

Vet Fakul Dergisi Ankara Univ 20:239-255. 

Apostolov S, Toteshev I (1961) [Mass poisoning in cattle 

with beet.] Veterinarna Sbirka 58(6):14. 

Ertürk E, Tekeli O, Gürocak B, et al. (1978) Semirtme 

amaciyla yüksek oranda kuru pancar posasi kapsayan 

rasyonlara beslenen Holstein-Friesian danalarinda saptanan 

sinirsel bozukluklar. Vet Fakul Dergisi Ankara 

Univ 25:99-104. 

Fritzsch R (1966) Beitrag zur Futterintoxikation beim Rind 

durch Giftstoffe obligater Futterpflanzen. Monatsh Veterinarmed 

21(9):327-331. 

Fritzsch W (1960) Verdorbene Rübenblattsilage - Ursache 

einer akuten Erkrankung in einem Rinderbestand. 

Monatsh Veterinarmed 15:802-804. 

González-Mancebo E, Alfaya T, Pulido Z, et al. (2000) 

Swiss chard-induced asthma. Allergy 55(5):511-512. 

Gorb TV, Maksakov VY (1962) [Action of sugarbeet tops on 

cattle.] Veterinariia Moscow 39(2):66-68. 

Gorišek J (1960) O procesu z grušavanja krviio kalciju u krvi 

i mokraći kod bolesti uzrokovane lišćem šećerne repe. Vet 

Arch 30(11-12):300-306. 

Gorišek J (1963) Stoffwechselstörungen bei Milchkühen im 

Zusammenhang mit der Verfütterung von Zuckerrübenblatt. 

Proc World Vet Cong 2:1343-1344. 

Gratzl E (1960) Eine durch Mangelfütterung (insbesondere 

Thiaminmangel) bedingte Encephalomyelopathie 

bei Pferden in Österreich. Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr 

47(1):25-51.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Bidens pilosa - 55 

Kachur MI (1972) [A case of cattle poisoning by sugar beets.] 

Veterinariia Moscow 49(10):106. 

Krasnov VA (1965) [Mass poisoning of cows with sugar 

beet.] Veterinariia Moscow 42(9):69-70. 

Lochkarev VA (1974) [Poisoning of cattle by sugar beet and 

maize cobs.] Veterinariia Moscow 51(9):97-99. 

McIntosh IG, Nielson RL, Robinson WD (1943) Mangel 

poisoning in pigs. N Z J Agr 66:341-343. 

Nielsen K, Kroght P, Møller T (1975) Forgiftning hos 

kvæg, forårsaget af parti sukkerroeaffald. Nord Vet Med 

27(9):401-410. 

Nový J (1960) K alimentárním intoxikacím vyvolaným 

řepnou siláží u skotu. Vet Cas 9(5):439-446. 

O’Connor JG (1951) Sugar beet poisoning? Ir Vet J 

5:259-260. 

Pammel LH (1919) Frozen beet tops. Am J Vet Med 14:244. 

Parkinson JG (1985) Fodder beet problems. Vet Rec 

116(13):354. 

Penny RH (1954) Suspected poisoning by fodder-beet in the 

bovine. Vet Rec 66(9):134. 

Pinkiewicz E, Madej E, Samorek M (1963) Frische Futterrüben 

als Ursache von Ketose des Rindes. Proc World Vet 

Cong 2:1377-1378. 

Price EL (1954) Fodder-beet poisoning in cattle. Vet Rec 

66(12):182. 

Rossow N, Czarnetzki G (1965) Geschlegeltes Zuckerrübenblatt 

als mögliche Krankheitsursache beim Rind. 

Monatsh Veterinarmed 20(23):952-957. 

Savage A (1949) Nitrate poisoning from sugar beet tops. Can 

J Comp Med Vet Sci 13(1):9-10. 

Scarisbrick R (1954) Acid indigestion in a sheep fed on mangolds. 

Vet Rec 66(9):131-132. 

Shevtsova IN (1965) [Sugar beet poisoning in cows.] Veterinariia 

Moscow 42(3):72. 

Simesen MG, Konggaard SP (1970) Eksperimentelle undersøgelser 

vedrørende roeforgiftning hos kvæg. Nord Vet 

Med 22(3):174-185. 

Snoz GV, Ho VN, Trubnikov PM (1973) [Changes in the 

liver of cattle fattened on beet pulp.] Veterinariia Moscow 

50(11):85-87. 


the toxicity of plants, etc. XV. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci 

Anim Indus 21(1):45-55. 

Williams VJ, Coup MR (1959) Preliminary studies on the 

toxicity of fodder beet to sheep. N Z Vet J 7:8-14. 

Worden AN, Bunyan J, Pickup J (1954) A fatal hypocalcemia-like 

syndrome in dairy cows following the excess 

consumption of fodder-beet. Vet Rec 66(9):133-134. 

Zdelar F, Mitin V, Bišćan J, et al. (1967) Istraživanja o 

gušavosti goveda u hrvatskoj. IV. Utjeca svježeg lišća 

šećerne repe na funkciju štitnjače u krava muzara. Veterinarski 

Arhiv 37:208-218. 

Zindler GA, Colovos GC (1950) Anthocyaninuria and beet 

allergy. Ann Allergy 8(5):603-617, 694. 

Note: 

Beet and other plants of this taxon are named Beta vulgaris 

L. subsp. vulgaris in some publications. 

bété –see– Mansonia altissima (A. Chev.) A. Chev. 

betek –see– Carica papaya L. 

betel nut –see– Areca catechu L. 

Betelkerne –see– Areca catechu L. 

beterraba –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

beteta –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch 

Bethabara –see– Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson 

betoine aquatique –see– Scrophularia auriculata L. 

betteraves –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

b e Tu l a l e n Ta L. [Betulaceae] 

Common Names: 

black birch; sweet birch 

Citations: 

Shelley WB (1964) Birch pollen and aspirin psoriasis. JAMA 

189(13):985-988. 

bhang –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

bhindi –see– Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench 

bibba nut –see– Semecarpus anacardium L. f. 

bibha –see– Semecarpus anacardium L. f. 

bichi nut –see– Semecarpus anacardium L. f. 

b i d e n s p i l o s a L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

cobbler’s-pegs 

Citations: 

Mirvish SS, Salmasi S, Lawson TA, et al. (1985) Test of 

catechol, tannic acid, Bidens pilosa, croton oil, and phorbol 

for cocarcinogenesis of esophageal tumors induced in 

rats by methyl-n-amylnitrosamine. J Natl Cancer Instit 

74(6):1283-1290. 

Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. = Dicentra canadensis 

(Goldie) Walp. 

Bicuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp. = Dicentra cucullaria (L.) 

Bernh. 

bidh-el-ghoul –see– Mandragora officinarum L. 

Big Bend locoweed –see– Astragalus mollissimus Torr. var. 

earlei (Greene ex Rydb.) Tidestr. 

Big Bend lupine –see– Lupinus sericeus Pursh 

big galleta –see– Pleuraphis rigida Thurb. 

big ivy –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

big-leaf maple –see– Acer macrophyllum Pursh 

big-purge nut –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

big sagebrush –see– Artemisia tridentata Nutt. 

biga –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

Bigelowia hartwegi A. Gray = Isocoma plurifolia (Torr. & 

A. Gray) Greene 

bigfield fern –see– Bowenia serrulata (W. Bull) Chamb. 

Bikukulla canadensis (Walp.) Druce = Dicentra canadensis 


Bikukulla cucullaria Millsp. = Dicentra cucullaria (L.) 

Bernh.

56 - Bistorta officinalis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

billygoat weed –see– Ageratum conyzoides L. 

Bilsen –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

Bilsenbohne –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

Bilsenkraut –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

Bilsensee –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

bindii –see– Soliva sessilis Ruiz & Pav. 

bindweed –see– Convolvulus arvensis L. 

bindwith –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

bindy-eye –see– Soliva sessilis Ruiz & Pav. 

Bingelkraut –see– Mercurialis annua L. 

bini-da-zugu –see– Jatropha curcas L.; Jatropha gossypiifolia 

L. 

binjai –see– Mangifera caesia Jack 

bird cherry –see– Prunus padus L. 

bird flower –see– Crotalaria laburnifolia L. 

bird-of-paradise –see– Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) D. Dietr. 

bird pepper –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

birdlime thistle –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

bird’s-eye –see– Adonis annua L.; Anagallis arvensis L. 

bird’s-foot indigo –see– Indigofera linnaei Ali 

bird’s-foot trefoil –see– Lotus corniculatus L. 

birdseedgrass –see– Phalaris canariensis L. 

Birdsville indigo –see– Indigofera linnaei Ali 

birdwoodgrass –see– Cenchrus setiger Vahl 

Birne –see– Pyrus communis L. 

bish poison –see– Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser. 

bishop’s-weed –see– Ammi majus L.; Ammi visnaga (L.) 

Lam. 

bisnaga –see– Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. 

bistort –see– Bistorta officinalis Delarbre 

b is To r Ta o f f ic i n a l is Delarbre [Polygonaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p olygonum bistorta L. 

Common Names: 

bistort 

Citations: 

Salgues R (1961) Le genre Polygonum L. (Polygonacées). 

Etudes chimiques et toxicologiques. Les faits nématologiques 

de l’empoisonnement expérimental. Qualitas 

Plant Mat Veg 8:367-395. 

bitamo –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

biting clematis –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

biting persicaria –see– Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 

Bittekonvall –see– Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. 

Schmidt 

bitter actinea –see– Hymenoxys odorata DC. 

bitter almond –see– Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb 

bitter apple –see– Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.; Cucumis 

myriocarpus Naudin; Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.; 

Solanum incanum L.; Solanum panduriforme E. Mey. 

bitter bark –see– Alstonia constricta F. Muell. 

bitter bush –see– Chrysocoma ciliata L. 

bitter cassava –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

bitter cucumber –see– Momordica charantia L. 

bitter damsoe –see– Simarouba amara Aubl. 

bitter gourd –see– Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.; Momordica 

charantia L.; Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. 

bitter lupin –see– Lupinus angustifolius L. 

Bitter Mandel –see– Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb 

bitter melon –see– Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & 

Nakai; Momordica charantia L. 

bitter nightshade –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

bitter orange –see– Citrus aurantium L. 

bitter rubberweed –see– Hymenoxys odorata DC.; Helenium 

amarum (Raf.) H. Rock; Helenium autumnale L. 

bitter vetch –see– Lathyrus sativus L.; Vicia ervilia (L.) 

Willd. 

bitter water cress –see– Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. 

bitterappel –see– Solanum kwebense N. E. Br. 

bitterbos –see– Chrysocoma ciliata L. 

bitterbossie –see– Chrysocoma ciliata L. 

bitterkaroo –see– Chrysocoma ciliata L. 

Bitterklee –see– Menyanthes trifoliata L. 

bitterroot –see– Apocynum cannabinum L.; Menyanthes 

trifoliata L. 

Bittersüß –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

Bittersüßer Nachtschatten –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

bittersweet –see– Hymenoxys odorata DC.; Solanum 

dulcamara L. 

bittersweet nightshade –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

bitterweed –see– Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.; Helenium 

amarum (Raf.) H. Rock; Helenium autumnale L.; 

Hymenoxys odorata DC.; Senecio glabellus Poir. 

bitterweed actinea –see– Hymenoxys odorata DC. 

bitterwort –see– Gentiana lutea L. 

biznaga –see– Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. 

blaargif –see– Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook.) Engl. 

blaasoppies –see– Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. Aiton 

black acacia –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

black alder –see– Frangula alnus Mill. 

black bean –see– Castanospermum australe A. Cunn. & C. 

Fraser ex Hook.; Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Muell.) 

Baill.; Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

black bindweed –see– Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Blighia sapida - 57 

black birch –see– Betula lenta L. 

black blossom cherry –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) 

Kunth ex DC. 

black bryony –see– Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & 

Wilkin 

black catechu –see– Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. 

black chebulic –see– Terminalia chebula Retz. 

black cherry –see– Atropa belladonna L.; Prunus laurocerasus 

L.; Prunus serotina Ehrh.; Prunus virginiana L. 

black cohosh –see– Actaea racemosa L. 

black cumin –see– Nigella sativa L. 

black datura –see– Datura metel L. 

black dogwood –see– Frangula alnus Mill. 

black elderberry –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

black-eye root –see– Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & 

Wilkin 

black-eye pea –see– Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. 

black-eye Susan –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

black greasewood –see– Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. 

black heart –see– Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. 

black hellebore –see– Helleborus niger L. 

black henbane –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

black Indian hemp –see– Apocynum cannabinum L. 

black jack pine –see– Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson 

black kidney bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

black laurel –see– Leucothoe davisiae Torr. ex A. Gray 

black locust –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

black mercury –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

black mulberry –see– Morus nigra L. 

black mustard –see– Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch 

black nightshade –see– Solanum nigrum L.; Solanum 

ptycanthum Dunal 

black nut –see– Semecarpus anacardium L. f. 

black pea –see– Pisum sativum L.; Swainsona luteola F. 

Muell. 

black pepper –see– Piper nigrum L. 

black persimmon –see– Diospyros texana Scheele 

black pigweed –see– Trianthema portulacastrum L. 

black poisonwood –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb.; 

Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

black sagebrush –see– Artemisia nova A. Nelson 

black Sally wattle –see– Acacia salicina Lindl. 

black scours –see– Goodia lotifolia Salisb.; Goodia 

medicaginea F. Muell. 

black snakeroot –see– Actaea racemosa L.; Amianthium 

muscitoxicum (Walter) A. Gray 

black-spine nightshade –see– Solanum anguivi Lam. 

black varnish tree –see– Gluta renghas L. 

black vomit nut –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

black walnut –see– Juglans nigra L. 

black wattle –see– Acacia salicina Lindl. 

black wild cherry –see– Prunus serotina Ehrh. 

blackberry nightshade –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

blackbrush –see– Flourensia cernua DC. 

blackthorn –see– Prunus spinosa L. 

blackwood –see– Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. 

blackwort –see– Symphytum officinale L. 

bladder cottonbush –see– Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. 

Aiton 

bladder flower –see– Araujia sericifera Brot. 

bladder soapwort –see– Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert 

bladderpod –see– Sesbania vesicaria (Jacq.) Elliott 

bladderpod locoweed –see– Astragalus wootonii E. Sheld. 

Blaue Ilge –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

Blaue Lupine –see– Lupinus angustifolius L. 

Blauer Eisenhut –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

Blauer Sturmhut –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

Blauregen –see– Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. 

bledo –see– Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson 

bledo blanco –see– Amaranthus viridis L. 

bleeding heart –see– Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh.; 

Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara 

blessed milk thistle –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

b l ig h i a s a p i d a K. D. Koenig [Sapindaceae] 

Common Names: 

ackee; akee; akee apple; faux acajou; fisa; gwanja kusa; 

heuvo vegetal; Ishin; isin; okpu; seso vegetal 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1992) Toxic hypoglycemic syndrome: 

Jamaica, 1989-1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 

41(4):53-55. 

Arnold LE (1944) Vomiting sickness (or ackee poisoning). 

Govt Printer, Kingston. 

Arnold LE (1947) Vomiting sickness - or ackee poisoning. 

Jamaica Med Rev 1:26-55. 

Barennes H, Valea I, Boudat AM, et al. (2004) Early glucose 

and methylene blue are effective against unripe ackee 

apple (Blighia sapida) poisoning in mice. Food Chem 

Toxicol 42(5):809-815. 

Belson M, Joskow R, Kaiser R, et al. (2001) An investigation 

of ackee fruit poisoning in Haiti. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

39(5):547. 

Chambers HD (1953) The syndrome called “vomiting sickness.” 

West Indian Med J 2(1):37-42. 

Connal A, Ralston W (1918) Some experiments with 

the fruit of Blighia sapida in Nigeria. J Trop Med Hyg 

21(8):81-84.

58 - Blighia sapida D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Doughty DD, Larson E (1960) Tissue changes in experimental 

ackee poisoning. Pathological changes produced 

in rabbits. Trop Geogr Med 12(Sep):243-250. 

Escoffery CT, Shirley SE (2004) Fatal poisoning in Jamaica: 

A coroner’s autopsy study from the University Hospital of 

the West Indies. Med Sci Law 44(2):116-120. 

Evans KL, Arnold LE (1938) Experimental studies of poisoning 

with ackee (Blighia sapida). Trans R Soc Trop 

Med Hyg 32(3):355-362. 

Fitzmaurice LW (1953) The vomiting sickness of Jamaica. 

West Indian Med J 2:93-124. 

Foungbe S, Naho Y, Declume C (1986) Etude expérimentale 

de la toxicité des arilles de Blighia sapida (Sapindacées) en 

rapport avec l’intoxication des enfants de Katiola (Côted’Ivoire). 

Ann Pharm Fr 44(6):509-515. 

Fox HC, Miller DS (1960) Ackee toxin: A riboflavin antimetabolite? 

Nature 186(4724):561-562. 

Golden KD, Kean EA, Terry SI (1984) Jamaican vomiting 

sickness: A study of two adult cases. Clin Chim Acta 

142(3):293-298. 

Hill KR, Bras G, Clearkin KP (1955) Acute toxic hypoglycaemia 

occurring in the vomiting sickness of Jamaica: Morbid 

anatomical aspects. West Indian Med J 4(2):91-104. 

Jelliffe DB, Stuart KL (1954) Acute toxic hypoglycaemia 

in the vomiting sickness of Jamaica. Br Med J 

1(4853):75-77. 

Jordan EO, Burrows W (1937) The vomiting sickness of 

Jamaica, B. W. I. and its relation to akee poisoning. Am 

J Hyg 25:520-545. 

Kean BH (1943) Death due to akee poisoning in Panama. 

Am J Trop Med 23:339-341. 

Larson E, Wynn MF, Lynch SJ, et al. (1953) Some further 

studies on the akee. Q J Florida Acad Sci 16(3):151-156. 

Larson J, Vender R, Camuto P (1994) Cholestatic jaundice 

due to ackee fruit poisoning. Am J Gastroenterol 

89(9):1577-1578. 

McIntosh RM, Andrews J (1971) Blighia sapida. Toxic 

effects on renal morphology and function in rat. N Y State 

J Med 71(13):1639-1643. 

Meda HA, Diallo B, Buchet JP, et al. (1999) Epidemic of 

fatal encephalopathy in preschool children in Burkina 

Faso and consumption of unripe ackee (Blighia sapida) 

fruit. Lancet 353(9152):536-540. 

Moya J (2001) Ackee (Blighia sapida) poisoning in the Northern 

Province, Haiti, 2001. Epidemiol Bull 22(2):8-9. 

Quere M, Ogouassangni A, Bokossa A, et al. (1999) Methylene 

blue and fatal encephalopathy from ackee fruit poisoning. 

Lancet 353(9164):1623. 

Resiere D, Megarbane B, Gueye PN, et al. (2001) Acute poisoning 

with ackee fruit in Jamaica. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

39(3):311-312. 

Scott HH (1916) On the “vomiting sickness” of Jamaica. 

Ann Trop Med Parasitol 10:1-79. 

Stuart KL, Jelliffe DB, Hill KR (1955) Acute toxic hypoglycaemia 

occurring in the vomiting sickness of Jamaica 

(Clinical aspects). J Trop Pediatr 1(2):69-87. 

Tanaka K (1973) Isovaleric acidaemia and its induction in 

experimental animals by hypoglycin A. In: Hommes FA, 

Van den Berg CJ (eds.) Inborn errors of metabolism. Academic 


Tanaka K, Kean EA, Johnson B (1976) Jamaican vomiting 

sickness. Biochemical investigation of two cases. N Engl 

J Med 295(9):461-467. 

blind-eyes –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

blind-your-eyes –see– Excoecaria parvifolia Müll. Arg. 

blindgrass –see– –see– Stypandra imbricata R. Br. 

blinkblaar –see– Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook.) Engl. 

blister buttercup –see– Ranunculus sceleratus L. 

blister plant –see– Ranunculus acris L. 

blister weed –see– Thamnosma texana (A. Gray) Torr. 

blood flower –see– Asclepias curassavica L. 

blood lily –see– Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. 

bloodroot –see– Sanguinaria canadensis L. 

bloodwort –see– Sanguinaria canadensis L. 

bloody finger –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

bloody-man’s-finger –see– Arum maculatum L. 

blotch-leaf laurel –see– Aucuba japonica Thunb. 

blou oliebloom –see– Datura stramonium L. 

blou stinkblaar –see– Datura stramonium L. 

blou tulp –see– Moraea setacea Ker-Gawl. 

bloubos –see– Diospyros lycioides Desf. subsp. lycioides 

blousaad –see– Panicum schinzii Hack. 

blousaadgras –see– Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B. K. 

Simon & S. W. L. Jacobs 

blue bean –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh 

blue bells-of-England –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) 

Chouard ex Rothm. 

blue billygoat weed –see– Ageratum houstonianum Mill. 

blue bindweed –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

blue bottle –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex 

Rothm. 

blue canarygrass –see– Phalaris coerulescens Desf. 

blue chicory –see– Cichorium intybus L. 

blue cohosh –see– Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. 

blue devil –see– Echium vulgare L. 

blue elderberry –see– Sambucus cerulea Raf. 

blue euphorbia –see– Euphorbia caerulescens Haw. 

blue false indigo –see– Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. 

blue gum eucalyptus –see– Eucalyptus globulus Labill. 

blue heliotrope –see– Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl 

blue jack oak –see– Quercus incana W. Bartram 

blue larkspur –see– Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. 

blue locoweed –see– Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex 

Hook. Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex Hook. var. 

diphysus (A. Gray) M. E. Jones 

blue lupin –see– Lupinus angustifolius L. 

blue morning-glory –see– Ipomoea tricolor Cav. 

blue nightshade –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

blue oak –see– Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Boophone disticha - 59 

blue pea –see– Lupinus leucophyllus Douglas ex Lindl. 

blue periwinkle –see– Vinca major L. 

blue pimpernel –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

blue rocket –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

blue sage –see– Salvia reflexa Hornem. 

blue sailors –see– Cichorium intybus L. 

blue-star morning-glory –see– Ipomoea violacea L. 

blue thistle –see– Echium vulgare L. 

blue tulip –see– Moraea setacea Ker Gawl. 

blue tulp –see– Moraea polystachya (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. 

blue vervain –see– Verbena officinalis L. 

blue water –see– Ipomoea tricolor Cav. 

blue wild indigo –see– Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. 

bluebell –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex 

Rothm. 

blueberry elderberry –see– Sambucus mexicana C. Presl ex DC. 

blueweed –see– Drimia sanguinea (Schinz) Jessop; Echium 

vulgare L.; Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton 

Blumenkohl –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. 

Blutkraut –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

Blutschierling –see– Conium maculatum L. 

boar’s-foot –see– Helleborus viridis L. 

bobbing Joan –see– Arum maculatum L. 

bobbins –see– Arum maculatum L. 

b ob g u n n i a Ma d ag a s c a r i e n s is (Desv.) J. 

H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s wartzia madagascariensis Desv. 

Common Names: 

snake bean 

Citations: 

Kurki J, Gibson JD (1985) As a cause of red urine in cattle. 

Zimbabwe Vet J 16(1-2):23. 

Perchman GE (1978) Toxicity of Swartzia madagascariensis 

Desv. J S Afr Vet Assoc 49(4):362. 

Bocksdorn –see– Lycium barbarum L. 

bodark –see– Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid. 

bodhangero –see– Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 

bog arum –see– Calla palustris L. 

bog asphodel –see– Narthecium ossifragum (L.) Huds. 

bog bean –see– Menyanthes trifoliata L. 

bog laurel –see– Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) A. Heller 

bog onion –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

boggabri –see– Chenopodium carinatum R. Br. 

boh-gol-zhee –see– Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. 

Bohne –see– Phaseolus coccineus L.; Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

Bohnenbaum –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

Bohnenstrauch –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

boi –see– Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehder & E. H. 

Wilson 

bois d’arc –see– Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid. 

bois-de-pavana –see– Croton tiglium L. 

bois-des-molluques –see– Croton tiglium L. 

bois eniorant –see– Deguelia utilis (A. C. Sm.) A. M. G. 

Azevedo 

bois gentil –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

bois-gris-jaunàtre –see– Sarcocephalus diderrichii De Wild. 

bois joli –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

bois mulatre –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 

bois purgatif –see– Croton tiglium L. 

Bokhara Klee –see– Melilotus albus Medik. 

bokuintjie –see– Moraea setacea Ker Gawl. 

boldo –see– Peumus boldus Molina 

boldus –see– Peumus boldus Molina 

Bolmört –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

bolsa-de-pastor –see– Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. 

b o Mb a x b r e vic u s p e Spreng. [Bombacaceae] 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 

b o Mb a x c h e va l i e r i Pellegr. [Bombacaceae] 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 

bomubomu –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

bonduc –see– Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch 

boneset –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & H. 

Rob.; Symphytum officinale L. 

Bongkrek –see– Cocos nucifera L. 

bonnet-de-prêtre –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

boobialla –see– Myoporum acuminatum R. Br.; Myoporum 

tetrandrum (Labill.) Domin 

boobyalla –see– Myoporum insulare R. Br. 

boon tree –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

boonaree –see– Alectryon oleifolius (Desf.) S. T. Reynolds 

boonery –see– Alectryon oleifolius (Desf.) S. T. Reynolds 

b o o p h o n e d is Tic h a (L. f.) Herb. 

[Amaryllidaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b uphane disticha (L. f.) Herb.; b uphane toxicaria Herb.

60 - Borassus flabellifer D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Common Names: 

candelabra flower; Cape poison bulb; gifbloom; gifbol; 

kafir onion; lesoma; oxkiller; seeroogblom; sore-eye flower 

Citations: 

du Plooy WJ, Swart L, van Huysteen GW (2001) Poisoning 

with Boophane disticha: A forensic case. Hum Exp 

Toxicol 20:277-278. 

Gordon I (1947) A case of fatal buphanine poisoning. Clin 

Proc 6:90-93. 

Laing RO (1979) Three cases of poisoning by Boophane disticha. 

Cent Afr J Med 25(12):265-266. 

Nyazema NZ (1986) Herbal toxicity in Zimbabwe. Trans R 

Soc Trop Med Hyg 80(3):448-450. 




3(1):125-130. 

boor tree –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

booroo molie –see– Goodia lotifolia Salisb. 

bootlace plant –see– Pimelea trichostachya Lindl. 

booty tree –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

bopple nut –see– Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche; 

Macadamia tetraphylla L. A. S. Johnson 

b o r a s s u s f l a b e l l i f e r L. [Arecaceae] 

Common Names: 

palmyra palm 

Citations: 

Arseculeratne SN, Grieg JB, Sirisinha S (1984) The immunosuppressive 

effect of palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer) 

flour is not associated with its neurotoxic fraction. Asian 

Pac J Allergy Immunol 2(1):13-16. 

Arseculeratne SN, Panabokke RG, Tennekoon GE, et al. 

(1971) Toxic effects of Borassus flabellifer (palmyrah 

palm) in rats. Br J Exp Pathol 52(5):524-537. 

Panabokke RG, Arseculeratne SN (1976) Veno-occlusive 

lesions in the liver of rats after prolonged feeding with 

palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer) flour. Br J Exp Pathol 

57(2):189-199. 

Sumudunie KA, Jansz ER, Jayasekera S, et al. (2004) The 

neurotoxic effect of palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer) flour 

re-visited. Int J Food Sci Nutr 55(8):607-614. 

Borgia’s-bouquet –see– Pimelea trichostachya Lindl. 

borico –see– Plumbago scandens L. 

borrachero –see– Brugmansia ×candida Pers. 

borsteuphorbia –see– Euphorbia leuconeura Boiss. 

b o s c i a f o e Ti d a Schinz [Capparaceae] 

Common Names: 

noeniebossie; oumiedbos; stinkbossie 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

b o s w e l l i a s e r r a Ta Roxb. ex Colebr. 

[Burseraceae] 

Citations: 

Acebo E, Ratón JA, Sautúa S, et al. (2004) Allergic contact 

dermatitis from Boswellia serrata extract in a naturopathic 

cream. Contact Dermatitis 51(2):91-92. 

bottle gourd –see– Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 

bottlebrush –see– Crotalaria burkeana Benth.; Equisetum 

arvense L. 

botuje –see– Jatropha curcas L.; Jatropha multifida L. 

botuje papa –see– Jatropha gossypiifolia L. 

bouquet corail –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

bourdaine –see– Frangula alnus Mill. 

bourse-à-pasteur –see– Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. 

bourtree –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

bouton d’or –see– Ranunculus acris L. 

bowwood –see– Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid. 

b o w d ic h i a n i Ti d a Spruce ex Benth. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

sebipira; sicopira; sucupira 

Citations: 

Gonçalo, S (1992) Allergic contact dermatitis from Bowdichia 

nitida (sucupira) wood. Contact Dermatitis 26(3):205. 

Hausen BM, Simatupang MH, Kingreen JC (1972) Untersuchungen 

zur Überempfindlichkeit gegen Sucupira - und 

Palisanderholz. Derm Beruf Umwelt 20(1):1-7. 

b o w e n i a s e r r u l a Ta (W. Bull) Chamb. 

[Zamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

bigfield fern; Byfield fern 

Citations: 

Anderson JL, Hall WT (1964) Neurotoxic effects from cycad 

leaves. Fed Proc 23:1349. 

Hall WT, McGavin MD (1968) Clinical and neuropathological 

changes in cattle eating the leaves of Macrozamia 

lucida or Bowenia serrulata (Family Zamiaceae). Pathol 

Vet 5(1):26-34. 

Seawright AA, Oelrichs PB, Ng JC, et al. (1998) The toxicity 

of the Australian cycad Bowenia serrulata to cattle. In: 

Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic plants and other natural 

toxicants. CABI. New York. pp. 447-452. 

bowman’s-root –see– Apocynum cannabinum L. 

box –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

boxberry –see– Gaultheria procumbens L. 

boxchechem –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 

boxthorn –see– Lycium barbarum L. 

boxwood –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

boys-and-girls –see– Mercurialis annua L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Brassica napus - 61 

Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich) Stapf = Urochloa 

brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D Webster 

Brachiaria decumbens Stapf = Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) 

R. D. Webster 

Brachiaria purpurescens (Raddi) Henry = Urochloa mutica 

(Forssk.) T. Q. Nguyen 

Brachiaria radicans Napper = Urochloa arrecta (Hack. ex T. 

Durand & Schinz) Morrone & Zuloaga 

Brachiaria ruziziensis R. Germ. & C. M. Evrard = Urochloa 

ruziziensis (R. Germ. & C. M. Evrard) Crins 

b r a c h y a c h n e c o n ve r g e n s (F. Muell.) Stapf 

[Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

gulf stargrass; Kimberley couch; native couchgrass; 

spidergrass 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1940) A native couch grass dangerous to stock. 

Queensland Agric J 54:267. 

b r a c h y c h i To n p o p u l n e u s (Schott & Endl.) 

R. Br. [Malvaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s terculia diversifolia G. Don 

Common Names: 

kurrajong 

Citations: 

Setchell BP, McInnes P, Christie DG (1964) Poisoning of 

sheep with anthelmintic doses of carbon tetrachloride. 

IV. Effect of stinkwort (Inula graveolens). Aust Vet J 


b r a c h y g l o TTis r e p a n d a J. R. Forst. & G. 

Forst. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

rangiora 

Citations: 

Mortimer PH, White EP (1967) Hepatotoxic substance in 

Brachyglottis repanda. Nature 214(5094):1255-1256. 

bracken fern –see– Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

brahmi –see– Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. 

brake fern –see– Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

braken fern –see– Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

bran –see– Triticum aestivum L. 

branched larkspur –see– Consolida regalis Gray 

branched onion weed –see– Trachyandra divaricata (Jacq.) 

Kunth 

bransbossie –see– Chrysocoma ciliata L. 

Brassaia actinophylla Endl. = Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) 

Harms 

Brassica alba (L.) Rabenh. = Sinapis alba L. 

Brassica arvensis (L.) Rabenh. = Sinapis arvensis L. 

Brassica campestris L. = Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris 

(L.) A. R. Clapham 

b r a s s ic a j u n c e a (L.) Czern. [Brassicaceae] 

Common Names: 

brown mustard; Indian mustard; leaf mustard; oriental 

mustard; sarson 

Citations: 

Katamoto H, Nishiguchi S, Harada K, et al. (2001) Suspected 

oriental mustard (Brassica juncea) intoxication in 

cattle. Vet Rec 149(7):215-216. 

Kernaleguen A, Smith RA, Yong CW (1989) Acute mustard 

seed toxicosis in beef cattle. Can Vet J 30(6):524. 

Poulsen E (1958) Forgiftning med myrosinasefri sennepsskrå 

hos kvæg. Nord Vet Med 10:487-497. 

Semalulu SS, Rousseaux CG (1989) Suspected oriental mustard 

seed (Brassica juncea) poisoning in cattle. Can Vet J 

30(7):595-596. 

Brassica kaber (DC.) L. C. Wheeler = Sinapis arvensis L. 

Brassica napus L. subsp. oleifera (Delile) Sinskaya = Brassica 

napus L. var. napus 

b r a s s ic a n a p u s L. var. napobrassica (L.) Rchb. 


Synonyms: 

b rassica rutabaga DC. ex H. Lév. 

Common Names: 

rutabaga; Swede; Swede turnip 

Citations: 

Bobek S (1968) Właściwości wolotwórcze i przeciwwolotwórcze 

żółtej brukwi (Brassica rutabaga). Endokrynol Pol 

19(1):47-60. 

Debackere M, Hoorens J, Haustraete KH (1966) Vergiftiging 

door koolzaad - En raapzaadschroot. Vlaams Diergeneesk 

Tijdschr 35(9-10):393-399. 

Kennedy TH, Purves HD (1941) Studies on experimental 

goitre. I. The effect of Brassica seed diet on rats. Br J Exp 

Pathol 22(5):241-244. 

Simesen MG, Konggaard SP (1970) Eksperimentelle undersøgelser 

vedrørende roeforgiftning hos kvæg. Nord Vet 

Med 22(3):174-185. 

b r a s s ic a n a p u s L. var. napus [Brassicaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b rassica napus L. subsp. oleifera (Delile) Sinskaya 

Common Names: 

canola; cole; colza; green canola; rape; Raps; rapsfromel; 

winter rape 

Citations: 

Allen CE, Dow DS (1952) The biological assessment of the 

value of rapeseed oil meal as a dietary component. Sci 

Agric 32:403-410.

62 - Brassica napus D. Jesse Wagstaff 






pp. 540-547. 

Anderson GH, Harris L, Rao AV, et al. (1976) Trace mineral 

deficiencies in rats caused by feeding rapeseed flours during 

growth, gestation and lactation. J Nutr 106:1166-1174. 

Bachmann M, Theus R, Lüthy J, et al. (1985) Vorkommen von 

goitrogenen Stoffen in Milch. 1. Übergang von Goitrin in 

die Milch von Kühen bei Verfütterung von Rapsextraktionsschrot. 

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 181(5):375-378. 

Bäckgren AW, Jönsson G (1969) Blood and bone marrow 

studies in cattle feeding on Brassica species. Acta Vet 

Scand 10(4):309-318. 

Baglioni T, Locatelli A, Longo L, et al. (1966) Ulteriori 

osservazioni sulla azione della alimentazione con colza 

nel bovino. Arch Vet Ital 17(5):343-356. 

Baglioni T, Locatelli A, Longo L, et al. (1968) Rilievi sull’ 

alimentazione esclusiva con colza. Nota I. Osservazioni 

sul coniglio. Clin Vet (Milano) 91(2):16-22. 

Barnouin J, Chalus T, Lescourret F (1992) Increased perinatal 

French dairy calf mortality associated with fresh rape 

in the prepartum diet. Prev Vet Med 12:111-120. 

Barnouin J, Paccard P (1988) Facteurs de risque nutritionnels 

de la pathologie hépatique dans les troupeaux bovins 

laitiers en France. Can Vet J 29(11):915-920. 

Bell JM, Williams K (1953) Growth depressing factors in 

rapeseed oilmeal. Can J Agric Sci 33(May-Jun):201-209. 

Bhatnagar MK, Singh A, Yamashiro S, et al. (1977) Ultrastructural 

alterations in the heart of rats fed rapeseed oil 

diets. Anat Histol Embryol 6:366. 

Bhatnagar MK, Yamashiro S, David LL (1979) Ultrastructural 

study of liver of turkeys fed rapeseed products. Anat 

Histol Embryol 8:182. 

Blakeley RM, Anderson RW (1948) Studies with rape-seed 

oilcake meal. I. The effect of various levels of rape-seed 

oilcake meal in the diet on the weight of the thyroid 

glands of turkey poults. Sci Agric 28(Sep):393-397. 

Blakeley RM, Anderson RW (1948) Studies with rape-seed 

oilcake meal. II. The effect of the inclusion of protamone 

in the diet, on the thyroid enlargement induced by the 

feeding of rapeseed oilcake meal to turkey poults. Sci 

Agric 28(Sep):398-402. 

Bromidge ES, Wells JW, Wight PA (1985) Elevated bile 

acids in the plasma of laying hens fed rapeseed meal. Res 

Vet Sci 39(3):378-382. 

Clandinin DR, Bayly L (1960) Rapeseed oil meal studies. 2. 

Effects of feeding rapeseed oil meal on the structure of the 

thyroid glands and chickens. Poult Sci 39:1239-1240. 

Crawshaw HA (1953) Rape blindness. Vet Rec 65(16):254. 

Dalton PJ (1953) Rape blindness. Vet Rec 65(19):298. 

de Wildt DJ, Speijers GJ (1984) Influence of dietary rapeseed 

oil and erucic acid upon myocardial performance 

and hemodynamics in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 

74(1):99-108. 

Dixon PM, McGorum B (1990) Oilseed rape and equine 

respiratory disease. Vet Rec 126(23):585. 

Eklund A, Agren G, Langler T, et al. (1971) Rapeseed protein 

fractions. II. Chemical composition and biological 

quality of a lipid-protein concentrate from rapeseed 

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Evans ET (1951) Kale and rape poisoning in cattle. Vet Rec 

63(19):348-349. 

Friend DW, Gilka F, Corner AH (1975) Growth, carcass 

quality and cardiopathology of boars and gilts fed diets 

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55(4):571-578. 

Friend DW, Kramer JK, Corner AH (1976) Growth and cardiopathology 

in boars fed rapeseed oil. Can J Anim Sci 

56(Jun):361-364. 

González N, Haardt E, Potoćnjak J (1964) El afrecho de 

raps en la alimentacion de aves (aves de 18 semanas a 18 

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Grandhi RR, Slinger SJ, Summers JD (1977) Productive 

performance and liver lesions in two strains of laying hens 

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Hall AE (1954) Fatal hemorrhages in chickens, possibly 

due to rape pasture. Michigan State Coll Vet 

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Hawrysh ZJ, Clandinin DR, Robblee AR, et al. (1975) Influence 

of rapeseed meal on the odor and flavor of eggs from 

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J 8(1):51-54. 

Huey IB (1958) Rape poisoning in cattle. Ir Vet J 12:83. 

Hulan HW, Hunsaker WG, Kramer JK, et al. (1976) The 

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Hulan HW, Kramer JK, Mahadevan S, et al. (1976) Effect of 

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Israels ED, Papas A, Campbell LD, et al. (1979) Prevention 

by menadione of the hepatotoxic effects in chickens fed 

rapeseed meal. Observations on coagulation factors and 

cytochrome P-450. Gastroenterology 76(3):584-589. 

Iwarsson K (1973) Rapeseed meal as a protein supplement 

for dairy cows. I. The influence on certain blood and milk 

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Iwarsson K, Ekman L, Everitt BR, et al. (1973) The effect of 

feeding rapeseed meal on thyroid function and morphology 

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Iwarsson K, Nilsson, PO (1973) Rapeseed meal as a protein 

supplement for dairy cows. II. Investigations in rats on 

the goitrogenic properties of milk from cows fed rapeseed 

meal. Acta Vet Scand 14(4):595-609. 

Jackson N (1969) Toxicity of rapeseed meal and its use as a 

protein supplement in the diet of two hybrid strains of 

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Jackson N (1970) Algerian and French rapeseed meals as a 

protein source for caged laying hens, with observations on 

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Josefsson E, Uppström B (1976) Influence of glucosinolates 

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Kratzer FH, Davis PN, Williams DE, et al. (1954) Factors 

influencing the growth of chicks and poults fed rations 

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Lo MT, Hill DC (1972) Effect of dietary rapeseed meal 

on the serum protein of rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 

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Lodhi GN, Renner R, Clandinin DR (1969) Studies on the 

metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal for growing chickens 

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International Poisonous Plants Checklist Brassica napus - 63 

Loew FM, Doige CE, Manns JG, et al. (1976) Evaluation 

of dietary rapeseed protein concentrate flours in rats and 

dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 35(2):257-267. 

Marangos AG, Hill R (1977) The influence of rapeseed and 

mustardseed meals on reproductive efficiency in gilts. Br 

Vet J 133(1):46-55. 

March BE, Biely J, Soong R (1972) Rapeseed meal in the 

chicken breeder diet. Effects on production, mortality, 

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March BE, Biely J, Soong R (1975) The effects of rapeseed 

meal fed during the growing and/or laying periods 

on mortality and egg production in chickens. Poult Sci 

54(6):1875-1882. 

March BE, Bragg DB, Soong R (1978) Low erucic acid, 

low glucosinolate rapeseed meal, with and without added 

gums in the layer diet. Poult Sci 57:1599-1604. 

March BE, Soong R (1976) Mortality and production characteristics 

of laying chickens fed high- and low-erucic 

acid rapeseed oils. Poult Sci 55(4):1557-1560. 

Martland MF, Butler EJ, Fenwick GR (1984) Rapeseed 

induced liver haemorrhage, reticulolysis and biochemical 

changes in laying hens: The effects of feeding high and 

low glucosinolate meals. Res Vet Sci 36(3):298-309. 

McCutcheon JS, Umermura T, Bhatnagar MK, et al. (1976) 

Cardiopathogenicity of rapeseed oils and oil blends differing 

in erucic, linoleic, and linolenic acid content. Lipids 

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McKinnon PJ, Bowland JP (1979) Effects of feeding low 

and high glucosinolate rapeseed meals and soybean 

meal on thyroid function of young pigs. Can J Anim Sci 

59(3):589-596. 

Meding B (1985) Immediate hypersensitivity to mustard and 

rape. Contact Dermatitis 13(2):121-122. 

Monkiewicz J, Kinal S, Łuczak W (1977) Poziom witaminy 

A w wątrobie kurczqt rzeźnych a zawartość substancji 

toksycznych w śrutach rzepakowych. Med Weter 

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Nordfeldt S, Gellerstedt N, Falkmer S (1954) Studies of rapeseed 

meal and its goitrogenic effects on pigs; A nutritional 

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O’Driscoll J (1958) Rape poisoning in cattle. Ir Vet J 12:82. 

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Papas A, Campbell LD, Cansfield PE (1979) A study of the 

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Papas A, Ingalls JR, Campbell LD (1979) Studies on the 

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Pearson AW, Butler EJ, Curtis RF, et al. (1978) Effects of 

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Pearson AW, Butler EJ, Curtis RF, et al. (1979) Effect of 

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Pearson AW, Butler EJ, Curtis RF, et al. (1979) Effect of rapeseed 

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Pearson AW, Butler EJ, Curtis RF, et al. (1979) Rapeseed 

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Pearson AW, Butler EJ, Fenwick GR (1979) Rapeseed meal 

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Perrett DR (1947) Suspected rape poisoning in cattle. Vet 

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Sharpe GL, Larsson KS, Leidén SÅ (1975) Toxicological 

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64 - Brassica napus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

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male broilers fed on a diet containing 12.5 per cent rapeseed 

meal. Res Vet Sci 35(2):182-189. 

Turner CW (1946) Effect of rapeseed on the thyroid of the 

chick. Poult Sci 25:186-187. 

Turner CW (1948) Effect of rapeseed oil meal on the thyroid 

of the chick. Poult Sci 27:118-120. 

Umemura T, Slinger SJ, Bhatnagar MK, et al. (1978) Histopathology 

of the heart from rats fed rapeseed oils. Res Vet 

Sci 25(3):318-322. 

Umemura T, Yamashiro S, Bhatnagar MK, et al. (1977) 

Intravascular fat globules in the heart of pigs fed rapeseed 

meals. Res Vet Sci 23(1):59-61. 


Liver fibrosis of the turkey on rapeseed products. Res Vet 

Sci 23(2):139-145. 

van der Veen HE, Hart PC (1952) Onderzoekingen betreffende 

de anti-thyreoide werking van koolzaad en raapzaad. 

Landbouwkwundig Tijdschr 7:461-472. 

Vermunt JJ, West DM, Cooke MM (1993) Rape poisoning 

in sheep. N Z Vet J 41:151-152. 

Wheeler JL, Park RJ, Spurway RA, et al. (1974) Variation in 

the effects of forage rape on meat flavour in sheep. J Agric 

Sci 83:569-571. 

Wiesen B, Kincaid RL, Hillers JK, et al. (1990) The use of 

rapeseed screenings in diets for lactating cows and subsequent 

effects on milk yield and composition. J Dairy Sci 

73(12):3555-3562. 

Wight PA, Shannon DW, McCorquodale CC, et al. (1987) 

Experimental systems which modify and simulate rapeseed-induced 

liver haemorrhages in in-lay hens. Res Vet 

Sci 43(3):351-366. 

Wight PA, Wells JW, Shannon DW (1986) Liver haemorrhages 

induced by rapeseed meal: Incidence in adult male 

and female fowls. Br Poult Sci 27(2):247-252. 

Witz WM, Carpenter MM, Hayward JW (1950) Nutritional 

studies with rapeseed meal. Poult Sci 29:786. 

Yamashiro S, Bast T (1978) Ultrastructure of livers of broiler 

chickens fed diets containing rapeseed meal. Res Vet Sci 

25(1):21-24. 

Yamashiro S, Bhatnagar MK, Scott JR, et al. (1975) Fatty 

haemorrhagic liver syndrome in laying hens on diets 

supplemented with rapeseed products. Res Vet Sci 

19(3):312-321. 

Yamashiro S, Geissinger HD, Bast T, et al. (1979) Effects of 

rapeseed products on turkey heart. Anat Histol Embryol 

8:187. 

Yamashiro S, Umemura T, Bhatnagar MK, et al. (1977) 

Haemorrhagic liver syndrome of broiler chickens fed diets 

containing rapeseed products. Res Vet Sci 23(2):179-184. 

Yule WJ, McBride RL (1978) Rapeseed meals in broiler 

diets: Effect on performance and sensory evaluation of 

carcasses. Br Poult Sci 19(4):543-548. 

Note: 

Rape is named Brassica napus L. var. napus or Brassica 

rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) A. R. Clapham in some 

publications. 

b r a s s ic a n a p u s L. var. pabularia (DC.) Rchb. 


Common Names: 

rape kale 

Citations: 

Paxman PJ, Hill R (1974) The goitrogenicity of kale and 

its relation to thiocyanate content. J Sci Food Agric 

25(3):329-337. 

b r a s s ic a n ig r a (L.) W. D. J. Koch [Brassicaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s inapis nigra L. 

Common Names: 

black mustard; brown mustard; moutarde noire; mustard; 

Schwarzer Senf; Senf 

Citations: 

Benazzi P, Soldati G (1969) Avvelenamento da «Brassica 

nigra Koch» (Sinapis nigra Linneo) nei bovini. Atti Soc 

Ital Buiatria 1:145-152. 

Dannaker CJ, White IR (1987) Cutaneous allergy to mustard 

in a salad maker. Contact Dermatitis 16(6):212-214. 

Gulbransen G, Esernio Jenssen D (1998) Aspiration of black 

mustard. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 36(6):591-593. 

Hercus CE, Purves HD (1936) Studies on endemic and 

experimental goitre. J Hyg (Lond) 36:182-203. 

Jahn S, Seffner W (1962) Auswirkung der Verfütterung von 

Senfkuchen an Schafe. Arch Tierernahr 12:11-16. 

Malet A, Valero A, Lluch M, et al. (1993) Hypersensitivity 

to mustard seed. Allergy 48(1):62-63. 



Monreal P, Botey J, Pena M, et al. (1992) Mustard allergy. 

Two anaphylactic reactions to ingestion of mustard sauce. 

Ann Allergy 69(4):317-320. 

Niinimäki A, Hannuksela M (1981) Immediate skin test 

reactions to spices. Allergy 36(7):487-493. 

Roub JF (1902) Sinapis nigra poisoning. Am Vet Rev 

26:437-439. 

b r a s s ic a o l e r a c e a L. var. botrytis L. 


Common Names: 

Blumenkohl; cauliflower; cavolfiore 

Citations: 

Quirce S, Madero MF, Fernández-Nieto M, et al. (2005) 

Occupational asthma due to the inhalation of cauliflower 

and cabbage vapors. Allergy 60(7):969-970. 



Dermatol 113(6):776-779. 

Van Ketel WG (1975) A cauliflower allergy. Contact Dermatitis 

1(5):324-325. 

b r a s s ic a o l e r a c e a L. var. capitata L. 


Common Names: 

cabbage; cavolo cappaccio; drumhead cabbage; Kohl; 

repolho; Weißkraut 

Citations: 

Blum F (1950) Studien zum Kropfproblem. IV. Mitteilung. 

Ueber pflanzliche Kropferreger und Versuche zu ihrer 

Umzüchtung. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 80(6):142-144.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Brassica oleracea - 65 

Burrows GE, Morton DJ, Basudde CD (1990) The effects of 

feeding cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and Rhodesian ragwort 

(Senecio latifolius) on the disposition of antipyrine 

and acetaminophen in sheep. Toxicon 28(6):603. 

Calnan CD (1981) Contact urticaria from cabbage (Brassica). 


Clegg FG, Evans RK (1962) Haemoglobinaemia of cattle 

associated with the feeding of Brassicae species. Vet Rec 

74(44):1169-1176. 

Langer P (1964) Study of chemical representatives of the 

goitrogenic activity of raw cabbage. Physiol Bohemoslov 

13(6):542-549. 

Moraga BL, Scheidegger A (1987) Intoxicacion de bovinos 

con repello (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Agric Tec 

Chile 47(4):427-430. 

Parodi A, Guenet JL (1965) Goitre enzootique chez des 

chevreaux. Rec Med Vet Ec Alfort 141:57-61. 

Quirce S, Madero MF, Fernández-Nieto M, et al. (2005) 

Occupational asthma due to the inhalation of cauliflower 

and cabbage vapors. Allergy 60(7):969-970. 

Taljaard TL (1993) Cabbage poisoning in ruminants. J S Afr 

Vet Assoc 64(2):96-100. 

Yalçin E, Özlem MB, Turgut K, et al. (1987) Maltiz keçisi 

ve oğlaklarinda guvatr. Vet Fakul Dergisi Ankara Univ 

34(2):241-250. 

b r a s s ic a o l e r a c e a L. var. gemmifera Zenker 


Common Names: 

Brussels sprouts; choux fourrager; couve-de-Bruxelas; 

Rosenkohl 

Citations: 



74(44):1169-1176. 

de Groot AP, Willems MI, de Vos RH (1991) Effects of high 

levels of Brussels sprouts in the diet of rats. Food Chem 

Toxicol 29(12):829-837. 

b r a s s ic a o l e r a c e a L. var. italica Plenck 


Common Names: 

broccoli 

Citations: 

Sánchez-Guerrero IM, Escudero AI (1998) Occupational 

contact dermatitis to broccoli. Allergy 53(6):621-622. 

b r a s s ic a o l e r a c e a L. var. medullosa Thell. 


Common Names: 

Cansons kale; chou moellier; chou moullier; Maris 

Kestrel kale; Markstammkohl; marrow stem kale 

Citations: 



74(44):1169-1176. 

Fix HP, Rockstroh A (1964) Über den Einfluß von Markstammkohl 

auf Milchleistung und Blutbild (Fütterungsversuch). 

Monatsh Veterinarmed 19:888-891. 

Grant CA, Holtenius P, Jönsson G, et al. (1968) Kale anaemia 

in ruminants. I. Survey of the literature and experimental 

induction of kale anaemia in lactating cows. Acta 

Vet Scand 9(2):126-140. 

Grant CA, Holtenius P, Jönsson G, et al. (1968) Kale anaemia 

in ruminants. II. Observations on kale-fed sheep. 

Acta Vet Scand 9(2):141-150. 

Greenhalgh JF, Sharman GA, Aitken JN (1970) Kale anaemia. 

II. Further factors concerned in the occurrence of the disease 

under experimental conditions. Res Vet Sci 11(3):232-238. 

Greenhalgh JF, Sharman GA, Aitken JN, et al. (1967) Haemolytic 

anaemia in cattle fed on kale. Anim Prod 9:286. 

Hill FI, Ebbett PC (1997) Polioencephalomalacia in cattle 

in New Zealand fed chou moellier (Brassica oleracea). N 

Z Vet J 45:37-39. 



Pathol 22(5):241-244. 

Mason RW, Lucas P (1983) Acute poisoning in cattle after 

eating old non-viable seed of chou moellier (Brassica oleracea 

convar. acephala). Aust Vet J 60(9):272-273. 

Paxman PJ, Hill R (1974) The goitrogenicity of kale and its relation 

to thiocyanate content. J Sci Food Agric 25(3):329-337. 

Piatkowski B, Steger H (1965) Der Einfluß verschiedener 

Futterzusätze auf die Verdaulichkeit des Markstammkohles 

und die Auswirkungen auf das rote Blutbild bei 

Rindern. Arch Tierernahr 15(6):447-453. 

Pickard DW, Crighton DB (1967) An investigation into the 

possible oestrogenic effect of kale. Br Vet J 123(2):64-69. 

Steger H, Piatkowski B, Busch B (1965) Der Einfluß von 

Heißlufttrocknung und Silierung auf den anaemischen 

Faktor des Markstammkohls. Arch Tierernahr 

15(6):455-459. 

Steger H, Piatkowski B, Busch B, et al. (1968) Weitere 

Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von frischem und siliertem 

Markstammkohl auf die Verdauung und die Blutzusammensetzung. 

Arch Tierernahr 18(4):331-338. 

Tucker EM (1969) The onset of anaemia and the production 

of haemoglobin C in sheep fed on kale. Br Vet J 

125(9):472-479. 

Williams HL, Hill R, Alderman G (1965) The effects of 

feeding kale to breeding ewes. Br Vet J 121(1):2-17. 

b r a s s ic a o l e r a c e a L. var. ramosa DC. 


Common Names: 

Canson kale; thousand-head kale 

Citations: 

Greenhalgh JF, Sharman GA, Aitken JN, et al. (1967) Haemolytic 

anaemia in cattle fed on kale. Anim Prod 9:286. 



25(3):329-337. 

Wright E, Sinclair DP (1958) The goitrogenic effect of thousand-headed 

kale on adult sheep and rabbits. N Z J Agric 

Res 1:477-485. 

b r a s s ic a o l e r a c e a L. var. viridis L. 


Common names: 

kale

66 - Brassica rapa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Boyd H, Reed HC (1961) Investigation into the incidence 

and causes of infertility in dairy cattle - Influence of kale 

feeding, milk production and management factors associated 

with ‘farming intensity’. Br Vet J 117:192-200. 

Czajkowski Z, Brzozowski A, Małecki J (1968) Wpływ 

dużych dawek kapusty pastewnej na wydajnośći mleczną 

i na niektóre właściwośc obwodowej krwi krów rasy 

N.C.B. Med Weter 24(8):496-500. 

Dunbar GM, Chambers TA (1963) Suspected kale poisoning 

in dairy cows. Vet Rec 75(22):566-567. 

Evans ET (1951) Kale and rape poisoning in cattle. Vet Rec 

63(19):348-349. 

Greenhalgh JF, Aitken JN, Gunn JB (1972) Kale anaemia. 3. 

A survey of kale feeding practices and anaemia in cattle 

on dairy farms in England and Scotland. Res Vet Sci 

13(1):15-21. 

Greenhalgh JF, Sharman GA, Aitken JN (1969) Further 

studies on the occurrence of kale anaemia. Anim Prod 

11:272. 

Greenhalgh JF, Sharman GA, Aitken JN (1969) Kale anaemia. 

I. The toxicity to various species of animal of three 

types of kale. Res Vet Sci 10(1):64-72. 

Melrose DR, Brown BB (1962) Some observations on the 

possible effect of kale feeding on fertility in dairy cattle. J 

Reprod Fertil 4:232. 



25(3):329-337. 

Penny RH, David JE, Wright AI (1961) Heinz-Ehrlich bodies 

associated with kale feeding. Vet Rec 73(30):747-748. 

Penny RH, David JS, Wright AI (1964) Observations on the 

blood picture of cattle, sheep and rabbits fed on kale. Vet 

Rec 76(38):1053-1059. 

Penny RH, Wright AI (1963) Suspected kale poisoning in 

dairy cows. Vet Rec 75(24):642-643. 

Shand A (1953) The goitrogenic factor in kale. Proc Conf 

Metabolic Disorders 23:58-65. 

Sinclair DP, Andrews ED (1954) Goitre in new-born lambs. 

N Z Vet J 2:72-79. 

Sinclair DP, Andrews ED (1958) Prevention of goitre in 

new-born lambs from kale-fed ewes. N Z Vet J 6:87-95. 

Smith RH, Earl CR, Matheson NA (1974) The probable 

role of S-methylcysteine sulphoxide in kale poisoning in 

ruminants. Biochem Soc Trans 2:101-104. 

b r a s s ic a r a p a L. subsp. campestris (L.) A. R. 

Clapham [Brassicaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b rassica campestris L. 

Common Names: 

canola; Chinese cabbage; nabo silvestre; novet; turnip 

rape 

Citations: 

Bachmann M, Theus R, Lüthy J, et al. (1985) Vorkommen von 

goitrogenen Stoffen in Milch. 1. Übergang von Goitrin in 

die Milch von Kühen bei Verfütterung von Rapsextraktionsschrot. 

Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 181(5):375-378. 

Bäckgren AW, Jönsson G (1969) Blood and bone marrow 

studies in cattle feeding on Brassica species. Acta Vet 

Scand 10(4):309-318. 

Bell JM, Williams K (1953) Growth depressing factors 

in rapeseed oilmeal. Can J Agric Sci 33(May- 

Jun):201-209. 

Friend DW, Corner AH, Kramer JK, et al. (1975) Growth, 

cardiopathology and cardiac fatty acids of swine fed diets 

containing soybean oil or low erucic acid rapeseed oil. 

Can J Anim Sci 55(Mar):49-59. 

Friend DW, Gilka F, Corner AH (1975) Growth, carcass 

quality and cardiopathology of boars and gilts fed diets 

containing rapeseed and soybean oils. Can J Anim Sci 

55(4):571-578. 

Friend DW, Kramer JK, Corner AH (1976) Growth and cardiopathology 

in boars fed rapeseed oil. Can J Anim Sci 

56(Jun):361-364. 

González N, Haardt E, Potoćnjak J (1964) El afrecho de 

raps en la alimentacion de aves (aves de 18 semanas a 18 

meses). Bol Prod Anim (Chile) 2(2):101-120. 

Grandhi RR, Slinger SJ, Summers JD (1977) Productive 

performance and liver lesions in two strains of laying hens 

receiving two rapeseed meals. Poult Sci 56(6):1904-1908. 

Hawrysh ZJ, Clandinin DR, Robblee AR, et al. (1975) Influence 

of rapeseed meal on the odor and flavor of eggs from 

different breeds of chickens. Can Inst Food Sci Technol 

J 8(1):51-54. 

Hulan HW, Hunsaker WG, Kramer JK, et al. (1976) The 

development of dermal lesions and alopecia in male rats 

fed rapeseed oil. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 54(1):1-6. 

Hulan HW, Kramer JK, Mahadevan S, et al. (1976) Effect of 

cold stress on rapeseed oil fed rats. Lipids 11(1):6-8. 

Hulan HW, Kramer JK, Mahadevan S, et al. (1976) Relationship 

between erucic acid and myocardial changes in 

male rats. Lipids 11(1):9-15. 

Israels ED, Papas A, Campbell LD, et al. (1979) Prevention 

by menadione of the hepatotoxic effects in 

chickens fed rapeseed meal. Observations on coagulation 

factors and cytochrome P-450. Gastroenterology 

76(3):584-589. 

Iwarsson K, Ekman L, Everitt BR, et al. (1973) The effect of 

feeding rapeseed meal on thyroid function and morphology 

in growing bulls. Acta Vet Scand 14(4):610-629. 

Iwarsson K, Nilsson, PO (1973) Rapeseed meal as a protein 

supplement for dairy cows. II. Investigations in rats on 

the goitrogenic properties of milk from cows fed rapeseed 

meal. Acta Vet Scand 14(4):595-609. 

Jackson N (1969) Toxicity of rapeseed meal and its use as a 

protein supplement in the diet of two hybrid strains of 

caged laying hens. J Sci Food Agric 20(12):734-740. 

Jackson N (1970) Algerian and French rapeseed meals as a 

protein source for caged laying hens, with observations on 

their toxic effects. J Sci Food Agric 21(10):511-516. 

Josefsson E, Uppström B (1976) Influence of glucosinolates 

and native enzymes on the nutritional value of 

low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal. J Sci Food Agric 

27(5):433-437. 



Pathol 22(5):241-244. 

Kramer JK, Hulan HW (1977) Changes in the acyl and alkenyl 

group composition of cardiac phospholipids in boars 

fed corn oil or rapeseed oil. Lipids 12(2):159-164. 

Kramer JK, Hulan HW, Mahadevan S, et al. (1975) Brassica 

campestris var. span: II. Cardiopathogenicity of fractions 

isolated from span rapeseed oil when fed to male rats. 

Lipids 10(9):511-516.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Brassica rapa - 67 

Kratzer FH, Davis PN, Williams DE, et al. (1954) Factors 

influencing the growth of chicks and poults fed rations 

containing rapeseed oil meal. J Nutr 53:407-418. 

Leung P, March BE (1976) The thyroidal response to chronic 

goitrogenic stimulation and the persistence of effects of 

early goitrogenic stimulation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 

54(4):583-589. 

Lo MT, Hill DC (1972) Cyano compounds and goitrin 

in rapeseed meal. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 

50(4):373-377. 

Lodhi GN, Renner R, Clandinin DR (1969) Studies on the 

metabolizable energy of rapeseed meal for growing chickens 

and laying hens. Poult Sci 48(3):964-970. 

Loew FM, Doige CE, Manns JG, et al. (1976) Evaluation 

of dietary rapeseed protein concentrate flours in rats and 

dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 35(2):257-267. 

Lopez TA, Platonow NS (1975) Alimentacion experimental 

de bovinos con nabo silvestre (Brassica campestris). Gaceta 

Vet 37:354-359. 

March BE, Biely J, Soong R (1972) Rapeseed meal in the 

chicken breeder diet. Effects on production, mortality, 

hatchability, and progeny. Poult Sci 51(5):1589-1596. 

March BE, Biely J, Soong R (1975) The effects of rapeseed 

meal fed during the growing and/or laying periods 

on mortality and egg production in chickens. Poult Sci 

54(6):1875-1882. 

March BE, Soong R (1976) Mortality and production characteristics 

of laying chickens fed high- and low-erucic 

acid rapeseed oils. Poult Sci 55(4):1557-1560. 

McCutcheon JS, Umermura T, Bhatnagar MK, et al. (1976) 

Cardiopathogenicity of rapeseed oils and oil blends differing 

in erucic, linoleic, and linolenic acid content. Lipids 

11(7):545-552. 

Monkiewicz J, Kinal S, Łuczak W (1977) Poziom witaminy 

A w wątrobie kurczqt rzeźnych a zawartość substancji 

toksycznych w śrutach rzepakowych. Med Weter 

33(2):104-106. 

Olomu JM, Robblee AR, Clandinin DR, et al. (1975) Effects 

of span rapeseed meal on productive performance, egg 

quality, composition of liver and hearts and incidence of 

‘fatty livers’ in laying hens. Can J Anim Sci 55(1):71-75. 

O’Neil JB (1957) Rapeseed oil meal as a vegetable protein 

supplement in the diet of laying and breeding hens. Poult 

Sci 36:1146. 

Papas A, Ingalls JR, Campbell LD (1979) Studies on the 

effects of rapeseed meal on thyroid status of cattle, glucosinolate 

and iodine content of milk and other parameters. 

J Nutr 109(7):1129-1139. 

Pearson AW, Greenwood NM, Butler EJ, et al. (1983) Biochemical 

changes in layer and broiler chickens when 

fed on a high-glucosinolate rapeseed meal. Br Poult Sci 

24(3):417-427. 

Pettit JH, Slinger SJ, Evans EV, et al. (1944) The utilization 

of sunflower seed oil meal, wheat distillers’ dried grains 

and rapeseed oil meal in poultry rations. Can J Agric Sci 

24(5):201-213. 

Purves HD (1943) Studies on experimental goitre. IV. 

The effect of di-iodotyrosine and thyroxine on the 

goitrogenic action of Brassica seeds. Br J Exp Pathol 

24(5):171-173. 

Rocquelin G, Sergiel JP, Astorg PO, et al. (1973) Effets des 

huiles de colza et de canbra sur les lipides et l’anatomie du 

myocarde du rat: Étude a court terme (de 0 à 60 jours). 

Ann Biol Anim Biochim Biophys 13(4):587-609. 

Rotkiewicz T, Koska J, Kozłowski M, et al. (1981) Über 

die Eignung nach verschiedenen Verfahren hergestellter 

Rapsextraktionsschrote für die Broilermast. 2. Zur strumigenen 

Wirkung von Rapsextraktionsschrot. Nahrung 

25(4):371-378. 

Seth PC, Clandinin, DR (1973) Effect of including rapeseed 

meal in the ration of broiler-type chickens on the incidence 

of perosis and the ineffectiveness of supplemental 

manganese. Poult Sci 52(3):1158-1160. 

Sharpe GL, Larsson KS, Leidén SÅ (1975) Toxicological 

and teratological studies of a rapeseed protein diet in rats 

and mice. Nutr Metab 18(5-6):245-257. 

Thomas D, Robblee AR, Clandinin DR (1978) Effects of 

low and high glucosinolate rapeseed meals on productive 

performance, egg quality, composition of liver and incidence 

of haemorrhagic liver in laying birds. Br Poult Sci 

19(4):449-454. 

Timms LM (1983) Forms of leg abnormality observed in 

male broilers fed on a diet containing 12.5 per cent rapeseed 

meal. Res Vet Sci 35(2):182-189. 

Turner CW (1948) Effect of rapeseed oil meal on the thyroid 

of the chick. Poult Sci 27:118-120. 


Intravascular fat globules in the heart of pigs fed rapeseed 

meals. Res Vet Sci 23(1):59-61. 

Wiesen B, Kincaid RL, Hillers JK, et al. (1990) The use of 

rapeseed screenings in diets for lactating cows and subsequent 

effects on milk yield and composition. J Dairy Sci 

73(12):3555-3562. 

Witz WM, Carpenter MM, Hayward JW (1950) Nutritional 

studies with rapeseed meal. Poult Sci 29:786. 

Yamashiro S, Bast T (1978) Ultrastructure of livers of broiler 

chickens fed diets containing rapeseed meal. Res Vet Sci 

25(1):21-24. 

Yamashiro S, Geissinger HD, Bast T, et al. (1979) Effects of 

rapeseed products on turkey heart. Anat Histol Embryol 

8:187. 

Yamashiro S, Umemura T, Bhatnagar MK, et al. (1977) 

Haemorrhagic liver syndrome of broiler chickens 

fed diets containing rapeseed products. Res Vet Sci 

23(2):179-184. 

Yule WJ, McBride RL (1978) Rapeseed meals in broiler 

diets: Effect on performance and sensory evaluation of 

carcasses. Br Poult Sci 19(4):543-548. 

Note: 

Rape is named Brassica napus L. var. napus or Brassica 

rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) A. R. Clapham in some 

publications. 

b r a s s ic a r a p a L. subsp. rapa [Brassicaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b rassica rapa L. subsp. rapifera Metzg. 

Common Names: 

turnip; white turnip 

Citations: 

Brakenridge DT (1956) Nitrate poisoning caused by turnips 

and red root. N Z Vet J 4:165-166. 



Tijdschr 35(9-10):393-399.

68 - Breynia vitis-idaea D. Jesse Wagstaff 



Pathol 22(5):241-244. 

Muñoz-Bellido FJ, Moyano-Maza JC, Alvarez-Gonzalo M, 

et al. (2003) Occupational contact dermatitis to turnip 

(Brassica napa). Allergy 58(11):1198-1199. 

Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapifera Metzg. = Brassica rapa L. 

subsp. rapa 

Brassica rutabaga DC. ex H. Lév. = Brassica napus L. 

napobrassica (L.) Rchb. 

Brassica sinapis Vis. = Sinapis arvensis L. 

Brazil nut –see– Berthollettia excelsa Bonpl. 

Brazil rain tree –see– Brunfelsia australis Benth. 

Brazil rattlebox –see– Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

Brazilian arrowroot –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

Brazilian guarana –see– Paullinia cupana Kunth 

Brazilian jacaranda –see– Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex 

Benth. 

Brazilian pepper tree –see– Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

Brazilian physicnut –see– Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur 

Brazilian rosebush –see– Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex 

Benth. 

Brazilian rosewood –see– Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex 

Benth. 

Brazilian walnut –see– Ocotea porosa (Nees & Mart.) 

Barroso 

Brechnuss –see– Strychnos nux-vomica L. 

Brechwurz –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

breeches flower –see– Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 

Brennessel –see– Urtica dioica L. 

Brennkraut –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

bretonica –see– Melochia tomentosa L. 

brewer’s-hop –see– Humulus lupulus L. 

Breynia officinalis Hemsl. = Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) 

C. E. C. Fisch. 

b r e y n i a v i Tis -i d a e a (Burm. f.) C. E. C. Fisch. 


Synonyms: 

b reynia officinalis Hemsl. 

Citations: 

Lin TJ, Su CC, Lan CK, et al. (2003) Acute poisonings with 

Breynia officinalis - An outbreak of hepatotoxicity. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 41(4):513. 

Lin TJ, Su CC, Lan CK, et al. (2003) Acute poisonings with 

Breynia officinalis - An outbreak of hepatotoxicity. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 41(5):591-594. 

Lin TJ, Tsai MS, Chiou NM, et al. (2002) Hepatotoxicity 

caused by Breynia officinalis. Vet Hum Toxicol 

44(2):87-88. 

brîcută –see– Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl 

bright-eyes –see– Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don 

brinjal –see– Solanum melongena L. 

brionia –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

bristly foxtail –see– Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & 

Schult. 

bristly mallow –see– Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don 

British mandrake –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

British nettle –see– Urtica dioica L. 

briuma dandie –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

broad bean –see– Vicia faba L. 

broad cocklebur –see– Xanthium strumarium L. 

broad-leaf endive –see– Cichorium endivia L. 

broad-leaf laurel –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

broad-leaf lupine –see– Lupinus latifolius J. Agardh 

broad-leaf milkweed –see– Asclepias eriocarpa Benth.; 

Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf.; Asclepias speciosa Torr. 

broad-leaf wart spurge –see– Euphorbia platyphyllos L. 

broccoli –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck 

Bromelia ananas L. = Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. 

Bromelia comosus L. = Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. 

broom –see– Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link; Genista stenopetala 

Webb & Berthel.; Securigera varia (L.) Lassen; 

Templetonia egena (F. Muell.) Benth. 

broom bush –see– Pimelea trichostachya Lindl. 

broom corn –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

broom groundsel –see– Senecio riddellii Torr. & A. Gray; 

Senecio spartioides Torr. & A. Gray 

broom millet –see– Panicum miliaceum L.; Sorghum bicolor 

(L.) Moench 

broom rape –see– Orobanche minor Sm. 

broom snakeweed –see– Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) 

Britton & Rusby 

broomcorn millet –see– Panicum miliaceum L. 

broomcorn sorghum –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

broomtops –see– Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 

broomweed –see– Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) A. Gray; 

Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby 

brown corn –see– Panicum miliaceum L. 

brown dragon –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

brown mustard –see– Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.; Brassica 

nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch 

Brown’s-larkspur –see– Delphinium glaucum S. Watson 

browse milk vetch –see– Astragalus cibarius E. Sheld. 

brugmansia –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Brugmansia suaveolens - 69 

b r u g Ma n s i a a r b o r e a (L.) Lagerh. 

[Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d atura arborea L.; d atura cornigera Hook. 

Common Names: 

angel’s-tears; angel’s-trumpet; angel’s-trumpet lily; 

brugmansia; campana; cornucopia; florifundia; floripondio; 

maikoa; reina-de-la-noche; saia blanca; tree 

datura; trombeta blanca; trombeteira; trumpet lily; 

trumpet vine 

Citations: 

Belton PA, Gibbons DO (1979) Datura intoxication in West 

Cornwall. Br Med J 1(6163):585-586. 

Ciganda C, Laborde A (2003) Herbal infusions 

used for induced abortion. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

41(3):235-239. 

Hayman J (1985) Datura poisoning - The angel’s trumpet. 

Pathology 17(3):465-466. 






Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

Vieira RJ (1976) Intoxicação por folha de “Datura arborea” 

através da pele. Apresentação de um caso. Rev Assoc Med 

Bras 22(3):90. 

Wallman JD (1963) An odd eye. Med J Aust 1(Feb 

3):153-154. 

b r u g Ma n s i a × c a n d i d a Pers. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d atura candida (Pers.) Saff. 

Common Names: 

angel’s-trumpet; borrachero; campana; cornucopia; floripondio; 

trompetero 

Citations: 

Finlay P (1998) Anticholinergic poisoning due to Datura 

candida. Trop Doct 28(3):183-184. 

Greene GS, Patterson SG, Warner E (1996) Ingestion of 

angel’s trumpet: An increasingly common source of toxicity. 

South Med J 89(4):365-369. 

Shaw D, Pearn J (1979) Oleander [sic] poisoning. Med J Aust 

2(5):267-269. 

b r u g Ma n s i a × i n s ig n is (Barb. Rodr.) 

Lockwood ex R. E. Schult. [Solanaceae] 

Citations: 

Paetzold W, Schneider U, Emrich HM, et al. (1999) 

Engelstrompeten: Falldarstellung einer drogeninduzierten 

Psychose durch Brugmansia insignis. Psychiatr 

Prax 26(3):147-148. 

b r u g Ma n s i a s a n g u i n e a (Ruiz & Pav.) D. 

Don [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d atura rosei Saff. 

Common Names: 

puca campuchu; red angel’s-trumpet 

Citations: 

Hudson MJ (1973) Acute atropine poisoning from ingestion 

of Datura rosei. N Z Med J 77(491):245-248. 

b r u g Ma n s i a s u a ve o l e n s (Humb. & Bonpl. 

ex Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d atura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. 

Common Names: 

angel’s-trumpet; änglatrumpet; devil’s-trumpet; 

Engelstrompete; floripon; moonflower 

Citations: 

Ahremark U, Björkqvist I, Olsson CG (1982) Intoxikation 

av änglatrumpet. Lakartidningen 79(19):1929-1930. 

Anonymous (1984) Datura poisoning from hamburger 

- Canada. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 

33(20):282-283. 

Chang SS, Wu ML, Deng JF, et al. (1999) Poisoning by 

Datura leaves used as edible wild vegetables. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 41(4):242-245. 

Francis PD, Clarke CF (1999) Angel trumpet lily poisoning 

in five adolescents: Clinical findings and management. J 

Paediatr Child Health 35(1):93-95. 

Giess R, Müllges W (1999) Einseitige Mydriasis nach Rückschnitt 

einer Engelstrompete. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 

124(48):1456. 

Hall RC, Popkin MK, McHenry LE (1976) Angel’s trumpet: 

A call to the ER. Emerg Med 8(9):241-243. 

Hall RC, Popkin MK, McHenry LE (1976) Angel’s trumpet 

may herald psychosis. Med World News 17(18):19. 

Hall RC, Popkin MK, McHenry LE (1977) Angel’s trumpet 

psychosis: A central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome. 

Am J Psychiatry 134(3):312-314. 

Havelius U, Asman P (2002) Accidental mydriasis from 

exposure to angel’s trumpet (Datura suaveolens). Acta 

Ophthalmol (Copenh) 80(3):332-335. 

Hornsby P (1969) A case of accidental mydriasis due to the 

bark of the moon flower. East Afr Med J 46(9):527. 

McHenry LE, Hall RC (1978) Angel ’s trumpet. Lethal and 

psychogenic aspects. J Fla Med Assoc 65(3):192-196. 

Popkin MK (1976) “Angel’s trumpet” provides deadly thrills 

for youth. JAMA 236(3):249. 

Rauber Lüthy C, Guirguis M, Meier Abt AS, et al. (1999) 

Lethal poisoning after ingestion of a tea prepared from 

the angel’s trumpet (Datura suaveolens). J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 37(1):414. 

Reichmuth D, Greene G, Matfin G, et al. (1997) A dazed 

and disoriented man found by the roadside. Hosp Pract 

(Off Ed) 32(5):37-40. 

Smith EA, Meloan CE, Pickell JA, et al. (1991) Scopolamine 

poisoning from homemade ‘moon flower’ wine. J 

Anal Toxicol 15(4):216-219. 

Voltz R, Hohlfeld R, Liebler M, et al. (1992) Gardener’s 

mydriasis. Lancet 339(8795):752.

70 - Brunfelsia australis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

b r u n f e ls i a a u s Tr a l is Benth. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

Brazil rain tree; Francissia; morning-noon-night; Paraguayan 

jasmin; yesterday-today-tomorrow 

Citations: 

Neilson J, Burren V (1983) Intoxication of two dogs by fruit 

of Brunfelsia australis. Aust Vet J 60(12):379-380. 

Brunfelsia bonodora (Vell.) J. F. Macbr. = Brunfelsia latifolia 

(Pohl) Benth. 

Brunfelsia calycina Benth. = Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & 

Schltdl.) Benth. 

b r u n f e ls i a g r a n d i f l o r a D. Don 


Citations: 

Lloyd HA, Fales HM, Goldman ME, et al. (1985) Brunfelsamidine: 

A novel convulsant from the medicinal 

plant Brunfelsia grandiflora. Tetrahedron Lett 26 

(22):2623-2624. 

b r u n f e ls i a l a Ti f o l i a (Pohl) Benth. 


Synonyms: 

b runfelsia bonodora (Vell.) J. F. Macbr. 

Common Names: 

kiss-me-quick; yesterday-today-tomorrow 

Citations: 

McBarron EJ, De Sarem W (1975) Poisoning of dogs by the 

fruits of the garden shrub Brunfelsia bonodora. Aust Vet 

J 51(5):280. 

b r u n f e ls i a p a u c i f l o r a (Cham. & Schltdl.) 

Benth. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b runfelsia calycina Benth. 

Common Names: 

morning-noon-night; yesterday-today; yesterdaytoday-tomorrow 

Citations: 

Banton MI, Jowett PL, Renegar KR, et al. (1989) Brunfelsia 

pauciflora (“Yesterday, to-day and tomorrow”) poisoning 

in a dog. Vet Hum Toxicol 31(5):496-497. 

Spainhour CB, Fiske RA, Flory W, et al. (1990) A toxicological 

investigation of the garden shrub Brunfelsia calycina 

var. floribunda (yesterday-today-and-tomorrow) in three 

species. J Vet Diagn Invest 2:3-8. 

Tokarnia CH, Gava A, Stolf L, et al. (1991) Intoxicação 

experimental por Brunfelsia pauciflora (Solanaceae) em 

bovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 11(1-2):9-12. 

Brussels sprouts –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera 

Zenker 

b r y a e b e n u s (L.) DC. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Amerikanische Grenadill; cocus; green ebony; grenadil 

Citations: 

Hausen BM, Bruhn G, Koenig WA (1991) New hydroxyisoflavans 

as contact sensitizers in cocus wood Brya ebenus 

DC (Fabaceae). Contact Dermatitis 25(3):149-155. 

bryone blanche –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

Bryonia cretica L. subsp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin = Bryonia 

dioica Jacq. 

b r y o n i a d io ic a Jacq. [Cucurbitaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b ryonia cretica L. subsp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin; b ryonia 

lutea Bast. ex Ser. 

Common Names: 

brionia; British mandrake; bryone blanche; bryony; devil’s-turnip; 

English mandrake; Gichtwurz; grapewort; 

Isle-of-Wight-vine; mandrake; murrainberry; navet-dediable; 

nueza blanca; red bryony; Rotbeerige Zaunrübe; 

Scheißwurz; Schlangenrübe; tetterberry; Teufelsrübe; 

tuca; white bryony; white wild vine; wild hop 

Citations: 

Anger AS (1900) Bryony poisoning. Am Vet Rev 

23:804-805. 

Blackwell WE (1931) Horses poisoned by bryony. Vet Rec 

11(9):911-912. 

Whur P (1986) White bryony poisoning in a dog. Vet Rec 

119(16):411. 

Bryonia lutea Bast. ex Ser. = Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

b r y o n o p s is l a c i n io s a (L.) Naudin 

[Cucurbitaceae] 

Common Names: 

native bryony; wild bryony 

Citations: 

Maiden JH (1896) A fatal case of poisoning by the fruits of a 

native climbing plant. Bryonia laciniosa, Linn. Agric Gaz 

New South Wales 7:424-426. 

White CT (1924) The native bryony (Bryonia laciniosa). A 

poisonous plant. Queensland Agric J 22(Dec):442-444. 

bryony –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

Bryophyllum daigremontianum (Raym.-Hamet & H. 

Perrier) A. Berger = Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.- 

Hamet & H. Perrier 

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken = Kalanchoe pinnata 

(Lam.) Pers. 

Bryophyllum proliferum Bowie ex Hook. = Kalanchoe 

prolifera (Bowie ex Hook.) Raym.-Hamet 

Bryophyllum tubiflorum Harv. = Kalanchoe delagoensis 

Eckl. & Zeyh.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Burttia prunoides - 71 

Buche –see– Fagus sylvatica L. 

Buchsbaum –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

Buchweizen –see– Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 

buckbean –see– Menyanthes trifoliata L. 

buckeye –see– Aesculus flava Sol.; Aesculus glabra Willd.; 

Aesculus hippocastanum L.; Aesculus pavia L. 

buckle fern –see– Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs 

Buckley’s-centaury –see– Zeltnera calycosa (Buckley) G. Mans. 

buckthorn –see– Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. A. Mey.; 

Frangula alnus Mill.; Karwinskia calderonii Standl.; 

Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc.; Rhamnus 

cathartica L. 

buckwheat –see– Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 

Buddha pea –see– Aeschynomene indica L. 

Buddhist rosary bead –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

budgeegrass –see– Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst; Cynodon 

plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilg. 

buena moza –see– Nicotiana glauca Graham 

Buena vista –see– Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss. 

buffalo bean –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

buffalo bur –see– Solanum rostratum Dunal 

buffelgras –see– Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B. K. Simon 

& S. W. L. Jacobs 

buffelgrass –see– Cenchrus ciliaris L. 

bugbane –see– Actaea racemosa L.; Veratrum viride Aiton 

buis –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

buisson ardent –see– Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. 

bul rose –see– Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 

bulbous buttercup –see– Ranunculus bulbosus L. 

bull mallow –see– Malva nicaeensis All. 

bull nettle –see– Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd.; Solanum 

aculeatissimum Jacq.; Solanum carolinense L.; Solanum 

elaeagnifolium Cav. 

bull pine –see– Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson 

bull thistle –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

bullhead –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

bullock bush –see– Alectryon oleifolius (Desf.) S. T. Reynolds 

bullock’s-heart –see– Annona reticulata L. 

bulls-and-cows –see– Arum maculatum L. 

b u l n e s i a s a r Mi e n To i Lorentz ex Griseb. 

[Zygophyllaceae] 

Common Names: 

guaiac; palo santo 

Citations: 

Williams MC, Rodewijk JC, Olsen JD (1984) Intoxication 

in cattle, chicks and hamsters from seed of the palo santo 

tree (Bulnesia sarmientii). Vet Rec 115(25-26):646-648. 

bulrush millet –see– Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. 

bunchberry –see– Lantana camara L. 

bunchgrass –see– Nolina texana S. Watson 

bunk –see– Conium maculatum L. 

Buphane disticha (L. f.) Herb. = Boophone distictia (L. f.) 

Herb. 

Buphane toxicaria Herb. = Boophone distictia (L. f.) Herb. 

bur buttercup –see– Ceratocephala testiculata (Crantz) Roth 

bur clover –see– Medicago polymorpha L. 

bur medic –see– Medicago polymorpha L. 

bur nut –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

bur thistle –see– Xanthium strumarium L. 

bur tree –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

bur trefoil –see– Medicago polymorpha L. 

burans –see– Rhododendron arboreum Sm. 

burdock –see– Arctium lappa L.; Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. 

Burke’s-slangkop –see– Drimia sanguinea (Schinz) Jessop 

burley tobacco –see– Nicotiana tabacum L. 

Burma bean –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

Burma lac tree –see– Gluta usitata (Wall.) Ding Hou 

Burma teak –see– Tectona grandis L. f. 

Burmese lacquer tree –see– Gluta usitata (Wall.) Ding Hou 

burning bean –see– Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev 

burningbush –see– Dictamnus albus L.; Bassia scoparia (L.) 

A. J. Scott 

burnwood –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb.; Metopium 

toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb.; Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

burrawang –see– Macrozamia communis L. A. S. Johnson; 

Macrozamia lucida L. A. S. Johnson; Macrozamia spiralis 

(Salisb.) Miq. 

burrawang palm –see– Macrozamia spiralis (Salisb.) Miq. 

burro weed –see– Isocoma plurifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) 

Greene 

Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton = Capsella bursa-pastoris 

(L.) Medik. 

b u r TTi a p r u n o i d e s Baker f. & Exell 

[Connaraceae] 

Citations: 

Msengi LM, Mosha RD, Matovelo JA, et al. (1987) The 

toxicity of Burttia prunoides in rats and goats. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 29(5):398-400. 

Mugera GM, Jiwa SF (1970) Acute Burttia prunoides toxicity 

in livestock. Bull Epizootic Dis Afr 18(3):253-258. 

Musonera NA, Kindele N, Shukla RR (1979) Parasitic 

pneumonia and toxic hepatitis in cattle from the Kundelungu 

Ranch - Shaba, Zaire. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 

27:97-100. 

burweed –see– Xanthium strumarium L.

72 - Butea monosperma D. Jesse Wagstaff 

burweed marsh elder –see– Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) 

Fresen.; Iva annua L. 

bush tree –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

bushi –see– Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux 

bushman’s-poison –see– Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) 

Codd 

buta buta –see– Cerbera odollam Gaertn. 

b u Te a Mo n o s p e r Ma (Lam.) Taub. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

palas; palash 

Citations: 




buti –see– Lantana camara L. 

butón-de-oro –see– Ranunculus repens L. 

butter bean –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

butter daisy –see– Ranunculus acris L.; Ranunculus bulbosus 

L.; Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex A. 

Gray 

butter print –see– Abutilon theophrasti Medik. 

butter weed –see– Senecio glabellus Poir. 

Butterblume –see– Ranunculus acris L.; Taraxacum officinale 

F. H. Wigg. aggr. 

buttercup –see– Allamanda cathartica L.; Ranunculus acris 

L.; Ranunculus bulbosus L.; Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.; 

Ranunculus sceleratus L. 

butterfly banners –see– Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 

butterfly flag –see– Diplarrhena moraea Labill. 

butterfly milkweed –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

butterfly pea –see– Clitoria ternatea L. 

butterfly weed –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

button print –see– Abutilon theophrasti Medik. 

button weed –see– Abutilon theophrasti Medik.; Ixiolaena 

brevicompta F. Muell.; Malva parviflora L. 

buttongrass –see– Dactyloctenium radulans (R. Br.) P. Beauv. 

b u x u s s e Mp e rv i r e n s L. [Buxaceae] 

Common Names: 

Abassian boxwood; box; boxwood; Buchsbaum; buis; 

bush tree; cimisu; dudgeon; English boxwood; European 

boxwood; evergreen box; Iranian boxwood; 

Splintbaum; Turkey boxwood 

Citations: 

Bastien A, Grisvard M, Jean-Blain C, et al. (1973) Intoxication 

de jeunes bovins par le buis (Buxus sempervirens L.). 

Bull Soc Sci Vet Med Comp Lyon 75(5):289-290. 

Camy G, Leveille JL, Nevers B (1986) Cas clinique: Intoxication 

de bovins par le buis (Buxus sempervirens). Point 

Veterinaire 18(97):203-204. 

Krüger A, Matschullat G (1970) Buchsbaumvergiftung beim 

Schwein. Prakt Tierarzt 51:235-236. 

Markin LE (1930) Boxwood sensitiveness. J Allergy 

1:346-349. 

van Soest H, Gotink WM, van der Vooren LJ (1965) Buxusvergiftiging 

bij varkens en runderen. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 

90(6):387-389. 

Byfield fern –see– Bowenia serrulata (W. Bull) Chamb. 

Byrsocarpus coccineus Schumach. & Thonn. = Rourea 

coccinea (Schumach. & Thonn.) Hook. f.

caapi –see– Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C. V. 

Morton 

cabaret –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

cabbage –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. 

cabbage lettuce –see– Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L. 

cabbagebark –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC. 

cabinet cherry –see– Prunus serotina Ehrh. 

cacachilla –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc.; 

Karwinskia calderonii Standl. 

cacahuacuahuitl –see– Theobroma cacao L. 

cacahuil –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

cacao –see– Theobroma cacao L. 

cacatsi –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

c a c h r y s l i b a n o Tis L. [Apiaceae] 

Citations: 

Ena P, Cerri R, Dessi G, et al. (1991) Phototoxicity due to 

Cachrys libanotis. Contact Dermatitis 24(7):1-5. 

Ena P, Dessi G, Chiarolini F, et al. (1989) Phytophotodermatitis 

from a Cachrys species. Contact Dermatitis 

20(10):144-145. 

c a d a b a a p h y l l a (Thunb.) Wild [Capparaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c adaba juncea (Sparrm.) Harv. ex Hook. f. nom. illegit. 

Common Names: 

swartstorm 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

Cadaba juncea (Sparrm.) Harv. ex Hook. f. nom. illegit. = 

Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild 

cade juniper –see– Juniperus oxycedrus L. 

cadia-del-perro –see– Krameria ixine L. 

cadjust –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

c a e s a l p i n i a g i l l i e s i i (Hook.) D. Dietr. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p oinciana gilliesii Hook. 

Common Names: 

bird-of-paradise; Mexican bird-of-paradise; mimosadu-japon; 

paradise poinciana; poinciana; yellow birdof-paradise 

C 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1958) Toxicity studies of Arizona ornamental 

plants. Ariz Med 15(7):512-514. 

Cann HM, Verhulst HL (1958) Bird of Paradise (Caesalpinia 

gilliesie (Hook), Fam. Leguminosae). Bull Natl 

Clgh Poison Control Cent 1958(Nov):3-5. 

Cann HM, Verhulst HL (1958) Poisonous plants. Bull Natl 

Clgh Poison Control Cent 1958(Sep):2-5. 

Jouglard J, Airaudo CB Richardot R, (1973) Intoxications 

accidentelles par ingestion de graines de “Mimosa du 

Japon.” Bull Med Leg Toxicol Med 16(1):55-58. 

Shoemaker HA (1958) Bird of paradise seed poisoning. J 

Okla State Med Assoc 51(11):659-660. 

cafta –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

caixeta –see– Simarouba amara Aubl. 

c a j a n u s c a j a n (L.) Millsp. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bengal gram; dhal arkar; gungo pea; pigeon pea; rahar 

dal; red gram 

Citations: 




Montgomery RD (1964) Observations on the cyanide content 

and toxicity of tropical pulses. West Indian Med J 

13(1):1-11. 

cajotillo –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

cajú –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

cajuil –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

caktrio –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

calabash gourd –see– Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 

Calabrian pine –see– Larix decidua Mill. 

caladio –see– Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 

caladium –see– Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 

c a l a d i u M b ic o l o r (Aiton) Vent. [Araceae] 

Common Names: 

angel’s-wings; caladio; caladium; cananga; capotillo; 

corazon-de-cabrito; couer saignant; elephant’s-ear; 

fancy-leaf caladium; Heart-of-Jesus; lagrimas-de- 

Maria; mother-in-law plant; paleta-de-pintor 

Citations: 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369.

74 - Calendula officinalis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Caladium seguinum (Jacq.) Vent. = Dieffenbachia seguine 

(Jacq.) Schott 

Calamity Jane –see– Echium plantagineum L. 

calamus –see– Acorus calamus L. 

calbachechem –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 

calendula –see– Calendula officinalis L. 

c a l e n d u l a o f f ic i n a l is L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

calendula; marigold; pot marigold; Ringelblume 

Citations: 

Reider N, Komericki P, Hausen BM, et al. (2001) The seamy 

side of natural medicines: Contact sensitization to arnica 

(Arnica montana L.) and marigold (Calendula officinalis 


Caley pea –see– Lathyrus hirsutus L. 

calfkill –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

calf’s-foot –see– Arum maculatum L. 

c a l i a s e c u n d i f l o r a (Ortega) Yakovlev 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s ophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. ex DC. 

Common Names: 

burning bean; coral bean; dry whiskey; Eve’s-necklace; 

frijolillo; frijolito; mescal bean; mescal Bohne; mountain 

laurel; red bean; Texas mountain laurel; western 

mountain laurel 

Citations: 

Boughton IB, Hardy WT (1935) Mescalbean (Sophora 

secundiflora) poisonous for livestock. Texas Agric Exp 

Sta Bull #519:18 pp. 

Knauer KW, Reagor JC, Bailey EM Jr, et al. (1995) Mescalbean 

(Sophora secundiflora) toxicity in a dog. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 37(3):237-239. 

Wells SR (1993) Intentional ingestion of the mescal bean 

(Sophora secundiflora). Vet Hum Toxicol 35(4):330. 

calico bush –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

California buckeye –see– Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. 

California bur –see– Xanthium strumarium L. var. 


California false hellebore –see– Veratrum californicum 

Durand 

California fern –see– Conium maculatum L. 

California filaree –see– Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. 

California hellebore –see– Veratrum californicum Durand 

California holly –see– Heteromeles salicifolia (C. Presl) 

Abrams 

California live oak –see– Quercus agrifolia Née 

California milkweed –see– Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. 

California mugwort –see– Artemisia vulgaris L. 

California poison ivy –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum 

(Torr. & A. Gray) Greene 

California poison oak –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum 


California poison sumach –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum 


California poison vine –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum 


California privet –see– Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. 

California redwood –see– Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) 

Endl. 

California rhododendron –see– Rhododendron macrophyllum 

D. Don ex G. Don 

California rosebay –see– Rhododendron macrophyllum D. 

Don ex G. Don 

California swamp hellebore –see– Veratrum californicum 


California toyon –see– Heteromeles salicifolia (C. Presl) 

Abrams 

California water hemlock –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. 

Coult. & Rose 

California white cedar –see– Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) 

Florin 

calla lily –see– Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. 

c a l l a p a l u s Tr is L. [Araceae] 

Common Names: 

bog arum; copo-de-leite; Drachenkraut; Kalla; Schlangenkraut; 

Schweinekraut; Schweinsohr; Sumpfdrachenwurz; 

Sumpfkalla; Sumpfkraut; water arum; water 

dragon; wild calla 

Citations: 

Airaksinen M, Peura P, Alaossi Salokangas L, et al. 

(1986) Toxicity of plant material used as emergency 

food during famines in Finland. J Ethnopharmacol 

18(3):273-296. 



41(4):514. 

c a l l i l e p is l a u r e o l a DC. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

African oxeye daisy; impila; oxeye daisy; wildemagriet 

Citations: 

Laurens JB, Bekker LC, Steenkamp V, et al. (2001) 

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric confirmation 

of atractyloside in a patient poisoned with Callilepis 

laureola. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 

765(2):127-133. 

Seedat YK (1978) Acute renal failure among Blacks and 

Indians in South Africa. S Afr Med J 54(11):427-431. 

Seedat YK, Hitchcock PJ (1971) Acute renal failure from 

Callilepis laureola. S Afr Med J 45(30):832-833.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Calotropis procera - 75 

Steenkamp PA, Harding NM, van Heerden FR, et al. 

(2006) Identification of atractyloside by LC-ESI- 

MS in alleged herbal poisonings. Forensic Sci Int 

163(1-2):81-92. 

Steenkamp V, Stewart MJ, Zuckerman M (1999) Detection 

of poisoning by impila (Callilepis laureola) in a mother 

and child. Hum Exp Toxicol 18(10):594-597. 

Stewart MJ, Moar JJ, Mwesigwa J, et al. (2000) Forensic 

toxicology in urban South Africa. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

38(4):415-419. 

Stewart MJ, Moar JJ, Steenkamp P, et al. (1999) Findings in 

fatal cases of poisoning attributed to traditional remedies 

in South Africa. Forensic Sci Int 101(3):177-183. 

Wainwright J, Schonland MM (1977) Toxic hepatitis in 

black patients in Natal. S Afr Med J 51(17):571-573. 

Watson AR, Coovadia HM, Bhoola KD (1979) The clinical 

syndrome of impila (Callilepis laureola) poisoning in 

children. S Afr Med J 55(8):290-292. 

c a l l is i a f r ag r a n s (Lindl.) Woodson 

[Commelinaceae] 

Common Names: 

basket plant; inch plant 

Citations: 

Lee SE, Mason KV (2006) Immediate hypersensitivity to 

leaf extracts of Callisia fragrans (inch plant) in a dog. Vet 

Dermatol 17(1):70-80. 

callotrio –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

c a l o c e d r u s d e c u r r e n s (Torr.) Florin 

[Cupressaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l ibocedrus decurrens Torr. 

Common Names: 

California white cedar; incense cedar 

Citations: 

Calnan CD (1972) Dermatitis from cedar wood pencils. 

Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc 58(1):43-47. 

Cavagni G, Caffarelli C, Spattini A, et al. (2003) IgEmediated 

allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis caused 

by Calocedrus decurrens (incense cedar). Allergy 

58(11):1201-1202. 

c a l o p o g o n i u M Mu c u n o i d e s Desv. 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Shenk JS (1976) The meadow vole as an experimental animal. 

Lab Anim Sci 26(4):664-669. 

calotrope –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

c a l o Tr o p is g ig a n Te a (L.) W. T. Aiton 

[Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

akanda; algodón-de-seda; arka; crown flower; giant 

milkweed; madar 

Citations: 

Crawford HE (1958) Crown flower keratoconjunctivitis. 

Hawaii Med J 17:244-245. 

Rao BS, Sarkar HB, Sheshadri HS (1969) Effect of latex 

of Calotropis gigantea on pregnancy in the albino rat. J 

Reprod Fertil 38:234. 

Rathnasabathy V, Rao KL, Krishnaswamy A, et al. (1949) A 

preliminary study of the toxicity of Calotropis gigantea. 

Indian J Med Res 37(4):483-494. 

Wong WW (1949) Keratoconjunctivitis due to crownflower. 

Hawaii Med J 8:339-341. 

c a l o Tr o p is p r o c e r a (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

[Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

ak; akada; algodão-de-seda; ankra; arka; bomubomu; 

calotrope; crown flower; Dead Sea apple; French 

jasmine; giant milkweed; king’s-crown; madar; 

milkweed; mudar; rubber tree; Sodom apple; St. 

Thomas’-bush; swallowwort; wild cotton; wild 

down 

Citations: 

Angelo SJ, Misra SS (1978) Hypopyon in a goat (ulceration 

caused by sap from plants of the genus Calotropis). Indian 

Vet Med J 2:219-221. 

Biedner B, Rothkoff L, Witztum A (1977) Calotropis procera 

(Sodom apple) latex keratoconjunctivitis. Isr J Med 

Sci 13(9):914-916. 

El Badwi SM, Adam SE, Shigidi MT, et al. (1998) Studies 

on laticiferous plants: Toxic effects in goats of Calotropis 

procera latex given by different routes of administration. 

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 105(11):425-427. 

Faye B (1985) Contribution à l’étude de la toxité de Calotropis 

procera. Effet d’une alimentaion à base de Calotropis 

procera sur la mortalité embryonnaire et néonatale 

chez la souris de laboratoire. Rev Med Vet Pays Trop 

38(1):72-75. 

Handa F; Sadana JK; Sharma PK (1984) Allergic contact 

dermatitis due to the plant Calotropis procera. A case 

report. Indian J Dermatol 29:27-29. 

Mahmoud OM, Adam SE, Tartour G (1979) The effects 

of Calotropis procera on small ruminants. I. Effects 

of feeding sheep with the plant. J Comp Pathol 

89(2):241-250. 

Mahmoud OM, Adam SE, Tartour G (1979) The effects 

of Calotropis procera on small ruminants. II. Effects of 

administration of the latex to sheep and goats. J Comp 

Pathol 89(2):251-263. 

Maria DL, Panse AD, Kulkarni TP (1973) Injury to the 

eye by sap of Calotropis procera. East Arch Ophthalmol 

1:296-297. 

Pahwa R, Chatterjee VC (1988) The toxicity of Indian Calotropis 

procera R Br latex in the black rat, Rattus rattus 

Linn. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(4):305-308. 



caltrops –see– Tribulus terrestris L.

76 - Calycanthus floridus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

c a l y c a n Th u s f l o r i d u s L. [Calycanthaceae] 

Common names: 

Carolina allspice 

Citations: 

Bradley RE, Jones TJ (1963) Strychnine-like toxicity in cattle. 

Case report. Southeastern Vet 14(2):40, 71, 73. 

camará –see– Lantana camara L. 

camaray –see– Dioclea erecta Hoehne; Dioclea latifolia Benth. 

camasa –see– Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 

camboatá –see– Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer 

camel bush –see– Trichodesma incanum (Bunge) A. DC. 

camel melon –see– Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & 

Nakai 

camel poison –see– Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Muell.) 

Baill. 

c a Me l l i a s i n e n s is (L.) Kuntze [Theaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c amellia thea Link 

Common Names: 

green tea; oolong tea; tea 

Citations: 

Bonkovsky HL (2006) Hepatotoxicity associated with supplements 

containing Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis) 

Ann Intern Med 144(1):68-71. 

Kaiser HE, Bartone JC (1966) The carcinogenic activity 

of ordinary tea. A preliminary note. J Natl Med Assoc 

58:361. 

Kamijo Y, Soma K, Asari Y, et al. (1999) Severe rhabdomyolysis 

following massive ingestion of oolong tea: Caffeine 

intoxication with coexisting hyponatremia. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 41(6):381-383. 

Murphy KJ (1975) Liver dysfunction and tea eating. Med J 

Aust 2(11):428-429. 

Segi M (1975) Tea-gruel as a possible factor for cancer of the 

esophagus. Gann 66:199-202. 

Camellia thea Link = Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze 

camiri nut –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

cammock –see– Hypericum perforatum L. 

camomile –see– Anthemis cotula L.; Chamaemelum nobile (L.) 

All.; Matricaria recutita L. 

camotillo –see– Solanum tuberosum L. 

campana –see– Brugmansia ×candida Pers.; Brugmansia 

arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

campanillo amarillo –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. 

Schum. 

camphor laurel –see– Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl 

camphor tree –see– Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl 

campo pea –see– Lathyrus splendens Kellogg 

c a Mp To Th e c a a c u Mi n a Ta Decne. 

[Nyssaceae] 

Citations: 

Cao GR, Gao JX, Duan DX, et al. (1992) Studies on Camptotheca 

acuminata leaves: Main toxic principle, poisoning, 

and treatment in goats. In: James LF, Keeler RF, 

Bailey JM Jr, et al. (eds.) Poisonous plants. Iowa State 


can-ja-da –see– Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 

caña brava –see– Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J. C. Wendl. 

caña muda –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

Canadian field pea –see– Pisum sativum L. 

Canadian garlic –see– Allium canadense L. 

Canadian hemp –see– Apocynum cannabinum L. 

Canadian juniper –see– Juniperus communis L. 

Canadian milk vetch –see– Astragalus canadensis L. 

Canadian poison ivy –see– Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex 

Rydb.) Greene 

Canadian red cedar –see– Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 

Canadian root –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

Canadian thistle –see– Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 

Canadian wood nettle –see– Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. 

cáñamo silvestre –see– Galeopsis ladanum L. 

cananga –see– Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 

canario –see– Allamanda cathartica L. 

c a n a r i u M i n d ic u M L. [Burseraceae] 

Common Names: 

nangai 

Citations: 

Sten E, Stahl Skov P, Andersen SB, et al. (2002) Allergenic 

components of a novel food, Micronesian nut nangai 

(Canarium indicum), shows IgE cross-reactivity in pollen 

allergic patients. Allergy 57(5):398-404. 

Canary Island broom –see– Genista canariensis L. 

Canary Island ivy –see– Hedera helix L. subsp. canariensis 


canarygrass –see– Phalaris aquatica L.; Phalaris canariensis 

L.; Phalaris minor Retz. 

c a n a va l i a c a Th a r Tic a Thouars [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c anavalia virosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. 

Common Names: 

sem 

Citations: 

Seena S, Sridhar KR (2004) Nutrient composition and biological 

evaluation of an unconventional legume, Canavalia 

cathartica of mangroves. Int J Food Sci Nutr 55(8):615-625.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Cannabis sativa - 77 

Singh NK, Srivastava PK, Singh DS, et al. (1984) Accidental 

poisoning by Canavalia virosa. J Assoc Physicians India 

32(5):450-451. 

c a n a va l i a e n s i f o r Mis (L.) DC. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Chickasaw lima bean; cut-eye bean; giant stock bean; 

horsebean; jack swort bean; jackbean; Jackbohne; oneeye 

bean; overlook bean; sword bean; wonder bean 

Citations: 

Affleck H (1961) Jack bean poisoning in cattle. Rhodesia 

Agric J 58:21. 




Jayne Williams DJ (1973) Influence of dietary jack beans 

(Canavalia ensiformis) and of concanavalin A on the 

growth of conventional and gnotobiotic Japanese 

quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Nat New Biol 

243(126):150-151. 

Ologhobo A, Mosenthin R, Alaka OO (2003) Histological 

alterations in the internal organs of growing chicks from 

feeding raw jackbean or limabean seeds. Vet Hum Toxicol 

45(1):10-13. 

Risso JF, Montilla JJ (1992) Harina de granos de Canavalia 

ensiformis L (DC) cruda, almacenada en medio alcalino, 

autoclavada or extruída, en dietas para cerdos en crecimiento. 

Arch Latinoam Nutr 42(3):268-274. 

Shone DK (1961) Toxicity of the jack bean. Rhodesia Agric 

J 58:18-20. 

Tschiersch B (1962) Zur toxischen Wirkung der Jackbohne. 

Pharmazie 17:621-623. 

c a n a va l i a r o s e a (Sw.) DC. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

beach bean 

Citations: 




Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. = Canavalia 

cathartica Thouars 

cancer jalap –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

cancerroot –see– Orobanche minor Sm.; Phytolacca americana L. 

candelabra aloe –see– Aloe arborescens Mill. 

candelabra cactus –see– Euphorbia ingens E. Mey. ex Boiss.; 

Euphorbia lactea Haw. 

candelabra Euphorbia –see– Euphorbia ingens E. Mey. ex 

Boiss. 

candelabra flower –see– Boophone disticha (L. f.) Herb. 

candelabra tree –see– Euphorbia ingens E. Mey. ex Boiss. 

candelaria –see– Verbascum thapsus L. 

candleberry –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

candlenut –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

candlenut tree –see– Vernicia montana Lour. 

candungo –see– Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 

cane reed –see– Arundo donax L. 

canela-de-veado –see– Sessea brasiliensis Toledo 

canker rose –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

cannabis –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

Cannabis indica Lam. = Cannabis sativa L. 

c a n n a b is s a Ti va L. [Cannabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c annabis indica Lam. 

Common Names: 

bhang; cannabis; Cannabisharz; chancre indien; charas; 

dagga; fimble; gaja; ganga; ganja; grass; Hanf; 

Haschisch; hashish; hemp; Indian hemp; kif; maconha; 

marihuana; marijuana; Mary Jane; Mexican dove plant; 

pot; reefer; siddi; weed 

Citations: 

Cardassis J (1951) Intoxication des équidés par Cannabis 

indica. Rec Med Vet Ec Alfort 127(Dec):971-973. 

Clarke EG, Greatorex JC, Potter R (1971) Cannabis poisoning 

in the dog. Vet Rec 88(Jun 26):694. 

Debray H, Vidal F, Enjolras M (1987) Intoxication au 

cannabis chez une enfant de 13 mois. Presse Med 

16(36):1807. 

Driemeier D (1997) Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) toxicosis in 

cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol 39(6):351-352. 

Freeman GL (1983) Allergic skin test reactivity to marijuana 

in the southwest. West J Med 138(6):829-831. 

Frost RC (1983) Marijuana toxaemia. Vet Rec 112(18):441. 

Frye FL (1968) Acute cannabis intoxication in a pup. J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 152(5):472. 

Ghorbal H, Hamouda C, Bousnina M, et al. (2003) Use 

of plants to induce chemical submission in Tunisia. Vet 


Gupta BD, Jani CB, Shah PH (2001) Fatal ‘bhang’ poisoning. 

Med Sci Law 41(4):349-352. 

Henney SN, Coleman MJ (1984) Canine cannabis intoxication. 

Vet Rec 114(17):436. 

Hervás JA, Fiol M, Vidal C, et al. (1987) Intoxicación por 

ingestión de hachís en niños. Med Clin (Barc) 88:563. 

Jain MC, Arora N (1988) Ganja (Cannabis sativa) refuse as 

cattle feed. Indian J Anim Sci 58(7):865-867. 

Janczyk P, Donaldson CW, Gwaltney S (2004) Two hundred 

and thirteen cases of marijuana toxicoses in dogs. 


Jones DL (1978) A case of cannabis ingestion. N Z Vet J 

26(5):135-136. 

Liskow B, Liss JL, Parker CW (1971) Allergy to marihuana. 


Majmudar V, Azam NA, Finch T (2006) Contact urticaria 

to Cannabis sativa. Contact Dermatitis 54(2):127. 

Pizzi R (2002) Cannabis ingestion in a chinchilla. Vet Rec 

150(2):55. 

Smith RA (1988) Coma in a ferret after ingestion of cannabis. 


Valentine J (1992) Unusual poisoning in a dog. Vet Rec 

130:307. 

Welshman MD (1986) Doped Dobermann. Vet Rec 

119(20):512.

78 - Capparis tomentosa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Note: 

Marijuana is named Cannabis sativa L. subsp. indica 

(Lam.) E. Small & Cronquist in some publications. 

Cannabisharz –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

canning pea –see– Pisum sativum L. 

canola –see– Brassica napus L. var. napus; Brassica rapa L. 

subsp. campestris (L.) A. R. Clapham 

Canson kale –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. ramosa DC. 

Cansons kale –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. medullosa 

Thell. 

cantiva –see– Allamanda cathartica L. 

canudo –see– Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (C. Mart. 

ex Choisy) D. F. Austin 

canutillo –see– Plumbago scandens L. 

cao wu –see– Aconitum kusnezoffii Rchb. 

caoba –see– Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. 

capa-de-la-reina –see– Clitoria ternatea L. 

Cape jasmine –see– Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis 

Cape lilac –see– Melia azedarach L. 

Cape poison bulb –see– Boophone disticha (L. f.) Herb. 

Cape slangkop –see– Ornithoglossum vulgare B. Nord. 

Cape syringa –see– Melia azedarach L. 

caper bush –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

caper garden spurge –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

caper spurge –see– Euphorbia lathyris L.; Euphorbia peplus 

L. 

Capeweed –see– Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns 

Capnoides caseana auct. = Corydalis caseana A. Gray 

capotillo –see– Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 

Capparis persicifolia A. Rich = Capparis tomentosa Lam. 

c a p p a r is To Me n To s a Lam. [Capparaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c apparis persicifolia A. Rich. 

Common Names: 

haujeri 

Citations: 

Ahmed OM, Adam SE (1980) The toxicity of Capparis 

tomentosa in goats. J Comp Pathol 90(2):187-195. 

Ahmed OM, Adam SE, Edds GT (1981) The toxicity of 

Capparis tomentosa in sheep and calves. Vet Hum Toxicol 

23(6):403-409. 

Ahmed SA, Amin AE, Adam SE, et al. (1993) By toxic 

effects of the dried leaves and stem of Capparis tomentosa 

on Nubian goats. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 

100(5):192-194. 

Salih YM, Idris OF, Wahbi AG, et al. (1980) Toxicity of 

Capparis tomentosa to sheep and goats. Sudan J Vet Res 

2:13-21. 

c a p s e l l a b u r s a -p a s To r is (L.) Medik. 


Synonyms: 

b ursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton 

Common Names: 

bolsa-de-pastor; bourse-à-pasteur; Hirtentäschel; 

shepherd’s-purse 

Citations: 

Kellerman WA (1895) Poisoning by shepherd’s purse. Bot 

Gaz 20:325-326. 

Temperton H (1943) Some nutritional causes of discolourations 

in the internal contents of eggs. Harper Adams 

Utility Poultry J 28(3):71-76. 

capsicum –see– Capsicum annuum L.; Capsicum frutescens L. 

c a p s ic u M a n n u u M L. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c apsicum annuum L. var. conoides (Mill.) Irish 

Common Names: 

African bird pepper; bell pepper; capsicum; cayenne 

pepper; cherry pepper; chili; chili pepper; Christmas 

pepper; green pepper; guinea pepper; hot pepper; jalapeño; 

ornamental pepper; paprika; pepper; pod pepper; 

red pepper; Roter Pfeffer; spice pepper; sweet pepper 

Citations: 

Hoch-Ligeti C (1951) Production of liver tumours by dietary 

means: Effect of feeding chillies (Capsicum frutescens 

and annuum (Linn.)) to rats. Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum 

7(3):606-611. 

Jones LA, Tandberg D, Troutman WG (1986) A controlled 

evaluation of household treatments for “chile burns.” Vet 




Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 

Niinimäki A (1984) Delayed-type allergy to spices. Contact 




Sastre J, Olmo M, Novalvos A, et al. (1996) Occupational 

asthma due to different spices. Allergy 51(2):117-120. 

Swami RH, Judge BS, Furbee RB (2003) Accidental ingestion 

of cayenne pepper sauce requiring prolonged ventilatory 

support. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41(5):653-654. 

Weinberg RB (1981) Hunan hand. N Engl J Med 

305(17):1020. 

Winograd HL (1977) Acute croup in an older child. An unusual 

toxic origin. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 16(10):884-887. 

Note: 

Bell pepper is named Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum 

in some publications. There is considerable confusion 

in the plant toxicology literature in the naming of the 

Capsicum peppers. 

Capsicum annuum L. var. conoides (Mill.) Irish = Capsicum 

annuum L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Carica papaya - 79 

c a p s ic u M f a s Tig i a Tu M Blume [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

chilly 

Citations: 

Flecker H (1945) Injuries produced by plants in tropical 

Queensland. Med J Aust 1(Jun 23):636-637. 

c a p s ic u M f r u Te s c e n s L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

African chili; African pepper; aji caballero; aji picante; 

bird pepper; capsicum; cayenne pepper; chile; chile pepper; 

chili bravo; chili pepper; Guinea pepper; hot pepper; 

Indian goat pepper; jalapeño; Louisiana pepper; 

pepper; red cayenne; red chili; spur pepper; Tabasco 

pepper; wild pepper 

Citations: 

Al Qarawi AA, Adam SE (1999) Effects of red chili 

(Capsicum frutescens L) on rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 

41(5):293-295. 

Cohen HS, Colette S (1984) “Tabasco throat.” Am Fam 

Physician 29(6):47. 

Diehl AK, Bauer RL (1978) Jalaproctitis. N Engl J Med 

299(20):1137-1138. 

Hoch-Ligeti C (1951) Production of liver tumours by dietary 

means: Effect of feeding chillies (Capsicum frutescens 

and annuum (Linn.)) to rats. Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum 

7(3):606-611. 

capulín tullidor –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) 

Zucc. 

capulín tullidora –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) 

Zucc. 

capulín tullidore –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) 

Zucc. 

capulincillo –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

caracuha colorado –see– Plumeria rubra L. 

c a r ag a n a a r b o r e s c e n s Lam. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Erbsenstrauch 

Citations: 

Krienke EG (1976) Akzidentelle Vergiftungen durch Pflanzen 

aus der Sicht einer Giftinformationszentrale. Internist 

(Berl) 17(8):399-410. 

caraotas rosadas –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

c a r a p ic h e a i p e c a c u a n h a (Brot.) L. 

Andersson [Rubiaceae] 

Common Names: 

ipecaagoene; ipecac; ipecacuanha 

Citations: 

Robertson WO (1979) Syrup of ipecac associated fatality: A 

case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 21(2):87-89. 

caraway –see– Carum carvi L. 

cardamom –see– Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 

cardo alazorado –see– Centaurea solstitialis L. 

cardo asnal –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

cardo cuco –see– Datura ferox L. 

cardo-de-la-liga –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

cardo-de-Maria –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

cardo lechal –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

cardo lechero –see– Centaurea solstitialis L. 

cardo santo –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

cardoon –see– Cynara cardunculus L. 

Carduus marianus L. = Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

careless weed –see– Amaranthus hybridus L.; Amaranthus 

palmeri S. Watson; Amaranthus retroflexus L.; Cyclachaena 

xanthiifolia (Nutt.) Fresen. 

c a r e x b u e k i i Wimm. [Cyperaceae] 

Citations: 

Rosca V, Pavel A (1969) Observaţii privind intoxicaţia cu 

diferite specii de rogoz (Carex L.) la taurine. Rev Zootehnie 

Med Vet 19(11):81-85. 

c a r e x c o n Tig u a Hoppe [Cyperaceae] 

Citations: 



Med Vet 19(11):81-85. 

c a r e x v u l p i n a L. [Cyperaceae] 

Citations: 



Med Vet 19(11):81-85. 

c a r e y a a r b o r e a Roxb. [Lecythidaceae] 

Citations: 




21(1):1-9. 

cariaquito morado –see– Melochia tomentosa L. 

c a r ic a p a p a y a L. [Caricaceae] 

Common Names: 

betek; papaw; papaya; pawpaw 

Citations: 

Chakraborty P, Ghosh D, Chowdhury I, et al. (2005) 

Aerobiological and immunochemical studies on Carica 

papaya L. pollen: An aeroallergen from India. Allergy 

60(7):920-926. 

Cordero-Moreno R (1973) Etiologic factors in tropical eye 

diseases. Am J Ophthalmol 75(3):349-364.

80 - Carthamus tinctorius D. Jesse Wagstaff 



Syphilol 51(3):163-171. 

Osgood H (1945) Atopic sensitivity to caroid (papain). 

Report of a case with discussion of some of the properties 

and uses of the drug. J Allergy 16:245-250. 

Carlina gummifera Less. = Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) 

Cass. 

carnation –see– Dianthus caryophyllus L. 

carnation poppy –see– Papaver somniferum L. 

carne asada –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex 

DC. 

carob –see– Ceratonia siliqua L. 

carob bean –see– Ceratonia siliqua L. 

Carolina canarygrass –see– Phalaris caroliniana Walter 

Carolina horse nettle –see– Solanum carolinense L. 

Carolina jasmine –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.- 

Hil. 

Carolina jessamine –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. 

St.-Hil. 

Carolina love nettle –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

Carolina maple –see– Acer rubrum L. 

Carolina modiola –see– Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don 

Carolina nightshade –see– Solanum carolinense L. 

Carolina wild woodbine –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) 

J. St.-Hil. 

Carolina yellow jessamine –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) 

J. St.-Hil. 

carotte-a-moreau –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. 

& Rose 

carpetweed –see– Drymaria holosteoides Benth.; Kallstroemia 

hirsutissima Vail ex Small 

carrot –see– Daucus carota L. 

carrot bush –see– Eremophila deserti (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) 

Chinnock 

carrot fern –see– Conium maculatum L. 

carrot weed –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L.; Trachymene 

glaucifolia (F. Muell.) Benth. 

carrotgrass –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

c a r Th a Mu s Ti n c To r i u s L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

hong hua; safflower 

Citations: 

Chan JC, Chan TY, Chan KL, et al. (1994) Anticholinergic 

poisoning from Chinese herbal medicines. Aust N Z J 

Med 24(3):317. 

van der Willigen AH, van Joost T, Stolz E, et al. (1987) 

Contact dermatitis to safflower. Contact Dermatitis 

17(11):184-186. 

c a r u M c a rv i L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

caraway; krisna jirak 

Citations: 



c a r y a i l l i n o i n e n s is (Wangenh.) K. Koch 

[Juglandaceae] 

Common Names: 

pecan 

Citations: 

Swinny B (1951) Periorbital dermatitis. Ann Allergy 

9(6):774-777. 

c a r y o Ta Mi Tis Lour. [Arecaceae] 

Common Names: 

besedin palm; clustered fishtail palm; fishtail palm; 

tufted fishtail palm 

Citations: 

Snyder DS, Hatfield GM, Lampe KF (1979) Examination 

of the itch response from the raphides of the fishtail palm 

Caryota mitis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 48(2):287-292. 

c a r y o Ta u r e n s L. [Arecaceae] 

Common Names: 

fishtail palm; sago palm; toddy fishtail palm; wine 

palm 

Citations: 



casca bark –see– Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) 

Brenan 

cashes –see– Conium maculatum L. 

cashew –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

cashew apple –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

cassada –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

cassava –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

cassia –see– Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees; Senna tora (L.) 

Roxb. 

Cassia acutifolia Delile. = Senna alexandrina Mill. 

Cassia didymobotrya Fresen. = Senna didymobotrya 

(Fresen.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby 

Cassia floribunda Cav. = Senna ×floribunda (Cav.) H. S. 

Irwin & Barneby 

Cassia italica (Mill.) Spreng. = Senna italica Mill. 

c a s s i a j a va n ic a L. subsp. nodosa (Buch.-Ham. 

ex Roxb.) K. Larsen & S. S. Larsen [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

pink-and-white-shower

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Catha edulis - 81 

Citations: 




Cassia lindheimeriana Scheele = Senna lindheimeriana 

(Scheele) H. S. Irwin & Barneby 

Cassia obtusifolia L. = Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & 

Barneby 

Cassia occidentalis L. = Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

Cassia roemeriana Scheele = Senna roemeriana (Scheele) H. 

S. Irwin & Barneby 

Cassia senna L. = Senna alexandrina Mill. 

Cassia tora L. = Senna tora (L.) Roxb. 

c a s s i n e b u c h a n a n i i Loes. [Celastraceae] 

Synonyms: 

e laeodendron buchananii (Loes.) Loes.; e laeodendron 

keniense Loes. 

Citations: 



Cassuvium pomiferum Lam. = Anacardium occidentale L. 

c a s Ta n e a s a Ti va Mill. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

chestnut; Kastanie; sweet chestnut 

Citations: 

Zapatero L, Baeza ML, Sierra Z, et al. (2005) Anaphylaxis 

by fruits of the Fagaceae family: Acorn and chestnut. 

Allergy 60(12):1542. 

c a s Ta n o s p e r Mu M a u s Tr a l e A. Cunn. & C. 

Fraser ex Hook. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Australian bean tree; Australian black bean tree; bean 

tree; black bean; Meto; Moreton Bay chestnut 

Citations: 

Hindmarsh WL, Hart L (1938) Castanospermum australe 

(black bean, Moreton Bay chestnut). Green seeds poisonous 

to stock. New South Wales Dep Agric Vet Res Rep 

#7(1937):109-114. 

McKenzie RA, Reichmann KG, Dimmock CK, et al. (1988) 

The toxicity of Castanospermum australe seeds for cattle. 

Aust Vet J 65(6):165-167. 

Reichmann KG, Twist JO, McKenzie RA (1989) Inhibition 

of alpha-glucosidase in cattle by Castanospermum australe: 

An attempted phenocopy of Pompe’s disease. Aust 

Vet J 66(3):86-89. 

Shaw D, Pearn J (1979) Oleander [sic] poisoning. Med J Aust 

2(5):267-269. 

castlebean –see– Sesbania vesicaria (Jacq.) Elliott 

castor bean –see– Ricinus communis L. 

casuarina –see– Casuarina equisetifolia L. 

c a s u a r i n a c r is Ta Ta Miq. [Casuarinaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c asuarina lepidophloia F. Muell. 

Common Names: 

Australian pine 

Citations: 

Zivitz N (1942) Allergy to Australian pine. J Allergy 

13:314-316. 

c a s u a r i n a e q u is e Ti f o l i a L. [Casuarinaceae] 

Common Names: 

Australian pine; beef wood tree; casuarina; horsetail 

tree; she oak 

Citations: 

Zivitz N (1942) Allergy to Australian pine. J Allergy 

13:314-316. 

Casuarina lepidopholia F. Muell. = Casuarina cristata Miq. 

cat mint –see– Nepeta cataria L. 

catalina –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch 

cataria –see– Nepeta cataria L. 

catawba rhododendron –see– Rhododendron catawbiense 

Michx. 

catayo –see– Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small 

catechu –see– Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. 

caterpillar weed –see– Heliotropium europaeum L. 

c a Th a e d u l is (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

[Celastraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c elastrus edulis Vahl 

Common Names: 

Abyssinian tea; cafta; chat; ciat; flower-of-paradise; gad; 

gat; inlonge; kat; khat; miraa; ol meraa; qat; tschat 

Citations: 

Alem A, Shibre T (1997) Khat induced psychosis and its 

medico-legal implication: A case report. Ethiop Med J 

35(2):137-139. 

Carothers JC (1945) Miraa as a cause of insanity. East Afr 

Med J 22(23):4-6. 

El Guindy MK (1971) Effects of Catha edulis (khat) chewing 

on human body. J Egypt Med Assoc 54(4):230-234. 

Giannini AJ, Castellani S (1982) A manic-like psychosis 

due to khat (Catha edulis Forssk.). Clin Toxicol 

19(5):455-459. 

Heisch RB (1945) A case of poisoning by Catha edulis. East 

Afr Med J 22(Jan):7-9. 

Kennedy JG, Teague J, Rokaw W, et al. (1983) A medical 

evaluation of the use of qat in North Yemen. Soc Sci Med 

17(12):783-793. 

Maitai CK (1977) The toxicity of the plant Catha edulis in 

rats. Toxicon 15(4):363-366.

82 - Catharanthus pusillus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Nencini P, Ahmed AM, Elmi AS (1986) Subjective effects 

of khat chewing in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 

18(1):97-105. 

Roper JP (1986) The presumed neurotoxic effects of Catha 

edulis - An exotic plant now available in the United 

Kingdom. Br J Ophthalmol 70(10):779-781. 

c a Th a r a n Th u s p u s i l l u s (Murray) G. Don 

[Apocynaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l ochnera pusilla (Murray) K. Schum.; vinca pusilla 

Murray 

Citations: 

Mantramurti ID (1964) Let not Lochnera pussilus poison 

your livestock. Indian Livestock 2(2):8, 43. 

Selva Raj VB, Ganapathy MS (1967) Studies on the toxicity of 

Lochnera pusilla K. Schum. Indian Vet J 44(10):871-876. 

c a Th a r a n Th u s r o s e u s (L.) G. Don 

[Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

bright-eyes; cayenne jasmine; chichirica; Madagascar 

periwinkle; old maid; periwinkle; pink periwinkle; rose 

periwinkle; vinca 

Citations: 





Deng JF, Wu ML (2003) Severe bone marrow depression 

induced by an anti-cancer herb “Catharanthus roseus.” J 


Wu ML, Deng JF, Wu JC, et al. (2004) Severe bone marrow 

depression induced by an anticancer herb Catharanthus 

roseus. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42(5):667-671. 

cathedral bells –see– Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. 

catmint –see– Nepeta cataria L. 

catnep –see– Nepeta cataria L. 

catnip –see– Nepeta cataria L. 

cat’s-ear –see– Hypochaeris radicata L. 

cat’s-eggs –see– Xanthium strumarium L. 

cat’s-head –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

cat’s-milk –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L. 

cat’s-tail –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

cat’s-tail grass –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

cat’s-valerian –see– Valeriana officinalis L. 

catuit –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

c a Tu n a r e g a M s p i n o s a (Thunb.) Tirveng. 

[Rubiaceae] 

Citations: 




catweed –see– Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. King & 

H. Rob. 

catwood –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

c a u c a l is pl a Ty c a r p o s L. [Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

o rlaya platycarpos (L.) W. D. J. Koch 

Citations: 

Sabboykides M (1966) [Poisoning of sheep by the plant 

Orlaya platycarpa (Umbelliferae).] Hellenike Kteniatrike 

9:160-166. 

cauliflower –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. 

caulophylle faux-pigamon –see– Caulophyllum thalictroides 

(L.) Michx. 

c a u l o p h y l l u M Th a l ic Tr o i d e s (L.) 

Michx. [Berberidaceae] 

Common Names: 

blue cohosh; caulophylle faux-pigamon; papooseroot; 

squawroot 

Citations: 

Jones TK, Lawson BM (1998) Profound neonatal congestive 

heart failure caused by maternal consumption 

of blue cohosh herbal medicine. J Pediatr 132(3 Part 

1):550-552. 

Rao RB, Hoffman RS (2002) Nicotinic toxicity from tincture 

of blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) used as 

an abortifacient. Vet Hum Toxicol 44(4):221-222. 

Rao RB, Hoffman RS, Desiderio R, et al. (1998) Nicotinic 

toxicity from tincture of blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) 

used as an abortifacient. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

36(5):455. 

caustic bush –see– Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. 

caustic creeper –see– Euphorbia drummondii Boiss. 

caustic vine –see– Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. 

caustic weed –see– Euphorbia drummondii Boiss. 

caviúna –see– Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth. 

caviuna vermelho –see– Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. 

cavolfiore –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. 

cavolo cappaccio –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. 

cayenne jasmine –see– Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don 

cayenne pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L.; Capsicum 

frutescens L. 

cayote –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

cebil colorado –see– Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan 

var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul 

cebola –see– Allium cepa L. 

cebolla albarrana –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

cedar-of-Lebanon –see– Cedrus libani A. Rich. 

cédre –see– Thuja occidentalis L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Centaurea solstitialis - 83 

cedro prieto –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb.; Metopium 

toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

cedron –see– Simaba cedron Planch. 

c e d r u s d e o d o r a (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don 

[Pinaceae] 

Common Names: 

deodar cedar 

Citations: 

Rawat A, Singh A, Singh AB, et al. (2000) Clinical and 

immunologic evaluation of Cedrus deodora pollen: A 

new allergen from India. Allergy 55(7):620-626. 

c e d r u s l i b a n i A. Rich. [Pinaceae] 

Common Names: 

cedar-of-Lebanon 

Citations: 

Greenberg M (1972) Respiratory symptoms following brief 

exposure to cedar of Lebanon (Cedra libani) dust. Clin 

Allergy 2(3):219-224. 

cegadera –see– Heterophyllaea pustulata Hook. f. 

celandine –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

celandine poppy –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

Celastrus edulis Vahl = Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

céleri –see– Apium graveolens L. 

Celeri graveolens (L.) Britton = Apium graveolens L. 

celeriac –see– Apium graveolens L. 

celery –see– Apium graveolens L. 

celery-leaf buttercup –see– Ranunculus sceleratus L. 

celery-leaf crowfoot –see– Ranunculus sceleratus L. 

celestina azul –see– Ageratum houstonianum Mill. 

celestrum nigrum –see– Cestrum nocturnum L. 

celidonia mayor –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

c e l Tis b r i e y i De Wild. [Ulmaceae] 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 

c e n c h r u s c i l i a r is L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

buffelgrass 

Citations: 


diseases, either new or new to the state, encountered over the 

last decade (1991-2001) in Western Australia. In: Acamovic 



McKenzie RA, Bell AM, Storie GJ, et al. (1988) Acute 

oxalate poisoning of sheep by buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). 

Aust Vet J 65(1):26. 

c e n c h r u s i n c e r Tu s M. A. Curtis [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c enchrus pauciflorus Benth. 

Common Names: 

field sandbur; sandbur; southern sandbur 

Citations: 

Sperry OE, Turk RD, Hoffman GO, et al. (1955) Photosensitization 

of cattle in Texas. Texas Agric Exp Sta Bull 

#812:8 pp. 

Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth. = Cenchrus incertus M. A. 

Curtis 

c e n c h r u s s e Tig e r Vahl [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

birdwoodgrass 

Citations: 






Centaurea picris Pall. ex Willd. = Acroptilon repens (L.) 

DC. 

Centaurea repens L. = Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. 

c e n Ta u r e a so ls Ti Ti a l is L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

abrepuño; cardo alazorado; cardo lechero; knapweed; 

St. Barnaby’s-thistle; star thistle; yellow bur; yellow 

centaurea; yellow star thistle 

Citations: 

Cordy DR (1954) Nigro-pallidal encephalomalacia (chewing 

disease) in horses on rations high in yellow star thistle. 

Am Vet Med Assoc Annu Meet 1954:149-154. 

Cordy DR (1954) Nigropallidal encephalomalacia in horses 

associated with ingestion of yellow star thistle. J Neuropathol 

Exp Neurol 13(2):330-342. 

Fowler ME (1965) Nigropallidal encephalomalacia in the 

horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 147(6):607-616. 

Gard GP, de Sarem WG, Ahrens PJ (1973) Nigropallidal 

encephalomalacia in horses in New South Wales. Aust 

Vet J 49(2):107-108. 

Martin AA, Yanarella FG, Maurel RA, et al. (1971) Nigropallidal 

encefalomalacia en equinos provocada por la 

intoxicacion cronica con “abrepuño” (Centaurea solstitialis 

L.). Analect Vet 3(1-3):43-53. 

Mettler FA, Stern GM (1963) Observations on the toxic 

effects of yellow star thistle. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 


Selfero NA, Merlassino JL, Audisio S (1989) Intoxicacion 

por abrepuños (Centaurea solstitialis) evaluacion terapeutica. 

Therios 13(61):42-44. 

Young S, Brown WW, Klinger B (1970) Nigropallidal 

encephalomalacia in horses caused by ingestion of 

weeds of the genus Centaurea. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

157(11):1602-1605.

84 - Centella asiatica D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Centaurium beyrichii (Torr. & A. Gray) B. L. Rob. = 

Zeltnera beyrichii (Torr. & A. Gray) G. Mans. 

Centaurium calycosum (Buckley) Fernald = Zeltnera 

calycosa (Buckley) G. Mans. 

c e n Te l l a a s i a Tic a (L.) Urb. [Araliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h ydrocotyle asiatica L. 

Common Names: 

brahmi; fo-ti-tieng; gotu kola; Indian pennywort; 

madecassol; pennywort; taquip-cohol 

Citations: 

Eun HC, Lee AY (1985) Contact dermatitis due to madecassol. 


Central American walnut –see– Juglans olanchana Standl. & 

L. O. Williams 

c e n Tr o s e Ma p u b e s c e n s Benth. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 


Lab Anim Sci 26(4):664-669. 

century plant –see– Agave americana L.; Agave lechuguilla Torr. 

Cephaelis tomentosa (Aubl.) Vahl = Psychotria poeppigiana 

Müll. Arg. 

c e r a To c e p h a l a Te s Tic u l a Ta (Crantz) 

Roth [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

bur buttercup; hornseed buttercup; testiculate 

buttercup 

Citations: 

Olsen JD, Anderson TE, Madsen G (1982) Bur buttercup. 

It will get your sheep if you don’t watch out. Utah Sci 

43(Spring):10-13. 

Olsen JD, Anderson TE, Murphy JC, et al. (1983) Bur 

buttercup poisoning of sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

183(5):538-543. 

c e r a To n i a s i l iq u a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

carob; carob bean 

Citations: 

Silanikove N, Gilboa N, Nir I, et al. (1996) Effect of a daily 

supplementation of polyethylene glycol on intake and 

digestion of tannin-containing leaves (Quercus calliprinos, 

Pistacia lentiscus, and Ceratonia siliqua) by goats. J 

Agric Food Chem 44:199 

c e r b e r a o d o l l a M Gaertn. [Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

buta buta; famentana; odallum; ordeal tree; pink-eye 

cerbera; pong pong; samanta; tangena nut; yellow-eye 

cerbera 

Citations: 

Gaillard Y, Krishnamoorthy A, Bevalot F (2004) Cerbera 

odollam: A ‘suicide tree’ and cause of death in the state of 

Kerala, India. J Ethnopharmacol 95(2-3):123-126. 

Iyer GV, Narendranathan M (1975) A preliminary report on 

the neurological manifestations of Cerbera odollam poisoning. 


Kini PM, Pai KN (1965) Cardiotoxic effects of Cerbera 

odollam. Indian Heart J 17(3):263-270. 

Narendranathan M, Das KV, Vijayaraghavan G (1975) Electrocardiographic 

changes in Cerbera odollam poisoning. J 


Narendranathan M, Das KV, Vijayaraghavan G (1975) 

Prognostic factors in Cerbera odollam poisoning. Indian 

Heart J 27(4):283-286. 

Vijayaraghavan G, Kuruvilla A, Warrier NS, et al. (1974) 

Cardiovascular effects of cerebrin. Indian Heart J 

26(2):79-83. 

Cerbera thevetia L. = Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

c e r c o c a r p u s Mo n Ta n u s Raf. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

alder-leaf mountain mahogany; hairy mountain 

mahogany; mountain mahogany 

Citations: 

Nunez Hernandez G, Wallace JD, Holechek JL, et al. (1991) 

Condensed tannins and nutrient utilization by lambs and 

goats fed low-quality diets. J Anim Sci 69(3):1167-1177. 

cériman –see– Monstera deliciosa Liebm. 

c e s Tr u M a u r a n Ti a c u M Lindl. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

night-blooming jasmine; orange bush; orange cestrum 

Citations: 

Edgar G (1933) “Orange bush” proved poisonous to stock. 

Agric Gaz New South Wales 44:785. 

Mugera GM, Nderito P (1968) Cestrum poisoning in Kenya 

livestock. Bull Epizootic Dis Afr 16(4):501-506. 



Shone DK (1967) Poisonous plants of Rhodesia. Part II. 

Rhodesia Zambia Malawi J Agric Res 5:29-41. 

c e s Tr u M d i u r n u M L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

Chinese inkberry; dama-de-dia; day-blooming jasmine; 

day-blooming jessamine; day cestrum; day jasmine; 

day jessamine; galan-de-dia; jasmine; jessamine; 

king-of-the-day; tintan; wild jasmin; wild jasmine 

Citations: 

Durand R, Figueredo JM, Mendoza E (1999) Intoxication 

in cattle from Cestrum diurnum. Vet Hum Toxicol 

41(1):26-27. 



Cienc Agric Eng Ed 6(1):53-59.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Chamaeleon gummifera - 85 

Kasali OB, Krook L, Pond WG, et al. (1977) Cestrum diurnum 

intoxication in normal and hyperparathyroid pigs. 

Cornell Vet 67(2):190-221. 

Krook L, Wasserman RH, McEntee K, et al. (1975) Cestrum 

diurnum poisoning in Florida cattle. Cornell Vet 

65(4):557-575. 

Krook L, Wasserman RH, Shively JN, et al. (1975) Hypercalcemia 

and calcinosis in Florida horses: Implication of 

the shrub, Cestrum diurnum, as the causative agent. Cornell 

Vet 65(1):26-56. 

Sarkar K, Narbaitz R, Pokrupa R, et al. (1981) The ultrastructure 

of nephrocalcinosis induced in chicks by Cestrum 

diurnum leaves. Vet Pathol 18(1):62-70. 

Simpson CF, Bruss ML (1979) Ectopic calcification in lambs 

from feeding the plant Cestrum diurnum. Calcif Tissue 

Int 29(3):245-250. 

c e s Tr u M l a e vig a Tu M Schltdl. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

coerana; dominguinho; inkberry; wild potato 

Citations: 

Barros GC, Döbereiner J (1968) Experimentos com Cestrum 

laevigatum Schlecht. em animais de laboratorio. Pesq 

Agric Bras 3:307-311. 

Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH, Canella CF (1965) Intoxicação por 

Cestrum laevigatum Schlecht. em bovinos no Estado do Rio 

de Janeiro, Brasil. Proc Int Grassland Cong 2:1259-1263. 

Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH, Canella CF (1969) Intoxicação 

por Cestrum laevigatum Schlecht., a causa de mortandades 

em bovinos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Pesq 

Agric Bras Vet 4:165-193. 

Peixoto PV, Brust LC, Duarte MD, et al. (2000) Cestrum 

laevigatum poisoning in goats in southeastern Brazil. Vet 


Thorburn JA (1934) Chase Valley disease. Cestrum laevigatum 

Schlecht, its toxic effects on ruminants. Onderstepoort 

J Vet Sci Anim Indus 2(2):667-679. 

van der Lugt JJ, Nel PW, Kitching JP (1991) The pathology 

of Cestrum laevigatum (Schlechtd.) poisoning in cattle. 


van der Lugt JJ, Nel PW, Kitching JP (1992) Experimentally-induced 

Cestrum laevigatum (Schlechtd.) poisoning 

in sheep. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 59(2):135-144. 

c e s Tr u M n o c Tu r n u M L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

celestrum nigrum; Chinese inkberry; dama-de-noche; 

galan-de-noche; huele-de-noche; jasmin-de-nuit; ladyof-the-night; 

lilas-de-nuit; night-blooming jasmine; 

night-blooming jessamine; poisonberry 

Citations: 

Fruthaler GJ (1955) Solanine poisoning. Ochsner Clin Rep 

1(2):50-52. 

c e s Tr u M p a r q u i L’Her. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

Chilean cestrum; duraznillo; duraznillo negro; green 

cestrum; green poisonberry; iodine bush; la parquina; 

palque; willow-leaf jassamine 

Citations: 

Guercio V (1966) Su di un episodio da avvelenamento nei 

suini da «Cestrum parquii». Vet Italiana 17:726-729. 

Kudo K, Kelly WR, Oelrichs PB (1985) Experimental poisoning 

of mice and sheep with Cestrum parqui. In: Seawright 

AA, Hegarty MP, James LF, et al. (eds.) Plant 

toxicology. Queensland Poisonous Plant Committee, 


Lopez TA, Spinelli R, Villar JA (1978) Efectos de la dosificacion 

de Cestrum parqui L’Herit en ovinos y bovinos. 

Gaceta Vet 40(334):642-650. 

Manriquez O, Varas J, Rios JC, et al. (2002) Analysis of 

156 cases of plant intoxication received in the toxicologic 

information center at Catholic University of Chile. Vet 


McLennan MW, Kelly WR (1984) Cestrum parqui (green 

cestrum) poisoning in cattle. Aust Vet J 61(9):289-291. 

Riet-Correa F, Schild AL, Méndez MC, et al. (1986) Intoxicação 

por Cestrum parqui (Solanaceae) em bovinos no 

Rio Grande do Sul. Pesq Vet Bras 6(4):111-115. 

Ruiz LF (1930) Tres plantas tóxicas de la flora Argentina. 

Bol Minist Agric Nac Rep Argentina 29(Mar):45-55. 

Ceylon rose –see– Nerium oleander L. 

cha-de-figo –see– Ficus carica L. 

chacin –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 

chacruna –see– Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pav. 

c h a e r o p h y l l u M b u l b o s u M L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

chervil 

Citations: 

Miedzobrodzki K, Bąk T, Lewandowski L (1963) Zatrucia 

zwierząt swierząbkiem (Chaerophyllum). Med Weter 

19(6):309-310. 

chailletia –see– Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook.) Engl. 

chalice flower –see– Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 

c h a Ma e c y Tis u s p r o l i f e r (L. f.) Link 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

tagasaste; tree lucerne 

Citations: 






c h a Ma e l e o n g u MMi f e r a (L.) Cass. 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a tractylis gummifera L.; c arlina gummifera Less. 

Common Names: 

addad; birdlime thistle; cardo-de-la-liga; chameleon 

leukos; chardon-à-glu; edded; glue chard; glue thistle;

86 - Chamaelirium luteum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

ixia; lion-of-the-earth; mascarida; masticogna; Mediterranean 

thistle; sticky thistle; Vogelleimdistel; white 

chameleon 

Citations: 

Bellimam MA, Karni NE, Bouayoun T, et al. (2001) Study 

on cases of homicides by poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol 

43(4):244. 

Georgiou M, Sianidou L, Hatzis T, et al. (1988) Hepatotoxicity 

due to Atractylis gummifera L. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

26(7):487-493. 

Guercio V, Randazzo V, Balbo SM (1971) Osservazioni su 

episodi di avvelenamento da Atractylis gummifera. Veterinaria 

(Milano) 20(6):311-318. 




Toxicol 42(3):137-141. 

Lemaigre G, Tebbi Z, Galinsky R, et al. (1975) Hépatite fulminante 

par intoxication due au chardon à glu (Atractylis 

gummifera-L). Nouv Presse Med 4(40):2865-2868. 

Nogue S, Sang P, Botey A, et al. (1992) Insuffisance rénale 

aigüe due à une intoxication par le chardon à glu (Atractylis 

gummifera-L). Presse Med 21(3):130. 

Tocco L (1922) Sull’ avvelenamento per Carlina gummifera. 

Nota II - Ricerche farmacologiche sul principio attivo 

della Carlina gummifera (Atractylato di K). Arch Int 

Pharmacodyn Ther 26:171-186. 

c h a Ma e l i r i u M l u Te u M (L.) A. Gray 


Common Names: 

devil’s-bit; helonias; unicorn root 

Citations: 

Moir J (1899) Poisoned by devil’s-bit. Vet Rec 11:523-524. 

c h a Ma e Me l u M n ob i l e (L.) All. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a nthemis nobilis L. 

Common Names: 

camomile; chamomile; Hundskamille; Kamille; Roman 

camomille; sweet camomille 

Citations: 




c h a Ma e s y c e h i r Ta (L.) Millsp. 


Synonyms: 

e uphorbia hirta L.; e uphorbia pilulifera L. 

Common Names: 

asthma herb; Australian asthma herb; Australian 

snakeweed; dudhi; golandrina; golodrina; grande malnommée; 

hairy spurge; Jean Robert; milkweed; petite 

malnommée; Queensland asthma herb; snakeweed; 

spurge 

Citations: 



c h a Ma e s y c e Ma c u l a Ta (L.) Small 


Synonyms: 

e uphorbia maculata L. 

Common Names: 

eyebane; milk purslane; nodding spurge; prostrate 

spurge; snow-on-the-mountain; spotted spurge 

Citations: 

Case AA (1957) Photosensitization syndrome in cattle, 

sheep, and swine. North Am Vet 38(Jun):161-165. 

c h a Ma e s y c e p r o s Tr a Ta (Aiton) Small 


Synonyms: 

e uphorbia prostrata Aiton 

Common Names: 

prostrate euphorbia; prostrate spurge; red caustic 

creeper 

Citations: 



#812:8 pp. 

chameleon leukos –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

chamico –see– Datura ferox L.; Datura stramonium L. 

chamiso hediondo –see– Artemisia tridentata Nutt. 

chamiza –see– Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. 

chamomile –see– Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.; Matricaria 

recutita L. 

Champagnerwurz –see– Veratrum album L. 

chanchanote –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

chancre indien –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

chandan –see– Santalum album L. 

chandelier plant –see– Kalanchoe delagoensis Eckl. & Zeyh. 

chanvre-de-Canada –see– Apocynum cannabinum L. 

chaparral –see– Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville 

chaparral death camas –see– Toxicoscordion fremontii (Torr.) 

Rydb. 

chaperno –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC. 

charas –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

chard –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

chardon-à-glu –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

charlock –see– Sinapis alba L.; Sinapis arvensis L. 

chaste tree –see– Vitex agnus-castus L. 

chat –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

chaulai –see– Amaranthus viridis L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Chenopodium quinoa - 87 

chayote –see– Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. 

cheat –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

chechém –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

chechem negro –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 

checkerberry –see– Gaultheria procumbens L. 

cheeky bugger –see– Isotoma petraea F. Muell. 

cheesebowl –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

cheeseweed –see– Malva parviflora L. 

c h e i l a n Th e s s i e b e r i Kunze [Pteridaceae] 

Common Names: 

mulga fern; rock fern 

Citations: 

Clark IA, Dimmock CK (1971) The toxicity of Cheilanthes 

sieberi to cattle and sheep. Aust Vet J 47(4):149-152. 

McKenzie RA (1978) Bovine enzootic haematuria in Queensland. 

Aust Vet J 54(2):61-64. 

Smith BL, Embling PP, Lauren DR, et al. (1989) Carcinogen 

in rock fern (Cheilanthes sieberi) from New Zealand 

and Australia. Aust Vet J 66:154-155. 

c h e i l a n Th e s Te n u i f o l i a (Burm. f.) Sw. 

[Pteridaceae] 

Common Names: 

mulga fern; rock fern; rock lip fern 

Citations: 

Gordon HM (1936) Some field observations on various diseases 

of sheep. Aust Vet J 12(Feb):28-31. 

chekkarmenis –see– Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. 

chekor manis –see– Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. 

chekurmanis –see– Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. 

chela –see– Ficus amplissima Sm. 

chélidoine –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

c h e l i d o n i u M Ma j u s L. [Papaveraceae] 

Common Names: 

Blutkraut; celandine; celandine poppy; celidonia mayor; 

chélidoine; cock foot; Gelbkraut; great celandine; rock 

poppy; Schellkraut; Schöllkraut; swallowwort; tetterwort; 

wartwort; Warzenkraut 

Citations: 

Benninger J, Schneider HT, Schuppan D, et al. (1999) Acute 

hepatitis induced by greater celandine (Chelidonium 

majus). Gastroenterology 117(5):1234-1237. 

Koopmann H (1937) Tödliche Schöllkraut-Vergiftung 

(Chelidonium majus). Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 

8(A682):93-98. 

Reeks HC (1903) Poisoning of cattle by common celandine. 

J Comp Pathol 16:367-371. 

Štĕrba B, Meissner V (1962) Sušené rostliny s obsahem 

srdečních glykosidů a alkaloidů jako příčina uhynuté 

hospodářských zvířat. Veterinarstvi 12:83-86. 

Stickel F, Pöschl G, Seitz HK, et al. (2003) Acute hepatitis 

induced by greater celandine (Chelidonium majus). Scand 

J Gastroenterol 38(5):565-568. 

Strahl S, Ehret V, Dahm HH, et al. (1998) Nekrotisierende 

Hepatitis nach Einnahme pflanzlicher Heilmittel. Dtsch 

Med Wochenschr 123(47):1410-1414. 

chengkian –see– Croton tiglium L. 

chenile –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

c h e n o p o d i u M a l b u M L. [Chenopodiaceae] 

Common Names: 

fat hen; goosefoot; lamb’s-quarter; nabo blanco; patade-ganso; 

quelite cenizo; white goosefoot; wild spinach; 

witte ganzenrooet 

Citations: 

Buck WB, Preston KS, Abel M, et al. (1965-1966) Common 

weeds associated with perirenal edema in swine. Proc Am 

Coll Vet Toxicol 1965:24-28. 

Buck WB, Preston KS, Abel M, et al. (1966) Perirenal edema 

in swine: A disease caused by common weeds. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 148(12):1525-1531. 

Çalka Ö, Akdeniz N, Metin A, et al. (2005) Phototoxic dermatitis 

due to Chenopodium album in a mother and son. 


Herweijer CH, Den Houter LF (1970) Vergiftiging bij 

schapen door witte ganzenvoet (Chenopodium album). 


Herweijer CH, Den Houter LF (1971) Poisoning due to fat 

hen (Chenopodium album) in sheep. Netherlands J Vet Sci 

4(1):52-54. 

Ozmen O, Mor F, Unsal A (2003) Nitrate poisoning in cattle fed 

Chenopodium album hay. Vet Hum Toxicol 45(2):83-84. 

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. = Dysphania ambrosioides 

(L.) Mosyakin & Clemants 

Chenopodium atriplicinum (F. Muell.) F. Muell. = 

Scleroblitum atriplicinum (F. Muell.) Ulbr. 

Chenopodium carinatum R. Br. = Dysphania carinata (R. 

Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants 

Chenopodium graveolens Willd. = Dysphania graveolens 

(Willd.) Mosyakin & Clemants 

c h e n o p o d i u M h y b r i d u M L. 


Citations: 

Ivanov VV (1959) [A case of mass poisoning by Chenopodium 

hybridum L.] Bot Zh 44(2):198-199. 

c h e n o p o d i u M q u i n o a Willd. 


Common Names: 

quinoa; quinua 

Citations: 

Cheeke PR, Carlsson R (1978) Evaluation of several crops as 

sources of leaf meal: Composition, effect of drying procedure, 

and rat growth response. Nutr Rep Int 18(4):465-473.

88 - Chenopodium quinoa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

cherimoya –see– Annona cherimola Mill. 

cherry –see– Prunus serotina Ehrh.; Prunus virginiana L. 

cherry ballart –see– Exocarpos cupressiformis Labill. 

cherry bay –see– Prunus laurocerasus L. 

cherry laurel –see– Prunus laurocerasus L. 

cherry pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L. 

cherry pie –see– Heliotropium europaeum L.; Lantana 

camara L. 

chervil –see– Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. 

ches tennent –see– Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. 

chestnut –see– Castanea sativa Mill. 

cheta mona –see– Paspalum scrobiculatum L. var. bispicatum 

Hack. 

Chewing’s-fescue –see– Festuca rubra L. subsp. fallax 

(Thuill.) Nyman 

chi gurunga –see– Senecio sceleratus Schweick. 

chibata –see– Arrabidaea bilabiata (Sprague) Sandwith 

chicalote –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

chicharron –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 

chichicaste –see– Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur 

chichicaste-de-las-costas –see– Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur 

chichirica –see– Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don 

chick pea –see– Cicer arietinum L.; Lathyrus hirsutus L.; 

Lathyrus sativus L. 

Chickasaw lima bean –see– Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. 

chickling pea –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

chickling vetch –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

chickory –see– Cichorium intybus L. 

chico –see– Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. 

chicory –see– Cichorium endivia L.; Cichorium intybus L. 

chicot –see– Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch 

chiguirera –see– Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M. Gómez 

chilamatillo –see– Euphorbia heterophylla L. 

chilbe –see– Trigonella foenum-graecum L. 

children’s-bane –see– Cicuta maculata L. 

children’s-death –see– Cicuta maculata L. 

chile –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

chile-de-perro –see– Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small 

chile pepper –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

Chilean cestrum –see– Cestrum parqui L’Her. 

chili –see– Capsicum annuum L. 

chili bravo –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

chili pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L.; Capsicum frutescens 

L. 

Chillagoe horse poison –see– Crotalaria aridicola Domin 

chilly –see– Capsicum fastigiatum Blume 

chilquilla –see– Pascalia glauca Ortega 

China cockle –see– Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert 

China rose –see– Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. 

China tree –see– Melia azedarach L. 

Chinaball tree –see– Melia azedarach L. 

Chinaberry –see– Melia azedarach L. 

Chinawood oil tree –see– Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw 

Chinese aconite root –see– Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux 

var. truppelianum (Ulbr.) W. T. Wang & P. K. Hsiao 

Chinese bastard anise –see– Illicium anisatum L. 

Chinese boxthorn –see– Lycium barbarum L. 

Chinese cabbage –see– Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris 

(L.) A. R. Clapham 

Chinese-cap larkspur –see– Delphinium glaucum S. Watson 

Chinese cinnamon –see– Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees 

Chinese ephedra –see– Ephedra sinica Stapf 

Chinese eupatorium –see– Eupatorium chinense L. 

Chinese forget-me-not –see– Cynoglossum officinale L. 

Chinese inkberry –see– Cestrum diurnum L.; Cestrum 

nocturnum L. 

Chinese juniper –see– Juniperus chinensis L. 

Chinese jute –see– Abutilon theophrasti Medik. 

Chinese kidney bean –see– Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. 

Chinese lacquer tree –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum 

(Stokes) F. A. Barkley 

Chinese persimmon –see– Diospyros kaki Thunb. 

Chinese primrose –see– Primula obconica Hance; Primula 

praenitens Ker Gawl. 

Chinese rhubarb –see– Rheum officinale Baill. 

Chinese-rice-paper-plant –see– Tetrapanax papyrifer 

(Hook.) K. Koch 

Chinese sacred bamboo –see– Nandina domestica Thunb. 

Chinese shellac –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. 

A. Barkley 

Chinese star anise –see– Illicium verum Hook. f. 

Chinese sumach –see– Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle 

Chinese tallow tree –see– Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 

Chinese tung oil tree –see– Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy 

Shaw 

Chinese umbrella tree –see– Melia azedarach L. 

Chinese wisteria –see– Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. 

Chinese yam –see– Dioscorea polystachya Turcz. 

Chinesewood-oil tree –see– Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy 

Shaw 

Chinesische Glyzinie –see– Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. 

Chinesische Primel –see– Primula praenitens Ker Gawl. 

chingma –see– Abutilon theophrasti Medik.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Chondrilla juncea - 89 

chinkerinchee –see– Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq.; 

Ornithogalum toxicarium C. Archer & R. H. Archer 

chique chique –see– Crotalaria pallida Aiton 

c h i r o n i a b a c c i f e r a L. [Gentianaceae] 

Common Names: 

humansdorp 

Citations: 




Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

c h i r o n i a Tr a n s va a l e n s is Gilg 

[Gentianaceae] 

Common Names: 

Rhodesian wild gentian; wild gentian 

Citations: 








1:173-182. 

chivalrygrass –see– Polygonum aviculare L. 

chives –see– Allium schoenoprasum L. 

c h l o r is g a y a n a Kunth [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

Rhodesgrass 

Citations: 

Bargai U (1987) Incidence, etiology and treatment of ovarian 

follicular cysts in a large dairy herd over a ten-year period. 

Isr J Vet Med 43(1):56-61. 

Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth. = Milicia excelsa 

(Welw.) C. C. Berg 

c h l o r o x y l o n s w i e Te n i a DC. [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

Atlasholz; East Indian satinwood; Ostindisches Satinholz; 

Ostindisches Seidenholz; satin wood; Satinholz; 

Westindisches Atlasholz; Westindisches Satinholz; 

Zitronenholz 

Citations: 

Cash JT (1911) The dermatitis produced by East Indian satinwood 

(Chloroxylon swietenia). Br Med J 2:784-790. 

chocho –see– Crotalaria grahamiana Wight & Arn.; Sechium 

edule (Jacq.) Sw. 

chocolate –see– Theobroma cacao L. 

chocon –see– Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth var. 

caracasana (Kunth) D. N. Gibson 

chokecherry –see– Prunus serotina Ehrh.; Prunus virginiana 

L. 

c h o n d r i l l a j u n c e a L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

skeleton weed 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1954) Investigations into the etiology and control 

of enzootic (toxaemic) jaundice of sheep. Report of 

the investigation committee for the year 1952-53. Aust 

Vet J 30(Jun):182-184. 

chongras –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

chopsui potato –see– Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. 

chota mona –see– Paspalum scrobiculatum L. var. bispicatum 

Hack. 

chou-de-chien –see– Mercurialis perennis L. 

chou moellier –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. medullosa Thell. 

chou moullier –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. medullosa Thell. 

choux fourrager –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera 

Zenker 

Christblume –see– Helleborus niger L. 

Christdorn –see– Ilex aquifolium L. 

Christmas bells –see– Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.- 

Hamet & H. Perrier; Kalanchoe delagoensis Eckl. & Zeyh. 

Christmas berry –see– Heteromeles salicifolia (C. Presl) 

Abrams; Lycium barbarum L. 

Christmas candle –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

Christmas cherry –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

Christmas flower –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

Christmas holly –see– Ilex aquifolium L.; Ilex opaca Aiton 

Christmas mistletoe –see– Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) 


Christmas pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L.; Solanum 

pseudocapsicum L. 

Christmas poinsettia –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

Christmas rose –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch; Helleborus niger L. 

Christmas star –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

Christmasberry tree –see– Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

Christrose –see– Helleborus niger L. 

Christ’s-thorn –see– Euphorbia milii Des Moul. 

Christ’s-wort –see– Helleborus niger L. 

Christusdorn –see– Euphorbia milii Des Moul. 

Christuspalme –see– Ricinus communis L.

90 - Chrozophora obliqua D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Christwurz –see– Helleborus niger L. 

Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze = Amianthium 

muscitoxicum (Walter) A Gray 

c h r o z o p h o r a ob l iq u a (Vahl) A. Juss. ex 

Spreng. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

rein 

Citations: 

Adam SE, Al-Redhaiman KN, Al-Qarawi AA (1999) 

Toxicity of Chrozophora obliqua in rats. Phytother Res 

13(7):630-632. 

c h r o z o p h o r a pl ic a Ta (Vahl) A. Juss. ex 

Spreng. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

terba 

Citations: 

Galal M, Adam SE (1988) Experimental Chrozophora 

plicata poisoning in goats and sheep. Vet Hum Toxicol 

30(5):447-452. 

chrysanthème matricaire –see– Tanacetum parthenium (L.) 

Sch. Bip. 

chrysanthemum –see– Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat. 

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. = Leucanthemum 

vulgare Lam. 

c h r y s a n Th e Mu M ×Mo r i f o l i u M Ramat. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

chrysanthemum; pot mum 

Citations: 

Bleumink E, Mitchell JC, Nater JP (1973) Contact 

dermatitis to chrysanthemums. Arch Dermatol 

108(2):220-222. 

Campolmi P, Sertoli A, Fabbri P, et al. (1978) Alantolactone 

sensitivity in chrysanthemum contact dermatitis. Contact 


Frain-Bell W, Hetherington A, Johnson BE (1979) Contact 

allergic sensitivity to chrysanthemum and the photosensitivity 

dermatitis and actinic reticuloid syndrome. Br J 

Dermatol 101(5):491-501. 

Goldstein MB (1931) Dermatitis venenata due to chrysanthemum 

leaves. JAMA 96(20):1680-1681. 




Pilot I (1932) Dermatitis venenata due to chrysanthemums. 

Report of a case in a florist. J Allergy 3:404-407. 

Schmidt RJ, Kingston T (1985) Chrysanthemum dermatitis 

in South Wales; diagnosis by patch testing with feverfew 

(Tanacetum parthenium) extract. Contact Dermatitis 

13(2):120-121. 

Sharma SC, Tanwar RC, Kaur S (1989) Contact dermatitis 

from chrysanthemums in India. Contact Dermatitis 

21(2):69-71. 

Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. = Tanacetum 

parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. 

Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh. = Tanacetum vulgare 

L. 

c h r y so c o Ma c i l i a Ta L. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c hrysocoma tenuifolia P. J. Bergius 

Common Names: 

beesbossie; beeskarroo; bitter bush; bitterbos; bitterbossie; 

bitterkaroo; bransbossie 

Citations: 

Steyn DG (1934) The toxicology of plants in South Africa. 

Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Indus 3(2):359-473. 

Van der Vyver FH, Kellerman TS, Bastianello SS, et al. 

(1985) Valsiekte (falling disease): A nervous disorder in 

lambs suspected of being caused by the plant Chrysocoma 

tenuifolia. J S Afr Vet Assoc 56(2):65-68. 

Chrysocoma tenuifolia P. J. Bergius = Chrysocoma ciliata L. 

chu –see– Euphorbia royleana Boiss. 

chuanwu –see– Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux 

chucho –see– Nierembergia hippomanica Miers 

chucho-de-la-sierra –see– Nierembergia hippomanica Miers 

chuen lin –see– Coptis chinensis Franch. 

chupa –see– Nicotiana tabacum L. 

churee –see– Euphorbia royleana Boiss. 

churn staff –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L. 

chuschu –see– Nierembergia hippomanica Miers 

chuu-ou-kou –see– Curcuma longa L. 

ciat –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

c ic e r a r i e Ti n u M L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bengal gam; Bengal gram; chick pea; coffee pea; garbanzo; 

Idaho pea; Kichererbse 

Citations: 

Diaz C, Vivanco F (1949) Studies on cicerism. Bull Inst Med 

Res Univ Madr 2:95-102. 

cicer milk vetch –see– Astragalus cicer L. 

c ic h o r i u M e n d i vi a L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

broad-leaf endive; chicory; endive 

Citations: 

Friis B, Hjorth N, Vail JT Jr, et al. (1975) Occupational 

contact dermatitis from Cichorium (chicory, endive) and 

Lactuca (lettuce). Contact Dermatitis 1(5):311-313. 

Krook G (1977) Occupational dermatitis from Lactuca 

sativa (lettuce) and Cichorium (endive). Simultaneous 

occurrence of immediate and delayed allergy as a cause of 

contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 3(1):27-36.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Cicuta maculata - 91 

Vail JT Jr, Mitchell JC (1973) Occupational dermatitis from 

Cichorium intybus, C. endivia and Lactuca sativa var. 

longifolia. Contact Dermatol Newsl 14(Aug):413-414. 

c ic h o r i u M i n Ty b u s L. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c ichorium intybus L. var. sativum (Bisch.) Janch. 

Common Names: 

blue chicory; blue sailors; chickory; chicory; Hansl-am- 

Weg; succory; Wegwarte; wild chicory; witloof 

Citations: 

Bubień Z, Wachnik Z, Żuchowski A (1962) Zatrucia jałówek 

korzeniami cykorii. Med Weter 18(10):603-605. 

Malten KE (1983) Chicory dermatitis from September to 

April. Contact Dermatitis 9(3):232. 


Cichorium intybus, C. endiva and Lactuca sativa var. 


Wachnik Z (1962) Liście cykorii (Cichorium intybus) przyczyna 

zatrucia świń. Med Weter 18(8):493-495. 

Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum (Bisch.) Janch. = 

Cichorium intybus L. 

cicuta –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. & Rose 

Cicuta californica A. Gray = Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. 

Coult. & Rose 

c ic u Ta d o u g l a s i i (DC.) J. M. Coult. & Rose 

[Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c icuta californica A. Gray; c icuta vagans Greene 

Common Names: 

beaver poison; California water hemlock; carotte-amoreau; 

cicuta; cowbane; Douglas’-water hemlock; 

false parsley; mock eel root; muskrat weed; musquash 

root; Oregon water hemlock; poison parsnip; snakeroot; 

snakeweed; spotted cowbane; spotted hemlock; spotted 

parsley; tuber water hemlock; water hemlock; water parsnip; 

western water hemlock; wild carrot; wild parsnip 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1967) Water hemlock in production ponds. 

Progressive Fish Cult 29:181. 

Brodie DA (1901) Poison parsnip in Western Washington. 

Washington Agric Exp Sta Bull #45:12 pp. 

Hedrick UP (1897) A plant that poisons cattle. Cicuta (Cicuta 

vagans Green.). Oregon Agric Exp Sta Bull #46:12 pp. 

Landers D, Seppi K, Blauer W (1985) Seizures and death on 

a white river float trip. Report of water hemlock poisoning. 

West J Med 142(5):637-640. 

Litovitz TL, Schmitz BF, Holm KC (1989) 1988 Annual 

report of the American Association of Poison Control 

Centers National Data Collection System. Am J Emerg 

Med 7(5):495-545. 

Litovitz TL, Schmitz BF, Matyunas N, et al. (1988) 1987 

Annual report of the American Association of Poison 

Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am J 

Emerg Med 6(5):479-515. 

Mutter L (1976) Poisoning by western water hemlock. Can J 

Public Health 67(5):386. 

Panter KE, Baker DC, Kechele PO (1996) Water hemlock 

(Cicuta douglasii) toxicosis in sheep: Pathologic description 

and prevention of lesions and death. J Vet Diagn 

Invest 8(4):474-480. 

Withers LM, Cole FR, Nelson RB (1969) Water-hemlock 

poisoning. N Engl J Med 281(10):566-567. 

Cicuta mackenziana Raup = Cicuta virosa L. 

c ic u Ta Ma c u l a Ta L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

American water hemlock; beaver poison; children’sbane; 

children’s-death; cowbane; death-of-man; false 

parsley; muskrat weed; musquash; musquash poison; 

musquash root; poison parsley; poison parsnip; poison 

snakeweed; root poison; snakeweed; spotted cowbane; 

spotted hemlock; spotted parsley; spotted water hemlock; 

Wasserchierling; water hemlock; wild carrot; wild 

hemlock; wild parsnip 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1899) A case of poisoning - Water hemlock. 

North Dakota Agric Exp Sta Bull #35:307-310. 

Applefeld JJ, Caplan ES (1979) A case of water hemlock poisoning. 

JACEP 8(10):401-403. 

Campbell EW (1966) Plant poisoning Umbelliferae (parsley 

family). J Maine Med Assoc 57(2):40-42. 

Crozier AA (1889) Another death from eating Cicuta maculata. 

Bot Gaz 14(Jan):17-18. 

Egdahl A (1911) A case of poisoning due to eating poisonhemlock 

(Cicuta maculata). Arch Intern Med 7:348-356. 

Fenton WN (1941) Iroquois suicide: A study in the stability 

of a culture pattern. Smithsonian Bur Am Ethnology 

Bull #128:80-137. 

Gompertz LM (1926) Poisoning with poison hemlock 

(Cicuta maculata), Report of seventeen cases. JAMA 

87(16):1277-1278. 

Haggerty DR, Conway JA (1936) Report of poisoning 

by Cicuta maculata water hemlock. N Y State J Med 

36(20):1511-1514. 

Hansen AA (1928) Cicuta or water hemlock poisoning. 

North Am Vet 9(6):34-39. 

Heath KB (2001) A fatal case of apparent water hemlock 

poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol 43(1):35-36. 

Ladd EF (1900) Water hemlock poisoning. North Dakota 


Litovitz TL, Normann SA, Veltri JC (1986) 1985 Annual 



Med 4(5):427-458. 

Majerus TC, Schwartz WK, Oderda GM (1978) Accidental 

ingestion of water hemlock - Report of a case and review 

of the literature. Am Assoc Poison Control Centers 

1978:34. 

Miller MM (1933) Water hemlock poisoning. JAMA 

101(11):852-853. 

Pammel LH (1895) Poisoning from cowbane (Cicuta maculata 

L.). Iowa Agric Exp Sta Bull #28:215-228. 

Pammel LH (1921) Cowbane. Vet Med 16(Oct):48.

92 - Cicuta maculata D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Pammel LH (1928) Cowbane - wild parsnip, Cicuta maculata. 

North Am Vet 9:25-26. 

Quinby CE (1979) Epidemic water hemlock poisoning associated 

occupationally: Five year follow-up for possible 

permanent brain damage. Clin Toxicol 15(4):489. 

Skidmore LV (1933) Water hemlock (Cicuta maculata L.) 

poisoning in swine. Vet J 89(2):76-80. 

Smith EF (1888) Death from eating Cicuta maculata. Bot 

Gaz 13(May):128-129. 

Starreveld E, Hope CE (1975) Cicutoxin poisoning (water 

hemlock). Neurology 25(8):730-734. 

Stockbridge J (1814) Account of the effects produced by eating 

a poisonous plant, called Cicuta maculata. New England 

J Med Surg 3:334-337. 

Sweeney K, Gensheimer KF, Knowlton-Field J, et al. 

(1994) Water hemlock poisoning - Maine, 1992. JAMA 

271(19):1475. 

Sweeney K, Gensheimer KF, Knowlton-Field J, et al. (1994) 

Water hemlock poisoning - Maine, 1992. MMWR Morb 

Mortal Wkly Rep 43(13):229-231. 

Undine CA (1938) Poisoning with Cicuta maculata or water 

hemlock. Minn Med 21:262, 296. 

c ic u Ta Ma c u l a Ta L. var. angustifolia Hook. 

[Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c icuta occidentalis Greene 

Common Names: 

cowbane; death-of-man; musquash; peco; poison parsnip; 

snakeweed; spotted cowbane; spotted parsley; 

water hemlock; water parsnip; western water hemlock; 

wild parsnip; Wyoming water hemlock 

Citations: 



1929:47-48. 




poison parsnip or water hemlock (Cicuta occidentalis). A 

plant deadly to livestock in Nevada. Nevada Agric Exp 

Sta Bull #100:23 pp. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Marsh H (1914) Cicuta, or water 

hemlock. U S Dep Agric Bull #69:27 pp. 

Pammel LH (1921) Western poison cowbane. Vet Med 

16(11):33-34. 

Stratton MR (1919) Water hemlock poisoning. Colo Med 

16(May):104-111. 

cicuta maggiore –see– Conium maculatum L. 

cicuta mayor –see– Conium maculatum L. 

Cicuta occidentalis Greene = Cicuta maculata L. var. 

angustifolia Hook. 

Cicuta tenuifolia Schrank = Cicuta virosa L. 

Cicuta vagans Greene = Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. 

& Rose 

c ic u Ta v i r o s a L. [Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c icuta mackenziana Raup; c icuta tenuifolia Schrank 

Common Names: 

beaver poison; cowbane; cykuta; European water hemlock; 

five-finger root; Giftwüterich; la ciguë vireuse; 

poison water hemlock; snakeweed; sprängört; szalej 

jadowity; Wasserschierling; water hemlock; Waterscheerling; 

wild carrot 

Citations: 

Bartel J, Gerber HU (1962) Ein Beitrag zur Vergiftung mit 

Wasserschierling (Cicuta virosa L.) bei Kindern. Kinderaerztl 

Prax 12:543-547. 

Berndt H (1947) Vergiftungen durch Cicuta virosa L., Wasserschierling. 




Comp Lyon 72(2):167-173. 

Cederstam R (1976) Sprängörtsförgiftning. Sven Vet 

28(24):1114-1116. 

Costanza DJ, Hoversten VW (1973) Accidental ingestion 

of water hemlock. Report of two patients with acute and 

chronic effects. Calif Med 119(2):78-82. 

Czursiedel H (1937) Eine Wasserschierling-Vergiftung 

(Cicuta virosa). Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 

8(A699):171-172. 

Dijkstra RG, Falkena R (1981) Een geval van cicutoxine-intoxicatie 

bij pony’s. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 

106(20):1037-1039. 

Knutsen OH, Paszkowski P (1984) New aspects in the treatment 

of water hemlock poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

22(2):157-166. 

Kozielec T, Nowotarska T (1973) Zatrucie szalejem jadowitym 

(Cicuta virosa) sześciorga dzieci. Pediatr Pol 

48(12):1519-1522. 

Laskowski S, Matyjek J, Koppicz M, et al. (1973) Zatrucie 

szalejem jadowitym (Cykutą). Pol Arch Med Wewn 

50(11):1237-1239. 

Laskowski S, Matyjek J, Koppicz M, et al. (1975) Zatrucie 

szalejem jadowitym (cykutą). Pol Tyg Lek (Wars) 

30(12):533-534. 

Marcinkowski T, Porawski R (1966) Zatrucie szalejem jadowitym 

(Cicuta virosa). Wiad Lek 19(2):139-141. 

Nilsson NG (1977) Sprängörtsförgiftning - än en gång. Sven 

Vet 29:725. 

Robson P (1965) Water hemlock poisoning. Lancet 

2(425):1274-1275. 

Schrader A, Schulz O, Volker H, et al. (2001) Aktuelle 

Vergiftungen durch Pflanzen bei Wiederkäuern in Nord- 

und Ostdeutschland. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 

114(5-6):218-221. 

Short J (2006) Water hemlock poisoning. Emerg Nurse 

14(7):18-19. 

Tatar A, Otłowski F (1967) Masowe zatrucie bydła szalejem 

jadowitym (Cicuta virosa L.). Zycie Weterynaryjne 

42(5):137-140. 

van Heijst AN, Pikaar SA, van Kesteren RG, et al. (1983) 

Een vergiftiging door de waterscheeling (Cicuta virosa). 

Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 127(53):2411-2413. 

Volker H, Schulz O, Albrecht K, et al. (1983) Vergiftungen 

durch Wasserschierling (Cicuta virosa) bei Mastbullen. 

Monatsh Veterinarmed 38:11-13.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Cissus antarctica - 93 

Vorokhobov LA, Katetnyi VM (1966) [Poisoning by Cicuta 

virosa in children.] Pediatriia 45(5):80-82. 

cicutilla –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

cila –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

cimicifuga –see– Actaea racemosa L. 

Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. = Actaea racemosa L. 

cimisu –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

c i n n a Mo Mu M a r o Ma Tic u M Nees 

[Lauraceae] 

Common Names: 

cassia; Chinese cinnamon; Saigon cinnamon 

Citations: 

De Benito V, Alzaga R (1999) Occupational allergic contact 

dermatitis from cassia (Chinese cinnamon) as a flavouring 

agent in coffee. Contact Dermatitis 40(3):165. 

c i n n a Mo Mu M c a Mp h o r a (L.) J. Presl 

[Lauraceae] 

Common Names: 

alcanfor; camphor; camphor laurel; camphor tree; 

heuile-de-camphre 

Citations: 

Antman E, Jacob G, Volpe B, et al. (1978) Camphor overdosage: 

Therapeutic considerations. N Y State J Med 

78:896-897. 

Craig JO (1953) Poisoning by the volatile oils in childhood. 

Arch Dis Child 28(142):475-483. 

Kopelman R, Mitler S, Kelley R, et al. (1979) Camphor 

intoxication treated by resin hemoperfusion. JAMA 

241(7):727-728. 

Phelan WJ 3rd (1976) Camphor poisoning: Over-the-counter 

dangers. Pediatrics 57(3):428-431. 

Seife M, Leon JL (1954) Camphor poisoning following 

ingestion of nose drops. JAMA 155(12):1059-1060. 

Smith JP (1962) These weeds can poison your poultry. Agric 

Gaz New South Wales 73(Mar):136-142. 

Trestrail JH 3rd, Spartz ME (1977) Camphorated and 

castor oil confusion and its toxic results. Clin Toxicol 

11(2):151-158. 

c i n n a Mo Mu M Ta Ma l a (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & 

Eberm. [Lauraceae] 

Common Names: 

Indian cassia 

Citations: 

Seetharam KA, Pasricha JS (1987) Condiments and contact 

dermatitis of the finger-tips. Indian J Dermatol Venereol 

Leprol 53:325-328. 

c i n n a Mo Mu M ve r u M J. Presl [Lauraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c innamomum zeylanicum Blume 

Common Names: 

cinnamon; Zimt 

Citations: 

Calnan CD (1976) Cinnamon dermatitis from an ointment. 


Cummer CL (1940) Dermatitis due to oil of cinnamon. Arch 


Epstein FW (1950) Contact dermatitis due to cinnamon. 

Ohio Med J 46(Jul):659. 

Farkas J (1981) Perioral dermatitis from marjoram, bay leaf 

and cinnamon. Contact Dermatitis 7(2):121. 

García-Abujeta JL, de Larramendi HC, Pomares Berna J, 

et al. (2005) Mud bath dermatitis due to cinnamon oil. 


Goh CL, Ng SK (1988) Bullous contact allergy from cinnamon. 

Dermatosen 36(6):186-187. 

Kern AB (1960) Contact dermatitis from cinnamon. Arch 

Dermatol 81(Apr):599-600. 

Leifer W (1951) Contact dermatitis due to cinnamon. Arch 


Miller J (1941) Cheilitis from sensitivity to oil of cinnamon 

present in bubble gum. JAMA 116(2):131-132. 



Perry PA, Dean BS, Krenzelok EP (1990) Cinnamon oil 

abuse by adolescents. Vet Hum Toxicol 32(2):162-163. 

Pilapil VR (1989) Toxic manifestations of cinnamon oil 

ingestions in a child. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 28(6):276. 

Sparks T (1985) Cinnamon oil burn. West J Med 

142(6):835. 

Tulipan L (1932) Dermatitis from cinnamon. Arch Derm 

Syphilol 25:921-923. 

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume = Cinnamomum verum 

J. Presl 

cinnamon –see– Cinnamomum verum J. Presl 

cinnamon vine –see– Dioscorea polystachya Turcz. 

cinnamon wood –see– Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees 

cipolle –see– Allium cepa L. 

Circassian walnut –see– Juglans regia L. 

cirri amarillo –see– Mauria heterophylla Kunth 

c i r s i u M a rv e n s e (L.) Scop. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Canadian thistle 

Citations: 

Bergeron JM, Jodoin L (1985) Fiabilité des mesures de 

poids et d’examens histopathologiques dans les études 

d’intoxication du campagnol des champs (Microtus 

pennsylvanicus). Can J Zool 63(4):804-810. 

c is s u s a n Ta r c Tic a Vent. [Vitaceae] 

Citations: 

Hjorth N (1969) Plant dermatitis. Contact Dermatol Newsl 

6(Jul):126-127.

94 - Cissus cuneifolia D. Jesse Wagstaff 

c is s u s c u n e i f o l i a Eckl. & Zeyh. [Vitaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r hoicissus cuneifolia (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Planch.; r hoicissus 

tridentata (L. f.) Wild & R. B. Drumm. subsp. 

cuneifolia (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N. R. Urton 

Common Names: 

wild grape; wilde dreuif 

Citations: 

Steyn DG, Venter ID (1953) The toxicity of Rhoicissus cuneifolia 

(E. and Z.) Planch. (wild grape, “wilde druif”). S 

Afr Med J 27:64-66. 

c is s u s q u a d r a n g u l a r is L. [Vitaceae] 

Common Names: 

vigne-de-Bakel 

Citations: 

Barakat SE, Adam SE, Maglad MA, et al. (1985) Effects of 

Cissus quadrangularis on goats and sheep in Sudan. Rev 

Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 38(2):185-194. 

c is Tu s c r e Tic u s L. [Cistaceae] 

Citations: 

English JS, Cronin E (1988) Allergic contact dermatitis from 

Cistus creticus. Contact Dermatitis 18(6):123. 

c is Tu s l a d a n i f e r L. [Cistaceae] 

Common Names: 

rockrose 

Citations: 

Ballesteros Moreno E (1965) Nota previa sobre la intoxicación 

experimental por “Cistus ladaniferus.” An Inst 

Invest Vet 14-15:77-81. 

García-González JJ, Crespo V, Barber D, et al. (2001) Cistus 

ladanifer contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 

45(4):238. 

c i Tr u l l u s c o l o c y n Th is (L.) Schrad. 


Synonyms: 

c olocynthis vulgaris Schrad.; c ucumis colocynthis L. 

Common Names: 

bitter apple; bitter gourd; colocinth; colocynth; coloquinte; 

coloquíntida; handal; tumin; wild cucumber 

Citations: 

Al Faraj S (1995) Haemorrhagic colitis induced by Citrullus 

colocynthis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 89(6):695-696. 

Barri ME, Onsa TO, Elawad AA, et al. (1983) Toxicity of 

five Sudanese plants to young ruminants. J Comp Pathol 

93(4):559-575. 

Berrut C, Bisetti A, Widgren S, et al. (1987) Colite 

pseudomembraneuse causée par l’ingestion de coloquinte. 

Schweiz Med Wochenschr 117:135-138. 

Elawad AA, Abdel Bari EM, Mahmoud OM, et al. (1984) 

The effect of Citrullus colocynthis on sheep. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 26(6):481-485. 

Gálvez Contreras MD, LÓpez Gallardo A, Diez Garcia F, et 

al. (1996) Intoxicación por coloquíntida, una causa poco 

frecuente de síndrome diarreico agudo. Med Clin (Barc) 

106(15):599. 




Toxicol 42(3):137-141. 

Patrick RL, Willey EN, Fetter BF (1960) Bitter apple (Citrullus 

colocynthis) poisoning. A discussion of its use as an 

abortifacient. N C Med J 21(Jan):23-26. 

Roe RB (1913) A case of colocynth poisoning. Lancet 1(May 

31):1527. 

Tidy CM (1868) On poisoning by colocynth (Cucumis colocynthis). 

Lancet 1(Feb 1):158-159. 

c i Tr u l l u s l a n a Tu s (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai 


Synonyms: 

c itrullus vulgaris Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh. 

Common Names: 

bitter melon; camel melon; melon; pie melon; round 

gourd; tarbuz; watermelon; wild watermelon 

Citations: 



Dermatol 113(6):776-779. 

Steyn DG (1950) The toxicity of bitter-tasting cucurbitaceous 

vegetables - (vegetable marrow, watermelons, etc.) 

for man. S Afr Med J 24:713-715. 

Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh. = Citrullus 

lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai 

c i Tr u s a u r a n Ti i f o l i a (Christm.) Swingle 

[Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

lim; lime; Limette; Persian lime; Tahitian lime 

Citations: 

Cardullo AC, Ruszkowski AM, De Leo VA (1989) Allergic 

contact dermatitis resulting from sensitivity to 

citrus peel, geraniol, and citral. J Am Acad Dermatol 

21:395-397. 

Coffman K, Boyce WT, Hansen RC (1985) Phytophotodermatitis 

simulating child abuse. Am J Dis Child 

139(3):239-240. 

Egan CL, Sterling G (1993) Phytophotodermatitis: A visit to 

Margaritaville. Cutis 51(Jan):41-42. 

Field WE, Roe FJ (1965) Tumor promotion in the forestomach 

epithelium of mice by oral administration of citrus 

oils. J Natl Cancer Instit 35(5):771-787. 

Gross TP, Ratner L, de Rodriguez O, et al. (1987) An outbreak 

of phototoxic dermatitis due to limes. Am J Epidemiol 

125(3):509-514. 

Israel E (1985) Outbreak of phototoxic dermatitis from 

limes - Maryland. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 

34(30):462-463. 

Roe FJ, Peirce WE (1960) Tumor promotion by citrus oils: 

Tumors of the skin and urethral orifice in mice. J Natl 

Cancer Instit 24:1389-1402.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Citrus sinensis - 95 

Sams WM (1941) Photodynamic action of lime oil (Citrus 

aurantifolia). Arch Derm Syphilol 44:571-587. 

Stokes B (1986) The alarming case of the mysterious plant 

disease. Chicago Tribune. Sec 5(Aug 7):2. 

c i Tr u s a u r a n Ti u M L. [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

bitter orange; naranjo amarga; petitgrain; Seville 

orange; sour orange 

Citations: 

Murray FA (1921) Dermatitis caused by bitter orange. Br 

Med J 1:739. 

c i Tr u s b e r g a Mi a Risso & Poit. [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

bergamot; bergamotte; berloque 

Citations: 

Downing JG (1932) Pigmentation from perfume, “Berlock” 

dermatitis. N Engl J Med 207:660-662. 

Gross P, Robinson LB (1930) Berlock dermatitis: Unusual 

dermatitis and pigmentation following use of perfume. 


Harber LC, Harris H, Leider M, et al. (1964) Berloque dermatitis. 

Arch Dermatol 90(Dec):572-576. 

Oppenheim M (1947) Local sensitization of the skin 

to Grenz rays by bergamot oil. J Invest Dermatol 

8(5):255-262. 

Rogin JR, Sheard C (1935) Factors affecting color of skin: 

Their significance in berlock dermatitis. Arch Derm 

Syphilol 32:265-283. 

Zaynoun S, Hall I, Johnson BE, et al. (1974) A study of bergamot 

sensitivity. Br J Dermatol 91(Suppl 10):14-15. 

Zaynoun ST, Johnson BE, Frain-Bell W (1977) A study 

of oil of bergamot and its importance as a phototoxic 

agent. I. Characterization and quantitation of the photoactive 

component. Br J Dermatol 96(5):475-482. 

c i Tr u s l i Mo n (L.) Burm. f. [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

Eurecka lemon; lemon; Zitrone 

Citations: 

Audicana M, Bernaola G (1994) Occupational contact dermatitis 

from citrus fruits: Lemon essential oil. Contact 

Dermatitis 31(3):183-185. 


contact dermatitis resulting from sensitivity to 

citrus peel, geraniol, and citral. J Am Acad Dermatol 

21:395-397. 

Fanburg SJ, Kaufman JG (1931) Eczema due to lemon peel. 

JAMA 97(Aug 8):390. 

Horner SG (1931) Dermatitis from oranges and lemons. 

Lancet 2(Oct 31):961-962. 

Naganuma M, Hirose S, Nakayama Y, et al. (1985) A study 

of the phototoxicity of lemon oil. Arch Dermatol Res 

278(1):31-36. 



Cancer Instit 24:1389-1402. 

c i Tr u s p a r a d is i Macfad. [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

grapefruit 

Citations: 

Beerman H, Fondé GH, Callaway JL (1938) Citrus fruit 

dermatoses. Arch Derm Syphilol 38:225-234. 

Driggers JC, Davis GK, Mehrhof NR (1951) Toxic factor in 

citrus seed meal. Florida Agric Exp Sta Bull #476:36 pp. 




c i Tr u s r e Tic u l a Ta Blanco [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

mandarin; tangerine 

Citations: 

Vilaplana J, Romaguera C (2002) Contact dermatitis from 

the essential oil of tangerine in fragrance. Contact Dermatitis 

46(2):108. 

c i Tr u s s i n e n s is (L.) Osbeck [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

Apfelsine; orange; shamouti orange; sweet orange 

Citations: 

Beerman H, Fondé GH, Callaway JL (1938) Citrus fruit 

dermatoses. Arch Derm Syphilol 38:225-234. 

Bendersky G, Lupas JA (1960) Anaphylactoid reaction to 

ingestion of orange. JAMA 173(3):255-256. 

Brun R (1978) Contact dermatitis to orangewood in a manicurist. 



contact dermatitis resulting from sensitivity to citrus peel, 

geraniol, and citral. J Am Acad Dermatol 21:395-397. 

Churchill C, Pendleton J, Maddy K, et al. (1986) Outbreak 

of severe dermatitis among orange pickers - California. 


Driggers JC, Davis GK, Mehrhof NR (1951) Toxic factor in 

citrus seed meal. Florida Agric Exp Sta Bull #476:36 pp. 

Field WE, Roe FJ (1965) Tumor promotion in the forestomach 

epithelium of mice by oral administration of citrus 

oils. J Natl Cancer Instit 35(5):771-787. 

Horner SG (1931) Dermatitis from oranges and lemons. 


Kesten B, Lyons R (1932) Dermatitis due to contact with 

orange peel. J Allergy 3(Nov):552-556. 




Volden G, Krokan H, Kavli G, et al. (1983) Phototoxic and 

contact toxic reactions of the exocarp of sweet oranges: 

A common cause of cheilitis? Contact Dermatitis 

9(3):201-204. 

ciuma rea –see– Galega officinalis L. 

clavel amarillo –see– Pascalia glauca Ortega 

clavelitos –see– Pentalinon luteum (L.) B. F. Hansen & 

Wunderlin 

cleavers herb –see– Galium aparine L.

96 - Cleistanthus collinus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

c l e is Ta n Th u s c o l l i n u s (Roxb.) Hook. f. 


Common Names: 

oduvan; oduvanthalai 

Citations: 

Eswarappa S, Chakraborty AR, Palatty BU, et al. (2003) 

Cleistanthus collinus poisoning: Case reports and review 

of the literature. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41(4):369-372. 

Rao RR (1978) Investigation of leukocytosis and degeneration 

of skeletal muscles induced by plant toxins. Toxicon 

16:143. 

Thirumavalavan R (2004) Aggressive potassium correction 

may halt death in Cleistanthus collinus poisoning. J Toxicol 


Thomas K, Dayal AK, Gijsbers A, et al. (1987) Oduvanthalai 

leaf poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 35(11):769-771. 

Thomas M, Anandan S, Kuruvilla PJ, et al. (2000) Profile 

of hospital admissions following acute poisoning – Experiences 

from a major teaching hospital in south India. 

Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 19(4):313-317. 

c l e Ma Tis l ig u s Tic i f o l i a Nutt. 


Common Names: 

western virgin’s-bower 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1936) Investigations of stock-poisoning 

plants. U S Dep Agric Bur Anim Indus Chief Rep. 

1936:44-45. 

c l e Ma Tis Mic r o p h y l l a DC. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

half creeper; old-man’s-beard; small-leaf clematis 

Citations: 



Aust 2(Dec 19):775-778. 

c l e Ma Tis v i Ta l b a L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

berceaux-de-la-vierge; bindwith; biting clematis; 

Brennkraut; erdei iszalag; hedge vine; herbe-auxgueux; 

hierba-de-los-pordioseros; lady’s-bower; maiden’s-honesty; 

old man; old-man’s-beard; smoke wood; 

traveler’s-joy; virgin’s-bower; Waldrebe 

Citations: 

Moore RH (1971) Poisoning by old man’s beard (Clematis 

vitalba)? Vet Rec 89(21):569-570. 

c l e o Me s p i n o s a Jacq. [Cleomaceae] 

Common Names: 

Kleopatra nadel; spider flower 

Citations: 

Szegö L, Maácz J (1968) Dermatitis als Berufskrankheit, 

hervorgerufen durch die “Kleopatra-Nadel” (Cleome 

spinosa). Dermatol Wochenschr 154(3):49-56. 

c l i d e Mi a h i r Ta (L.) D. Don [Melastomataceae] 

Citations: 

Murdiati TB, McSweeney CS, Campbell RS, et al. (1990) 

Prevention of hydrolysable tannin toxicity in goats fed 

Clidemia hirta by calcium hydroxide supplementation. J 

Appl Toxicol 10(5):325-331. 

Murdiati TB, McSweeney CS, Campbell RS, et al. (1992) 

Prevention of hydrolysable tannin toxicity by calcium 

hydroxide supplementation in goats fed Clidemia hirta. 



431-435. 

climath –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

climbing buckwheat –see– Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve 

climbing ivy –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

climbing lily –see– Gloriosa superba L. 

climbing nightshade –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

climbing sumach –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

c l i To r i a Te r n a Te a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

butterfly pea; capa-de-la-reina; erg elagrab; gokarni; 

paokeke; wing-leaf clitoria 

Citations: 

Piala JJ, Madissoo H, Rubin B (1962) Diuretic activity of 

roots of Clitoria ternatea L. in dogs. Experientia 18(Feb 

15):89. 

clivers –see– Galium aparine L. 

c l i vi a Mi n i a Ta (Lindl.) Regel [Amaryllidaceae] 

Common Names: 

kafir lily; klivie 

Citations: 



41(4):514. 

cloak fern –see– Astrolepis cochisensis (Goodd.) D. M. 

Benham & Windham 

clotbur –see– Xanthium spinosum L.; Xanthium strumarium 

L.; Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. 

& A. Gray 

cloth-of-gold –see– Baileya multiradiata Harv. & A. Gray ex 

Torr. 

clove –see– Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry 

clover broomrape –see– Orobanche minor Sm. 

clover dodder –see– Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. 

clover-leaf poison –see– Goodia lotifolia Salisb. 

clover tree –see– Goodia lotifolia Salisb. 

cloves –see– Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry 

cluster bean –see– Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Cocos nucifera - 97 

cluster-leaf blindgrass –see– Stypandra imbricata R. Br. 

cluster pine –see– Pinus pinaster Aiton 

clustered fishtail palm –see– Caryota mitis Lour. 

c’nenta –see– Tylecodon ventricosa (Burm. f.) Toelken 

c n e o r i d i u M d u Mo s u M (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. 

Gray) Hook. f. ex Baill. [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

berry rue; coast spice bush 

Citations: 

Tunget CL, Turchen SG, Manoguerra AS, et al. (1993) 

Cneoridium dumosum exposure resulting in severe phytophotodermatitis. 


Tunget CL, Turchen SG, Manoguerra AS, et al. (1994) 

Sunlight and the plant: A toxic combination: Severe phytophotodermatitis 

from Cneoridium dumosum. Cutis 

54(6):400-402. 

c n e s Tis c o r n ic u l a Ta Lam. [Connaraceae] 

Citations: 



c n e s Tis f e r r u g i n e a DC. [Connaraceae] 

Citations: 



c n i d o s c o l u s a n g u s Ti d e n s Torr. 


Citations: 

Scheman AJ, Conde A (2001) Contact dermatitis from Cnidoscolus 

angustidens. Contact Dermatitis 45(1):39. 

c n i d o s c o l u s u r e n s (L.) Arthur 


Synonyms: 

j atropha urens L. 

Common Names: 

Brazilian physicnut; chichicaste; chichicaste-de-lascostas; 

güaritoto; mala mujer; nettle; ortiga; ortiga 

brava; physicnut; pringamoza 

Citations: 

Lutz O (1914) The poisonous nature of the stinging hairs of 

Jatropha urens. Am J Pharm 86:527-529. 

coada calului –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

coakum –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

coal oil brush –see– Tetradymia glabrata Torr. & A. Gray 

coast buckthorn –see– Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. A. 

Mey. 

coast fiddleneck –see– Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. A. 

Mey. 

coast manroot –see– Marah oregonus (Torr. & S. Watson) J. 

T. Howell 

coast myall –see– Acacia binervia (J. C. Wendl.) J. F. 

Macbr. 

coast spice bush –see– Cneoridium dumosum (Nutt. ex Torr. 

& A. Gray) Hook. f. ex Baill. 

cobbler’s-pegs –see– Bidens pilosa L. 

coca –see– Erythroxylum coca Lam. 

cocabolla –see– Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. 

cocão –see– Erythroxylum deciduum A. St.-Hil. 

cocco –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

cochinilla –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 

cochinillio –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 

Cochlearia armoracia L. = Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. 

et al. 

cock foot –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

cock rose –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

cockle –see– Agrostemma githago L.; Vaccaria hispanica 

(Mill.) Rauschert 

cocklebur –see– Xanthium sibericum Patrin; Xanthium 

spinosum L.; Xanthium strumarium L.; Xanthium 

strumarium L. var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray 

cockroachberry –see– Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. 

coco-de-mono –see– Lecythis ollaria Loefl. 

cocoa –see– Theobroma cacao L. 

cocobolo –see– Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. 

coconut –see– Cocos nucifera L. 

coconut palm –see– Cocos nucifera L. 

c o c o s n u c i f e r a L. [Arecaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bongkrek; coconut; coconut palm; Palmkernen 

Citations: 

Srinivas CR, Balachandran C, Singh KK (1987) Occupational 

dermatosis and allergic contact dermatitis in a 

toddy tapper. Contact Dermatitis 16(5):294-295. 

Tella R, Gaig P, Lombardero M, et al. (2003) A case of coconut 

allergy. Allergy 58(8):825-826. 

van Veen AG, Martens WK (1934) Die Giftstoffe der sogenannten 

Bongkrek-Vergiftungen auf Java. Rec Trav Chim 

53:257-268. 

Wittczak T, Pas-Wyroslak A, Palczynski C (2005) Occupational 

allergic conjunctivitis due to coconut fibre dust. 

Allergy 60(7):970-971. 

cocoyam –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott; Xanthosoma 

atrovirens K. Koch & C. D. Bouche; Xanthosoma 

sagittifolium (L.) Schott 

cocu –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC. 

cocus –see– Brya ebenus (L.) DC.

98 - Codiaeum variegatum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

c o d i a e u M va r i e g a Tu M (L.) A. Juss. 


Common Names: 

Buena vista; croton; lestun; periqueto; San Francisco; 

Wunderstrauch 

Citations: 

Hausen BM, Schulz KH (1977) Occupational contact dermatitis 

due to croton (Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss 

var. pictum (Lodd.) Muell. Arg.). Sensitization by plants 

of the Euphorbiaceae. Contact Dermatitis 3(6):289-292. 




Schmidt H, Olholm Larsen P (1977) Allergic contact dermatitis 

from croton (Codiaeum). Contact Dermatitis 

3(2):100. 

Tafelkruyer J, Van Ketel WG (1976) Sensitivity to Codiaeum 

variegatum. Contact Dermatitis 2(3):288. 

van Ketel WG (1979) Occupational contact dermatitis due 

to Codiaeum variegatum and possibly to Aeschynanthus 

pulcher. Dermatosen 27(5):141-142. 

coerana –see– Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl. 

c o f f e a a r a b ic a L. [Rubiaceae] 

Common Names: 

coffee; coffeebean; Kaffee; Kaffeebohne 

Citations: 

Bernton HS (1973) On occupational sensitization - A hazard 

to the coffee industry. JAMA 223(10):1146-1147. 

Hammond JC (1944) Dried coffee grounds unsuitable for use 

in diet of growing chickens. Poult Sci 23(5):454-455. 

Karr RM, Lehrer SB, Butcher BT, et al. (1978) Coffee worker’s 

asthma: A clinical appraisal using the radioallergosorbent 

test. J Allergy Clin Immunol 62(3):143-148. 

Kaye M, Freedman SO (1961) Allergy to raw coffee - 

An occupational disease. Can Med Assoc J 84(Mar 

4):469-471. 

Lupton ES (1953) Cheilitis due to coffee. Arch Derm Syphilol 

68(3):333-334. 

Mori H, Hirono I (1977) Effect of coffee on carcinogenicity 

of cycasin. Br J Cancer 35(3):369-371. 

Osterman K, Zetterström O, Johansson SG (1982) Coffee 

worker’s allergy. Allergy 37(5):313-322. 

coffee –see– Coffea arabica L. 

coffee pea –see– Cicer arietinum L. 

coffee pod –see– Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & 

Barneby 

coffee senna –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

coffee tree –see– Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch; Sesbania 

punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

coffeebean –see– Coffea arabica L.; Gymnocladus dioicus 

(L.) K. Koch; Senna occidentalis (L.) Link; Senna tora 

(L.) Roxb.; Sesbania drummondii (Rydb.) Cory; Sesbania 

longifolia DC.; Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth.; Sesbania 

vesicaria (Jacq.) Elliott 

coffeeweed –see– Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & 

Barneby; Senna tora (L.) Roxb.; Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) 

Rydb. ex A. W. Hill; Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth.; 

Sesbania vesicaria (Jacq.) Elliott 

coiron –see– Festuca argentina (Speg.) Parodi 

cola-de-caballo –see– Equisetum arvense L.; Equisetum 

fluviatile L. 

cola-de-quirquincho –see– Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Trevis. 

colchico –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

colchicum –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

c o l c h ic u M a u Tu Mn a l e L. [Colchicaceae] 

Common Names: 

autumn crocus; colchico; colchicum; colchique; fall 

crocus; fog crocus; Herbstblume; Herbstzeitlose; Lichtblume; 

meadow crocus; meadow saffron; Michaelmas 

crocus; mysteria; naked lady; purple crocus; safrandes-prés; 

son-before-the-father; Wiesensafran; wild 

saffron; Winterhaube; wonder bulb 

Citations: 

Adameşteanu I, Adameşteanu C, Salantiu V, et al. (1966) 

Cercetări anatomoclinice în intoxicaţia cu Colchicum 

autumnale la taurine. Rev Zootehnie Med Vet 16(7):58-61. 

Brnčić N, Višković I, Perić R, et al. (2001) Accidental plant 

poisoning with Colchicum autumnale: Report of two 

cases. Croat Med J 42(6):673-675. 

Chareyre S, Meram D, Pulce C, et al. (1989) Acute poisoning 

of cows by autumnal crocus. Vet Hum Toxicol 

31(3):261-262. 

Chmir ON, Karmilov VA (1979) [Poisoning with Colchicum 

autumnale.] Vrach Delo 9:81-82. 

Danel VC, Wiart JF, Hardy GA, et al. (2001) Self-poisoning 

with Colchicum autumnale L. flowers. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 39(4):409-411. 

Flesch F, Krencker E, Mootien E, et al. (2002) Diagnosis 

wandering in a case of accidental poisoning by Colchicum 

autumnale. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40(3):375-376. 

Gabrscek L, Lesnicar G, Krivec B, et al. (2004) Accidental 

poisoning with autumn crocus. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

42(1):85-88. 

Hitzig WH, Illig R (1958) Colchiumvergiftung bei einem 

Kleinkind. 1. Klinisches Bild. Helv Paediatr Acta 

13(2):117-130. 

Jaspersen-Schib R, Theus L, Quirguis-Oeschger M, et al. (1996) 

Wichtige Pflanzenvergiftungen in der Schweiz 1966-1994. 

Schweiz Med Wochenschr 126(25):1085-1098. 

Kamphues J, Meyer H (1990) Herbstzeitlose (Colchicum 

autumnale) in Heu und Kolikerkrungen bei Pferden. 

Tierarztl Prax 18(3):273-275. 

Klintschar M, Beham-Schmidt C, Radner H, et al. (1999) 

Colchicine poisoning by accidental ingestion of meadow 

saffron (Colchicum autumnale): Pathological and medicolegal 

aspects. Forensic Sci Int 106(3):191-200. 

Lohner E, Gindele HR (1989) Kolchizinvergiftung beim 

Schwein. Tierarztl Umsch 44(5):314-317. 




41(3):169-178.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Colocasia esculenta - 99 

Meier PJ, Gossweiler B, Jaspersen-Schib, JR et al. (1992) 

Vergiftungen mit Arzneimitteln, Haushaltprodukten und 

Pflanzen in der Kasusistik des Schweizerischen Toxikologischen 

Informationszentrums. Ther Umsch 49(2):79-85. 

Mezger O, Heess W (1932) Herbstzeitlosensamen-Giftmordversuch. 

Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 3:47-48. 

Panariti E (1996) Meadow saffron (Colchicum autumnale) 

intoxication in a nomadic Albanian sheep flock. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 38(3):227-228. 

Plackova S, Caganova B (1998) Acute intoxications by 

mushrooms and plants in Slovakia. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

36(5):452-453. 

Rauber-Lüthy C, Baer W, Rentsch K, et al. (2003) Misdiagnosed 

fatal meadow saffron poisoning in a toddler. J 


Sannohe S, Makino Y, Kita T, et al. (2002) Colchicine poisoning 

resulting from accidental ingestion of meadow saffron 

(Colchicum autumnale). J Forensic Sci 47(6):1391-1396. 




114(5-6):218-221. 

Schulz O, Hommel H (1975) Herbstzeitlose as Ursache 

einer Rindervergiftung. Monatsh Veterinarmed 

30(9):333-334. 

Shergin IK, Tribunskii MP (1971) [Pathomorphologic characteristics 

of lambs poisoned by meadow saffron.] Veterinariia 

Moscow 48(5):88-89. 

Tovo S (1967) Un caso di avvelenamento mortale da colchico. 

Minerva Medicoleg 87(6):283-287. 

Yamada M, Matsui T, Kobayashi Y, et al. (1999) Supplementary 

report on experimental autumn crocus (Colchicum 

autumnale L.) poisoning in cattle: Morphological evidence 

of apoptosis. J Vet Med Sci 61(7):823-825. 

Yamada M, Nakagawa M, Haritani M, et al. (1998) Histopathological 

study of experimental acute poisoning of 

cattle by autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale L.). J Vet 

Med Sci 60(8):949-952. 

Yoneda Y, Hayashi Y, Shiroishi M, et al. (1984) [High 

performance liquid chromatographic determination 

of colchicine alkaloid from the tissues and biological 

fluid of bovine poisoned by the corm of autumn crocus 

(Colchicum autumnale L.).] Shokuhin Eiseiglku Zasshi 

25(5):401-409. 

Zoelen GA, Vries I, Meulenbelt J (2002) Colchicine poisoning: 

Ingestion of Colchicum autumnale flowers. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 40(3):376-377. 

colchique –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

cole –see– Brassica napus L. var. napus 

c o l e b r o o k e a o p p o s i Ti f o l i a Sm. 

[Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

dhursulo 

Citations: 




coleus –see– Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd 

Coleus blumei Benth. = Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) 

Codd 

colicweed –see– Achyranthes aspera L.; Dicentra canadensis 


c o l l i n so n i a c a n a d e n s is L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

hardtack, heal all; horse weed; horsebalm; stoneroot 

Citations: 

Corwin GE (1905) Collinsonia (hardhack) poisoning. Am 

Vet Rev 29:394. 

colocasia –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

Colocasia antiquorum Schott = Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

c o l o c a s i a e s c u l e n Ta (L.) Schott [Araceae] 

Synonyms: 

c olocasia antiquorum Schott 

Common Names: 

alocasia; arvi; cocco; cocoyam; colocasia; dasheen; 

eddo; eddoe; elephant’s-ear; gabi; malanga; suni; taro; 

taro dasheen; wild taro 

Citations: 

Mihailidou H, Galanakis E, Paspalaki P, et al. (2002) Pica 

and the elephant’s ear. J Child Neurol 17(11):855-856. 

Murillo B, Olivares M, Silva LA, et al. (1981) Valor nutritivo 

del tuberculo de malanga (Colocasia esculenta) para cerdos 

y pollos. Arch Latinoam Nutr 31(1):27-43. 

Osisiogu IU, Uzo JO, Ugochukwu EN (1974) The irritant 

effect of cocoyams. Planta Med 26(2):166-169. 



Dermatol 113(6):776-779. 




Colocasia indica (Lour.) Kunth = Alocasia macrorrhizos 

(L.) G. Don 

Colocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Schott & Endl. = Alocasia 

macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

colocinth –see– Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 

colocynth –see– Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 

Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad. = Citrullus colocynthis (L.) 

Schrad. 

coloquinte –see– Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 

coloquíntida –see– Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 

Colorado bur –see– Solanum rostratum Dunal 

Colorado loco vetch –see– Oxytropis lambertii Pursh 

Colorado rubber weed –see– Hymenoxys richardsonii (Hook.) 

Cockerell 

colt’s-foot –see– Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) 

Maxim.; Tussilago farfara L.

100 - Columnea spp. D. Jesse Wagstaff 

colt’s-tail –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

Columbia milk vetch –see– Astragalus miser Douglas 

ex Hook. var. serotinus (A. Gray ex J. G. Cooper) 

Barneby 

Columbusgrass –see– Sorghum ×almum Parodi 

c o l u Mn e a s p p . [Gesneriaceae] 

Common Names: 

goldfish plant 

Citations: 




colza –see– Brassica napus L. var. napus 

c o Mb r e Tu M l o n g is p ic a Tu M (Engl.) Engl. 

& Diels [Combretaceae] 

Citations: 



c o Mb r e Tu M pl a Ty p e Ta l u M Welw. ex Laws. 

[Combretaceae] 

Common Names: 

red wings 

Citations: 



comfrey –see– Symphytum officinale L. 

comida-de-culebra –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) 

Schott 

comigo ninguém pode –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) 

Schott 

Commiphora molmol (Engl.) Engl. = Commiphora myrrha 

(Nees) Engl. 

c o MMi p h o r a My r r h a (Nees) Engl. 

[Burseraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c ommiphora molmol (Engl.) Engl. 

Common Names: 

Arabian myrrh; karam; mirra; myrrh; myrrh gum 

Citations: 

Al Suwaindan SN, Gad El Rab MO, Al Fakhiry S, et al. 

(1998) Allergic contact dermatitis from myrrh, a topical 

herbal medicine used to promote healing. Contact Dermatitis 

39(3):137. 

Gallo R, Rivara G, Cattarini G, et al. (1999) Allergic 

contact dermatitis from myrrh. Contact Dermatitis 

41(4):230-231. 

Omer SA, Adam SE (1999) Toxicity of Commiphora myrrha 

to goats. Vet Hum Toxicol 41(5):299-301. 

c o Mo c l a d i a d e n Ta Ta Jacq. [Anacardiaceae] 

Common Names: 

guao; guao-de-sabana; guao hediondo; guao prieto; 

guao real; huao; maiden plum 

Citations: 

Lunin MM (1969) [Burns induced by the tropical plant 

huao.] Vestn Khir Im I I Grek 102(6):96-100. 

comptie –see– Zamia integrifolia L. f. 

conapi –see– Deguelia utilis (A. C. Sm.) A. M. G. Azevedo 

concombre d’âne –see– Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. 

concombre sauvage –see– Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. 

coneflower –see– Rudbeckia laciniata L. 

confrei –see– Symphytum officinale L. 

congress weed –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

congressgrass –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

c o n i u M Ma c u l a Tu M L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Blutschierling; bunk; California fern; carrot fern; 

cashes; cicuta maggiore; cicuta mayor; deadly hemlock; 

Erdschierling; false parsley; fool’s-parsley; gefleckter 

Schierling; grande ciguë; hemlock; herb bennet; Mauerschierling; 

Mäuseschierling; Nebraska fern; poison 

fool’s-parsley; poison hemlock; poison parsley; poison 

snakeweed; poisonroot; spotted cowbane; spotted 

hemlock; spotted parsley; St. Bennet’s-herb; stinkweed; 

wild carrot; wild hemlock; winter fern; wode 

whistle; Wutschierling 

Citations: 



Anonymous (1951) Unusual case of hemlock poisoning in 

swine. California Vet 5(2):26. 

Biberci E, Altuntas Y, Cobanoglu A, et al. (2002) Acute 

respiratory arrest following hemlock (Conium maculatum) 

intoxication. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40(4):517-518. 

Brenet O, Roy PM, Harry P, et al. (1996) Intoxication à 

la ciguë: Une évolution parfois bénigne. Presse Med 

25(2):82. 

Buckingham JL (1936) Poisoning in a pig by hemlock 

(Conium maculatum). Vet J 92:301-302. 

Bunch TD, Panter KE, James LF (1990) Effects of certain 

poisonous plants on uterine function and fetal development 

in livestock. J Anim Sci 68(Suppl 1):406. 

Copithorne B (1937) Suspected poisoning of goats by hemlock 

(Conium maculatum). Vet Rec 49(33):1018-1019. 

Drummer OH, Roberts AN, Bedford PJ, et al. (1995) 

Three deaths from hemlock poisoning. Med J Aust 

162(11):592-593. 

Dyson DA, Wrathall AE (1977) Congenital deformities 

in pigs possibly associated with exposure to hemlock 

(Conium maculatum). Vet Rec 100(12):241-242. 

Edmonds LD, Selby LA, Case AA (1972) Poisoning and 

congenital malformations associated with consumption 

of poison hemlock by sows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

160(9):1319-1324.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Consolida regalis - 101 

Fernandez MC, Ramirez CG, Beamer CL (2002) Human 

fatality from poison hemlock ingestion. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 40(5):646. 

Foster PF, McFadden R, Trevino R, et al. (2003) Successful 

transplantation of donor organs from a hemlock poisoning 

victim. Transplantation 76(5):874-876. 

Frank AA, Reed WM (1987) Conium maculatum (poison 

hemlock) toxicosis in a flock of range turkeys. Avian Dis 

31(2):386-388. 

Frank BS, Michelson WB, Panter KE, et al. (1995) Ingestion 

of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). West J 

Med 163(6):573-574. 

Galey FD, Holstege DM, Fisher EG (1992) Toxicosis in 

dairy cattle exposed to poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) 

in hay: Isolation of Conium alkaloids in plants, hay, 

and urine. J Vet Diagn Invest 4(1):60-64. 

Guardigni L, Pasini S, Candoli P, et al. (1990) Il caso clinico. 

G Clin Med 71(1):65-67. 

Gunn A (1881) Cattle poisoned by hemlock. Vet J Ann 

Comp Pathol 13(Oct):233-235. 

Hannam DA (1985) Hemlock (Conium maculatum) poisoning 

in the pig. Vet Rec 116(12):322. 

Jessup DA, Boermans HJ, Kock ND (1986) Toxicosis in tule 

elk caused by ingestion of poison hemlock. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 189(9):1173-1175. 

Keeler RF, Balls LD (1978) Teratogenic effects in cattle of 

Conium maculatum and conium alkaloids and analogs. 

Clin Toxicol 12(1):49-64. 

Keeler RF, Balls LD, Shupe JL, et al. (1980) Teratogenicity 

and toxicity of coniine in cows, ewes, and mares. Cornell 

Vet 70(1):19-26. 

Lüüs A (1927) Zwei selten Fälle aus der Kinderpraxis. Z 

Kinderheilkd 45:594-596. 

MacDonald H (1937) Hemlock poisoning in horses. Vet Rec 

49(38):1211-1212. 

Markham K (1985) Hemlock poisoning in piglets. Vet Rec 

116(1):27. 

McKinney P, Gomez HF, Phillips S, et al. (1992) The fax 

machine: A new method in plant identification. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 34(4):353. 

Palmer S, Feltham W (1984) Accidental poisoning. Nurs 

Times 80(19):40-43. 

Panter KE, Bunch TD, Keeler RF (1988) Maternal and 

fetal toxicity of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) in 


Panter KE, Bunch TD, Keeler RF, et al. (1988) Radio ultrasound 

observations of the fetotoxic effects in sheep from 

ingestion of Conium maculatum (poison-hemlock). J 

Toxicol Clin Toxicol 26(3-4):175-187. 

Panter KE, Bunch TD, Keeler RF, et al. (1990) Multiple 

congenital contractures (MCC) and cleft palate induced 

in goats by ingestion of piperidine alkaloid-containing 

plants: Reduction in fetal movements as the probable 

cause. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 28(1):69-83. 

Panter KE, James LF, Keeler RF, et al. (1992) Radio-ultrasound 

observations of poisonous plant-induced fetotoxicity 

in livestock. In: James LF, Keeler RF, Bailey JM Jr, et 

al. (eds.) Poisonous plants. Iowa State Univ Press. Ames, 

Iowa. pp. 481-488. 

Panter KE, Keeler RF, Buck WB (1985) Congenital skeletal 

malformations induced by maternal ingestion of Conium 

maculatum (poison hemlock) in newborn pigs. Am J Vet 

Res 46(10):2064-2066. 

Panter KE, Keeler RF, Buck WB (1985) Induction of 

cleft palate in newborn pigs by maternal ingestion of 

poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). Am J Vet Res 

46(6):1368-1371. 

Panter KE, Keeler RF, Buck WB, et al. (1983) Toxicity and 

teratogenicity of Conium maculatum in swine. Toxicon 

Suppl 3:333-336. 

Panter KE, Keeler RF, Bunch TD, et al. (1990) Congenital 

skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats 

by ingestion of Lupinus, Conium and Nicotiana species. 

Toxicon 28(12):1377-1386. 

Penny RH (1953) Hemlock poisoning in cattle. Vet Rec 

65(42):699-670. 

Plotti GB (1900) Poisoning by virulent hemlock. Am Vet 

Rev 23:717. 

Richter HE (1964) Vergiftung durch Conium maculatum 

L., Flecken-Schierling. Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr 

51:404-407. 

Rizzi D, Basile C, Di Maggio A, et al. (1989) Rhabdomyolysis 

and acute tubular necrosis in coniine (hemlock) poisoning. 

Lancet 2(Dec 16):1461-1462. 

Rizzi D, Basile C, Di Maggio A, et al. (1991) Clinical spectrum 

of accidental hemlock poisoning: Neurotoxic manifestations, 

rhabdomyolysis and acute tubular necrosis. 

Nephrol Dial Transplant 6(12):939-943. 

Rizzi D, Introna F Jr, Candela RG, et al. (1988) Rabdiomiolisi 

tossica e tubulonecrosi nell’avvelenamento da cicuta. 

Osservazion di quattro casi. Clin Ter 124(3):193-201. 

Rubaj B, Zimowski A (1971) Zatrucie nutrii szczwołem 

plamistym (Conium maculatum L.). Med Weter 

27(10):622-623. 

Scatizzi A, Di Maggio A, Rizzi D, et al. (1993) Acute renal 

failure due to tubular necrosis caused by wildfowl-mediated 

hemlock poisoning. Ren Fail 15(1):93-96. 

Short SB, Edwards WC (1989) Accidental Conium maculata 

poisoning in the rabbit. Vet Hum Toxicol 31(1):54-57. 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Peixoto PV (1985) Intoxicação 

experimental por Conium maculatum (Umbeliferae) em 

bovinos e ovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 5(1):15-25. 

Tudor G, Anton E, Diaconescu G (1969) Observaţii asupra 

intoxicaţiei cu Conium maculatum (cucuta) la ovine. Rev 

Zootehnie Med Vet 19(11):74-80. 

Widmer WR (1984) Poison hemlock in swine. Vet Med 


Conophallus konjak Schott = Amorphophallus konjac K. 

Koch 

c o n so l i d a r e g a l is Gray [Ranunculaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d elphinium consolida L. 

Common Names: 

Ackerrittersporn; Adlerblume; branched larkspur; 

dolphin flower; Feldrittersporn; field larkspur; king’sconsound; 

knight’s-spur; larkspur; mezei szarkaláb; 

Ottilienkraut; wild larkspur 

Citations: 

Elphick EE (1931) Sheep poisoned as a result of eating larkspur 

(Delphinium consolidum). Vet Rec 11(18):512-513. 

consuelda –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L.

102 - Convallaria majalis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

consumption bush –see– Crotalaria berteroana DC. 

consumption weed –see– Baccharis halimifolia L. 

conval lily –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

convallaria –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

c o n va l l a r i a Ma j a l is L. [Ruscaceae] 

Common Names: 

conval lily; convallaria; Eischaupe; Jacob’s-ladder; 

lady’s-tears; lèrio-do-vale; liljekonvall; lily-of-the-valley; 

liricon fancy; Maiblume; Maiglöckchen; Maischellchen; 

májusi gyöngyvirág; May blossom; May lily; 

Mayflower; mugget; muguet; muguet-de-mai; Nieskraut; 

our-lady’s-tears; Zauke 

Citations: 

Edgerton PH (1989) Symptoms of digitalis-like toxicity in a 

family after accidental ingestion of lily of the valley plant. 

J Emerg Nurs 15:220-223. 

Falk W, Weikmann E (1969) Vergiftungen im Kindesalter 

- Eine Analyse von 642 stationär behandelten 

kindlichen Vergiftungsfällen. Wien Klin Wochenschr 

81(48):867-873. 

Haugen S, Bryne E, Falke M, et al. (2001) Grade I-II atrioventricular 

block following lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria 

majalis) intake: A report of three cases. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 39(3):303-304. 

Krenzelok EP, Jacobsen TD, Aronis JM (1996) Lily-of-the-valley 

(Convallaria majalis) exposures: Are the outcomes consistent 

with the reputation? J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34:601. 

Lamminpaa A, Kinos M (1996) Plant poisonings in children. 

Hum Exp Toxicol 15(3):245-249. 

Moxley RA, Schneider NR, Steinegger DH, et al. (1989) 

Apparent toxicosis associated with lily-of-the-valley 

(Convallaria majalis) ingestion in a dog. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 195(4):485-487. 

Štĕrba B, Meissner V (1962) Sušené rostliny s obsahem 

srdečních glykosidů a alkaloidů jako příčina uhynuté 

hospodářských zvířat. Veterinarstvi 12:83-86. 

convolvulus –see– Ipomoea muelleri Benth. 

c o n vo l vu l u s a rv e n s is L. [Convolvulaceae] 

Common Names: 

Ackerwinde; bindweed; correhuela menor; European 

bindweed; European morning-glory; field bindweed; 

laplove; morning-glory; obsession vine 

Citations: 

Olver H (1872) Supposed poisoning of pigs by convolvulus. 

The Vet 45(49):727-729. 

Pammel LH (1920) European morning glory suspected of 

being poisonous. Am J Vet Med 15:439. 

Schultheiss PC, Knight AP, Traub Dargatz JL, et al. (1995) 

Toxicity of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) to mice. 


c o n y z a b o n a r i e n s is (L.) Cronquist 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

fleabane; horseweed 

Citations: 

Sertoli A, Fabbri P, Campolmi P, et al. (1978) Allergic contact 

dermatitis to Salvia officinalis, Inula viscosa and 

Conyza bonariensis. Contact Dermatitis 4(5):314-315. 

Conyza coulteri A. Gray = Laennecia coulteri (A. Gray) G. 

L. Nesom 

conyzav –see– Laennecia coulteri (A. Gray) G. L. Nesom 

cooby –see– Acacia salicina Lindl. 

Cook tree –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

Cooktown ironwood –see– Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. 

Muell.) Baill. 

Cooktown loquat –see– Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Benth. 

coolahgrass –see– Panicum coloratum L. 

coontie –see– Zamia integrifolia L. f. 

c o o p e r i a p e d u n c u l a Ta Herb. 


Common Names: 

evening-star rain lily; giant rain lily; prairie lily; rain 

lily 

Citations: 

Casteel SW, Rowe LD, Bailey EM, et al. (1988) Experimentally 

induced photosensitization in cattle with Cooperia 

pedunculata. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(2):101-104. 

Rowe LD, Norman JO, Corrier DE, et al. (1987) Photosensitization 

of cattle in southeast Texas: Identification 

of phototoxic activity associated with Cooperia pedunculata. 

Am J Vet Res 48(11):1658-1661. 

Rowe LD, Rector BS, Bailey EM, et al. (1986) Mammalian 

photosensitization associated with ingestion of Cooperia 

pedunculata (rain lily). Proc Am Vet Med Assoc 

1986:102. 

Cooper’s milk vetch –see– Astragalus miser Douglas ex 


cop rose –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

copa –see– Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

copel tree –see– Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle 

copo-de-leite –see– Calla palustris L. 

copper rose –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

copperweed –see– Oxytenia acerosa Nutt. 

c o p Tis c h i n e n s is Franch. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

chuen lin 

Citations: 





coquelicot –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

coquillo –see– Jatropha curcas L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Coriaria ruscifolia - 103 

coquito –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

coração negro –see– Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. 

coral –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

coral bead plant –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

coral bean –see– Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev 

coral plant –see– Jatropha multifida L.; Jatropha podagrica 

Hook. 

coral sumach –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb.; 

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

coralberry –see– Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. 

coralillo –see– Duranta erecta L. 

corazon-de-cabrito –see– Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 

c o r c h o r u s o l i To r i u s L. [Malvaceae] 

Common Names: 

juta; jute 

Citations: 

Curjel DF, Acton HW (1924) Jute dermatitis. Indian J Med 

Res 12:257-260. 

Johnson SJ (1985) The effects on pigs and chickens of feeding 

grain contaminated with seeds of Corchorus olitorius. 




Johnson SJ, Toleman MA (1982) The toxicity of jute (Corchorus 

olitorius) seed to pigs. Aust Vet J 58(6):264-265. 

McKenzie RA, Callinan RB, Unger DB, et al. (1992) Suspected 

jute seed (Corchorus olitorius) poisoning of cattle. 

Aust Vet J 69(5):117-118. 

cordatum –see– Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott 

coriander –see– Coriandrum sativum L. 

c o r i a n d r u M s a Ti vu M L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

coriander; Koriander 

Citations: 

Bock SA (1993) Anaphylaxis to coriander: A sleuthing story. 

J Allergy Clin Immunol 91(6):1232-1233. 

Kanerva L, Soini M (2001) Occupational protein contact 

dermatitis from coriander. Contact Dermatitis 

45(6):354-355. 

Manzanedo L, Blanco J, Fuentes M, et al. (2004) Anaphylactic 

reaction in a patient sensitized to coriander seed. 

Allergy 59(3):362-363. 

Stäger J, Wüthrich B, Johansson SG (1991) Spice allergy in 

celery-sensitive patients. Allergy 46(6):475-478. 

Suhonen R, Keskinen H, Björkstén F, et al. (1979) Allergy to 

coriander. A case report. Allergy 34(5):327-330. 

coriaria –see– Coriaria myrtifolia L. 

c o r i a r i a a r b o r e a Linds. [Coriariaceae] 

Common Names: 

toot; tree tutu; tupakiki; tutu; Tutubaum 

Citations: 

Anderson IL (1968) Tutu poisoning in two circus elephants. 

N Z Vet J 16(8):146-147. 

Chilvers CD (1972) Tutu poisoning in an elderly Maori lady. 

N Z Med J 75(477):85-86. 

Clinch PG, Turner JC (1968) Estimation of tutin and 

hyenanchin in honey. 2. The toxicity of honey samples 

from test hives during the period 1962-67. N Z J Sci 

11:346-351. 

Graham JM, Cartridge ME (1961) Tutu poisoning in dogs. 

N Z Vet J 9:45. 

Palmer-Jones T (1947) A recent outbreak of honey poisoning. 

Part I. Historical and descriptive. N Z J Sci Technol 

A 29(3):107-114. 

Palmer-Jones T (1965) Poisonous honey overseas and in New 

Zealand. N Z Med J 64(399):631-637. 

Palmer-Jones T, White EP (1947) A recent outbreak of 

honey poisoning. Part VII. Observations on the toxicity 

and toxin of tutu (Coriaria arborea Lindsay). N Z J Sci 

Technol A 29(Aug):107-143. 

Paterson CR (1947) A recent outbreak of honey poisoning. 

Part IV. The source of the toxic honey - Field observations. 

N Z J Sci Technol A 29(Oct):125-129. 

c o r i a r i a My r Ti f o l i a L. [Coriariaceae] 

Common Names: 

coriaria; emborrachacabras; Gerbermyrte; Gerberstrauch; 

Lederbaum; masooriberry; Myrtensumach; 

redoul; roldón; sumach 

Citations: 

Alonso Casteel P, Moreno Galdó A, Sospedro Martínez E, 

et al. (1997) Intoxicación grave por Coriaria myrtifolia: A 

propósito de un caso. An Esp Pediatr 46(1):81-82. 

Cahen O, Floras P, Guerineau JM, et al. (1978) Intoxication 

par les fruits de redoul. Cah Anesthesiol 26(5):693-698. 

de Haro L, Pommier P, Tichadou L, et al. (2005) Poisoning 

by Coriaria myrtifolia Linnaeus: A new case report and 

review of the literature. Toxicon 46(6):600-603. 

Garcia Martin A, Masvidal Aliberch RM, Bofill Bernaldo 

AM, et al. (1983) Intoxicación por ingesta de Coriaria 

myrtifolia. Estudio de 25 casos. An Esp Pediatr 

19(5):366-370. 

Obach R, Plans P (1949) Intoxicacion por la Coriaria myrtifolia. 

Med Clin (Barc) 13(4):220-222. 

Poyen P, Raibaudi R, Bloch C, et al. (1970) Une intoxication 

aiguë grave par le redoul. Eur J Toxicol 3(6):386-391. 

Rimbaud L, Serre H, Passouant P (1943) L’intoxication par 

le redoul (Coriaria myrtifolia). Gaz Hop 8(Apr):117-118. 

Vargas M (1926) Envenenamiento de cinco niños por el 

roldón (Coriaria myrtifolia). Intensa toxicidad de la coriamirtina. 

Higiene escolar. El Siglo Medico. pp. 355-359. 

c o r i a r i a r u s c i f o l i a L. [Coriariaceae] 

Common Names: 

dol diablo; New Zealand toot plant; tutu 

Citations: 




Hum Toxicol 44(1):31-32.

104 - Coriaria sinica D. Jesse Wagstaff 

c o r i a r i a s i n ic a Maxim. [Coriariaceae] 

Citations: 

Gao M, Tang G (1991) [Emergency treatment and care of 

acute Coriaria sinica Maxim poisoning.] Chung Hua Hu 

Li Tsa Chih 26(7):295-296. 

cork dust –see– Quercus suber L. 

cork oak –see– Quercus suber L. 

corkwood –see– Duboisia myoporoides R. Br.; Sesbania 

grandiflora (L.) Pers. 

corky-fruit water dropwart –see– Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. 

corn –see– Zea mays L. 

corn campion –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

corn chamomile –see– Anthemis arvensis L. 

corn cockle –see– Agrostemma githago L.; Vaccaria hispanica 


corn lily –see– Veratrum californicum Durand 

corn millet –see– Panicum miliaceum L. 

corn mustard –see– Sinapis arvensis L. 

corn poppy –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

corn rose –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

corn vetch –see– Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

corn woundwort –see– Stachys arvensis (L.) L. 

cornbind –see– Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve 

cornflower –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

cornucopia –see– Brugmansia ×candida Pers.; Brugmansia 


c o r n u s o b l o n g a Wall. [Cornaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c ornus paniculata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don 

Common Names: 

dogwood; silky dogwood 

Citations: 

Pammel LH (1925) Dogwood may be poisonous. North Am 

Vet Nov:62. 

Cornus paniculata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don = Cornus 

oblonga Wall. 

cornwood –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex 

DC. 

coroa-de-cristo –see– Euphorbia milii Des Moul. 

corona –see– Mascagnia pubiflora (A. Juss.) Griseb. 

coronilla –see– Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

Coronilla varia L. = Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

Coronopus didymus (L.) sm. = Lepidium didymum L. 

correhuela menor –see– Convolvulus arvensis L. 

Corsican pine –see– Larix decidua Mill. 

cortes quillajas –see– Quillaja saponaria Molina 

c o r y d a l is a u r e a Willd. [Fumariaceae] 

Common Names: 

golden corydalis; golden fumeroot; golden smoke; 

scrambled eggs 

Citations: 

Smith RA, Lewis D (1990) Apparent Corydalis aurea intoxication 

of cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol 32(1):63-64. 

c o r y d a l is c a s e a n a A. Gray [Fumariaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c apnoides casaena auct. 

Common Names: 

fitweed 

Citations: 

Fleming CE, Miller MR, Vawter LR (1931) The fitweed 

(Capnoides caseana), a poisonous range plant of the 

northern Sierra Nevada Mountains. Nevada Agric Exp 

Sta Bull #121:8-29. 



1930:12-13. 

c o r y l u s a ve l l a n a L. [Betulaceae] 

Common Names: 

European hazel 

Citations: 

Skamstrup Hansen K, Ballmer-Weber BK, Lüttkopf D, et 

al. (2003) Roasted hazelnuts - Allergenic activity evaluated 

by double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge. 

Allergy 58(2):132-138. 

Wensing M, Koppelman SJ, Penninks AH, et al. (2001) 

Hidden hazelnut is a threat to allergic patients. Allergy 

56(2):191-192. 

corynanthe –see– Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre 

ex Beille 

Corynanthe johimbe K. Schum. = Pausinystalia johimbe (K. 

Schum.) Pierre ex Beille 

c o r y n o c a r p u s l a e vig a Tu s J. R. Forst. & G. 

Forst. [Corynocarpaceae] 

Common Names: 

karaka 

Citations: 

Bell ME (1974) Toxicology of karaka kernel, karakin and 

β-nitropropionic acid. N Z J Sci 17:327-334. 

Palmer-Jones T, Line LJ (1962) Poisoning of honey bees by 

nectar from the karaka tree (Corynocarpus laevigata J. R. 

et G. Forst.). N Z J Agric Res 5(5-6):433-436. 

Shaw SD, Billing T (2006) Karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus) 

toxicosis in North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). 

Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 9(3):545-549. 

costus –see– Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. 

cotieira –see– Joannesia princeps Vell.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Coutoubea ramosa - 105 

cotón –see– Gossypium hirsutum L. 

cotton –see– Gossypium herbaceum L.; Gossypium hirsutum L. 

cotton fireweed –see– Senecio quadridentatus Labill. 

cotton-leaf physicnut –see– Jatropha gossypiifolia L. 

cottonbush –see– Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. Aiton 

cottonweed –see– Abutilon theophrasti Medik. 

cotyledon –see– Cotyledon orbiculata L. 

Cotyledon coruscans Haw. = Cotyledon orbiculata L. var. 

oblonga (Haw.) DC. 

c o Ty l e d o n o r b ic u l a Ta L. [Crassulaceae] 

Common Names: 

cotyledon; honde oor; krimpsiektebossie; pig’s-ear 

Citations: 

Anderson LA, Schultz RA, Kellerman TS, et al. (1985) 

Isolation and characterization of and some observations 

on poisoning by bufadienolides from Cotyledon 

orbiculata L. var. orbiculata. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

52(1):21-24. 

Terblanche M, Adelaar TF (1965) A note on the toxicity 

of Cotyledon orbiculata L. J S Afr Vet Assoc 

36(4):555-559. 

Tustin RC, Thornton DJ, Kleu CB (1984) An outbreak of 

Cotyledon orbiculata L. poisoning in a flock of Angora 

goat rams. J S Afr Vet Assoc 55(4):181-184. 




Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

c o Ty l e d o n o r b ic u l a Ta L. var. oblonga 

(Haw.) DC. [Crassulaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c otyledon coruscans Haw. 

Common Names: 

plakkies 

Citations: 




Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

couchgrass –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

couer saignant –see– Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 

c o u l a e d u l is Baill. [Olacaceae] 

Common Names: 

ecue; eugomo 

Citations: 



Med Surg 21(2):41-46. 

Coulter’s conyza –see– Laennecia coulteri (A. Gray) G. L. 

Nesom 

country walnut –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

countryman’s-treacle –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

c o u To u b e a r a Mo s a Aubl. [Gentianaceae] 

Citations: 


por Coutoubea ramosa (Gentianaceae) em bovinos. Pesq 

Vet Bras 1(2):55-60. 

couve-de-Bruxelas –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera 

Zenker 

cow cabbage –see– Veratrum californicum Durand 

cow cockle –see– Agrostemma githago L.; Vaccaria hispanica 


cow cress –see– Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville 

cow parsley –see– Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.; 

Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier 

cow parsnip –see– Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden.; Heracleum 

sphondylium L.; Heracleum stevenii Manden. 

cow poison –see– Delphinium barbeyi (Huth) Huth 

cow sorrel –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

cow wheat –see– Scrophularia marilandica L. 

cowage –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

cowbane –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. & Rose; 

Cicuta maculata L.; Cicuta maculata L. var. angustifolia 

Hook.; Cicuta virosa L. 

cowbush –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

cowgrass –see– Trifolium pratense L. 

cowhage –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

cowherb –see– Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert 

cowitch –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

cowpea –see– Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. 

cowpen daisy –see– Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & 

Hook. f. ex A. Gray 

coyote tobacco –see– Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. 

Watson 

coyotillo –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc.; 

Karwinskia parvifolia Rose 

coyotillo-de-Texas –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) 

Zucc. 

coyotio –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

crabapple –see– Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. 

crabgrass –see– Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. 

crab’s-eye –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

crake feet –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex 

Rothm. 

crambe –see– Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R. E. Fr.

106 - Crambe abyssinica D. Jesse Wagstaff 

c r a Mb e a b y s s i n ic a Hochst. ex R. E. Fr. 


Common Names: 

Abyssinian kale; crambe 

Citations: 

Lambert JL, Clanton DC, Wolff IA, et al. (1970) Crambe 

meal protein and hulls in beef cattle rations. J Anim Sci 

31(3):601-607. 

Van Etten CH, Gagne WE, Robbins DJ, et al. (1969) Biological 

evaluation of crambe seed meals and derived products 

by rat feeding. Cereal Chem 46(Mar):145-155. 

c r a Ta e g u s l a e vig a Ta (Poir) DC. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

hawthorn; May tree; Weißdorn; white thorn 

Citations: 

Smith FP (1940) Eye injuries in agriculture. Trans Ophthalmol 

Soc U K 60:252-257. 

c r a Ta e g u s Mo n o g y n a Jacq. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

hawthorn; single-seed hawthorn; Weißdorn 

Citations: 

Steinman HK, Lovell CR, Cronin E (1984) Immediate-type 

hypersensitivity to Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn). 


crazy plant –see– Scopolia carniolica Jacq. 

crazyweed –see– Astragalus mollissimus Torr. var. 

mollissimus; Oxytropis lambertii Pursh 

creek lily –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

creeping buttercup –see– Ranunculus repens L. 

creeping caustic –see– Euphorbia drummondii Boiss. 

creeping Charlie –see– Glechoma hederacea L. 

creeping Croftonweed –see– Ageratina riparia (Regel) R. M. 

King & H. Rob. 

creeping crowfoot –see– Ranunculus repens L. 

creeping cut-leaf water parsnip –see– Berula erecta (Huds.) 

Coville 

creeping fig –see– Ficus pumila L. 

creeping indigo –see– Indigofera hendecaphylla Jacq.; 

Indigofera spicata Forssk. 

creeping knapweed –see– Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. 

creeping lily –see– Gloriosa superba L. 

creeping mallow –see– Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don 

creeping pimelea –see– Pimelea prostrata (J. R. Forst. & G. 

Forst.) Willd. 

creeping spurge –see– Euphorbia myrsinites L. 

creeping sumach –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

creeping water parsnip –see– Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville 

creosote bush –see– Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville 

cress-leaf groundsel –see– Senecio glabellus Poir. 

crested goosefoot –see– Chenopodium carinatum R. Br. 

crimson clover –see– Trifolium incarnatum L. 

c r o c u s s a Ti v u s L. [Iridaceae] 

Common Names: 

azafran; Krokus; saffron; saffron crocus; saffron spice; 

true saffron 

Citations: 

Feo F, Martinez J, Martinez A, et al. (1997) Occupational 

allergy in saffron workers. Allergy 52(6):633-641. 

Wüthrich B, Schmid-Grendelmeyer P, Lundberg M (1997) 

Anaphylaxis to saffron. Allergy 52(4):476-477. 

Crofton weed –see– Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. 


croix-de-malte –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

c r o Ta l a r i a a l a Ta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Williams MC, Molyneux RJ (1987) Occurrence, concentration, 

and toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Crotalaria 

seeds. Weed Sci 35(4):476-481. 

Crotalaria anagyroides Kunth = Crotalaria micans Link 

c r o Ta l a r i a a r g y r o l ob io i d e s Baker 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 



seeds. Weed Sci 35(4):476-481. 

c r o Ta l a r i a a r i d ic o l a Domin [Fabaceae] 

Common names: 

Chillagoe horse poison 

Citations: 

Cory AH (1920) Report of the chief inspector of 

stock, Queensland. Annu Rep Dep Agric Stock. 

1919-1920:64. 

Legg J (1951) Oesophageal and stomach ulceration. Report 

of the chief inspector of stock, Queensland. Annu Rep 

Dep Agric Stock. 1950-1951:59. 

Newton LG (1962) Oesophageal disease. Report of the chief 

inspector of stock, Queensland. Annu Rep Dep Agric 

Stock. 1961-1962:35. 

Tucker G (1911) Chillagoe horse disease. Report of the chief 

inspector of stock, Queensland. Annu Rep Dep Agric 

Stock. 1910-1911:24. 

Tucker G (1912) Chillagoe horse disease and pink-eye. 

Report of the chief inspector of stock, Queensland. Annu 

Rep Dep Agric Stock. 1911-1912:32. 

White CT (1932) Report of the Government Botanist, 

Queensland. Annu Rep Dep Agric Stock. 

1931-1932:59.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Crotalaria laburnifolia - 107 

c r o Ta l a r i a a s s a Mic a Benth. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Chan MY, Zhao XL, Ogle CW (1989) A comparative study on 

the hepatic toxicity and metabolism of Crotalaria assamica 

and Eupatorium species. Am J Chin Med 17(3-4):165-170. 

Crotalaria bagamoyoensis Baker f. = Crotalaria laburnoides 

Klotzsch 

c r o Ta l a r i a b a r k a e Schweinf. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c rotalaria geminiflora Dinter ex Baker f. 

Citations: 




Lewis AR, Wilson VJ, Hill RR (1973) Crotalariosis in the common 

duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia). Rhodesia Vet J 4:29-33. 

c r o Ta l a r i a b e r Te r o a n a DC. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c rotalaria fulva Roxb. 

Common Names: 

consumption bush; ragwort; rattlebox; white back; 

white luck 

Citations: 

Berry DM, Bras G (1957) Venous occlusion of the liver 

in crotalaria and senecio poisoning. North Am Vet 

38(Nov):323-326, 328. 

Bras G, Berry DM, György P (1957) Plants as aetiological 

factor in veno-occlusive disease of the liver. Lancet 

272(May 11):960-962. 

Bras G, McLean E (1963) Toxic factors in veno-occlusive 

disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 111(Dec 30):392-398. 

Lindo V, Bras G (1966) Further investigations on the toxicity 

of Crotalaria fulva in Jamaica. West Indian Med J 

15:34-39. 

McLean E, Bras G, GyÖrgy P (1964) Veno-occlusive lesions 

in livers of rats fed Crotalaria fulva. Br J Exp Pathol 

45(Jun):242-247. 

c r o Ta l a r i a b u r k e a n a Benth. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

bottlebrush; klapperbos; rattlebush; stiff sickness bush; 

stywesiekte bossie; stywesiektebos 

Citations: 




7(1):169-178. 

c r o Ta l a r i a c r is p a Ta F. Muell. ex Benth. 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Gardiner MR, Royce R, Bokor A (1965) Studies on Crotalaria 

crispata, a newly recognised cause of Kimberley 

horse disease. J Pathol Bact 89(1):43-55. 

c r o Ta l a r i a d u r a J. M. Wood & M. S. Evans 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

jaagsiektebossie; wild lucerne 

Citations: 



South Africa. VII. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Indus 

9(1):111-124. 

Crotalaria fulva Roxb. = Crotalaria berteroana DC. 

Crotalaria geminiflora Dinter ex Baker f. = Crotalaria 

barkae Schweinf. 

c r o Ta l a r i a g o r e e n s is Guill. & Perr. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

crotalaria; gamba pea; rattlebox 

Citations: 

Norton JH, O’Rourke PK (1979) Toxicity of Crotalaria goreensis 

for chickens. Aust Vet J 55(4):173-174. 

c r o Ta l a r i a g r a h a Mi a n a Wight & Arn. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

cho cho 

Citations: 

Arzt J, Mount ME (1999) Hepatotoxicity associated with 

pyrrolizidine alkaloid (Crotalaria spp) ingestion in a horse 

on Easter Island. Vet Hum Toxicol 41(2):96-99. 

c r o Ta l a r i a j u n c e a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

gergellim bravo; maracá-de-cobra; rattlepod; sanka; 

sunn hemp 

Citations: 




13:323-335. 

Nobre D, Dagli ML, Haraguchi M (1994) Crotalaria juncea 

intoxication in horses. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(5):445-448. 

Payet M, Camain R, Miege J, et al. (1967) Etude comparée 

de la toxicité de différentes espèces de Crotalaria. Bull 

Mem Fac Mixte Med Pharm Dakar 15:266-269. 

Steyn DG, van der Walt SJ (1945) Jaagsiekte in horses, and 

sunn-hemp poisoning in stock. Farming South Africa 

Jul:1-3. 

c r o Ta l a r i a l a b u r n i f o l i a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

bird flower 

Citations: 

Schoental R, Coady A (1968) The hepatotoxicity of some 

Ethiopian and East African plants, including some used 

in traditional medicines. East Afr Med J 45(8):577-580.

108 - Crotalaria laburnoides D. Jesse Wagstaff 

c r o Ta l a r i a l a b u r n o i d e s Klotzsch 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c rotalaria bagamoyoensis Baker f. 

Citations: 

Heath D, Shaba J, Williams A, et al. (1975) A pulmonary 

hypertension-producing plant from Tanzania. Thorax 

30(4):399-404. 

c r o Ta l a r i a Ma u e n s is Baker f. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 



c r o Ta l a r i a Mic a n s Link [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c rotalaria anagyroides Kunth 

Citations: 


por Crotalaria anagyroides (Leg. Papilionoideae) em 


Crotalaria mucronata Desv. = Crotalaria pallida Aiton 

c r o Ta l a r i a n a n a Burm f. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

jhunjhunia 

Citations: 

Arora RR, Pyarelal, Ghosh TK, et al. (1981) Epidemiology 

of veno-occlusive disease in tribal population of Madhya 

Pradesh and Bihar. J Commun Dis 13(3):147-151. 

Shrivastava AB, Kolte GN, Vegad JL, et al. (1985) Haematological 

study on toxicity of Crotalaria nana in rats. 

Indian J Anim Sci 55(4):255-258. 

Shrivastava AB, Kolte GN, Vegad JL, et al. (1986) Pathological 

alterations in lungs in Crotalaria nana toxicity in 

rat. Indian J Anim Sci 56(9):901-906. 

Tandon BN, Puri BK, Tandon HD, et al. (1978) Ultra-structure 

of liver in veno-occlusive disease due to Crotalaria 

nana Burm. Indian J Med Res 68(Nov):790-797. 

c r o Ta l a r i a n ov a e -h o l l a n d i a e DC. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

New Holland rattlepod 

Citations: 





33(Mar):49-62. 

c r o Ta l a r i a o c h r o l e u c a G. Don [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

marejea; sunn hemp 

Citations: 

Mkiwa FE, Lwoga AB, Mosha RD, et al. (1994) Antinutritional 

effects of Crotalaria ochroleuca (marejea) in animal 

feed supplements. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(2):96-100. 

Mosha RD, Matovelo JA (1994) Toxicity of Crotalaria ochroleuca 

seeds in mice. In: Colegate SM, Dorling PR (eds.) 

Plant-associated toxins. Agricultural, phytochemical and 

ecological aspects. CABI. New York. pp. 303-306. 

c r o Ta l a r i a p a l l i d a Aiton [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c rotalaria mucronata Desv.; c rotalaria striata DC. 

Common Names: 

chique chique; crotalaria; gergellim bravo; giant striata 

crotalaria; guizo-de-cascavel; maracá-de-cobra; rattlebox; 

rattleweed; smooth crotalaria; streaked rattlepod 

Citations: 

Arzt J, Mount ME (1999) Hepatotoxicity associated with 

pyrrolizidine alkaloid (Crotalaria spp) ingestion in a horse 

on Easter Island. Vet Hum Toxicol 41(2):96-99. 

Bierer BW, Vickers CL, Rhodes WH, et al. (1960) Comparison 

of the toxic effects of Crotalaria spectabilis and 

Crotalaria giant striata as complete feed contaminants. J 


Diaz GJ, Roldan LP, Cortes A (2003) Intoxication of Crotalaria 

pallida seeds to growing broiler chicks. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 45(4):187-189. 

Kelly JW, Barber CW, Pate DD, et al. (1961) Effect of feeding 

crotalaria seed to young chickens. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 139(11):1215-1217. 

Laws L (1968) Toxicity of Crotalaria mucronata to sheep. 

Aust Vet J 44(10):453-455. 




Smith FH, Osborne JC (1962) Toxic effects of crotalaria 

seed. Vet Med 57(Mar):234-237. 

c r o Ta l a r i a p o l y s p e r Ma Kotschy ex 

Schweinf. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Andrew HR (1987) An outbreak of laminitic crotalariosis in 

the Chegutu district. Zimbabwe Vet J 18(1-2):23-26. 

c r o Ta l a r i a q u i n q u e f o l i a L. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Appelman H, Dirven JG, Kuil H (1962) Giftigheid van Crotalaria 

quinquefolia als veevoer. Surinaamse, Landbouw 

10:67-70. 



seeds. Weed Sci 35(4):476-481. 

c r o Ta l a r i a r e c Ta Steud. ex A. Rich. 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 



in traditional medicines. East Afr Med J 45(8):577-580.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Crotalaria spectabilis - 109 

c r o Ta l a r i a r e Tu s a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

earring plant; gergellim bravo; koropo; maracá-decobra; 

rattlebox; rattlepod; rattleweed; shack shack; 

sonnette; wedge-leaf rattlepod 

Citations: 

Alfonso HA, Figueredo MA, Rodríguez J, et al. (1986) 

Intoxicación por Crotalaria retusa y C. spectabilis en pollos 

y gansos. Primer reporte en Cuba. Rev Salud Anim 

8(2):201-202. 

Alfonso HA, Sanchez LM, Figeurdo MA, et al. (1993) 

Intoxication due to Crotalaria retusa and C. spectabilis in 

chickens and geese. Vet Hum Toxicol 35(6):539. 

Emmel MW (1937) The toxicity of Crotalaria retusa L. seeds 

for the domestic fowl. J Am Vet Med Assoc 91:205-206. 

Figueredo M, Rodriguez J, Alfonso HA (1987) Patomorfología 

de la intoxicación experimental aguda por Crotalaria 

retusa y C. spectabilis en pollos. Rev Cubana Cienc 

Vet 18(1-2):63-71. 

Hooper PT, Scanlan WA (1977) Crotalaria retusa poisoning 

of pigs and poultry. Aust Vet J 53(3):109-114. 

Nobre VM, Dantas AF, Riet-Correa F, et al. (2005) Acute 

intoxication by Crotalaria retusa in sheep. Toxicon 

45(3):347-352. 

Nobre VM, Riet-Correa F, Barbosa Filho JM, et al. (2004) 

Intoxicação por Crotalaria retusa (Fabaceae) em eqüideos 

no semi-árido da Paraíba. Pesq Vet Bras 24(3):132-143. 

Nobre VM, Riet-Correa F, Dantas AF, et al. (2004) Intoxication 

by Crotalaria retusa in ruminants and Equidae in 

the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. In: Acamovic T, 




and experimental investigations of “walk-about” disease 


Crotalaria poisoning in horses Part I. Aust Vet J 

33(Feb):25-33. 





33(Mar):49-62. 

Ross AJ (1977) Effects of feeding diets containing Crotalaria 

retusa L. seed to growing pigs. J Agric Sci (Cambridge) 

89(1):101-105. 

Ross AJ, Tucker JW (1977) Effects of feeding diets containing 

Crotalaria retusa L. seed to broiler chickens. J Agric 

Sci (Cambridge) 89(1):95-99. 



seeds. Weed Sci 35(4):476-481. 

c r o Ta l a r i a s ag i TTa l is L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

arrow crotalaria; rattlebox; rattlesnake weed; rattleweed; 

weedy rattlebox; wild pea 

Citations: 

Gibbons WJ, Hokanson JF, Wiggins AM, et al. (1950) 

Cirrhosis of the liver in horses. North Am Vet 

31(Apr):229-233. 

Seibold HR (1957) Crotalaria poisoning in a horse. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 130(Apr 15):336. 

Stalker M (1884) A new disease among horses - Results of 

investigation made at the veterinary college at Ames. Am 

Vet Rev 8:342-345. 

c r o Ta l a r i a s a l Ti a n a Andrews [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

safari 

Citations: 

Barri ME, Adam SE (1981) The toxicity of Crotalaria saltiana 

to calves. J Comp Pathol 91(4):621-627. 

Barri ME, Adam SE, Omer OH (1984) Effects of Crotalaria 

saltiana on Nubian goats. Vet Hum Toxicol 

26(6):476-480. 

Barri ME, Adam SE, Omer OH (1988) Toxic effects of Crotalaria 

saltiana in mice. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(5):429-431. 

Crotalaria sericea Retz. = Crotalaria spectabilis Roth 

c r o Ta l a r i a s p e c Ta b i l is Roth [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c rotalaria sericea Retz. 

Common Names: 

gergellim bravo; maracá-de-cobra; rattlebox; rattlepod; 

rattleweed; showy crotalaria; wild pea 

Citations: 

Alfonso HA, Figueredo MA, Rodríguez J, et al. (1986) 

Intoxicación por Crotalaria retusa y C. spectabilis en pollos 

y gansos. Primer reporte en Cuba. Rev Salud Anim 

8(2):201-202. 

Alfonso HA, Sanchez LM, Figeurdo MI, et al. (1993) 

Intoxication due to Crotalaria retusa and C. spectabilis in 

chickens and geese. Vet Hum Toxicol 35(6):539. 

Allen JR (1963) Crotalaria spectabilis toxicity studies in turkeys. 

Avian Dis 7(3):318-324. 

Allen JR, Carstens LA (1970) Clinical signs and pathologic 

changes in Crotalaria spectabilis-intoxicated rats. Am J 

Vet Res 31(6):1059-1070. 

Allen JR, Carstens LA, Knezevic AL (1965) Crotalaria 

spectabilis intoxication in rhesus monkeys. Am J Vet Res 

26(112):753-757. 

Allen JR, Carstens LA, Norback DH, et al. (1970) Ultrastructural 

and biochemical changes associated with 

pyrrolizidine-induced hepatic megalocytosis. Cancer Res 

30(6):1857-1866. 

Allen JR, Childs GR, Cravens WW (1960) Crotalaria 

spectabilis toxicity in chickens. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 

104(Jul):434-436. 

Allen JR, Lalich JJ (1963) Crotalaria spectabilis induced cirrhosis 

in turkeys. Fed Proc 22:546. 

Allen JR, Lalich JJ, Schmittle SC (1963) Crotalaria 

spectabilis-induced cirrhosis in turkeys. Lab Invest 

12(4):512-517. 

Becker HN, Bennett WW, Simpson CF (1976) Crotalaria 

poisoning in swine in Florida (clinical signs, necropsy 

lesions and microscopic pathology). Proc Int Pig Vet 

Cong. 1976:S12.

110 - Crotalaria spectabilis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Becker RB, Neal WM, Arnold PT (1941) Crotalaria for forage. 

Part II. Value of Crotalaria as feed. Florida Agric 

Exp Sta Bull #361:33-71. 

Becker RB, Neal WM, Arnold PT, et al. (1935) A study 

of the palatability and possible toxicity of 11 species of 

crotalaria, especially of C. spectabilis Roth. J Agric Res 

50(11):911-922. 

Bierer BW, Vickers CL, Rhodes WH, et al. (1960) Comparison 

of the toxic effects of Crotalaria spectabilis and 

Crotalaria giant striata as complete feed contaminants. J 


Carlton WW (1967) Crotalaria intoxication in guinea pigs. J 


Caylor JF, Laurent CK (1961) Effect of level of Crotalaria 

spectabilis on egg production of White Leghorn hens. 

Poult Sci 40:818. 

Cox DH, Harris DL, Richard TA (1958) Chemical identification 

of crotalaria poisoning in horses. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 133(Oct 15):425-426. 

D’Aguanno W, Geiling EM, Davis KJ (1961) Toxicity of 

Crotalaria spectabilis. Fed Proc 20(1 Pt 1):432. 

Emmel MW (1937) The pathology of Crotalaria spectabilis 

Roth seed poisoning in the domestic fowl. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 90(May):627-634. 

Emmel MW (1948) Crotalaria poisoning in cattle. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 113:164. 

Emmel MW, Sanders DA, Henley WW (1935) Additional 

observations on the toxicity of Crotalaria spectabilis 

(Roth) for swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 87:175-176. 

Emmel MW, Sanders DA, Henley WW (1935) Crotalaria 

spectabilis Roth seed poisoning in swine. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 86:43-54. 

Figueredo M, Rodriguez J, Alfonso HA (1987) Patomorfología 

de la intoxicación experimental aguda por Crotalaria 

retusa y C. spectabilis en pollos. Rev Cubana Cienc 

Vet 18(1-2):63-71. 

Gibbons WJ, Durr EH, Cox SA (1953) An outbreak 

of cirrhosis of the liver in horses. North Am Vet 

34(Aug):556-558. 

Himes JA, Bruss ML, Simpson CF, et al. (1976) Hypercholeresis 

in turkeys following the ingestion of Crotalaria 

spectabilis seeds. Cornell Vet 66(4):551-565. 

Kay JM, Gillund TD, Heath D (1967) Mast cells in the lungs 

of rats fed on Crotalaria spectabilis seeds. Am J Pathol 

51(6):1031-1044. 

Kay JM, Harris P, Heath D (1967) Pulmonary hypertension 

produced in rats by ingestion of Crotalaria spectabilis 

seeds. Thorax 22(2):176-179. 

Kay JM, Heath D (1966) Observations on the pulmonary 

arteries and heart weight of rats fed on Crotalaria spectabilis 

seeds. J Pathol Bact 92(2):385-394. 

Kay JM, Smith P, Heath D (1969) Electron microscopy 

of Crotalaria pulmonary hypertension. Thorax 

24(5):511-526. 

Kelly JW, Barber CW, Pate DD, et al. (1961) Effect of feeding 

crotalaria seed to young chickens. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 139(11):1215-1217. 

Lalich JJ, Merkow LP (1961) Pulmonary arteritis produced 

in rats by feeding Crotalaria spectabilis. Lab Invest 

10(4):744-750. 

Lalich JJ, Merkow LP (1961) Pulmonary arteritis produced in 

rats by feeding Crotalaria spectabilis. Fed Proc 20:118. 

Masugi Y, Oami H, Aihara K, et al. (1965) Renal and pulmonary 

vascular changes induced by Crotalaria spectabilis 

in rats. Acta Pathol Jpn 15(4):407-415. 

McGrath JP, Duncan JR, Munnell JF (1975) Crotalaria 

spectabilis toxicity in swine: Characterization of the renal 

glomerular lesion. J Comp Pathol 85(2):185-194. 

Meyrick B, Reid L (1979) Development of pulmonary arterial 

changes in rats fed Crotalaria spectabilis. Am J Pathol 

94(1):37-50. 




Peckham JC, Sangster LT, Jones OH Jr (1974) Crotalaria 

spectabilis poisoning in swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

165(7):633-638. 

Piercy PL, Rusoff LL (1946) Crotalaria spectabilis poisoning 

in Louisiana livestock. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

108(827):69-73. 

Sanders DA, Shealy AL, Emmel MW (1936) The pathology 

of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth poisoning in cattle. J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 89(2):150-156. 

Schmittle SC, Richey DJ, Tumlin JT (1959) Toxicity of Crotalaria 

spectabilis seed in poultry. Poult Sci 38:1244-1245. 

Seawright AA, Kelly WR, Hrdlicka J, et al. (1991) Pyrrolizidine 

alkaloidosis in cattle due to Senecio species in Australia. 

Vet Rec 129(9):198-199. 

Simpson CF, Waldroup PW, Harms RH (1963) Pathologic 

changes associated with feeding various levels of Crotalaria 

spectabilis seed to poultry. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

142(3):264-271. 

Smith FH, Osborne JC (1962) Toxic effects of crotalaria 

seed. Vet Med 57(Mar):234-237. 

Smith P, Heath D (1978) Evagination of vascular smooth 

muscle cells during the early stages of Crotalaria pulmonary 

hypertension. J Pathol 124(3):177-183. 

Smith P, Kay JM, Heath D (1970) Hypertensive pulmonary 

vascular disease in rats after prolonged feeding with Crotalaria 

spectabilis seeds. J Pathol 102(2):97-106. 

Souza AC, Hatayde MR, Bechara GH (1997) Aspectos 

patológicos da intoxicação de suínos por sementes de Crotalaria 

spectabilis (Fabaceae). Pesq Vet Bras 17(1):12-18. 

Stötzer H, Herbst M, Reichl R, et al. (1972) Zur Pathogenese 

der experimentellen pulmonalen Hypertonie. Modellversuche 

mit Crotalaria spectabilis an Ratten. Virchows 

Arch A 356(4):331-342. 

Thomas EF (1934) The toxicity of certain species of crotalaria 

seed for the chicken, quail, turkey and dove. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 85(Mar):617-622. 

Turner JH, Lalich JJ (1965) Experimental cor pulmonale in 

the rat. Arch Pathol 79(4):409-418. 

Wallace HD, Combs GE (1965) Effect of Crotalaria spectabilis 

seed on swine. Florida Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep. 

1965:84-85. 

Wiggins AM (1959) Crotalaria poisoning in cattle. A case 

report. Auburn Vet 15(Winter):84-85. 



seeds. Weed Sci 35(4):476-481. 

Young DE (1963) Cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal lesions 

in rats fed Crotalaria spectabilis. Fed Proc 22:254. 

Crotalaria striata DC. = Crotalaria pallida Aiton

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Cryptostegia grandiflora - 111 

c r o Ta l a r i a Tr ic h o To Ma Bojer [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c rotalaria usaramoensis Baker f. 

Citations: 




Crotalaria usaramoensis Baker f. = Crotalaria trichotoma 

Bojer 

crotin –see– Croton tiglium L. 

croton –see– Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss.; Croton 

tiglium L. 

c r o To n Me g a l ob o Tr y s Müll. Arg. 


Citations: 



croton tiglio –see– Croton tiglium L. 

c r o To n Tig l i u M L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

ba dau; batu; bois purgatif; bois-de-pavana; bois-desmolluques; 

chengkian; crotin; croton; croton tiglio; 

dand; datun; graine-de-moluques; graine-de-tilly; 

grana tiglio; habbussalatin; jayapala; kamaisa; pa-teouseou; 

petit pignon d’ Inde; purging croton; tilly; tuba 

Citations: 

Babu N (1965) Observations on the toxicity of the seed of 

Croton tiglium Linn. on predatory and weed fishes. Sci 

Cult 31(6):308-310. 

croton weed –see– Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. 


crow bells –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex 

Rothm.; Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 

crow fig –see– Strychnos nux-vomica L. 

crow leek –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex 

Rothm. 

crow poison –see– Amianthium muscitoxicum (Walter) A. 

Gray; Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb.; Veratrum viride 

Aiton 

crowberry –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

crowflower –see– Ranunculus acris L.; Ranunculus bulbosus 

L. 

crowfoot –see– Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her.; Ranunculus 

bulbosus L.; Ranunculus repens L.; Ranunculus sceleratus 

L.; Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. Watson) Rydb. 

crown flower –see– Calotropis gigantea (L.) W. T. Aiton; 

Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

crown-of-the-field –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

crown-of-thorns –see– Euphorbia milii Des Moul. 

crownbeard –see– Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & 

Hook. f. ex A. Gray 

crownvetch –see– Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

crozier cycad –see– Cycas circinalis L. 

crucifixion plant –see– Euphorbia milii Des Moul. 

cruel vine –see– Araujia sericifera Brot. 

crunchweed –see– Sinapis arvensis L. 

crusader’s-spears –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

crying tree –see– Synadenium cupulare (Boiss.) L. C. 

Wheeler 

c r y p To l e p is d e c i d u a (Planch. ex Benth.) N. 

E. Br. [Asclepiadaceae] 

Citations: 




15(1-2):261-277. 

c r y p To Me r i a j a p o n ic a (L. f.) D. Don 


Common Names: 

Japanese cedar 

Citations: 

Kondo Y, Ipsen H, Løwenstein H, et al. (1997) Comparison 

of concentrations of Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 in diploid 

and triploid Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen 

extracts. Allergy 52(4):455-459. 

Yokozeki H, Satoh T, Katayama I, et al. (2007) Airborne 

contact dermatitis due to Japanese cedar pollen. Contact 

Dermatitis 56(7):224-228. 

c r y p To s Te g i a g r a n d i f l o r a R. Br. 

[Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

garuda palai; pala; Palay rubber vine; pink allamanda; 

purple allamanda; rubber vine; ruber-ki-bal 

Citations: 

Brain C, Fox VE (1994) Suspected cardiac glycoside poisoning 

in elephants (Loxodonta africana). J S Afr Vet Assoc 

65(4):173-174. 

Cook DR, Campbell GW, Meldrum AR (1990) Suspected 

Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) poisoning in 

horses. Aust Vet J 67(9):344. 

Mathur KS, Dube BK, Kumar P (1964) Cryptostegia grandiflora 

poisoning simulating digitalis toxicity. J Indian 

Med Assoc 42(8):381-385. 

McGavin MD (1969) Rubber-vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora) 

toxicity for ruminants. Queensland J Agric Anim 

Sci 26(1):9-19. 

Cryptostemma calendula (L.) Druce = Arctotheca calendula 

(L.) Levyns

112 - Cryptotaenia japonica D. Jesse Wagstaff 

c r y p To Ta e n i a j a p o n ic a Hassk. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

mitsuba 

Citations: 

Kanzaki T (1989) Contact dermatitis due to Cryptotaenia 

japonica Makino. Contact Dermatitis 20(6):60-61. 

Cuban physicnut –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

cubé –see– Deguelia utilis (A. C. Sm.) A. M. G. Azevedo 

cubé root –see– Deguelia utilis (A. C. Sm.) A. M. G. 

Azevedo 

cuca –see– Erythroxylum coca Lam. 

cuckoo plant –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

cuckoopint –see– Arum maculatum L. 

cucumber –see– Cucumis sativus L. 

c u c u Mis a c u l e a Tu s Cogn. [Cucurbitaceae] 

Citations: 

Raymond WD (1947) Notes on a poisonous East African 

species of wild cucumber (Cucumis aculeatus). East Afr 

Med J 24(Dec):450-451. 

c u c u Mis a f r ic a n u s L. f. [Cucurbitaceae] 

Common Names: 

wild cucumber; wild gherkin; wilde Komkommer 

Citations: 

Raymond WD (1947) Notes on a poisonous East African 

species of wild cucumber (Cucumis aculeatus). East Afr 

Med J 24(Dec):450-451. 


vegetables (vegetable marrow, watermelons, etc.) for man. 

S Afr Med J 24:713-715. 

Cucumis colocynthis L. = Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 

c u c u Mis Me l o L. [Cucurbitaceae] 

Common Names: 

melon 

Citations: 

García S, Lombardero M, Serra-Baldrich E, et al. (2004) 

Occupational protein contact dermatitis due to melon. 

Allergy 59(5):558-559. 

c u c u Mis Me l o L. subsp. agrestis (Naudin) 

Pangalo [Cucurbitaceae] 

Common names: 

ulcardo melon 

Citations: 

Jubb TF, Creeper JH, McKenzie RA (1995) Poisoning of 

cattle attributed to Cucumis melo ssp agrestis (ulcardo 

melon). Aust Vet J 72(7):274-275. 

c u c u Mis My r io c a r p u s Naudin 


Common Names: 

bitter apple; Gifappel; gooseberry melon; paddy melon; 

prickly cucumber; prickly melon; prickly paddymelon; 

squash melon; wild cucumber 

Citations: 

Carter GI (1990) Prickly paddy melon (Cucumis myriocarpus) 

poisoning of cattle. Aust Vet J 67(7):276. 

McKenzie RA, Newman RD, Rayner AC, et al. (1988) 

Prickly paddy melon (Cucumis myriocarpus) poisoning 

of cattle. Aust Vet J 65(6):167-170. 

Quin JI (1928) The toxicity of Cucumis myriocarpus Naud. S 

Afr J Sci 25:242-245. 

c u c u Mis s a Ti v u s L. [Cucurbitaceae] 

Common Names: 

cucumber 

Citations: 

Edwards EK Jr, Edwards EK (1984) Contact urticaria provoked 

by pickles. Cutis 33(2):230. 



2(1):28-42. 



Dermatol 113(6):776-779. 

Note: 

Cucumber is named Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus in 

some publications. 

c u c u r b i Ta Ma x i Ma Duchesne [Cucurbitaceae] 

Common Names: 

gourd; pumpkin 

Citations: 



Dermatol 113(6):776-779. 

c u c u r b i Ta p e p o L. [Cucurbitaceae] 

Common Names: 

gem squash; marrow; pumpkin; squash; zucchini 

Citations: 

Herrington ME (1983) Intense bitterness in commercial 

zucchini. Cucurbit Genetics Coop Rep 6:75-76. 

Houston TM (1972) A food illness with a difference. Health 

People 6(4):8-9. 


vegetables (vegetable marrow, watermelons, etc.) for man. 

S Afr Med J 24:713-715. 

cudweed paper flower –see– Psilostrophe gnaphalodes DC. 

cuenta-de-oro –see– Duranta erecta L. 

cuilinbaca –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Curcuma longa - 113 

c u l l e n c o r y l i f o l i u M (L.) Medik. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p soralea corylifolia L. 

Common Names: 

boh-gol-zhee; Drüsenklee; Malayan tea; scurfy-pea 

Citations: 

Maurice PD, Cream JJ (1989) The dangers of herbalism. Br 

Med J 299(6709):1204. 

Nam SW, Baek JT, Lee DS, et al. (2005) A case of 

acute cholestatic hepatitis associated with the seeds 

of Psoralea corylifolia (boh-gol-zhee). Clin Toxicol 

43(6):589-591. 

Perharic L, Shaw D, Colbridge M, et al. (1994) Toxicological 

problems resulting from exposure to traditional remedies 

and food supplements. Drug Saf 11(4):284-294. 

c u l l e n d r u p a c e u M (Bunge) C. H. Stirt. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p soralea drupacea Bunge 

Common names: 

scurfy pea 

Citations: 

Arutyunyants SI, Baimuradov TB, Rogozhin PS (1972) 

[Poisoning of pigs with Psoralea drupacea.] Veterinariia 

Moscow 49(8):95-96. 

Ibadullaev FI, Turdiev I (1973) [Signs of scurfy pea poisoning 

in swine (experimental data).] Veterinariia Moscow 

50(7):92-94. 

culver keep –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex 

Rothm. 

culverkeys –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex 

Rothm. 

cumin –see– Cuminum cyminum L. 

c u Mi n u M c y Mi n u M L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

cumin; kamoon 

Citations: 

Haroun EM, Mahmoud OM, Adam SE (2002) Effect 

of feeding Cuminum cyminum fruits, Thymus vulgaris 

leaves or their mixture to rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 

44(2):67-69. 



Leprol 53:325-328. 

cungevoi –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

cunjeboi –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

cunjeboy –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

cunjevoi –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

cupana –see– Paullinia cupana Kunth 

c u p r e s s u s a r i z o n ic a Greene [Cupressaceae] 

Common Names: 

smoothwood 

Citations: 

Agea E, Bistoni O, Russano A, et al. (2002) The biology of 

cypress allergy. Allergy 57(10):959-960. 

Cortegano I, Civantos E, Aceituno E, et al. (2004) Cloning 

and expression of a major allergen from Cupressus arizonica 

pollen, Cup a 3, a PR-5 protein expressed under 

polluted environment. Allergy 59(5):485-490. 

c u p r e s s u s Ma c r o c a r p a Hartw. ex Gordon 


Common Names: 

cypress; macrocarpa; macrocarpa pine; Monterey 

cypress 

Citations: 

Alexander RE (1943) Abortion and premature calving. N Z 

J Agr 67:279. 

Gilder RP (1943) Effect of macrocarpa cypress on pregnant 

cows. N Z J Agr 67:278-279. 

MacDonald J (1956) Macrocarpa poisoning. N Z Vet J 4:30. 

MacLeod AM (1948) Macrocarpa poisoning in dairy herd. 

Abortions and deaths following eating of green branches. 

N Z J Agr 76(1):178. 

Mason RW (1974) Foetal cerebral leucomalacia associated 

with Cupressus macrocarpa abortion in cattle. Aust Vet 

J 50(9):419. 

O’Scanaill T (1986) Suspected cypress poisoning in a cow. Ir 

Vet J 40(9):156. 

Sloss V, Brady JW (1983) Abnormal births in cattle following 

ingestion of Cupressus macrocarpa foliage. Aust Vet 

J 60(7):223. 

c u p r e s s u s s e Mp e rv i r e n s L. [Cupressaceae] 

Common Names: 

cypress; Italian cypress 

Citations: 

Agea E, Bistoni O, Russano A, et al. (2002) The biology of 

cypress allergy. Allergy 57(10):959-960. 

Dubus JC, Melluso JP, Bodiou AC, et al. (2000) Allergy to 

cypress pollen. Allergy 55(4):410-411. 

Fiorina A, Scordamaglia A, Guerra L, et al. (2002) Prevalence 

of allergy to Cypress. Allergy 57(9):861-862. 

Gould CM (1962) Cypress poisoning. Vet Rec 74(26):743. 

curaco aloe –see– Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 

curage –see– Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 

curamaguey –see– Pentalinon luteum (L.) B. F. Hansen & 

Wunderlin 

curcas bean –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

c u r c u Ma l o n g a L. [Zingiberaceae] 

Common Names: 

chuu-ou-kou; curcumin; haldi; turmeric

114 - Curcuma zedoaria D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Bille N, Larsen JC, Hansen EV, et al. (1985) Subchronic oral 

toxicity of turmeric oleoresin in pigs. Food Chem Toxicol 

23(11):967-973. 

Deshpande SS, Lalitha VS, Ingle AD, et al. (1998) Subchronic 

oral toxicity of turmeric and ethanolic turmeric 

extract in female mice and rats. Toxicol Lett 

95(3):183-193. 

Goh CL, Ng SK (1987) Allergic contact dermatitis to Curcuma 

longa (turmeric). Contact Dermatitis 17(3):186. 

Hata M, Sasaki E, Ota M, et al. (1997) Allergic contact 

dermatitis from curcumin (turmeric). Contact Dermatitis 

36(2):107-108. 

Ilsley SE, Miller HM, Kamel C (2005) Effects of 

dietary quillaja saponin and curcumin on the performance 

and immune status of weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 

83(1):82-88. 

Kandarkar SV, Sawant SS, Ingle AD, et al. (1998) Subchronic 

oral hepatotoxicity of turmeric in mice - Histopathological 

and ultrastructural studies. Indian J Exp 

Biol 36(7):675-679. 

c u r c u Ma z e d o a r i a (Christm.) Roscoe 

[Zingiberaceae] 

Common Names: 

Indian arrowroot; shoti 

Citations: 

Latif MA, Morris TR, Miah AM, et al. (1979) Toxicity of 

shoti (Indian arrowroot: Curcuma zedoaria) for rats and 

chicks. Br J Nutr 41(1):57-63. 

curcumin –see– Curcuma longa L. 

curled dock –see– Rumex crispus L. 

curly dock –see– Rumex crispus L. 

currant –see– Vitis vinifera L. 

currybush –see– Hypericum revolutum Vahl 

cursed buttercup –see– Ranunculus sceleratus L. 

cursed crowfoot –see– Ranunculus sceleratus L. 

Cuscuta arvensis Beyr. ex Engelm. = Cuscuta pentagona 

Engelm. 

c u s c u Ta c a Mp e s Tr is Yunck. [Convolvulaceae] 

Common Names: 

dodder 

Citations: 

Morsesyan TB (1971) [Pathological changes in cattle poisoned 

by the dodder Cuscuta campestris Yuncker.] Biol 

Zh Armenii 24(7):67-70. 

c u s c u Ta e p i Th y Mu M (L.) L. [Convolvulaceae] 

Common Names: 

alfalfa dodder; clover dodder; dodder; small dodder 

Citations: 

Pammel LH (1921) Alfalfa dodder. Vet Med 16:48-49. 

c u s c u Ta p e n Tag o n a Engelm. [Convolvulaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c uscuta arvensis Beyr. ex Engelm. 

Common Names: 

field dodder 

Citations: 

Pammel LH (1921) Alfalfa dodder. Vet Med 16:48-49. 

custard apple –see– Annona reticulata L.; Annona squamosa 

L.; Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 

custard day lily –see– Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. 

cut-eye bean –see– Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. 

cut finger –see– Valeriana officinalis L. 

cut-leaf coneflower –see– Rudbeckia laciniata L. 

cut-leaf nightshade –see– Solanum triflorum Nutt. 

cut-leaf philodendron –see– Monstera deliciosa Liebm. 

cutch –see– Areca catechu L. 

cutch tree –see– Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. 

Cyamopsis psoraloides (Lam.) DC. = Cyamopsis 

tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. 

c y a Mo p s is Te Tr ag o n o l ob a (L.) Taub. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c yamopsis psoraloides (Lam.) DC. 

Common Names: 

cluster bean; guar bean; guar gum; guara 

Citations: 

Bakshi Y, Creger CR, Couch JR (1964) Studies on guar 

meal. Poult Sci 43:1302. 

Malik MY, Sheikh AA (1967) Studies on the nature of 

chick-growth inhibiting factor in guar meal. West Pakistan 

J Agric Res 5(1):116-124. 

Malik MY, Sheikh AA (1967) Studies on the use of guar 

meal in poultry ration. West Pakistan J Agric Res 

5(1):107-115. 

cycad –see– Cycas circinalis L.; Cycas media R. Br.; Cycas 

revoluta Thunb.; Macrozamia riedlei (Fisch. ex Gaudich.) 

C. A. Gardner; Macrozamia spiralis (Salisb.) Miq.; Zamia 

integrifolia L. f. 

c y c a s c i r c i n a l is L. [Cycadaceae] 

Common Names: 

crozier cycad; cycad; fadang; false sago; false sago palm; 

federico; fern palm; Japanese sago; sago palm; zamia 

Citations: 

Albretsen JC, Safdar AK, Richardson JA (1998) Cycad palm 

toxicosis in dogs: 60 cases (1987-1997). J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 213(1):99-101. 

Anderson JL, Hall WT (1964) Neurotoxic effects from cycad 

leaves. Fed Proc 23:1349.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Cyclamen persicum - 115 

Anonymous (1965) Cycas circinalis poisoning. Papua New 

Guinea Dep Agric Annu Rep 1963-1964:18. 

Campbell ME, Mickelsen O, Yang MG, et al. (1966) Effects 

of strain, age and diet on the response of rats to the ingestion 

of Cycas circinalis. J Nutr 88(1):115-124. 

Hoch-Ligeti C, Stutzman E, Arvin JM (1968) Cellular composition 

during tumor induction in rats by cycad husk. J 

Natl Cancer Instit 41(2):605-614. 

Kurland LT (1988) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson’s 

disease complex on Guam linked to an environmental 

neurotoxin. Trends Neurosci 11(2):51-54. 

Kurland LT, Mulder DW (1954) Epidemiologic investigations 

of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 

4:355-378. 

Laqueur GL (1964) Carcinogenic effects of cycad meal 

and cycasin, methylazoxymethanol glycoside, in rats 

and effects of cycasin in germfree rats. Fed Proc 23(6 

Part):1386-1388. 

Laqueur GL, Mickelsen O, Whiting MG, et al. (1963) 

Carcinogenic properties of nuts from Cycas circinalis 

L. indigenous to Guam. J Natl Cancer Instit 

31(4):919-951. 

Mickelsen O, Campbell E, Yang M, et al. (1964) Studies 

with cycad. Fed Proc 23(Nov-Dec):1363-1365. 

Mugera GM, Whitehair CK, Mickelsen O (1964) Pathology 

of cycad toxicity in animals. Fed Proc 23:106. 

Newberne PM (1976) Biologic effects of plant toxins and 

aflatoxins in rats. J Natl Cancer Instit 56(3):551-555. 

Sanger VL, Yang MG, Mickelsen O (1969) Cycad toxicosis 

in chickens. J Natl Cancer Instit 43(2):391-395. 

Spatz M (1964) Carcinogenic effect of cycad meal in guinea 

pigs. Fed Proc 23(Nov-Dec):1384-1385. 

Spatz M, Laqueur GL (1967) Transplacental induction of 

tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats with crude cycad material. 

J Natl Cancer Instit 38(2):233-245. 

Spencer PS, Nunn PB, Hugon J, et al. (1987) Guam amyotrophic 

lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia linked to 

a plant excitement neurotoxin. Science 237:517-522. 

Whiting MG (1964) Food practices in ALS foci in Japan, 

the Marianas, and New Guinea. Fed Proc 23(Nov- 

Dec):1343-1345. 

Yang MG, Mickelsen O (1968) Cycad husk from Guam: Its 

toxicity to rats. Econ Bot 22:149-154. 

Yang MG, Mickelsen O, Campbell ME, et al. (1966) Cycad 

flour used by Guamanians: Effects produced in rats by 

long-term feeding. J Nutr 90(2):153-156. 

Yang MG, Mickelsen O, Laqueur GL, et al. (1966) Irreversibility 

of damage caused by the ingestion of toxic cycad by 

rats. Fed Proc 25:661. 

Yang MG, Mickelsen O, Sanger VL, et al. (1967) Feeding 

toxic cycads to rats of various ages. Fed Proc 26:322. 

Yang MG, Sanger VL, Mickelsen O, et al. (1968) Carcinogenicity 

of long-term feeding of cycad husk to rats. Proc 

Soc Exp Biol Med 127(4):1171-1175. 

c y c a s Me d i a R. Br. [Cycadaceae] 

Common Names: 

cycad; rickety bush; tree zamia; zamia; zamia palm 

Citations: 

Hooper PT, Best SM, Campbell A (1974) Axonal dystrophy 

in the spinal cords of cattle consuming the cycad palm, 

Cycas media. Aust Vet J 50(4):146-149. 

c y c a s r e vo l u Ta Thunb. [Cycadaceae] 

Common Names: 

Australian nut palm; cycad; false sago palm; Japanese 

fern palm; leatherleaf palm; sago cycas; sago palm; 

sotetsu 

Citations: 



Assoc 213(1):99-101. 

Botha CJ, Naudé TW, Swan GE, et al. (1991) Suspected 

cycad (Cycas revoluta) intoxication in dogs. J S Afr Vet 

Assoc 62(4):189-190. 

Chang SS, Chan YL, Wu ML, et al. (2004) Acute Cycas seed 

poisoning in Taiwan. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42(1):49-54. 





Iwami O, Niki Y, Watanabe T, et al. (1993) Motor neuron 

disease on the Kii Peninsula of Japan: Cycad exposure. 

Neuroepidemiology 12(6):307-312. 

Kobayashi A, Tadera K, Yagi F, et al. (1984) [Studies on poisoning 

of grazing cattle due to ingestion of Cycas revoluta 

Thunb.] Bull Fac Agric Kagoshima Univ 34:119-129. 

Reagor JC, Ray AC, Dubuisson L, et al. (1986) Sago palm 

(Cycas revoluta) poisoning in the canine. Southwestern 

Vet 37(1):20. 

Spatz M, Laqueur GL (1967) Transplacental induction of 

tumors in Sprague-Dawley rats with crude cycad material. 


Whiting MG (1964) Food practices in ALS foci in Japan, 

the Marianas, and New Guinea. Fed Proc 23(Nov- 

Dec):1343-1345. 

Yasuda N, Kono I, Shimizu T, et al. (1984) [Pathological 

studies on poisoning of grazing cattle due to ingestion of 

Cycas revoluta Thunb.] Bull Fac Agric Kagoshima Univ 

34:131-136. 

Yasuda N, Shimizu T (1998) Cycad poisoning in cattle in 

Japan: Studies on spontaneous and experimental cases. J 

Toxicol Sci 23(Suppl 2):126-128. 

c y c l a c h a e n a x a n Th i i f o l i a (Nutt.) Fresen. 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

iva xanthiifolia Nutt. 

Common Names: 

burweed marsh elder; careless weed; false ragweed; 

giant poverty weed; half breed weed; marsh elder 

Citations: 

Huber HL, Harsh GF (1932) A summer dermatitis caused 

by a common weed. J Allergy 3:578-582. 

cyclamen –see– Cyclamen persicum Mill. 

c y c l a Me n p e r s ic u M Mill. [Myrsinaceae] 

Common Names: 

Alpenveilchen; alpine violet; cyclamen; Persian violet; 

sowbread; wild cyclamen

116 - Cymbopogon citratus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Hepper FN (2004) Two plant fish-poisons in Lebanon. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 46(6):338-339. 




126(25):1085-1098. 

cykuta –see– Cicuta virosa L. 

c y Mb o p o g o n c i Tr a Tu s (DC.) Stapf [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ndropogon citratus DC. 

Common Names: 

lemongrass 

Citations: 

Mendelsohn HV (1944) Dermatitis from lemon grass oil 

(Cymbopogon citratus or Andropogon citratus). Arch 


Mendelsohn HV (1946) Lemon grass oil. A primary irritant 

and sensitizing agent. Arch Derm Syphilol 53:94-98. 

c y Mb o p o g o n n a r d u s (L.) Rendle [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ndropogon nardus L. 

Citations: 

Keil H (1947) Contact dermatitis due to oil of citronella. J 

Invest Dermatol 8:327-334. 

Lane CG (1922) Dermatitis caused by oil of citronella. Arch 


Temple WA, Smith NA, Beasley M (1991) Management 

of oil of citronella poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

29(2):257-262. 

c y Mo p Te r u s i b a p e n s is M. E. Jones [Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c ymopterus watsonii (J. M. Coult. & Rose) M. E. 

Jones 

Common Names: 

desert parsley; spring parsley; wild carrot 

Citations: 

Binns W, James LF, Brooksby W (1964) Cymopterus watsoni: 

A photosensitizing plant for sheep. Vet Med Small 

Anim Clin 59(4):375-379. 

Egyed MN, Williams MC (1977) Photosensitizing effects of 

Cymopterus watsonii and Cymopterus longipes in chickens 

and turkey poults. Avian Dis 21(4):566-575. 

Shlosberg A, Egyed MN (1978) Photosensitization in ducklings 

induced by seeds of Cymopterus watsonii and C. 

longipes. Avian Dis 22(4):576-582. 

Van Kampen KR, Williams MC, Binns W (1969) Deformities 

in chickens photosensitized by feeding spring parsley 

(Cymopterus watsonii). Am J Vet Res 30(9):1663-1665. 

Williams MC (1968) Effects of herbicides on the capacity 

of spring parsley to photosensitize chickens. Weed Sci 

16(3):350-352. 

Williams MC, Binns W (1968) Experimental photosensitization 

by spring parsley (Cymopterus watsonii) in chicks. 

Am J Vet Res 29(1):111-115. 

c y Mo p Te r u s l o n g i p e s S. Watson [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

sprawling cymopterus 

Citations: 

Egyed MN, Williams MC (1977) Photosensitizing effects of 

Cymopterus watsonii and Cymopterus longipes in chickens 

and turkey poults. Avian Dis 21(4):566-575. 

Shlosberg A, Egyed MN (1978) Photosensitization in ducklings 

induced by seeds of Cymopterus watsonii and C. 

longipes. Avian Dis 22(4):576-582. 

Cymopterus watsonii (J. M. Coult. & Rose) M. E. Jones = 

Cymopterus ibapensis M. E. Jones 

c y n a n c h u M ob Tu s i f o l i u M L. f. 


Common Names: 

klimop 

Citations: 




Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

c y n a r a c a r d u n c u l u s L. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c ynara scolymus L. 

Common Names: 

artichauts; artichoke; Artischocke; cardoon; globe artichoke; 

wild artichoke 

Citations: 

Burry JN, Kuchel R, Reid JG, et al. (1973) Australian bush 

dermatitis: Compositae dermatitis in South Australia. 

Med J Aust 1(3):110-116. 

Meding B (1983) Allergic contact dermatitis from artichoke, 

Cynara scolymus. Contact Dermatitis 9(4):314. 

Sidi E, Morrill Dobkevitch S, Godechot R (1950) Les 

dermites provoquees par les artichauts. Presse Med 

58:382-383. 

Turner T (1980) Compositae dermatitis in South Australia: 

Contact dermatitis from Ixodia achillaeoides and Cynara 

cardunculus or the tribulations of a dry flower arranger. 


Cynara scolymus L. = Cynara cardunculus L. 

c y n o d o n a e Th io p ic u s Clayton & J. R. Harlan 

[Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

Ethiopian dog’s-tooth grass; giant stargrass; stargrass

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Cynoglossum officinale - 117 

Citations: 

Rodel MG (1972) Effects of different grasses on the incidence 

of neonatal goitre and skeletal deformities in autumn born 

lambs. Rhodesia Agric J 69:59-60. 

Rudert CP, O’Donovan WM (1974) Iodine supplementation 

of ewes grazing Cynodon aethiopicus Clayton et Harlan. 

Rhodesia J Agric Res 12(2):141-148. 

c y n o d o n d a c Ty l o n (L.) Pers. [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p anicum dactylon L. 

Common Names: 

African stargrass; Bermudagrass; couchgrass; doggrass; 

doob; doubgrass; grama común; gramilla; gramilla colorada; 

green couch; Indian couch; Indian doab; patade-perdis; 

quickgrass 

Citations: 






pp. 540-547. 

Atwood MB (1953) A paralysis of cows of unknown etiology 

(“Downer cows,” “Bermuda grass poisoning”). Georgia 

Vet 5(1):11-12. 

Kidder RW, Beardsley DW, Erwin TC (1961) Photosensitization 

in cattle grazing frosted common Bermudagrass. 


Schang PJ, Aramendi MC (1944) IntoxicaciÓn de novillos 

por Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. “Bermuda grass,” “Gramilla 

colorada.” Gaceta Vet 6(31):264-276. 



Strain GM, Seger CL, Flory W (1982) Toxic Bermuda grass 

tremor in the goat: An electroencephalographic study. 

Am J Vet Res 43(1):158-162. 

Whitehair CK, Young HC Jr, Gibson ME, et al. (1951) A 

nervous disturbance in cattle caused by a toxic substance 

associated with mature Bermuda grass. Oklahoma Agric 

Exp Sta Misc Publ #MP22:57-59. 

Williams GD, Hatkin J, Jones LP (1977) Acute respiratory 

distress syndrome occurring in Texas pastured cattle. 

Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn 20:327-338. 

c y n o d o n n l e Mf u e n s is Vanderyst [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

African Bermudagrass; African stargrass; budgeegrass; 

giant stargrass; reuse kweekgrass; stargrass 

Citations: 

Rodel MG (1972) Effects of different grasses on the incidence 

of neonatal goitre and skeletal deformities in autumn born 

lambs. Rhodesia Agric J 69:59-60. 

c y n o d o n pl e c To s Ta c h y u s (K. Schum.) Pilg. 

[Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

budgeegrass; estrella; giant couch; giant stargrass; 

Naivashagrass; stargrass; summer stargrass 

Citations: 

Herrington MD, Elliott RC, Brown JE (1971) Diagnosis 

and treatment of thyroid dysfunction occurring in sheep 

fed on Cynodon plectostachyus. Rhodesia J Agric Res 

9(2):87-93. 

c y n o g l o s s u M c a e r u l e u M Hochst. ex A. DC. 


Citations: 



in traditional medicines. East Afr Med J 45(8):577-580. 

Note: 

This plant name could not be found in the consulted 

databases. 

c y n o g l o s s u M g e o Me Tr ic u M Baker & C. 

H. Wright [Boraginaceae] 

Citations: 




c y n o g l o s s u M o f f ic i n a l e L. [Boraginaceae] 

Common Names: 

beggar’s-lice; Chinese forget-me-not; dog bur; dog’stangere; 

glovewort; gypsy flower; hound’s-tongue; Hundszunge; 

langue-de-chien; sheep lice; sticktight; woolmat 

Citations: 

Baker DC, Pfister JA, Molyneux RJ, et al. (1991) Cynoglossum 

officinale toxicity in calves. J Comp Pathol 

104(4):403-410. 

Baker DC, Smart RA, Ralphs M, et al. (1989) Hound’stongue 

(Cynoglossum officinale) poisoning in a calf. J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 194(7):929-930. 

Greatorex JC (1966) Some unusual cases of plant poisoning 

in animals. Vet Rec 78(21):725-727. 

Knight AP, Kimberling CV, Stermitz FR, et al. (1984) Cynoglossum 

officinale (hound’s-tongue) - A cause of pyrrolizidine 

alkaloid poisoning in horses. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 185(6):647-650. 

Stegelmeier BL, Gardner DR, James LF, et al. (1996) Pyrrole 

detection and the pathologic progression of Cynoglossum 

officinale (houndstongue) poisoning in horses. J 

Vet Diagn Invest 8(1):81-90. 

Stegelmeier BL, Gardner DR, Molyneux RJ, et al. (1994) 

Cynoglossum officinale (houndstongue) poisoning in 

horses. Vet Pathol 31:621. 

Stegelmeier BL, Gardner DR, Molyneux RJ, et al. (1994) 

The clinicopathologic changes of Cynoglossum officinale 

(houndstongue) intoxication in horses. In: Colegate SM,

118 - Cyperus rotundus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Dorling PR (eds.) Plant-associated toxins. Agricultural, 

phytochemical and ecological aspects. CABI. New York. 

pp. 297-302. 

Stein GH (1963) Zur Giftwirkung von Cynoglossum officinale 

L. auf kleine Nagetiere. Naturwissenschaften 

50(16):554. 

Zentek J, Aboling S, Kamphues J, et al. (1999) Fallbericht: 

Tierernährung für Tierärzte - Aktuelle Fälle: Hundszunge 

(Cynoglossum officinale) im Weide aufwuchs 

- ein Risiko für die Gesundheit von Pferden. Dtsch Tierarztl 

Wochenschr 106(11):475-477. 

c y p e r u s r o Tu n d u s L. [Cyperaceae] 

Citations: 

Aston BC (1909) Researches on poisonous and other plants. 

N Z Dep Agric Annu Rep 17:178-184. 

cypress –see– Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex Gordon; 

Cupressus sempervirens L. 

cypress spurge –see– Euphorbia cyparissias L. 

c y p r i p e d i u M a c a u l e Aiton [Orchidaceae] 

Common Names: 

pink lady’s-slipper 

Citations: 

Jennings OE (1907) A note on the poisonous qualities of the 

yellow ladies’ slipper. Plant World 10:189-191. 

Cypripedium hirsutum Mill. = Cypripedium reginae Walter 

c y p r i p e d i u M r e g i n a e Walter [Orchidaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c ypripedium hirsutum Mill. 

Common Names: 

female nervine; lady’s-slipper; large lady’s-slipper; 

nerveroot; showy lady’s-slipper; whip-poor-will-shoes; 

yellow lady’s-slipper 

Citations: 

Burnham SH (1915) Poison oak and soap plant. Am Botanist 

21:46-49. 

Jennings OE (1907) A note on the poisonous qualities of the 

yellow ladies’ slipper. Plant World 10:189-191. 

c y p r i p e d i u M s p e c Ta b i l e Salisb. 

[Orchidaceae] 

Common Names: 

showy mocassin flower 

Citations: 

Bacon AE (1902) Some cases of poisoning by Cypripedium 

spectabile in Vermont. Rhodora 4(May):94-97. 

Deane W (1893) Is Cypripedium spectabile poisonous to the 

touch? Bot Gaz 1893(Apr):143-144. 

Jesup HG (1893) Is Cypripedium spectabile poisonous to the 

touch? Bot Gaz 1893(Apr):142-143. 

Cystium diphysum (A. Gray) Rydb. = Astragalus 

lentiginosus Douglas ex Hook. var diphysus (A. Gray) 

M. E. Jones 

cytise –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

Cytisus laburnum L. = Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

Cytisus racemosus Marnock = Genista stenopetala Webb & 

Berthel. 

c y Tis u s s c o p a r i u s (L.) Link [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s arothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimm. ex W. D. J. Koch 

Common Names: 

Besenginster; Besentrauch; besom; broom; broomtops; 

English broom; Galster; Ginster; Irish broom; laburnum; 

Scotch broom; spartium 

Citations: 




Czar Pater –see– Hyacinthus orientalis L. 

Czar Peter –see– Hyacinthus orientalis L.

dabdabey –see– Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. 

dactyle –see– Dactylis glomerata L. 

d a c Ty l is g l o Me r a Ta L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

dactyle; Knaulgras; orchardgrass 

Citations: 

Ćirković TD, Bukilica MN, Gavrović MD, et al. (1999) 

Physicochemical and immunologic characterization of 

low-molecular-weight allergoids of Dactylis glomerata 

pollen proteins. Allergy 54(2):128-134. 

d a c Ty l o c Te n i u M r a d u l a n s (R. Br.) P. 

Beauv. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

buttongrass 

Citations: 

McKenzie RA, Rayner AC, Thompson GK, et al. (2004) 

Nitrate-nitrite toxicity in cattle and sheep grazing Dactyloctenium 

radulans (button grass) in stockyards. Aust 

Vet J 82(10):630-634. 

daffidowndilly –see– Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 

daffodil –see– Narcissus poeticus L.; Narcissus pseudonarcissus 

L. 

daftberry –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

dagga –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

dahlbergia –see– Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth.; 

Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. 

dahlia –see– Dahlia pinnata Cav. 

d a h l i a p i n n a Ta Cav. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

d ahlia variabilis (Willd.) Desf. 

Common Names: 

dahlia 

Citations: 

Sharma SC, Kaur S (1989) Airborne contact dermatitis from 

Compositae plants in northern India. Contact Dermatitis 

21(1):1-5. 

Dahlia variabilis (Willd.) Desf. = Dahlia pinnata Cav. 

dairy pink –see– Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert 

daisy –see– Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. 

daisy primrose –see– Primula praenitens Ker Gawl. 

D 

d a l b e r g i a l a Ti f o l i a Roxb. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

East Indian rosewood; Indian rosewood; Indisches 

Rosenholz; Ostindisches Palisander; Palisander; 

rosewood 

Citations: 

Athavale PN, Shum KW, Gasson P, et al. (2003) Occupational 

hand dermatitis in a wood turner due to rosewood 

(Dalbergia latifolia). Contact Dermatitis 48(6):345-346. 

Cronin E, Calnan CD (1975) Rosewood knife handle. Contact 

Dermatitis 1(2):121. 

Estlander T, Jolanki R, Alanko K, et al. (2001) Occupational 

allergic contact dermatitis caused by wood dusts. Contact 

Dermatitis 44(4):213-217. 

Fancalanci S, Giorgini S, Gola M, et al. (1984) Occupational 

dermatitis in a butcher. Contact Dermatitis 

11(5):320-321. 

Findley LJ (1972) An unusual case of rosewood dermatitis 

of the genus Dalbergia (East Indian rosewood). Br J Ind 

Med 29(3):343-344. 

Gallo R, Guarrera M, Hausen BM (1996) Airborne contact 

dermatitis from East Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia 

Roxb.). Contact Dermatitis 35(1):60-61. 

Hausen BM, Dohn W (1986) Epoxidharz - und Palisanderholzallergie 

durch Freizeitbeschäftigung. Aktuelle Derm 

12(2):47-48. 

Hausen BM, Mau HH (1979) Kontaktallergie durch einer 

Geigen-Kinnkalter aus Palisander. Derm Beruf Umwelt 

27(1):18-20. 

Haustein UF (1982) Violin chin rest eczema due to East- 

Indian rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.). Contact 


d a l b e r g i a n ig r a (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bahia rosewood; Brazilian jacaranda; Brazilian rosebush; 

Brazilian rosewood; caviúna; dahlbergia; jacaranda; 

palissandre bresic; rio palisander; rio rosewood; 

tree rosewood 

Citations: 



Dermatitis 44(4):213-217. 

Fisher AA (1986) Erythema multiforme-like eruptions 

due to exotic woods and ordinary plants: Part I. Cutis 

37(2):101-104. 

Fisher AA, Bikowski J Jr (1981) Allergic contact dermatitis 

due to a wooden cross made of Dalbergia nigra. Contact 


Hausen BM (1985) Chin rest allergy in a violinist. Contact 

Dermatitis 12(3):178-180.

120 - Dalbergia retusa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Hausen BM, Dohn W (1986) Epoxidharz - und Palisanderholzallergie 

durch Freizeitbeschäftigung. Aktuelle Derm 

12(2):47-48. 




Holst R, Kirby J, Magnusson B (1976) Sensitization to tropical 

woods giving erythema multiforme-like eruptions. 


Schulz KH, Dietrichs HH (1962) Chinone als sensibilisierende 

Bestandteile von Rio-Palisander- (Dalbergia nigra) 

und Cocobolo - (Dalbergia retusa) Holz. Allerg Asthma 

(Leipz) 8(3):125-131. 

Tottie M (1938) Jacaranda als Ursache von Dermatitiden. 

Acta Derm Venereol 19:235-245. 

d a l b e r g i a r e Tu s a Hemsl. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

bastard mahogany; cocabolla; cocobolo; dahlbergia; 

East Indian rosewood 

Citations: 

Abramowitz EW, Swarts WB (1938) Dermatitis due to 

cocobolo wood. Arch Derm Syphilol 37:441-443. 

Eaton KK (1973) Respiratory allergy to exotic wood dust. 

Clin Allergy 3(3):307-310. 


Werkhölzer. I. Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 7:1-8. 

Hausen BM, Münster G (1983) Cocobolo-Holz, ein vergessenes 

Ekzematogen? Neuere Erkenntnisse über das 

Hauptallergen des Cocobolo-Holzes (Dalbergia sp.). 

Dermatosen 31(4):110-117. 

Howell JB, Blair DS (1950) Eczema of the hands from 

wooden-handled objects. Arch Derm Syphilol 

62(3):400-404. 

Leider M, Schwartzfeld HK (1950) Allergic eczematous 

contact type dermatitis caused by cocobolo wood (Dalbergia). 

Arch Derm Syphilol 62(1):125-130. 

Levin OL, Behrman HT (1939) Bracelet dermatitis. N Y 

State J Med 39(Oct 1):1877-1879. 

Levin SJ (1941) Cocobolo wood dermatitis: Report of a 

case due to wooden handles on kitchen knives. J Allergy 

12:498-501. 

MacKee GM (1913) Dermatitis venenata from coco-bolo 

wood. J Cutan Dis 31:582-583. 

Schulz KH, Dietrichs HH (1962) Chinone als sensibilisierende 

Bestandteile von Rio-Palisander- (Dalbergia nigra) 

und Cocobolo - (Dalbergia retusa) Holz. Allerg Asthma 

(Leipz) 8(3):125-131. 

d a l e c h a Mp i a s c a n d e n s L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

bejuco-de-pan; mashasha 

Citations: 

Reed B, Wilson RC (2001) Voodoo powder as an etiology of 

leg ulcers. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(6):324-325. 

Dallisgrass –see– Paspalum dilatatum Poir. 

Dalmatian chrysanthemum –see– Tanacetum cinerariifolium 

(Trevir.) Sch. Bip. 

Dalmatian sage –see– Salvia officinalis L. 

dama-de-dia –see– Cestrum diurnum L. 

dama-de-noche –see– Cestrum nocturnum L. 

dand –see– Croton tiglium L. 

dandelion –see– Hypochaeris radicata L.; Taraxacum officinale 

F. H. Wigg. aggr. 

Dan’s-cabbage –see– Senecio isatideus DC.; Senecio retrorsus 

DC. 

danshen –see– Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge 

daphne –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

d a p h n e Me z e r e u M L. [Thymelaeaceae] 

Common Names: 

Beißbeere; Bergpfeffer; bois gentil; bois joli; daphne; 

dwarf bay; February daphne; flax olive; Kellerhals; 

lady laurel; laureola hembra; leño gentil; mezereon; 

mezereum; mysterious plant; Seidelbast; spurge flax; 

spurge laurel; spurge olive; Wielandbeere; wild pepper; 

Wolfsbast; Ziegelbeeren 

Citations: 

Eagar FS (1887) Case of poisoning by berries of Daphne 

mezereon. Br Med J 2(Jul 30):239. 



d a p h n i p h y l l u M h u Mi l e Maxim. ex Franch. 

& Sav. [Daphniphyllaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d aphniphyllum macropodum Miq. var. humile (Maxim. 

ex Franch. & Sav.) K. Rosenthal 

Citations: 

Sonoda M, Tasaka M, Takahashi K, et al. (1978) [Daphniphyllum 

plant poisoning in grazing cattle in southern 

Hokkaido.] J Jpn Vet Med Assoc 31(3):140-144. 

Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq. var. humile (Maxim. ex 

Franch. & Sav.) K. Rosenthal = Daphniphyllum humile 

Maxim. ex Franch. & Sav. 

Darling pea –see– Swainsona galegifolia (Andrews) R. Br.; 

Swainsona luteola F. Muell. 

darnel –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

dart poison –see– Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. 

dasheen –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

dashin yawo –see– Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 

date –see– Phoenix dactylifera L. 

date palm –see– Phoenix dactylifera L. 

d a Tis c a g l o Me r a Ta (C. Presl) Baill. 

[Datiscaceae] 

Common Names: 

Durango root

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Datura stramonium - 121 

Citations: 

Galey FD, Johnson BJ, Bruce R, et al. (1990) A case of 

Datisca glomerata poisoning in beef cattle. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 32(6):575-576. 

Wagnon KA, Hart GH (1945) Durango root (Datisca glomerata) 

poisoning of range stock. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

107(Jul):3-5. 

datun –see– Croton tiglium L. 

datura –see– Datura inoxia Mill.; Datura metel L.; Datura 

stramonium L. 

Datura alba Nees = Datura metel L. 

Datura arborea L. = Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

Datura candida (Pers.) Saff. = Brugmansia ×candida Pers. 

Datura cornigera Hook. = Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

Datura fastuosa L. = Datura metel L. 

d a Tu r a f e r o x L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

cardo cuco; chamico; estramonio chino; false castor; 

fierce thorn apple; long-spine thorn apple; long-spur 

thorn apple; thorn apple 

Citations: 

Steenkamp PA, Harding NM, van Heerden FR, et al. 

(2004) Fatal Datura poisoning: Identification of atropine 

and scopolamine by high performance liquid chromatography/photodiode 

array/mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci 

Int 145(1):31-39. 

d a Tu r a i n o x i a Mill. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

apple-of-Peru; datura; dhatura; downy thorn apple; 

green thorn apple; hairy thorn apple; Indian apple; jimson 

weed; moonflower; nongue; purple angel’s-trumpet; 

recurved thorn apple; sacred datura 

Citations: 

De Frates LJ, Hoehns JD, Sakornbut EL, et al. (2005) 

Antimuscarinic intoxication resulting from the 

ingestion of moonflower seeds. Ann Pharmacother 

39(1):173-176. 

Goetz R, Siegel E, Scaglione J, et al. (2003) Suspected 

moonflower intoxication - Ohio, 2002. MMWR Morb 


Goetz RJ, Siegel EG, Scaglione JM (2003) Moonflower 

abuse and intoxication in Northern Ohio. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 41(5):744. 

Hanna JP, Schmidley JW, Braselton WE Jr (1992) Datura 

delirium. Clin Neuropharmacol 15(2):109-113. 

Marciniak J, Sikorski M (1972) Zatrucie alkaloidami bielunia 

indiańskiego i bielunia dziędzierzawy po spożyciu miodu 

pszczelego. Pol Tyg Lek (Wars) 27(26):1002-1003. 

Meng K, Graetz DK (2004) Moonflower-induced anisocoria. 

Ann Emerg Med 44(6):665-666. 

Ramadan M (2005) Moonflower intoxication in Kansas. Am 

J Addict 14(4):399-400. 

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d a Tu r a Me Te l L. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d atura alba Nees; d atura fastuosa L. 

Common Names: 

black datura; datura; devil’s-trumpet; downy thorn 

apple; hairy thorn apple; Hindu datura; jimson weed; 

ketjubung; metel; mondzo; thorn apple; yangjinhua; 

zakami 

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Datura meteloides auct. = Datura wrightii Regel 

Datura rosei Saff. = Brugmansia sanguinea (Ruiz & Pav.) D. 

Don 

d a Tu r a s Tr a Mo n i u M L. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d atura tatula L. 

Common Names: 

angel’s-trumpet; apple-of-Peru; apple-of-Tolguacha; 

Asthmador; blou oliebloom; blou stinkblaar; chamico; 

datura; devil’s-apple; devil’s-trumpet; devil’s-weed; 

dewtry; dhatura; Doornappel; Dornapfel; estramonio 

Americano; fireweed; flor-de-la-trompeta; green 

dragon; herbe-à-sorcier; herbe-des-démoniaques; 

herbe-du-diable; higuera-del-infierno; higuera loca; 

Jamestown lily; Jamestown weed; jimson weed; loco 

seed; mad apple; mad seeds; malpitte; moonflower; 

olieboon; Peru apple; pigaeble; piggeple; pomme-dupoison; 

pomme épineuse; purple jimson weed; purple 

stinkweed; purple stramonium; purple thorn apple; 

Stechapfel; stink weed; stinkblaar; stinkwort; stramoine; 

stramonium; teasel bur; thorn apple; tolguacha; 

Tollkraut; toloache; white-man’s-plant; white 

stramonium 

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124 - Datura wrightii D. Jesse Wagstaff 

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Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. = Brugmansia 

suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & J. 

Presl 

Datura tatula L. = Datura stramonium L. 

d a Tu r a w r ig h Ti i Regel [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d atura meteloides auct. 

Common Names: 

hairy thorn apple; Indian apple; jimson weed; moonflower; 

recurved thorn apple; sacred datura; Wright’sdatura

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Delphinium andersonii - 125 

Citations: 

Reader AL 3rd (1977) Mydriasis from Datura wrightii. Am 

J Ophthalmol 84(2):263-264. 

daubentonia –see– Sesbania drummondii (Rydb.) Cory; 

Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

Daubentonia drummondii Rydb. = Sesbania drummondii 

(Rydb.) Cory 

Daubentonia longifolia (Cav.) DC. = Sesbania longifolia DC. 

Daubentonia punicea (Cav.) DC. = Sesbania punicea (Cav.) 

Benth. 

d a u c u s c a r o Ta L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

carrot; Karotte; Möhre 

Citations: 

Fernández-Rivas M, González-Mancebo E, van Leeuwen 

WA, et al. (2004) Anaphylaxis to raw carrot not linked to 

pollen allergy. Allergy 59(11):1239-1240. 

Klauder JV, Kimmich JM (1956) Sensitization dermatitis to 

carrots. Arch Dermatol 74(2):149-158. 

Meynadier J, Meynadier JM, Guilhou JJ (1982) L’urticaire 

de contact chez l’atopique. A propos de deux observations. 

Ann Dermatol Venereol 109(10):871-874. 

Muñoz D, Leanizbarrutia I, Lobera T, et al. (1985) Anaphylaxis 

from contact with carrot. Contact Dermatitis 

13(5):345-346. 

Peck SM, Spolyar LW, Mason HS (1944) Dermatitis from 

carrots. Arch Derm Syphilol 49:266-269. 

Vickers HR (1941) The carrot as a cause of dermatitis. Br J 

Dermatol 53:52-57. 

Note: 

Carrot is named Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) 

Arcang. var. sativus Hoffm. in some publications. 

d a vi d so n i a p r u r i e n s F. Muell. [Unoniaceae] 

Common Names: 

Davidsonian plum 

Citations: 



Davidsonian plum –see– Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell. 

day-blooming jasmine –see– Cestrum diurnum L. 

day-blooming jessamine –see– Cestrum diurnum L. 

day cestrum –see– Cestrum diurnum L. 

day jasmine –see– Cestrum diurnum L. 

day jessamine –see– Cestrum diurnum L. 

day lily –see– Hemerocallis dumortieri C. Morren; 

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.; Hemerocallis minor Mill.; Hosta 

sieboldii (Paxton) J. W. Ingram 

day’s-leek –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex 

Rothm. 

dazao –see– Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 

dead nettle –see– Lamium amplexicaule L.; Stachys arvensis 

(L.) L. 

Dead Sea apple –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. 

Aiton; Solanum anguivi Lam. 

dead tongue –see– Oenanthe crocata L. 

deadly hemlock –see– Conium maculatum L. 

deadly nightshade –see– Atropa belladonna L.; Solanum 

dulcamara L.; Solanum nigrum L. 

dead-man’s-bell –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

dead-man’s-fingers –see– Oenanthe crocata L. 

dead-man’s-tree –see– Synadenium cupulare (Boiss.) L. C. 

Wheeler 

death camas –see– Amianthium muscitoxicum (Walter) 

A. Gray; Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb.; Toxicoscordion 

fremontii (Torr.) Rydb.; Toxicoscordion intermedium Rydb.; 

Toxicoscordion nuttallii (A. Gray) Rydb.; Toxicoscordion 

paniculatum (Nutt.) Rydb.; Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. 

Watson) Rydb. 

death-of-man –see– Cicuta maculata L. var. angustifolia 

Hook.; Cicuta maculata L. 

death’s-herb –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

deciduous holly –see– Ilex decidua Walter 

dedalera –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

deerwort –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & H. 

Rob. 

deerberry –see– Gaultheria procumbens L. 

deflah –see– Nerium oleander L. 

d e g u e l i a u Ti l is (A. C. Sm.) A. M. G. Azevedo 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l onchocarpus nicou auct. 

Common Names: 

barbasco; bois eniorant; conapi; cubé; cubé root; nicou; 

real heirri; timbó; timbó legitimo; timbó macaquinho; 

white hairare 

Citations: 

Dorne M, Friedman TB (1940) Derris root dermatitis. 

JAMA 115(Oct 12):1268-1270. 

Hansen WH, Davis KJ, Fitzhugh OG (1965) Chronic toxicity 

of cubé. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 7(4):535-542. 

deli bat bat –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

d e l p h i n i u M a n d e r so n i i A. Gray 


Common Names: 

Anderson’s-larkspur; desert larkspur; low larkspur 

Citations: 


Exp Sta Annu Rep 1919:39-43.

126 - Delphinium barbeyi D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Fleming CE, Miller MR, Vawter LR (1923) The low larkspur 

(Delphinium andersoni), A plant of the spring range, poisonous 

to cattle. Nevada Agric Exp Sta Bull #105:22 pp. 

d e l p h i n i u M b a r b e y i (Huth) Huth 


Common Names: 

Barbey’s-larkspur; cow poison; larkspur; peco; poison 

weed; tall larkspur; western larkspur 

Citations: 



1933:34-35. 









Buck WB, Binns W, James L, et al. (1961) Results of feeding 

of herbicide-treated plants to calves and sheep. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 138(6):320-323. 

Cronin EH, Nielsen DB, Madson N (1976) Cattle losses, 

tall larkspur, and their control. J Range Manag 

29(5):364-367. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Marsh H (1916) Larkspur poisoning 

of livestock. U S Dep Agric Bull #365:91 pp. 

Olsen JD (1977) Unlocking the secrets of larkspur. Utah Sci 

38(2):35-38. 

Olsen JD (1978) Tall larkspur poisoning in cattle and sheep. 


Olsen JD (1982) Mineral supplement can reduce the lethal 

effect of larkspur poisoning in cattle. Annu Meet Soc 

Range Manag. p. 13. 

Pfister JA, Cheney CD, Gardner DR, et al. (1998) Mineralsalt 

supplement does not attenuate tall larkspur (Delphinium 

barbeyi) toxicosis in cattle. J Range Manag 

51(5):566-569. 

Pfister JA, Panter KE, Manners GD, et al. (1994) Reversal 

of tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) poisoning in cattle 

with physostigmine. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(6):511-514. 

d e l p h i n i u M b ic o l o r Nutt. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

flathead larkspur; little larkspur; low larkspur; mountain 

larkspur; purple larkspur 

Citations: 



Delphinium brownii Rydb. = Delphinium glaucum S. 

Watson 

Delphinium camporum Greene = Delphinium carolinianum 

Walter subsp. virescens (Nutt.) R. E. Brooks 

d e l p h i n i u M c a r o l i n i a n u M Walter subsp. 

virescens (Nutt.) R. E. Brooks [Ranunculaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d elphinium camporum Greene; d elphinium virescens 

Nutt. 

Common Names: 

larkspur; low larkspur; plains larkspur; poison weed; 

prairie larkspur 

Citations: 

Crawford AC (1907) The larkspurs as poisonous plants. U S 

Dep Agric Bur Plant Indus Bull #111(Part 1):12 pp. 

Sizelove W, McIlvaim EH, Burrows GE (1992) Possible 

larkspur intoxications responsible for acute deaths in cattle. 


Delphinium consolida L. = Consolida regalis Gray 

Delphinium cucullatum A. Nelson = Delphinium glaucum 

S. Watson 

d e l p h i n i u M e l a Tu M L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

hoher Rittersporn; larkspur 

Citations: 



Toxicol 44(1):8-10. 





38-43. 

d e l p h i n i u M g l a u c u M S. Watson 


Synonyms: 

d elphinium brownii Rydb.; d elphinium cucullatum A. 

Nelson 

Common Names: 

Brown’s-larkspur; Chinese-cap larkspur; giant larkspur; 

Hooker’s-larkspur; large larkspur; mountain 

larkspur; pale larkspur; tall larkspur; tall mountain 

larkspur; waxy larkspur; western larkspur 

Citations: 



Delphinium hybridum Stephan ex Willd. = Delphinium 

schmalhausenii Albov 

d e l p h i n i u M Me n z i e s i i DC. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

field larkspur; little larkspur; low larkspur; Menzies’larkspur; 

poison weed; purple larkspur; small larkspur; 

spring larkspur; western purple larkspur

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Dendropanax trifidus - 127 

Citations: 



Wilcox EV (1897) Larkspur poisoning of sheep. Montana 


Wilcox EV (1898) Larkspur poisoning of sheep. U S Dep 

Agric Bur Anim Indus Annu Rep 15:473-479. 

Delphinium nelsonii Greene = Delphinium nuttallianum 

Pritz. 

d e l p h i n i u M n u TTa l l i a n u M Pritz. 


Synonyms: 

d elphinium nelsonii Greene 

Common Names: 

blue larkspur; dwarf larkspur; low larkspur; meadow 

larkspur; Nelson’s-larkspur; purple larkspur; slim larkspur; 

upland larkspur 

Citations: 

Glover GH (1906) Larkspur and other poisonous plants. 

Colorado Agric Exp Sta Bull #113:24 pp. 

Pfister JA, Gardner DR, Stegelmeier BL (2003) Catastrophic 

cattle loss to low larkspur (Delphinium nuttallianum) in 

Idaho. Vet Hum Toxicol 45(3):137-139. 

d e l p h i n i u M ×o c c i d e n Ta l e (S. Watson) S. 

Watson [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

duncecap larkspur; poison weed; tall larkspur 

Citations: 





1935:39-40. 



1936:44-45. 



1937:47-48. 

Olsen JD (1983) Relationship of relative total alkaloid concentration 

and toxicity of duncecap larkspur during 

growth. J Range Manag 36(5):550-552. 

Shupe JL, Balls LD, James LF (1968) Changes in blood 

serum transaminase associated with lupine and larkspur 

poisoning in cattle. Cornell Vet 58(1):129-135. 

d e l p h i n i u M r ob u s Tu M Rydb. 


Common Names: 

robust larkspur 

Citations: 



d e l p h i n i u M s c h Ma l h a u s e n i i Albov 


Synonyms: 

d elphinium hybridum Stephan ex Willd. 

Common Names: 

delphinium; larkspur 

Citations: 

Milne JA (1966) A case of delphinium poisoning in rams. N 

Z Vet J 14(8):127. 

d e l p h i n i u M s c o p u l o r u M A. Gray 


Common Names: 

Rocky Mountain larkspur; tall larkspur; tall mountain 

larkspur 

Citations: 

Wilcox EV (1899) Cattle poisoning by the tall larkspur. 

Montana Agric Exp Sta Bull #22:45-47. 

d e l p h i n i u M Tr ic o r n e Michx. 


Common Names: 

dwarf larkspur; low larkspur; staggerweed 

Citations: 

Hansen AA (1924) The poison plant situation in Indiana. 

III. Poisonous trees. J Am Vet Med Assoc 66:351-362. 

Delphinium virescens Nutt. = Delphinium carolinianum 

Walter subsp. virescens (Nutt.) R. E. Brooks 

d e n d r o c n i d e Mo r o i d e s (Wedd.) Chew 

[Urticaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l aportea moroides Wedd. 

Common Names: 

Australian nettle; Australische Brennessel; giant nettle; 

giant stinging tree; gympie bush; gympie gympie; 

gympie nettle; gympie tree; Nessel 

Citations: 

Robertson PA, MacFarlane WV (1957) Pain-producing substances 

from the stinging bush Laportea moroides. Aust J 

Exp Biol Med Sci 35(4):381-394. 

d e n d r o p a n a x Tr i f i d u s (Thunb.) Makino 

[Araliaceae] 

Citations: 

Oka K, Saito F, Yasuhara T, et al. (1997) The major allergen 

of Dendropanax trifidus Makino. Contact Dermatitis 

36(5):252-255. 

Oka K, Saito F, Yasuhara T, et al. (1999) The allergens 

of Dendropanax trifidus Makino and Fatsia japonica 

Decne. et Planch. and evaluation of cross-reactions with 

other plants of the Araliaceae family. Contact Dermatitis 

40(4):209-213.

128 - Derris trifoliata D. Jesse Wagstaff 

deodar cedar –see– Cedrus deodora (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. 

Don 

derris –see– Paraderris elliptica (Wall.) Adema 

Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. = Paraderris elliptica (Wall.) 

Adema 

d e r r is Tr i f o l i a Ta Lour. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

bagin; sila sila 

Citations: 



J Exp Biol 10(1):78-80. 

d e s c u r a i n i a p i n n a Ta (Walter) Britton 


Common Names: 

tansy mustard 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1981) Tansy mustard poisoning in a mare. Vet 


Pfister JA, Lacey JR, Baker DC, et al. (1990) Is tansy mustard 

causing photosensitization of cattle in Montana? 

Rangelands 12(3):170-172. 

Staley E (1976) A treatment for tansy mustard poisoning. 

Bovine Pract 11:35. 

Staley E (1976) A treatment for tansy mustard poisoning. 

Oklahoma Vet 28(2):74. 

d e s c u r a i n i a so p h i a (L.) Webb ex Prantl 


Synonyms: 

s isymbrium sophia L. 

Common Names: 

brîcută; flixweed; tornel; voinicel 

Citations: 

Contiu I, Rîpeanu M (1971) Îmbolnăviri Ia animale în urma 

consumului plantei Sisymbrium sofia L. Rev Zootehnie 

Med Vet 21(8):54-56. 

Pfister JA, Lacey JR, Baker DC, et al. (1990) Is tansy mustard 

causing photosensitization of cattle in Montana? 

Rangelands 12(3):170-172. 

desert baileya –see– Baileya multiradiata Harv. & A. Gray 

ex Torr. 

desert crowfoot –see– Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh 

desert heliotrope –see– Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S. Watson 

desert larkspur –see– Delphinium andersonii A. Gray 

desert marigold –see– Baileya multiradiata Harv. & A. Gray 

ex Torr. 

desert parsley –see– Cymopterus ibapensis M. E. Jones 

desert poisonbush –see– Gastrolobium grandiflorum F. Muell. 

desert potato –see– Jatropha macrorhiza Benth. 

desert rice flower –see– Pimelea simplex F. Muell. 

desert tea –see– Ephedra viridis Coville 

desert tobacco –see– Nicotiana obtusifolia M. Martens & 

Galeotti 

desert velvet –see– Psathyrotes annua (Nutt.) A. Gray 

d e s Ma n Th u s l e p Ta l ob u s Torr. & A. Gray 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

prairie bundleflower; prairie mimosa; slender 

bundleflower 

Citations: 

Harvey RB, Rowe LD, Reagor JC (1986) Suspected 

toxicity of Desmanthus leptalobus (prairie bundleflower, 

prairie mimosa) to horses. Southwestern Vet 

37(2):143-144. 

d e s Ma n Th u s v i r g a Tu s (L.) Willd. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




Desmodium canum Schinz & Thell = Desmodium incanum 

DC. 

d e s Mo d i u M i n c a n u M DC. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d esmodium canum Schinz & Thell; Meibomia cana S. 

F. Blake 

Citations: 


Lab Anim Sci 26(4):664-669. 

d e Ta r i u M s e n e g a l e n s e J. F. Gmel. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

ditakh 

Citations: 

Berthelot PG, N’Diaye M, Diatta B, et al. (2000) Acute 

intoxication after ditakh fruit ingestion. Intensive Care 

Med 26(10):1587. 

Burgel QR, Camara P, Collet-Burgel C, et al. (1998) 

L’intoxication au ditakh: Une intoxication tropicale 

méconnue - 2 observations. Presse Med 27(30):1528. 

Imbert P, Teyssier J (1986) Intoxication aigue par ingestion 

de ditakh - A propos de 8 observations. Med Trop 

46(1):79-83. 

Deutsche Kamille –see– Matricaria recutita L. 

Deutsche Schwertlilie –see– Iris ×germanica L. 

Deutscher Rhabarber –see– Rheum ×hybridum Murray 

Deutsches Weidelgras –see– Lolium perenne L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Dichapetalum barteri - 129 

d e ve r r a Tr i r a d i a Ta Hochst. ex Boiss. 

[Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p ituranthos triradiatus (Hochst. ex Boiss.) Asch. & 

Schweinf 

Citations: 

Ashkenazy D, Friedman J, Kashman Y, et al. (1984) Photosensitization 

in ducklings induced by Pituranthos triradiatus. 


Nyska A, Bar Ishak YR, Ashkenazy D, et al. (1984) Retinal 

atrophy in albino rats associated with Pituranthos triradiatus 

(Umbelliferae)-induced photosensitization. Vet 

Pathol 21(5):551-552. 

devil’s-apple –see– Datura stramonium L.; Mandragora 

officinarum L.; Podophyllum peltatum L.; Solanum 

aculeatissimum Jacq.; Solanum anguivi Lam. 

devil’s-backbone –see– Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.- 

Hamet & H. Perrier; Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

devil’s-bit –see– Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray 

devil’s-bite –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

devil’s-dung –see– Ferula assa-foetida L. 

devil’s-ear –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

devil’s-eye –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

devil’s-fig –see– Argemone mexicana L.; Solanum torvum Sw. 

devil’s-herb –see– Mandragora officinarum L. 

devil’s-ivy –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 

devil’s-lily –see– Lilium lancifolium Thunb. 

devil’s-thorn –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

devil’s-tongue –see– Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch 

devil’s-trumpet –see– Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & 

Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl; Datura metel L.; 

Datura stramonium L. 

devil’s-turnip –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

devil’s-weed –see– Datura stramonium L. 

dewdrops –see– Duranta erecta L. 

dewtry –see– Datura stramonium L. 

dhal arkar –see– Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 

dharati dhak –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

dhatura –see– Datura inoxia Mill.; Datura stramonium L. 

dhobi nut –see– Semecarpus anacardium L. f. 

dhrek –see– Melia azedarach L. 

dhurra wheat –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

dhursulo –see– Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. 

Dialiopsis africana Radlk. = Zanha africana (Radlk.) Exell 

d i a n Th u s c a r y o p h y l l u s L. 

[Caryophyllaceae] 

Common Names: 

carnation 

Citations: 

Sánchez-Fernández C, González-Gutiérrez ML, Esteban- 

López MI, et al. (2004) Occupational asthma caused 

by carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) with simultaneous 

IgE-mediated sensitization to Tetranychus urticae. 

Allergy 59(1):114-115. 

Van Grutten M (1980) Carnation dermatitis in a flower 

seller. Contact Dermatitis 6(4):289. 

Vidal C, Polo F (1998) Occupational allergy caused by Dianthus 

caryophillus, Gypsophila paniculata, and Lilium 

longiflorum. Allergy 53(10):995-998. 

d ic e n Tr a c a n a d e n s is (Goldie) Walp. 

[Fumariaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b icuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millsp.; b ikukulla 

canadensis (Walp.) Druce 

Common Names: 

colicweed; Dutchman’s-breeches; little blue stagger; 

staggerweed; trembling stagger; turkey corn; turkey 

pea 

Citations: 

Black OF, Eggleston WW, Kelly JW, et al. (1923) Poisonous 

properties of Bikukulla cucullaria (Dutchman’s 

breeches) and B. canadensis (squirrel corn). J Agric Res 

23(2):69-78. 

d ic e n Tr a c u c u l l a r i a (L.) Bernh. 

[Fumariaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b icuculla cucullaria (L.) Millsp.; b ikukulla cucullaria 

Millsp. 

Common Names: 

bleeding heart; breeches flower; butterfly banners; ear 

drops; kitten breeches; little staggerweed; pearl harlequin; 

soldier’s-cap; squirrel corn; staggerweed; white 

hearts; wild bleeding heart 

Citations: 

Black OF, Eggleston WW, Kelly JW, et al. (1923) Poisonous 

properties of Bikukulla cucullaria (Dutchman’s 

breeches) and B. canadensis (squirrel corn). J Agric Res 

23(2):69-78. 

Hansen AA (1924) Dutchman’s breeches. A recent addition 

to the poison plants. Better Crops 2(4):26-27, 41. 

Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem. = Lamprocapnos spectabilis 

(L.) Fukuhara 

d ic h a p e Ta l u M b a r Te r i Engl. 

[Dichapetalaceae] 

Common Names: 

akwuosa; goat killer 

Citations: 

Adaudi AO (1975) Dichapetalum barteri poisoning in goats. 

Trop Anim Health Prod 7(1):56-57.

130 - Dichapetalum cymosum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Nwude N, Parsons LE, Adaudi AO (1977) Acute toxicity of 

the leaves and extracts of Dichapetalum barteri (Engl.) in 

mice, rabbits and goats. Toxicology 7(1):23-29. 

d ic h a p e Ta l u M c y Mo s u M (Hook.) Engl. 


Synonyms: 

d ichapetalum venenatum Engl. & Gilg 

Common Names: 

blaargif; blinkblaar; chailletia; gifblaar; giftblaar; giftblad; 

makaon; makoeu; poison leaf 

Citations: 

Basson PA (1988) Acute and chronic cardiomyopathies 

caused by monofluoroacetic acid in giftblaar (Dichapetalum 

cymosum) and cardiac glycosides in slangkop 

(Urginea sanguinea). J S Afr Vet Assoc 59(2):100. 

Dunphy JT (1906) Report of experiments carried out to 

observe effects of certain poisonous plants on sheep and 

goats. Transvaal Agric J 4(14):315-323. 

Egyed MN (1986) The therapy of experimental poisoning in 

sheep caused by a plant containing monofluoroacetic acid, 

Dichapetalum cymosum. Isr J Vet Med 42(1):54. 

Egyed MN, Schultz RA (1986) The efficacy of acetamide for 

the treatment of experimental Dichapetalum cymosum 

(gifblaar) poisoning in sheep. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

53(4):231-234. 

Schultz RA, Kellerman TS, Van den Berg H (2005) The 

role of fluorescence polarization immuno-assay in the 

diagnosis of plant-induced cardiac glycoside poisoning 

livestock in South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

72(3):189-201. 

Steyn DG (1934) Plant poisoning in stock and the development 

of tolerance. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Indus 

3(1):119-123. 




3(1):125-130. 



Anim Indus 21(1):45-55. 

d ic h a p e Ta l u M Mic h e ls o n i i Hauman 


Common Names: 

umutambasha 

Citations: 

Thienpont D, Vandervelden M (1961) Dichapetalum 

michelsonii Hauman. Novelle plante toxique pour bétail 

du Ruanda-Burundi. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 

14(2):209-211. 

d ic h a p e Ta l u M Mo s s a Mb ic e n s e (Klotzsch) 

Engl. [Dichapetalaceae] 

Citations: 

Msami HM (1999) An outbreak of suspected poisoning 

of cattle by Dichapetalum sp. in Tanzania. Trop Anim 

Health Prod 31(1):1-7. 

d ic h a p e Ta l u M r u h l a n d i i Engl. 


Citations: 

Kamau JA, Gachuhi DM, Gyrd-Hansen N, et al. (1978) A 

study of the toxicity of Dichapetalum ruhlandii (Ludi). 

Indian Vet J 55(8):626-630. 

d ic h a p e Ta l u M s Tu h l Ma n i i Engl. 


Common Names: 

karati 

Citations: 

Msami HM (1999) An outbreak of suspected poisoning 

of cattle by Dichapetalum sp. in Tanzania. Trop Anim 

Health Prod 31(1):1-7. 

d ic h a p e Ta l u M To x ic a r i u M (G. Don) Baill. 


Common Names: 

rat’s-bane 

Citations: 

Van Dijk C, Vickery B, Vickery ML (1974) The toxicity of 

Dichapetalum toxicarium for Ndama cattle. Trop Anim 

Health Prod 6(2):117-118. 

Dichapetalum venenatum Engl. & Gilg = Dichapetalum 

cymosum (Hook.) Engl. 

d ic h r o c e p h a l a c h r y s a n Th e Mi f o l i a 

(Blume) DC. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 



Dichternarzisse –see– Narcissus poeticus L. 

d ic Ta Mn u s a l b u s L. [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

burning bush; Diptam; dittamo; dittany; fraxinella; gas 

plant; lemon-scented gas plant 

Citations: 

Cummer CL, Dexter R (1937) Dermatitis caused by Dictamnus 

albus (gas plant). JAMA 109(7):495-497. 

Engel S, Horn K (1972) Phytodermatosen durch Dictamnus 

alba, Sanicula europaea und Phyllodendron consanguineum. 

Dermatol Monatsschr 158(1):22-27. 

Henderson JA, Des Groseilliers JP (1984) Gas plant 

(Dictamnus albus) phytophotodermatitis simulating poison 

ivy. Can Med Assoc J 130(7):889-891. 

Knüchel M, Luderschmidt C (1986) Bullöse phototoxische 

Kontaktdermatitis durch Dictamnus albus. der Bibel? Dtsch Med Wochenschr 

111(38):1445-1447. 

Marchi AG, Trevisan G, Kokelj F, et al. (1982) Fitofotodermatite 

da dittamo - Segnalazione di 49 casi. Minerva 

Pediatr 34(17):691-694.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Dieffenbachia seguine - 131 

Moller H (1978) Phototoxicity of Dictamnus alba. Contact 


Suhonen R (1977) Phytophotodermatitis: An experimental 

study using the chamber method. Contact Dermatitis 

3(3):127-132. 

d ic Ta Mn u s d a s y c a r p u s Turcz. [Rutaceae] 

Citations: 

Stekhun FI, Kyrnakov BA (1962) [Dermatitis caused 

by Dictamnus dasycarpus.] Vestn Dermatol Venerol 

36(1):67-70. 

dictamo –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

Didiscus glaucifolius F. Muell. = Trachymene glaucifolia (F. 

Muell.) Benth. 

dieffenbachia –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

Dieffenbachia amoena hort. = Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) 

Schott 

d i e f f e n b a c h i a b a u s e i Regel [Araceae] 

Common Names: 

dumb cane 

Citations: 

Der Marderosian AH, Giller FB, Roia FC Jr (1976) Phytochemical 

and toxicological screening of household 

ornamental plants potentially toxic to humans. I. J Toxicol 

Environ Health 1(6):939-953. 

Dieffenbachia exotica hort. = Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) 

Schott 

Dieffenbachia maculata (G. Lodd.) G. Don = Dieffenbachia 

seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

Dieffenbachia picta Schott = Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) 

Schott 

d i e f f e n b a c h i a p i TTi e r i i Engl. & K. Krause 

[Araceae] 

Citations: 

Cumpston KL, Vogel SN, Leikin JB, et al. (2003) Acute airway 

compromise after brief exposure to a Dieffenbachia 

plant. J Emerg Med 25(4):391-397. 

d i e f f e n b a c h i a s e g u i n e (Jacq.) Schott 

[Araceae] 

Synonyms: 

c aladium seguinum (Jacq.) Vent.; d ieffenbachia 

amoena hort.; d ieffenbachia exotica hort.; d ieffenbachia 

maculata (G. Lodd.) G. Don; d ieffenbachia picta 

Schott 

Common Names: 

American arum; aninga para; arum; arum-of-the- 

Antilles; caña muda; comida-de-culebra; comigoninguém-pode; 

dieffenbachia; dumb cane; leopard lily; 

lluvia-del-plata; mother-in-law-plant; mother-in-law’s- 

tongue; oto-de-lagarto; poison arum; prickblad; Schierling 

Caladium; Schweigrohr; spotted dumbcane 

Citations: 

Arai M, Stauber E, Shropshire CM (1992) Evaluation of 

selected plants for their toxic effects on canaries. J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 200(9):1329-1331. 

Bogdanowski T, Rubisz-Brzezińska J (1984) Dieffenbachia 

picta - Zmiany toksyczno - alergiczne na błonie śluzowej 

jamy ustnej i języka. Przegl Dermatol 71(1):61-63. 

Corazza M, Romani I, Poli F, et al. (1998) Irritant contact 

dermatitis due to Dieffenbachia spp. J Eur Acad Dermatol 

Venereol 10(1):87-89. 

Costa de Pasquale R, Ragusa S, Circosta C, et al. (1984) 

Investigations on Dieffenbachia amoena Gentil. I. Endocrine 

effects and contraceptive activity. J Ethnopharmacol 

12(3):293-303. 





Drach G, Maloney WH (1963) Toxicity of the common 

houseplant Dieffenbachia. Report of a case. JAMA 

184(13):1047-1048. 

Ellis W, Barfort P, Mastman GJ (1973) Keratoconjunctivitis 

with corneal crystals caused by the Dieffenbachia plant. 

Am J Ophthalmol 76(1):143-147. 

Faivre M, Barral C (1974) Un cas d’intoxication par Dieffenbachia 

picta. Nouv Presse Med 3(20):1313-1314. 



Fochtman FW, Manno JE, Winek CL, et al. (1969) Toxicity 

of the genus Dieffenbachia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 

15(1):38-45. 

Krenzelok EP, Jacobsen TD, Aronis JM (1996) A review 

of 96,659 Dieffenbachia and Philodendron exposures. J 


Kuballa B, Lugnier AA, Anton R (1981) Study of Dieffenbachia-induced 

edema in mouse and rat hindpaw: Respective 

role of oxalate needles and trypsin-like protease. 

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 58(3):444-451. 

Ladeira AM, Andrade SO, Sawaya P (1975) Studies on 

Dieffenbachia picta Schott: Toxic effects in guinea pigs. 


Lim KH (1977) External eye allergy from sap of Dieffenbachia 

picta. Singapore Med J 18(3):176-177. 

Loretti AP, Ilha MR (2003) Accidental fatal poisoning of a 

dog by Dieffenbachia picta (dumb cane). Vet Hum Toxicol 

45(5):233-239. 

Louhija A, Luomanmäki K (1968) Kirjovehkan aiheuttama 

myrkytys. Duodecim 84(3):219-220. 

Madaus G, Koch FE (1941) Tierexperimentelle Studien zur 

Frage der medikamentösen Sterilisierung (durch Caladium 

seguinum [Dieffenbachia seguina]). Z Gesamte 

Exp Med 109:68-87. 

Manno JE, Fochtman FW, Winek CL, et al. (1967) Toxicity 

of plants of the genus Dieffenbachia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 

10:405-406. 

Martin H, Martin C (1977) Accident caustique buccopharyngé 

provoqué par le Dieffenbachia picta. J Fr 

Otorhinolaryngol 26(9):715-719. 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369.

132 - Digitalis lanata D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Napier A (1912) Irritant poisoning from chewing the shoots 

and leaves of Dieffenbachia seguina. Lancet 182(Apr 

20):1058. 

Neves L, Carneiro CM, Pereira NA (1988) Estudo do 

mecanismo tóxico em Dieffenbachia picta. Acta Amazonica 

18(1-2 Suppl):171-174. 

Occhioni P, Rizzini CT (1958) Ação tóxica de duas sp. de 

Dieffenbachia. Rev Bras Med 15(Jan):10-16. 

Pedaci L, Krenzelok EP, Jacobsen TD, et al (1999 Dieffenbachia 

species exposure: An evidence-based assessment 

of symptom presentation. Vet Hum Toxicol 41:335-338. 

Riede B (1971) Augenverletzung mit dem Saft der 

Pflanze “Dieffenbachia seguine.” Dtsch Gesundheitsw 

26(2):73-76. 

Rizzini CT, Occhioni P (1957) Ação tóxica das Dieffenbachia 

picta e D. seguine. Rodriguesia 32:5-19. 

Wiese M, Kruszewska S, Kolacinski Z (1996) Acute poisoning 

with Dieffenbachia picta. Vet Hum Toxicol 

38(5):356-358. 

diente-de-ajo –see– Allium sativum L. 

Digitale pourprée –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

digitalis –see– Digitalis lanata Ehrh.; Digitalis purpurea L. 

d ig i Ta l is l a n a Ta Ehrh. [Plantaginaceae] 

Common Names: 

digitalis; Fingerhut; foxglove; Grecian foxglove; white 

foxglove; Wollfingerhut; yellow foxglove 

Citations: 

Barnikol H, Hofmann W (1973) Digitalisvergiftung beim 

Schwein. Tierarztl Umsch 28(12):612-614, 616. 

Lo Vecchio F, Seby MV, Johnson D (1998) Digitalis poisoning 

following the ingestion of an herbal dietary supplement. 


Slifman NR, Obermeyer WR, Musser SM, et al. (1998) 

Contamination of botanical supplements by Digitalis 

lanata. N Engl J Med 339(12):806-811. 

d ig i Ta l is p u r p u r e a L. [Plantaginaceae] 

Common Names: 

bloody finger; dead-man’s-bell; dedalera; digitale pourprée; 

digitalis; fairy bells; fairy caps; fairy fingers; fairy 

gloves; fairy thimbles; finger flower; Fingerhut; flap 

dock; folk’s-glove; foxes glofa; foxglove; lady’s-thimble; 

lion’s-mouth; lusmore; pop dock; purple digitalis; 

purple foxglove; revebjelle; Roter Fingerhut; thimbles; 

throatwort; Waldschelle 

Citations: 



Vet Med Assoc 200(9):1329-1331. 

Bain RJ (1985) Accidental digitalis poisoning due to drinking 

herbal tea. Br Med J 290(6482):1624. 

Brauner GJ, Greene MH (1972) Digitalis allergy: Digoxininduced 

vasculitis. Cutis 10(Oct):441-445. 

Brustbauer R, Wenisch C (1997) Bradykardes Vorhofflimmern 

nach Genuß von Kräutertee. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 

122(3):930-932. 

Carmichael MA (1987) Suspected foxglove poisoning. Vet 

Rec 120(15):375. 

Corrigall W, Moody RR, Forbes JC (1978) Foxglove (Digitalis 

purpurea) poisoning in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus). 

Vet Rec 102(6):119-122. 





Dickstein ES, Kunkel FW (1980) Foxglove tea poisoning. 

Am J Med 69(1):167-169. 

Jowett NI (2002) Foxglove poisoning. Hosp Med 

63(12):758-759. 

Lacassie E, Marquet P, Martin-Dupont S, et al. (2000) A 

non-fatal case of intoxication with foxglove, documented 

by means of liquid chromatography-electrospray-mass 

spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 45(5):1154-1158. 

MacLean A (1966) Suspected foxglove poisoning in sheep. 

Vet Rec 79(25):817-818. 

Newman LS, Feinberg MW, LeWine HE (2004) A bitter 

tale. N Engl J Med 351(6):594-599. 

Omvik P (1981) Revebjelleforgiftning. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 

101(15):949-950. 

Parker WH (1951) Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) poisoning 

in turkeys. Vet Rec 63(24):416. 

Porter R, Schultz D, Robertson WO (1999) Alternative 

medicine toxicology: Digitalis poisoning. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 37(5):617. 

Simpkiss M, Holt D (1983) Digitalis poisoning due to the 

accidental ingestion of foxglove leaves. Ther Drug Monit 

5(2):217. 

Stillman AE, Huxtable RJ, Fox DW, et al. (1977) Poisoning 

associated with herbal teas - Arizona, Washington. 


Thierry S, Blot F, Lachérade JC, et al. (2000) Poisoning with 

foxglove extract: Favorable evolution without Fab fragments. 

Intensive Care Med 26(10):1586. 

Thomas DL, Quick MP, Morgan RP (1987) Suspected foxglove 

(Digitalis purpurea) poisoning in a dairy cow. Vet 

Rec 120(13):300-301. 

Zimowski A (1973) Zatrucie nutrii naparstnicq purpurowq 

(Digitalis purpurea). Med Weter 29(4):226. 

d ig i Ta r i a s a n g u i n a l is (L.) Scop. [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s yntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac 

Common Names: 

crabgrass; summergrass 

Citations: 

Pickens EM, Welch HF, Shivers CC (1920) A disease of 

cattle due to crab grass (Digitaria sanguinalis). Cornell 

Vet 10(1):8-16. 

Diholcos bisulcatus (Hook.) Rydb. = Astragalus bisulcatus 

(Hook.) A. Gray 

Diholcos micranthus Rydb. = Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) 

A. Gray 

dikkopbos –see– Hertia pallens (DC.) Kuntze 

dill –see– Anethum graveolens L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Dioscorea convolvulacea - 133 

d i Mo r p h a n d r a g a r d e r i a n a Tul. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

fava d’anta 

Citations: 

Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH (1985) Giftpflanzenbedingte 

Nierenschädigungen bei Rindern in Brasilien. Dtsch 

Tierarztl Wochenschr 92(10):411-415. 

Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH, Gava A, et al. (1985) Intoxicação 

experimental em bovinos pela fava de Dimorphandra 

gardneriana (Leg. Caesalpinoideae). Pesq Vet Bras 

5(2):47-51. 

d i Mo r p h a n d r a Mol l is Benth. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

faveira 

Citations: 




Menezes Filho JA (1985) Intoxicação experimental pela fava 

de Dimorphandra mollis Benth. (Leg. Caesalpinoideae) 


Santos FC (1979) Intoxicação experimental em bovinos pela 

“Faveira”- Dimorphandra mollis Benth. Arq Esc Vet 

Univ Fed Minas Gerais 31:476-477. 

Santos FC, Couto ES, Santos HL (1974) Intoxicação 

experimental em bovinos pela “Faveira”- Dimorphandra 

mollis Benth. Arq Esc Vet Univ Fed Minas Gerais 

26(3):319-329. 


pela fava da “Faveira” (Dimorphandra mollis Benth.) em 

bovinos. Pesq Agric Bras 2:367-373. 

d i Mo r p h o Th e c a c u n e a Ta (Thunb.) Less. 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Marais JS, Rimington C (1934) Isolation of the poisonous 

principle of Dimorphotheca cuneata Less. Onderstepoort 


d io c l e a e r e c Ta Hoehne [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

camaray; mucunan; tatu; tehetu; toti 

Citations: 

Pinto NR, Baruzzi RG (1991) Male pubertal seclusion and 

risk of death in Indians from Alto Xingu, central Brazil. 

Hum Biol 63(6):821-834. 

d io c l e a g r a n d i f l o r a Mart. ex Benth. 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




d io c l e a l a Ti f o l i a Benth. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

camaray; mucunan; tatu; tehetu; toti 

Citations: 



Hum Biol 63(6):821-834. 

d io c l e a s c l e r o c a r p a Ducke [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




d io s c o r e a a l a Ta L. [Dioscoreaceae] 

Common Names: 

renta yam; white yam; wing-stalk yam 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1992) Toxic hypoglycemic syndrome: 

Jamaica, 1989-1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 

41(4):53-55. 

Lawrence AW (1977) Cases of poisoning presenting in the 

Casualty Department of the Cornwall Regional Hospital, 

Jamaica. West Indian Med J 26(4):211-215. 

Dioscorea batatas Decne. = Dioscorea polystachya Turcz. 

d io s c o r e a c o MMu n is (L.) Caddick & Wilkin 

[Dioscoreaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Tamus communis L. 

Common Names: 

black bryony; black-eye root; Isle-of-Wight-vine; lady’sseal; 

mandrake; murrainberry; nueza negra; oxberry; 

Schmerwurz; Schwarze Zaunrübe; tamier 

Citations: 

Schmidt RJ, Moult SP (1983) The dermatitic properties of 

black bryony (Tamus communis L.). Contact Dermatitis 

9(5):390-396. 

d io s c o r e a c o n vo l v u l a c e a Schltdl. & 

Cham. [Dioscoreaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d ioscorea hirsuta M. Martens & Galeotti 

Common Names: 

gadong; tuber yam 

Citations: 

Pruis GW (1941) Gadoenvergiftiging? Genesk Tijdschr 

Nederl Indie 81(16):864-873. 

Dioscorea hirsuta M. Martens & Galeotti = Dioscorea 

convolvulacea Schltdl. & Cham.

134 - Dioscorea polystachya D. Jesse Wagstaff 

d io s c o r e a p o l y s Ta c h y a Turcz. 


Synonyms: 

d ioscorea batatas Decne. 

Common Names: 

Chinese yam; cinnamon vine 

Citations: 

Kubo Y, Nonaka S, Yoshida H (1988) Allergic contact dermatitis 

from Dioscorea batatas Decaisne. Contact Dermatitis 

18(5):111-112. 

d io s c o r e a q u a r Ti n i a n a A. Rich. 


Citations: 



J 39(16):344-350. 

d io s c o r e a s i Mu l a n s Prain & Burkill 


Citations: 



Pathol 9(4):313-319. 

d io s p y r o s k a k i Thunb. [Ebenaceae] 

Common Names: 

Chinese persimmon; Japanese date plum; Japanese persimmon; 

kaki; persimmon 

Citations: 

Benharroch D, Krugliak P, Porath A, et al. (1993) Pathogenetic 

aspects of persimmon bezoars, A case-control retrospective 

study. J Clin Gastroenterol 17(2):149-152. 

Chisholm EM, Leong HT, Chung SC, et al. (1992) Phytobezoar: 

An uncommon cause of small bowel obstruction. 

Ann R Coll Surg Engl 74:342-344. 

Choi SO, Kang JS (1988) Gastrointestinal phytobezoars in 

childhood. J Pediatr Surg 23(4):338-341. 

Chont LK (1942) Phytobezoar and its formation in vitro. 

Radiology 38(Jan):14-21. 

Krausz MM, Moriel EZ, Ayalon A, et al. (1986) Surgical 

aspects of gastrointestinal persimmon phytobezoar treatment. 

Am J Surg 152(5):526-530. 

Morey DA, Means RL, Hirsley EL (1955) Diospyrobezoar in 

the postgastrectomy stomach. Arch Surg 71(6):946-948. 

Moriel EZ, Ayalon A, Eid A, et al. (1983) An unusually high 

incidence of gastrointestinal obstruction by persimmon 

bezoars in Israeli patients after ulcer surgery. Gastroenterology 

84:752-755. 

Prandini M, Marchesi S (1999) Anaphylaxis to persimmon. 

Allergy 54(8):897. 

Verstandig AG, Klin B, Bloom RA, et al. (1989) Small bowel 

phytobezoars: Detection with radiography. Radiology 

172:705-707. 

d io s p y r o s l y c io i d e s Desf. [Ebenaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r oyena decidua Burch. 

Common Names: 

bloubos 

Citations: 

Van der Walt SJ (1944) Recent investigations into the toxicity 

of plants, etc. in the Union of South Africa. Onderstepoort 




Anim Indus 21(1):45-55. 

Diospyros macassar A. Chev. = Diospyros Rumphii Bakh. 

d io s p y r o s r u Mp h i i Bakh. [Ebenaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d iospyros macassar A. Chev. 

Common Names: 

Macasszar; Makassarholz 

Citations: 

Buschke A, Joseph A (1927) Ueber Hautentzündung, hervorgerufen 

durch Makassarholz, mit Berücksichtigung 

gewerbehygienischer Fragen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 

23(Sep 23):1641-1642. 

d io s p y r o s Te x a n a Scheele [Ebenaceae] 

Common Names: 

black persimmon; Mexican persimmon; Texas 

persimmon 

Citations: 



d io s p y r o s v i r g i n i a n a L. [Ebenaceae] 

Common Names: 

eastern persimmon; persimmon; possum wood; wild 

persimmon 

Citations: 



Cummings CA, Copedge KJ, Confer AW (1997) Equine 

gastric impaction, ulceration, and perforation due to persimmon 

(Diospyros virginiana) ingestion. J Vet Diagn 

Invest 9:311-313. 

Honnas CM, Schumacher J (1985) Primary gastric impaction 

in a pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:501-502. 

Kellam LL, Johnson PJ, Kramer J, et al. (2000) Gastric 

impaction and obstruction of the small intestine associated 

with persimmon phytobezoar in a horse. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 216:1279-1281. 

Morgan SE, Bellamy J (1994) Persimmon colic in a mare. 

Equine Pract 16:8-10. 

Wilson, RB, Scruggs DW (1992) Duodenal obstruction 

associated with persimmon fruit ingestion by two horses. 

Equine Vet Sci 12:26-27. 

Dipcadi glaucum (Burch. ex Ker Gawl.) Baker = 

Ornithogalum magnum (Baker) J. C. Manning & 

Goldblatt

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Dittrichia viscosa - 135 

d i pl a r r h e n a Mo r a e a Labill. [Iridaceae] 

Common Names: 

butterfly flag; native lily; white lily 

Citations: 

Seddon HR, Carne HR (1926) Diplarrhena moraea, Labill. 

A plant harmful to stock. New South Wales Dep Agric 

Sci Bull #26:44-45. 

d i pl a z i u M e s c u l e n Tu M (Retz.) Sw. 

[Dryopteridaceae] 

Citations: 

Devi S, Yasmeem, Singh J, et al. (1989) Patch testing animals 


8(2):167-172. 

Prasad B (1977) Role of fern Diplazium esculentum in 

chronic bovine haematuria. Pantnagar J Res 2:265. 

Prasad B, Joshi HC, Choudhuri PC (1977) Role of fern Diplazium 

esculentum in chronic bovine haematuria. I. Some 

clinical and biochemical studies. Pantnagar J Res 2:69-73. 

d i pl o c y c l o s p a l Ma Tu s (L.) C. Jeffrey 


Common Names: 

native bryony; wild bryony 

Citations: 



d i pl o Ta x is e r u c o i d e s DC. [Brassicaceae] 

Common Names: 

white wall rocket 

Citations: 

García-Ortega P, Bartolomé B, Enrique E, et al. (2001) 

Allergy to Diplotaxis erucoides pollen: Occupational 

sensitization and cross-reactivity with other common 

pollens. Allergy 56(7):679-683. 

Diptam –see– Dictamnus albus L. 

d i p Te r y x o d o r a Ta (Aubl.) Willd. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

fava tonka; fève Tonka; tonga bean; tonka bean 

Citations: 

Hogan RP 3rd (1983) Hemorrhagic diathesis caused by 

drinking an herbal tea. JAMA 249(19):2679-2680. 

dishwatergrass –see– Polygonum aviculare L. 

d is Te Mo n a n Th u s b e n Th a Mi a n u s Baill. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

ayan; movingui 

Citations: 

Morgan JW, Thomson J (1967) Ayan dermatitis. Br J Ind 

Med 24(2):156-158. 

ditakh –see– Detarium senegalense J. F. Gmel. 

d i Ta x is d e s e r To r u M (Müll. Arg.) Pax & K. 

Hoffm. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Citations: 

Tokarnia CH, Chagas BR, Chagas AD, et al. (1997) Anemia 

hemolítica causada por Ditaxis desertorum (Euphorbiaceae) 

em bovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 17(3-4):112-116. 

ditch crowfoot –see– Ranunculus sceleratus L. 

ditchbur –see– Xanthium strumarium L. 

dittamo –see– Dictamnus albus L. 

dittany –see– Dictamnus albus L. 

d i TTr ic h i a g r a ve o l e n s (L.) Greuter 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

inula graveolens (L.) Desf. 

Common Names: 

stinkwort 

Citations: 

MacPherson J (1932) Plants injurious to man in Australia. 

Med J Aust 1(Feb 20):281. 

Setchell BP, McInnes P, Christie DG (1964) Poisoning of 

sheep with anthelmintic doses of carbon tetrachloride. 

IV. Effect of stinkwort (Inula graveolens). Aust Vet J 


d i TTr ic h i a v is c o s a (L.) Greuter [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

inula viscosa (L.) Aiton 

Common Names: 

sticky elecampane 

Citations: 

Pinedo JM, Gonzalez de Canales F, Hinojosa JL, et al. 

(1987) Contact dermatitis to sesquiterpene lactones in 

Inula viscosa Aiton. Contact Dermatitis 17(5):322-323. 




djaring –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

djengkol –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

djenkol –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

djenkol bean –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

Djenkolbohne –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. 

Nielsen 

djering –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

dock –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

doctor gum –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb.; 

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

dodder –see– Cuscuta campestris Yunck.; Cuscuta epithymum 

(L.) L.

136 - Dodonaea viscosa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

doddies –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

d o d o n a e a v is c o s a Jacq. [Sapindaceae] 

Citations: 

Colodel EM, Traverso SD, Seitz AL, et al. (2003) Spontaneous 

poisoning by Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) in 


d o e l l i n g e r i a u Mb e l l a Ta (Mill.) Nees 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ster umbellatus Mill. 

Common Names: 

umbellate aster 

Citations: 





dog apple –see– Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 

dog bur –see– Cynoglossum officinale L. 

dog camomile –see– Anthemis cotula L. 

dog chamomile –see– Anthemis cotula L. 

dog daisy –see– Anthemis cotula L. 

dog fennel –see– Anthemis cotula L. 

dog flea weed –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

dog leek –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex 

Rothm. 

dog mercury –see– Mercurialis perennis L. 

dog parsley –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

dog poison –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

dogbane –see– Apocynum cannabinum L. 

dog’s-tangere –see– Cynoglossum officinale L. 

dogweed –see– Eremophila deserti (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) 

Chinnock 

dogwood –see– Cornus oblonga Wall.; Euonymus europaeus 

L.; Solanum dulcamara L. 

dohány –see– Nicotiana tabacum L. 

dol diablo –see– Coriaria ruscifolia L. 

Dolichos axillaris E Mey. = Macrotyloma axillare (E. Mey.) 

Verdc. 

Dolichos lablab L. = Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet 

Dolichos pruriens L. = Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

doll’s-eyes –see– Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. 

dolphin flower –see– Consolida regalis Gray 

dome-d’onze-heures –see– Ornithogalum umbellatum L. 

dominguinho –see– Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl. 

Don Juan –see– Nicotiana glauca Graham 

donkey tail –see– Euphorbia myrsinites L. 

doob –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

doolan –see– Acacia salicina Lindl. 

doom bark –see– Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) 


Doornappel –see– Datura stramonium L. 

doorweed –see– Polygonum aviculare L. 

dooryard knotweed –see– Polygonum aviculare L. 

dopnit –see– Wikstroemia ovata C. A. Mey. 

Dorfpflanze –see– Anthemis cotula L. 

dormilión –see– Rudbeckia laciniata L. 

Dornapfel –see– Datura stramonium L. 

Dornfarn –see– Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs 

doss cabbage –see– Senecio latifolius DC. 

doubgrass –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

double bean –see– Phaseolus lunatus L.; Vicia faba L. 

douce amère –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

Douglas’-spur lupine –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh var. 

argenteus 

Douglas’-water hemlock –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. 

Coult. & Rose 

downy sartwellia –see– Sartwellia flaveriae A. Gray 

downy spurge –see– Euphorbia pilosa L. 

downy thorn apple –see– Datura inoxia Mill.; Datura metel L. 

drabok –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

d r a c a e n a f r ag r a n s (L.) Ker Gawl 

[Ruscaceae] 

Citations: 



41(4):514. 

Drachenkraut –see– Calla palustris L. 

dragon arum –see– Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino 

dragon bone tree –see– Euphorbia lactea Haw. 

dragon bones –see– Euphorbia lactea Haw. 

dragon turnip –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

dragonroot –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

drake –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

dravanti –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

d r e g e a v o l u b i l is (L. f.) Benth. ex Hook. f. 


Common Names: 

anguna 

Citations: 

Tennekoon KH, Jeevathayaparan S, Kurukulasooriya AP, 

et al. (1991) Possible hepatotoxicity of Nigella sativa 

seeds and Dregea volubilis leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 

31:283-289.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Drimia sanguinea - 137 

drilgras –see– Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. 

Drimia alta R. A. Dyer = Drimia robusta Baker 

d r i Mi a a l Tis s i Ma (L. f.) Ker Gawl. 

[Hyacinthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

u rginea altissima (L. f.) Baker 

Common Names: 

maerman; slangkop 

Citations: 








7(1):169-178. 

d r i Mi a d e p r e s s a (Baker) Jessop [Hyacinthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

u rginea capitata (Hook.) Baker 

Common Names: 

berg slangkop 

Citations: 

Mitchell DT, Canhan AS, Bayer AJ (1934) Urginea capitata 

Baker - the berg slangkop. Its toxic effect on ruminants. 


d r i Mi a Ma c r o c e n Tr a (Baker) Jessop 


Synonyms: 

u rginea macrocentra Baker 

Common Names: 

Natal slangkop 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

d r i Mi a Ma r i Ti Ma (L.) Stearn [Hyacinthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

u rginea maritima (L.) Baker 

Common Names: 

albariã; cebolla albarrana; cila; crusader’s-spears; 

Mäasezwiebel; medicinal squill; Mediterranean squill; 

Meerzweibel; mouse onion; onion-de-mer; red squill; 

scille maritime; scille officinale; sea onion; sea squill; 

squill; Steinheil; white squill 

Citations: 




Toxicol 42(3):137-141. 

Leblanc FJ, Lee CO (1939) A study of the toxic properties of 

red squill. J Am Pharm Assoc. Mar:151-154. 

Nagle AC (1948) Red squill poisoning in a dog. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 112:139. 

Rietz JH, Moore EN (1943) Red squill (raticide) poisoning 

in swine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 102(791):120-121. 

Tuncok Y, Kozan O, Cavdar C, et al. (1995) Urginea maritima 

(squill) toxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 33(1):83-86. 

Ward JC, Barber CW, Garlough FE, et al. (1937) Susceptibility 

of hogs to red squill. J Am Pharm Assoc 

26(2):137-139. 

d r i Mi a p h y so d e s (Jacq.) Jessop [Hyacinthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

u rginea physodes (Jacq.) Baker 

Common Names: 

slangkop 

Citations: 

Nel PW, Schultz RA, Jordaan P, et al. (1987) Cardiac glycoside 

poisoning in sheep caused by Urginea physodes 

(Jacq.) Bak. and the isolated physodine A. Onderstepoort 

J Vet Res 54(4):641-644. 

d r i Mi a r ob u s Ta Baker [Hyacinthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d rimia alta R. A. Dyer 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

d r i Mi a s a n g u i n e a (Schinz) Jessop 


Synonyms: 

u rginea burkei Baker; u rginea sanguinea Schinz 

Common Names: 

blueweed; Burke’s-slangkop; slangkop; Transvaal 

slangkop 

Citations: 

Basson PA (1988) Acute and chronic cardiomyopathies 

caused by monofluoroacetic acid in giftblaar (Dichapetalum 

cymosum) and cardiac glycosides in slangkop 

(Urginea sanguinea). J S Afr Vet Assoc 59(2):100. 

Dunphy JT (1906) Report of experiments carried out to 

observe effects of certain poisonous plants on sheep and 

goats. Transvaal Agric J 4(14):315-323. 

Joubert JP, Schultz RA (1982) The treatment of Urginea sanguinea 

Schinz poisoning in sheep with activated charcoal 

and potassium chloride. J S Afr Vet Assoc 53(1):25-28. 

McVann A, Havlik I, Joubert PH, et al. (1992) Cardiac 

glycoside poisoning involved in deaths from traditional 

medicines. S Afr Med J 81(3):139-141. 

Schultz RA, Kellerman TS, Van den Berg H (2005) The role 

of fluorescence polarization immuno-assay in the diagnosis 

of plant-induced cardiac glycoside poisoning livestock 

in South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 72(3):189-201.

138 - Drosanthemum floribundum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

dronkgras –see– Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. 

d r o s a n Th e Mu M f l o r i b u n d u M (Haw.) 

Schwantes [Aizoaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d rosanthemum hispidum (L.) Schwantes 

Common Names: 

vygie 

Citations: 




Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

Drosanthemum hispidum (L.) Schwantes = Drosanthemum 

floribundum (Haw.) Schwantes 

Drosselkirschbaum –see– Frangula alnus Mill. 

drumhead cabbage –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata 

L. 

Drummond’s-rattlebush –see– Sesbania drummondii (Rydb.) 

Cory 

Drummond’s-sesbane –see– Sesbania drummondii (Rydb.) 

Cory 

drumstick tree –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

drunk –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

Drüsenklee –see– Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. 

dry whiskey –see– Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev 

drymaria –see– Drymaria pachyphylla Wooton & Standl. 

d r y Ma r i a a r e n a r io i d e s Humb. & Bonpl. ex 

Schult. [Caryophyllaceae] 

Common Names: 

alfombrilla; drymary 

Citations: 

Dollahite JW (1959) Toxicity of Drymaria arenarioides for 

cattle, sheep, and goats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 135(Jul 

15):125-127. 

Dollahite JW, Anthony WV (1956) Toxicity of Drymaria 

arenarioides for cattle, sheep and goats. Texas Agric Exp 

Sta Prog Rep #1911:4 pp. 

Larios F, Jabalera J (1983) Toxicidad de alfombrilla (Drymaria 

arenarioides) em bovinos alimentados experimentalmente. 

Tecnica Pecuaria en Mexico 44:86-91. 

Larios MV, Javalera J (1976) Alteraciones anatomopatologicas, 

hemograma, y quimica sanguinea en el intoxicacion 

experimental aguda por alfombrilla (Drymaria 

arenarioides) en bovinos. Tecnica Pecuaria en Mexico 

30:111. 

Ocampo MV (1972) Investigaciones biomédicas de los efectos 

tóxicos y abortivos de las saponinas de Drymaria 

arenarioides, en ratonas gestantes. Veterinaria (Mexico) 

3(4):94-97. 

Williams MC (1978) Toxicity of saponins in alfombrilla 

(Drymaria arenarioides). J Range Manag 

31(3):182-184. 

d r y Ma r i a h o l o s Te o i d e s Benth. 


Common Names: 

carpet weed; drymary; thick-leaf drymary 

Citations: 

Pammel LH (1922) Carpet weed suspected of being poisonous. 

Vet Med 17:36. 

d r y Ma r i a p a c h y p h y l l a Wooton & Standl. 


Common Names: 

drymaria; drymary; inkweed; thick-leaf drymary 

Citations: 

Lantow JL (1929) The poisoning of livestock by Drymaria 

pachyphylla. New Mexico Agric Exp Sta Bull #173:13 

pp. 

Mathews FP (1933) The toxicity of Drymaria pachyphylla 

for cattle, sheep and goats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

83:255-260. 



drymary –see– Drymaria arenarioides Humb. & Bonpl. 

ex Schult.; Drymaria holosteoides Benth.; Drymaria 

pachyphylla Wooton & Standl. 

d r y o p Te r is a f f i n is (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk. subsp. 

borreri (Newman) Fraser-Jenk. [Dryopteridaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d ryopteris borreri Newman 

Common names: 

trusty male fern 

Citations: 

MacLeod NS, Greig A, Bonn JM, et al. (1978) Poisoning in 

cattle associated with Dryopteris filix-mas and D borreri. 

Vet Rec 102(11):239-240. 

Dryopteris borreri Newman = Dryopteris affinis (Lowe) 

Fraser-Jenk. subsp. borreri (Newman) Fraser-Jenk. 

d r y o p Te r is c a r Th u s i a n a (Vill.) H. P. Fuchs 


Common Names: 

buckle fern; Dornfarn 

Citations: 

Murray V (1966) Suspected poisoning by common buckle 

fern (Dryopteris family). Ir Vet J 20:122-124. 

d r y o p Te r is f i l i x -Ma s (L.) Schott 


Common Names: 

aspidium; Farnkraut; felce maschia; filis mas; filix mas; 

fougère mâle; helecho macho; male fern; Wurmfarn

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Durio zibethinus - 139 

Citations: 

Balaščák J, Gdovin T, Stiko M (1968) Über das auftreten 

von Haematuria vesicalis bovis chronica in der Slowakei. 

Folia Vet Kosice 12(2):111. 

Edgar JT, Thin IM (1968) Plant poisoning involving male 

fern. Vet Rec 82:33-34. 

Greiner H (1952-1954) Wurmfarnvergiftung. Sammlung 


Hall MC (1914) Unusual case of fatal poisoning from administration 

of male-fern as vermifuge. JAMA 63(3):242-243. 

Houtzagers JJ (1965) Nierinsufficiëntie na toediening van 

filix mas. Tijdschr Geneeskd 109(4):178-179. 

MacLeod NS, Greig A, Bonn JM, et al. (1978) Poisoning in 

cattle associated with Dryopteris filix-mas and D borreri. 

Vet Rec 102(11):239-240. 

Mitchell GB, Wain EB (1983) Suspected male fern poisoning 

in cattle. Vet Rec 113(8):188. 

Rosen ES, Edgar JT, Smith JL (1969) Male fern retro-bulbar 

neuropathy in cattle. Ophthalmol Soc UK 89:285-299. 

Rosen ES, Edgar JT, Smith JL (1970) Male fern retrobulbar 

neuropathy in cattle. J Small Anim Pract 

10(11):619-625. 

Smyth PJ (1968) An outbreak of male fern (Dryopteris filixmas) 

poisoning. Ir Vet J 22:69-71. 

Stryczek J (1984) Paproć przyczynq dyskwalifikacji jelit 

bydła. Med Weter 40(8):488-489. 

Valtonen EJ, Takki S (1968) Acute hepatocellular damage 

caused by oleoresin of the male fern in the rat: An electron 

microscope study. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 

26(2):169-176. 

d r y o p Te r is j u x Ta p o s i Ta H. Christ 


Citations: 

Gounalan S, Somvanshi R, Kataria M, et al. (1999) Effect of 

bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and dryopteris (Dryopteris 

juxtaposita) fern toxicity in laboratory rabbits. Indian 

J Exp Biol 37(10):980-985. 

Kataria M, Somvanshi R, Dash S (1998) Biochemical and 

histological changes in blood, erythrocytes and tissue of 

rats on feeding Dryopteris juxtaposita fern. Indian J Exp 

Biol 36(5):510-513. 

dubbelljie –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

d u b o is i a My o p o r o i d e s R. Br. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

corkwood 

Citations: 

Barnes R, Jones T, Simpson G, et al. (1971) An unusual 

occupational hazard. Med J Aust 2(20):1018-1020. 

Biersteker K, Koning C, van Lith GH, et al. (1970) An airborne 

epidemic of one-sided mydriasis. Arch Environ 

Health 20(3):410-411. 

Pearn J (1981) Corked up: Clinical hyoscine poisoning with 

alkaloids of the native corkwood, Duboisia. Med J Aust 

2(8):422-423. 

duckbush –see– Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. Aiton 

duckretter –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

duck’s-foot –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

dudgeon –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

dudhi –see– Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 

Dugaldia hoopesii (A. Gray) Rydb. = Hymenoxys hoopesii 

(A. Gray) Bierner 

Duke-of-Argyll’s-tea-tree –see– Lycium barbarum L. 

dumb cane –see– Dieffenbachia bausei Regel; Dieffenbachia 

seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

dunal –see– Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 

duncecap larkspur –see– Delphinium barbeyi (Huth) Huth 

Durand’s-false hellebore –see– Veratrum californicum 


Durango root –see– Datisca glomerata (C. Presl) Baill. 

duranta –see– Duranta erecta L. 

d u r a n Ta e r e c Ta L. [Verbenaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d uranta repens L. 

Common Names: 

adonis morado; coralillo; cuenta-de-oro; dewdrops; 

duranta; espina-de-palma; garbancillo; geisha girl; 

golden dewdrop; pigeonberry; sky flower; yellow hat 

tree 

Citations: 

Scanlan SN, Eagles DA, Vacher NE, et al. (2006) Duranta 

erecta poisoning in nine dogs and a cat. Aust Vet J 

84(10):367-370. 

Duranta repens L. = Duranta erecta L. 

duras milk blanco –see– Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. 

duraznillo –see– Cestrum parqui L’Her.; Solanum rostratum 

Dunal 

duraznillo blanco –see– Solanum glaucophyllum Desf.; 

Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & 

A. Gray 

duraznillo negro –see– Cestrum parqui L’Her. 

durian –see– Durio zibethinus L. 

d u r io z i b e Th i n u s L. [Malvacaceae] 

Common Names: 

durian; house mango; nanas 

Citations: 



Syphilol 51(3):163-171. 

Olivieri J, Quiliquini-Chambard AM, Hauser C (2002) 

Allergy to durian. Allergy 57(3):263. 

durra –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

Dürrwurz –see– Inula conyzae (Griess.) Meikle 

duscle –see– Solanum nigrum L.

140 - Dyera costulata D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Dutch clover –see– Trifolium repens L. 

Dutch hyacinth –see– Hyacinthus orientalis L. 

Dutchman’s-breeches –see– Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) 

Walp.; Thamnosma texana (A. Gray) Torr. 

duwweljie –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

dwale –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

dwarf bay –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

dwarf Darling pea –see– Swainsona luteola F. Muell. 

dwarf elder –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

dwarf juniper –see– Juniperus communis L. 

dwarf larkspur –see– Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz.; 

Delphinium tricorne Michx. 

dwarf laurel –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

dwarf milkweed –see– Asclepias verticillata L. 

dwarf nettle –see– Urtica dioica L. 

dwarf poison milkweed –see– Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) 

Vail 

dwarf sheep laurel –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

dwarf silky oak –see– Grevillea banksii R. Br. 

dwarf sumach –see– Rhus typhina L. 

dwarf yellow day lily –see– Hemerocallis minor Mill. 

dwayberry –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

d y e r a c o s Tu l a Ta (Miq.) Hook. f. 

[Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

jelutong 

Citations: 

Siregar RS (1975) Occupational dermatoses among foresters. 


d y e r a l o w i i Hook. f. [Apocynaceae] 

Citations: 

Siregar RS (1975) Occupational dermatoses among foresters. 


Dysosma pleiantha (Hance) Woodson = Podophyllum 

pleianthum Hance 

d y s p h a n i a a Mb r o s io i d e s (L.) Mosyakin & 

Clemants [Chenopodiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c henopodium ambrosioides L. 

Common Names: 

ambroisie; American wormseed; American wormwood; 

epazote; epazote-de-comer; hipazote; Jerusalem 

oak; Mexican goosefoot; Mexican tea; pasote; pazote; 

sagrado; Spanish tea; stinkweed; wormseed; wormseed 

goosefoot 

Citations: 



Farquharson J (1938) Deafness due to toxicity of oil of Chenopodium. 

J Am Vet Med Assoc 46(6):329. 

Guirola L, Garcia G, Torrealba A, et al. (1992) Acute renal 

failure from the ingestion of toxic plants. Vet Hum Toxicol 

34(6):548. 

Kinsley AT (1936) Chenopodium intoxication in swine. Vet 

Med 31(Jun):253. 



Pammel LH (1923) Worm seed or Mexican tea poisonous to 

geese. Vet Med 18:736. 

d y s p h a n i a c a r i n a Ta (R. Br.) Mosyakin & 


Synonyms: 

c henopodium carinatum R. Br. 

Common Names: 

boggabri; crested goosefoot; green crumbweed; keel 

crumbweed; keel goosefoot; ridged goosefoot; scented 

goosefoot 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1929) The poison plants committee. J CSIRO 

Aust 2:40-48. 

Seddon HR (1932) Chenopodium carinatum. (“crested 

goosefoot” or boggabri.”) Poisonous to stock under certain 

circumstances. Agric Gaz New South Wales 43:763-764. 

d y s p h a n i a g r a ve o l e n s (Willd.) Mosyakin & 


Synonyms: 

c henopodium graveolens Willd. 

Common names: 

epazote 

Citations: 

Montoya-Cabrera MA, Escalante-Galindo P, Meckes- 

Fisher M, et al. (1996) Envenenmiento mortal causado 

por el aceite de epazote, Chenopodium graveolens. Gac 

Med Mex 132(4):433-437.

eagle fern –see– Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn; Pteridium 

aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desf.) Underw. ex 

A. Heller 

ear drops –see– Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 

Earle’s locoweed –see– Astragalus mollissimus Torr. var. earlei 

(Greene ex Rydb.) Tidestr. 

earring plant –see– Crotalaria retusa L. 

earth gall –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

earthnut –see– Arachis hypogaea L. 

East Coast rengas –see– Gluta renghas L. 

East Indian ginger –see– Zingiber officinale Roscoe 

East Indian rosewood –see– Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.; 

Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. 

East Indian satinwood –see– Chloroxylon swietenia DC. 

Easter flower –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

Easter lily –see– Lilium longiflorum Thunb. 

Easter rose –see– Helleborus niger L. 

eastern baccharis –see– Baccharis halimifolia L. 

eastern bitterweed –see– Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock 

eastern black nightshade –see– Solanum ptycanthum Dunal 

eastern chokecherry –see– Prunus virginiana L. 

eastern mistletoe –see– Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) 


eastern oakleaf –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & A. 

Gray) Greene 

eastern oakleaf poison ivy –see– Toxicodendron pubescens 

Mill. 

eastern persimmon –see– Diospyros virginiana L. 

eastern poison oak –see– Toxicodendron pubescens Mill. 

eastern whorled milkweed –see– Asclepias verticillata L. 

easy tree philodendron –see– Philodendron bipinnatifidum 

Schott ex Endl. 

Ebenbaum –see– Taxus baccata L. 

e 

e c b a l l i u M e l a Te r i u M (L.) A. Rich. 


Common Names: 

bitter apple; concombre d’âne; concombre sauvage; elaterium; 

momordique; Spritzgurke; squirting cucumber; 

wild cucumber 

Citations: 

Raikhlin B, Bentur Y (1999) Ecballium elaterium - Medicine 

or poison? J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37:415. 

Raikhlin B, Bentur Y (2000) Ecballium elaterium (squirting 

cucumber) - Remedy or poison? J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

38(3):305-308. 

Satar S, Gokel Y, Toprak N, et al. (2001) Life-threatening 

uvular angioedema caused by Ecballium elaterium. Eur J 

Emerg Med 8(4):337-339. 

Vlachos P, Kanitsakis NN, Kokonas N (1994) Fatal cardiac 

and renal failure due to Ecballium elaterium (squirting 

cucumber). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 32(6):737-738. 

e c h i n o c h l o a c o l o n a (L.) Link [Poaceae] 

Citations: 



#812:8 pp. 

e c h i n o c h l o a f r u Me n Ta c e a Link [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

Japanese barnyard millet; Japanese millet; samak; 

sanwa millet 

Citations: 






pp. 540-547. 

Echinopanax elatus Nakai = Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) 

Nakai 

e c h i n o p o g o n ov a Tu s (G. Forst.) P. Beauv. 

[Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

hedgehoggrass; rough beardedgrass 

Citations: 

Seddon HR, Carne HR (1926) Staggers in stock due to 

rough-bearded grass (Echinopogon ovatus). New South 

Wales Dep Agric Sci Bull #26:34-40. 

echium –see– Echium plantagineum L.; Echium vulgare L. 

Echium lycopsis auct. = Echium plantagineum L. 

e c h i u M pl a n Tag i n e u M L. [Boraginaceae] 

Synonyms: 

e chium lycopsis auct.

142 - Echium vulgare D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Common Names: 

Calamity Jane; echium; Lady Campbell’s-weed; Paterson’s-curse; 

purple bugloss; purple viper’s-bugloss; Riverina 

bluebell; Salvation Jane; viper’s-bugloss 

Citations: 

Culvenor CC, Jago MV, Peterson JE, et al. (1984) Toxicity 

of Echium plantagineum (Paterson’s curse). I. Marginal 

toxic effects in Merino wethers from long-term feeding. 

Aust J Agric Res 35(2):293-304. 

Méndez MC, Riet-Correa F, Schild AL, et al. (1985) Intoxicação 

por Echium plantagineum (Boraginaceae) em bovinos 

no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesq Vet Bras 5(2):57-64. 

Peterson JE, Jago MV (1984) Toxicity of Echium plantagineum 

(Paterson’s curse). II. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning 

in rats. Aust J Agric Res 35(2):305-315. 





Seaman JT (1978) Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning of horses. 

Aust Vet J 54(3):150. 

Seaman JT (1985) Hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning 

in sheep associated with grazing Echium plantagineum. 

Aust Vet J 62(7):247-248. 

Seaman JT (1987) Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning of sheep 

in New South Wales. Aust Vet J 64(6):164-167. 

Seaman JT, Dellow JJ (1987) A survey of landholder attitudes 

to Echium plantagineum L. in three shires in the 

central west of New South Wales. J Aust Inst Agric Sci 

53(4):296-301. 

Seaman JT, Dixon RJ (1989) Investigations into the toxicity 

of Echium plantagineum in sheep. 2. Pen feeding experiments. 

Aust Vet J 66(9):286-292. 

Seaman JT, Turvey WS, Ottaway SJ, et al. (1989) Investigations 

into the toxicity of Echium plantagineum in sheep. 

1. Field grazing experiments. Aust Vet J 66(9):279-285. 

Sharrock AG (1969) Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in a 

horse in New South Wales. Aust Vet J 45(8):388. 

St. George-Grambauer TD, Rac R (1962) Hepatogenous 

chronic copper poisoning in sheep in South Australia due 

to the consumption of Echium plantagineum L. (Salvation 

Jane). Aust Vet J 38(May):288-293. 

e c h i u M vu l g a r e L. [Boraginaceae] 

Common Names: 

blue devil; blue thistle; blue-weed; echium; viper’sbugloss 

Citations: 

Moyano MR, García A, Rueda A, et al. (2006) Echium vulgare 

and Senecio vulgaris poisoning in fighting bulls. J 

Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 53(1):24-25. 

Echte Kamille –see– Matricaria recutita L. 

Echter Eisenhut –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

Echter Steinklee –see– Melilotus officinalis Lam. 

Echter Sturmhut –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

Echtes Mahagoni –see– Swietenia macrophylla King; 

Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. 

ecue –see– Coula edulis Baill. 

edded –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

eddo –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

eddoe –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

Edelteak –see– Madhuca longifolia (L.) J. F. Macbr. 

Edelwicke –see– Lathyrus odoratus L. 

Efeu –see– Hedera helix L. 

Efeutute –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 

eggplant –see– Solanum melongena L. 

egynyári szélfü –see– Mercurialis annua L. 

Egyptian clover –see– Trifolium alexandrinum L. 

Eibe –see– Taxus baccata L. 

Eibenbaum –see– Taxus baccata L. 

Eibennadeln –see– Taxus baccata L. 

Eichel –see– Quercus robur L. 

Eichenbaum –see– Quercus robur L. 

e ic h h o r n i a c r a s s i p e s (Mart.) Solms 

[Pontederiaceae] 

Common Names: 

water hyacinth 

Citations: 

Babu NS (1987) Studies on the pathology of ovine and caprine 

kidneys with special reference to the effect of feeding 

water hyacinth to sheep. Indian J Vet Pathol 11:86-87. 

Babu NS, Paliwal OP, Charan K, et al. (1988) Effects of 

water hyacinth feeding in sheep with special reference to 

renal lesion. Indian J Vet Pathol 12:33-36. 

Singh KP (1987) Studies on the pathology of ovine and 

caprine liver with particular reference to feeding of water 

hyacinth in sheep. Indian J Vet Pathol 11:92-93. 

Einjährige Bingelkraut –see– Mercurialis annua L. 

Eischaupe –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

Eisenhut –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

Eisensäbelholz –see– Mesua ferrea L. 

el halouk –see– Orobanche minor Sm. 

e l a e ag n u s a n g u s Ti f o l i a L. [Elaeagnaceae] 

Common Names: 

árbol-del-paraíso; matapolilla; oleaster; olivo-de-Bohemia; 

Russian olive; silverberry 

Citations: 

Sastre J, Lluch-Bernal M, Bustillo AM, et al. (2004) Allergenicity 

and cross-reactivity of Russian olive pollen 

(Elaeagnus angustifolia). Allergy 59(11):1118-1186. 

Elaeodendron buchananii (Loes.) Loes. = Cassine 

buchananii Loes. 

Elaeodendron keniense Loes. = Cassine buchananii Loes. 

elaterium –see– Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. 

elderberry –see– Sambucus cerulea Raf.; Sambucus nigra L. 

eléboro blanco –see– Veratrum album L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Encephalartos horridus - 143 

eléboro fetido –see– Helleborus foetidus L. 

elecampane –see– Inula helenium L. 

elegant death camas –see– Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. 

elephant grass –see– Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. 

elephant’s-ear –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don; 

Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent.; Colocasia esculenta (L.) 

Schott; Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.; Mandragora 

officinarum L.; Podophyllum peltatum L.; Xanthosoma 

sagittifolium (L.) Schott 

elephant’s-scratch wort –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

e l e TTa r i a c a r d a Mo Mu M (L.) Maton 

[Zingiberaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a momum cardamomum L. 

Common Names: 

cardamom; lesser cardamom; small cardamon 

Citations: 



2(1):28-42. 

Mobacken H, Fregert S (1975) Allergic contact dermatitis 

from cardamon. Contact Dermatitis 1(3):175-176. 





Leprol 53:325-328. 

eleuthero ginseng –see– Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & 

Maxim.) Maxim. 

e l e u Th e r o c o c c u s s e n Tic o s u s (Rupr. & 

Maxim.) Maxim. [Araliaceae] 

Common Names: 

eleuthero ginseng; Siberian ginseng 

Citations: 

Koren G, Randor S, Martin S, et al. (1990) Maternal ginseng 

use associated with neonatal androgenization. JAMA 

264(22):2866. 

Siegel RK (1980) Ginseng and high blood pressure. JAMA 

243(1):32. 

Ellangowan –see– Eremophila deserti (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) 

Chinnock 

Ellangowan poison bush –see– Eremophila deserti (A. Cunn. 

ex Benth.) Chinnock 

e l l io TTi a p a n ic u l a Ta (Siebold & Zucc.) 

Benth. & Hook. f. [Ericaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Tripetaleia paniculata Siebold & Zucc. 

Common Names: 

hotsutsuji 

Citations: 

Tokuda Y, Sumita E (1925) Studies on poisonous honey in 

Japan. I. On the source of poisonous honey. Bee World 

7(1):4-5. 

Elsebaum –see– Prunus padus L. 

e Mb e l i a r i b e s Burm. f. [Myrsinaceae] 

Common Names: 

embilia; enkoko; umkoko; vidanga 

Citations: 

Kholkute SD, Kekare MB, Jathar VS, et al. (1978) Antifertility 

effects of Embelia ribes Burm. Indian J Exp Biol 

16(10):1035-1037. 

Low G, Rogers LJ, Brumley SP, et al. (1985) Visual deficits 

and retinotoxicity caused by the naturally occurring 

anthelmintics, Embelia ribes and Hagenia abyssinica. 


Purandare TV, Kholkute SD, Gurjar A, et al. (1979) 

Semen analysis and hormonal levels in bonnet macaques 

administered Embelia ribes berries, an indigenous 

plant having contraceptive activity. Indian J Exp Biol 

17(9):935-936. 

embilia –see– Embelia ribes Burm. f. 

Emblica officinalis Gaertn. = Phyllanthus emblica L. 

emborrachacabras –see– Coriaria myrtifolia L. 

emetico –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

Emory’s-locoweed –see– Astragalus emoryanus (Rydb.) Cory 

Emory’s-milk vetch –see– Astragalus emoryanus (Rydb.) 

Cory 

emu bush –see– Eremophila latrobei F. Muell. 

e n c e l i a c a l i f o r n ic a Nutt. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Webber HJ (1932) Dermatitis produced by Encelia californica 

Nutt. Science 76(1971):324-325. 

e n c e p h a l a r To s h i l d e b r a n d Ti i A. Braun 

& C. D. Bouché [Zamiaceae] 

Citations: 

Mugera GM (1969) Induction of kidney tumours in the rat 

by feeding Encephalartos hildebrandtii for short periods. 

Br J Cancer 23(4):755-756. 

Mugera GM, Nderito P (1968) Toxic properties of Encephalartos 

hildebrandtii. East Afr Med J 45(12):732-741. 

Mugera GM, Nderito P (1968) Tumours of the liver, kidney, 

and lungs in rats fed Encephalartos hildebrandtii. Br J 

Cancer 22(3):563-568. 

e n c e p h a l a r To s h o r r i d u s (Jacq.) Lehm. 

[Zamiaceae] 

Citations: 



J Vet Sci Anim Indus 20(1):75-83.

144 - Encephalartos laevifolius D. Jesse Wagstaff 

e n c e p h a l a r To s l a e vi f o l i u s Stapf & Burtt 

Davy [Zamiaceae] 

Citations: 

Tustin RC (1974) Toxicity and carcinogenicity of some 

South African cycad (Encephalartos) species. S Afr Med 

J 48(57):2369-2373. 

e n c e p h a l a r To s l a n a Tu s Stapf & Burtt 

Davy [Zamiaceae] 

Citations: 

Tustin RC (1983) Notes on the toxicity and carcinogenicity 

of some South African cycad species with special reference 

to that of Encephalartos lanatus. J S Afr Vet Assoc 

54(1):33-42. 

e n c e p h a l a r To s l e b o Mb o e n s is I. Verd. 

[Zamiaceae] 

Citations: 



J 48(57):2369-2373. 

e n c e p h a l a r To s l e h Ma n n i i Lehm. 

[Zamiaceae] 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 21(1):45-55. 

e n c e p h a l a r To s u Mb e l u z i e n s is R. A. 

Dyer [Zamiaceae] 

Citations: 



J 48(57):2369-2373. 

e n c e p h a l a r To s v i l l o s u s Lem. [Zamiaceae] 

Citations: 



J 48(57):2369-2373. 

enchanter’s-herb –see– Verbena officinalis L. 

endive –see– Cichorium endivia L. 

Endymion nonscripta (L.) Garcke = Hyacinthoides nonscripta 

(L.) Chouard ex Rothm. 

Engelstrompete –see– Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & 

Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl 

Engelwurz –see– Angelica archangelica L. 

Engleman ivy –see– Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. 

English bean –see– Vicia faba L. 

English bluebell –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) 

Chouard ex Rothm. 

English boxwood –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

English broom –see– Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 

English daisy –see– Bellis perennis L. 

English holly –see– Ilex aquifolium L.; Ilex opaca Aiton 

English ivy –see– Hedera helix L. 

English laurel –see– Prunus laurocerasus L. 

English mandrake –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

English oak –see– Quercus robur L. 

English plantage –see– Plantago lanceolata L. 

English plantain –see– Plantago lanceolata L. 

English ryegrass –see– Lolium perenne L. 

English walnut –see– Juglans regia L. 

English yew –see– Taxus baccata L. 

enkoko –see– Embelia ribes Burm. f. 

e n Ta d a p h a s e o l o i d e s (L.) Merr. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

balugo; gila bean; godogo; matchbox bean 

Citations: 




e n Ta n d r o p h r ag Ma a n g o l e n s e (Welw.) 

C. DC. [Meliaceae] 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 

e n Ta n d r o p h r ag Ma c a n d o l l e i Harms 

[Meliaceae] 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 

e n Ta n d r o p h r ag Ma c y l i n d r ic u M 

(Sprague) Sprague [Meliaceae] 

Common Name: 

sapele 

Citations: 

Álvarez-Cuesta C, Gala Ortiz G, Rodríguez Díaz E, et 

al. (2004) Occupational asthma and IgE-mediated contact 

dermatitis from sapele wood. Contact Dermatitis 

51(2):88-89. 

Correia O, Barros MA, Mesquita-Guimarães J, (1992) Airborne 

contact dermatitis from the woods Acacia melanoxylon 

and Entandrophragma cylindricum. Contact 

Dermatitis 27(5):343-344. 



Dermatitis 44(4):213-217. 

Halpin B (1961) Toxicity in fowl due to hardwood litter. Vet 

Rec 73(18):454-455.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Ephedra sinica - 145 

e n Ta n d r o p h r ag Ma u Ti l e (Dawe & 

Sprague) Sprague [Meliaceae] 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 

e n Te r o l o b i u M c o n To r Tis i l iq u u M (Vell.) 

Morong [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

tamboril; timbaúba 

Citations: 

Grecco FB, Dantas AF, Riet-Correa F, et al. (2002) Cattle 

intoxication from Enterolobium contortisiliquum pods. 


Marques DC, Santos HL, Couto ES, et al. (1974) Intoxicação 

experimental pelo tamboril Enterolobium contortisiliquum 

Vell. Morong em bovinos. Arq Esc Vet Univ 

Fed Minas Gerais 26(3):283-286. 


in cattle in southern Brazil. In: Acamovic 



162-166. 

Tokarnia CH, Canella CF, Döbereiner J (1960) Intoxicação 

experimental pela fava da “Timbaúba” (Enterolobium 

contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong) em bovinos. Arq Inst 

Biol Anim (Rio Janeiro) 3:73-81. 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Dutra IS, et al. (1999) Experimentos 

em bovinos com as favas de Enterolobium 

contortisiliquum e E. timbouva para verificar propriedades 

fotosensibilizantes e/ou abortivas. Pesq Vet Bras 

19(1):39-45. 

e n Te r o l o b i u M c y c l o c a r p u M (Jacq.) 

Griseb. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




e n Te r o l o b i u M e l l i p Tic u M Benth. 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Andrade SO, Lee JM, Sartori C, et al. (1970) Estudos 

sôbre os efeitos tóxicos do Enterolobium ellipticum 

Benth (Leguminosae). Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 

37(Suppl 1):38. 

e n Te r o l o b i u M g u MMi f e r u M (Mart.) J. F. 

Macbr. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

tamboril-do-campo 

Citations: 

Deutsch J, Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH (1965) Fotossensibilidade 

hepatogénica em bovinos na intoxicação pela fava 

de Enterolobium gummiferum (Mart.) Macbr. Proc Int 

Grassland Cong 2:1279-1282. 

e n Te r o l o b i u M Ti Mb o u va Mart. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

orelha-de-preto; timborá 

Citations: 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Dutra IS, et al. (1999) Experimentos 

em bovinos com as favas de Enterolobium 

contortisiliquum e E. timbouva para verificar propriedades 

fotosensibilizantes e/ou abortivas. Pesq Vet Bras 

19(1):39-45. 

entjiebos –see– Hertia cluytiifolia (DC.) Kuntze 

Epaltes alata (Sond.) Steetz = Epaltes gariepina (DC.) 

Steetz 

e p a l Te s g a r i e p i n a (DC.) Steetz [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

e paltes alata (Sond.) Steetz 

Citations: 




3(1):1205-130. 



Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

epazote –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & 

Clemants; Dysphania graveolens (Willd.) Mosyakin & 


epazote-de-comer –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) 


epena –see– Virola calophylloidea Markgr. 

ephedra –see– Ephedra sinica Stapf 

e p h e d r a s i n ic a Stapf [Ephedraceae] 

Common Names: 

Chinese ephedra; ephedra; guarana; ma huang 

Citations: 

Liu Y, Wolf LR, Zhu W (1997) Epidemiology of adult poisoning 

at China Medical University. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

35(2):175-180. 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 

Ooms TG, Khan SA, Means C (2001) Suspected caffeine and 

ephedrine toxicosis resulting from ingestion of an herbal 

supplement containing guarana and ma huang in dogs: 47 

cases (1997-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218(2):225-229. 

Pace S (1996) Ma huang food supplement toxicity in two 

adolescents. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34:598. 

Palmer M, Haller C, McKinney P, et al. (1998) A gap in 

the safety net: A multi-center prospective study of herbals 

and other dietary supplements. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

36(5):454. 



Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37(5):609.

146 - Ephedra viridis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Perrotta DM, Goody G, Culmo C, (1996) Adverse events 

associated with ephedrine-containing products - Texas, 

December 1993 - September 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal 

Wkly Rep 45(32):689-692. 

Sawyers B, LoVecchio F (2002) Transient ischemic attack 

associated with metabolife use. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

40(5):644-645. 

Sharma AN, Cinci PM, Hoffman RS (2000) Ma huanginduced 

myocardial infarction with normal coronary 

arteries. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38(5):521. 

Zaacks SM, Klein L, Tan CD, et al. (1999) Hypersensitivity 

myocarditis associated with ephedra use. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 37(4):485-489. 

e p h e d r a v i r i d is Coville [Ephedraceae] 

Common Names: 

American ephedra; desert tea; joint fir; Mexican tea; 

Mormon tea; popotillo; teamster’s-tea; whorehouse tea 

Citations: 

Keeler RF (1989) Investigation of maternal and embryo/fetal 

toxicity of Ephedra viridis and Ephedra nevadensis in 

sheep and cattle. J Range Manag 42(1):31-35. 

Epheu –see– Hedera helix L. 

Epheublättrige Gundelrebe –see– Glechoma hederacea L. 

epile oleander –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

e p i Me d i u M g r a n d i f l o r u M C. Morren 

[Berberidaceae] 

Citations: 

Tuckler V, Peck C, Nesbitt C, et al. (2003) Intractable priapism 

associated with herbal stimulants. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 41(5):671-672. 

Epipremnum aureum (Lindenl. & André) G. S. Bunting = 

Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 

e p i p r e Mn u M p i n n a Tu M (L.) Engl. [Araceae] 

Synonyms: 

e pipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G. S. Bunting; 

s cindapsus aureus (Linden & André) Engl. 

Common Names: 

amapalo amarillo; devil’s-ivy; Efeutute; elephant’s-ear; 

golden Ceylon creeper; golden hunter’s-robe; golden 

pothos; hunter’s-robe; ivy arum; malanga; malanga trepadora; 

marble queen; pothos; Solomon Island ivy; taro 

vine; variegated philodendron 

Citations: 

Krenzelok EP, Mrvos R, Jacobsen TD (2002) Contrary 

to the literature, vomiting is not a common manifestation 

with plant exposures. Vet Hum Toxicol 

44(5):298-300. 

Mobacken H (1975) Allergic plant dermatitis from Scindapsus 

aureus. Contact Dermatitis 1(1):60-61. 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 




eppich –see– Hedera helix L. 

e q u is e Tu M a rv e n s e L. [Equisetaceae] 

Common Names: 

barba ursului; bottlebrush; cat’s-tail; cat’s-tail grass; 

coada calului; cola-de-caballo; colt’s-tail; false horsetail; 

field horsetail; foxtail rush; horsepipe; horsetail; 

joint rush; Kleiner Schachtelhalm; mare’s-tail; meadow 

pine; pine top; pinegrass; prêle; scouring rush; shavegrass; 

snakegrass 

Citations: 

Agustìn-Ubide MP, Martinez-Cócera C, Alonso-Llamazares 

A, et al. (2004) Diagnostic approach to anaphylaxis 

by carrot, related vegetables and horsetail (Equisetum 

arvense) in a homemaker. Allergy 59(7):786-787. 

Bocoş EI (1971) Observaţii asupra intoxicaţiei cu Equisetum 

la animale. Rev Zootehnie Med Vet 21(8):57-59. 



Comp Lyon 72(2):167-173. 

Henderson JA, Evans EV, McIntosh RA (1952) The antithiamine 

action of Equisetum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

120(903):375-378. 

Hudson R (1924) Poisoning by horsetail (Equisetum 

arvense). Vet J 80:40. 

Jones LR (1901) Are our native horsetails or ferns poisonous? 

Proc Soc Promot Agric Sci 22:70-74. 

Maeda H, Miyamoto K, Sano T (1997) Occurrence of dermatitis 

in rats fed a cholesterol diet containing field horsetail 

(Equisetum arvense L.). J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 

43(5):553-563. 

Pammel LH (1919) Poisoning from horsetail. Am J Vet Med 

14:245-246. 

Rich FA (1902) Equisetum poisoning. Am Vet Rev 

26:944-954. 

Rich FA, Jones LR (1902) A poisonous plant. The common 

horsetail (Equisetum arvense). Vermont Agric Exp Sta 

Bull #95:187-190. 

Sudan BJ (1985) Seborrhoeic dermatitis induced by nicotine 

of horsetails (Equisetum arvense L.). Contact Dermatitis 

13(3):201-202. 

e q u is e Tu M f l u vi a Ti l e L. [Equisetaceae] 

Common Names: 

cola-de-caballo; horsetail; swamp horsetail; water 

horsetail 

Citations: 

Klebesadel LJ, Mitchell WW (1964) An outbreak of horse 

poisoning from swamp horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile 

L.). J Range Manag 17(6):333-334. 

e q u is e Tu M p a l u s Tr e L. [Equisetaceae] 

Common Names: 

erba cavalina; gli equiseti; herbe-aux-grenouilles; 

horsetail; marsh horsetail; marsh weed; mocsári

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Erodium cicutarium - 147 

zsurló; myrsnelle; prêle commune; queue-de-cheval; 

Sumpfschachtelhalm 

Citations: 

Butkus J, Čepulevičius M (1972) Apsinuodijimas asiūkliais ar 

babezielioze? Trudy Litovskii Vet Akademii 10:181-184. 

Kamphues J (1990) Verweigerung der Aufnahme von Heu 

bei Zuchtbullen dedingt durch eine Kontamination mit 

Sumpfschachtelhalm (Equisetum palustre). Tierarztl 

Prax 18(4):349-351. 

Khoteev VS, Chevguz FK (1970) [Large outbreak of Equisetum 

palustre poisoning in horses.] Veterinariia Moscow 

47(8):68-69. 

Lindt S (1959) Über eine Schachtelhalmvergiftung bei Kälbern. 

Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 101:461-464. 

Richter HE (1961) Neuerlicher Vergiftungsfall durch Equisetum 

palustre L., Sumpfschachtelhalm. Wien Tierarztl 

Monatsschr 48(9):761-762. 

e q u is e Tu M r a Mo s is s i Mu M Desf. 

[Equisetaceae] 

Common Names: 

drilgras; dronkgras; horsetail; mare’s-tail; perde stert 

Citations: 


known and unknown poisonous plants in the Union of South 

Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Indus 1:173-182. 

e q u is e Tu M Te l Ma Te i a Ehrh. [Equisetaceae] 

Common Names: 

giant horsetail 

Citations: 

Miró O, Pedrol E, Nogué S, et al. (1996) Hiponatremia e 

hipopotasemia graves inducidas por el consumo de Equisetum 

telmateia. Med Clin (Barc) 106(6):639. 

eramusu –see– Hemidesmus indicus (L.) W. T. Aiton 

erand –see– Ricinus communis L. 

erba cavalina –see– Equisetum palustre L. 

Erbse –see– Lathyrus odoratus L.; Pisum sativum L. 

Erbsenstrauch –see– Caragana arborescens Lam. 

Erdapfel –see– Solanum tuberosum L. 

Erdbeere –see– Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier 

erdei iszalag –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

erdei szélfü –see– Mercurialis perennis L. 

Erdepheu –see– Glechoma hederacea L. 

Erdklee –see– Trifolium subterraneum L. 

Erdnuß –see– Arachis hypogaea L. 

Erdschierling –see– Conium maculatum L. 

e r e Mo p h i l a d e s e r Ti (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) 

Chinnock [Scrophulariaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Myoporum deserti A. Cunn. ex Benth. 

Common Names: 

carrot bush; dogweed; Ellangowan; Ellangowan poison 

bush; ngaione; pencil bush; poison bush; turkey 

bush 

Citations: 

Allen JG, Seawright AA (1973) The effect of prior treatment 

with phenobarbitone, dicophane (DDT) and 

β-diethylaminoethyl phenylpropyl acetate (SKF 525A) on 

experimental intoxication of sheep with the plant Myoporum 

deserti Cunn. Res Vet Sci 15(2):167-179. 

Johnstone IL, Allen GH (1944) Observations on the poisoning 

of sheep by Myoporum deserti (turkey-brush or 

Ellangowan-brush). Aust Vet J 20:227-230. 

e r e Mo p h i l a Ma c u l a Ta (Ker Gawl.) F. Muell. 

[Scrophulariaceae] 

Common Names: 

fuchsia bush; native fuchsia; spotted emubush; spotted 

fuchsia 

Citations: 

Finnemore H (1931) The poisoning of stock on the Georgina 

River. The native fuchsia and gidgea. J CSIRO Aust 

4:220-224. 

Ramsay AA, Henry M (1929) Rosewood (Heterodendrum 

oleaefolium) and native fuchsia (Eremophila maculata) 

two poisonous plants. Agric Gaz New South Wales 

40:834-837. 

Seddon HR, King RO (1930) The fatal dose for sheep of 

cyanogenetic plants containing sambunigrin or prunasin. 

J CSIRO Aust 3:14-24. 

erg elagrab –see– Clitoria ternatea L. 

e r io c h l o a c o n Tr a c Ta Hitchc. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

prairie cupgrass 

Citations: 



#812:8 pp. 

e r iob o Tr y a j a p o n ic a (Thunb.) Lindl. 

[Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

Japanese plum; loquat; loquat plum 

Citations: 

Weber MA, Garner M (2002) Cyanide toxicosis in Asian 

small-clawed otters (Amblonyx cinereus) secondary to 

ingestion of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica). J Zoo Wildl 

Med 33(2):145-146. 

e r o d i u M c ic u Ta r i u M (L.) L’Her. 

[Geraniaceae] 

Common Names: 

alfilaria; alfilerillo; California filaree; pingrass; redstem 

filaree; stork’s-bill

148 - Erophaca baetica D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Ford GE (1965) Photosensitivity due to Erodium spp. Aust 

Vet J 41(Feb):56. 

e r o p h a c a b a e Tic a (L.) Boiss. [Fabaceae] 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a stragalus lusitanicus Lam. 

Common Names: 

garbancillo; garbanzuelos 

Citations: 

Abdennebi EH, Quazzani N, Jossang A, et al. (2001) 

Inhibition of glycosidases by Astragalus lusitanicus 

and correlation with toxicity. Vet Hum Toxicol 

43(5):266-269. 

Abdennebi EH, Quazzani NE, Lamnaouer D (1998) Clinical 

and analytical studies of sheep dosed with various 

preparations of Astragalus lusitanicus. Vet Hum Toxicol 

40(6):327-331. 

El Hamidi M, Leipold HW (1989) Poisoning of sheep by 

Astragalus lusitanicus in Morocco: Field and experimental 

studies. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 36(2):115-121. 

Garcia Roman A, Moyano Salvago MR, Soler Rodriguez 

F, et al. (1987) Physiopathologic changes in lambs 

fed with Astragalus lusitanicus Lam. Vet Hum Toxicol 

29(5):387-389. 

Moyano Salvago R, Gázquez Ortíz A, García Román A, et 

al. (1989) Alteraciones anatomopatológicas producidas en 

la intoxicación experimental por Astragalus lusitanicus 

Lam. Medicina Vet 6(9):491-494. 

Soler F, Pedrera JD, Roncero V, et al. (1991) Description of 

a field case of Astragalus lusitanicus intoxication in goat. 

Acta Vet Scand Suppl 87:351-353. 

Soler Rodriguez F, García Román A, Moyano Salvago 

MR, et al. (1990) Effect of Astragalus lusitanicus Lam 

in experimental subchronic neurotoxicity of lambs. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 32(6):551-554. 

ers –see– Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. 

ers ervillier –see– Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. 

erun –see– Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan 

erva-de-passarinho –see– Phoradendron piperoides (Kunth) 

Trel. 

erva-de-rato –see– Palicourea marcgravii A. St.-Hil.; 

Psychotria poeppigiana Müll. Arg. 

ervilhaca –see– Vicia sativa L. 

Ervum ervilia L. = Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. 

Ervum lens L. = Lens culinaris Medik. 

e r y c i b e h e n r y i Prain [Convolvulaceae] 

Common names: 

ting-kung-teng 

Citations: 

Lin CC, Chen JC (2002) Medicinal herb Erycibe henri 

Prain (“ting kung teng”) resulting in acute cholinergic 

syndrome. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40(2):185-187. 

e r y c i b e ob Tu s i f o l i a Benth. [Convolvulaceae] 

Common Names: 

lei-gong-teng 

Citations: 

Hsu HY, Lin CC, Chen JY, et al. (1998) Toxic effects of 

Erycibe obtusifolia, a Chinese medicinal herb, in mice. J 

Ethnopharmacol 62(2):101-105. 

e r y Th r o p h l e u M a f r ic a n u M (Welw. ex 

Benth.) Harms [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

ordeal tree; samburu 

Citations: 

Nwude N, Chineme CN (1981) Toxic effects of the leaves of 

Erythrophleum africanum Harms in sheep. Bull Anim 

Health Prod Afr 29(4):349-354. 

e r y Th r o p h l e u M c h l o r o s Ta c h y s (F. 

Muell.) Baill. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

e rythrophleum laboucheri F. Muell. ex Benth. 

Common Names: 

black bean; camel poison; Cooktown ironwood; ironweed; 

ironwood; northern ironwood 

Citations: 

Petrie JM, Priestly H (1921) Physiological activity of 

Erythrophloeum laboucherii. Proc Linn Soc N S W 

46:340-348. 

Erythrophleum guineense G. Don = Erythrophleum 

suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan 

Erythrophleum laboucheri F. Muell. ex Benth. = 

Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Muell.) Baill. 

e r y Th r o p h l e u M s u a ve o l e n s (Guill. & 

Perr.) Brenan [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

e rythrophleum guineense G. Don 

Common Names: 

casca bark; doom bark; erun; marcona bark; ordeal 

bark; ordeal tree; red-water bark; sasswood; sassy bark; 

saucy bark 

Citations: 

Akinlade NO (1967) A case of sasswood poisoning. West 

Afr Med J 16(2):63-64. 

Nwude N, Chineme CN (1980) Investigations into the toxicity 

of the leaves of Erythrophleum guineense Don. in 

sheep. Res Vet Sci 28(1):112-115. 

e r y Th r o p h l e u M s u c c i r u b r u M Gagnep. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

phan saat; saat; tria

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Eucomis undulata - 149 

Citations: 

Echeverria P, Taylor DN, Bodhidatta L, et al. (1986) Deaths 

following ingestion of a cardiotoxic plant in Kampuchean 

children in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public 

Health 17(4):601-603. 

e r y Th r o x y l u M a r g e n Ti n u M O. E. Schulz 

[Erythroxylaceae] 

Citations: 

Barros RR, Teixeira FR, Oliveira FN, et al. (2004) Poisoning 

in sheep from the ingestion of fruits of Erythroxylum 

argentinum. Vet Hum Toxicol 46(4):173-175. 

e r y Th r o x y l u M c o c a Lam. [Erythroxylaceae] 

Common Names: 

coca; cuca; spadic bush 

Citations: 

Valentine JL, Fremming BD, Chappell RH, et al. (1988) 

Effects of extended feeding of decocainized Erythroxylon 

coca leaves on growth and selected organs in rats and 

rabbits. Hum Toxicol 7:21-26. 

e r y Th r o x y l u M d e c i d u u M A. St.-Hil. 

[Erythroxylaceae] 

Common Names: 

cocão 

Citations: 

Colodel EM, Seitz AL, Schmitz M, et al. (2004) Intoxicação 

por Erythroxylum deciduum (Erythroxylaceae) em ovinos. 

Pesq Vet Bras 24(3):165-168. 

e s e n b e c k i a l e io c a r p a Engl. [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

Guarantã 

Citations: 




esparto –see– Macrochloa tenacissima (Loefl. ex L.) Kunth 

esparto grass –see– Nassella tenuissima (Trin.) Barkworth 

espigon –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

espina colorado –see– Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. 

espina-de-palma –see– Duranta erecta L. 

espinafre –see– Spinacia oleracea L. 

espirradeira –see– Nerium oleander L. 

Essigbaum –see– Rhus typhina L. 

estafiate –see– Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 

estramonio Americano –see– Datura stramonium L. 

estramonio chino –see– Datura ferox L. 

estrella –see– Cynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilg. 

estrella federal –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

esula redonda –see– Euphorbia peplus L. 

esura –see– Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill. 

Ethiopian dog’s-toothgrass –see– Cynodon aethiopicus 

Clayton & J. R. Harlan 

e u c a l y p Tu s c a Ma l d u l e n s is Dehnh. 

[Myrtaceae] 

Common Names: 

red gum 

Citations: 

Hughes RJ (1973) Abnormal yolk color and mottling 

caused by dietary tannic acid and ‘tannins’. J Poultry Sci 

52(5):1784-1786. 

e u c a l y p Tu s c l a d o c a l y x F. Muell. 

[Myrtaceae] 

Common Names: 

sugar gum 

Citations: 


Aust 2:40-48. 

Reece RL, Handson P (1982) Observations on the accidental 

poisoning of birds by organophosphate insecticides and 

other toxic substances. Vet Rec 111(20):453-455. 

Steyn DG (1948) The toxicity of various species of Eucalyptus 

trees (blue gum, blougom, bloekom). J S Afr Vet 

Assoc 19(Mar):25-29. 

Webber JJ, Roycroft CR, Callinan JD (1985) Cyanide poisoning 

of goats from sugar gums (Eucalyptus cladocalyx). 

Aust Vet J 62(1):28. 

e u c a l y p Tu s g l ob u l u s Labill. [Myrtaceae] 

Common Names: 

blue gum eucalyptus; gum tree 

Citations: 

Krenzelok EP, Mrvos R, Jacobsen TD (2002) Contrary to 

the literature, vomiting is not a common manifestation 

with plant exposures. Vet Hum Toxicol 44(5):298-300. 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 



41(4):514. 

e u c a l y p Tu s s a l ig n a Sm. [Myrtaceae] 

Citations: 




e u c o Mis u n d u l a Ta Aiton [Hyacinthaceae] 

Citations: 



J Vet Sci Anim Indus 20(1):75-83.

150 - Eugenia myrtifolia D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. = Syzygium aromaticum (L.) 

Merr. & L. M. Perry 

e u g e n i a My r Ti f o l i a Salisb. [Myrtaceae] 

Citations: 

Anderson CR (1944) Contact dermatitis from alfalfa and bur 

clover. Arch Derm Syphilol 50:201. 

Eugenia smithii Poir. = Acmena smithii (Poir.) Merr. & L. 

M. Perry 

eugomo –see– Coula edulis Baill. 

e u o n y Mu s e u r o p a e u s L. [Celastraceae] 

Common Names: 

ananbeam; bonnet-de-prêtre; catwood; dogwood; 

European euonymus; European spindle tree; fusain; 

gatter; louse berry tree; pegwood; Pfaffenhütchen; pigwood; 

prickwood; skewerwood; Spillbaum; Spindelbaum; 

spindle tree 

Citations: 

Hermkes L (1941) Eine seltene Vergiftung mit den Früchten 

des Spindelbaumes (Pfaffenhütchen). Munch Med 

Wochenschr 88(37):1011-1012. 

Herold DA, Wahl R, Maasch HJ, et al. (1991) Occupational 

wood-dust sensitivity from Euonymus europaeus (spindle 

tree) and investigation of cross reactivity between 

E. e. and Artemisia vulgaris pollen (mugwort). Allergy 

46(3):186-190. 

Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. = Ageratina adenophora 

(Spreng.) R. M. King & H. Rob. 

Eupatorium ageratoides L. f. = Ageratina altissima (L.) R. 

M. King & H. Rob. 

e u p a To r i u M a l Tis s i Mu M L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

thoroughwort 

Citations: 

Brier AJ (1939-1940) Contact dermatitis from thurowort 

(Eupatorium altissimum). J Allergy 11:402-406. 

e u p a To r i u M c h i n e n s e L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Chinese eupatorium; lan tsao 

Citations: 

Pak C, Read BE (1937) Chinese eupatorium. Chin J Physiol 

12(3):263-274. 

Eupatorium glandulosum Michx. = Ageratina adenophora 

(Spreng.) R. M. King & H. Rob. 

Eupatorium riparium Regel = Ageratina riparia (Regel) R. 


Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. = Ageratina altissima (L.) R. 


Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard = Ageratina altissima 

(L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. 

Eupatorium wrightii A. Gray = Ageratina wrightii (A. 

Gray) R. M. King & H. Rob. 

e u p h o r b i a a b y s s i n ic a J. F. Gmel. 


Citations: 

Abebe W (1992) Adverse effects of traditional drug preparations. 

J Ethnopharmacol 36:93-94. 

e u p h o r b i a a n Tiq u o r u M L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

e uphorbia trigona Haw. 

Common Names: 

fleshy spurge; Malayan spurge; milkbush; spurge 

cactus 

Citations: 

Hallén L (1986) Sprättivägplanta och high chapparall 

- Modekrukväxter med risker. Lakartidningen 

83(34):2756. 

Euphorbia biglandulosa Desf. = Euphorbia rigida M. Bieb. 

e u p h o r b i a c a e r u l e s c e n s Haw. 


Common Names: 

blue euphorbia; sweet noors 

Citations: 

Evans FJ (1978) The irritant toxins of blue euphorbia 

(Euphorbia caerulescens Haw.). Toxicon 16(1):51-57. 

e u p h o r b i a c h a r a c i a s L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

phlomos; tántago-de-Valencia; tárago mayor 

Citations: 

Eke T, Al-Husainy S, Raynor MK (2000) The spectrum of 

ocular inflammation caused by euphorbia plant sap. Arch 

Ophthalmol 118(1):13-16. 

e u p h o r b i a c o o p e r i N. E. Br. ex A. Berger 


Citations: 



e u p h o r b i a c y p a r is s i a s L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

cypress spurge; farkas kutyatej; Glelskraut; Krötengraß; 

lechetrezna; spurge; Warzengraß; Zypressen- 

Wolfsmilch 

Citations: 

Asilian A, Faghihi G (2004) Severe irritant contact dermatitis 

from cypress spurge. Contact Dermatitis 51(1):37-39.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Euphorbia hermentiana - 151 

Lisch K (1980) Die Wirkung des Milchsaftes von Euphorbiazeen 

auf das Auge. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 

176(3):469-471. 

Ritter S (1985) Vergiftungen durch Pflanzen. Dtsch Apoth 

Ztg 125(37):1834-1836. 

Rössler G (1985) Keratoconjunctivitis Euphorbiae. Klin 

Monatsbl Augenheilkd 186(5):380-381. 

Euphorbia dallachyana Baill. = Euphorbia drummondii 

Boiss. 

e u p h o r b i a d e n d r o i d e s L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

titimalo 

Citations: 

Bioman P, Savir H (1974) [Chemical ocular injury by Euphorbia 

dendroides.] Harefuah 87(Oct):308-309. 

e u p h o r b i a d r u MMo n d i i Boiss. 


Synonyms: 

e uphorbia dallachyana Baill. 

Common Names: 

balsam; caustic creeper; caustic weed; creeping caustic; 

mat balsam; mat spurge; milk spurge; milkweed; onat 

spurge; poison weed; red soldier 

Citations: 


Aust 2:40-48. 

Seddon HR (1927) Euphorbia drummondii, “milk weed,” a 

plant poisonous to sheep. J CSIRO Aust 1:268-273. 

Seddon HR (1928) Milk weed (Euphorbia drummondii) 

proved poisonous to sheep. Agric Gaz New South Wales 

39:777-782. 

e u p h o r b i a e s u l a L. 

Common names: 

leafy spurge 

Citations: 

Heemstra JM, Kronberg SL, Neiger RD, et al. (1999) Behavioral, 

nutritional, and toxicological responses of cattle to 

ensiled leafy spurge. J Anim Sci 77(3):600-610. 

Johnson A, Peake RW (1960) Effect of selective grazing by 

sheep on the control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). 

J Range Manag 12:192-195. 

e u p h o r b i a f r a n c k i a n a A. Berger 


Citations: 



e u p h o r b i a f u l g e n s Karw. ex Klotzsch 


Common Names: 

scarlet plume 

Citations: 

Hausen BM, Ketels-Harken H, Schulz KH (1976) 

Berufsbedingte Inhalationsallergie durch Pollen von 

Euphorbia fulgens Karw. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 

101(15):567-570. 

Euphorbia geniculata Ortega = Euphorbia heterophylla L. 

e u p h o r b i a g e r a r d i a n a Jacq. 


Common Names: 

Wolfsmilch 

Citations: 

Geßner O (1936) Gewerbliche Dermatitis durch Wolfsmilcharten 

(Euphorbiaceen). Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 

7(A651):217-218. 

e u p h o r b i a g r a n d ic o r n is Goebel ex N. E. 

Br. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Citations: 

Likes K, Chavez M, Picchioni A, et al. (undated) Keratoconjunctivitis 

and contact dermatitis from exposure to the 

sap from Euphorbia spp. Unpublished manuscript from 

the Arizona Poison Control and Drug Information Center, 

Tucson. 

e u p h o r b i a g r a n Ti i Oliv. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Citations: 

Likes K, Chavez M, Picchioni A, et al. (undated) Keratoconjunctivitis 

and contact dermatitis from exposure to the 

sap from Euphorbia spp. Unpublished manuscript from 

the Arizona Poison Control and Drug Information Center, 

Tucson. 

e u p h o r b i a h e l io s c o p i a L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

cat’s-milk; churn staff; Hundswolfkraut; ibby 

dalegrass; irby dalegrass; lecheruela; lechetrezna; 

little good; little goody; mamona; Milchkraut; Sonnenwolfsmilch; 

spurge; sun spurge; wartwort; Wolfsmilch; 

wortgrass 

Citations: 



Aust 2(Dec 19):775-778. 

Guggenheim I (1926) Bindehaut- und Hornhautentzündung 

durch Saft der Euphorbia helioscopia (Wolfsmilch). Klin 

Monatsbl Augenheilkd 77:521-523. 

Rössler G (1985) Keratoconjunctivitis Euphorbiae. Klin 

Monatsbl Augenheilkd 186(5):380-381. 

Vlachos P, Poulos L, Koutselinis A, et al. (1978) Euphorbia 

poisoning (case reports). Environ Biol Med 6:104. 

e u p h o r b i a h e r Me n Ti a n a Lem. 


Common Names: 

milk bush

152 - Euphorbia heterophylla D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Worobec SM, Hickey TA, Kinghorn AD, et al. (1981) Irritant 

contact dermatitis from an ornamental Euphorbia. 


e u p h o r b i a h e Te r o p h y l l a L. 


Synonyms: 

e uphorbia geniculata Ortega 

Common Names: 

chilamatillo; fiddler’s-spurge; golondrina; green 

euphorb; hierba-del-duende; Japanese poinsettia; 

Mexican fire plant; painted leaf; painted spurge; wild 

poinsettia 

Citations: 

Deodikar GB, Thakar CV, Phadke RP, et al. (1958) Poisoning 

of honeybees foraging on Euphorbia geniculata. Bee 

World 39(5):118-120. 

Euphorbia hirta L. = Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 

e u p h o r b i a i n g e n s E. Mey. ex Boiss. 


Common Names: 

candelabra cactus; candelabra Euphorbia; candelabra 

tree; kankerbos; naboom 

Citations: 



e u p h o r b i a l a c Te a Haw. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

candelabra cactus; dragon bone tree; dragon bones; false 

cactus; hatrack cactus; milkstripe euphorbia; monkey 

puzzle; mottled spurge 

Citations: 


diseases. Am J Ophthalmol 75(3):349-364. 

Crowder JI, Sexton RR (1964) Keratoconjunctivitis resulting 

from the sap of candelebra cactus and the pencil tree. 

Arch Ophthalmol 72(Oct):476-484. 

e u p h o r b i a l a Th y r is L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

antigopher plant; caper bush; caper garden spurge; caper 

spurge; garden spurge; gopher plant; Kreuzblättrige Wolfsmilch; 

Maulwurfskraut; milkweed; mole plant; myrtle 

spurge; Pillenbaum; sassy jack; Springkraut; Springwolfsmilch; 

springwort; tártago; wild caper; wolf’s-milk 

Citations: 

Antcliff RJ (1994) Euphorbia lathyris latex keratoconjunctivitis. 

Eye 8(Part 6):696-698. 

Dietze U, Heydenreich A (1982) Augenschädigung durch 

eine zur Wühlmausbekämpfung eigensetzte Wolfsmilchpflanze 

(Euphorbia lathyris). Fol Ophthalmol 7:261-264. 

Frohn A, Frohn C, Steuhl KP, et al. (1993) Wolfsmilchverätzung. 

Ophthalmologe 90(1):58-61. 

Geidel K (1962) Klinische Beobachtung und tierexperimentelle 

Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von Saft der 

Euphorbia lathyris (Springwolfsmilch) am Auge. Klin 

Monatsbl Augenheilkd 141(Sep):374-379. 


Aust Vet J 15:19-23. 

e u p h o r b i a l e d i e n i i A. Berger [Euphorbiaceae] 

Citations: 


(Euphorbia coerulescens Haw.). Toxicon 16(1):51-57. 

e u p h o r b i a l e u c o n e u r a Boiss. 


Common Names: 

borsteuphorbia 

Citations: 

Hallén L (1986) Sprättivägplanta och high chapparall - 

Modekrukväxter med risker. Lakartidningen 83(34):2756. 

Euphorbia maculata L. = Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small 

e u p h o r b i a Ma r g i n a Ta Pursh [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

ghostweed; lepadena; ostromlecza paskowany; snow-onthe-mountain; 

variegated spurge; white margin spurge 

Citations: 

Agersborg G (1882) Poisoning in a cow by Euphorbia marginata. 

Am Vet Rev 6:353. 




Pinedo JM, Saavedra V, Gonzalez-de-Canales F, et al. (1985) 

Irritant dermatitis due to Euphorbia marginata. Contact 


Szafran L (1967) Ostre zapalenie spojówek i rogówki 

wywołane sokiem ostromlecza paskowanego (Euphorbia 

marginata). Pol Tyg Lek (Wars) 22(18):671-672. 

e u p h o r b i a Ma Ta b e l e n s is Pax 


Citations: 

Gundidza M, Sorg B, Hecker E (1993) A skin irritant principle 

from Euphorbia matabelensis Pax. J Ethnopharmacol 

39(3):209-212. 

e u p h o r b i a Ma u r i Ta n ic a L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

geelmelkbos 

Citations: 

Terblanche M, Adelaar TF, van Straten AM (1966) Euphorbia 

mauritanica L. as a poisonous plant in South Africa. J 

S Afr Vet Assoc 37(3):311-315.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Euphorbia pulcherrima - 153 

e u p h o r b i a Mi l i i Des Moul. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Christ’s-thorn; Christusdorn; coroa-de-cristo; crownof-thorns; 

crucifixion plant 

Citations: 




McKinney P, Gomez HF, Phillips S, et al. (1992) The fax 

machine: A new method in plant identification. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 34(4):353. 

e u p h o r b i a My r s i n i Te s L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

creeping spurge; donkey tail; spurge 

Citations: 



176(3):469-471. 

Sierputowska M, Sliwinska M (1968) Dermatitis toxica 

bullosa phytogenes wywołane przez Euphorbia myrsinites. 

Przegl Dermatol 55(6):787-790. 

Spoerke DG, Temple AR (1979) Dermatitis after exposure 

to a garden plant (Euphorbia myrsinites). Am J Dis Child 

133(1):28-29. 

e u p h o r b i a p ag a n o r u M A. Chev. 


Citations: 

Croizat L (1935) Poisonous Euphorbiae. Desert Plant Life 

7:130. 

e u p h o r b i a p a l u s Tr is L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Sumpfwolfsmilch 

Citations: 




e u p h o r b i a p e pl u s L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

caper spurge; esula redonda; Gartenwolfsmilch; lechetrezna; 

milkweed; mole plant; petty spurge; Stierkraut; 

wartweed; Wolfsmilch 

Citations: 

Biedner BZ, Sachs U, Witztum A (1981) Euphorbia 

peplus latex keratoconjunctivitis. Ann Ophthalmol 

13(6):739-740. 

Calnan CD (1975) Petty spurge (Euphorbia peplus L.). Contact 


Eke T (1994) Acute kerato-uveitis associated with topical 

self-administration of the sap of the petty spurge 

(Euphorbia peplus). Eye 8(Part 6):694-696. 

Hartmann K (1940) Augenschädigung durch den Saft der 

Euphorbia peplus (Wolfsmilch). Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 

104:324-326. 

Nawito M, Ahmed YF, Zayed SM (1998) Dietary cancer 

risk from conditional cancerogens in produce of 

livestock fed on species of spurge (Euphorbiaceae). 2. 

Pathophysiological investigations in lactating goats 

fed on the skin irritant herb Euphorbia peplus and 

in their milk-raised kids. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 

124(3-4):179-185. 

Seddon HR (1929) Feeding experiments with Euphorbia 

peplus (“petty spurge”). New South Wales Dep Agric Sci 

Bull 33:99-101. 

Zayed SM, Farghaly M, Taha H (1998) Dietary cancer 

risk from conditional cancerogens in produce of livestock 

fed on species of spurge (Euphorbiaceae). 3. 

Milk of lactating goats fed on the skin irritant herb 

Euphorbia peplus is polluted by tumor promoters of 

the ingenane diterpene ester type. J Cancer Res Clin 

Oncol 124(6):301-306. 

e u p h o r b i a p i l o s a L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

downy spurge; hairy spurge; Wolfsmilch 

Citations: 

Geßner O (1936) Gewerbliche Dermatitis durch Wolfmilcharten 


7(A651):217-218. 

Euphorbia pilulifera L. = Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 

e u p h o r b i a pl a Ty p h y l l o s L. 


Common Names: 

broad-leaf wart spurge 

Citations: 




Euphorbia prostrata Aiton = Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) 

Small 

e u p h o r b i a p u l c h e r r i Ma Willd. ex Klotzsch 


Synonyms: 

p oinsettia pulcherrima (Willd. ex Klotzsch) Graham 

Common Names: 

bandera; beteta; catalina; Christmas flower; Christmas 

poinsettia; Christmas rose; Christmas star; Easter 

flower; estrella federal; flor-de-fuego; flor-de-navidad; 

flor-de-nochebuena; flor-de-pascua; flor-de-Santa- 

Caterina; lobster flower; paño-de-holanda; papagallo; 

pastora; poinsettia; Weihnachtsstern 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1980) Tabulations of 1977 case reports. Bull 

Natl Clgh Poison Control Cent 24(6):1-4. 

D’Arcy WG (1974) Severe contact dermatitis from poinsettia. 

Arch Dermatol 109(6):909-910.

154 - Euphorbia rigida D. Jesse Wagstaff 





Edwards N (1983) Local toxicity from a poinsettia plant: A 

case report. J Pediatr 102(3):404-405. 

Gock K, Schlatter C, Jenny E (1974) Akute Hundevergiftungen. 

Analyse der im Schweizerischen Toxikologischen 

Informationszentrum registrierten Fälle. Schweiz 

Arch Tierheilkd 116(11):565-585. 

Ibáñez MD, Fernández-Nieto M, Martínez J, et al. (2004) 

Asthma induced by latex from ‘Christmas flower’ 

(Euphorbia pulcherrima). Allergy 59(10):1127-1128. 

Klug S, Saleem G, Honcharuk L, et al. (1990) Toxicity 

potential of poinsettia, is the plant really toxic? Am Assoc 

Poison Control Cent 1990:112. 

Krenzelok EP, Jacobsen TD, Aronis JM (1996) Poinsettia 

exposures have good outcomes. Just as we thought. Am J 

Emerg Med 14(7):671-674. 

Krenzelok EP, Jacobsen TD, Aronis M (1998) The most 

prevalent symptoms associated with common plant exposures. 





Massmanian A (1998) Contact dermatitis due to Euphorbia 

pulcherrima Willd, simulating a phototoxic reaction. 




Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 




Runyon R (1980) Toxicity of fresh poinsettia (Euphorbia 

pulcherrima) to Sprague-Dawley rats. Clin Toxicol 

16:167-173. 

Santucci B, Picardo M, Cristaudo A (1985) Contact dermatitis 

from Euphorbia pulcherrima. Contact Dermatitis 

12(5):285-286. 




e u p h o r b i a r ig i d a M. Bieb. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

e uphorbia biglandulosa Desf. 

Citations: 

Frohn A, Frohn C, Steuhl KP, et al. (1993) Wolfsmilchverätzung. 

Ophthalmologe 90(1):58-61. 



176(3):469-471. 

Smirnow LD, Efremov AI (1970) [Dermatitis due to Euphorbia 

rigida M.B.] Vestn Dermatol Venerol 44(6):67-69. 

e u p h o r b i a r ob b i a e Turrill [Euphorbiaceae] 

Citations: 




e u p h o r b i a r o y l e a n a Boiss. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

chu; churee; tordanda 

Citations: 

Sofat BK, Sood GC, Chandel RD, et al. (1972) Euphorbia 

royleana latex keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 74(4):634-637. 

Sood GC, Sofat BK, Chandel RD (1971) Injury to the 

eye by the sap of Euphorbia royleana. Br J Ophthalmol 

55(12):856-857. 

e u p h o r b i a s a l ic i f o l i a Host [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Wolfsmilch 

Citations: 

Geßner O (1936) Gewerbliche Dermatitis durch Wolfmilcharten 


7(A651):217-218. 

e u p h o r b i a Ti r u c a l l i L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

bali bali; catuit; consuelda; finger tree; gaton; Geraldton 

carnation weed; Indian spurge tree; Indian tree; 

Malabar tree; milk bush; milk hedge; milk tree; minyara; 

monkey fiddle; naked lady; pencil cactus; pencil 

tree; rubber euphorbia; sapu; solsoldong; soro soro; 

sosueldo; spurge tree; suel-da-con-suelda; suerda-consuerda; 

utupa 

Citations: 



Crowder JI, Sexton RR (1964) Keratoconjunctivitis resulting 

from the sap of candelebra cactus and the pencil tree. 

Arch Ophthalmol 72(Oct):476-484. 

Uichanco JB, Aquino AR (1962) Euphorbia tirucalli as a systemic 

poison and its possible use for euthanasia. Philippine 

J Vet Med 1:161-167. 

Euphorbia tithymaloides L. = Pedilanthus tithymaloides 

(L.) Poit. 

Euphorbia trigona Haw. = Euphorbia antiquorum L. 

e u p h o r b i a Tr i a n g u l a r is Desf. ex A. Berger 


Citations: 

Gschwendt M, Hecker E (1974) Über die Wirkstoffe der 

Euphorbiaceen II. Hautreizende und cocarcinogene Faktoren 

aus Euphorbia triangularis Desf. Z Krebsforsch 

81:193-210. 

Euphorbia viminale L. = Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. 

Eurecka lemon –see– Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. 

Europäische Haselwurz –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

European aconite –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

European beech –see– Fagus sylvatica L. 

European bindweed –see– Convolvulus arvensis L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Excoecaria parvifolia - 155 

European bittersweet –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

European boxwood –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

European cherry laurel –see– Prunus laurocerasus L. 

European dog mercury –see– Mercurialis perennis L. 

European elder –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

European euonymus –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

European hazel –see– Corylus avellana L. 

European heliotrope –see– Heliotropium europaeum L. 

European hop –see– Humulus lupulus L. 

European horse chestnut –see– Aesculus hippocastanum L. 

European laurel –see– Laurus nobilis L. 

European mandrake –see– Mandragora officinarum L. 

European May Day tree –see– Prunus padus L. 

European mistletoe –see– Viscum album L. 

European morning-glory –see– Convolvulus arvensis L. 

European nightshade –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

European oak –see– Quercus robur L. 

European pennyroyal –see– Mentha pulegium L. 

European pine –see– Pinus pinaster Aiton 

European privet –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

European spindle tree –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

European vervain –see– Verbena officinalis L. 

European water hemlock –see– Cicuta virosa L. 

European white hellebore –see– Veratrum album L. 

European white lupin –see– Lupinus albus L. 

European yew –see– Taxus baccata L. 

e u x y l o p h o r a p a r a e n s is Huber [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

Páo amarello; Páo setim; Perobas 

Citations: 




evening-star rain lily –see– Cooperia pedunculata Herb. 

evening trumpet flower –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. 

St.-Hil. 

evening trumpet vine –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. 

St.-Hil. 

evergreen box –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

evergreen holm oak –see– Quercus ilex L. 

everlasting pea –see– Lathyrus hirsutus L.; Lathyrus latifolius 

L.; Lathyrus pusillus Elliott; Lathyrus sylvestris L. 

everlasting thorn –see– Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. 

Eve’s-necklace –see– Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev 

ewe-aran –see– Spigelia anthelmia L. 

ewon agogo –see– Lantana camara L. 

e x a c u M a f f i n e Balf. f. [Gentianaceae] 

Citations: 




e x c o e c a r i a p a rv i f o l i a Müll. Arg. 


Common Names: 

blind-your-eyes; gutta percha tree; poison tree 

Citations: 

Logan DA (1925) Gutta percha tree (Excoecaria parvifolia) 

and its effects on sheep. Queensland Agric J 24(Sep 

1):232-233. 

exile oleander –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

exile tree –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

eyebane –see– Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small 

ezonegi –see– Allium schoenoprasum L.

faba bean –see– Vicia faba L. 

fabismo –see– Vicia faba L. 

fadang –see– Cycas circinalis L. 

f a d o g i a h o Mb l e i De Wild. [Rubiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

f adogia monticola Robyns 

Common Names: 

wild date 

Citations: 

Adelaar TF, Terblanche M, Smit JD (1966) A report on negative 

experiments with ferric chloride as a prophylactic 

agent against gousiekte. J S Afr Vet Assoc 37(2):199-201. 

Fourie N, Schultz RA, Prozesky L, et al. (1989) Clinical 

pathological changes in gousiekte, a plant-induced 

cardiotoxicosis of ruminants. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

56(1):73-80. 

Hurter LR, Naudé TW, Adelaar TF, et al. (1972) Ingestion 

of the plant Fadogia monticola Robyns as an additional 

cause of gousiekte in ruminants. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

39(1):71-81. 

Prozesky L, Bastianello SS, Fourie N, et al. (2005) A study 

of the pathology and pathogenesis of the myocardial 

lesions in gousiekte, a plant-induced cardiotoxicosis of 

ruminants. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 72(3):219-230. 

Fadogia monticola Robyns = Fadogia homblei De Wild. 

Fagara flava (Vahl) Krug & Urb. = Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl 

f ag a r a h e i Tz i i Aubrév. & Pellegr. [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

linoncillo; olon 

Citations: 

Condé-Salazar L, Guimaraens D, Romero LV, et al. (1987) 

Allergic contact dermatitis to olonwood. Contact Dermatitis 

16(4):231-232. 

fagopyrisme –see– Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 

f ag o p y r u M e s c u l e n Tu M Moench 

[Polygonaceae] 

Synonyms: 

f agopyrum sagittatum Gilib.; p olygonum fagopyrum 

L. 

Common Names: 

Buchweizen; buckwheat; fagopyrisme; hainkorn; 

Heidegrütze; Heidekorn; trigo sarracero; wild 

buckwheat 

f 

Citations: 

Bichlmaier H (1912) Experimentelle Untersuchungen 

über Buchweizenerkranckung. Monatsh Prakt Tierheil 

23:305-318. 

Blumstein GI (1935) Buckwheat sensitivity. J Allergy 

7:74-79. 

Bruce EA (1917) Fagopyrismus (buckwheat poisoning) 

and similar affections. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

52(Nov):189-194. 

Collet P, Henry E (1952) Photosensibilisation du Dindon par 

le Sarrazin. Bull Soc Vet Lyon 54-55(1):437-442. 

Göhte CJ, Wieslander G, Ancker K, et al. (1983) Buckwheat 

allergy: Health food, an inhalation health risk. Allergy 

38(3):155-159. 

Horesh AJ (1972) Buckwheat sensitivity in children. Ann 

Allergy 30(12):685-689. 

Kubo H, Fujimoto H, Nakayama H (1938) Über die Leberveranderungen 

durch die Zufuhr von Buchweizen, 

gewöhnlicher Nahrungsmittel, bei Kaninchen, Ratten 

und Mausen. (I. Mitteilung). Acta Pathol Jpn 

28:325-336. 

Lee SY, Lee KS, Hong CH, et al. (2001) Three cases of 

childhood nocturnal asthma due to buckwheat allergy. 

Allergy 56(8):763-766. 

Park JW, Kang DB, Kim CW, et al. (2000) Identification 

and characterization of the major allergens of buckwheat. 

Allergy 55(11):1035-1041. 

Priouzeau MM (1942) Fagopyrisme chez les bovidés. Rec 

Med Vet Ec Alfort 118:160-168. 

Schiffner R, Przybilla B, Burgdorff T, et al. (2001) Anaphylaxis 

to buckwheat. Allergy 56(10):1020-1021. 

Sheard C, Caylor HD, Schlotthauer C (1928) Photosensitization 

of animals after the ingestion of buckwheat. J Exp 

Med 47:1013-1028. 

Valdivieso R, Moneo I, Pola J, et al. (1989) Occupational 

asthma and contact urticaria caused by buckwheat flour. 

Ann Allergy 63(2):149-152. 

Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib. = Fagopyrum esculentum 

Moench 

f ag u s g r a n d i f o l i a Ehrh. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

American beech; beechnut 

Citations: 

Morton JF (1979) Plant tannins and esophageal cancer. In: 

Deichmann WB (ed.) Toxicology and occupational medicine. 

Elsevier. New York. pp. 129-137. 

f ag u s s y l va Tic a L. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

beech; beechnut; Buche; European beech; Rotbuche

158 - Faidherbia albida D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Hayes MJ, Turner M (1990) Beechmast poisoning. Vet Rec 

127(20):508. 




Räsänen L, Jolanki R, Estlander T, et al. (1998) Occupational 

contact allergy from beechwood. Contact Dermatitis 

38(1):55. 

Wilkens WM, Cranwell MP (1990) Beechmast poisoning in 

ponies. Vet Rec 127(17):435. 

f a i d h e r b i a a l b i d a (Delile) A. Chev. 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 



J 39(16):344-350. 

fairy bells –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

fairy caps –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

fairy fingers –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

fairy gloves –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

fairy thimbles –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

fakete nadálytö –see– Symphytum officinale L. 

falaris –see– Phalaris aquatica L. 

fall crocus –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

fall panicgrass –see– Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. 

fall panicum –see– Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. 

fall poison –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & H. 

Rob.; Amianthium muscitoxicum (Walter) A. Gray 

Fallkraut –see– Arnica montana L. 

f a l l o p i a c o n vo l vu l u s (L.) Á. Löve 


Synonyms: 

p olygonum convolvulus L. 

Common Names: 

black bindweed; climbing buckwheat; cornbind; ivy 

bindweed; knot bindweed; Windenknöterich 

Citations: 

Salgues R (1961) Le genre Polygonum L. (Polygonacées) 

Etudes chimiques et toxicologiques. Les faits hématologiques 



Wilsdorf G, Heckel R, Juhrke J (1991) Orientierende 

toxikologische Untersuchungen an Wistar-Ratten zur 

Bewertung von Windenknöterich - (Polygonum convolvulus) 

samen. Arch Exp Veterinarmed 45(1):123-129. 

f a l l o p i a Mu l Ti f l o r a (Thunb.) Haraldson 


Synonyms: 

p olygonum multiflorum Thunb. 

Common Names: 

ho-shou-wu; shou-wu-pian; shouwu 

Citations: 

Battinelli L, Daniele C, Mazzanti G, et al. (2004) New case 

of acute hepatitis following the consumption of shou wu 

pian, a Chinese herbal product derived from Polygonum 

multiflorum. Ann Intern Med 140(7):E589-E590. 

But PP, Tomlinson B, Lee KL (1996) Hepatitis related 

to the Chinese medicine shou-wu-pian manufactured 

from Polygonum multiflorum. Vet Hum Toxicol 

38(4):280-282. 




Panis B, Wong DR, Hooymans PM, et al. (2005) Recurrent 

toxic hepatitis in a Caucasian girl related to the use 

of shou-wu-pian, a Chinese herbal preparation. J Pediatr 

Gastroenterol Nutr 41(2):256-258. 

f a l l o p i a s a c h a l i n e n s is (F. Schmidt) Ronse 

Decr. [Polygonaceae] 

Citations: 



falsa visnaga –see– Ammi majus L. 

Falsche Akazie –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

falsche Efparfette –see– Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

Falscher Kalmus –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

false acacia –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

false angustura bark –see– Strychnos ignatii P. J. Bergius 

false banana –see– Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 

false cactus –see– Euphorbia lactea Haw. 

false castor –see– Datura ferox L. 

false chamomile –see– Matricaria recutita L. 

false coffeebean –see– Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch 

false dandelion –see– Hypochaeris radicata L. 

false ebony –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

false heliotrope –see– Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S. Watson 

false hellebore –see– Veratrum album L.; Veratrum 

californicum Durand; Veratrum japonicum (Baker) Loes.; 

Veratrum viride Aiton 

false horsetail –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

false indigo –see– Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. 

false jessamine –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.-Hil. 

false lupine –see– Thermopsis montana Nutt. 

false mistletoe –see– Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal 

& M. C. Johnst. 

false parsley –see– Aethusa cynapium L.; Cicuta douglasii 

(DC.) J. M. Coult. & Rose; Cicuta maculata L.; Conium 

maculatum L. 

false pennyroyal –see– Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Ferula communis - 159 

false pepper –see– Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

false peyote –see– Ariocarpus retusus Scheidw. 

false poinciana –see– Sesbania drummondii (Rydb.) Cory; 


false ragweed –see– Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) Fresen.; Iva 

angustifolia Nutt. ex DC.; Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

false sago palm –see– Cycas circinalis L.; Cycas revoluta 

Thunb.; Cycas circinalis L. 

false sunflower –see– Helenium autumnale L.; Helenium 

microcephalum DC. 

false sycamore –see– Melia azedarach L. 

false tragacanth –see– Sterculia urens Roxb. 

false upas tree –see– Strychnos ignatii P. J. Bergius 

false white cedar –see– Thuja occidentalis L. 

false white hellebore –see– Veratrum californicum Durand 

false wormwood –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

falso perejil –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

famentana –see– Cerbera odollam Gaertn. 

fancy-leaf caladium –see– Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 

fanweed –see– Thlaspi arvense L. 

farfara –see– Tussilago farfara L. 

f a r f u g i u M j a p o n ic u M (L.) Kitam. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

tsuwabuki 

Citations: 

Hirono I, Ueno I, Aiso S, et al. (1983) Carcinogenic activity 

of Farfugium japonicum and Senecio cannabifolius. Cancer 

Lett 20(2):191-198. 

farkas kutyatej –see– Euphorbia cyparissias L. 

farkasölö sisakvirág –see– Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. 


Farn –see– Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

Farnkraut –see– Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott; Pteridium 

aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

fat hen –see– Chenopodium album L. 

fatarita –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

fatberry –see– Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino 

f a Ts i a j a p o n ic a (Thunb.) Decne. & Planch. 

[Araliaceae] 

Common Names: 

aralia; Aralie 

Citations: 

Oka K, Saito F, Yasuhara T, et al. (1999) The allergens of Dendropanax 

trifidus Makino and Fatsia japonica Decne. et 

Planch. and evaluation of cross-reactions with other plants of 

the Araliaceae family. Contact Dermatitis 40(4):209-213. 

Faulbaum –see– Frangula alnus Mill.; Prunus padus L. 

faux acajou –see– Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig 

faux gui américain –see– Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) 


faux thuya –see– Thuja occidentalis L. 

fava –see– Vicia faba L. 

fava bean –see– Vicia faba L. 

fava d’anta –see– Dimorphandra garderiana Tul. 

fava tonka –see– Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. 

Favabohne –see– Vicia faba L. 

faveira –see– Dimorphandra mollis Benth. 

favismo –see– Vicia faba L. 

feathergrass –see– Stipa pennata L. 

February daphne –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

fedegoso –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

federico –see– Cycas circinalis L. 

fehér zászpa –see– Veratrum album L. 

Feige –see– Ficus carica L. 

Feigenbaum –see– Ficus carica L. 

fekete bodza –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

felce maschia –see– Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 

Feldmohn –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

Feldrittersporn –see– Consolida regalis Gray 

felonwood –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

felonwort mortal –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

female nervine –see– Cypripedium reginae Walter 

fennel –see– Foeniculum vulgare Mill. 

Fensterblatt –see– Monstera deliciosa Liebm. 

fenugreek –see– Trigonella foenum-graecum L. 

fern palm –see– Cycas circinalis L. 

Ferula abyssinica A. Rich. = Ferula communis L. 

f e r u l a a s s a -f o e Ti d a L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

asafetida; asafoetida; devil’s-dung; Stinkasant 

Citations: 

Bottei EM, DuMont CM, Otten EJ (1999) Methemoglobinemia 

caused by cutaneously absorbed asafoetida. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 41(5):620-621. 



Leprol 53:325-328. 

f e r u l a c o MMu n is L. [Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

f erula abyssinica A. Rich. 

Common Names: 

fessoukh; giant fennel

160 - Ferula hermonis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Aragno M, Tagliapietra S, Nano GM, et al. (1988) Experimental 

studies on the toxicity of Ferula communis 

in the rat. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 

59(3):399-402. 

Colella G, Marocchio L, Palermo D, et al. (1987) La tossicita’ 

di Ferula communis in Puglia. Rilievi ematologici, 

chimico-tossicologici ed anatomo-istopatologici. Acta 

Med Vet (Napoli) 33(3):237-250. 

Corticelli B, Deiana S (1957) Sul comportamento elettroforetico 

dei protidi serici e plasmatici del coniglio intossicato 

con Ferula communis. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 

33(5):625-628. 

Corticelli B, Deiana S, Palmas G (1957) Azione protettiva 

ed azione antiemorragica della vitamina K1 nella intossicazione 

da Ferula communis. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 

33(5):629-631. 

Gil MC, Gomez L, Roy TJ, et al. (2002) Testicular and 

epididymal changes in rams following intoxication by 

Ferula communis. Vet Rec 150(1):24-25. 

Infante Miranda F (1965) Intoxicación por Ferula communis 

L. Arch Zootecnia 14(53):1-30. 

Shlosberg A, Egyed MN (1985) Experimental Ferula communis 

(giant fennel) toxicosis in sheep. Zentralbl Veterinarmed 

A 32(10):778-784. 

Shlosberg A, Egyed MN (1986) Stability of prothrombin 

times in sheep dosed with natural and synthetic anticoagulants. 

Res Vet Sci 40(2):141-143. 

Tligui N, El Haouzi M, El Himer H (1998) Vitamin K1 

therapy of Ferula communis variety brevifolia toxicosis 

in sheep. In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic plants 


159-164. 

f e r u l a h e r Mo n is Boiss. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

zallouh 

Citations: 

El Thaher TS, Matalka KZ, Taha HA, et al. (2001) Ferula 

hermonis ‘zallouh’ and enhancing erectile function 

in rats: Efficacy and toxicity study. Int J Impot Res 

13(4):247-251. 

fescue –see– Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 

fessoukh –see– Ferula communis L. 

f e s Tu c a a r g e n Ti n a (Speg.) Parodi [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

coiron; pampasgrass 

Citations: 

Jones FS, Arnold JF (1917) Staggers in sheep in Patagonia. J 

Exp Med 26(6):805-823. 

Uzal FA, Woodman MP, Giraudo CG, et al. (1996) An 

attempt to reproduce ‘mal seco’ in horses by feeding them 

Festuca argentina. Vet Rec 139(3):68-70. 

f e s Tu c a a r u n d i n a c e a Schreb. [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

f estuca elatior L. subsp. arundinacea (Schreb.) Celak. 

Common Names: 

alta fescue; fescue; fétaque roseau; reed fescue; tall fescue; 

tall meadow fescue; William’s-grass 

Citations: 

Anas K, Cross DL, Poling R, et al. (1998) A survey concerning 

the equine fescue toxicosis malady. J Equine Vet Sci 

18(10):631-637. 

Ashley G (1958) Fescue poisoning of cattle on Florida muck 

land. J Am Vet Med Assoc 132:493-494. 

Breuhaus BA (2003) Thyroid function in mature horses 

ingesting endophyte-infected fescue seed. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 223(4):340-345. 

Browning R Jr (2004) Effects of endophyte-infected tall fescue 

on indicators of thermal status and growth in Hereford 

and Senepol steers. J Anim Sci 82(2):634-643. 

Dougherty CT, Lauriault LM, Bradley NW, et al. (1991) 

Induction of tall fescue toxicosis in heat-stressed cattle and 

its alleviation with thiamin. J Anim Sci 69(3):1008-1018. 

Farnell DR, Futrell MC, Watson VH, et al. (1975) Field 

studies on etiology and control of fescue toxicosis. J Environ 

Quality 4(1):120-122. 

Franco DA, Taylor LA (1971) Gangrenous fescue lameness 

in a Charolais heifer. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 

66(10):1012-1015. 

Jackson JA Jr, Hemken RW, Boling JA, et al. (1984) Summer 

fescue toxicity in dairy steers fed tall fescue seed. J Anim 

Sci 58(5):1057-1061. 

Jensen R, Deem AW, Knaus D (1956) Fescue lameness in 

cattle. I. Experimental production of the disease. Am J 

Vet Res 17(63):196-201. 

Jones KL, King SS, Griswold KE, et al. (2003) Domperidone 

can ameliorate deleterious reproductive effects and 

reduced weight gain associated with fescue toxicosis in 

heifers. J Anim Sci 81(10):2568-2574. 

Oliver JW, Schultze AE, Rohrbach BW, et al. (2000) Alterations 

in hemograms and serum biochemical analytes of 

steers after prolonged consumption of endophyte-infected 

tall fescue. J Anim Sci 78(4):1029-1035. 

Parish JA, McCann MA, Watson RH, et al. (2003) Use of 

nonergot alkaloid-producing endophytes for alleviating tall 

fescue toxicosis in sheep. J Anim Sci 81(5):1316-1322. 

Poppenga RH, Mostrom MS, Haschek WM, et al. (1984) 

Mare agalactia, placental thickening, and high foal mortality 

associated with the grazing of tall fescue: A case 

report. Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn 27:325-336. 

Pulsford MF (1950) A note on lameness in cattle grazing on 

tall meadow fescue (Festuca arundinacea) in South Australia. 

Aust Vet J 26:87-88. 

Shlosberg A, Hermes JC, Smith Wood L, et al. (2004) The 

effect of feeding broilers tall fescuegrass (Arundinacea) 

seeds containing the endophyte toxin ergovaline on ascites 

syndrome. In: Acamovic T, Stewart CS, Pennycott TW 

(eds.) Poisonous plants and related toxins. CABI. Wallingford, 

UK. pp. 558-563. 

Watson DF, Rooney JR, Hoag WG (1957) Fescue foot lameness 

in cattle - Some observations on the disease in Virginia. 

J Am Vet Med Assoc 130(Mar 1):217-219. 

Wolfe BA, Bush M, Monfort SL, et al. (1998) Abdominal 

lipomatosis attributed to tall fescue toxicosis in deer. J 


Festuca elatior subsp. arundinacea (Schreb.) Celak. = 

Festuca arundinacea Schreb.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Ficus ingens - 161 

f e s Tu c a r u b r a L. subsp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman 

[Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

f estuca rubra L. var. commutata Gaudin 

Common Names: 

Chewing’s-fescue; red fescue 

Citations: 

Haag JR (1954) Toxicity of nematode infested Chewings fescue 

seed. Science 102(2651):406-407. 

Shaw JN, Muth OH (1949) Some types of forage poisoning 

in Oregon cattle and sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

114(866):315-317. 

Festuca rubra L. var. commutata Gaudin = Festuca rubra L. 

subsp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman 

fétaque roseau –see– Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 

fetid buckeye –see– Aesculus glabra Willd. 

fetid nightshade –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

fetid sterculia –see– Sterculia foetida L. 

fetterbush –see– Pieris floribunda (Pursh) Benth. & Hook. 

f. 

fèves –see– Vicia faba L. 

Feuerblume –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

Feuerbohne –see– Phaseolus coccineus L. 

Feuerdorn –see– Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. 

feuilles-de-houx –see– Berberis aquifolium Pursh 

fève-du-loup –see– Lupinus albus L. 

fève Tonka –see– Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. 

fever twig –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

feverfew –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L.; Tanacetum 

cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.; Tanacetum parthenium 

(L.) Sch. Bip. 

Fichte –see– Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. 

fico –see– Ficus carica L. 

Ficus –see– Ficus carica L. 

f ic u s a Mpl is s i Ma Sm. [Moraceae] 

Synonyms: 

f icus tsiela Roxb. 

Common Names: 

chela 

Citations: 

Nair ND, Valsala KV, Ramachandran KM, et al. (1985) 

Experimental studies on chela leaf (Ficus tsiela Roxb.) 

poisoning in calves. Kerala J Vet Sci 16(2):94-99. 

Rajan A, Nair ND, Valsala KV, et al. (1986) Pathology 

of a nervous disorder in cattle caused by the toxicity 

of the leaves of the tree Ficus tsiela Roxb. Indian Vet J 

63(3):184-186. 

f ic u s b e n j a Mi n a L. [Moraceae] 

Common Names: 

Benjamin tree; ficus maqui; fig; Java willow; small-leaf 

rubber plant; weeping ficus; weeping fig 

Citations: 

Axelsson G, Skedinger M, Zetterström O (1985) Allergy 

to weeping fig - A new occupational disease. Allergy 

40(6):461-464. 

Axelsson IG, Johansson SG, Zetterström O (1987) A new 

indoor allergen from a common non-flowering plant. 

Allergy 42(8):604-611. 

Axelsson IG, Johansson SG, Zetterström O (1987) Occupational 

allergy to weeping fig in plant keepers. Allergy 

42(3):161-167. 

Kanerva L, Estlander T, Petman L, et al. (2001) Occupational 

allergic contact urticaria to yucca (Yucca aloifolia), 

weeping fig (Ficus benjamina), and spathe flower (Spathiphyllum 

wallisii). Allergy 56(10):1008-1011. 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 

f ic u s c a r ic a L. [Moraceae] 

Common Names: 

cha-de-figo; Feige; Feigenbaum; fico; Ficus; fig; figues 

Citations: 

Andreichuk IE (1984) [Fig dermatitis.] Vestn Dermatol 

Venerol 4(Apr):67-68. 

Gandolfo M, Baeza M, De Barrio M (2001) Anaphylaxis 

after eating figs. Allergy 56(5):462-463. 

Goitre M, Bedello PG, Cane D, et al. (1984) Fitofotodermatite 

da fico. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 119(6):435-436. 

Ippen H (1982) Phototoxische Reaktion auf Feigen. Hautarzt 

33(6):337-339. 

Kitchevatz MM (1934) Etiologie et pathogénèse de la dermatite 

des figues. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 41:1751-1759. 

Kuske H (1939) Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Photosensibilisierung 

der Haut durch pflanzliche Wirkstoffe. 

1. Mitteilung. Lichtsensibilisierung durch Furocumarine 

als Ursache verschiedener phytogener Dermatosen. Arch 


Lembo G, Lo Presti M, Balato N (1985) Phytophotodermatitis 

due to Ficus carica. Photodermatol 2(2):119-120. 

Londoño F, Rueda LA (1968) Fotodermatitis por “Ficus carica” 

en gestantes. Med Cutanea 11(6):573-580. 

f ic u s c o r d a Ta Thunb. subsp. salicifolia (Vahl) C. 

C. Berg [Moraceae] 

Citations: 

Myburgh JG, Fournie N, Van der Lugt JJ, et al. (1994) A 

nervous disorder in cattle, caused by the plants Ficus 

ingens var. ingens and Ficus cordata subsp. salicifolia. 


f ic u s i n g e n s (Miq.) Miq. [Moraceae] 

Citations: 

Myburgh JG, Fournie N, Van der Lugt JJ, et al. (1994) A 

nervous disorder in cattle, caused by the plants Ficus 

ingens var. ingens and Ficus cordata subsp. salicifolia. 

Onderstepoort J Vet Res 61(2):171-176.

162 - Ficus macrophylla D. Jesse Wagstaff 

f ic u s Ma c r o p h y l l a Desf. ex Pers. [Moraceae] 

Citations: 




in South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 72(3):189-201. 

ficus maqui –see– Ficus benjamina L. 

f ic u s p u Mi l a L. [Moraceae] 

Common Names: 

creeping fig; wild fig 

Citations: 

English PB, Grey LP (1943) Sap dermatitis and conjunctivitis 

caused by the wild fig (Ficus pumila). Med J Aust 

1(Jun 26):578-579. 

Ficus tsiela Roxb. = Ficus amplissima Sm. 

fiddle flower –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

fiddleneck –see– Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

fiddler’s-spurge –see– Euphorbia heterophylla L. 

Fieberklee –see– Menyanthes trifoliata L. 

field balm –see– Glechoma hederacea L. 

field bean –see– Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet; Phaseolus 

vulgaris L.; Vicia faba L. 

field bindweed –see– Convolvulus arvensis L. 

field dodder –see– Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. 

field hedge nettle –see– Stachys arvensis (L.) L. 

field horsetail –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

field larkspur –see– Consolida regalis Gray; Delphinium 

menziesii DC. 

field mustard –see– Sinapis arvensis L. 

field pea –see– Pisum sativum L. 

field pennycress –see– Thlaspi arvense L. 

field poppy –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

field sandbur –see– Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis 

field soapwort –see– Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert 

field sorrel –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

field woundwort –see– Stachys arvensis (L.) L. 

fierce thorn apple –see– Datura ferox L. 

fiery thorn –see– Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. 

Fiesenkerbel –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & 

Levier 

fig –see– Ficus benjamina L.; Ficus carica L. 

figuera infernal –see– Ricinus communis L. 

figues –see– Ficus carica L. 

filis mas –see– Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 

filix mas –see– Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 

fimble –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

fine-leaf sneezeweed –see– Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. 

Rock 

fine-leaf water dropwort –see– Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. 

finger cherry –see– Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Benth. 

finger cherry loquat –see– Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Benth. 

finger flower –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

finger tree –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

finger weed –see– Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. A. 

Mey. 

Fingerhut –see– Digitalis lanata Ehrh.; Digitalis purpurea L. 

fir club moss –see– Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank 

& Mart. 

fireball –see– Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott 

firecracker plant –see– Aesculus pavia L. 

firesticks –see– Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. Aiton 

firethorn –see– Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. 

fireweed –see– Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott; Datura 

stramonium L.; Gaillardia pulchella Foug.; Senecio 

linearifolius A. Rich; Senecio madagascariensis Poir. 

fireweed fiddleneck –see– Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. 

A. Mey. 

fisa –see– Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig 

Fischerkappe –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

fishtail palm –see– Caryota mitis Lour.; Caryota urens L. 

fitweed –see– Corydalis caseana A. Gray 

f i Tz r o y a c u p r e s so i d e s (Molina) I. M. 

Johnst. [Cupressaceae] 

Synonyms: 

f itzroya patagonica Hook. f. ex Lindl. 

Common Names: 

alerce; l’alerce 

Citations: 

Oleffe JA, Dedeken H, Sporcq J (1975) Occupational dermatitis 

from alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). Contact Dermatitis 

1(5):319. 

Oleffe J, Dedeken H, Sporcq J, et al. (1975) Allergie cutanée 

professionnelle à l’alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). Berufsdermatosen 

23(6):196-207. 



1(5):315-316. 

Fitzroya patagonica Hook. f. ex Lindl. = Fitzroya 

cupressoides (Molina) I. M. Johnst. 

five-finger root –see– Cicuta virosa L. 

five-hook bassia –see– Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze 

Flachs –see– Linum usitatissimum L. 

flag iris –see– Iris ×germanica L. 

flag lily –see– Iris ×germanica L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Flourensia cernua - 163 

flame lily –see– Gloriosa superba L. 

flame tree –see– Sterculia foetida L. 

Flanders poppy –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

flannel mullein –see– Verbascum thapsus L. 

flap dock –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

flat billy button –see– Ixiolaena brevicompta F. Muell. 

flat cedar –see– Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 

flat pea –see– Lathyrus sylvestris L. 

flathead larkspur –see– Delphinium bicolor Nutt. 

flatweed –see– Hypochaeris radicata L. 

flax –see– Linum rigidum Pursh; Linum usitatissimum L. 

flax olive –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

flaxweed –see– Pimelea simplex F. Muell.; Pimelea 

trichostachya Lindl. 

fleabane –see– Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist 

Fleischkraut –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

fleshy spurge –see– Euphorbia antiquorum L. 

fleur-de-lis –see– Iris ×germanica L. 

fleur-de-luce –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

Flieder –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

Fliegenkraut –see– Artemisia vulgaris L. 

Flinders poppy –see– Pimelea decora Domin 

flixweed –see– Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl 

Flökraut –see– Artemisia vulgaris L.; Persicaria maculosa 

Gray 

floppers –see– Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. 

flor-de-barbero –see– Allamanda cathartica L. 

flor-de-coral –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

flor-de-fuego –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

flor-de-la-pascua –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

flor-de-la-trompeta –see– Datura stramonium L. 

flor-de-mayo –see– Plumeria rubra L. 

flor-de-navidad –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

flor-de-nochebuena –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

flor-de-pascua –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

flor-de-Santa-Caterina –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. 

ex Klotzsch 

flor-de-sapo –see– Pascalia glauca Ortega 

Florentine iris –see– Iris ×germanica L. nothovar. florentina 

Dykes 

florestina –see– Florestina tripteris DC. 

f l o r e s Ti n a Tr i p Te r is DC. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

florestina; sticky florestin; sticky palafoxia 

Citations: 

Boughton IB, Hardy WT (1939) Hard yellow livers of sheep 

and cattle and feeding trials of suspected plants. Texas 


Florida arrowroot –see– Zamia integrifolia L. f. 

Florida coffee –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

Florida coontie –see– Zamia integrifolia L. f. 

Florida holly –see– Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

Florida poison tree –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & 

Urb. 

florifundia –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

floripon –see– Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex 

Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl 

floripondio –see– Brugmansia ×candida Pers.; Brugmansia 


floss flower –see– Ageratum conyzoides L.; Ageratum 

houstonianum Mill. 

f l o u r e n s i a c e r n u a DC. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

blackbrush; hojase; tarbush; varnish bush 

Citations: 

Dollahite JW, Allen TJ (1975) The toxicity of the fruit of 

Flourensia cernua (tarbush) (blackbrush). Southwestern 

Vet 28(2):113-117. 

Fredrickson E, Thilsted J, Estell R, et al. (1994) Effect of 

chronic ingestion of tarbush (Flourensia cernua) on ewe 

lambs. Vet Hum Toxicol 35(5):409-415. 

Hailey TL, Thomas JW, Robinson RM (1966) Pronghorn 

die-off in Trans-Pecos Texas. J Wildl Manage 

30(3):488-496. 



Mathews FP (1944) The toxicity of the ripe fruit of blackbrush 

or tarbrush (Flourensia cernua) for sheep and goats. 

Texas Agric Exp Sta Bull #664:5-16. 

Rick E , Tellez M, Fredrickson E, et al. (2001) Extracts of 

Flourensia cernua reduce consumption of alfalfa pellets 

by sheep. J Chem Ecol 27(11):2275-2285. 

flower-of-paradise –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex 

Endl. 

flux weed –see– Hypericum punctatum Lam. 

fly poison –see– Amianthium muscitoxicum (Walter) A. 

Gray 

flying saucers –see– Ipomoea tricolor Cav.; Ipomoea violacea L. 

fo-ti-tieng –see– Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. 

fo tzu –see– Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux 

fodder beet –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

fodder radish –see– Raphanus sativus L.

164 - Foeniculum vulgare D. Jesse Wagstaff 

f o e n ic u l u M vu l g a r e Mill. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

anis hinono; fennel 

Citations: 

Levy SB (1948) Bronchial asthma due to ingestion of fennel 

and fennel seed. Ann Allergy 6:415-416. 



Leprol 53:325-328. 

foenugreek –see– Trigonella foenum-graecum L. 

fog crocus –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

foirolle –see– Mercurialis annua L. 

foironde –see– Mercurialis annua L. 

folk’s-glove –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

fool’s-cicely –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

fool’s-parsley –see– Aethusa cynapium L.; Conium maculatum 

L. 

foothill death camas –see– Toxicoscordion paniculatum 

(Nutt.) Rydb. 

forest grasstree –see– Xanthorrhoea media R. Br. 

forest milk vetch –see– Astragalus miser Douglas ex Hook. 

var. hylophilus (Rydb.) Barneby 

forest primrose –see– Hypericum revolutum Vahl 

forest vetchling –see– Lathyrus sylvestris L. 

fougère aigle –see– Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

fougère grand aigle –see– Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

fougère mâle –see– Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 

four-seed vetch –see– Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. 

four-wing milk vetch –see– Astragalus tetrapterus A. Gray 

four-wing saltbush –see– Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. 

foxes glofa –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

foxglove –see– Digitalis lanata Ehrh.; Digitalis purpurea L. 

foxtail –see– Hordeum jubatum L. 

foxtail barley –see– Hordeum jubatum L. 

foxtail millet –see– Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. 

subsp. pumila 

foxtail rush –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

foxtailgrass –see– Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. 

subsp. pumila 

f r ag a r i a × a n a n a s s a Duchesne ex Rozier 

[Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

Erdbeere; strawberry; wild strawberry 

Citations: 

Grattan CE, Harman RR (1985) Contact urticaria to strawberry. 


Francisco Alvarez –see– Luehea divaricata Mart. 

Francissia –see– Brunfelsia australis Benth. 

frangipani –see– Plumeria rubra L. 

frangula –see– Frangula alnus Mill. 

f r a n g u l a a l n u s Mill. [Rhamnaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r hamnus frangula L. 

Common Names: 

alder buckthorn; aulne noir; black alder; black dogwood; 

bourdaine; buckthorn; Drosselkirschbaum; 

Faulbaum; frangula; glossy buckthorn; Pulverholz; 

trollhegg; vuilboom; Wegdorn 

Citations: 

van den Dikkenberg MI, Holtkamp BM (1987) Vuilboomintoxicatie 

bij paarden. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 

112(6):340-341. 

Französisher Spinat –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

fraxinella –see– Dictamnus albus L. 

f r a x i n u s e x c e ls io r L. [Oleaceae] 

Common Names: 

ash tree 

Citations: 

Fernández-Rivas M, Pérez-Carral C, Senent CJ (1997) 

Occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by ash (Fraxinus 

excelsior) wood dust. Allergy 52(2):196-199. 

Hemmer W, Focke M, Wantke F, et al. (2000) Ash (Fraxinus 

excelsior)-pollen allergy in central Europe: Specific 

role of pollen panallergens and the major allergen of ash 

pollen, Fra e 1. Allergy 55(10):923-930. 

freckled milk vetch –see– Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas 

ex Hook.; Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex Hook. var. 

diphysus (A. Gray) M. E. Jones 

French bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

French honeysuckle –see– Galega officinalis L. 

French hydrangea –see– Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) 

Ser. 

French jasmine –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

French lilac –see– Galega officinalis L. 

French marigold –see– Tagetes patula L. 

French maritime pine tree –see– Pinus pinaster Aiton 

French millet –see– Panicum miliaceum L. 

French physicnut –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

Frenchberry –see– Rhamnus cathartica L. 

Frenchweed –see– Thlaspi arvense L. 

freshwater mangrove –see– Barringtonia acutangula (L.) 

Gaertn. 

friar’s-cap –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

friar’s-cowl –see– Arum maculatum L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Furcraea cabuya - 165 

frijolillo –see– Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev 

frijolito –see– Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev 

fringe-leaf paspalum –see– Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. 

ciliatifolium (Michx.) Vasey 

Froschkraut –see– Ranunculus sceleratus L. 

fruit-of-heaven –see– Mangifera indica L. 

fruit salad plant –see– Monstera deliciosa Liebm. 

fu tse –see– Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux 

fuchsia bush –see– Eremophila maculata (Ker Gawl.) F. 

Muell. 

fuh –see– Onychium contiguum Wall. ex C. Hope 

f u r c r a e a c a b u y a Trel. [Agavaceae] 

Citations: 

Robledo Clavijo A, Cano Puerta G (1963) Agavosis, un sindrome 

provocado por el contacto con fibras de las plantas 

de la familia Agavaceae. Estudio clinico y farmacolÓgico. 

Antioquia Medica 13(6):405-448. 

fusain –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

Futtererbse –see– Pisum sativum L. 

Futterrübe –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

Futterwicke –see– Vicia sativa L.

gabi –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

gad –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

gadalin kura –see– Kalanchoe lanceolata (Forssk.) Pers. 

gadon machiji –see– Trianthema portulacastrum L. 

gadong –see–Dioscorea convolvulacea Schltdl. & Cham. 

gaillardia –see– Gaillardia pulchella Foug. var. picta (Sweet) 

A. Gray 

g a i l l a r d i a a r is Ta Ta Pursh [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Burry JN (1980) Dermatitis from Gaillardia aristata: Compositae 

dermatitis in South Australia. Contact Dermatitis 

6(2):157. 

Gaillardia picta D. Don = Gaillardia pulchella Foug. var. 

picta (Sweet) A. Gray 

g a i l l a r d i a p u l c h e l l a Foug. var. picta 

(Sweet) A. Gray [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

g aillardia picta D. Don 

Common Names: 

gaillardia; Kokardenblume 

Citations: 

Zschunke E (1955) Allergische Dermatitis durch Gaillardia 

picta (Kokardenblume). Dermatol Wochenschr 

132(51):1321-1323. 

gaja –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

galan-de-dia –see– Cestrum diurnum L. 

galan-de-noche –see– Cestrum nocturnum L. 

galega –see– Galega officinalis L. 

g a l e g a o f f ic i n a l is L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

American sanfoin; ciuma rea; French honeysuckle; 

French lilac; galega; Geißraute; goat’s-rue; lavanéserue-de-chèvre; 

scrintioare cosita 

Citations: 

Durieux M (1968) Intoxication de moutons par . Bull Soc Vet Pratique 52(6):383-385. 

Gresham AC, Booth K (1991) Poisoning of sheep by goat’s 

rue. Vet Rec 129(9):197-198. 

Keeler RF, Baker DC, Evans JO (1988) Individual animal 

susceptibility and its relationship to induced adaptation 

or tolerance in sheep to Galega officinalis L. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 30(5):420-423. 

G 

Keeler RF, Baker DC, Panter KE (1992) Concentration of 

galegine in Verbesina encelioides and Galega officinalis 

and the toxic and pathologic effects induced by the plants. 

J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 11(2):75-81. 

Keeler RF, Johnson AE, Stuart LD, et al. (1986) Toxicosis 

from and possible adaptation to Galega officinalis in 

sheep and the relationship to Verbesina encelioides toxicosis. 


Le Souef HD (1950) Poisoning of sheep by goat’s rue. N Z 

J Agr 80:580. 

Predoiu I (1966) O intoxicaţie la ovine cu fîn de Galega officinalis. 

Rev Zootehnie Med Vet 16(6):73-75. 

Puyt JD, Faliu L, Keck G, et al. (1981) Fatal poisoning of 

sheep by Galega officinalis (French honeysuckle). Vet 

Hum Toxicol 23(6):410-411. 

Williams MC (1978) Toxicological investigations on goatsrue. 

Proc West Soc Weed Sci 31:156-157. 

g a l e n i a a f r ic a n a L. [Aizoaceae] 

Common Names: 

geelbos; kraalbos 

Citations: 

Van der Lugt JJ, Fourie N, Schultz RA (1988) Galenia africana 

L. (Aizoaceae) poisoning in sheep. J S Afr Vet Assoc 

59(2):100. 

Van der Lugt JJ, Schultz RA, Fourie N, et al. (1992) Galenia 

africana L. poisoning in sheep and goats: Hepatic and 

cardiac changes. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 59(4):323-333. 

g a l e n i a p u b e s c e n s (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Druce 

[Aizoaceae] 

Common Names: 

green galenia 

Citations: 

Williams MC (1979) Toxicological investigations on Galenia 

pubescens. Weed Sci 27(5):506-508. 

g a l e o p s is l a d a n u M L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

cáñamo silvestre; red hemp nettle 

Citations: 

Aparicio R, Onate JM, Arizcun A, et al. (1999) Rabdomiólisis 

epidémica por ingestión de codornices. Estudio 

clínico, epidemiológico y experimental. Medica Clinica 

112(4):143-146. 

g a l i n so g a p a rv i f l o r a Cav. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 



patients. Dermatologica 159(1):1-11.

168 - Galium aparine D. Jesse Wagstaff 

g a l i u M a p a r i n e L. [Rubiaceae] 

Common Names: 

cleavers herb; clivers; goosegrass 

Citations: 

Januszewski J, Lewandowski L, Mazurkiewicz M (1988) 

Wpływ skarmiania paszy zanieczyszczonej nasionami 

przytulii czepnej (Galium aparine L.) na stan zdrowotny 

kurczqt typu nieśnego. Med Weter 44(6):365-367. 

g a l i u M o d o r a Tu M (L.) Scop. [Rubiaceae] 

Common Names: 

sweet woodruff; szagos müge; Waldmeister; woodruff 

Citations: 

Hogan RP 3rd (1983) Hemorrhagic diathesis caused by 

drinking an herbal tea. JAMA 249(19):2679-2680. 

Ridker PM (1989) Health hazards of unusual herbal teas. 

Am Fam Physician 39(5):153-156. 

galletagrass –see– Pleuraphis rigida Thurb. 

gallinazo –see– Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet 

gallita bush –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

galnebaer –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

galster –see– Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 

gamba pea –see– Crotalaria goreensis Guill. & Perr. 

Gambel’s-oak –see– Quercus gambelii Nutt. 

gamboge –see– Garcinia hanburyi Hook. f. 

gan-di-huang –see– Rehmanni glutinosa (Gaertn.) Steud. 

ganga –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

ganja –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

Gänseblume –see– Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. 

ganskweek –see– Lasiospermum bipinnatum (Thunb.) Druce 

garbancillo –see– Astragalus bergii Hieron.; Astragalus 

mollissimus Torr. var. earlei (Greene ex Rydb.) Tidestr.; 

Astragalus wootonii E. Sheld.; Duranta erecta L.; Erophaca 

baetica (L.) Boiss. 

garbanzo –see– Cicer arietinum L. 

garbanzuelos –see– Erophaca baetica (L.) Boiss. 

g a r c i n i a h a n b u r y i Hook. f. [Clusiaceae] 

Common Names: 

gamboge 

Citations: 

Kong L, Ye D, Wang S, et al. (1996) [Acute toxicity and antiinflammatory 

effect of processed products of gamboge.] 

Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih 21(4):214-216, 255. 

garden heliotrope –see– Valeriana officinalis L. 

garden huckleberry –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

garden nightshade –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

garden orache –see– Atriplex hortensis L. 

garden pea –see– Pisum sativum L. 

garden sage –see– Salvia officinalis L. 

garden sorrel –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

garden spurge –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

gardener’s-garters –see– Phalaris arundinacea L. 

gardenia –see– Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis 

g a r d e n i a j a s Mi n o i d e s J. Ellis [Rubiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Cape jasmine; gardenia; sokujikoh 

Citations: 

Chung MS, Hong CB, Yeh CH, et al. (1976) [Gardenia 

poisoning in pigs. II. Clinical and clinico-pathological 

observations.] J Chin Soc Vet Sci 2(1):30-34. 

Hong CB, Chung MS, Yang CH, et al. (1976) [Gardenia 

poisoning in pigs. I. Reproduction of a black discoloration 

of the viscera in animals with the seed-pods of Gardenia 

jasminoides Ellis. f. grandiflora Makino.] J Chin Soc Vet 

Sci 2(1):26-29. 

Kubo Y, Nonaka S, Yoshida H (1990) Allergic contact 

dermatitis from gardenia fruit. Contact Dermatitis 

22(3):65-67. 

garget –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

gari –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

garlic –see– Allium sativum L. 

garlic guineahen weed –see– Petiveria alliacea L. 

Garry’s-oak –see– Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook. 

Gartenbohne –see– Phaseolus coccineus L.; Phaseolus vulgaris 

L. 

Gartenmelde –see– Atriplex hortensis L. 

Gartenraute –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

Gartenschierling –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

Gartenwolfsmilch –see– Euphorbia peplus L. 

garuda palai –see– Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. 

gas plant –see– Dictamnus albus L. 

g a s Tr o l ob i u M g r a n d i f l o r u M F. Muell. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Australian poison bush; desert poisonbush; heart-leaf; 

heart-leaf poison bush; poison bush; wallflower poison; 

York Road poison 

Citations: 

Campbell GW, Kingston GC (1992) Heart leaf poison bush 

(Gastrolobium grandiflorum) toxicity in a western Queensland 

sheep flock. Vet Hum Toxicol 34(3):265-266. 

Mahoney DF (1956) Heart-leaf poisoning of cattle. Queensland 

Agric J 82(Jun 1):361-362 

gat –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

gaton –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

gatter –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

gauge plant –see– Senecio integerrimus Nutt.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Gelsemium sempervirens - 169 

g a u l Th e r i a p r o c u Mb e n s L. [Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

boxberry; checkerberry; deerberry; mountain tea; 

partridgeberry; Scheinbeere; teaberry; winterberry; 

wintergreen 

Citations: 


Arch Dis Child 28(142):475-483. 

Hofman M, Diaz JE, Martella C (1996) Massive oil of wintergreen 

overdose from oriental herbal medication. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 34:596-597. 

Litovitz TL, Normann SA, Veltri JC (1986) 1985 Annual 



Med 4(5):427-458. 

Litovitz TL, Schmitz BF, Bailey KM (1990) 1989 Annual 



Med 8(5):394-442. 

gautan kura –see– Solanum incanum L. 

geel tulp –see– Moraea pallida (Baker) Goldblatt 

geelbos –see– Galenia africana L. 

geelmelkbos –see– Euphorbia mauritanica L. 

Gefleckter Aronstab –see– Arum maculatum L. 

Gefleckter Schierling –see– Conium maculatum L. 

g e ig e r i a a s p e r a Harv. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

vermeerbos; vermeerbosie; vomiting bush 

Citations: 


known and unknown poisonous plants in the Union of South 

Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Indus 7(1):169-178. 

g e ig e r i a b u r k e i Harv. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Botha CJ, Gous TA, Penrith ML, et al. (1997) Vermeersiekte 

caused by Geigeria burkei Harv. subsp. burkei var. 

hirtella Merxm. in the northern province of South Africa. 

J S Afr Vet Assoc 68(3):97-101. 

g e ig e r i a f i l i f o l i a Mattf. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

vermeerbos 

Citations: 

Joubert JP (1983) Attempted prevention and treatment of 

Geigeria filifolia Mattf. poisoning (vermeersiekte) in 

sheep. J S Afr Vet Assoc 54(4):255-258. 

g e ig e r i a o r n a Ti va O. Hoffm. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Pienaar JG, Kriek NP, Naudé TW, et al. (1973) Lesions in 

sheep skeletal and oesophageal muscle in vermeersiekte 

(Geigeria ornativa O. Hoffm. poisoning). Onderstepoort 

J Vet Res 40(3):127-137. 

Van der Lugt JJ, Van Heerden J (1993) Experimental vermeersiekte 

(Geigeria ornativa O. Hoffm. poisoning) in 

sheep. II. Histological and ultrastructural lesions. J S Afr 

Vet Assoc 64(2):82-88. 

Van Heerden J, Van der Lugt JJ, Durante E, et al. (1993) 

Experimental vermeersiekte (Geigeria O. Hoffm. poisoning) 

in sheep. I. An evaluation of diagnostic aids and an 

assessment of the preventive effect of ethoxyquin. J S Afr 

Vet Assoc 64(2):76-81. 

geisha girl –see– Duranta erecta L. 

Geißklee –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

Geißraute –see– Galega officinalis L. 

Gelbe Alpenrose –see– Rhododendron aureum Georgi 

Gelbe Lupine –see– Lupinus luteus L. 

Gelbe Narzisse –see– Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 

Gelbe Schneerose –see– Rhododendron aureum Georgi 

Gelbe Schwertlilie –see– Iris ×germanica L.; Iris pseudoacorus 

L. 

Gelbe Wolfsbohne –see– Lupinus luteus L. 

Gelber Eisenhut –see– Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. 


Gelber Jasmin –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.-Hil. 

Gelber Sturmhut –see– Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. 


Gelbkraut –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

gelsemium –see– Gelsemium elegans (Gardner & Champ.) 

Benth.; Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.-Hil. 

g e ls e Mi u M e l e g a n s (Gardner & Champ.) 

Benth. [Gelsemiaceae] 

Common Names: 

gelsemium 

Citations: 

Chao TC, Lo DS, Bloodworth BC (1992) Common poisons 

in Singapore – Past and present. Med Sci Law 

32(2):139-147. 



Pathol 9(4):313-319. 

g e ls e Mi u M s e Mp e rv i r e n s (L.) J. St.-Hil. 

[Gelsemiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Carolina jasmine; Carolina jessamine; Carolina wild 

woodbine; Carolina yellow jessamine; evening trumpet 

flower; evening trumpet vine; false jessamine; Gelber 

Jasmin; gelsemium; jasmine; jasmin-de-Caroline; jessamine; 

wild jessamine; woodbine; yellow jasmine; yellow 

jessamine 

Citations: 

Blaw ME, Adkisson MA, Levin D, et al. (1979) Poisoning 

with Carolina jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens [L.] 

Ait.). J Pediatr 94(6):998-1001.

170 - Genista canariensis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Craig FR, Williamson H (1963) Poultry sickness traced to 

yellow jessamine. North Carolina Res Farming 22(1):3. 

Freeman JN (1873) Gelsemium. Lancet 2(Sep 27):475. 

Ringer S, Murrell W (1876) On Gelsemium sempervirens. 

Action on man. Lancet 1(May 6):661-663. 

Ringer S, Murrell W (1878) On Gelsemium sempervirens. 

Lancet 1(Jun 22):892-894. 

Thompson LJ, Frazier K, Stiver S, et al. (2002) Multiple 

animal intoxications associated with Carolina jessamine 

(Gelsemium sempervirens) ingestions. Vet Hum Toxicol 

44(5):272-273. 

Williamson JH, Craig FR, Barber CW, et al. (1964) Some 

effects of feeding Gelsemium sempervirens (yellow jessamine) 

to young chickens and turkeys. Avian Dis 

8(2):183-190. 

gem squash –see– Cucurbita pepo L. 

genda –see– Tagetes patula L. 

genièvre –see– Juniperus communis L. 

g e n is Ta c a n a r i e n s is L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Canary Island broom 

Citations: 

Fadiman J (1965) Genista canariensis: A minor psychedelic. 

Econ Bot 19:383. 

g e n is Ta s Te n o p e Ta l a Webb & Berthel. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c ytisus racemosus Marnock 

Common Names: 

broom 

Citations: 

Meier-Abt PJ (2002) Swiss Toxicologial Information Centre 

Annual Report 2002. www.toxi.ch. 

genkol bean –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

gentian –see– Gentiana lutea L. 

g e n Ti a n a l u Te a L. [Gentianaceae] 

Common Names: 

bitterwort; gentian; gentiane jaune; grande gentiane 

Citations: 




gentiane jaune –see– Gentiana lutea L. 

Geoffroea inermis W. Wright = Andira inermis (W. 

Wright) Kunth ex DC. 

Geoffroea jamaicensis W. Wright = Andira inermis (W. 

Wright) Kunth ex DC. 

Geraldton carnation weed –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

geranium –see– Pelargonium ×domesticum L. H. Bailey 

Gerbermyrte –see– Coriaria myrtifolia L. 

Gerberstrauch –see– Coriaria myrtifolia L. 

gergellim bravo –see– Crotalaria spectabilis Roth; Crotalaria 

juncea L.; Crotalaria pallida Aiton; Crotalaria retusa L. 

German camomille –see– Matricaria recutita L.; Matricaria 

recutita L. 

German primrose –see– Primula obconica Hance 

germander –see– Teucrium chamaedrys L. 

germandrée petit chêne –see– Teucrium chamaedrys L. 

Gerste –see– Hordeum vulgare L. 

gesse pourpre –see– Lathyrus clymenum L. 

ghostweed –see– Euphorbia marginata Pursh 

ghwanobos –see– Senecio ilicifolius L. 

giant arbor vitae –see– Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 

giant buttercup –see– Ranunculus acris L. 

giant couch –see– Cynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilg. 

giant cow parsnip –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum 

Sommier & Levier 

giant elephant’s-ear –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. 

Don 

giant fennel –see– Ferula communis L. 

giant hogweed –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier 

& Levier 

giant horsetail –see– Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. 

giant larkspur –see– Delphinium glaucum S. Watson 

giant milkweed –see– Calotropis gigantea (L.) W. T. Aiton; 

Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

giant nettle –see– Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) Chew; 

Urtica ferox G. Forst. 

giant panicum –see– Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T. Q. Nguyen 

giant parsnip –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & 

Levier 

giant pigweed –see– Trianthema portulacastrum L. 

giant poverty weed –see– Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) 

Fresen. 

giant ragweed –see– Ambrosia trifida L. 

giant rain lily –see– Cooperia pedunculata Herb. 

giant Russian hogweed –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum 


giant stargrass –see– Cynodon aethiopicus Clayton & J. 

R. Harlan; Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst; Cynodon 

plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilg. 

giant stinging tree –see– Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) 

Chew 

giant stock bean –see– Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. 

giant striata crotalaria –see– Crotalaria pallida Aiton 

giant taro –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

gibata –see– Arrabidaea bilabiata (Sprague) Sandwith

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Glandularia elegans - 171 

Gichtrose –see– Rhododendron aureum Georgi 

Gichtwurz –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

gidee gidee –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

gidyea tree –see– Acacia georginae F. M. Bailey 

Gifappel –see– Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin; Pachystigma 

pygmaeum (Schltr.) Robyns 

gifblaar –see– Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook.) Engl. 

gifbloom –see– Boophone disticha (L. f.) Herb. 

gifbol –see– Boophone disticha (L. f.) Herb. 

gifboom –see– Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd 

gifbossie –see– Thesium namaquense Schltr. 

Giftbaum –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

Giftbeere –see– Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. 

giftblad –see– Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook.) Engl. 

Giftefeu –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

Gifteiche –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

Gifthahnenfuß –see– Ranunculus sceleratus L. 

Giftige Rebendolde –see– Oenanthe crocata L. 

Giftprimel –see– Primula obconica Hance 

Giftsumach –see– Toxicodendron pubescens Mill.; 

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

Giftwicke –see– Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

Giftwüterich –see– Cicuta virosa L. 

gila bean –see– Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. 

gilisztaüzö varádics –see– Tanacetum vulgare L. 

gill-over-the-ground –see– Glechoma hederacea L. 

gin nan –see– Ginkgo biloba L. 

gingali –see– Sesamum indicum L. 

ginger –see– Zingiber officinale Roscoe 

gingibre –see– Zingiber officinale Roscoe 

ginigawat –see– Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B. K. Simon 


ginkgo –see– Ginkgo biloba L. 

g i n k g o b i l ob a L. [Ginkgoaceae] 

Common Names: 

ginkgo; Ginkgobaum; ginko; ginkyo; gin nan; kew 

tree; maidenhair tree; silver apricot 

Citations: 

Becker LE, Skipworth GB (1975) Ginkgo-tree dermatitis, 

stomatitis, and proctitis. JAMA 231(11):1162-1163. 

Bilbert GJ (1997) Ginkgo biloba. Neurology 48(4):1137. 

Bolus M (1939) Dermatitis venenata due to ginkgo berries. 

Arch Derm Syphilol 39:530. 

Castelli D, Colin L, Camel E, et al. (1998) Pretreatment of 

skin with a Ginkgo biloba extract/sodium carboxymethylβ-1,3-glucan 

formulation appears to inhibit the elicitation 

of allergic contact dermatitis in man. Contact Dermatitis 

38(3):123-126. 

Fujisawa M, Hori Y, Nakajima M, et al. (2002) Gas chromatography-mass 

spectrometry analysis of 4-O-methylpyridoxine 

(MPN) in the serum of patients with ginkgo seed 

poisoning. J Anal Toxicol 26(3):138-143. 

Hori Y, Fujisawa M, Shimada K, et al. (2004) Rapid analysis 

of 4-O-methylpyridoxine in the serum of patients with 

Ginkgo biloba seed poisoning by ion-pair high-performance 

liquid chromatography. Biol Pharm Bull 27(4):486-491. 

Kajiyama Y, Fujii K, Takeuchi H, et al. (2002) Ginkgo seed 

poisoning. Pediatrics 109(2):325-327. 

Nakamura T (1985) Gingko tree dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 

12(5):281-282. 

Rowin J, Lewis SL (1996) Spontaneous bilateral subdural 

hematomas associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba ingestion. 

Neurology 46(Jun):1775-1776. 

Saito J (1929) Klinische und experimentelle Untersuchung 

der durch Ginkgofrucht verursachten Dermatitis und 

ihrer hautreizenden Bestandteile. Jpn J Dermatol Urol 

29:105-129. 

Saito J (1930) Klinische und experimentelle Untersuchung 

der durch Ginkgofrucht verursachten Dermatitis und 

ihrer hautreizenden Bestandteile. Tohoku J Exp Med 

16:385-412. 

Sowers WF, Weary PE, Collins OD, et al. (1965) Ginkgotree 

dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 91(May):452-456. 

Starr AM (1913) Poisoning by Ginkgo. Bot Gaz 55:251. 

Tabayashi T (1927) [Experimental study of dermatitis owing 

to fruits of the Gingko.] Nippon Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi 

27(A):962-963. 

Tomb RR, Foussereau J, Sell Y (1988) Mini-epidemic of 

contact dermatitis from ginkgo tree fruit (Ginkgo biloba 


Vale S (1998) Subarachnoid haemorrhage associated with 

Ginkgo biloba. Lancet 352(9121):36. 

Vollmer H, Halter K (1938) Dermatitis durch Früchte 

von Ginkgo biloba. Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 

9(A721):17-20. 

Vollmer H, Halter K (1939) Dermatitis durch Früchte von 

Ginkgo biloba. Z Haut Geschlechtskr 62:208. 

Yagi M, Wada K, Sakata M, et al. (1993) [Studies on the 

constituents of edible and medicinal plants. IV. Determination 

of 4-O-methylpyridoxine in serum of the 

patient with gin-nan food poisoning.] J Pharm Soc Jpn 

113(8):596-599. 

Ginkgobaum –see– Ginkgo biloba L. 

ginko –see– Ginkgo biloba L. 

ginkyo –see– Ginkgo biloba L. 

ginseng –see– Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. 

ginster –see– Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 

giraffe thorn –see– Acacia ×giraffae Willd. 

glabrous hemp –see– Apocynum cannabinum L. 

glacier ivy –see– Hedera helix L. 

glands –see– Quercus robur L. 

g l a n d u l a r i a e l e g a n s (Kunth) Umber 

[Verbenaceae] 

Synonyms: 

verbena elegans Kunth

172 - Glandularia ×hybrida D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Potter PC, Mather S, Lockey P, et al. (1995) Immediate and 

delayed contact hypersensitivity to verbena plants. Contact 

Dermatitis 33(5):343-346. 

g l a n d u l a r i a × h y b r i d a (hort. ex Groenl. & 

Rümpler) G. L. Nesom & Pruski [Verbenaceae] 

Synonyms: 

verbena ×hybrida hort. ex Groenl. & Rümpler 

Citations: 

Potter PC, Mather S, Lockey P, et al. (1995) Immediate and 

delayed contact hypersensitivity to verbena plants. Contact 

Dermatitis 33(5):343-346. 

Glanzpeterlein –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

Glanzpetersilie –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

glaucous zygadenus –see– Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. 

g l e c h o Ma h e d e r a c e a L. [Lamiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

n epeta hederacea (L.) Trev. 

Common Names: 

alefoot; alehoof; creeping Charlie; Epheublättrige 

Gündelrebe; Erdepheu; field balm; gill-over-theground; 

ground ivy; kerek repkény; lierre tenestre; runaway 

robin 

Citations: 





Hazslinszky B (1935) Ueber Vergiftung bei Pferden durch 

Glechoma. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 43(Nov 

9):708-709. 

Nicolau A, Bârză H, Duca H, et al. (1956) Vergiftungen 

durch die Pflanze Glechoma hederacea beim Pferde. 

Monatsh Veterinarmed 11(20):534-538. 

Glelskraut –see– Euphorbia cyparissias L. 

gli equiseti –see– Equisetum palustre L. 

g l i n u s o p p o s i Ti f o l i u s (L.) Aug. DC. 

[Molluginaceae] 

Common Names: 

kaipajia 

Citations: 

Alikutty KM (1975) A field report on the occurrence of 

certain cases of weed toxicity in cattle. Kerala J Vet Sci 

6(1-2):149-150. 

Alikutty KM, Aleyas NM (1978) Experimental weed (Glinus 

oppositifolius) toxicity in cattle. Kerala J Vet Sci 

9(1):145-148. 

g l i r ic i d i a Ma c u l a Ta (Kunth) Kunth ex Walp. 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

g l i r ic i d i a s e p i u M (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

lengua-de-perico; madera negra; madre; madre-decacao; 

madriado; mata ratón; mother-of-cocoa; piñon 

amoroso; piñon florido; raton; sangre-de-drago 

Citations: 

Glander KE (1977) Poison in a monkey’s Garden of Eden. 

Nat Hist 86(Mar):35-41. 

globe artichoke –see– Cynara cardunculus L. 

g l o c h i d io n h e y n e a n u M (Wight & Arn.) 

Wight [Phyllanthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

g lochidion velutinum Wight. 

Common Names: 

lattighat 

Citations: 




21(1):1-9. 

Glochidion velutinum Wight = Glochidion heyneanum 

(Wight & Arn.) Wight 

Glockenbilsenkraut –see– Scopolia carniolica Jacq. 

gloriosa lily –see– Gloriosa superba L. 

Gloriosa rothschildiana O’Brien = Gloriosa superba L. 

Gloriosa simplex auct. = Gloriosa superba L. 

g l o r io s a s u p e r b a L. [Colchicaceae] 

Synonyms: 

g loriosa rothschildiana O’Brien; g loriosa simplex auct. 

Common Names: 

climbing lily; creeping lily; flame lily; gloriosa lily; karihari; 

Malabar glory lily; mora; Rothschild’s-glory lily; 

superb lily; Turk’s-cap 

Citations: 

Aleem HM (1992) Gloriosa superba poisoning. J Assoc Physicians 

India 40(8):541-542. 

Angunawela RM, Fernando HA (1971) Acute ascending 

polyneuropathy and dermatitis following poisoning by 

tubers of Gloriosa superba. Ceylon Med J 16(4):233-235. 



40(5):551-555.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Glycine max - 173 




Gooneratne BW (1966) Massive generalized alopecia 

after poisoning by Gloriosa superba. Br Med J 

1(5494):1023-1024. 

Jose J, Ravindran M (1988) A rare case of poisoning by Gloriosa 

superba. J Assoc Physicians India 36(7):451-452. 



Mendis S (1989) Colchicine cardiotoxicity following 

ingestion of Gloriosa superba tubers. Postgrad Med J 

65(768):752-755. 

Nagaratnam N, De Silva DP, De Silva N (1973) Colchicine 

poisoning following ingestion of Gloriosa superba tubers. 

Trop Geogr Med 25(1):15-17. 

Senanayake N, Karalliedde L (1988) Patterns of acute poisoning 

in a medical unit in central Sri Lanka. Forensic 

Sci Int 36:101-104. 

Senewiratne B, Thambipillai S (1974) Pattern of poisoning 

in a developing agricultural country. Br J Prev Soc Med 

28(1):32-36. 

glory lily –see– Gloriosa superba L. 

glossy buckthorn –see– Frangula alnus Mill. 

glottidium –see– Sesbania vesicaria (Jacq.) Elliott 

Glottidium vesicarium (Jacq.) R. M. Harper = Sesbania 

vesicaria (Jacq.) Elliott 

glovewort –see– Cynoglossum officinale L. 

glue chard –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

glue thistle –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

g l u Ta r e n g h a s L. [Anacardiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s tagmaria vermiciflua Jack 

Common Names: 

ape nut; black varnish tree; East Coast rengas; Javanese 

lac tree; jitong; rengas; renghas 

Citations: 



Syphilol 51(3):163-171. 

Grevenstuk A (1937) Vergiftung durch Renghas und 

durch Japanlack. Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 

8(A664):35-38. 

g l u Ta u s i Ta Ta (Wall.) Ding Hou [Anacardiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Melanorrhoea usitata Wall. 

Common Names: 

Burma lac tree; Burmese lacquer tree 

Citations: 

Kullavanijaya P, Ophaswongse S (1997) A study of dermatitis 

in the lacquerware industry. Contact Dermatitis 

36(5):244-246. 

Glyceria aquatica (L.) Wahlb. = Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) 

Holmb. 

g l y c e r i a g r a n d is S. Watson [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

American mannagrass; tall mannagrass 

Citations: 

Puls R, Newschwander FP, Greenway JA (1978) Cyanide 

poisoning from Glyceria grandis S. Wats. ex Gray (tall 

mannagrass) in a British Columbia beef herd. Can Vet J 

19(9):264-265. 

g l y c e r i a Ma x i Ma (Hartm.) Holmb. [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

g lyceria aquatica (L.) Wahlb.; p oa aquatica L. 

Common Names: 

reed sweetgrass; vizi harmatkása; water gromwells 

Citations: 

Barton NJ, McOrist S, McQueen DS, et al. (1983) Poisoning 

of cattle by Glyceria maxima. Aust Vet J 60(7):220-221. 

Fritzsch R (1966) Beitrag zur Futterintoxikation beim Rind 

durch Giftstoffe obligater Futterpflanzen. Monatsh Veterinarmed 

21(9):327-331. 

Guilhon J (1988) L’enseignement de la botanique et la mort 

subite au pré. Bull Acad Vet Fr 61(3):267-271. 

Rainey JW (1946) Hydrocyanic acid poisoning from Poa 

aquatica. Aust Vet J 22:187. 

Sharman JR (1967) Cyanide poisoning of cattle grazing “reed 

sweet-grass.” N Z Vet J 15:7-8. 

Shulakov MG, Vorob Eva FD (1977) [Toxicity of hay containing 

Glyceria maxima (reed sweet-grass).] Veterinariia 

Moscow 54(8):103-105. 

glicine –see– Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. 

glycine chinensis –see– Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. 

g l y c i n e Ma x (L.) Merr. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

soja; Sojabohne; soy; soya bean; soybean 

Citations: 

Almquist HJ, Merritt JB (1952) Effect of raw soybean 

meal on growth of the chick. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 

79:277-279. 

Almquist HJ, Merritt JB (1952) Effect of soybean antitrypsin 

on growth of the chick. Arch Biochem 

35(2):352-354. 

Anderson DW, Howard HW (1959) Feeding of soybean 

products and development of goiter. Pediatrics 

24(5):854-855. 

Avanzi CF (1972) Effetti tireostatici della soia. Agric Ital 

72(4):293-296. 

Balloun SL, Johnson EL (1953) Anticoagulant properties 

of unheated soybean meal in chick diets. Arch Biochem 

42(2):355-359. 

Booth AN, Robbins DJ, Ribelin WE, et al. (1960) Effect of 

raw soybean meal and amino acids on pancreatic hypertrophy 

in rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 104:681-683.

174 - Glycine max D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Booth AN, Robbins DJ, Ribelin WE, et al. (1964) Prolonged 

pancreatic hypertrophy and reversibility in rats 

fed raw soybean meal. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 116(Aug- 

Sep):1067-1069. 

Bornstein S, Lipstein B (1963) The influence of age of chicks 

on their sensitivity to raw soybean oil meal. Poult Sci 

42:61-70. 

Bray DJ (1964) Pancreatic hypertrophy in laying pullets 

induced by unheated soybean meal. Poult Sci 

43(2):382-384. 

Carlson CW, Saxena HC, Jensen LS, et al. (1964) 

Rachitogenic activity of soybean fractions. J Nutr 

82(Apr):507-511. 

Clarke E, Wiseman J (2004) Effect of varying trypsin inhibitor 

activity of full fat soya on nutritional value for broiler 

chicks. In: Acamovic T, Stewart CS, Pennycott TW (eds.) 

Poisonous plants and related toxins. CABI. Wallingford, 

UK. pp. 512-519. 

Collins JL, Beaty BF (1980) Heat inactivation of trypsin 

inhibitor in fresh green soybeans and physiological 

responses of rats fed the beans. J Food Sci 45(3):542-546. 

Cross RF (1953) Observations on the bovine hemorrhagic 

disease caused by trichloroethylene-processed soybean oil 

meal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 123(Feb):103-105. 

Finzi A, Romboli I (1972) Cecità congenita in pulcini in 

seguito a somministrazione protratta di soia cruda a galline 

in deposizione. Rivista Ital Sost Grasse 49:252-253. 

Garlich JD, Nesheim MC (1965) Effect of sodium taurocholate 

on fat malabsorption induced by feeding 

unheated soybean proteins. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 

118(Apr):1022-1025. 

Garlich JD, Nesheim MC (1966) Relationship of fractions 

of soybeans and a crystalline soybean trypsin inhibitor to 

the effects of feeding unheated soybean meal to chicks. J 

Nutr 88(1):100-110. 

Goldberg A, Guggenheim K (1964) Effect of antibiotics on 

pancreatic enzymes of rats fed soybean flour. Arch Biochem 

Biophys 108(Nov):250-254. 

Grant G, Dorward PM, Buchan W (1995) Consumption of 

diets containing raw soya beans (Glycine max), kidney 

beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) 

or lupin seeds (Lupinus angustifolius) by rats up to 700 

days: Effects on body composition and organ weights. Br 

J Nutr 73(1):17-29. 

Grant G, Dorward PM, Pusztai A (1993) Pancreatic enlargement 

is evident in rats fed diets containing raw soybeans 

(Glycine max) or cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) for 800 

days but not in those fed diets based on kidney beans 

(Phaseolus vulgaris) or lupinseed (Lupinus angustifolius). 

J Nutr 123(12):2207-2215. 

Holm GC, Eveleth DF, Dinusson WE (1953) Trichloroethylene 

soybean meal poisoning in sheep. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 122(914):380-382. 

Hove EL, King S, Hill GD (1978) Composition, protein 

quality, and toxins of seeds of the grain legumes Glycine 

max, Lupinus spp., Phaseolus spp., Pisum sativum, and 

Vicia faba. N Z J Agric Res 21:457-462. 

Hydovitz JD (1960) Occurrence of goiter in an infant on a 

soy diet. N Engl J Med 262(7):351-353. 

Kimura S, Suwa J, Ito M, et al. (1979) Experimental studies 

on the role of defatted soybean in the development of 

malignant goiter. In: Miller et al. (eds.) Naturally occurring 

carcinogens, mutagens and modulators of carcinogenesis. 

Jpn Sci Soc Press. Tokyo. pp. 101-110. 

Kwong E, Barnes RH (1963) Effect of soybean trypsin 

inhibitor on methionine and cystine utilization. J Nutr 

81(4):392-398. 

Lecks HI, Baker D (1965) Pseudotumor cerebri - An allergic 

phenomenon? A discussion of 17 cases including two of 

infants manifesting pseudotumor while receiving soybean 

feedings. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 4(1):32-37. 

Maggio P, Monsó E, Baltasar M, et al. (2003) Occupational 

asthma caused by soybean hull: A workplace equivalent to 

epidemic asthma. Allergy 58(4):350-351. 

McCarrison R (1934) The goitrogenic action of soya-bean 

and ground-nut. Indian J Med Res 21:179-181. 

Moss MH (1969) Hypoprothrombinemic bleeding in a 

young infant associated with a soy protein formula. Am J 

Dis Child 117(5):540-542. 

Nitsan Z, Alumot E (1965) The effect of raw soybean levels in 

the diet on the proteolytic activity and pancreatic hypertrophy 

in the growing chick. Poult Sci 44(5):1210-1214. 

Patten JR, Richards EA, Pope H 2nd (1971) The effect of 

raw soybean on the pancreas of adult dogs. Proc Soc Exp 

Biol Med 137(1):59-63. 

Pubols MH, Saxena HC, McGinnis J (1964) Pancreatic 

enzyme levels in chicks fed unheated soybean meal. Proc 

Soc Exp Biol Med 117(3):713-717. 

Rackis JJ, McGee JE, Gumbmann MR, et al. (1979) Effects of 

soy proteins containing trypsin inhibitors in long term feeding 

studies in rats. J Am Oil Chem Soc 56(3):162-168. 

Rackis JJ, Smith AK, Nash AM, et al. (1963) Feeding 

studies on soybeans. Growth and pancreatic hypertrophy 

in rats fed soybean meal fractions. Cereal Chem 

40(Sep):531-538. 

Romboli I, Finzi A (1974) Indagine sul fattore antitiroideo 

della soia. Riv Zoot Vet 2:123-137. 

Salman AJ, Pubols MH, McGinnis J (1968) Chemical and 

microscopic nature of pancreata from chicks fed unheated 

soybean meal. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 128(1):258-261. 

Saxena HC, Jensen LS, McGinnis J (1961) Growth inhibition 

by raw soybean meal for chicks and turkey poults. 

Poult Sci 40:1452-1453. 

Saxena HC, Jensen LS, McGinnis J, et al. (1963) Histophysiological 

studies on chick pancreas as influenced 

by feeding raw soybean meal. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 

112(Feb):390-393. 

Setchell KD, Gosselin SJ, Welsh MB, et al. (1987) Dietary 

estrogens - A probable cause of infertility and liver disease 

in captive cheetahs. Gastroenterology 93(2):225-233. 

Sharpless GR (1938) A new goiter-producing diet for the rat. 

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 38:166-168. 

Sharpless GR, Pearsons J, Prato GS (1939) Production of 

goiter in rats with raw and with treated soy bean flour. J 

Nutr 17(6):545-555. 

Stewart GH, Lawrence JA (1978) An outbreak of hepatosis 

dietetica in Rhodesia. Rhodesia Vet J 8:80-86. 

Suwa J, Koyanagi T, Kimura S (1979) Studies on soybean 

factors which produced goiter in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 

(Tokyo) 25(4):309-315. 

Taramarcaz P, Hauser C, Eigenmann PA (2001) Soy anaphylaxis. 

Allergy 56(8):792. 

Tudor RJ, Dayan AD (1987) Comparative subacute effects 

of dietary raw soya flour on the pancreas of three species, 

the marmoset, mouse and rat. Food Chem Toxicol 

25(10):739-745. 

Wilgus HS Jr, Gassner FX, Patton AR, et al. (1941) The goitrogenicity 

of soybeans. J Nutr 22:43-52.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Gnidia polycephala - 175 

Glycine wightii (Wight & Arn.) Verdc. = Neonotonia 

wightii (Wight & Arn.) J. A. Lackey 

g l y c y r r h i z a g l a b r a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Lakritze; licorice; licorise; liksidsrod; liquorice; 

réglisse 

Citations: 

Barrella M, Lauria G, Quatrale R, et al. (1997) Hypokaliemic 

rhabdomyolysis associated with liquorice ingestion: Report 

of an atypical case. Ital J Neurol Sci 18(4):217-220. 

Cartier A, Malo JL, Labrecque M (2002) Occupational 

asthma due to liquorice roots. Allergy 57(9):863. 

Cataldo F, Di Stefano P, Violante M, et al. (1997) Pseudoiperaldosteronismo 

secondario ad intossicazione da liquirizia 

associato a gastrite emorragica. Pediatr Med Chir 

19(3):219-221. 

Chamberlain JJ, Abolnik IZ (1997) Pulmonary edema following 

a licorice binge. West J Med 167(3):184-185. 

Delcroix C, Poncin E, Pourrat O, et al. (1985) Tubulopathie 

proximale au cours d’une intoxication par la réglisse. 

Presse Med 14(46):2346-2347. 

Famularo G, Corsi FM, Giacanelli M (1999) Iatrogenic 

worsening of hypokalemia and neuromuscular paralysis 

associated with the use of glucose solutions for potassium 

replacement in a young woman with licorice intoxication 

and furosemide abuse. Acad Emerg Med 6(9):960-964. 

Minaire Y, Baltassat P, Gouezo F, et al. (1964) A propos de deux 

cas d’intoxication par le réglisse. Ann Pharm Fr 22(3):245. 

Morell F, Orriols R, Lucas A, et al. (1983) Seudohiperaldosteronismo 

por ingestión de regaliz. Med Clin (Barc) 

80(1):49-50. 

Rausch Stroomann JG (1968) Reversible severe hypertension 

due to licorice ingestion. N Engl J Med 279(Sep 12):606. 

Yoshida S, Takayama Y (2003) Licorice-induced hypokalemia 

as a treatable cause of dropped head syndrome. Clin Neurol 

Neurosurg 105(4):286-287. 

Glyzinie –see– Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. 

gnawed canarygrass –see– Phalaris paradoxa L. 

g n i d i a a n Th y l l o i d e s Gilg [Thymelaeaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l asiosiphon anthylloides (L. f.) Meisn. 

Citations: 

Alexander R (1928) Lasiosiphon anthylloides as a poisonous 

plant. Rep Director Vet Educ Res South Africa 

13:233-240. 

g n i d i a b u r c h e l l i i Gilg [Thymelaeaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l asiosiphon burchellii Meisn. 

Common Names: 

harpuisbar; harpuisbos 

Citations: 

Terblanche M, Pieterse MJ, Adelaar TF, et al. (1966) Further 

studies of the toxicology of Lasiosiphon burchellii 

Meisn. J S Afr Vet Assoc 37(2):185-189. 

g n i d i a k r a u s s i a n a Meisn. [Thymelaeaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l asiosiphon kraussianus (Meisn.) Burtt Davy 

Common Names: 

yellow heads 

Citations: 

Nwude N, Parsons LE (1978) Haematological and biochemical 

changes in Lasiosiphon kraussianus (Meisn.) poisoning 

in cattle. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 26(1):73-77. 

Nwude N, Parsons LE (1978) Toxicity of Lasiosiphon kraussianus 

(Meisn.) in livestock. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 

26(1):67-72. 



g n i d i a l a Ti f o l i a (Oliv.) Gilg [Thymelaeaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l asiosiphon latifolius (Oliv.) Brenan 

Citations: 

Kiptoon JC, Mugera GM, Waiyaki PG (1982) Haematological 

and biochemical changes in cattle poisoned by Gnidia 

latifolia syn. Lasiosiphon latifolius (Thymelaeaceae). Toxicology 

25(2-3):129-139. 

Mugera GM, Kiptoon JC, Waiyaki PG (1982) Studies on 

the toxicity of Gnidia latifolia (Meisn) in cattle. Bull 

Anim Health Prod Afr 30(3):251-256. 

g n i d i a p o l y c e p h a l a Gilg [Thymelaeaceae] 

Common names: 

januariebos 

Citations: 

Grant R, Booker HH, Basson PA, et al. (1988) Cardiomyopathies 

caused by januariebos (Gnidia polycephala) and 

avocado (Persea americana) leaves. J S Afr Vet Assoc 

59(2):101. 

goabean –see– Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. 

goat head –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

goat killer –see– Dichapetalum barteri Engl. 

goat nut –see– Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid. 

goat weed –see– Ageratum conyzoides L.; Hypericum 

perforatum L.; Tribulus terrestris L. 

goat’s-rue –see– Galega officinalis L. 

gobernadora –see– Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville 

gobu –see– Stipa sibirica (L.) Lam. 

godogo –see– Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. 

gogu –see– Stipa sibirica (L.) Lam. 

gokharu –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

gokarni –see– Clitoria ternatea L. 

golandrina –see– Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 

gold-dust plant –see– Aucuba japonica Thunb. 

gold-leaf plant –see– Aucuba japonica Thunb. 

golden banner –see– Thermopsis montana Nutt.

176 - Gomphocarpus fruticosa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

golden Ceylon creeper –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) 

Engl. 

golden chain –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

golden corn –see– Semecarpus anacardium L. f. 

golden corydalis –see– Corydalis aurea Willd. 

golden crownbeard –see– Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. 


golden dewdrop –see– Duranta erecta L. 

golden feather –see– Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. 

Bip. 

golden fumeroot –see– Corydalis aurea Willd. 

golden germander –see– Teucrium polium L. 

golden glow –see– Rudbeckia laciniata L. 

golden hunter’s-robe –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) 

Engl. 

golden oats –see– Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. 

golden pothos –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 

golden privet –see– Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. 

golden rail –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

golden rain –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

golden smoke –see– Corydalis aurea Willd. 

golden tip –see– Goodia lotifolia Salisb. 

golden trumpet –see– Allamanda cathartica L. 

goldenrod –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & H. 

Rob.; Solidago speciosa Nutt.; Solidago spectabilis (D. C. 

Eaton) A. Gray 

goldfish plant –see– Columnea spp. 

Goldhafer –see– Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. 

Goldregen –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

golio –see– Malva parviflora L. 

golodrina –see– Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 

golondrina –see– Euphorbia heterophylla L. 

g o Mp h o c a r p u s f r u Tic o s a (L.) W. T. Aiton 

[Apocynaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a sclepias florida N. E. Br.; a sclepias fruticosa L.; a sclepias 

phillipsiae N. E. Br. 

Common Names: 

balloon cotton; blaasoppies; bladder cottonbush; cottonbush; 

duckbush; firesticks; melkbos; milkweed; 

narrow-leaf cottonbush; swan plant; tontelbos; wild 

cotton; wild cottonbush; wildekapok 

Citations: 





72(3):189-201. 

g o Mp h r e n a c e l o s io i d e s Mart. 


Common Names: 

gomphrena weed; soft khaki weed; white eye 

Citations: 

Newton LG (1952) Gomphrena celosioides - A plant causing 

ataxia in horses. Aust Vet J 28(Jun):151-154. 

Gomphrena decumbens Jacq. = Gomphrena serrata L. 

g o Mp h r e n a s e r r a Ta L. [Amaranthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

g omphrena decumbens Jacq. 

Common Names: 

gomphrena weed 

Citations: 

Clay AL (1944) Gomphrena poisoning. Aust Vet J 

20(2):211-212. 

gomphrena weed –see– Gomphrena celosioides Mart.; 

Gomphrena serrata L. 

gonde –see– Oenanthe palustris (Chiov.) C. Norman 

g o n io l i Mo n Ta Ta r ic u M (L.) Boiss. 

[Plumbaginaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l imonium tataricum (L.) Mill. 

Common Names: 

sea lavender 

Citations: 

Quirce S, Garcia Figueroa B, Olaguibel JM, et al. 

(1993) Occupational asthma and contact urticaria 

from dried flowers of Limonium tataricum. Allergy 

48(4):285-290. 

g o n y s Ty l u s b a n c a n u s (Miq.) Kurz 

[Thymelaeaceae] 

Common Names: 

ramin 

Citations: 

Beck MH, Roberts MM (1982) A case of ramin wood sensitivity. 


Bruynzeel DP, de Haan P (1987) Sensitivity to ramin wood. 


Hinojosa M, Losada E, Moneo I, et al. (1986) Occupational 

asthma caused by African maple (obeche) and ramin: Evidence 

of cross reactivity between these two woods. Clin 

Allergy 16(2):145-153. 

Howie AD, Boyd G, Moran F (1976) Pulmonary hypersensitivity 

to ramin (Gonystylus bancanus). Thorax 

31:585-587.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Gossypium hirsutum - 177 

g o o d i a l o Ti f o l i a Salisb. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

black scours; booroo molie; clover-leaf poison; clover 

tree; golden tip 

Citations: 

Maiden JH (1895) Is Goodia poisonous to stock? Agric Gaz 


g o o d i a Me d ic ag i n e a F. Muell. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

black scours; small golden tip 

Citations: 

Maiden JH (1895) Is Goodia poisonous to stock? Agric Gaz 


gooseberry –see– Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. 

gooseberry melon –see– Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin 

goosefoot –see– Chenopodium album L. 

goosegrass –see– Galium aparine L.; Triglochin maritima L. 

gopher plant –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

gordolobo –see– Senecio flaccidus Less. var. flaccidus; 


gordolobo yerba –see– Senecio flaccidus Less. var. flaccidus; 


gosmore –see– Hypochaeris radicata L. 

g o s s w e i l e r o d e n d r o n b a ls a Mi f e r u M 

(Vermoesen) Harms [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

agba 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 

g o s s y p i u M h i r s u Tu M L. [Malvaceae] 

Common Names: 

algodón; cotón; cotton; ngodoncillo; upland cotton; 

wild cotton 

Citations: 

Akhmedov MN, Arutyunyants SI, Lavrova AD, et al. (1975) 

[Toxicity of cottonseed meal for poultry.] Veterinariia 

Moscow 52(11):80-83. 

Ambož M (1964) Případ ortravy bavlníkovými pokrutinami. 

Veterinarstvi 14:41-42. 

Ambrose AM, Robbins DJ (1951) Studies on the chronic 

oral toxicity of cottonseed meal and cottonseed pigment 

glands. J Nutr 43:357-370. 

Binns HR (1938) Cottonseed poisoning of pigs. J Comp 

Pathol Exp Ther 51:296-304. 

Boyd EM, Boulanger MA (1969) Acute oral toxicity of cottonseed 

oil. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 14:432-438. 

Boyd EM, Krijnen CJ (1971) Intolerance to cottonseed 

oil in rats fed a low protein diet. Food Cosmet Toxicol 

9(3):389-394. 

Brown GT (1929) Cotton seed and kapok sensitization. 

JAMA 93(5):370-374. 

Carruth FE (1917) Methods for approximating the relative 

toxicity of cottonseed products. J Biol Chem 32:87-90. 

Coppock CE, West JW, Moya JR, et al. (1985) Effects of amount 

of whole cottonseed on intake, digestibility, and physiological 

responses of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 68(9):2248-2258. 

Cummins KA, Russell RW (1985) Effects of feeding whole 

cottonseed to lactating dairy cows on glucose and palmitate 

metabolism. J Dairy Sci 68(8):2009-2015. 

De Peters EJ, Taylor SJ, Franke AA, et al. (1985) Effects of 

feeding whole cottonseed on composition of milk. J Dairy 

Sci 68(4):897-902. 

Dinwiddie RR (1903) Pig feeding experiments with cotton 

seed meal. Arkansas Agric Exp Sta Bull #76:133-148. 

East NE, Anderson M, Lowenstine LJ (1994) Apparent 

gossypol-induced toxicosis in adult dairy goats. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 204(4):642-643. 

Evans RJ, Bauer DH, Vaghefi SB, et al. (1969) Influence of 

feeding cottonseed oil to laying hens on the low density 

lipoproteins of their eggs. J Nutr 99(4):485-490. 

Fitzsimmons RC, Newcombe M, Moul IE (1989) The longterm 

effects of feeding ground and whole cottonseed to 

laying hens. Can J Anim Sci 69(2):425-431. 

Fulmer E (1905) Tests in feeding cotton seed products. Part 

III. Effect of feeding cottonseed meal upon the health of 

animals. Washington Agric Exp Sta Bull #67:28-42. 

Gallup WD (1926) Eliminating the toxicity of cottonseed 

meal. J Dairy Sci 9(4):359-372. 

Gao H, Yang ZS, Jin SX (1985) [Primary observations on 

distal renal tubule acidosis in 177 cases caused by gossypol 

intoxication.] Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih 

24(7):419-421, 447. 

Goldberg SA, Maynard LA (1922-) Studies of cottonseed 

poisoning. I. The pathological tissue changes resulting 

from continuous feed of cottonseed meal. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 62:450-457. 

Graham GG, Morales E, Acevedo G, et al. (1970) Dietary 

protein quality in infants and children. III. Prolonged feeding 

of cottonseed flour. Am J Clin Nutr 23(2):165-169. 

Hale F, Lyman CM (1962) Effective utilization of cottonseed 

meal in swine rations. J Anim Sci 21:998. 

Hale WH, Lambeth C, Theurer B, et al. (1969) Digestibility 

and utilization of cottonseed hulls by cattle. J Anim Sci 

29(5):773-776. 

Halverson JO, Sherwood FW (1930) Investigations in the 

feeding of cottonseed meal to cattle. North Carolina 

Agric Exp Sta Tech Bull #39:158 pp. 

Haschek WM, Beasley VR, Buck WB, et al. (1989) Cottonseed 

meal (gossypol) toxicosis in a swine herd. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 195(5):613-615. 

Hawkins GE, Cummins KA, Silverio M, et al. (1985) Physiological 

effects of whole cottonseed in the diet of lactating 

dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 68(10):2608-2614. 

Hendricks JD, Sinnhuber RO, Loveland PM, et al. (1980) 

Hepatocarcinogenicity of glandless cottonseeds and cottonseed 

oil to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). Science 

208(4441):309-311. 

Heywang BW, Bird HR (1952) Failure of several amino 

compounds and of sardine meal to inactivate gossypol in 

diets of breeding chickens. Poult Sci 31:805-809. 

Heywang BW, Bird HR (1955) Relationship between the 

weight of chicks and levels of dietary free gossypol supplied 

by different cottonseed products. Poult Sci 34(1):1239-1247.

178 - Gossypium hirsutum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Heywang BW, Denton CA, Bird HR (1949) The effect of 

the dietary level of cottonseed meal on hatchability. Poult 

Sci 28:610-617. 

Heywang BW, Kemmerer AR (1966) Effect of gossypol source 

and level on chick growth. Poult Sci 45:1429-1430. 

Hotis RP, Woodward TE (1935) Heavy cottonseed meal 

feeding in relation to udder troubles in dairy cows. U S 

Dep Agric Tech Bull #473:15 pp. 

Hudson LM, Kerr LA, Maslin WR (1988) Gossypol 

toxicosis in a herd of beef calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

192(9):1303-1305. 

Jarrett JA (1983) Too much cottonseed led to poisoning. 

Hoards Dairyman 128(8):568-570. 

Kemmerer AR, Heywang BW, Vavich MG, et al. (1965) 

Effect of cottonseed oil on egg hatchability. Poult Sci 

44(5):1315-1318. 

Kramer RY, Garner DL, Ericson SA, et al. (1991) The effect 

of cottonseed components on testicular development in 

pubescent rams. Vet Hum Toxicol 33(1):11-16. 

Leighton RE, Anthony WB, Huff JS, et al. (1953) Relation 

of breed and free gossypol levels to cottonseed meal toxicity 

in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 36:601-602. 

Lindsey TO, Hawkins GE, Guthrie LD (1980) Physiological 

responses of lactating cows to gossypol from cottonseed 

meal rations. J Dairy Sci 63(4):562-573. 

Lorenz FW (1939) Egg deterioration due to ingestion by 

hens of malvaceous materials. Poult Sci 18:295-300. 

Macy IG, Mendel LB (1920) Comparative studies on the 

physiological value and toxicity of cotton seed and some 

of its products. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 16:345-390. 

Naber EC, Morgan CL (1957) Studies on a hatchability 

depressing factor in cottonseed oil. Poult Sci 36:429-431. 

Nagalakshmi D, Sharma AK, Sastry VR (2000) Pathological 

lesions in lambs fed raw or processed cottonseed meal. 

Vet Res Commun 24(5):349-359. 

Neser JA, Grimbeek PJ, Langford MJ, et al. (1988) Gossipol 

poisoning in pigs. J S Afr Vet Assoc 59(2):104. 

Orgad Klopfer U, Adler H (1986) Gossypol poisoning in 

calves. Isr J Vet Med 42(1):16-18. 

Osborne TB, Mendel LB (1917) The use of cotton seed as 

food. J Biol Chem 29(2):289-317. 

Patton CS, Legendre AM, Gompf RE, et al. (1985) Heart 

failure caused by gossypol poisoning in two dogs. J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 187(6):625-627. 

Pérez-Buriel J, Watts AB (1973) Avances sobre la inactivacion 

del gosipol en la harina de algodon. Agron Trop 

(Ven) 23(3):323-331. 

Ringrose RC, Morgan CL, Lease EJ (1941) The effect 

of cottonseed oil on the hatchability of eggs. Poult Sci 

20:57-61. 

Rogers PA, Henaghan TP, Wheeler B (1975) Gossypol poisoning 

in young calves. Ir Vet J 29(1):9-13. 

Rojas SW, Scott ML (1969) Factors affecting the nutritive 

value of cottonseed meal as a protein source in chick diets. 

Poult Sci 48(3):819-835. 

Rommel GM, Vedder EB (1915) Beriberi and cottonseed 

poisoning in pigs. J Agric Res 5(11):489-493. 

Schaible PJ, Moore LA, Moore JM (1933) Gossypol a cause 

of discoloration in egg yolks from hens fed cottonseed 

meal. Poult Sci 12:334. 

Schwartze EW, Alsberg CL (1924) Relation between toxicity 

of cottonseed and its gossypol content. J Agric Res 

28(2):173-189. 

Smith FH (1963) Isolation of gossypol from tissue of porcine 

livers. J Am Oil Chem Soc 40(2):60-61. 

Smith FH, Clawson AJ (1970) The effects of dietary gossypol 

on animals. J Am Oil Chem Soc 47(11):443-447. 

Taub SJ (1934) Cottonseed allergy. JAMA 103(5):334-335. 

Tone JN, Jensen DR (1970) Effect of ingested gossypol on the 

growth performance of rats. Experientia 26(9):970-971. 

Tone JN, Jensen DR (1976) The accumulation pattern of 

ingested gossypol in selected organs of rats. Experientia 

32(3):369-371. 

Wells CA, Ewing PV (1916) Cottonseed meal as an incomplete 

food. J Biol Chem 27(1):15-25. 

West JL (1939) Lesions of gossypol poisoning in dogs fed 

cottonseed meal. Vet Med 34(10):603. 

Wilde JK (1944) Post-mortem lesions noted in pigs used in 

cottonseed feeding trials. Vet J 100:209-213. 

Withers WA, Carruth FE (1918) Comparative toxicity of 

cottonseed products. J Agric Res 14(10):425-452. 

Withers WA, Carruth FE (1918) Gossypol, the toxic substance 

in cottonseed. J Agric Res 12(2):83-102. 

Note: 

Cottonseed in most toxicity reports is probably from 

Gossypium hirsµtum L. but some may come from other 

Gossypium species. 

gotu kola –see– Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. 

goudronnier –see– Semecarpus ater (G. Forst.) Vieill. 

gourd –see– Cucurbita maxima Duchesne; Lagenaria siceraria 

(Molina) Standl. 

gousiektebossie –see– Pachystigma pygmaeum (Schltr.) 

Robyns 

gout stalk –see– Jatropha podagrica Hook. 

graceful narrowgrass –see– Triglochin maritima L. 

grain sorghum –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

graine-de-moluques –see– Croton tiglium L. 

graine-de-tilly –see– Croton tiglium L. 

graines-d’arrow-root-de-Floride –see– Zamia integrifolia L. f. 

graines-de-Ricin –see– Ricinus communis L. 

grama común –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

gramilla –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

gramilla colorada –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

grana tiglio –see– Croton tiglium L. 

grand trèfle rouge –see– Trifolium pratense L. 

grande berce –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & 

Levier 

grande ciguë –see– Conium maculatum L. 

grande consoude –see– Symphytum officinale L. 

grande gentiane –see– Gentiana lutea L. 

grande malnommée –see– Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 

grande ortie –see– Urtica dioica L. 

grandiúva –see– Trema micrantha (L.) Blume 

grape –see– Vitis labrusca L.; Vitis vinifera L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Grevillea banksii - 179 

grapewort –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

grapefruit –see– Citrus paradisi Macfad. 

Graserich –see– Allium sativum L. 

grass –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

grass-leaf day lily –see– Hemerocallis minor Mill. 

grass pea –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

grass vetchling –see– Lathyrus nissolia L. 

grassland lupin –see– Lupinus arbustus Douglas ex Lindl. 

grassland lupine –see– Lupinus arbustus Douglas ex Lindl.; 

Lupinus argenteus Pursh Lupinus; argenteus Pursh var. 

holosericeus (Nutt.) Barneby; Lupinus formosus Greene 

grassy death camas –see– Toxicoscordion nuttallii (A. Gray) 

Rydb.; Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. Watson) Rydb. 

graveyard flower –see– Plumeria rubra L. 

graveyard plumeria –see– Plumeria rubra L. 

gray fly poison –see– Amianthium muscitoxicum (Walter) A. 

Gray 

gray fuchsia bush –see– Eremophila latrobei F. Muell. 

gray oak –see– Quercus grisea Liebm.; Quercus rubra L. 

gray Swainsona pea –see– Swainsona canescens (Benth.) F. 

Muell. 

g r a y i a s p i n o s a (Hook.) Moq. [Chenopodiaceae] 

Common Names: 

hop sage 

Citations: 



#1928:21-22. 

greasewood –see– Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville; 

Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torr. 

Great Basin lupine –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh var. 

holosericeus (Nutt.) Barneby 

great burdock –see– Arctium lappa L. 

great celandine –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

great laurel –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

great millet –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

great morel –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

great mullein –see– Verbascum thapsus L. 

great nettle –see– Urtica dioica L. 

Great Plains whorled milkweed –see– Asclepias pumila (A. 

Gray) Vail 

great ragweed –see– Ambrosia trifida L. 

greater ammi –see– Ammi majus L. 

greater periwinkle –see– Vinca major L. 

Grecian foxglove –see– Digitalis lanata Ehrh. 

Grecian laurel –see– Laurus nobilis L. 

Greek hay seed –see– Trigonella foenum-graecum L. 

green amaranth –see– Amaranthus viridis L. 

green amaranthus –see– Amaranthus retroflexus L. 

green arum –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

green bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

green bristle grass –see– Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. 

green canola –see– Brassica napus L. var. napus 

green cestrum –see– Cestrum parqui L’Her. 

green couch –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

green crumbweed –see– Chenopodium carinatum R. Br. 

green dragon –see– Datura stramonium L. 

green ebony –see– Brya ebenus (L.) DC. 

green euphorb –see– Euphorbia heterophylla L. 

green galenia –see– Galenia pubescens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Druce 

green hellebore –see– Helleborus viridis L.; Veratrum album 

L.; Veratrum viride Aiton 

green milkweed –see– Asclepias viridis Walter 

green panic –see– Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B. K. Simon 


green pea –see– Pisum sativum L. 

green pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L. 

green pigweed –see– Amaranthus hybridus L.; Amaranthus 

retroflexus L. 

green poisonberry –see– Cestrum parqui L’Her. 

green potato –see– Solanum tuberosum L. 

Green River milk vetch –see– Astragalus pubentissimus Torr. 

& A. Gray 

green saure –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

green sorrel –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

green tea –see– Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze 

green thorn apple –see– Datura inoxia Mill. 

green timber milk vetch –see– Astragalus miser Douglas ex 

Hook. var. hylophilus (Rydb.) Barneby 

green-head coneflower –see– Rudbeckia laciniata L. 

green-stem paper flower –see– Psilostrophe sparsiflora (A. 

Gray) A. Nelson 

Greiskraut –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

grenadil –see– Brya ebenus (L.) DC. 

grermandrée-petit-chêne –see– Teucrium chamaedrys L. 

g r e vi l l e a b a n k s i i R. Br. [Proteaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bank’s-grevillea; dwarf silky oak; kahili flower; rain 

flower; red silky oak; silky oak tree 

Citations: 

Arnold HL (1941) Kahili flower (Grevillea banksii) dermatitis 

- A preliminary report. Hawaii Med J 1(1):15-18. 

Arnold HL Jr (1942) Dermatitis due to the blossom of Grevillea 

banksii. A newly recognized and common entity in 

Hawaii. Arch Derm Syphilol 45(6):1037-1051.

180 - Grevillea juniperina D. Jesse Wagstaff 

g r e vi l l e a j u n i p e r i n a R. Br. [Proteaceae] 

Citations: 

Apted J (1988) Acute contact urticaria from Grevillea juniperina. 


g r e vi l l e a r ob u s Ta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. 

[Proteaceae] 

Common Names: 

Australian silk oak; silky oak; silver oak 

Citations: 

Hoffman TE, Hausen BM, Adams RM (1985) Allergic contact 

dermatitis to “silver oak” wooden arm bracelets. J Am 

Acad Dermatol 13(5 Part 1):778-779. 

May SB (1960) Dermatitis due to Grevillea robusta (Australian 

silk oak). Report of a case. Arch Dermatol 

82(Dec):1006. 

gringging –see– Melia azedarach L. 

Große Brennessel –see– Urtica dioica L. 

Große Klette –see– Arctium lappa L. 

Großer Sauerampfer –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

ground cherry –see– Physalis longifolia Nutt.; Solanum 

aculeatissimum Jacq. 

ground hemlock –see– Taxus baccata L. 

ground ivy –see– Glechoma hederacea L.; Modiola caroliniana 

(L.) G. Don 

ground lemon –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

groundnut –see– Arachis hypogaea L. 

groundsel –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.; Senecio 

eremophilus Richardson var. kingii Greenm.; Senecio 

flaccidus Less. var. flaccidus; Senecio latifolius DC.; Senecio 

riddellii Torr. & A. Gray; Senecio spartioides Torr. & A. 

Gray 

groundsel bush –see– Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers.; Baccharis 

halimifolia L. 

groundsel tree –see– Baccharis halimifolia L. 

Grüne Bohne –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

Grüne Christwurz –see– Helleborus viridis L. 

Grüne Nieswurz –see– Helleborus viridis L. 

Grüner Salat –see– Lactuca sativa L. 

Grünmais –see– Zea mays L. subsp. mays 

guacis –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

guaiac –see– Bulnesia sarmienti Lorentz ex Griseb. 

guajillo –see– Acacia berlandieri Benth. 

guanábana –see– Annona muricata L. 

guang-fang-ji –see– Aristolochia fangchi Y. C. Wu ex L. D. 

Chow & S. M. Hwang 

guango –see– Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. 

guano bos –see– Senecio ilicifolius L. 

guao –see– Comocladia dentata Jacq.; Metopium brownei 

(Jacq.) Urb. 

guao-de-costa –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb.; 

Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

guao-de-sabana –see– Comocladia dentata Jacq. 

guao hediondo –see– Comocladia dentata Jacq. 

guao prieto –see– Comocladia dentata Jacq. 

guao real –see– Comocladia dentata Jacq. 

guar bean –see– Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. 

guar gum –see– Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. 

guara –see– Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. 

guarana –see– Ephedra sinica Stapf; Paullinia cupana Kunth 

guarantã –see– Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl. 

g u a r e a g u i d o n i a (L.) Sleumer [Meliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

g uarea rusbyi (Britton) Rusby; g uarea trichilioides L. 

Common Names: 

camboatá 

Citations: 

Saad AD, Linardi MC (1970) Aspectos histopatológicos 

da intoxicação de cobaias (Cavia porcellus) pela Guarea 

trichilioides L. (Meliaceae). Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 

37(4):239-250. 

Guarea rusbyi (Britton) Rusby = Guarea guidonia (L.) 

Sleumer 

Guarea trichilioides L. = Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer 

güaritoto –see– Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur 

Guatamalan rhubarb –see– Jatropha podagrica Hook. 

guava –see– Psidium guajava L. 

guaya –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

guaycur –see– Limonium brasiliense (Boiss.) Kuntze 

guayiga –see– Zamia debilis L. f.; Zamia integrifolia L. f. 

guayule –see– Parthenium argentatum A. Gray 

guijiu –see– Podophyllum hexandrum Royle 

Guinae corn –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

Guinea pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L.; Capsicum 

frutescens L. 

Guineagrass –see– Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B. K. Simon 


guineahen weed –see– Petiveria alliacea L. 

guizo-de-cascavel –see– Crotalaria pallida Aiton 

gulf stargrass –see– Brachyachne convergens (F. Muell.) Stapf 

gum acacia –see– Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. 

gum arabic –see– Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. 

gum karaya –see– Sterculia urens Roxb. 

gum tree –see– Eucalyptus globulus Labill. 

gumai –see– Stipa sibirica (L.) Lam. 

gumbo –see– Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Gymnocladus dioicus - 181 

gungo pea –see– Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 

gur ghas –see– Stipa sibirica (L.) Lam. 

g u Ti e r r e z i a Mic r o c e p h a l a (DC.) A. Gray 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

broomweed; perennial broomweed; perennial threadleaf 

snakeweed; slinkweed; small-head matchbush; 

snakeweed; sticky snakeweed; stinkweed; threadleaf 

broomweed; threadleaf snakeweed; turpentine weed 

Citations: 

Dollahite JW, Allen TJ (1959) Feeding perennial broomweed 

to cattle, swine, sheep, goats, rabbits, guinea pigs 

and chickens. Texas Agric Exp Sta Prog Rep #2105:6 

pp. 

Dollahite JW, Anthony WV (1955) Experimental production 

of premature calves and retained placentas by feeding 

perennial broomweed. Texas Agric Exp Sta Prog Rep 

#1825:6 pp. 


of abortion, premature calves and retained placentas 

by feeding a species of perennial broomweed. Texas Agric 

Exp Sta Prog Rep #1884:3 pp. 


of abortion, premature calves and retained placentas 

by feeding a species of perennial broomweed. Southwestern 

Vet 10(Winter):128-131. 

Dollahite JW, Anthony WV (1957) Poisoning of cattle with 

Gutierrezia microcephala, a perennial broomweed. J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 130(Jun 15):525-530. 

Edrington TS, Flores-Rodriguez GI, Smith GS (1990) 

Effects of ingested snakeweed (Gutierrezia microcephala) 

herbage on size of testes and seminal vesicals and on 

semen quality in rats. Proc West Sec Am Soc Anim Sci 

41:88-90. 

Edrington TS, Flores-Rodriguez GI, Smith GS, et al. 

(1993) Effect of ingested snakeweed (Gutierrezia 

microcephala) foliage on reproduction, semen quality, 

and serum clinical profiles of male rats. J Anim Sci 

71(6):1520-1525. 

Edrington TS, Smith GS, Reynolds PR, et al. (1991) Comparative 

toxicity of snakeweed (Gutierrezia microcephala) 

collected from two sites. Proc West Sec Am Soc Anim 

Sci 42:173-175. 

Edrington TS, Smith GS, Ross TT, et al. (1992) Toxicity of 

new growth and whole plant foliage of snakeweed (Gutierrezia 

microcephala) as changed by drying. Proc West 

Sec Am Soc Anim Sci 43:414-417. 

Edrington TS, Smith GS, Ross TT, et al. (1993) Embryonic 

mortality in Sprague-Dawley rats induced by 

snakeweed (Gutierrezia microcephala). J Anim Sci 

71(8):2193-2198. 

Edrington TS, Smith GS, Samford MD, et al. (1991) 

Ingested snakeweed (Gutierrezia microcephala) foliage 

related to embryonic and fetal mortality of albino rats. 

Proc West Sec Am Soc Anim Sci 42:12-14. 

Flores-Rodriguez GI, Smith GS, McDaniel KC (1989) 

Effects of ingested snakeweed (Gutierrezia microcephala) 

herbage on reproduction, serum progesterone, and blood 

constituents of female albino rats. Proc West Sec Am Soc 

Anim Sci 40:217-221. 

Mathews FP (1936) The toxicity of broomweed (Gutierrezia 

microcephala) for sheep, cattle and goats. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 88:55-61. 



Oetting BC, Ross TT, Walraven K, et al. (1990) Effects of 

ingested snakeweed herbage on estrual activity, blood 

progesterone, and serum clinical profiles of fine-wool 

ewes. Proc West Sec Am Soc Anim Sci 41:23-26. 

Smith GS, Ross TT, Hallford DM, et al. (1994) Toxicology 

of snakeweeds (Gutierrezia microcephala, G. sarothrae). 

J Anim Sci 72(Suppl 2):102. 

Staley EC, Smith GS, Greenberg JA (1995) Effects on reproduction 

in female offspring from Sprague-Dawley rats fed 

10% snakeweed (Gutierrezia microcephala) throughout 

pregnancy and concurrent treatment with safflower oil. 


Staley EC, Smith GS, Greenberg JA (1996) Decreased reproductive 

effects from snakeweed (Gutierrezia microcephala) 

in Sprague-Dawley rats with increased dietary snakeweed 

consumption. Vet Hum Toxicol 38(4):259-264. 

Williams JL, Campos D, Ross TT, et al. (1992) Snakeweed 

(Gutierrezia spp.) toxicosis in beef heifers. Proc West Sec 

Am Soc Anim Sci 43:67-69. 

g u Ti e r r e z i a s a r o Th r a e (Pursh) Britton & 

Rusby [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

broom snakeweed; broomweed; hierba-de-San Nicolas; 

hierba-de-vibora; matchbrush; matchweed; perennial 

broomweed; perennial snakeweed; slinkweed; snakeweed; 

turpentine broomweed; turpentine weed; yellow 

weed 

Citations: 

Oetting BC, Ross TT, Walraven K, et al. (1990) Effects of 

ingested snakeweed herbage on estrual activity, blood 

progesterone, and serum clinical profiles of fine-wool 

ewes. Proc West Sec Am Soc Anim Sci 41:23-26. 

Smith GS, Ross TT, Hallford DM, et al. (1994) Toxicology 

of snakeweeds (Gutierrezia microcephala, G. sarothrae). 

J Anim Sci 72(Suppl 2):102. 

gutka –see– Nicotiana tabacum L. 

gutta percha tree –see– Excoecaria parvifolia Müll. Arg. 

gwanja kusa –see– Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig 

g y Mn o c l a d u s d io ic u s (L.) K. Koch 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

American coffeebean; American coffeeberry; bonduc; 

chicot; coffee tree; coffeebean; false coffeebean; 

Kentucky coffee tree; Kentucky coffeebean; Kentucky 

mahogany; nicker tree; stump tree 

Citations: 


Troxel MT, Poppenga RH (2005) Kentucky coffee tree 

intoxication in a dog with cerebellovestibular signs, bradycardia, 

hypotension, and hypoglycemia. J Vet Intern 

Med 19(4):599-601.

182 - Gymnosporia spinosa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

g y Mn o s p o r i a s p i n o s a (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe 


Common Names: 

kankera 

Citations: 

Singh AN, Pachalag SV, Rathore BL, et al. (1973) The effect 

of kankera (Gymnosporia spinosa Forssk) leaves on health 

of sheep. Indian Vet J 50(7):722-723. 

gympie bush –see– Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) Chew 

gympie gympie –see– Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) Chew 

gympie nettle –see– Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) Chew 

gympie tree –see– Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) Chew 

g y p so p h i l a p a n ic u l a Ta L. [Caryophyllaceae] 

Common Names: 

baby’s-breath; tall gysophyl 

Citations: 

Twiggs JT, Yunginger JW, Agarwal MK, et al. (1982) Occupational 

asthma in a florist caused by the dried plant, 

baby’s breath. J Allergy Clin Immunol 69(5):474-477. 




Gypsophila vaccaria Sibth. & Sm. = Vaccaria hispanica 


gypsy flower –see– Cynoglossum officinale L.

habb-el-meluk –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

habbussalatin –see– Croton tiglium L. 

habet-el-arus –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

Haemanthus multiflorus Martyn = Scadoxus multiflorus 

(Martyn) Raf. 

Hafelkraut –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

Hafelmünch –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

Hafelührlein –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

Hafer –see– Avena sativa L. 

Hagedorn –see– Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

Hagenburger’s-ivy –see– Hedera helix L. subsp. canariensis 


h ag e n i a a b y s s i n ic a (Bruce) J. F. Gmel. 

[Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

kosso; kousso 

Citations: 

Abebe W (1992) Adverse effects of traditional drug preparations. 

J Ethnopharmacol 36:93-94. 

Low G, Rogers LJ, Brumley SP, et al. (1985) Visual deficits 

and retinotoxicity caused by the naturally occurring 

anthelmintics, Embelia ribes and Hagenia abyssinica. 


Hahnenfuß –see– Ranunculus bulbosus L. 

hai yu –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

Hain Sauerklee –see– Oxalis acetosella L. 

Hainkorn –see– Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 

hair bell –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex 

Rothm. 

hairy caltrop –see– Kallstroemia hirsutissima Vail ex Small 

hairy cat’s-ear –see– Hypochaeris radicata L. 

hairy indigo –see– Indigofera hirsuta L. 

hairy lupine –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh 

hairy medic –see– Medicago polymorpha L. 

hairy mountain mahogany –see– Cercocarpus montanus Raf. 

hairy nightshade –see– Solanum sarrachoides Sendtn. 

hairy spurge –see– Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.; Euphorbia 

pilosa L. 

hairy thorn apple –see– Datura inoxia Mill.; Datura metel 

L.; Datura wrightii Regel 

hairy vetch –see– Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray; Vicia villosa Roth 

hairy vetchling –see– Lathyrus hirsutus L. 

H 

hairy wild lettuce –see– Hypochaeris radicata L. 

h a k e a d r u p a c e a (C. F. Gaertn.) Roem. & 

Schult. [Proteaceae] 

Citations: 

Apted J (1988) Acute contact urticaria from Hakea suaveolens. 


haldi –see– Curcuma longa L. 

h a l d i n a c o r d i f o l i a (Roxb.) Ridsdale 

[Rubiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a dina cordifolia (Roxb.) Hook. f. ex Brandis 

Common Names: 

karam 

Citations: 




h a l e s i a Te Tr a p Te r a J. Ellis [Styracaceae] 

Common Names: 

silver bill; snow drop 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1906) Poisoning of horses by “Snow Drop.” Am 

Vet Rev 30:298. 

half breed weed –see– Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) 

Fresen. 

half creeper –see– Clematis microphylla DC. 

halogeton –see– Halogeton glomeratus (M. Bieb.) C. A. Mey. 

h a l o g e To n g l o Me r a Tu s (M. Bieb.) C. A. 

Mey. [Chenopodiaceae] 

Common Names: 

barilla; halogeton 

Citations: 

Anderson WA, Huffman WT (1957) Halogeton poisoning 

in a ewe. J Am Vet Med Assoc 130(Apr 15):330-331. 

Cook CW, Stoddart LA (1953) The halogeton problem in 

Utah. Utah Agric Exp Sta Bull #364:1-44. 


range plants - Halogeton glomeratus. A desert range 

plant poisonous to sheep in Nevada. Nevada Agric Exp 

Sta Annu Rep 1947:16-18. 

James LF (1968) Serum electrolyte, acid-base balance, and 

enzyme changes in acute Halogeton glomeratus poisoning 

in sheep. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 32(4):539-543.

184 - Hedeoma pulegioides D. Jesse Wagstaff 

James LF (1970) Locomotor disturbance of cattle grazing 

Halogeton glomeratus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

156(9):1310-1312. 

James LF, Johnson AE (1970) Prevention of fatal Halogeton 

glomeratus poisoning in sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

157(4):437-442. 

Lincoln SD, Black B (1980) Halogeton poisoning in range 


Littledike ET, James LF, Cook H (1976) Oxalate (Halogeton) 

poisoning of sheep: Certain physiopathologic 

changes. Am J Vet Res 37(6):661-666. 

Shupe JL, James LF (1969) Additional physiopathologic 

changes in Halogeton glomeratus (oxalate) poisoning in 

sheep. Cornell Vet 59(1):41-55. 

Van Kampen KR, James LF (1969) Acute halogeton poisoning 

of sheep: Pathogenesis of lesions. Am J Vet Res 

30(10):1779-1783. 

handal –see– Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 

hanf –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

hangon so –see– Senecio cannabifolius Less. 

Hansl-am-Weg –see– Cichorium intybus L. 

Haplopappus heterophyllus (A. Gray) S. F. Blake = Isocoma 

plurifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene 

hard heads –see– Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. 

hardhack –see– Collinsonia canadensis L. 

Hardinggrass –see– Phalaris aquatica L. 

harebell –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex 

Rothm. 

harebur –see– Arctium lappa L. 

haricot bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

haricot-de-lima –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

haricot-du-Cap –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

harmal –see– Peganum harmala L.; Rhazya stricta Decne. 

harmel –see– Peganum harmala L.; Rhazya stricta Decne. 

harmel peganum –see– Peganum harmala L. 

harpuis bos –see– Gnidia burchellii Gilg 

harpuisbar –see– Gnidia burchellii Gilg 

harro –see– Terminalia chebula Retz. 

Hartheu –see– Hypericum perforatum L. 

Hartriegel –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

hart’s-thorn –see– Rhamnus cathartica L. 

Haschisch –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

Haselwurz –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

Hasenöhrlein –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

hashish –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

hathisunda –see– Heliotropium ellipticum Ledeb. 

hatrack cactus –see– Euphorbia lactea Haw. 

haujeri –see– Capparis tomentosa Lam. 

haute bois –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

heavenwood –see– Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle 

Hawaiian baby woodrose –see– Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) 

Bojer 

hawthorn –see– Crataegus laevigata (Poir) DC.; Crataegus 

monogyna Jacq. 

Hayden’s-poison vetch –see– Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) 

A. Gray 

hazelwort –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

hazelwurz –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

he broom –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

headache –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

heal all –see– Collinsonia canadensis L. 

heart ivy –see– Hedera helix L.; Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) 

Harms 

heart-leaf –see– Gastrolobium grandiflorum F. Muell. 

heart-leaf cocklebur –see– Xanthium strumarium L. 

heart-leaf ivy –see– Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott 

heart-leaf nettle –see– Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh 

heart-leaf philodendron –see– Philodendron hederaceum 


heart-leaf poison bush –see– Gastrolobium grandiflorum F. 

Muell. 

Heart-of-Jesus –see– Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 

heart’s-ease –see– Persicaria maculosa Gray 

heartweed –see– Persicaria maculosa Gray 

heavenly bamboo –see– Nandina domestica Thunb. 

heavenly blue –see– Ipomoea tricolor Cav.; Ipomoea violacea 

L. 

Hecke –see– Prunus laurocerasus L. 

hedegar –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

h e d e o Ma p u l e g io i d e s (L.) Pers. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

American pennyroyal; false pennyroyal; hédéome; 

huile d’hédéome; mosquito plant; North American 

pennyroyal; pennyroyal; poleo chino; squaw mint 

Citations: 

Anderson IB, Mullen WH, Meeker JE, et al. (1996) Pennyroyal 

toxicity: Measurement of toxic metabolite levels 

in two cases and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 

124(8):726-734. 

Early DF (1961) Pennyroyal: A rare cause of epilepsy. Lancet 

2(Sep 9):580-581. 

Sudekum M, Poppenga RH, Raju N, et al. (1992) Pennyroyal 

oil toxicosis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

200(6):817-818. 

hédéome –see– Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. 

Hedera canariensis Willd. = Hedera helix L. subsp. 

canariensis (Willd.) Cout.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Helenium autumnale - 185 

h e d e r a h e l i x L. [Araliaceae] 

Common Names: 

Efeu; English ivy; Epheu; Eppich; glacier ivy; heart 

ivy; hiedra; ivy; lierre; lierre grimpant; needlepoint ivy; 

poet’s-ivy; ripple ivy 

Citations: 

Boyle J, Harman RM (1985) Contact dermatitis to Hedera 

helix (common ivy). Contact Dermatitis 12(2):111-112. 

Brömel J, Zettl K (1986) Efeuvergiftung bei Rehwild. Prakt 

Tierarzt 67(11):967-968. 

García M, Fernández E, Navarro JA, et al. (1995) Allergic 

contact dermatitis from Hedera helix L. Contact Dermatitis 

33(9):133-134. 

Goldman L, Preston RH, Muegel HR (1956) Dermatitis 

venenata from English Ivy (Hedera helix). Arch Dermatol 

74(3):311-312. 

Hausen BM, Brohan J, Konig WA, et al. (1987) Allergic and 

irritant contact dermatitis from falcarinol and didehydrofalcarinol 

in common ivy (Hedera helix L.). Contact 


Highman WJ (1924) The pathogenesis of dermatitis, including 

eczema. A case of English ivy poisoning. Arch Derm 

Syphilol 9:344-354. 

Jøhnke H, Bjarnason B (1994) Allergisk kontakdermatitis 

over for efeu (Hedera helix L.). Ugeskr Laeger 

156(25):3778-3779. 

Mahe-Quinio M, Rossinyol G, Foucaud A (1975) Empoisonnement 

mortel de poulets par les graines de lierre. 

Plantes Med Phytotherap 9(3):182-186. 

Mitchell JC (1981) Allergic contact dermatitis from Hedera 

helix and Brassaia actinophylla (Araliaceae). Contact 







41(4):514. 

Roed-Petersen J (1975) Allergic contact hypersensitivity to 

ivy (Hedera helix). Contact Dermatitis 1(1):57. 

Rynes SE (1949) House ivy dermatitis. Ann Allergy 

7:62-64. 

Sánchez-Pérez J, Córdoba S, Hausen BM, et al. (1998) 

Allergic contact dermatitis from common ivy confirmed 

with stored allergens. Contact Dermatitis 39(5):259-260. 

Turton PH (1925) Poisoning by ivy. Br Med J 2:294. 

Yesudian PD, Franks A (2002) Contact dermatitis from 

Hedera helix in a husband and wife. Contact Dermatitis 

46(2):125-126. 

h e d e r a h e l i x L. subsp. canariensis (Willd.) 

Cout. [Araliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h edera canariensis Willd. 

Common Names: 

Algerian ivy; Canary Island ivy; Hagenburger’s-ivy; 

ivy; Madeira ivy; variegated ivy 

Citations: 

Calnan CD (1981) Dermatitis from ivy (Hedera canariensis 

variegata). Contact Dermatitis 7(2):124-125. 

Dorsey CS (1957) Contact dermatitis from Algerian ivy. 

Arch Dermatol 75(5):671-675. 

Dorsey CS (1959) Algerian ivy dermatitis. A California disease. 

Calif Med 90(2):155-159. 

Hambly EM, Wilkinson DS (1978) Sensitivity to variegated 

ivy (Hedera canariensis). Contact Dermatitis 

4(4):239-240. 

Massmanian A, Valcuende Cavero F, Ramirez Bosca A, et 

al. (1988) Contact dermatitis from variegated ivy (Hedera 

helix subsp. canariensis Willd.). Contact Dermatitis 

18(7):247-248. 

Hederich –see– Raphanus raphanistrum L. 

hedge apple –see– Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid. 

hedge nettle –see– Lamium amplexicaule L. 

hedge plant –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

hedge vine –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

hedgehoggrass –see– Echinopogon ovatus (G. Forst.) P. 

Beauv. 

hediondilla –see– Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville 

hedlock –see– Sinapis arvensis L. 

Hedrich –see– Raphanus sativus L. 

Heidegrütze –see– Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 

Heidekorn –see– Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 

Heidewacholder –see– Juniperus communis L. 

Heilkraut –see– Heracleum sphondylium L. 

heléboro –see– Helleborus foetidus L. 

helecho –see– Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

helecho macho –see– Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 

h e l e n i u M a Ma r u M (Raf.) H. Rock 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

h elenium tenuifolium Nutt. 

Common Names: 

American sneezeweed; bitter sneezeweed; bitterweed; 

eastern bitterweed; fine-leaf sneezeweed; sneezeweed; 

southeastern bitterweed; Spanish daisy 

Citations: 

Dollahite JW, Rowe LD, Kim HL, et al. (1973) Toxicity of 

Helenium amarum (bitter sneezeweed) to sheep. Southwestern 

Vet 26(Winter):135-137. 

h e l e n i u M a u Tu Mn a l e L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

autumn sneezeweed; bitter sneezeweed; bitterweed; 

false sunflower; narrow-leaf sneezeweed; oxeye; poison 

sneezeweed; sneezeweed; sneezewort; staggerweed; 

staggerwort; swamp sunflower; yellow oxeye; yellow 

star 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1896) Poisonous plants. U S Dep Agric Annu 

Rep 1896:99.

186 - Helenium integrifolium D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Pammel LH (1917) Young sneezeweed poisonous. Am J Vet 

Med 12:461-462. 

Phares DL (1889) Helenium autumnale. Mississippi Agric 

Exp Sta Bull #9(12):11-14. 

Helenium hoopesii A. Gray = Hymenoxys hoopesii (A. 

Gray) Bierner 

h e l e n i u M i n Te g r i f o l i u M (Kunth) Benth. 

& Hook. f. ex Hemsl. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

de Aluja AS, Paasch L (1973) Intoxicación de borregos con 

la planta Helenium integrifolium. Veterinaria (Mexico) 

4(3):214-222. 

h e l e n i u M Mic r o c e p h a l u M DC. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

false sunflower; small-head sneezeweed; sneezeweed 

Citations: 






Dollahite JW, Hardy WT, Henson JB (1964) Toxicity of 

Helenium microcephalum (smallhead sneezeweed). J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 145(7):694-696. 

h e l e n i u M q u a d r i d e n Ta Tu M Labill. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

rosilla 

Citations: 

Alfonso HA, Figueredo MA, Rodriguez J, et al. (1986) Toxicidad 

de Helenium quadridentatum en terneros y ratones 

albino macho. Primer reporte en Cuba. Rev Salud Anim 

8(3):295-296. 

Helenium tenuifolium Nutt. = Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. 

Rock 

h e l i a n Th u s a n n u u s L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

annual sunflower; Sonnenblume; sunflower; wild artichoke; 

wild sunflower 

Citations: 

Atis S, Tutluoglu B, Sahin K, et al. (2002) Sensitization to 

sunflower pollen and lung functions in sunflower processing 

workers. Allergy 57(1):35-39. 




Vandenplas O, Van der Borght T, Delwiche JP (1998) Occupational 

asthma caused by sunflower-seed dust. Allergy 

53(9):907-908. 

h e l ic h r y s u M a r g y r o s p h a e r u M DC. 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Basson PA, Kellerman TS, Albl P, et al. (1975) Blindness 

and encephalopathy caused by Helichrysum argyrosphaerum 

DC. (Compositae) in sheep and cattle. Onderstepoort 

J Vet Res 42(4):135-147. 

h e l ic h r y s u M b l a n d o w s k i a n u M Steetz ex 

Sond. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

woolly everlasting; woolly everlasting daisy 

Citations: 

McAuliffe PR, White WE (1976) “Woolly everlasting daisy” 

(Helichrysum blandowskianum) toxicity in cattle and 

sheep. Aust Vet J 52(8):366-368. 

h e l ic h r y s u M c e p h a l o i d e u M DC. 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 




15(1-2):261-277. 

Helichrysum diosmifolium (Vent.) Sweet = Ozothamnus 

diosmifolius (Vent.) DC. 

heliotrope –see– Heliotropium europaeum L.; Heliotropium 

lasiocarpum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

h e l io Tr o p i u M a e g y p Ti a c u M Lehm. 


Synonyms: 

h eliotropium cinerascens Steud. ex DC. & A. DC. 

Citations: 

Schoental R, Coady A (1968) The hepatotoxicity of 

some Ethiopian and East African plants, including 

some used in traditional medicines. East Afr Med J 

45(8):577-580. 

h e l io Tr o p i u M a Mpl e x ic a u l e Vahl 


Common Names: 

blue heliotrope; violet heliotrope; wild verbena 

Citations: 

Ketterer PJ, Glover PE, Smith LW (1987) Blue heliotrope 

(Heliotropium amplexicaule) poisoning in cattle. Aust 

Vet J 64(4):115-117. 

Heliotropium cinerascens Steud. ex DC. & A. DC. = 

Heliotropium aegyptiacum Lehm.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Heliotropium lasiocarpum - 187 

h e l io Tr o p i u M c i r c i n a Tu M Griseb. 


Citations: 

Eroksuz H, Eroksuz Y, Ozer H, et al. (2003) Toxicity of 

dietary Heliotropium circinatum to rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 

45(4):198-201. 

h e l io Tr o p i u M d o l o s u M De Not. 


Citations: 


dietary Heliotropium dolosum seed to mice. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 43(3):152-155. 


dietary Heliotropium dolosum seeds to broiler chickens. 



dietary Heliotropium dolosum seed to Japanese quail. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 44(5):264-268. 

Heliotropium eichwaldii Steud. = Heliotropium ellipticum 

Ledeb. 

h e l io Tr o p i u M e l l i p Tic u M Ledeb. 


Synonyms: 

h eliotropium eichwaldii Steud. 

Common Names: 

hathisunda; khalibui 

Citations: 

Datta DV, Khuroo MS, Mattocks AR, et al. (1978) Herbal 

medicines and veno-occlusive disease in India. Postgrad 

Med J 54(634):511-515. 

Datta DV, Khuroo MS, Mattocks AR, et al. (1978) Venoocclusive 

disease of liver due to heliotropium plant, used 

as medicinal herb (report of 6 cases with review of literature). 

J Assoc Physicians India 26(5):383-393. 

h e l io Tr o p i u M e u r o p a e u M L. 


Common Names: 

caterpillar weed; cherry pie; European heliotrope; 

heliotrope; herbe-aux-verrues; herbe-de-St. Fiacre; 

potato weed; tournesol; toursole; wandary curse; wild 

heliotrope 

Citations: 




Vet J 27(Aug):203-206. 




Vet J 30(Jun):182-184. 

Bull LB, Dick AT, Keast JC, et al. (1956) An experimental 

investigation of the hepatotoxic and other effects on sheep 

of consumption of Heliotropium europaeum L.: Heliotrope 

poisoning of sheep. Aust J Agric Res 7:281-332. 

Bull LB, Rogers ES, Keast JC, et al. (1961) Heliotropium 

poisoning in cattle. Aust Vet J 37(Feb):37-43. 

Edgar G, Albiston HE, Bull LB (1949) Investigations into 

the etiology and control of enzootic (toxaemic) jaundice of 

sheep. Aust Vet J 25(Sep):202-208. 

Gaul KL, Gallagher PF, Reyes D, et al. (1994) Poisoning 

of pigs and poultry by stock feed contaminated with 

heliotrope seed. In: Colegate SM, Dorling PR (eds.) 



Gregory TS (1963) Trial of cobalt administration for the prevention 

of Heliotropium poisoning. Aust Vet J 39(Feb):64. 

Harper PA, Walker KH, Krahenbuhl RE, et al. (1985) Pyrrolizidine 

alkaloid poisoning in calves due to contamination 

of straw by Heliotropium europeum. Aust Vet J 

62(11):382-383. 

Harris DJ, Nowara G (1995) The characteristics and causes 

of sheep losses in the Victorian Mallee. Aust Vet J 

72(9):331-340. 

Hill BD, Gaul KL, Noble JW (1997) Poisoning of feedlot 

cattle by seeds of Heliotropium europaeum. Aust Vet J 

75(5):360-361. 

Howell JM, Deol HS, Dorling PR, et al. (1991) Experimental 

copper and heliotrope intoxication in sheep: Morphological 

changes. J Comp Pathol 105(1):49-74. 

Jones RT, Drummond GR, Chatham RO (1981) Heliotropium 

europaeum poisoning of pigs. Aust Vet J 57(8):396. 

Kinnaird PJ, Chan P, Leaver DD (1968) Heliotrope poisoning 

in cattle. Aust Vet J 44(1):39. 

Lanigan GW, Payne AL, Peterson JE (1978) Antimethanogenic 

drugs and Heliotropium europaeum poisoning in 

penned sheep. Aust J Agric Res 29:1281-1292. 

Lanigan GW, Peterson JE (1979) Bromosulphophthalein 

clearance rates in sheep with pyrrolizidine liver damage. 

Aust Vet J 55(5):220-224. 

McKenna CT, Orchard HE (1949) Heliotrope poisoning in 

sheep. J Agric South Aust 52:436-437. 

McLennan MW, Dodson ME, Rac R (1972) Heliotropium 

poisoning in cattle. Aust Vet J 48(8):480. 

Pass DA, Hogg GG, Russell RG, et al. (1979) Poisoning of 

chickens and ducks by pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Heliotropium 

europaeum. Aust Vet J 55(6):284-288. 

Peterson JE, Payne AL, Culvenor CC (1992) Heliotropium 

europaeum poisoning of sheep with low liver copper concentrations 

and the preventive efficacy of cobalt and antimethanogen. 

Aust Vet J 69(3):51-56. 

h e l io Tr o p i u M i n d ic u M L. [Boraginaceae] 

Citations: 

van Weeren PR, Morales JA, Rodriguez LL, et al. (1999) 

Mortality supposedly due to intoxication by pyrrolizidine 

alkaloids from Heliotropium indicum in a horse population 

in Costa Rica: A case report. Vet Q 21(2):59-62. 

h e l io Tr o p i u M l a s io c a r p u M Fisch. & C. 

A. Mey. [Boraginaceae] 

Common Names: 

heliotrope 

Citations: 

Chauvin P, Dillon JC, Moren A (1994) Épidémie 

d’intoxication alimentaire à l’héliotrope. Tadjikistan, 

Novembre 1992 - Mars 1993. Sante 4(4):263-268.

188 - Heliotropium ovalifolium D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Chauvin P, Dillon JC, Moren A, et al. (1993) Heliotrope 

poisoning in Tadjikistan. Lancet 341:1663. 

Culvenor CC, Edgar JA, Smith LW, et al. (1986) Heliotropium 

lasiocarpum Fisch and Mey identified as cause of 

veno-occlusive disease due to a herbal tea. Lancet 1:978. 

Levin GS, Mal’tsev VM, Kalugina VI, et al. (1970) [Reproduction 

of chronic affection of the liver in dogs by 

feeding seeds of Heliotropium.] Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 

14(6):41-45. 

h e l io Tr o p i u M ov a l i f o l i u M Forssk. 


Citations: 

Abu Damir H, Adam SE, Tartour G (1982) The effects of 

Heliotropium ovalifolium on goats and sheep. Br Vet J 

138(6):463-472. 

Creeper JH, Mitchell AA, Jubb TF, et al. (1999) Pyrrolizidine 

alkaloid poisoning of horses grazing a native heliotrope 

(Heliotropium ovalifolium). Aust Vet J 77(6):401-402. 

h e l io Tr o p i u M s c o TTe a e Rendle 


Citations: 

Wahome WM, Muchiri DJ, Mugera GM (1994) An acute 

toxicity study of Heliotropium scotteae Rendle in mice. 


h e l io Tr o p i u M s u p i n u M L. [Boraginaceae] 

Citations: 




Wiltjer JC, Walker CE (1974) Rectal prolapse in cattle associated 

with pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning. Aust Vet J 

50(12):579-580. 

h e l io Tr o p i u M Te r n a Tu M Vahl 


Common Names: 

sali 

Citations: 





h e l i p Te r u M c h a r s l e y a e F. Muell. 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 



Med J Aust 1(3):110-116. 

hellebore –see– Helleborus foetidus L.; Helleborus niger 

L.; Veratrum album L.; Veratrum californicum Durand; 


hellebore blanc –see– Veratrum album L. 

hellébore noir –see– Helleborus niger L. 

h e l l e b o r u s f o e Ti d u s L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

bar foot; Bärenfuß; bear’s-foot; eléboro fetido; heléboro; 

hellebore; hierba ballestera; hierba-de-los-ballesteros; 

hierba llavera; ox heel; pie-de-grifo; setterwort; 

Stinkende Nieswurz; stinking hellebore; stinkwort; 

wilde Christwurz 

Citations: 

Holliman A, Milton D (1990) Helleborus foetidus poisoning 

of cattle. Vet Rec 127(13):339-340. 

h e l l e b o r u s n ig e r L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

bear’s-foot; black hellebore; Christblume; Christmas 

rose; Christrose; Christ’s-wort; Christwurz; Easter 

rose; hellebore; hellébore noir; Nieswurz; rose-de-nöel; 

Schneerose; Schwarze Neiswurz 

Citations: 

Fürth E (1905) Ueber eine Vergiftung mit Helleborus niger. 

Med Klin 1(14):330-331. 

h e l l e b o r u s v i r i d is L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bärenfuß; bastard hellebore; bear’s-foot; boar’s-foot; 

green hellebore; Grüne Christwurz; Grüne Nieswurz; 

Nieswurz 

Citations: 

Berselli L (1936) Contributo alla casistica degli avvelenamenti 

da elleboro verde nei bovini. Nuova Vet 

14(7):21-22. 

Bossi M, Brambilla G, Cavalli A, et al. (1981) Aritmia 

minacciosa da non comune intossicazione alimentaire. G 

Ital Cardiol 11(12):2254-2257. 

Johnson CT, Routledge JK (1971) Suspected Helleborus 

viridis poisoning of cattle. Vet Rec 89(7):202. 

Hellerkraut –see– Thlaspi arvense L. 

helmet flower –see– Aconitum napellus L.; Scutellaria 

lateriflora L. 

helonias –see– Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray 

h e Me r o c a l l is d u Mo r Ti e r i C. Morren 

[Hemerocallidaceae] 

Common Names: 

day lily 

Citations: 

Hadley RM, Richardson JA, Gwaltney-Brant SM (2003) A 

retrospective study of daylily toxicosis in cats. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 45(1):38-39. 

Hemerocallis flava (L.) L. = Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus 

L. 

Hemerocallis graminea Andrews = Hemerocallis minor 

Mill.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Heracleum mantegazzianum - 189 

h e Me r o c a l l is l i l io a s p h o d e l u s L. 


Synonyms: 

h emerocallis flava (L.) L. 

Common Names: 

custard day lily; day lily; orange day lily; pale day lily; 

tawny day lily; tawny lily; lemon day lily; tall yellow 

day lily 

Citations: 





h e Me r o c a l l is Mi n o r Mill. 


Synonyms: 

h emerocallis graminea Andrews 

Common Names: 

day lily; dwarf yellow day lily; grass-leaf day lily 

Citations: 

Chen HT, Jing PM, Yan XY (1987) [Poisoning by roots 

of Hemerocallis minor Mill. in sheep: Changes in the 

optic tract and pathogenesis.] Acta Vet Zootech Sin 

18(4):256-261. 



Toxicol 45(1):38-39. 

Hemerocallis sieboldii Paxton = Hosta sieboldii (Paxton) J. 

W. Ingram 

h e Mi d e s Mu s i n d ic u s (L.) W. T. Aiton 

[Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

anantamul; eramusu; Indian sarsaparilla 

Citations: 




13:323-335. 

h e Mi p o g o n s e Ta c e u s Decne. [Asclepiadaceae] 

Citations: 




hemlock –see– Conium maculatum L. 

hemlock dropwort –see– Oenanthe crocata L. 

hemlock water dropwort –see– Oenanthe crocata L. 

hemlock water parsnip –see– Sium suave Walter 

hemp –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

hemp agrimony –see– Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. 


hemp dogbane –see– Apocynum cannabinum L. 

hemp sesbania –see– Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A. W. 

Hill 

henbane –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

henbit –see– Lamium amplexicaule L. 

henbit dead-nettle –see– Lamium amplexicaule L. 

henna –see– Lawsonia inermis L. 

hennebane –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

h e r a c l e u M d u l c e Fisch. [Apiaceae] 

Citations: 

Efremov IA (1961) [Photodermatitis caused by Heracleum 

dulce.] Vestn Dermatol Venerol 35(3):64-66. 

Heracleum giganteum auct. = Heracleum stevenii Manden. 

Heracleum laciniatum auct. = Heracleum stevenii Manden. 

h e r a c l e u M Ma n Te g a z z i a n u M Sommier 

& Levier [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bärenklau; cow parsley; Fiesenkerbel; giant cow 

parsnip; giant hogweed; giant parsnip; giant Russian 

hogweed; grande berce; Herkuleskraut; Herkulesstaude; 

hogweed; Mantegazzis Bärenklau; Riesenbärenklau; 

Riesenherkulestaude; wild parsnip; wild 

rhubarb 

Citations: 

Alderfligel C (1974) Cas d’intoxication par la berce geante. 

Bull Med Leg Toxicol Med 17(4):278-279. 

Andrews AH, Giles CJ, Thomsett LR (1985) Suspected 

poisoning of a goat by giant hogweed. Vet Rec 

116(8):205-207. 

Camm E, Buck HW, Mitchell JC (1976) Phytophotodermatitis 

from Heracleum mantegazzianum. Contact Dermatitis 

2(2):68-72. 

Dolowy WC (1996) Giant hogweed photodermatitis in two 

dogs in Bellevue, Washington. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

209(4):722. 

Drever JC, Hunter JA (1970) Giant hogweed dermatitis. 

Scott Med J 15(9):315-319. 

Francis H (1970) Man against the giant hogweed. Lancet 

2(666):269. 

Harwood DG (1985) Giant hogweed and ducklings. Vet Rec 

116(11):300. 

Hintermann J (1967) Dermatose chez une chienne due a 

. Schweiz 

Arch Tierheilkd 109(12):654-656. 

Jones JG, Russell DG (1968) Giant hogweed dermatitis. 

Practitioner 200(199):704-706. 

Kosenow W, Kneiknecht A, Schürmann C (1983) Phytophototoxische 

Dermatitis durch Riesenbarenklau bzw. 

Herkulesstaude (Heracleum mantegazzianum). Pädiat 

Prax 29:115-123. 

Miescher G, Burckhardt W (1937) Herakleumdermatitis. 

Schweiz Med Wochenschr 67:82-83.

190 - Heracleum sosnowskyi D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Prinz L, Köstler H (1976) Ein Bericht über 3 Fälle von toxischer 

Phytophotodermatitis durch Heracleum mantegazzianum 

(Riesenherkulesstaude). Dermatol Monatsschr 

162(11):881-886. 

Sauter C (2001) Heracléum mantegázzianum: Photosensibilisierung. 

Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 90(1-2):73-74. 

Schulz KH, Spier HW (1951) Pflanzendermatitis infolge 

Photosensibilisierung durch Bärenklau (Heracleum mantegazzianum). 

Hautarzt 2:77-78. 

Smellie JH (1968) Giant hogweed. Br Med J 3(5610):123. 

Tiedemann A, Schultze H (1987) Bullöse Fotodermatitis 

nach Kontakt mit Stengelsaft des Riesenbärenklau 

(Heracleum mantegazzianum). Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 

81(5):235-236. 

h e r a c l e u M so s n o w s k y i Manden. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

cow parsnip; Sosnovsky’s-cow parsnip 

Citations: 

Maksakova GP (1978) [A case of contact dermatitis caused 

by Sosnovsky’s-cow parsnip.] Vestn Dermatol Venerol 

8:48-49. 

h e r a c l e u M s p h o n d y l i u M L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

cow parsnip; Heilkraut; hogweed; Wiesenbärenklau 

Citations: 

Kunkel O (1954) Dermatitis durch Heracleum sphondylium. 

Med Welt 31-32:1050. 

Michon P, Dornier R, Metz J, et al. (1956) Dermatite purpurique 

d’origine végétale par Heracleum sphondylium. 

Rev Med Nancy 81(Nov):924-929. 

h e r a c l e u M s Te ve n i i Manden. [Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h eracleum giganteum auct.; h eracleum laciniatum 

auct. 

Common Names: 

cow parsnip; tromso palm 

Citations: 

Kavli G, Midelfart K, Raa J, et al. (1983) Phototoxicity from 

furocoumarins (psoralens) of Heracleum laciniatum in 

a patient with vitiligo. Action spectrum studies on bergapten, 

pimpinellin, angelicin and sphondin. Contact 


Kavli G, Volden G, Midelfart K, et al. (1983) In vivo and in 

vitro phototoxicity of different parts of Heracleum laciniatum. 


Kavli G, Volden G, Midelfart K, et al. (1983) Phototoxicity 

of Heracleum laciniatum. Case reports and experimental 

studies. Contact Dermatitis 9(1):27-32. 

Kavli G, Volden G, Raa J (1982) Accidental induction of 

photocontact allergy to Heracleum laciniatum. Acta 

Derm Venereol 62(5):435-438. 

Pátková V (1984) Dermatitida po bolševníku. Cesk Pediatr 

39(2):118-119. 

herb bennett –see– Conium maculatum L.; Valeriana 

officinalis L. 

herb John –see– Hypericum perforatum L. 

herb mercury –see– Mercurialis annua L.; Mercurialis 

perennis L. 

herb-of-grace –see– Ruta graveolens L.; Verbena officinalis L. 

herb-of-repentance –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

herb-of-the-cross –see– Verbena officinalis L. 

herbe-à-sorcier –see– Datura stramonium L. 

herbe-aux-grenouilles –see– Equisetum palustre L. 

herbe-aux-gueux –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

herbe-aux-magiciens –see– Mandragora officinarum L. 

herbe-aux-verrues –see– Heliotropium europaeum L. 

herbe-de-bicho –see– Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small 

herbe-de-grace –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

herbe-de-St. Fiacre –see– Heliotropium europaeum L. 

herbe-de-St. Innocent –see– Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 

Herbe-de-St. Jacques –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

herbe-des-démoniaques –see– Datura stramonium L. 

herbe-du-diable –see– Datura stramonium L. 

herbe-du-siège –see– Scrophularia auriculata L. 

Herbstblume –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

Herbstzeitlose –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

Herkuleskraut –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier 

& Levier 

Herkulesstaude –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier 

& Levier 

h e r Ti a c l u y Ti i f o l i a (DC.) Kuntze 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

o thonna cluytiifolia (DC.) Sch. Bip 

Common Names: 

entjiebos 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

h e r Ti a p a l l e n s (DC.) Kuntze [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

o thonna pallens DC. 

Common Names: 

dikkopbos; springbokbos; springbokbossie; Vaalbos 

Citations: 

Prozesky L, Kellerman TS, Jordaan P, et al. (1985) An 

ovine hepatotoxicosis caused by the plant Hertia pallens 

(DC.) Kuntze (Asteraceae). Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

52(4):233-238.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - 191 




9(1):111-124. 



Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

Heterodendrum oleifolium Desf. = Alectryon oleifolius 

(Desf.) S. T. Reynolds 

Heteromeles arbutifolia M. Roem = Heteromeles salicifolia 

(C. Presl) Abrams 

h e Te r o Me l e s s a l ic i f o l i a (C. Presl) 

Abrams [Rosaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h eteromeles arbutifolia M. Roem 

Common Names: 

California holly; California toyon; Christmas berry; 

tollon; toyon 

Citations: 

Tegzes JH, Puschner B, Melton LA (2003) Cyanide toxicosis 

in goats after ingestion of California holly (Heteromeles 

arbutifolia). J Vet Diagn Invest 15(5):478-480. 

h e Te r o p h y l l a e a p u s Tu l a Ta Hook. f. 

[Rubiaceae] 

Common Names: 

cegadera 

Citations: 

Hansen EW, Martiarena CA (1967) Contribución al estudio 

de la toxicidad de Heterophyllaea pustulata Hook 

“Cegadera” en el ganado dermatitis. Queratoconjunctivitis 

tóxica experimental en especies animales receptivas. 

Rev Inv Ag 4th Ser 4(7):81-113. 

heuile-de-camphre –see– Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. 

Presl 

heuvo vegetal –see– Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig 

h e ve a b r a s i l i e n s is (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. 

Arg. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

rubber 

Citations: 

Rihs HP, Dumont B, Rozynek P, et al. (2003) Molecular 

cloning, purification, and IgE-binding of a recombinant 

class I chitinase from Hevea brasiliensis leaves (rHev b 

11.0102). Allergy 58(3):246-251. 

Hexham scent –see– Melilotus indicus (L.) All. 

hibbert bean –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

Hibiscus esculentus L. = Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) 

Moench 

h i b is c u s r o s a -s i n e n s is L. [Malvaceae] 

Common Names: 

China rose; japa; shoe flower 

Citations: 




Hicks yew –see– Taxus ×media Rehder 

hiedra –see– Hedera helix L.; Toxicodendron diversilobum 


hierba ballestera –see– Helleborus foetidus L.; Veratrum album 

L. 

hierba-de-cancer –see– Acalypha indica L. 

hierba-de-la-India –see– Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 

hierba-de-los-ballesteros –see– Helleborus foetidus L. 

hierba-de-los-pordioseros –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

hierba-de-pasmo –see– Baccharis pteronioides DC. 

hierba-de-San Nicolas –see– Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) 


hierba-de-santiago –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

hierba-de-vibora –see– Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton 

& Rusby 

hierba-de-Zorro –see– Lantana camara L. 

hierba-del-duende –see– Euphorbia heterophylla L. 

hierba-des-pescado –see– Plumbago scandens L. 

hierba llavera –see– Helleborus foetidus L. 

hierba mora –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

hierbe-de-la-flecha –see– Sapium biloculare (S. Watson) 

Pax 

hierbe mala –see– Sapium biloculare (S. Watson) Pax 

high laurel –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

higuera-del-infierno –see– Datura stramonium L. 

higuera loca –see– Datura stramonium L. 

higuerilla –see– Ricinus communis L. 

hikamas –see– Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. 

Hilaria rigida (Thurb.) Benth. ex Scribn. = Pleuraphis rigida 

Thurb. 

hills-of-snow –see– Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. 

Himmelschwertel –see– Iris ×germanica L.; Iris pseudoacorus 

L. 

hinchador –see– Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & Pav.) 

Kuntze 

hinchahuevos –see– Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & Pav.) 

Kuntze 

Hindu datura –see– Datura metel L. 

hipazote –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & 

Clemants

192 - Hippomane mancinella D. Jesse Wagstaff 

h i p p o Ma n e Ma n c i n e l l a L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

arbol-de-la-muerte; beach apple; le mancenilier; mancenillier; 

manchineal; manchineel; manzanilla; Manzanillabaum; 

manzanillo; manzanillo-de-la-costa; 

manzanillo-de-playa; pinipiniche; shore apple 

Citations: 

Botterel F, Brun S, Bourée P (2000) Dermite du mancenillier. 

Presse Med 29(2):81. 

Bygbjerg IC, Johansen HK (1991) Manzinellaforgiftning 

kompliceret med streptokokpharyngytis og impetigo. 

Ugeskr Laeger 154(1):27-28. 

Caddy DJ (1894) Poisoning by manchineel. Lancet 2(Dec 

22):1478-1479. 

Chareyre S, Meram D, Descotes J (1991) Intoxication par 

le mancenillier. A propos d’un cas. J Toxicol Clin Exp 

11(1):59-61. 

Grana PC (1946) Conjunctivitis and dermatitis due to 

“Beach Apple.” Report of thirteen cases. Arch Ophthalmol 

35:421-422. 

Lowe NJ (1974) Primary irritant dermatitis from the manchineel 

tree (Hippomane mancinella) in the eastern 

Caribbean. J R Nav Med Serv 60:133-136. 

Mauze J, Arnaud G (1953) A propos des accidents provoques 

par le mancenilier des Antilles. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 

46(4):496-498. 

Pitts JF, Barker NH, Gibbons DC, et al. (1993) Manchineel 

keratoconjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol 77(5):284-288. 

Satulsky EM (1943) Dermatitis venenata caused by the manzanillo 

tree. Arch Derm Syphilol 47(36):36-38. 

Satulsky EM, Wirts CA (1943) Dermatitis venenata caused 

by the manzanillo tree. Further observations and report 

of sixty cases. Arch Derm Syphilol 47:797-798. 

Snow JS, Harley RD (1944) Dermatitis venenata and keratoconjunctivitis 

caused by the manzanillo tree. Arch Derm 

Syphilol 49:236-239. 

Hirschdorn –see– Rhamnus cathartica L. 

h i r s c h f e l d i a i n c a n a (L.) Lagr.- Foss. 


Common Names: 

mustard 

Citations: 

Lanson RK, Abdulla A (1963) Effects of feeding mustard 

seed to immature chickens and laying hens. Poult Sci 

42:1283-1284. 

Hirtentäschel –see– Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. 

h is Tio p Te r is i n c is a (Thunb.) J. Sm. 

[Dennstaedtiaceae] 

Common names: 

bat’s-wing fern; water fern 

Citations: 

Saito K, Nagao T, Takatsuki S, et al. (1990) The sesquiterpenoid 

carcinogen of bracken fern, and some analogues, 

from the Pteridaceae. Phytochemistry 29:1475-1479. 

ho-shou-wu –see– Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson 

hoary alyssum –see– Berteroa incana (L.) DC. 

hoary cress –see– Lepidium draba L. var. draba 

hoary false alyssum –see– Berteroa incana (L.) DC. 

hoary nettle –see– Urtica dioica L. 

hog apple –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

hog brake –see– Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

hog gum –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

hog millet –see– Panicum miliaceum L. 

hogbane –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

hogbean –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

hogweed –see– Amaranthus spinosus L.; Ambrosia 

artemisiifolia L.; Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & 

Levier; Heracleum sphondylium L. 

Hoher Rittersporn –see– Delphinium elatum L. 

hoja-de-San Pablo –see– Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) 

Kunth var. caracasana (Kunth) D. N. Gibson 

hojase –see– Flourensia cernua DC. 

hoko –see– Phytolacca dodecandra L’Her. 

Holcus halepense L. = Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 

Holcus sorghum L. = Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

Holcus sudanensis (Piper) L. H. Bailey = Sorghum 

×drummondii (Steud.) Millsp. & Chase 

Holder –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

h o l ig a r n a f e r r u g i n e a Marchand 


Citations: 

Kulkarni SB, Srinivas CR, Krupashankar DS, et al. (1987) 

Chemical characterization and clinical studies on the 

allergenic principles of Holigarna ferruginea March 

(Anacardiaceae). Indian Drugs 24(4):180-182. 

Srinivas CR, Kulkarni SB, Menon SK, et al. (1987) Allergenic 

agent in contact dermatitis from Holigarna ferruginea. 


holly –see– Ilex aquifolium L.; Ilex opaca Aiton 

hollyhock –see– Alcea rosea L. 

holm oak –see– Quercus ilex L. 

h o l o c a l y x b a l a n s a e Micheli [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h olocalyx glaziovii Taub. ex Glaz. 

Common Names: 

alecrim; alecrim-de-campinas 

Citations: 

Bicudo PL (1978) Intoxicação experimental de bovinos pelo 

“Alecrim de Campinas,” Holocalyx glaziovii, Taub. Arq 

Esc Vet Univ Fed Minas Gerais 30:369-370.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Hordeum vulgare - 193 

Souza JA, Martins EO, Zezza Neto L (1972) Ação da 

hidroxocobalamina na intoxicação aguda do coelho pelo 

Holocalix balansae Mich. Rev Fac Med Vet Zootec Univ 

Sao Paulo 9(1):159-164. 

Souza JA, Muelier SB, Martins EO (1971) Ação da hidroxocobalamina 

na intoxicação aguda do coelho pelo Holocalix 

balansae, Mich. Rev Fac Med Vet Sao Paulo 

8(3):721-727. 

Holocalyx glaziovii Taub. ex Glaz. = Holocalyx balansae 

Micheli 

holy herb –see– Verbena officinalis L. 

holy thistle –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

holy tree –see– Melia azedarach L. 

Homalobus campestris Torr. & A. Gray = Astragalus 

convallarius Greene 

Homalobus clementis Rydb. = Astragalus tenellus Pursh 

Homalobus multiflorus (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray = 

Astragalus tenellus Pursh 

Homalobus stipitatus Rydb. = Astragalus tenellus Pursh 

Homalobus strigulosus Rydb. = Astragalus tenellus Pursh 

Homeria glauca (Wood & Evans) N. E. Br. = Moraea 

pallida (Baker) Goldblatt 

Homeria miniata (Andrews) Sweet = Moraea miniata Andrews 

Homeria pallida Baker = Moraea pallida (Baker) Goldblatt 

Homeria pura N. E. Br. = Moraea pallida (Baker) Goldblatt 

hondala –see– Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W. J. de Wilde 

honde oor –see– Cotyledon orbiculata L. 

Honduran mahogany –see– Swietenia macrophylla King 

Honduran walnut –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 

honey mesquite –see– Prosopis glandulosa Torr.; Prosopis 

juliflora (Sw.) DC. 

honey-of-Trebizond –see– Rhododendron ponticum L. 

honey plant –see– Scrophularia marilandica L. 

hong hua –see– Carthamus tinctorius L. 

hoodwort –see– Scutellaria lateriflora L. 

Hooker’s-larkspur –see– Delphinium glaucum S. Watson 

hop –see– Humulus lupulus L. 

hop sage –see– Grayia spinosa (Hook.) Moq. 

hop tree –see– Ptelea trifoliata L. subsp. angustifolia 

(Benth.) V. L. Bailey 

Hopfen –see– Humulus lupulus L. 

hophorn bean –see– Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch 

hops –see– Humulus lupulus L. 

h o r d e u M j u b a Tu M L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

foxtail; foxtail barley; skunkgrass; squirreltail; squirreltail 

barley; squirreltailgrass; ticklegrass; wild barley; 

wild foxtail 

Citations: 

Fleming CE, Peterson NF (1919) Don’t feed foxtail hay to 

lambing ewes! Nevada Agric Exp Sta Bull #97:18 pp. 

h o r d e u M v u l g a r e L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

barley; Gerste 

Citations: 

Chinn WT (1963) Pneumonia in barley-fed cattle. Vet Rec 

75(9):256-257. 

Cronin E (1979) Contact dermatitis from barley dust. Contact 


Harris AH (1962) Apparent hazards of high barley feeding 

to cattle. Vet Rec 74(49):1434. 

Hickey TF (1963) Mortality in barley-fed cattle. Vet Rec 

75(8):210-211. 

Horrox MA (1962) Mortality in barley-fed cattle. Vet Rec 

74(52):1551. 

Martin B (1963) Mortality in barley-fed cattle. Vet Rec 

75(3):78-79. 

Nisbet A, Beddows AC, Jones NA (1963) Over-feeding of 

barley to sheep. Vet Rec 75(6):152. 

Nolan FJ (1962) Mortality in barley-fed cattle. Vet Rec 

74(48):1376-1377. 

Pereira F, Rafael M, Lacerda MH (1998) Contact dermatitis 

from barley. Contact Dermatitis 39(5):261-262. 

Phillips GD (1963) Better British beef and barley feed. Vet 

Rec 75(22):578-579. 

Preston TR (1963) Symposium: Recent innovations 

in calf-rearing. II. Barley-beef production. Vet Rec 

75(51):1399-1402. 

Rix JC (1966) Poisoning from excess intake of moist stored 

barley. Vet Rec 78(16):574. 

Simonsson A, Bjorklund NE (1978) Some effects of the fineness 

of ground barley on gastric lesions and gastric contents 

in growing pigs. Swedish J Agric Res 8:97-106. 

Solomons B (1971) Sensitization to oats and barley. Contact 


Thompson AG (1925) Barley itch. Br Med J 1:71. 

Wills WK (1909) Barley-itch. Br J Dermatol 21:249-252. 

Note: 

Barley is named Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare in 


horehound –see– Marrubium vulgare L. 

Hornklee –see– Lotus corniculatus L. 

hornseed buttercup –see– Ceratocephala testiculata (Crantz) 

Roth 

Horn’s-milk vetch –see– Astragalus hornii A. Gray 

horse apple –see– Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid. 

horse balm –see– Collinsonia canadensis L. 

horse chestnut –see– Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt.; 

Aesculus glabra Willd.; Aesculus hippocastanum L.; Aesculus 

pavia L. 

horse gam –see– Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet 

horse mango –see– Mangifera foetida Lour. 

horse millet –see– Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.

194 - Hoslundia opposita D. Jesse Wagstaff 

horse mint –see– Mentha ×piperita L. nothosubsp. citrata 

(Ehrh.) Briq. 

horse nettle –see– Solanum carolinense L.; Solanum 

dimidiatum Raf. 

horse pipe –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

horse purslane –see– Trianthema portulacastrum L. 

horse sorrel –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

horse tamarind –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

horsebane –see– Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. 

horsebean –see– Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.; Lablab 

purpureus (L.) Sweet; Lupinus leucophyllus Douglas ex 

Lindl.; Strychnos ignatii P. J. Bergius; Vicia faba L. 

horsebrush –see– Tetradymia canescens DC.; Tetradymia 

glabrata Torr. & A. Gray 

horseradish –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

horseradish tree –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

horsetail –see– Equisetum arvense L.; Equisetum fluviatile L.; 

Equisetum palustre L.; Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. 

horsetail milkweed –see– Asclepias subverticillata (A. Gray) 

Vail; Asclepias verticillata L. 

horsetail tree –see– Casuarina equisetifolia L. 

horseweed –see– Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist; 

Collinsonia canadensis L. 

hortensia –see– Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. 

h o s l u n d i a o p p o s i Ta Vahl [Lamiaceae] 

Citations: 



h o s Ta s i e b o l d i i (Paxton) J. W. Ingram 

[Aguacaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h emerocallis sieboldii Paxton 

Common Names: 

day lily 

Citations: 



Toxicol 45(1):38-39. 

hot pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L.; Capsicum frutescens 

L. 

hotsutsuji –see– Elliottia paniculata (Siebold & Zucc.) 

Benth. & Hook. f. 

Hottentot poison bush –see– Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) 

Codd; Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Oliv. 

houndberry –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

hound’s-tongue –see– Cynoglossum officinale L. 

houx –see– Ilex aquifolium L. 

hoya –see– Hoya carnosa (L. f.) R. Br. 

h o y a a u s Tr a l is R. Br. ex J. Traill [Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

wax flower 

Citations: 

Legg J, White CT (1939) Hoya australis (wax flower): A 

native plant poisonous to stock. Queensland Agric J 

51:17-19. 

Legg J, White CT (1939) Hoya australis: A plant poisonous 

to stock. Aust Vet J 15:34-36. 

h o y a c a r n o s a (L. f.) R. Br. [Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

hoya; wax flower; waxplant 

Citations: 

Kuliszkiewicz-Janus M, Klinger M (1987) Przełom 

hemolityczny powikłany ostrą niewydolnością nerek u 

heterozygotycznej kobiety z niedoborem dehydrogenazy 

glukozo-6-fosforamowej wywołany nadwrazliwością 

na woskownicę mięsistą (Hoya carnosa). Pol Arch Med 

Wewn 78(1):43-47. 

Kuliszkiewicz-Janus M, Tyran W, Szajerka G (1992) Haemolytic 

crises caused by Hoya carnosa in a patient with 

G6PD deficiency. Acta Haematol Pol 23(1):63-67. 

Rothe A (1986) Hoya carnosa - Is it allergenic? Contact Dermatitis 

14(4):250-252. 

hualtaco tree –see– Loxopterygium huasango Spruce ex Engl. 

huao –see– Comocladia dentata Jacq.; Metopium brownei 

(Jacq.) Urb.; Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

huasango tree –see– Loxopterygium huasango Spruce ex Engl. 

hubam –see– Melilotus albus Medik. 

huckleberry –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

huele-de-noche –see– Cestrum nocturnum L. 

huevil –see– Vestia foetida (Ruiz & Pav.) Hoffmanns.; Vestia 

lycioides Willd. 

Huflattich –see– Tussilago farfara L. 

hug melose –see– Achyranthes aspera L. 

Hühnertod –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

huile-de-menthe-pouliot –see– Mentha pulegium L. 

huile-de-persil-sauvage –see– Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) 


huile-de-sassafras-américain –see– Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) 

Nees 

huile-de-sauge –see– Salvia officinalis L. 

huile d’hédéome –see– Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. 

huilihuiste –see– Karwinskia calderonii Standl. 

Hülse –see– Ilex aquifolium L. 

hulst –see– Ilex aquifolium L. 

humansdorp –see– Chironia baccifera L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Hyacinthus orientalis - 195 

h u Mu l u s l u p u l u s L. [Cannabaceae] 

Common Names: 

brewer’s-hop; European hop; hop; Hopfen; hops 

Citations: 

Cookson JS, Lawton A (1953) Hop dermatitis in Herefordshire. 

Br Med J 2(4832):376-379. 

Duncan KL, Hare WR, Buck WB (1997) Malignant hyperthermia-like 

reaction secondary to ingestion of hops in 

five dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210(1):51-54. 

Estrada JL, Gozalo F, Cecchini C, et al. (2002) Contact 

urticaria from hops (Humulus lupulus) in a patient with 

previous urticaria–angioedema from peanut, chestnut 

and banana. Contact Dermatitis 46(2):127. 

Galbraith SN (1924) Occupational diseases of hop-picking. 

Lancet 2:885. 

Newmark FM (1978) Hops allergy and terpene sensitivity: 

An occupational disease. Ann Allergy 41(5):311-312. 

O’Donovan WJ (1924) Hop dermatitis. Lancet 2:597-598. 

Raith L, Jager K (1984) Hop allergy. Contact Dermatitis 

11(1):53. 

Smithies BM (1929) The occupational diseases of hop-picking. 

Lancet 2:494-495. 

Streich CJ (1924) Hop dermatitis. Lancet 2:727. 

Hundsdill –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

Hundskamille –see– Anthemis cotula L.; Chamaemelum nobile 

(L.) All. 

Hundskraut –see– Mercurialis perennis L. 

Hundspetersilie –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

Hundswolfkraut –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L. 

Hundszunge –see– Cynoglossum officinale L. 

hunter’s-robe –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 

h u p e r z i a s a u r u r u s (Lam.) Trevis. 

[Lycopodiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l ycopodium saururus Lam. 

Common Names: 

cola-de-quirquincho 

Citations: 





h u p e r z i a s e l ag o (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & 

Mart. [Lycopodiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l ycopodium selago L. 

Common Names: 

fir club moss 

Citations: 

Felgenhauer N, Zilker T, Worek F, et al. (2000) Intoxication 

with huperzine A, a potent anticholinesterase found in 

the fir club moss. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38(7):803-808. 

Laborde A, Ciganda C (1998) Poisoning by herbal infusions 

ingested as abortifacient agents. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

36(5):454-455. 

h u p e r z i a s e r r a Ta (Thunb.) Trevis. 

[Lycopodiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l ycopodium serratum Thunb. 

Common Names: 

jin-bu-huan 

Citations: 

Picciotto A, Campo N, Brizzolara R, et al. (1998) 

Chronic hepatitis induced by jin bu huan. J Hepatol 

28(1):165-167. 

Woolf GM, Petrovic LM, Rojter SE, et al. (1994) Acute 

hepatitis associated with the Chinese herbal product jin 

bu huan. Ann Intern Med 121(10):729-735. 

h u r a c r e p i Ta n s L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

assacu; javillo; molinillo; monkey dinner bell; monkey 

pistol; possumwood; sandbox; tronador; West Indian 

sandbox tree 

Citations: 

Swaddiwudhipong W, Kunasol P, Sangwanloy O, et al. 

(1989) Foodborne disease outbreaks of chemical etiology 

in Thailand, 1981-1987. Southeast Asian J Trop Med 

Public Health 20(1):125-132. 

hurab ekhowsa –see– Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 

husk tomato –see– Physalis longifolia Nutt. 

hyacinth –see– Hyacinthus orientalis L. 

hyacinth bean –see– Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet 

h y a c i n Th o i d e s n o n -s c r i p Ta (L.) Chouard 

ex Rothm. [Hyacinthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

e ndymion non-scriptus (L.) Garcke; s cilla non-scripta 

(L.) Hoffmanns. & Link 

Common Names: 

blue bells-of-England; blue bottle; bluebell; crake feet; 

crow bells; crow leek; culver keep; culverkeys; day’sleek; 

dog leek; English bluebell; hair bell; harebell; 

wild hyacinth 

Citations: 

Thursby-Pelham RH (1967) Suspected Scilla non-scripta 

(bluebell) poisoning in cattle. Vet Rec 80(24):709-710. 

h y a c i n Th u s o r i e n Ta l is L. [Hyacinthaceae] 

Common Names: 

Anna Maria; Czar Pater; Czar Peter; Dutch hyacinth; 

hyacinth; Hyazinthe; oriental hyacinth; Roman 

hyacinth

196 - Hydrangea macrophylla D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Lamminpaa A, Estlander J, Jolanki K, et al. (1996) Occupational 

allergic contact dermatitis caused by decorative 

plants. Contact Dermatitis 34(5):330-335. 

Muñoz D, Urrutia I, Leanizbarrutia I, et al. (1989) Contact 

dermatitis from plants in a geriatric nurse. Contact Dermatitis 

20(13):227-228. 

Piirilä P, Hannu T, Keskinen H, et al. (1998) Occupational 

asthma to hyacinth. Allergy 53(3):328-329. 

van der Werff PJ (1959) Occupational diseases among workers 

in the bulb industries. Acta Allergol 14:338-355. 

van Dongen K (1945) Twee doodelijke vergiftigingen door 

het eten van hyacinthenbollen. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 

89:223-225. 

Hyazinthe –see– Hyacinthus orientalis L. 

hybrid vetch –see– Vicia villosa Roth subsp. varia (Host) Corb. 

Hybridklee –see– Trifolium hybridum L. 

hydrangea –see– Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. 

Hydrangea hortensia Siebold = Hydrangea macrophylla 

(Thunb.) Ser. 

h y d r a n g e a Ma c r o p h y l l a (Thunb.) Ser. 

[Hydrangaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h ydrangea hortensia Siebold 

Common Names: 

hills-of-snow; French hydrangea; hortensia; hydrangea; 

Popo-hau; sevenbark hydrangea 

Citations: 

Avenel-Audran M, Hausen BM, le Sellin J, et al. (2000) 

Allergic contact dermatitis from hydrangea – is it so rare? 


Bruce EA (1920) Hydrangea poisoning. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 58:313-315. 

Bruynzeel DP (1986) Allergic contact dermatitis to hydrangea. 


De Rooij J, Bruynzeel DP, Rustemeyer T (2006) Occupational 

allergic contact dermatitis from hydrangea. Contact 


Kuligowski ME, Chang A, Leemreize JH (1992) Allergic 

contact hand dermatitis from hydrangea: Report of a 10th 

case. Contact Dermatitis 26(4):269-270. 

Note: 

Hydrangea is named Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) 

Ser. subsp. macrophylla in some publications. 

Hydrocotyle asiatica L. = Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. 

h y l o Te l e p h i u M s p e c Ta b i l e (Boreau) H. 

Ohba [Crassulaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s edum spectabile Boreau 

Citations: 

Végh E (1985) Dísznövény okozta mérgezés esete sertéseken. 

Magyar Allator Lapja 40(8):505-506. 

Hymenocyclus smithii L. Bolus = Malephora smithii (L. 

Bolus) H. E. K. Hartmann 

Hymenoxys floribunda (A. Gray) Cockerell = Hymenoxys 


h y Me n o x y s h o o p e s i i (A. Gray) Bierner 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

d ugaldia hoopesii (A. Gray) Rydb.; h elenium hoopesii 

A. Gray 

Common Names: 

mountain sneezeweed; orange sneezeweed; sneezeweed; 

sunflower; western sneezeweed; yellow weed; 

yerba-del-lobo 

Citations: 

Buck WB, Binns W, James L, et al. (1961) Results of feeding 

of herbicide-treated plants to calves and sheep. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 138(6):320-323. 

Buck WB, James L, Binns W (1961) Changes in serum transaminase 

activities associated with plant and mineral toxicity in 

sheep and cattle. Proc Am Coll Vet Toxicol 1961:13-24. 




51(Oct):568-585. 

Marsh CD (1916) Cause of spewing sickness of sheep. U S 

Dep Agric Bur Anim Indus Doc. Oct 25:1-4. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Couch JF, et al. (1921) Western 

sneezeweed (Helenium hoopesii) as a poisonous plant. U 

S Dep Agric Bull #947:46 pp. 

h y Me n o x y s l e MMo n i i (Greene) Cockerell 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

alkali hymenoxys; Lemmon’s-hymenoxys 

Citations: 


plants. Nevada Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 1933:10-13. 

h y Me n o x y s o d o r a Ta DC. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ctinea odorata (DC.) Kuntze 

Common Names: 

annual bitterweed; bitter actinea; bitter rubberweed; 

bittersweet; bitterweed; bitterweed actinea; limonillo; 

rubberweed; western bitterweed 

Citations: 







Boughton IB, Hardy WT (1937) Toxicity of bitterweed 

(Actinea odorata) for sheep. Texas Agric Exp Sta Bull 

#552:15 pp.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Hypericum aethiopicum - 197 

Bridges GW, Bailey EM Jr, Camp BJ (1980) Prevention 

of bitterweed intoxication of sheep. Vet Hum Toxicol 

22(2):87-90. 

Calhoun MC, Ueckert DN, Livingston CW Jr, et al. (1981) 

Effects of bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata) on voluntary 

feed intake and serum constituents of sheep. Am J Vet 

Res 42(10):1713-1717. 

Calhoun MC, Ueckert DN, Livingston CW Jr, et al. (1982) 

Effect of 2,4-D on hymenoxon concentration and toxicity 

of bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata) force-fed to sheep. J 


Clawson AB (1931) “Bitterweed” poisoning of livestock. U S 

Dep Agric Mimeo Rep. Apr:1-3. 

Clawson AB (1931) A preliminary report on the poisonous 

effects of bitter rubber weed (Actinea odorata) on sheep. J 

Agric Res 43(8):693-701. 

Hardy WT, Cory VL, Schmidt H, et al. (1931) Bitterweed 

poisoning in sheep. Texas Agric Exp Sta Bull #433:18 pp. 

Kim HL, Anderson AC, Herrig BW, et al. (1982) Protective 

effects of antioxidants on bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata 

DC) toxicity in sheep. Am J Vet Res 43(11):1945-1950. 

Kim HL, Anderson AC, Terry MK, et al. (1981) Protective 

effect of butylated hydroxyanisole on acute hymenoxon 

and bitterweed poisoning. Res Commun Chem Pathol 

Pharmacol 33(2):365-368. 

Poage GW 3rd, Scott CB, Bisson MG, et al. (2000) Activated 

charcoal attenuates bitterweed toxicosis in sheep. J 


Steel EG, Witzel DA, Blanks A (1976) Acquired coagulation 

factor X activity deficiency connected with Hymenoxys 

odorata DC (Compositae), bitterweed poisoning in sheep. 

Am J Vet Res 37(12):1383-1386. 

Taylor CA, Ralphs MH (1992) Reducing livestock losses 

from poisonous plants through grazing management. J 


Terry MK, Kim HL, Corrier DE, et al. (1981) The acute 

oral toxicity of hymenoxon in sheep. Res Commun Chem 

Pathol Pharmacol 31(1):181-184. 

Witzel DA, Jones LP, Ivie GW (1977) Pathology of subacute 

bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata) poisoning in sheep. Vet 

Pathol 14(1):73-78. 

Witzel DA, Rowe LD, Clark DE (1974) Physiopathologic 

studies on acute Hymenoxys odorata (bitterweed) poisoning 

in sheep. Am J Vet Res 35(7):931-934. 

h y Me n o x y s r ic h a r d so n i i (Hook.) Cockerell 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ctinea richardsonii (Hook.) Kuntze; h ymenoxys floribunda 

(A. Gray) Cockerell 

Common Names: 

Colorado rubber weed; pingree; pingue; rubberweed 

Citations: 

Aanes WA (1961) Pingue (Hymenoxys richardsonii) poisoning 

in sheep. Am J Vet Res 22:47-52. 



Pammel LH (1919) Pingue poisoning in Arizona. Am J Vet 

Med 14:32. 

hyoscyamus –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

h y o s c y a Mu s a l b u s L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

saccharine blanche; white henbane; white saccharin 

Citations: 

Selmi H, Hezmiri H, Tabarki B, et al. (1996) Intoxication 

aigue par la saccharine blanche. A propos de 5 observations 

pédiatriques. Tunis Med 74(1):45-47. 

h y o s c y a Mu s n ig e r L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

beleño negro; Bilsen; Bilsenbohne; Bilsenkraut; 

Bilsensee; black henbane; Bolmört; chenile; deli-batbat; 

devil’s-eye; fetid nightshade; henbane; hennebane; 

hogbane; hogbean; Hühnertod; hyoscyamus; infidel 

opium; insane root; jusquiame; jusquiame noire; 

poison tobacco; Saukraut; Schwarzes Bilsenkraut; 

stinking nightshade; stinky nightshade; Teufelsauge; 

Zahnkraut 

Citations: 

Betz P, Janzen J, Roider G, et al. (1991) Psychopathologische 

Befunde nach oraler Aufnahme von Inhaltstoffen 

heimischer Nachtschattengewächse. Arch Kriminol 

188(5-6):175-182. 



Comp Lyon 72(2):167-173. 

Daneshvar S, Mirhossaini ME, Balali M (1992) Hyoscyamus 

poisoning in Mashhad. Toxicon 30:501. 

Graev M, Fallani M (1960) Avvelenamento collettivo da 

ingestione da Hyoscyamus niger (Con un caso mortale). 

Minerva Medicoleg 80(Nov-Dec):225-230. 

Kurkcuoglu M (1970) Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) poisonings 

in the vicinity of Erzurum. Turk J Pediatr 

12(1):48-56. 

Nagy L, Sipos I (1980) A beléndek, mint kábítószerpótló. 

Morphol Igazsagugyi Orv Sz 20(4):312. 

Sands JM, Sands R (1976) Henbane chewing. Med J Aust 

2(2):55, 58. 

Spoerke DG, Hall AH, Dodson CD, et al. (1987) Mystery 

root ingestion. J Emerg Med 5(5):385-388. 

Tugrul L (1985) Abuse of henbane by children in Turkey. 

Bull Narc 37(2-3):75-78. 

Welsby JR (1903) Henbane poisoning. Vet Rec 16(794):181. 

h y o s c y a Mu s r e Tic u l a Tu s L. [Solanaceae] 

Citations: 

Tugrul L (1985) Abuse of henbane by children in Turkey. 

Bull Narc 37(2-3):75-78. 

hypericum –see– Hypericum perforatum L. 

h y p e r ic u M a e Th io p ic u M Thunb. var 

glaucescens Sonder [Hypericaceae] 

Citations: 

Quin JI (1933) Studies on the photosensitisation of animals 

in South Africa. 3. The photodynamic action of Hypericum 

ethiopicum var. glaucescens Sond. and Hypericum 

leucoptychodes (Syn. H. lanceolatum Lam.). Onderstepoort 

J Vet Sci Anim Indus 1(2):491-496

198 - Hypericum perforatum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Note: 

This plant name could not be found in the databases 

searched. 

Hypericum crispum L. = Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra 

Hypericum lanceolatum auct. = Hypericum revolutum Vahl 

Hypericum leucoptychodes Steud. ex A. Rich. = Hypericum 

revolutum Vahl 

Hypericum maculatum Walter = Hypericum punctatum 

Lam. 

h y p e r ic u M p e r f o r a Tu M L. [Hypericaceae] 

Common Names: 

amber; aran; cammock; goat weed; Hartheu; herb 

John; hypericum; Johanniskraut; Klamath weed; lyukaslevelü 

orbáncfü; millepertuis; penny John; rosin 

rose; St. John’s-wort; Tipton weed 

Citations: 


Aust 2:40-48. 

Araya OS, Ford EJ (1981) An investigation of the type of 

photosensitization caused by the ingestion of St John’s 

Wort (Hypericum perforatum) by calves. J Comp Pathol 

91(1):135-141. 

Bourke CA (2000) Sunlight associated hyperthermia as a 

consistent and rapidly developing clinical sign in sheep 

intoxicated by St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). 

Aust Vet J 78(7):483-488. 

Bourke CA (2003) The effect of shade, shearing and wool 

type in the protection of Merino sheep from Hypericum 

perforatum (St John’s wort) poisoning. Aust Vet J 

81(8):494-498. 

Bourke CA, White JG (2004) Reassessment of the toxicity 

of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) for cattle. Aust 

Vet J 82(11):707-710. 

Brown TM (2000) Acute St. John’s wort toxicity. Am J 

Emerg Med 18(2):231-232. 

Cunningham IJ (1947) Photosensitivity diseases in New Zealand. 

V. Photosensitisation by St. John’s wort (Hypericum 

perforatum). N Z J Sci Technol A 29:207-213. 

Dodd S (1920) St. John’s wort and its action on live stock. J 

Comp Pathol 33:105-114. 

Dodd S (1920) St. John’s wort and its effects on livestock. 

Agric Gaz New South Wales 31:265-272. 

Henry M (1922) Feeding and contact experiments with St. 

Johnswort. Agric Gaz New South Wales 33:205-207. 

Kako MD, Al-Sultan II, Saleem AN (1993) Studies of sheep 

experimentally poisoned with Hypericum perforatum. 


Kümper H (1989) Hypericismus bei Schafen. Tierarztl Prax 

17(3):257-261. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1930) Toxic effect of St. Johnswort 

(Hypericum perforatum) on cattle and sheep. U S Dep 

Agric Tech Bull #202:23 pp. 

Pace N (1942) The etiology of hypericism, A photosensitivity 

produced by St. Johnswort. Am J Physiol 

136:650-656. 




Rogers TB (1914) On the action of St. John’s wort as a 

sensitizing agent for non-pigmented skin. Am Vet Rev 

46:145-162. 

Schrader A, Schulz O, Völker H, et al. (2001) Aktuelle 



114(5-6):218-221. 

Seddon HR, Belschner HG (1929) The effect of immature St. 

John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) on sheep. J CSIRO 

Aust 2(4):229-231. 

Seddon HR, White HC (1928) Some observations on the 

toxic principle of St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum). 

New South Wales Dep Agric Vet Res Rep 5:106-111. 

Waksman JC, Heard K, Jolliff H, et al. (2000) Serotonin 

syndrome associated with the use of St. John’s wort 

(Hypericum perforatum) and paroxetine. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 38(5):521. 

h y p e r ic u M p u n c Ta Tu M Lam. [Hypericaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h ypericum maculatum Walter 

Common Names: 

flux weed; spotted St. John’s-wort; St. John’s-wort 

Citations: 

Vind R (1957) Equine photodermatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

131(Dec 1):529. 

h y p e r ic u M r e vo l u Tu M Vahl [Hypericaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h ypericum lanceolatum auct.; h ypericum leucoptychodes 

Steud. ex A. Rich. 

Common Names: 

currybush; forest primrose; kerriebos; St. John’s-wort 

Citations: 

Quin JI (1933) Studies on the photosensitisation of animals 

in South Africa. 3. The photodynamic action of Hypericum 

ethiopicum var. glaucescens Sond. and Hypericum 

leucoptychodes (Syn. H. lanceolatum Lam.). Onderstepoort 

J Vet Sci Anim Indus 1(2):491-496 

h y p e r ic u M Tr iq u e Tr i f o l i u M Turra 

[Hypericaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h ypericum crispum L. 

Common Names: 

St. John’s-wort 

Citations: 

Bale S (1978) Poisoning of sheep, goats and cows by the weed 

Hypericum triquetrifolium. Refu Vet 35:36-37. 

Lang E, Sendil C (1971) Hypericum crispum, die Ursache 

einer be Pflanzenfressern in der Türkei beobachteten 

Lichtkrankheit. Tierarztl Umsch 26:73-76. 

Ray G (1914) Note sur les effets toxiques du Millepertuis à 

feuilles crispées (Hypericum crispum). Rec Med Vet Ec 

Alfort 68:39-42. 

hypo –see– Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Hyssopus officinalis - 199 

h y p o c h a e r is r a d ic a Ta L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

cat’s-ear; dandelion; false dandelion; flatweed; gosmore; 

hairy cat’s-ear; hairy wild lettuce; rough cat’sear; 

spotted cat’s-ear; summer dandelion 

Citations: 

Cahill JI, Goulden BE, Pearce HG (1985) A review and some 

observations on stringhalt. N Z Vet J 33(7):101-104. 

Galey FD, Hullinger PJ, McCaskill J (1991) Outbreaks 

of stringhalt in Northern California. Vet Hum Toxicol 

33(2):176-177. 

Gay CC, Fransen S, Richards J, et al. (1993) Hypochaerisassociated 

stringhalt in North America. Equine Vet J 

25(5):456-457. 

Huntington PJ, Jeffcott LB, Friend SC, et al. (1989) Australian 

stringhalt - Epidemiological, clinical and neurological 

investigations. Equine Vet J 21(4):266-273. 

Torre F (2005) Clinical diagnosis and results of surgical 

treatment of 13 cases of acquired bilateral stringhalt 

(1991-2003). Equine Vet J 37(2):181-183. 

hyssop –see– Hyssopus officinalis L. 

h y s so p u s o f f ic i n a l is L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

hyssop 

Citations: 

Millet Y, Jouglard J, Steinmetz MD, et al. (1981) Toxicity of 

some essential plant oils. Clinical and experimental study. 

Clin Toxicol 18(12):1485-1498. 

Millet Y, Tognetti P, Lavaire-Pierlovisi M, et al. (1979) 

Étude expérimentale des propriétés toxiques convulsivantes 

des essences de sauge et d’hysope du commerce. 

Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 9(1):12-18.

ibby dalegrass –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L. 

Ibe –see– Taxus baccata L. 

ibogaine –see– Tabernanthe iboga Baill. 

Iboza riparia (Hochst.) N. E. Br. = Tetradenia riparia 

(Hochst.) Codd 

iceberg lettuce –see– Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L. 

Iceland poppy –see– Papaver nudicaule L. 

Idaho pea –see– Cicer arietinum L. 

If –see– Taxus baccata L. 

Ignatius bean –see– Strychnos ignatii P. J. Bergius 

i l e x a q u i f o l i u M L. [Aquifoliaceae] 

Common Names: 

acebo; Beinved; Christdorn; Christmas holly; English 

holly; holly; houx; Hülse; hulst; kristkorn; Stecheiche; 

Stechhulsen; Stechpalme; Walddistelstrauch 

Citations: 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 



41(4):514. 

i l e x d e c i d u a Walter [Aquifoliaceae] 

Common Names: 

deciduous holly; meadow holly; possum haw; swamp 

holly; winterberry 

Citations: 



i l e x My r Ti f o l i a Walter [Aquifoliaceae] 

Common Names: 

myrtle-leaf holly 

Citations: 

Pence M, Frazier KS, Hawkins L, et al. (2001) The potential 

toxicity of Ilex myrtifolia in beef cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol 

43(3):172-174. 

i l e x o p a c a Aiton [Aquifoliaceae] 

Common Names: 

American holly; Christmas holly; English holly; holly; 

white holly 

Citations: 

Rodrigues TD, Johnson PN, Jeffrey LP (1984) Holly berry 

ingestion: Case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 26(2):157-158. 

I 

i l e x p a r ag u a r i e n s is A. St.-Hil. 

[Aquifoliaceae] 

Common Names: 

maté; Paraguayan tea; South American tea; yerba 

maté 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1995) Anticholinergic poisoning associated 

with an herbal tea - New York City, 1994. MMWR Morb 


De Annuntis GJ, Fill S, Meggs WJ, et al. (1994) Anticholinergic 

poisoning from Paraguay tea: A need for further 

regulation. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(4):359. 

McGee JO, Patrick RS, Wood CB, et al. (1976) A case of venoocclusive 

disease of the liver in Britain associated with 

herbal tea consumption. J Clin Pathol 29(9):788-794. 

i l l ic i u M a n is a Tu M L. [Illiciaceae] 

Synonyms: 

i llicium religiosum Siebold & Zucc. 

Common Names: 

anis; bastard anise; Chinese bastard anise; Japanese 

anise; Japanese star anise; man t’sao; poison bay; shumang-tsao; 

star anise 

Citations: 

Read BE, Kiang PC (1927) Bastard anise poisoning and its 

antidotal measures. Chin J Physiol 1:15-21. 

Wijnands-Kleukers AP, Johanns ES, Vries I, et al. (2002) 

Intensive search for the cause of an epidemic of seizures 

after drinking herbal tea (star anise toxicity). J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 40(3):263-264. 

Illicium religiosum Siebold & Zucc. = Illicium anisatum L. 

i l l ic i u M ve r u M Hook. f. [Illiciaceae] 

Common Names: 

anès estrella; Chinese star anise; star anise 

Citations: 





Ize Ludlow D, Ragone S, Bernstein JN, et al. (2004) Chemical 

composition of Chinese star anise (Illicium verum) 

and neurotoxicity in infants. JAMA 291(5):562-563. 

Martínez-Arrieta R, Ballesteros S (2001) A case of severe 

consequences after mislabeling herbal preparations. J 




41(4):514.

202 - Indigastrum parviflorum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Ramón MF, Martínez-Arrieta R, Ballesteros S, et al. (2002) 

Star anise toxicity. An outbreak of pediatric poisoning. J 


Rudzki E, Grzywa Z (1976) Sensitizing and irritating properties 

of star anise oil. Contact Dermatitis 2(5):305-308. 

imperial ginseng –see– Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. 

impila –see– Callilepis laureola DC. 

Inca lily –see– Alstroemeria ligtu L. 

incense cedar –see– Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin 

inch plant –see– Callisia fragrans (Lindl.) Woodson 

Indian acalypha –see– Acalypha indica L. 

Indian aconite –see– Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser. 

Indian aloe –see– Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 

Indian apple –see– Datura inoxia Mill.; Datura wrightii 

Regel; Podophyllum peltatum L. 

Indian arrowroot –see– Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe 

Indian bead –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

Indian cassia –see– Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) 

Nees & Eberm. 

Indian clover –see– Melilotus indicus (L.) All. 

Indian corn –see– Veratrum californicum Durand; Zea mays L. 

Indian couch –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

Indian cress –see– Tropaeolum majus L. 

Indian doab –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

Indian fig –see– Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. 

Indian fig cactus –see– Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. 

Indian goat pepper –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

Indian gum –see– Sterculia urens Roxb. 

Indian hellebore –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

Indian hemp –see– Apocynum cannabinum L.; Cannabis 

sativa L. 

Indian horse chestnut –see– Aesculus indica (Wall. ex 

Cambess.) Hook. 

Indian ink tree –see– Semecarpus anacardium L. f. 

Indian jack-in-the-pulpit –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) 

Schott 

Indian laurel –see– Terminalia elliptica Willd. 

Indian licorice –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

Indian lilac –see– Melia azedarach L. 

Indian mallow –see– Abutilon theophrasti Medik. 

Indian mandrake –see– Podophyllum hexandrum Royle 

Indian marking nut –see– Semecarpus anacardium L. f. 

Indian melilot –see– Melilotus indicus (L.) All. 

Indian milkweed –see– Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. 

Indian millet –see– Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.; Sorghum 

bicolor (L.) Moench 

Indian mustard –see– Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. 

Indian mutters –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

Indian nosy –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

Indian oak –see– Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. 

Indian pea –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

Indian pennywort –see– Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. 

Indian podophyllum –see– Podophyllum hexandrum Royle 

Indian poke –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

Indian red –see– Sanguinaria canadensis L. 

Indian rosewood –see– Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. 

Indian sanicle –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & 

H. Rob. 

Indian sarsaparilla –see– Hemidesmus indicus (L.) W. T. Aiton 

Indian senna –see– Senna alexandrina Mill. 

Indian snakeroot –see– Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex 

Kurz 

Indian spurge tree –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

Indian teak –see– Tectona grandis L. f. 

Indian tragacanth –see– Sterculia urens Roxb. 

Indian tree –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

Indian turnip –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

Indian uncus –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

Indian walnut –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

i n d ig a s Tr u M p a rv i f l o r u M (B. Heyne ex 

Wight & Arn.) Schrire [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Aylward JH, Court RD, Haydock KP, et al. (1987) Indigofera 

species with agronomic potential in the tropics. Rat 

toxicity studies. Aust J Agric Res 38(1):177-186. 

indigo –see– Indigofera australis Willd.; Indigofera suffruticosa 

Mill.; Indigofera tinctoria L. 

indigo plant –see– Swainsona galegifolia (Andrews) R. Br. 

i n d ig o f e r a a l Te r n a n s DC. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




i n d ig o f e r a a n Tu n e s i a n a Harms [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




i n d ig o f e r a a r r e c Ta Hochst. ex A. Rich 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Java indigo

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Indigofera linnaei - 203 

Citations: 




Rosenberg MM, Zoebisch OC (1952) A chick test for toxicity 

in forage legumes. Agron J 44:315-318. 

i n d ig o f e r a a s Tr ag a l i n a DC. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




i n d ig o f e r a a u s Tr a l is Willd. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Australian indigo; indigo; native indigo; southern 

indigo; wild indigo 

Citations: 


Aust 2:40-48. 

i n d ig o f e r a c r y p Ta n Th a Benth. ex Harv. 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




Indigofera dominii H. Eichler = Indigofera linnaei Ali 

Indigofera endecaphylla Jacq. ex Poir., orth. var. = 

Indigofera hendecaphylla Jacq. 

Indigofera enneaphylla L. = Indigofera linnaei Ali 

i n d ig o f e r a h e n d e c a p h y l l a Jacq. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

indigofera endecaphylla Jacq. ex Poir., orth. var. 

Common Names: 

creeping indigo; prostrate indigo; trailing indigo 

Citations: 

Britten EJ, Matsumoto H, Palafox AL (1959) Comparative 

toxic effects of 3-nitropropionic acid, sodium nitrite and 

Indigofera endecaphylla on chicks. Agron J 51:462-464. 

Emmel MW, Ritchey GE (1941) The toxicity of Indigofera 

endecaphylla Jacq. for rabbits. J Am Soc Agron 33:675-677. 

Hutton EM, Windrum GM, Kratzing CC (1958) Studies 

on the toxicity of Indigofera endecaphylla. I. Toxicity for 

rabbits. J Nutr 64(3):321-337. 

Hutton EM, Windrum GM, Kratzing CC (1958) Studies 

on the toxicity of Indigofera endecaphylla. II. Toxicity for 

mice. J Nutr 65(3):429-440. 

Jeganathan P (1953) Toxic effects of feeding Indigofera endecaphylla 

(Jacq) to calves. Ceylon Vet J 1(Dec):83-85. 

Nordfeldt S, Henke LA, Morita K, et al. (1952) Feeding tests 

with Indigofera endecaphylla Jacq. (creeping Indigo) and 

some observations on its poisonous effects on domestic 

animals. Hawaii Agric Exp Sta Tech Bull #15:23 pp. 

Nordfeldt S, Younge OR (1949) Toxicity of creeping Indigo 

to livestock. Hawaii Agric Exp Sta Prog Note #55:2 pp. 

Payne WJ, Naidu RK (1955) The toxicity of creeping indigo 

(Indigofera endecaphylla). Agric J Fiji 26:1-3. 

Rosenberg MM, Palafox AL (1950) The effect of creeping 

indigo (Indigofera endecaphylla) when fed to growing 

chickens. World Poultry Sci J 6:284-291. 

Rosenberg MM, Palafox AL (1951) The effect of creeping 

indigo (Indigofera endecaphylla) on laying chickens. 

World Poultry Sci J 7:9-15. 



Yelf JD (1959) The toxicity of creeping indigo in Fiji. Fiji 

Agric J 29:9. 

i n d ig o f e r a h i r s u Ta L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

hairy indigo; wild indigo 

Citations: 






i n d ig o f e r a h o c h s Te TTe r i Baker [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Suliman HB, Wasfi IA, Tartour G, et al. (1983) The effects 

of Indigofera hochstetteri on goats. Rev Elev Med Vet 

Pays Trop 36(4):393-402. 

i n d ig o f e r a l i n n a e i Ali [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

indigofera dominii H. Eichler; indigofera enneaphylla 

L. 

Common Names: 

bakario; bird’s-foot indigo; Birdsville indigo; nine-leaf 

indigo 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1950) Birdsville disease of horses. Aust Vet J 

26(Sep):261. 

Bell AT, Everist SL (1951) Indigofera enneaphylla: A 

plant toxic to horses (Birdsville disease). Aust Vet J 

27(Aug):185-188. 

Bell AT, Hall WT (1952) Birdsville disease of horses. 

Feeding trials with Indigofera enneaphylla. Aust Vet J 

28(Jun):141-144. 

Hegarty MP, Kelly WR, McEwan D, et al. (1988) Hepatotoxicity 

to dogs of horse meat contaminated with indospicine. 

Aust Vet J 65(11):337-340. 

Murray LF, Moore T, Sharman IM (1965) The toxicity 

of Indigofera enneaphylla L. in rats. Aust J Agric Res 

16(4):713-720. 

Rose AL, Banks AW, McConnell JD (1951) Birdsville disease 

in the Northern Territory. Aust Vet J 27(8):189-196. 

Indigofera mucronata Spreng. ex DC = Indigofera trita L. f. 

subsp. scabra (Roth) de Kort & G. Thijsse

204 - Indigofera nigritana D. Jesse Wagstaff 

i n d ig o f e r a n ig r i Ta n a Hook. f. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




Indigofera patens Eckl. & Zeyh. = Indigofera sessilifolia 

DC. 

i n d ig o f e r a s c h i Mp e r i Jaub. & Spach 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




i n d ig o f e r a s e s s i l i f o l i a DC. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

indigofera patens Eckl. & Zeyh. 

Citations: 




Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

i n d ig o f e r a s p ic a Ta Forssk. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

creeping indigo; trailing indigo 

Citations: 




Bindon BM, Lamond DR (1966) Examination of tropical 

legumes for deleterious effects on animal reproduction. 

Proc Aust Soc Anim Prod 6:109-116. 

Britten EJ, Palafox AL, Frodyma MM, et al. (1963) Level of 

3-nitropropanoic acid in relation to toxicity of Indigofera 

spicata in chicks. Crop Sci 3(5):415-416. 

Christie GS, Wilson M, Hegarty MP (1975) Effects on the 

liver in the rat of ingestion of Indigofera spicata, a legume 

containing an inhibitor of arginine metabolism. J Pathol 

117(4):195-205. 

i n d ig o f e r a s u f f r u Tic o s a Mill. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

anil indigo; anileira; indigo; timbe mirim 

Citations: 




Barbosa Neto JD, Oliveira CM, Peixoto PV, et al. (2001) 

Anemia hemolítica causda por Indigofera suffruticosa 

(Leg. Papilionoideae) em bovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 

21(1):18-22. 

Indigofera teysmannii Miq. = Indigofera zollingeriana Miq. 

i n d ig o f e r a Ti n c To r i a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

indigo 

Citations: 




i n d ig o f e r a Tr i Ta L. f. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

tipsywood 

Citations: 




i n d ig o f e r a Tr i Ta L. f. subsp. scabra (Roth) de 

Kort & G. Thijsse [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

indigofera mucronata Spreng. ex DC. 

Citations: 




i n d ig o f e r a Tr u x i l l e n s is Kunth [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Carvalho FS (1985) Aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais e anátomo-histológicos 

na intoxicação experimental pela 

Indigofera truxillensis H.B.K. em bovinos. Arq Bras 

Med Vet Zootecnia 37(5):519-523. 

Carvalho FS, Pessoa JM, Souza R, et al. (1986) Níveis 

sangüíneos de TGO, TGP, fósforo, câlcio, uréia e dextrose 

na intoxicação experimental de ovinos pela Indigofera 

truxillensis H.B.K. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootecnia 

38(2):137-146. 

i n d ig o f e r a z o l l i n g e r i a n a Miq. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

indigofera teysmannii Miq. 

Citations: 

Krishna L, Vaid J, Singh B (1986) Pathological study on 

Indigofera teysmanni toxicity in sheep. Indian J Comp 

Microbiol Immunol Infect Dis 7(1):14-17. 

Singh B, Negi SS, Vaid J, et al. (1985) Palatability, voluntary 

intake and nutritive value of Indigofera teysmanni in 

sheep. Cheiron 14(6):315-318. 

Indisches Rosenholz –see– Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. 

Indochinese lacquer –see– Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) 

Kuntze 

indoor linden –see– Sparrmannia africana L. f. 

infidel opium –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

Inkalilie –see– Alstroemeria ligtu L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Ipomoea carnea - 205 

Inkarnatklee –see– Trifolium incarnatum L. 

inkberry –see– Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl.; Phytolacca 

americana L. 

inkweed –see– Drymaria pachyphylla Wooton & Standl. 

inland pigweed –see– Portulaca oleracea L. 

inlonge –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

insane root –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

insect flower –see– Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip. 

interior live oak –see– Quercus wislizeni DC. 

i n u l a b r i Ta n n ic a L. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Hegyi E (1967) Plant dermatitis (Inula britannica L.). Contact 


i n u l a c o n y z a e (Griess.) Meikle [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Dürrwurz 

Citations: 

Reinboth W (1967) Vergiftungen durch Inula conyza 

(Dürrwurz) bei Rindern. Monatsh Veterinarmed 

22(15):611-612. 

Ulbrich M, Lorenz H, Rittenbach P, et al. (1966) Inula 

conyza (Dürrwurz) als Ursache einer Massenvergiftung 

bei Rindern. Monatsh Veterinarmed 21(23):896-902. 

Vockrodt H (1973) Vergiftungen landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere 

durch Schadpflanzen und deren Vorbeuge. Monatsh 

Veterinarmed 28(2):59-62. 

Inula graveolens (L.) Desf. = Dittrichia graveolens (L.) 

Greuter 

i n u l a h e l e n i u M L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

alant; elecampane 

Citations: 

Lamminpaa A, Estlander J, Jolanki K, et al. (1996) Occupational 

allergic contact dermatitis caused by decorative 

plants. Contact Dermatitis 34(5):330-335. 

Mateo MP, Velasco M, Miquel FJ, et al. (1995) Erythemamultiforme-like 

eruption following contact dermatitis 

from sesquiterpene lactones in herbal medicine. Contact 

Dermatitis 33(6):449-450. 

Piankova ZP, Nugmanova ML (1975) [Dermatitis caused by 

elecampane.] Vestn Dermatol Venerol 12:52-54. 

Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton = Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter 

iodine bush –see– Cestrum parqui L’Her. 

Ioxylon pomiferum Raf. = Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. 

Schneid. 

Ipé –see– Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson 

ipecaagoene –see– Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. 

Andersson 

ipecac –see– Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. Andersson 

ipecacuanha –see– Carapichea ipecacuanha (Brot.) L. 

Andersson 

ipil ipil –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

ipoh akar –see– Strychnos ignatii P. J. Bergius 

ipoh tree –see– Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. 

i p o Mo e a a s a r i f o l i a (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. 


Common Names: 

salsa 

Citations: 

Barbosa JD, Oliveira CM, Duarte MD, et al. (2005) Intoxicações 

experimental e natural por Ipomoea asarifolia 

(Convolvulaceae) em búfalos e outros ruminantes. Pesq 

Vet Bras 25(4):231-234. 

Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH, Canella CF (1960) Intoxicação 

experimental pela “salsa” (Ipomoea asarifolia R. et 

Schult.) em ruminantes. Arq Inst Biol Anim (Rio Janeiro) 

3:39-57. 

Medeiros RM, Barbosa RC, Riet-Correa F, et al. (2003) 

Tremorgenic syndrome in goats caused by Ipomoea asarifolia 

in northeastern Brazil. Toxicon 41:933-935. 

i p o Mo e a b a Ta Ta s (L.) Lam. [Convolvulaceae] 

Common Names: 

Süßkartoffel; sweet potato 

Citations: 

Hill BD, Wright HF (1992) Acute interstitial pneumonia in 

cattle associated with consumption of mould-damaged 

sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). Aust Vet J 69(2):36-37. 

Medeiros RM, Simoes SV, Tabosa IM, et al. (2001) Bovine 

atypical interstitial pneumonia associated with the ingestion 

of damaged sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) in 

northeastern Brazil. Vet Hum Toxicol 43(4):205-207. 

Peckham JC, Mitchell FE, Jones OH Jr, et al. (1972) Atypical 

interstitial pneumonia in cattle fed moldy sweet potatoes. 


Rogers GM, Poore MH, Ferko BL, et al. (1999) Dental wear 

and growth performance in steers fed sweetpotato cannery 

waste. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214(5):681-686. 

Stephens C (1941) Black rot sweet potato poisoning in cattle. 


Note: 

Sweet potato is named Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. var. 

batatas in some publications. 

i p o Mo e a c a r n e a Jacq. [Convolvulaceae] 

Common Names: 

awier; baros; besharam; hierba-de-la-India; palo-santode-castilla; 

shrubby morning-glory; tree morningglory 

Citations: 

Adam SE, Tartour G, Obeid HM, et al. (1973) Effects of 

Ipomoea carnea on the liver and on serum enzymes in 

young ruminants. J Comp Pathol 83(4):531-542.

206 - Ipomoea carnea D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Damir HA, Adam SE, Tartour G (1987) The effects of 

Ipomoea carnea on goats and sheep. Vet Hum Toxicol 

29(4):316-319. 

de Balogh KK, Dimande AP, van der Lugt JJ, et al. (1998) 

Ipomoea carnea: The cause of a lysosomal storage disease 

in goats in Mozambique. In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) 

Toxic plants and other natural toxicants. CABI. New 

York. pp. 428-434. 

de Balogh KK, Dimande AP, van der Lugt JJ, et al. (1999) A 

lysosomal storage disease induced by Ipomoea carnea in 

goats in Mozambique. J Vet Diagn Invest 11(3):266-273. 

Hueza IM, Dagli SL, Górniak SL (2003) Toxic effects of 

prenatal Ipomoea carnea administration to rats. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 45(6):298-302. 

Hueza IM, Fonseca ES, Paulino CA, et al. (2004) Ipomoea 

carnea induced enhanced macrophage activity (phagocytosis 

and peroxide production) in immunocompetent 

rats. In: Acamovic T, Stewart CS, Pennycott TW (eds.) 

Poisonous plants and related toxins. CABI. Wallingford, 

UK. pp. 316-321. 

Idris OF, Tartour G, Adam SE, et al. (1973) Toxicity to 

goats of Ipomoea carnea. Trop Anim Health Prod 

5(2):119-123. 

Misra A, Misra SN (1965) Study on the toxic effect of Ipomoea 

carnea in sheep, goats and cattle. Indian Vet J 

42(9):703-707. 

Schumaher-Henrique B, Górniak SL, Dagli ML, et al. (2003) 

The clinical, biochemical, haematological and pathological 

effects of long-term administration of Ipomoea carnea 

to growing goats. Vet Res Commun 27(4):311-319. 

Schumaher-Henrique B, Górniak SL, Dagli ML, et al. 

(2004) Evaluation of Ipomoea carnea toxicity to growing 

goats: Clinical, biochemical, haematological and 

pathological alterations. In: Acamovic T, Stewart CS, 

Pennycott TW (eds.) Poisonous plants and related toxins. 

CABI. Wallingford, UK. pp. 90-97. 

Srilatha CH, Naidu NR, Rao PR (1997) Pathology of 

Ipomoea carnea toxicity in goats. Indian J Anim Sci 

67(3):253-254. 

Tartour G, Adam SE, Obeid HM, et al. (1974) Development 

of anaemia in goats fed with Ipomoea carnea. Br Vet J 

130(3):271-279. 

Tartour G, Adam SE, Obeid HM, et al. (1974) Serum iron, 

total iron-binding capacity and bilirubin concentrations 

in young ruminants fed Ipomoea carnea. Acta Vet (Beogr) 

24(6):261-268. 

Tartour G, Obeid HM, Adam SE, et al. (1973) Haematological 

changes in sheep and calves following prolonged oral 

administration of Ipomoea carnea. Trop Anim Health 

Prod 5(4):284-292. 

Tirkey K, Yadava KP, Jha GJ, et al. (1987) Effect of feeding 

of Ipomoea carnea leaves on goats. Indian J Anim Sci 

57(8):863-866. 

Zakir MD, Vadlamudi VP, More PR (1989) Some blood biochemical 

changes in Ipomoea carnea toxicity in Osmanabadi 

goats. J Maharashtra Agric Univ 14(1):126-127. 

i p o Mo e a c a r n e a Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex 

Choisy) D. F. Austin [Convolvulaceae] 

Synonyms: 

ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy 

Common Names: 

canudo; mata-bode; morning-glory; shrubby morningglory 

Citations: 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Canella CF (1960) Estudo 

experimental sôbre a toxidex do “Canudo” (Ipomoea fistulosa 

Mart.) em ruminantes. Arq Inst Biol Anim (Rio 

Janeiro) 3:59-71. 

Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy = Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 

subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D. F. Austin 

i p o Mo e a h e d e r a c e a Jacq. [Convolvulaceae] 

Common Names: 

ivy-leaf morning-glory; morning-glory 

Citations: 

Dugan GM, Gumbmann MR (1990) Toxicological evaluation 

of morning glory seed: Subchronic 90-day feeding 

study. Food Chem Toxicol 28(8):553-559. 

i p o Mo e a l a c u n o s a L. [Convolvulaceae] 

Common Names: 

white morning-glory 

Citations: 


of morning glory seed: Subchronic 90-day feeding 

study. Food Chem Toxicol 28(8):553-559. 

i p o Mo e a Mu e l l e r i Benth. [Convolvulaceae] 

Common Names: 

convolvulus; lamb poison; morning-glory 

Citations: 

Gardiner MR, Royce R, Oldroyd B (1965) Ipomoea muelleri 

intoxication of sheep in Western Australia. Br Vet J 

121:272-277. 

i p o Mo e a r i e d e l i i Meissn. [Convolvulaceae] 

Citations: 

Barbosa RC, Riet-Correa F, Medeiros RM, et al. (2006) 

Intoxication by Ipomoea sericophylla and Ipomoea riedelii 

in goats in the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. 

Toxicon 47(4):371-379. 

i p o Mo e a s e r ic o p h y l l a Meisn. 


Citations: 

Barbosa RC, Riet-Correa F, Medeiros RM, et al. (2006) 

Intoxication by Ipomoea sericophylla and Ipomoea riedelii 

in goats in the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. 

Toxicon 47(4):371-379. 

i p o Mo e a Tr ic o l o r Cav. [Convolvulaceae] 

Common Names: 

badoh negro; blue morning-glory; blue water; flying 

saucers; heavenly-blue; morning-glory; summer skies; 

wedding bells; woodrose

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Isotoma petraea - 207 

Citations: 

Ingram AL Jr (1964) Morning glory seed reaction. JAMA 

190(13):1133-1134. 

i p o Mo e a v io l a c e a L. [Convolvulaceae] 

Common Names: 

badoh; blue-star morning-glory; flying saucers; heavenly-blue; 

morning-glory; pearly gates; pearly gates 

morning-glory; summer skies; wedding bells 

Citations: 

Cohen S (1964) Suicide following morning glory seed ingestion. 

Am J Psychiatry 120(Apr):1024-1025. 

Fink PJ, Goldman MJ, Lyons I (1966) Morning glory seed 

psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 15:209-213. 

Iranian boxwood –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

irby dalegrass –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L. 

iris desmarais –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

i r is × g e r Ma n ic a L. [Iridaceae] 

Common Names: 

Deutsche Schwertlilie; flag iris; flag lily; fleurde-lis; 

Gelbe Schwertlilie; Himmelschwertel; 

Vielchenwurzel 

Citations: 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 



41(4):514. 

i r is × g e r Ma n ic a L. nothovar. florentina Dykes 

[Iridaceae] 

Common Names: 

Florentine iris; orris root 

Citations: 

Winter GR (1948) Allergic manifestations caused by the use 

of a dentifrice containing orris root powder. J Periodont 

19:108. 

iris jaune –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

i r is p s e u d o a c o r u s L. [Iridaceae] 

Common Names: 

acoro bastardo; Blaue Ilge; Falscher Kalmus; fleurde-luce; 

Gelbe Schwertlilie; Himmelsschwertel; iris 

desmarais; iris jaune; Jacob’s-sword; lirio amarillo; 

Teichlilie; Veilchenwurzel; Wasserschwertlilie; water 

flag; yellow flag; yellow iris; yellow water iris 

Citations: 

Boddie GF (1947) Toxicological problems in veterinary 

medicine. Vet Rec 59(37):470-486. 

Calnan CD (1970) Iris pseudacorus L. Contact Dermatol 

Newsl 8(Aug):171. 

Irish broom –see– Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 

Irish potato –see– Solanum tuberosum L. 

Irish yew –see– Taxus baccata L. 

iroko –see– Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg 

iroko teak –see– Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg 

iron oak –see– Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.; Quercus 

stellata Wangenh. 

ironweed –see– Ambrosia trifida L.; Amsinckia intermedia 

Fisch. & C. A. Mey.; Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. 


ironwood –see– Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Muell.) 

Baill. 

ironwood tree –see– Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. 

Ishin –see– Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig 

isin –see– Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig 

Isle-of-Wight-vine –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq.; Dioscorea 

communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin 

Isocoma heterophylla (A. Gray) Greene = Isocoma plurifolia 


iso c o Ma pl u r i f o l i a (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a plopappus heterophyllus (A. Gray) S. F. Blake; 

b igelowia coronopifolia A. Gray; h aplopappus heterophyllus 

(A. Gray) S. F. Blake; i socoma heterophylla 

(A. Gray) Greene; i socoma wrightii (A. Gray) 

Rydb. 

Common Names: 

alkali weed; burro weed; jimmy weed; rayless goldenrod; 

sick weed; woody aster 

Citations: 

Couch JF (1941) Trembles (milk sickness) produced by toxic 

butter. Vet Med 36(5):244-245. 

Jordan EO, Harris NM (1908) The cause of milksickness or 

trembles. JAMA 50(21):1665-1673. 

Marsh CD, Roe GC (1921) The “alkali disease” of livestock 

in the Pecos Valley. U S Dep Agric Circ #180:8 pp. 

Marsh CD, Roe GC, Clawson AB (1926) Rayless goldenrod 

(Aplopappus heterophyllus) as a poisonous plant. U S 


Isocoma wrightii (A. Gray) Rydb. = Isocoma plurifolia 


iso To Ma p e Tr a e a F. Muell. [Campanulaceae] 

Common Names: 

cheeky bugger; rock isotome 

Citations: 

Higginson AR (1957) Further notes on plants injurious to 

man. South Australia Naturalist 32(Dec):26.

208 - Isotropis cuneifolia D. Jesse Wagstaff 

iso Tr o p is c u n e i f o l i a (Sm.) Domin [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

lambpoison; pea blossom poison 

Citations: 

Gardiner MR, Royce RD (1967) Poisoning of sheep and 

cattle in Western Australia due to species of Isotropis 

(Papilionaceae). Aust J Agric Res 18:505-513. 

iso Tr o p is d r u MMo n d i i Meisn. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Gardiner MR, Royce RD (1967) Poisoning of sheep and 

cattle in Western Australia due to species of Isotropis 

(Papilionaceae). Aust J Agric Res 18:505-513. 

iso Tr o p is f o r r e s Ti i F. Muell. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Colegate SM, Dorling PR, Huxtable CR, et al. (1992) 

Nephrotoxicity of Isotropis forrestii: Pathology of intoxication 

and the structural determination of (+)-forrestine, 

a neurotoxic alkaloid isolated from the plant. In: James 

LF, Keeler RF, Bailey JM Jr, et al. (eds.) Poisonous plants. 

Iowa State Univ Press. Ames, Iowa. pp. 414-417. 

Cooper TB, Huxtable CR, Vogel P (1986) The nephrotoxicity 

of Isotropis forrestii in sheep. Aust Vet J 63(6):178-182. 

Italian bean –see– Vicia faba L. 

Italian clover –see– Trifolium incarnatum L. 

Italian cocklebur –see– Xanthium strumarium L. var. 


Italian cypress –see– Cupressus sempervirens L.; Lolium 

multiflorum Lam. 

Italian ryegrass –see– Lolium perenne L. 

itamo –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

itchweed –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

itsit –see– Trianthema portulacastrum L. 

i va a n g u s Ti f o l i a Nutt. ex DC. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

false ragweed; marsh elder; narrow-leaf marsh elder; 

narrow-leaf sumpweed 

Citations: 

Murphy MJ, Reagor JC, Ray AC, et al. (1983) Bovine abortion 

associated with ingestion of Iva angustifolia (narrowleaf 

sumpweed). Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn 

26:161-166. 

Smith WA, Prince HE, Cole ML (1941-1942) Contact dermatitis 

from the narrow leaf marsh elder (Iva angustifolia). 

J Allergy 13:371-379. 

i va a n n u a L. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

iva ciliata Willd. 

Common Names: 

burweed marsh elder; marsh elder; rough marsh elder 

Citations: 


JAMA 106(18):1533-1535. 






Iva ciliata Willd. = Iva annua L. 

i va Mic r o c e p h a l a Nutt. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

marsh elder 

Citations: 

Williams O, Speairs R, Boggs HW (1960) Hypersensitivity 

to marsh elder: Difficulties encountered in patch testing. 

J La State Med Soc 112(Jun):216-219. 

Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. = Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) 

Fresen. 

ivraie –see– Lolium perenne L. 

ivray –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

ivy –see– Hedera helix L.; Hedera helix L. subsp. canariensis 


ivy arum –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 

ivy bindweed –see– Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve 

ivy bush –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

ivy-leaf morning-glory –see– Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. 

ivywood –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

ixia –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

i x io l a e n a b r e vic o Mp Ta F. Muell. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

button weed; flat billy button 

Citations: 

Walker KH, Thompson DR, Seaman JT (1980) Suspected 

poisoning of sheep by Ixiolaena brevicompta. Aust Vet J 

56(2):64-66. 

i x o d i a a c h i l l io i d e s R. Br. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Turner T (1980) Compositae dermatitis in South Australia: 

Contact dermatitis from Ixodia achillaeoides and Cynara 

cardunculus or the tribulations of a dry flower arranger. 

Contact Dermatitis 6(6):444.

jaagsiektebossie –see– Crotalaria dura J. M. Wood & M. S. 

Evans 

jacaranda –see– Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth. 

jack-in-the-pulpit –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott; 

Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino 

jack swort bean –see– Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. 

jackbean –see– Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. 

Jackbohne –see– Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. 

j a c ob a e a a q u a Tic a (Hill) P. Gaertn. et al. var. 

aquatica [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

s enecio aquaticus Hill; s enecio barbariefolius Rchb. 

Common Names: 

marsh ragwort 

Citations: 

Dybing O, Erichsen S (1959) Liver changes in rats after 

administration of Senecio aquaticus. Acta Pathol Microbiol 

Scand 47:1-8. 

Evans WC, Evans ET (1949) Poisoning of farm animals by 

the marsh ragwort (Senecio aquaticus Huds.). Nature 

164(4157):30-31. 

j a c ob a e a a q u a Tic a (Hill) P. Gaertn. et al. var. 

erratica (Bertol.) Pelser & Meijden [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

s enecio erraticus Bertol.; s enecio erraticus Bertol. 

subsp. barbareifolius (Fiori) Beger 

Common Names: 

ragwort 

Citations: 

Araya O, Fuentealba IC (1990) Chronic hepato-toxicity 

of Senecio erraticus in calves from two 50-day feeding 

periods in consecutive years. Vet Hum Toxicol 

32(6):555-557. 

Araya O, Hernandez JR, Espinoza AE, et al. (1983) Serum 

changes and histologic liver lesions due to experimental 

ingestion of ragwort (Senecio erraticus) in sheep. Vet 


Araya O, Illanes O, Wittwer F (1986) Seneciosis en novillos 

despues de la exposicion natural a la ingestion de Senecio 

erraticus. Vet Argent 3(21):62, 64-67. 

Sova Z, Vanĕk J, Jicha J (1974) [Experimental production 

of liver fibrosis in horses by feeding them on groundsel 

(Senecio erraticus subsp. barbaraeifolius).] Sbornik Pro 

Ekon Fak Cesk Budejovicich Biol Rada 12:123-140. 

Vanĕk J (1958) Vergiftung mit Kreuzkraut (Senecio) als Ursache 

der Ždárer Pferdeseuche. Schweiz Z Pathol Bakteriol 

21(4):821-848. 

J 

j a c ob a e a r a p h a n i f o l i a (Wall. ex DC.) B. 

Nord. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

s enecio diversifolius Wall. ex DC. 

Citations: 

Winter H, Seawright AA, Hrdlicka J, et al. (1993) Pyrrolizidine 

alkaloid poisoning of yaks: Diagnosis of pyrrolizidine 

alkaloid exposure by the demonstration of 

sulphur-conjugated pyrrolic metabolites of the alkaloid in 

circulating haemoglobin. Aust Vet J 70(8):312-313. 

j a c ob a e a v u l g a r is Gaertn. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

s enecio jacobaea L. 

Common Names: 

benweed; doddies; Greiskraut; groundsel; Herbe-de-St. 

Jacques; hierba-de-santiago; jacobée; Jacobskreuzkraut; 

Jacobskruiskruid; Jakobskraut; ragwort; seggrum; staggerwort; 

stinking Willy; suzon; tansy ragwort 

Citations: 

Betty RW, Markson LM (1954) Liver biopsy in the diagnosis 

of ragwort (Senecio jacobea) poisoning in a herd of 

cattle. Vet Rec 66(28):398-400. 

Brodrick T (1997) Ragwort poisoning in a pedigree cow. Vet 

Rec 141(18):480. 

Brüggemann RJ (2003) Jacobskruiskruid. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 

128:123. 

Burns J (1972) The heart and pulmonary arteries in rats on 

Senecio jacobaea. J Pathol 106(3):187-194. 

Cheeke PR, Garman GR (1973) Protein effect on tansy ragwort 

toxicity in rats. J Anim Sci 37(1):276. 

Cheeke PR, Garman GR (1974) Influence of dietary protein 

and sulfur amino acid levels on the toxicity of Senecio jacobaea 

(tansy ragwort) to rats. Nutr Rep Int 9(3):197-207. 

Cheeke PR, Pierson-Goeger ML (1983) Toxicity of Senecio 

jacobaea and pyrrolizidine alkaloids in various laboratory 

animals and avian species. Toxicol Lett 18(3):343-349. 

Cheeke PR, Schmitz JA, Lassen ED, et al. (1985) Effects 

of dietary supplementation with ethoxyquin, magnesium 

oxide, methionine hydroxy analog, and B vitamins on 

tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) toxicosis in beef cattle. 

Am J Vet Res 46(10):2179-2183. 

Cockburn RS, Eaton G, Hudson JR, et al. (1955) Acute poisoning 

of cattle by common ragwort (Senecio jacobaea 

L.). Vet Rec 67(Aug 20):640. 

Craig AM, Pearson EG, Meyer C, et al. (1991) Clinicopathologic 

studies of tansy ragwort toxicosis in ponies: 

Sequential serum and histopathological changes. J Equine 

Vet Sci 11(5):261-271. 

Craig AM, Pearson EG, Meyer C, et al. (1991) Serum 

liver enzyme and histopathologic changes in calves with 

chronic and chronic-delayed Senecio jacobaea toxicosis. 

Am J Vet Res 52(12):1969-1978.

210 - Jacobaea vulgaris D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Dean RE, Winward AH (1974) An investigation into the 

possibility of tansy ragwort poisoning of black-tailed 

deer. J Wildl Dis 10(2):166-169. 

Dewes HF, Lowe MD (1985) Haemolytic crisis associated 

with ragwort poisoning and rail chewing in two thoroughbred 

fillies. N Z Vet J 33(9):159-160. 

Ford EJ, Ritchie HE, Thorpe E (1968) Serum changes following 

the feeding of ragwort (Senecio jacobea) to calves. 

J Comp Pathol 78(2):207-218. 

Garrett BJ, Holtan DW, Cheeke PR, et al. (1984) Effects of 

dietary supplementation with butylated hydroxyanisole, 

cysteine, and vitamins B on tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) 

toxicosis in ponies. Am J Vet Res 45(3):459-464. 

Giles CJ (1983) Outbreak of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) poisoning 

in horses. Equine Vet J 15(3):248-250. 

Goeger DE, Cheeke PR, Buhler DR (1979) Effect of dietary 

tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) on dairy goats and toxicity 

of their milk. J Anim Sci 49(Suppl 1):370. 

Goeger DE, Cheeke PR, Ramsdell HS, et al. (1983) Comparison 

of the toxicities of Senecio jacobaea, Senecio vulgaris 

and Senecio glabellus in rats. Toxicol Lett 15(1):19-23. 

Goeger DE, Cheeke PR, Schmitz JA, et al. (1982) Toxicity 

of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) to goats. Am J Vet 

Res 43(2):252-254. 

Gopinath C, Ford EJ (1977) The effect of ragwort (Senecio 

jacobaea) on the liver of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus): 

A histopathological and enzyme histochemical 

study. Br Poult Sci 18(2):137-141. 

Harding JD, Lewis G, Done JT, et al. (1964) Experimental 

poisoning by Senecio jacobaea in pigs. Pathol Vet 

1:204-220. 

Hooper PT (1974) The pathology of Senecio jacobaea poisoning 

of mice. J Pathol 113(4):227-230. 

Johnson AE (1978) Tolerance of cattle to tansy ragwort 

(Senecio jacobaea). Am J Vet Res 39(9):1542-1544. 

Johnson AE (1982) Failure of mineral-vitamin supplements 

to prevent tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) toxicosis in 

cattle. Am J Vet Res 43(4):718-723. 

Johnson AE, Smart RA (1983) Effects on cattle and their 

calves of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) fed in early gestation. 

Am J Vet Res 44(7):1215-1219. 

Lanux-Van Gorder V (2000) Tansy ragwort poisoning in a 

horse in southern Ontario. Can Vet J 41(5):409-410. 

Markson LM (1960) The pathogenesis of the hepatic lesion 

in calves poisoned experimentally with Senecio jacobaea. 

Proc R Soc Med 53(Apr):283-284. 

Miranda CL, Buhler DR, Cheeke PR (1979) Toxicity of 

tansy ragwort in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 48:A192. 

Miranda CL, Cheeke PR, Schmitz JA, et al. (1980) Toxicity 

of Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort) in rats. Toxicol Appl 

Pharmacol 56(3):432-442. 

Palfrey GD, MacLean KS, Langille WM (1967) Correlation 

between incidence of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea 

L.) poisoning and lack of mineral in cattle. Weed Res 

7(2):171-175. 

Pearson EG (1977) Clinical manifestations of tansy ragwort 

poisoning. Mod Vet Pract 58(5):421-424. 

Standley HP (1924) Poisoning by ragwort (Senecio jacobaea). 

Vet J 80:35-36. 

Swick RA, Cheeke PR, Goeger DE, et al. (1982) Effect 

of dietary Senecio jacobaea and injected Senecio alkaloids 

and monocrotaline on guinea pigs. J Anim Sci 

55(6):1411-1416. 

Swick RA, Cheeke PR, Miranda CL, et al. (1984) The 

effect of consumption of the pyrrolizidine alkaloidcontaining 

plant Senecio jacobaea on iron and copper 

metabolism in the rat. J Environ Pharmacol Toxicol 

5(4-5):59-69. 

Thorpe E, Ford EJ (1968) Development of hepatic lesions 

in calves fed with ragwort (Senecio jacobaea). J Comp 

Pathol 78(2):195-205. 

van Wuijckhuise L, Mars MH (2003) Antwoord auteurs: 

Nogmaals Jacobskruiskruidvergiftiging. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 

128(4):123-124. 

Vockrodt H (1973) Vergiftungen landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere 

durch Schadpflanzen und deren Vorbeuge. Monatsh 


Vos JH, Geerts AA, Borgers JW, et al. (2002) Jacobskruiskruid: 

Bedrieglijke schoonheid. Vergifting met Senecio jacobaea. 


White RD, Swick RA, Cheeke PR (1984) Effects of 

dietary copper and molybdenum on tansy ragwort 

(Senecio jacobaea) toxicity in sheep. Am J Vet Res 

45(1):159-161. 

jacobée –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

Jacob’s-ladder –see– Convallaria majalis L.; Pedilanthus 

tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

Jacob’s-sword –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

Jakobskraut –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

Jacobskreuzkraut –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

Jacobskruikruid –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

jaggery –see– Saccharum officinarum L. 

jalap –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

jalapa –see– Allamanda cathartica L. 

jalapeño –see– Capsicum annuum L.; Capsicum frutescens L. 

Jamaican apple –see– Annona reticulata L. 

Jamaican sumach –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & 

Urb. 

Jamestown lily –see– Datura stramonium L. 

Jamestown weed –see– Datura stramonium L. 

jamuna –see– Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 

janca tree –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

januariebos –see– Gnidia polycephala Gilg 

japa –see– Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. 

Japanese anise –see– Illicium anisatum L. 

Japanese aucuba –see– Aucuba japonica Thunb. 

Japanese barnyard millet –see– Echinochloa frumentacea Link 

Japanese black pine –see– Pinus thunbergii Parl. 

Japanese cedar –see– Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) D. Don 

Japanese daisy –see– Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. 

Bip. 

Japanese date plum –see– Diospyros kaki Thunb. 

Japanese fern palm –see– Cycas revoluta Thunb.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Jatropha curcas - 211 

Japanese lacquer tree –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum 


Japanese laurel –see– Aucuba japonica Thunb. 

Japanese millet –see– Echinochloa frumentacea Link 

Japanese pepper –see– Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

Japanese persimmon –see– Diospyros kaki Thunb. 

Japanese pieris –see– Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D. Don ex G. 

Don 

Japanese plum –see– Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. 

Japanese poinsettia –see– Euphorbia heterophylla L. 

Japanese sago –see– Cycas circinalis L. 

Japanese shellac –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. 

A. Barkley 

Japanese show lily –see– Lilium lancifolium Thunb. 

Japanese star anise –see– Illicium anisatum L. 

Japanese sumach –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) 

F. A. Barkley 

Japanese tallow tree –see– Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 

Japanese varnish –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) 

F. A. Barkley 

Japanese wax tree –see– Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) 

Kuntze 

Japanese wisteria –see– Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. 

Japanese yew –see– Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 

Japanische Lackbaum –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum 


Japanische Primel –see– Primula obconica Hance 

Japanlack –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. 

Barkley 

Japansk idegran –see– Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 

jarak blanda –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

jaramago blanco –see– Raphanus raphanistrum L. 

jaranjinha –see– Polygala klotzschii Chodat 

jasmin –see– Jasminum officinale L.; Jasminum sambac (L.) 

Aiton 

jasmin amarillo –see– Allamanda cathartica L. 

jasmin-de-Caroline –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. 

St.-Hil. 

jasmin-de-nuit –see– Cestrum nocturnum L. 

jasmin frances –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

jasmine –see– Cestrum diurnum L.; Gelsemium sempervirens 

(L.) J. St.-Hil.; Jasminum officinale L. 

j a s Mi n u M a n g u l a r e Vahl [Oleaceae] 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

j a s Mi n u M o f f ic i n a l e L. [Oleaceae] 

Common Names: 

jasmin; jasmine; poet’s-jasmine; white jasmine; yasmin 

Citations: 

Bedi BM (1971) Jasmine flower - Contact dermatitis (report 

of a case). Indian J Dermatol 16(3):61-62. 

j a s Mi n u M s a Mb a c (L.) Aiton [Oleaceae] 

Common Names: 

Arabian jasmine; jasmin 

Citations: 



Jatropha aceroides (Pax & K. Hoffm.) Hutch. = Jatropha 

lobata (Forssk.) Müll. Arg. subsp. aceroides Pax & K. 

Hoffm. 

j a Tr o p h a c u r c a s L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

American purging nut; arbol santo; Barbados purging 

nut; big-purge nut; bini-da-zugu; black vomit 

nut; botuje; coquillo; coquito; Cuban physicnut; curcas 

bean; dravanti; habb-el-meluk; jarak blanda; kukai 

haole; physicnut; pinhão-de-purga; piñoncillo; purge 

nut; purgeerboontjie; purging nut; ramjada; Schwarze 

Brechnuß; tártago; tempate; tuba; tuba tuba; wild castor 

seed 

Citations: 

Abdu Aguye I, Sannusi A, Alafiya Tayo RA, et al. (1986) 

Acute toxicity studies with Jatropha curcas L. Hum Toxicol 

5(4):269-274. 

Adam SE (1974) Toxic effects of Jatropha curcas in mice. 

Toxicology 2(1):67-76. 

Adam SE, Magzoub M (1975) Toxicity of Jatropha curcas 

(Euphorbiaceae) for goats. Toxicology 4(3):347-354. 

Ahmed OM, Adam SE (1979) Effects of Jatropha curcas on 

calves. Vet Pathol 16(4):476-482. 

Ahmed OM, Adam SE (1979) Toxicity of Jatropha curcas in 

sheep and goats. Res Vet Sci 27(1):89-96. 

el Badwi SM, Adam SE, Hapke HJ (1992) Toxic effects of 

low levels of dietary Jatropha curcas seed on brown Hisex 

chicks. Vet Hum Toxicol 34(2):112-115. 

el Badwi SM, Mousa HM, Adam SE, et al. (1992) Response 

of brown Hisex chicks to low levels of Jatropha curcas, 

Ricinus communis or their mixture. Vet Hum Toxicol 

34(4):304-306. 

Ho RK (1960) Acute poisoning from the ingestion of seeds 

of Jatropha curcas. Report of five cases. Hawaii Med J 

19(4):421-423. 

Joubert PH, Brown JM, Hay IT, et al. (1984) Acute poisoning 

with Jatropha curcas (purging nut tree) in children. S 

Afr Med J 65(18):729-730. 

Liberalino AA, Bambirra EA, Moraes Santos T, et al. (1988) 

Jatropha curcas L. seeds: Chemical analysis and toxicity. 

Arq Biol Tecnologia 31(4):539-550.

212 - Jatropha dioica D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Makkar HP, Becker K (1998) Jatropha curcas toxicity: Identification 

of toxic principle(s). In: Garland T, Barr AC 


New York. pp. 554-558. 

Mampane KJ, Joubert PH, Hay IT (1987) Jatropha curcas: 

Use as a traditional tswana medicine and its role as a cause 

of acute poisoning. Phytother Res 1(1):50-51. 

Panigrahi S, Francis BJ, Cano LA, et al. (1984) Toxicity of 

Jatropha curcas seeds from Mexico to rats and mice. Nutr 

Rep Int 29(5):1089-1099. 

Randall JA (1914) Twenty-two cases of poisoning by the seed 

of Jatropha curcas. U S Nav Med Bull 8:290-291. 

Taufa T (1973) Poisoning of school children with physic 

nuts. Papua New Guinea Med J 16(1):60-61. 

j a Tr o p h a d io ic a Sessé [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

leather plant; leatherstem; rubber plant; rubber stem; 

sangre-de-drago 

Citations: 




j a Tr o p h a g l a u c a Griseb. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Citations: 



93(4):559-575. 

j a Tr o p h a g o s s y p i i f o l i a L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

bellyache plant; bini-da-zugu; botuje papa; cottonleaf 

physicnut; physicnut; tuá tuá; wild cassava; wild 

physicnut 

Citations: 

Guirola L, Garcia G, Torrealba A, et al. (1992) Acute renal 

failure from the ingestion of toxic plants. Vet Hum Toxicol 

34(6):548. 

j a Tr o p h a l ob a Ta (Forssk.) Müll. Arg. subsp. 

aceroides Pax & K. Hoffm. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

j atropha aceroides (Pax & K. Hoffm.) Hutch. 

Citations: 



93(4):559-575. 

j a Tr o p h a Ma c r o r h i z a Benth. 


Common Names: 

desert potato; jicamilla 

Citations: 

Consroe PF, Glow DE (1975) Clinical toxicology of the 

“Desert potato”: Two case reports of acute Jatropha macrorhiza 

root ingestion. Ariz Med 32(6):475-477. 

Jatropha manihot L. = Manihot esculenta Crantz 

j a Tr o p h a Mu l Ti f i d a L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

arbre corail; avellana-purgante-de-Santo Domingo; 

botuje; bouquet corail; coral plant; emetico; flor-decoral; 

French physicnut; médicinier bâtard; médicinier 

d’espagne; noisetier purgatif; petit médicinier; 

physicnut; pinhoen; pino-de-coral; piñol-de-cumaña; 

purgante-de-España; purging nut; Santa Ana; small 

physicnut; tartago 

Citations: 

Baruffa G (1964) Avvelenamento da semi di Jatropha 

multifida (L). Arch Ital Sci Med Trop Parassitol 

45(May):261-264. 

Fawcett NP (1978) Pediatric facets of poisonous plants. J Fla 

Med Assoc 65(3):199-204. 



Levin Y, Sherer Y, Bibi H, et al. (2000) Rare Jatropha 

multifida intoxication in two children. J Emerg Med 

19(2):173-175. 





j a Tr o p h a p o d ag r ic a Hook. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

coral plant; gout stalk; Guatamalan rhubarb; physicnut; 

podagrica 

Citations: 





Jatropha urens L. = Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur 

Java bean –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

Java indigo –see– Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A. Rich 

Java olive –see– Sterculia foetida L. 

Java teak –see– Tectona grandis L. f. 

Java willow –see– Ficus benjamina L. 

Javabohne –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

Javanese lac tree –see– Gluta renghas L. 

Javanischer Giftbaum –see– Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. 

javillo –see– Hura crepitans L. 

jayapala –see– Croton tiglium L. 

Jean Robert –see– Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 

jelutong –see– Dyera costulata (Miq.) Hook. f. 

jengkol bean –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

jenkol –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

jenkol bean –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Juglans regia - 213 

jequirity bean –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

jequirity pea –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

jering –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

Jerusalem berry –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

Jerusalem cherry –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

Jerusalem oak –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin 

& Clemants 

Jerusalemkirsche –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

jessamine –see– Cestrum diurnum L.; Gelsemium 

sempervirens (L.) J. St.-Hil. 

jetbead –see– Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino 

jetberry bush –see– Rhodotypos scandens (Thunb.) Makino 

Jewbush –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

jhunjhunia –see– Crotalaria nana Burm f. 

jicama –see– Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. 

jicamilla –see– Jatropha macrorhiza Benth. 

jimãozinho –see– Polygala klotzschii Chodat 

jimbey –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

jimmy fern –see– Astrolepis cochisensis (Goodd.) D. M. 

Benham & Windham 

jimmy weed –see– Isocoma plurifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) 

Greene 

jimson weed –see– Datura inoxia Mill.; Datura metel L.; 

Datura stramonium L.; Datura wrightii Regel 

jin-bu-huan –see– Polygala chinensis L.; Huperzia serrata 

(Thunb.) Trevis. 

jitong –see– Gluta renghas L. 

jivanti –see– Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. 

jo jo –see– Soliva sessilis Ruiz & Pav. 

joá-preto –see– Solanum fastigiatum Willd. 

Joan Silverpin –see– Papaver somniferum L. 

j o a n n e s i a p r i n c e p s Vell. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

anda; anda assu; cotieira 

Citations: 

Nishioka SA, Escalante RD (1997) Poisoning by the ingestion 

of seeds of the fruit of the “cotieira” (Joannesia princeps). 

Rev Paul Med 115(1):1366-1367. 

jocote marañon –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

joggemscholtzbossie –see– Pteronia pallens L. f. 

Johanniskraut –see– Hypericum perforatum L. 

Johnsongrass –see– Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 

joint charlock –see– Raphanus raphanistrum L. 

joint fir –see– Ephedra viridis Coville 

joint rush –see– Equisetum arvense L.; Juncus holoschoenus R. 

Br. 

jojoba –see– Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid. 

Jonesiella recedens Rydb. = Astragalus praelongus E. Sheld. 

jonquil –see– Narcissus jonquilla L. 

jorro jorro –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

Joseph’s-coat –see– Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton 

jowar –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

juar –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

juglans –see– Juglans nigra L. 

j u g l a n s n ig r a L. [Juglandaceae] 

Common Names: 

black walnut; juglans; walnut 

Citations: 

Eaton SA, Allen D, Eades SC, et al. (1995) Digital Starling 

forces and hemodynamics during early laminitis induced 

by an aqueous extract of black walnut (Juglans nigra) in 

horses. Am J Vet Res 56(10):1338-1344. 

Galey FD, Twardock AR, Goetz TE, et al. (1990) 

Gamma scintigraphic analysis of the distribution of 

perfusion of blood in the equine foot during black walnut 

(Juglans nigra)-induced laminitis. Am J Vet Res 

51(4):688-695. 

McConnico R, Stokes AM, Eades SC, et al. (2005) Investigation 

of the effect of black walnut extract on in vitro 

transport and structure of equine colonic mucosa. Am J 

Vet Res 66(3):443-449. 

Peterson DE (1984) Equine laminitis associated with black 

walnut toxicity. Minnesota Vet 24(1):38-43. 

Ralston SL, Rich VA (1983) Black walnut toxicosis in horses. 


Siegel JM (1954) Dermatitis due to black walnut juice. Arch 


Uhlinger C (1989) Black walnut toxicosis in ten horses. J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 195(3):343-344. 

j u g l a n s o l a n c h a n a Standl. & L. O. Williams 

[Juglandaceae] 

Common Names: 

Central American walnut 

Citations: 

Bush RK, Clayton D (1983) Asthma due to Central American 

walnut (Juglans olanchana) dust. Clin Allergy 

13(4):389-394. 

j u g l a n s r e g i a L. [Juglandaceae] 

Common Names: 

Circassian walnut; English walnut; Madeira walnut; 

nogal; Persian walnut; Walnuß 

Citations: 

Bonamonte D, Foti C, Angelini G (2001) Hyperpigmentation 

and contact dermatitis due to Juglans regia. Contact 

Dermatitis 44(2):101-102. 

Mendonca C, Madan V, Austin S, et al. (2005) Occupational 

contact urticaria from walnut associated with hand 

eczema. Contact Dermatitis 53(3):173-174. 

Neri I, Bianchi F, Giacomini F, et al. (2006) Acute irritant 

contact dermatitis due to Juglans regia. Contact Dermatitis 

55(1):62-63.

214 - Juncus holoschoenus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

juhsóska –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

jujube –see– Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 

jumbee bead –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

jumbey –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

j u n c u s h o l o s c h o e n u s R. Br. [Juncaceae] 

Common Names: 

joint rush 

Citations: 

Albiston HE (1937) The joint leaf rush (Juncus holoschoenus): 

A cyanogenetic plant. Aust Vet J 13(Oct):200. 

j u n e l l i a l ig u s Tr i n a (Lag.) Moldenke 

[Verbenaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l ippia ligustrina (Lag.) Britton 

Common Names: 

whitebrush 

Citations: 



Mathews FP (1942) Whitebrush (Lippia ligustrina) poisoning 

in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 101(784):35-38. 

juniper –see– Juniperus communis L.; Juniperus osteosperma 

(Torr.) Little; Juniperus oxycedrus L. 

j u n i p e r u s c h i n e n s is L. [Cupressaceae] 

Common Names: 

Chinese juniper 

Citations: 

Dooms-Goossens A, Maertens M, van Lint L, et al. (1984) 

Colophony-induced sensitivity to Juniperus chinensis L. 

‘Hetzii’? Contact Dermatitis 10(3):185-187. 

j u n i p e r u s c o MMu n is L. [Cupressaceae] 

Common Names: 

Canadian juniper; dwarf juniper; genièvre; Heidewacholder; 

juniper; közöbséges boróka; Kranbaum; little 

juniper; Machandelbaum; mineur; mountain juniper; 

pétron; vulgaire; Wacholder 

Citations: 

Gardner DR, Panter KE, James LF, et al. (1998) Abortifacient 

effects of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and common 

juniper (Juniperus communis) on cattle. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 40(5):260-263. 

j u n i p e r u s Mo n o s p e r Ma (Engelm.) Sarg. 


Common Names: 

one-seed juniper 

Citations: 

Holechek JL, Munshikpu AV, Saiwana L, et al. (1990) 

Influences of six shrub diets varying in phenol content on 

intake and nitrogen retention by goats. Trop Grasslands 

24(2):93-98. 

j u n i p e r u s o s Te o s p e r Ma (Torr.) Little 


Common Names: 

juniper; little Utah juniper; Utah juniper 

Citations: 

Johnson AE, James LF, Spillett J (1976) The abortifacient 

and toxic effects of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) 

and juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) on domestic sheep. J 


j u n i p e r u s o x y c e d r u s L. [Cupressaceae] 

Common Names: 

cade juniper; juniper 

Citations: 

Grolnick M (1938) Dermatitis due to haemorrhoidal ointment 

containing Krameria and oil of cade. JAMA 

110(13):951-953. 

Lord LW (1933) Oil of cadeberry. A little known drug that 

is valuable in certain dermatoses. Arch Derm Syphilol 

28:29-31. 

Nelson T (1932) Contact dermatitis to oil of cade. J Allergy 

3:319. 

Rahmani H, Leonhardt S, Beladdale D, et al. (2004) Severe 

acute lung oedema after rectal enema with cade oil. J Toxicol 


j u n i p e r u s p i n c h o Ti i Sudw. [Cupressaceae] 

Common Names: 

red-berry juniper 

Citations: 

Straka E, Scott CB, Taylor CA Jr, et al. (2004) Biological 

control of the toxic shrub juniper. In: Acamovic T, Stewart 

CS, Pennycott TW (eds.) Poisonous plants and related 

toxins. CABI. Wallingford, UK. pp. 436-442. 

Juno’s-tears –see– Verbena officinalis L. 

jusquiame –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

jusquiame noire –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

juta –see– Corchorus capsularis L. 

jute –see– Corchorus capsularis L.

Kaffee –see– Coffea arabica L. 

Kaffeebohne –see– Coffea arabica L. 

kafferkoring –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

kafir corn –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

kafir lily –see– Clivia miniata (Lindl.) Regel 

kafir onion –see– Boophone disticha (L. f.) Herb. 

kahili flower –see– Grevillea banksii R. Br. 

kaipajua –see– Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC. 

kaki –see– Diospyros kaki Thunb. 

kalanchoe –see– Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet 

& H. Perrier; Kalanchoe delagoensis Eckl. & Zeyh.; 

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.; Kalanchoe prolifera 

(Bowie ex Hook.) Raym.-Hamet 

k a l a n c h o e d a ig r e Mo n Ti a n a Raym.- 

Hamet & H. Perrier [Crassulaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b ryophyllum daigremontianum (Raym.-Hamet & H. 

Perrier) A. Berger 

Common Names: 

air plant; Christmas bells; devil’s-backbone; kalanchoe; 

Mexican hat plant; mission bells; mother-of-millions; 

mother-of-thousands 

Citations: 

McKenzie RA, Dunster PJ (1986) Hearts and flowers: Bryophyllum 

poisoning of cattle. Aust Vet J 63(7):222-227. 

McKenzie RA, Franke FP, Dunster PJ (1987) The toxicity to 

cattle and bufadienolide content of six Bryophyllum species. 

Aust Vet J 64(10):298-301. 

Williams MC, Smith MC (1984) Toxicity of Kalanchoe spp 

to chicks. Am J Vet Res 45(3):543-546. 

k a l a n c h o e d e l ag o e n s is Eckl. & Zeyh. 

[Crassulaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b ryophyllum tubiflorum Harv.; k alanchoe tubiflora 

(Harv.) Raym.-Hamet 

Common Names: 

chandelier plant; Christmas bells; kalanchoe; mission 

bells; mother-of-millions 

Citations: 

McKenzie RA, Dunster PJ (1986) Hearts and flowers: Bryophyllum 

poisoning of cattle. Aust Vet J 63(7):222-227. 

McKenzie RA, Dunster PJ (1987) Curing experimental Bryophyllum 

tubiflorum poisoning of cattle with activated 

carbon, electrolyte replacement solution and antiarrhythmic 

drugs. Aust Vet J 64(7):211-214. 

K 



k a l a n c h o e f e d Ts c h e n k o i Raym.-Hamet & 

H. Perrier [Crassulaceae] 

Common Names: 

lavender scallops; South American air plant 

Citations: 

McKenzie R (1987) Mother-of-millions. In: Covacevich et 

al. (eds.) Toxic plants and animals. A guide for Australia. 

pp. 51-55. 



k a l a n c h o e i n Te g r a (Medik.) Kuntze 


Citations: 

Varma RK (1986) Antidotal treatment of experimental Kalanchoe 

integra poisoning. Indian J Anim Sci 56(4):411. 

Varma RK, Garg BD, Kharole MU, et al. (1981) Chronic 

toxicity studies on Kalanchoe integra in sheep. Indian J 

Anim Sci 51(5):522-526. 

k a l a n c h o e l a n c e o l a Ta (Forssk.) Pers. 


Common Names: 

gadalin kura 

Citations: 

Anderson LA, Schultz RA, Joubert JP, et al. (1983) 

Krimpsiekte and acute cardiac glycoside poisoning in 

sheep caused by bufadienolides from the plant Kalanchoe 

lanceolata Forsk. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

50(4):295-300. 

Masvingwe C, Mavenyengwa M (1997) Kalanchoe lanceolata 

poisoning in Brahman cattle in Zimbabwe: The first 

field outbreak. J S Afr Vet Assoc 68(1):18-20. 





72(3):189-201. 

k a l a n c h o e p i n n a Ta (Lam.) Pers. 


Synonyms: 

b ryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken 

Common Names: 

air plant; cathedral bells; floppers; kalanchoe; life plant; 

live forever; live leaf; Mexican love plant; resurrection 

plant; sinalo todo

216 - Kalanchoe prolifera D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 



pp. 51-55. 

McKenzie RA, Dunster PJ (1986) Hearts and flowers: 

Bryophyllum poisoning of cattle. Aust Vet J 

63(7):222-227. 

Reppas GP (1995) Byophyllum pinnatum poisoning of cattle. 

Aust Vet J 72(11):425-427. 

k a l a n c h o e p r o l i f e r a (Bowie ex Hook.) 

Raym.-Hamet [Crassulaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b ryophyllum proliferum Bowie ex Hook. 

Common Names: 

kalanchoe 

Citations: 



pp. 51-55. 

McKenzie RA, Dunster PJ (1986) Hearts and flowers: 

Bryophyllum poisoning of cattle. Aust Vet J 

63(7):222-227. 





Kalanchoe tubiflora (Harv.) Raym.-Hamet = Kalanchoe 

delagoensis Eckl. & Zeyh. 

kale –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. viridis L. 

kali mona –see– Paspalum scrobiculatum L. var. bispicatum 

Hack. 

kaliphool –see– Salvia coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl. 

Kalla –see– Calla palustris L. 

k a l ls Tr o e Mi a h i r s u Tis s i Ma Vail ex Small 


Common Names: 

carpetweed; hairy caltrop 

Citations: 

Mathews FP (1944) The toxicity of Kallstroemia hirsutissima 

(carpet weed) for cattle, sheep, and goats. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 105(810):152-155. 

Wilson RD, Witzel DA, Verlander JM (1982) Somatosensory-evoked 

response of ataxic Angora goats in suspected 

haloxon-delayed neurotoxicity. Am J Vet Res 

43(12):2224-2226. 

Kallstroemia intermedia Rydb. = Kallstroemia parviflora 

Norton 

k a l ls Tr o e Mi a p a rv i f l o r a Norton 


Synonyms: 

k allstroemia intermedia Rydb. 

Common Names: 

warty caltrop 

Citations: 

Dollahite JW (1975) Toxicity of Kallstroemia parviflora 

(warty caltrop) to sheep, goats and rabbits. Southwestern 

Vet 28(2):135-139. 

k a l Mi a a n g u s Ti f o l i a L. [Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

Berglorbeer; calfkill; dwarf laurel; dwarf sheep laurel; 

kidkill; lamb laurel; lambkill; lambkill Kalmia; laurel; 

Lorbeerose; low laurel; narrow-leaf laurel; sheep laurel; 

sheep poison; sheep poison laurel; sheepkill; small laurel; 

spoonwood; spoonwood ivy; wicky; wintergreen 

Citations: 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1930) Mountain-laurel (Kalmia 

latifolia) and sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) as stockpoisoning 

plants. U S Dep Agric Tech Bull #219:22 pp. 

Pritchard WR (1956) Laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) poisoning 

of sheep. North Am Vet 37(Jun):461-462. 

Wasserman B (1959) Sheep laurel poisoning in the cat. A 

case report. J Am Vet Med Assoc 135(Dec 1):569. 

k a l Mi a l a Ti f o l i a L. [Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

American laurel; big ivy; broad-leaf laurel; calico bush; 

great laurel; high laurel; ivy bush; ivywood; laurel; 

mountain ivy; mountain laurel; poison laurel; rose laurel; 

round-leaf laurel; spoon hunt; spoon hutch; spoonwood; 

wicky; wintergreen; wood laurel 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1922) The problem of poisonous range plants. 

Nevada Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 1921:10-12. 

Anonymous (1969) Plant toxin poisoned the honey. New Sci 

(1956) 41(Jan 30):218. 

Crawford AC (1908) Mountain laurel, a poisonous plant. U S 

Dep Agric Bur Plant Indus Bull #121(2):21-35. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1930) Mountain-laurel (Kalmia 

latifolia) and sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) as stockpoisoning 

plants. U S Dep Agric Tech Bull #219:22 pp. 

Rusby HH (1902) The poisonous properties of mountain laurel. 

Druggists Circ Chem Gaz 46(Feb):27. 

k a l Mi a Mic r o p h y l l a (Hook.) A. Heller 

[Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

alpine kalmia; alpine laurel; bog laurel; pale laurel; 

small-leaf laurel; western laurel; western swamp kalmia; 

western swamp laurel 

Citations: 

Clawson AB (1933) Alpine kalmia (Kalmia microphylla) as 

a stock-poisoning plant. U S Dep Agric Tech Bull #391:9 

pp. 



Kalmus –see– Acorus calamus L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Karwinskia humboldtiana - 217 

kalo nut –see– Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw 

kaluduru –see– Nigella sativa L. 

kamaisa –see– Croton tiglium L. 

kamala –see– Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg. 

Kamalindo –see– Tamarindus indica L. 

kambala –see– Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg 

kambala teak –see– Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg 

kameelboom –see– Acacia ×giraffae Willd. 

kameeldoring –see– Acacia ×giraffae Willd. 

Kamille –see– Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.; Matricaria 

recutita L. 

kamoon –see– Cuminum cyminum L. 

kan-to-ka –see– Tussilago farfara L. 

Kanadische Rebe –see– Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) 


kandlaarbos –see– Tylecodon wallichii (Harv.) Toelken 

kaner –see– Nerium oleander L. 

kanir –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

kanja –see– Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi 

kankera –see– Gymnosporia spinosa (Blanco) Merr. & 

Rolfe 

kankerbos –see– Euphorbia ingens E. Mey. ex Boiss. 

Kansas thistle –see– Solanum rostratum Dunal 

Kapuziner Bohne –see– Phaseolus coccineus L. 

Kapuzinerkresse –see– Tropaeolum majus L. 

karaka –see– Corynocarpus laevigatus J. R. Forst. & G. 

Forst. 

karam –see– Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.; Haldina 

cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale 

karanja –see– Milletia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi 

karar –see– Terminalia chebula Retz. 

karara –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

karati –see– Dichapetalum stuhlmanii Engl. 

karaya gum –see– Sterculia urens Roxb. 

karayu gum –see– Sterculia urens Roxb. 

karela –see– Momordica charantia L. 

karihari –see– Gloriosa superba L. 

Karotte –see– Daucus carota L. 

Kartoffel –see– Solanum tuberosum L. 

k a r w i n s k i a c a l d e r o n i i Standl. 

[Rhamnaceae] 

Common Names: 

buckthorn; cacachilla; huilihuiste; tullidora 

Citations: 

Ascherio A, Bermudez CS, Garcia D (1992) Outbreak 

of buckthorn paralysis in Nicaragua. J Trop Pediatr 

38(2):87-89. 

k a r w i n s k i a h u Mb o l d Ti a n a (Schult.) Zucc. 

[Rhamnaceae] 

Common Names: 

buckthorn; cacachilla; cacatsi; cajotillo; callotrio; 

capulín tullidor; capulín tullidore; capulincillo; cayote; 

chanchanote; coyotillo; coyotillo-de-Texas; coyotio; 

gallita bush; la tullidora; margarita; palo negrito; pimientillo; 

riventdore; tanglefoot; tullidora; wild cherry 

Citations: 

Arreola Nava ME, Vázquez Castellaños JL, González Castañeda 

ME (2000) Factores geográficos en la epidemiología 

de la intoxicación por Karwinskia (tullidora) en Mexico. 

Cad Saude Publica 16(1):255-260. 

Bermúdez-De Rocha MV, Lozano-Meléndez FE, Tamez 

Rodríguez VA, et al. (1995) Frecuencia da intoxicación 

con Karwinskia humboldtiana en México. Salud Publica 

Mex 37(1):57-62. 

Bermúdez MV, Gonzalez Spencer D, Guerrero M, et al. 

(1986) Experimental intoxication with fruit and purified 

toxins of buckthorn (Karwinskia humboldtiana). Toxicon 

24(11-12):1091-1097. 

Bermúdez MV, Martinez FJ, Salazar ME, et al. (1992) 

Experimental acute intoxication with ripe fruit of Karwinskia 

humboldtiana (tullidora) in rat, guinea-pig, hamster, 

and dog. Toxicon 30(11):1493-1496. 

Bustamante-Sarabia J, Olvera-Rabiela JE, Correa Nieto- 

Canedo L (1978) Intoxication fatal por tullidora (Karwinskia 

humboldtiana). Comunicacion de un caso. Gac 

Med Mex 114(5):241-244. 

Calderon-Gonzalez R, Rizzi-Hernandez H (1967) Buckthorn 

polyneuropathy. N Engl J Med 277(2):69-71. 

Carrada-Bravo T, López-Leal H, Vázquez-Arias G, et al. 

(1983) Brote epidémico de polirradiculoneuritis por tullidora 

Karwinskia humboldtiana. Bol Med Hosp Infant 

Mex 40(3):139-147. 

Charlton KM, Claborn LD, Pierce KR (1971) A neuropathy 

in goats caused by experimental coyotillo (Karwinskia 

humboldtiana) poisoning: Clinical and neurophysiologic 

studies. Am J Vet Res 32(9):1381-1389. 

Charlton KM, Pierce KR (1969) Peripheral neuropathy in 

experimental coyotillo poisoning in goats. Tex Rep Biol 

Med 27(2):389-399. 

Charlton KM, Pierce KR (1970) A neuropathy in goats 

caused by experimental coyotillo (Karwinskia humboldtiana) 

poisoning. 2. Lesions in the peripheral nervous 

system: Teased fiber and acid phosphatase studies. Pathol 

Vet 7(5):385-407. 



poisoning. 3. Distribution of lesions in peripheral 

nerves. Pathol Vet 7(5):408-419. 



poisoning. 4. Light and electron microscopic lesions 

in peripheral nerves. Pathol Vet 7(5):420-434. 

Charlton KM, Pierce KR, Storts RW, et al. (1970) A neuropathy 

in goats caused by experimental coyotillo (Karwinskia 

humboldtiana) poisoning. 5. Lesions in the central 

nervous system. Pathol Vet 7(5):435-447. 

Del Pozo EC (1965) Los effectos paralizantes de la “tullidora” 

estudios clinícos y experimentales. Gac Med Mex 

95(2):179-182.

218 - Karwinskia johnstonii D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Dewan ML, Henson JB, Dollahite JW, et al. (1965) Toxic 

myodegeneration in goats produced by feeding mature 

fruits from the coyotillo plant (Karwinskia humboldtiana). 

Am J Pathol 46(2):215-226. 

Escobar Izquierdo A, Nieto D (1965) Aspectos neuropatologicos 

de la intoxicación con Karwinskia humboldtiana 

intoxication. Estudio experimental. Gac Med Mex 

95(2):163-177. 

Espinola CantÓn JJ (1972) Estudio preliminar, con el 

microscopio electrónico, de las alteraciones estructurales 

de las células hepáticas, renales, musculares y en las vainas 

de mielina de ratones intoxicados con Karwinskia humboldtiana. 

Veterinaria 3(1):12-17. 

Flores Otero G, Cueva J, Muñoz Martinez EJ, et al. (1987) 

Spectrophotometric and chromatographic detection of 

Karwinskia humboldtiana (tullidora) toxin in rat serum 

after tullidora ingestion. Toxicon 25(4):419-426. 

Jarmillo-Juárez F, Ortiz GG, Vázquez ML, et al. (1995) 

Renal failure during acute toxicity produced by tullidora 

ingestion (Karwinskia humboldtiana). Gen Pharmacol 

26(3):649-653. 

Jaramillo-Juárez F, Rodríguez-Vázquez ML, Muñoz- 

Martínez J, et al. (2005) The ATP levels in kidneys 

and blood are mainly decreased by acute ingestion 

of tullidora (Karwinskia humboldtiana). Toxicon 

46(1):99-103. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Roe GC (1928) Coyotillo (Karwinskia 

humboldtiana) as a poisonous plant. U S Dep 


Martinez HR, Bermudez MV, Rangel Guerra RA, et al. 

(1998) Clinical diagnosis in Karwinskia humboldtiana 

polyneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 154(1):49-54. 

Muñoz-Martínez EJ, Cueva J, Joseph-Nathan P (1983) Denervation 

caused by tullidora (Karwinskia humboldtiana). 

Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 9(2):121-134. 

Ortiz GG, Gonzalez Burgos I, Feria Velasco A (1992) Structural 

study of the acute effect of Karwinskia humboldtiana 

on cerebral motor cortex, hippocampus, and caudate 

nucleus of the rat. Gen Pharmacol 23(3):543-547. 

Padron Puyou F (1951) Estudio clinico-experimental de la 

paralisis por Karwinskia humboldtiana (“Tullidora”) en 

niños. Gac Med Mex 81(2-3-4):299-311. 

Puértolas Márquez MA, Nava Jiménez O, Medina Lopéz 

HA, et al. (1984) Polirradiculoneuritis por Karwinskia 

humboldtiana. Informe de seis casos. Rev Med Inst Mex 

Seguro Soc 22(1):25-27. 

k a r w i n s k i a jo h n s To n i i R. Fernández 

[Rhamnaceae] 

Citations: 

Arreola Nava ME, Vázquez Castellanos JL, González Castaneda 


de la intoxicación por Karwinskia (tullidora) en 

Mexico. Cad Saude Publica 16(1):255-260. 

k a r w i n s k i a Mo l l is Schltdl. [Rhamnaceae] 

Citations: 





k a r w i n s k i a p a rv i f o l i a Rose [Rhamnaceae] 

Common Names: 

coyotillo 

Citations: 





k a r w i n s k i a r z e d o w s k i i R. Fernández 

[Rhamnaceae] 

Citations: 





Kastanie –see– Aesculus glabra Willd.; Castanea sativa Mill. 

kat –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

kateli –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

katzimelk –see– Prosopis glandulosa Torr. 

kaunch –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

kava –see– Piper methysticum G. Forst. 

kava kava –see– Piper methysticum G. Forst. 

kavaanuo bos –see– Senecio ilicifolius L. 

kawa –see– Piper methysticum G. Forst. 

k e d r o s Tis n a n a Cogn. [Cucurbitaceae] 

Citations: 




15(1-2):261-277. 

keel crumbweed –see– Chenopodium carinatum R. Br. 

keel goosefoot –see– Chenopodium carinatum R. Br. 

kejaat –see– Pterocarpus angolensis DC. 

keladi –see– Alocasia longiloba Miq. 

keladi chandek –see– Alocasia longiloba Miq. 

Kellerhals –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

Kellogg’s-spur lupine –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh var. 

heteranthus (S. Watson) Barneby 

Kelsey’s-milk vetch –see– Astragalus atropubescens J. M. 

Coult. & Fisch. 

Kentish balsam –see– Mercurialis perennis L. 

Kentucky coffee tree –see– Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch 

Kentucky coffeebean –see– Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. 

Koch 

Kentucky mahogany –see– Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch 

kerek repkény –see– Glechoma hederacea L. 

Kermesbeere –see– Phytolacca americana L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Khaya senegalensis - 219 

kerriebos –see– Hypericum revolutum Vahl 

kesari dal –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

ketjubung –see– Datura metel L. 

kew –see– Piper methysticum G. Forst. 

kew tree –see– Ginkgo biloba L. 

khair –see– Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. 

khalibui –see– Heliotropium ellipticum Ledeb. 

khandai –see– Melilotus albus Medik. 

khat –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

khaya –see– Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C. DC. 

k h a y a a n Th o Th e c a (Welw.) C. DC. 

[Meliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

k haya nyasica Stapf ex Baker f. 

Common Names: 

African mahogany; khaya 

Citations: 



Dermatitis 44(4):213-217. 

Morgan JW, Orsler RJ, Wilkinson DS (1968) Dermatitis due 

to the wood dusts of Khaya anthotheca and Machaerium 

scleroxylon. Br J Ind Med 25(2):119-125. 

Morgan JW, Wilkinson DS (1965) Sensitization to Khaya 

anthotheca. Nature 207(5001):1101. 

Wilkinson DS (1968) Wood dermatitis. Sensitization to 

Khaya anthotheca (African mahogany). Br J Dermatol 

80(3):195-196. 

Wilkinson DS (1971) Tests with different species of Khaya 

woods. Contact Dermatol Newsl 9(Jan):216. 

k h a y a e u r y p h y l l a Harms [Meliaceae] 

Citations: 



k h a y a i vo r e n s is A. Chev. [Meliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

k haya klainei Pierre ex Pellegr. 

Common Names: 

African mahogany; Afrikanisches Mahagoni; 

samanguilla 

Citations: 



Med Surg 21(2):41-46. 



Dermatitis 44(4):213-217. 

Wilkinson DS (1968) Wood dermatitis. Sensitization to 

Khaya anthotheca (African mahogany). Br J Dermatol 

80(3):195-196. 



Khaya klainei Pierre ex Pellegr. = Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. 

k h a y a Ma d ag a s c a r i e n s is Jum. & H. Perrier 

[Meliaceae] 

Citations: 



Khaya nyasica Stapf ex Baker f. = Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) 

C. DC. 

k h a y a s e n e g a l e n s is (Desr.) A. Juss. 

[Meliaceae] 

Common Names: 

Afrikanisches Mahagoni; Mahagoni 

Citations: 



Med Surg 21(2):41-46. 

khella –see– Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. 

khesara dahl –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

khesari –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

khesari dahl –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

khesari del –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

khilla –see– Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. 

khillala –see– Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. 

Kiawe bean –see– Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. 

Kichererbse –see– Cicer arietinum L.; Lathyrus sativus L. 

kidkill –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

kidney bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

Kiefer –see– Pinus sylvestris L. 

kif –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

kikar –see– Acacia jacquemontii Benth.; Acacia leucophloea 

(Roxb.) Willd. 

kikuyagrass –see– Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex 

Chiov. 

Kikuyugrass –see– Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex 

Chiov. 

kimbar mahalba –see– Rourea coccinea (Schumach. & 

Thonn.) Hook. f. 

Kimberley couch –see– Brachyachne convergens (F. Muell.) 

Stapf 

King Edward daisy –see– Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. 

King Island melilot –see– Melilotus indicus (L.) All. 

king-of-fruits –see– Mangifera indica L. 

king-of-the-day –see– Cestrum diurnum L. 

kings-and-queens –see– Arum maculatum L. 

king’s-consound –see– Consolida regalis Gray 

king’s-crown –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton

220 - Krameria ixine D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Kirschlorbeer –see– Prunus laurocerasus L. 

kiss-me-quick –see– Brunfelsia latifolia (Pohl) Benth. 

kissieblaaren –see– Malva parviflora L. 

kitten-breeches –see– Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 

Kittie McWanie –see– Asclepias curassavica L. 

kiwach –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

kiwachi –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

kiwash –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

kiwi –see– Actinidia chinensis Planch.; Actinidia deliciosa (A. 

Chev.) C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson 

klaaslouwbossie –see– Athanasia trifurcata (L.) L. 

Klamath weed –see– Hypericum perforatum L. 

klapperbos –see– Crotalaria burkeana Benth. 

Klappermohn –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

Klatschmohn –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

Klatschrose –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

Kleebaum –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

kleiner Ampfer –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

Kleingrass –see– Panicum coloratum L. 

kleiner Sauerampfer –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

kleiner Schachtelhalm –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

Kleopatra nadel –see– Cleome spinosa Jacq. 

klesari dal –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

Klettenhaare –see– Arctium lappa L. 

klimop –see– Cynanchum obtusifolium L. f. 

Klivie –see– Clivia miniata (Lindl.) Regel 

Knallerbsenstrauch –see– Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. 

Blake 

knapweed –see– Centaurea solstitialis L. 

Knaulgras –see– Dactylis glomerata L. 

knight’s-spur –see– Consolida regalis Gray 

knitbone –see– Symphytum officinale L. 

Knoblauch –see– Allium sativum L. 

Knobleig –see– Allium sativum L. 

Knoflack –see– Allium sativum L. 

Knorpelmöhre –see– Ammi majus L. 

Knospen –see– Tussilago farfara L. 

knot bindweed –see– Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve 

knotweed –see– Polygonum aviculare L. 

koa haole –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

kochia –see– Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott 

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. = Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. 

Scott 

kocsányos tölgy –see– Quercus robur L. 

Kohl –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. 

koibos –see– Tetragonia schenkii (Schinz) Engl. 

Kokardenblume –see– Gaillardia pulchella Foug. var. picta 

(Sweet) A. Gray 

konjac –see– Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch 

konti –see– Zamia integrifolia L. f. 

Kopfsalat –see– Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L. 

Korallenstrauch –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

Korean ginseng –see– Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. 

Korean lespedeza –see– Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) 

Makino 

Korean pine –see– Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. 

Korean red ginseng –see– Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. 

Koriander –see– Coriandrum sativum L. 

Kornrade –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

koro –see– Mauria heterophylla Kunth 

koropo –see– Crotalaria retusa L. 

kosso –see– Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. F. Gmel. 

koto –see– Pterygota bequaertii De Wild.; Pterygota 

macrocarpa K. Schum. 

kousso –see– Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. F. Gmel. 

kouterbossie –see– Athanasia trifurcata (L.) L. 

kovanna bos –see– Senecio burchellii DC.; Senecio ilicifolius L. 

kowhai –see– Sophora microphylla Aiton 

közöbséges boróka –see– Juniperus communis L. 

kraalbos –see– Galenia africana L. 

kra niang –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

krakos –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

k r a Me r i a i x i n e L. [Krameriaceae] 

Common Names: 

cadia-del-perro 

Citations: 








k r a Me r i a l a p p a c e a (Dombey) Burdet & B. B. 

Simpson [Krameriaceae] 

Common Names: 

Peruvian rhatany; red rhatany; rhatanhia; rhatania 

Citations: 

Grolnick M (1938) Studies in contact dermatitis. III. Active 

sensitization with Krameria in man. J Invest Dermatol 

1:179-189. 

Kranbaum –see– Juniperus communis L. 

Krätzraute –see– Ruta graveolens L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Kummerowia stipulacea - 221 

Kren –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

Kreuzblättrige Wolfsmilch –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

Kreuzdorn –see– Rhamnus cathartica L. 

Kreuzkraut –see– Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit. 

Kriechender Hahnenfuß –see– Ranunculus repens L. 

krimpsiektebos –see– Tylecodon wallichii (Harv.) Toelken 

krimpsiektebossie –see– Cotyledon orbiculata L. 

krisna jirak –see– Carum carvi L. 

kristkorn –see– Ilex aquifolium L. 

kristpalme –see– Ricinus communis L. 

Krokus –see– Crocus sativus L. 

Kronenschütchen –see– Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

Kronwicke –see– Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

Krötengraß –see– Euphorbia cyparissias L. 

Krötenpeterlein –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

Kruiskruid –see– Senecio vulgaris L. 

kuan-yin-lien –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

kubabul –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

kukai haole –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

kukui nut –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

k u MMe r o w i a s Ti p u l a c e a (Maxim.) Makino 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l espedeza stipulacea Maxim. 

Common Names: 

Korean lespedeza; lespedeza 

Citations: 

Muhrer ME, Gentry RF (1948) A hemorrhagic factor in 

moldy Lespedeza hay. Missouri Agric Exp Sta Res Bull 

#429:11 pp. 

kunde –see– Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. 

kundur laut –see– Sarcolobus globosus Wall. 

kurrajong –see– Brachychiton populneus (Schott & Endl.) R. 

Br. 

kusth –see– Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.

la ciguë vireuse –see– Cicuta virosa L. 

la-nielle-des-blés –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

la parquina –see– Cestrum parqui L’Her. 

la tullidora –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

la yedra –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & A. Gray) 

Greene 

lablab –see– Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet 

l a b l a b p u r p u r e u s (L.) Sweet [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d olichos lablab L. 

Common Names: 

field bean; gallinazo; horse gam; horsebean; hyacinth 

bean; lablab 

Citations: 

Jaffé WG (1950) Estudio sobre la inhibición del crecimeniento 

de ratas causado por algunas semillas de leguminosas. 

Acta Cient Venez 1(2):62-64. 

Jaffé WG (1950) La toxicidad de las caraotas crudas para 

conejos. Acta Cient Venez 1(1):16-17. 

labriform milkweed –see– Asclepias labriformis M. E. Jones 

laburnum –see– Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link; Laburnum 

anagyroides Medik. 

l a b u r n u M a l p i n u M (Mill.) J. Presl [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

alpine golden-chain; Scotch laburnum; Scottish 

laburnum 

Citations: 

Mitchell RG (1951) Laburnum poisoning in children. Report 

on ten cases. Lancet 261(2):57-58. 

l a b u r n u M a n ag y r o i d e s Medik. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c ytisus laburnum L.; l aburnum vulgare J. Presl 

Common Names: 

bean tree; bean trefoil; Bohnenbaum; Bohnenstrauch; 

cytise; false ebony; Geißklee; golden chain; golden rail; 

golden rain; Goldregen; he broom; Kleebaum; laburnum; 

rain tree 

Citations: 

Auchterlonie L (1948) Laburnum poisoning. Vet Rec 

60(48):633-634. 

Biggs MG (1883) Case of poisoning by laburnum. Br Med J 

1(Jun 9):1117-1118. 

L 

Bramley A, Goulding R (1981) Laburnum “poisoning.” Br 

Med J 283(6301):1220-1221. 

Bramley A, Goulding R (1982) Laburnum “poisoning.” Br 

Med J 284(6309):116. 

Clarke ML, Clarke EG, King T (1971) Fatal laburnum poisoning 

in a dog. Vet Rec 88(7):199-200. 

Furet Y, Ernouf D, Brechot JF, et al. (1986) Intoxication 

collective aux fleurs de cytise. Presse Med 

15(23):1103-1104. 

Honegger RE, Furrer J (1975) Einige bemerkenswerte 

Todesfälle bei Reptilien. Salamandra 11(3-4):179-181. 

Keeler RF, Baker DC (1990) Myopathy in cattle induced 

by alkaloid extracts from Thermopsis montana, Laburnum 

anagyroides, and a Lupinus sp. J Comp Pathol 

103:169-182. 

Leyland A (1981) Laburnum (Cytisus laburnum) poisoning 

in two dogs. Vet Rec 109(13):287. 

Mitchell RG (1951) Laburnum poisoning in children. Report 

on ten cases. Lancet 261(2):57-58. 

Mořkovský O, Kučera J (1980) Hromadná otrava dĕtí v 

kolektivním zařízení semeny štĕdřence. Cesk Pediatr 

35(5-6):284-285. 

Richards HG, Stephens A (1970) A fatal case of laburnum 

seed poisoning. Med Sci Law 10(4):260-266. 

Roberts AM (1877) A case of Laburnum poisoning. Lancet 

2(Sep 1):341. 

Vance J (1877) Poisoning by Laburnum seeds. Lancet 2(Sep 

15):414. 

Wheelhouse CG (1870) Laburnum poisoning. Br Med J 

1(Jan 22):79. 

Laburnum vulgare J. Presl = Laburnum anagyroides Medik. 

lace flower –see– Ammi majus L. 

lace-tree Philodendron –see– Philodendron bipinnatifidum 

Schott ex Endl. 

lacquer –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. 

Barkley 

lacquer tree –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. 

Barkley 

l a c Tu c a s a Ti va L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Grüner Salat; lettuce; Salat; wild lettuce 

Citations: 

Friis B, Hjorth N, Vail JT Jr, et al. (1975) Occupational 

contact dermatitis from Cichorium (chicory, endive) and 

Lactuca (lettuce). Contact Dermatitis 1(5):311-313. 

Gregory M (1997) Lettuce as a suspected cause of narcosis in 

a duckling. Vet Rec 141(12):316. 

Helander I (1984) Contact dermatitis to lettuce. Contact 

Dermatitis 11(4):249.

224 - Lactuca sativa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Krook G (1977) Occupational dermatitis from Lactuca 

sativa (lettuce) and Cichorium (endive). Simultaneous 

occurrence of immediate and delayed allergy as a cause of 

contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 3(1):27-36. 

Mitchell D, Beck MH, Hausen BM (1989) Contact sensitivity 

to lettuce in a chef. Contact Dermatitis 20(9):398-399. 

Rinkel HJ, Balyeat RM (1932) Occupational dermatitis due 

to lettuce. JAMA 98(2):137-138. 

l a c Tu c a s a Ti va L. var. capitata L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

cabbage lettuce; iceberg lettuce; Kopfsalat 

Citations: 




l a c Tu c a s a Ti va L. var. longifolia Lam. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

romaine lettuce 

Citations: 


Cichorium intybus, C. endiva and Lactuca sativa var. 


ladino clover –see– Trifolium repens L. 

Ladinoklee –see– Trifolium repens L. 

Lady Campbell’s-weed –see– Echium plantagineum L. 

lady laurel –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

lady-of-the-night –see– Cestrum nocturnum L. 

lady’s-bower –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

lady’s-finger –see– Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench 

lady’s-seal –see– Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin 

lady’s-slipper –see– Cypripedium reginae Walter; 

Paphiopedilum haynaldianum (Rchb. f.) Stein 

lady’s-sorrel –see– Oxalis acetosella L. 

lady’s-tears –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

lady’s-thimble –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

lady’s-thistle –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

lady’s-thumb –see– Persicaria maculosa Gray 

l a e n n e c i a c o u l Te r i (A. Gray) G. L. Nesom 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c onyza coulteri A. Gray 

Common Names: 

conyza; Coulter’s-conyza 

Citations: 


plants. Texas Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 54:159. 

l ag e n a r i a s ic e r a r i a (Molina) Standl. 


Common Names: 

amargo; bottle gourd; calabash gourd; camasa; candungo; 

caracho; gourd; maracos; marimbas; marimbo; 

tula-de-mate 

Citations: 



93(4):559-575. 

l ag e r s Tr o e Mi a p a rv i f l o r a Roxb. 

[Lythraceae] 

Common Names: 

bodhangero 

Citations: 




lagrimas-de-Maria –see– Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 

laguana –see– Annona muricata L. 

lakh –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

lakh dahl –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

lakhori –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

Lakritze –see– Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 

lal burass –see– Rhododendron arboreum Sm. 

lal champa –see– Plumeria rubra L. 

l’alerce –see– Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina) I. M. Johnst. 

lamb-in-a-pulpit –see– Arum maculatum L. 

lamb laurel –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

Lambert’s-crazyweed –see– Oxytropis lambertii Pursh 

Lambert’s-locoweed –see– Oxytropis lambertii Pursh 

Lambert’s-point locoweed –see– Oxytropis lambertii Pursh 

lambkill –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

lambkill Kalmia –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

lambpoison –see– Ipomoea muelleri Benth.; Isotropis cuneifolia 

(Sm.) Domin 

lamb’s-quarter –see– Chenopodium album L. 

lamb’s-tongue –see– Scleroblitum atriplicinum (F. Muell.) 

Ulbr. 

lamb’s-tongue groundsel –see– Senecio integerrimus Nutt. 

l a Mi u M a Mpl e x ic a u l e L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

dead nettle; hedge nettle; henbit; henbit dead nettle; 

Citations: 

Dodd S, Henry M (1921) Staggers or shivers in live stock. 


White CT (1921) Two plants poisonous to stock. Queensland 

Agric J New Series 16(Sep):194-196.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Lantana camara - 225 

l a Mp r o c a p n o s s p e c Ta b i l is (L.) Fukuhara 

[Fumariaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d icentra spectabilis (L.) Lem. 

Common Names: 

bleeding heart 

Citations: 

Harville CH (1933) Contact dermatitis due to a common 

plant. J Allergy 4:527-529. 

lamtoro –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

lan tsao –see– Eupatorium chinense L. 

lance-leaf sage –see– Salvia reflexa Hornem. 

land cress –see– Lepedium didymum L. 

lang –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

lang du –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

langue-de-chien –see– Cynoglossum officinale L. 

langwort –see– Veratrum album L. 

l a n n e a c o r o Ma n d e l ic a (Houtt.) Merr. 


Common Names: 

dabdabey 

Citations: 




lanoline bush –see– Zieria smithii Andrews 

lansina –see– Ricinus communis L. 

lantana –see– Lantana camara L. 

l a n Ta n a c a Ma r a L. [Verbenaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l antana tiliifolia Cham. 

Common Names: 

bunchberry; buti; camará; cherry pie; ewon agogo; 

hierba-de-Zorro; lantana; large-leaf lantana; latina; 

panch; pasarín; racha; red sage; San Rafaelito; shrub 

verbena; tickberry; wild sage; yellow sage 

Citations: 

Agarwala ON, Negi SS, Mahadevan V (1962) Serum bilirubin 

and icteric index values in cattle and sheep in experimental 

Lantana poisoning. Curr Sci 31(12):506-507. 

Aguilera R, Zaldívar V, Margolles E, et al. (1986) Indicadores 

del funcionamiento hepático en la intoxicación experimental 

aguda de vacas por Lantana camara. Rev Salud 

Anim 8(3):211-220. 

Black H, Carter RG (1985) Lantana poisoning of cattle and 

sheep in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 33(8):136-137. 

Brito MF, Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J (2004) A toxidez de 

diversas lantanas para bovinos e ovinos no Brasil. Pesq 

Vet Bras 24(3):153-159. 

de Aluja AS (1970) Lantana camara poisoning in cattle in 

Mexico. Vet Rec 86(21):628. 

de Aluja AS, Sanz R, Espinosa F (1970) El mal de playa - 

Intoxicación del ganado bovino con Lantana camara. Veterinaria 

(Mexico) 1(4):7-13. 

de Aluja AS, Skewes HR (1971) Further investigation 

regarding the toxicity of members of the genus Lantana 

in Mexico. Proc World Vet Cong 1:327-331. 

Dhillon KS, Paul BS (1971) Clinical studies of Lantana 

camara (L.) poisoning in buffalo calves, with special reference 

to its effect on rumen motility. Indian J Anim Sci 

41(10):945-948. 

Dhillon KS, Paul BS, Garg BD (1970) Some haematological 

aspects in Lantana camara poisoning in buffalo calves. J 

Res Punjab Agric Univ 7(2):262-266. 

Dhillon SS, Singh B (1965) Pathology of Lantana camara 

poisoning in buffalo calves. J Res Punjab Agric Univ 

2(1):39-42. 

Dwivedi SK, Shivnani GA, Joshi HC (1971) Clinical and 

biochemical studies in Lantana poisoning in ruminants. 


Fourie N, Van der Lugt JJ, Newsholme SJ, et al. (1987) 

Acute Lantana camara toxicity in cattle. J S Afr Vet 

Assoc 58(4):173-178. 

Frisch JE, O’Neill CJ, Burrow HM (1984) The incidence 

and effect of poisoning with Lantana camara in different 

cattle breeds. J Agric Sci 102(1):191-195. 

Ganai GN, Jha GJ (1991) Immunosuppression due to chronic 

Lantana camara L. toxicity in sheep. Indian J Exp Biol 

29(8):762-766. 

Gemmell RT, Pass MA (1978) Effect of ingestion of Lantana 

camara L. on the ultrastructure of the liver cells of 

the sheep. J Anat 126:630. 

Gopinath C, Ford EJ (1969) The effect of Lantana camara on 

the liver of sheep. J Pathol 99(1):75-85. 

Hari R, Shivnani GA, Joshi HC (1973) Efficacy of certain 

drug treatments in lantana poisoning in buffalo calves 

in relation to biochemical changes. Indian J Anim Sci 

43(9):829-833. 

Hari R, Shivnani GA, Joshi HC (1973) Therapeutic efficacy 

in lantana poisoning in buffalo calves in relation to clinical 

and haematological studies. Indian Vet J 50(8):764-770. 

Hunt S, McCosker PJ (1970) Observations on serum adenosine 

deaminase activity in experimentally produced 

liver diseases of cattle and sheep: Yellow-wood, lantana, 

carbon tetrachloride and chronic copper poisoning. Br 

Vet J 126(2):74-81. 

Ide A, Tutt CL (1998) Acute Lantana camara poisoning in a 

Boer goat kid. J S Afr Vet Assoc 69(1):30-32. 

Johnson JH, Jensen JM (1998) Hepatotoxicity and secondary 

photosensitization in a red kangaroo (Megaleia rufus) 

due to ingestion of Lantana camara. J Zoo Wildl Med 

29(2):203-207. 

Kariuki DP, McGrane J (1979) Lantana poisoning in cattle - 

Case report. Kenya Vet 3(1):23. 

Lal M, Kalra DB (1960) Lantana poisoning in domesticated 

animals. Indian Vet J 37:263-269. 

Lin SC, Wu YH, Tsai JF, et al. (1985) [Studies on the 

hepatogenous photosensitization of cattle in Taiwan. IV. 

Experimental Lantana camara poisoning in white Taiwan 

native hybrid goats.] Taiwan J Vet Med Anim Husbandry 

45:81-91. 

McDonald PA (1955) Cases of lantana poisoning seen. 

Georgia Vet 7(3):18-19.

226 - Lantana glutinosa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

McSweeney CS, Pass MA (1983) Effect of lantana on the 

composition of the extracellular fluid of sheep. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 25(5):330-334. 

McSweeney CS, Pass MA (1983) The mechanism of ruminal 

stasis in lantana-poisoned sheep. Q J Exp Physiol 

68(3):301-313. 

McSweeney CS, Pass MA, Henry P (1983) Changes in 

rumen contents associated with lantana poisoning of 

sheep. Comp Biochem Physiol 75C(2):361-367. 

McSweeney CS, Stewart C, Pass MA (1985) Treatment of 

Lantana poisoning of cattle and sheep. In: Seawright 


Queensland Poisonous Plant Committee. Yeerongpilly. 


Morton JF (1994) Lantana, or red sage (Lantana camara 

L. [Verbenaceae]), notorious weed and popular garden 

flower: Some cases of poisoning in Florida. Econ Bot 

48(3):259-270. 

Obwolo MJ, Odiawo GO, Goedegebuure SA (1990) Clinicopathological 

features of experimental low-dose Lantana 

camara poisoning in indigenous Zimbabwean goats. 

Zimbabwe Vet J 21(1):1-7. 

Pass MA, Gemmell RT, Heath TJ (1978) Effect of Lantana 

on the ultrastructure of the liver of sheep. Toxicol Appl 

Pharmacol 43(3):589-596. 

Pass MA, Heath T (1977) Gallbladder paralysis in sheep 

during lantana poisoning. J Comp Pathol 87(2):301-306. 

Pass MA, Heath TJ (1978) The effect of Lantana camara 

on intestinal motility in sheep. J Comp Pathol 

88(1):149-156. 

Pass MA, Seawright AA, Heath T (1976) Effect of ingestion 

of Lantana camara L. on bile formation in sheep. Biochem 

Pharmacol 25(18):2101-2102. 

Pass MA, Stewart C (1984) Administration of activated 

charcoal for the treatment of lantana poisoning of sheep 

and cattle. J Appl Toxicol 4(5):267-269. 

Sastry MS, Singh YP (1979) Experimental lantana poisoning 

and its treatment in livestock. Indian Vet J 

56(12):1007-1012. 

Seawright AA (1963) Studies on experimental intoxication of 

sheep with Lantana camara. Aust Vet J 39(Sep):340-344. 

Seawright AA (1964) Studies on the pathology of experimental 

lantana (Lantana camara L.) poisoning of sheep. 

Pathol Vet 1:504-529. 

Seawright AA (1965) Electron microscopic observations of 

the hepatocytes of sheep in lantana poisoning. Pathol Vet 

2:175-196. 

Seawright AA, Allen JG (1972) Pathology of the liver 

and kidney in lantana poisoning of cattle. Aust Vet J 

48(6):323-331. 

Sharma OP, Dawra RK, Krishna L, et al. (1988) Toxicity of 

Lantana (Lantana camara L.) leaves and isolated toxins to 

rabbits. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(3):214-218. 

Sharma OP, Dawra RK, Makkar HP (1982) Effect of Lantana 

camara toxicity on lipid peroxidation in guinea 

pig tissues. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 

38(1):153-156. 

Sharma OP, Makkar HP, Dawra RK (1982) Biochemical 

changes in hepatic microsomes of guinea-pig under lantana 

toxicity. Xenobiotica 12(4):265-269. 

Sharma OP, Makkar HP, Dawra RK (1983) Effect of lantana 

toxicity on lysosomal and cytosol enzymes in guinea pig 

liver. Toxicol Lett 16(1-2):41-45. 

Sharma OP, Makkar HP, Dawra RK, et al. (1981) Hepatic 

and renal toxicity of lantana in the guinea pig. Toxicol 

Lett 7(4-5):347-351. 

Sharma OP, Makkar HP, Dawra RK, et al. (1982) Changes 

in blood constituents of guinea pigs in lantana toxicity. 

Toxicol Lett 11(1-2):73-76. 

Sharma OP, Makkar HP, Pal RN, et al. (1980) Lantadene A 

content and toxicity of the lantana plant (Lantana camara, 

Linn.) to guinea pigs. Toxicon 18(4):485-488. 

Sharma OP, Makkar HP, Pal RN, et al. (1981) Fragility of 

erythrocytes in animals affected by lantana poisoning. 

Clin Toxicol 18(1):25-35. 

Sharma OP, Vaid J, Sharma PD (1991) Comparison of lantadenes 

content and toxicity of different taxa of the lantana 

plant. J Chem Ecol 17(11):2283-2291. 

Shone DK (1959) Lantana poisoning of cattle. Rhodesia 

Agric J 56:238-239. 

Silva FM, Couto ES (1971) Intoxicação experimental de 

bovinos pela Lantana camara no Estado de Pernambuco. 

Arq Esc Vet Univ Fed Minas Gerais 23:77-89. 

Srivastava SM, Sinha SP (1980) An outbreak of Lantana 

poisoning in sheep. Indian Vet Med J 4(3):136-137. 

Tokarnia CH, Armién AG, Barros SS, et al. (1999) 

Estudos complementares sobre a toxidez de Lantana 

camara (Verbenaceae) em bovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 

19(3-4):128-132. 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Lazzari AA, et al. (1984) 

Intoxicação por Lantana spp. (Verbenaceae) em bovinos 

nos Estados de Mato Grosso e Rio de Janeiro. Pesq Vet 

Bras 4(4):129-141. 

Uppal RP (1970) The pharmacotoxicological investigations of 

Lantana camara Linn. in sheep. Haryana Vet 9(2):91-92. 

Uppal RP, Paul BS (1978) Assessment of hepatic dysfunction 

in experimental Lantana poisoning in sheep. Indian Vet 

J 55(Oct):798-802. 

Verhulst HL, Page LA (1962) Lantana. Bull Natl Clgh Poison 

Control Cent 1962:6. 

Wolfson SL (1963) Acute poisoning in children from ingestion 

of the green fruit of Lantana camara. Am Assoc Poison 

Control Cent 1963:4. 

Wolfson SL, Solomons TW (1964) Poisoning by fruit of 

Lantana camara. An acute syndrome observed in children 

following ingestion of the green fruit. Am J Dis Child 

107:173-176. 

Yadava JM, Verma NS (1978) An outbreak of Lantana poisoning 

in domesticated animals. Indian Vet Med J 2:1-9. 

l a n Ta n a g l u Ti n o s a Poepp. [Verbenaceae] 

Citations: 

Riet-Correa F, Mendéz MC, Schild AL, et al. (1984) Intoxicação 

por Lantana glutinosa (Verbenaceae) em bovinos no 

Estado de Santa Catarina. Pesq Vet Bras 4(4):147-153. 

Lantana tiliifolia Cham. = Lantana camara L. 

lao-hu-yu –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

lapacho –see– Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl. 

laplove –see– Convolvulus arvensis L. 

l a p o r Te a c a n a d e n s is (L.) Wedd. [Urticaceae] 

Synonyms: 

u rticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Lasiospermum bipinnatum - 227 

Common Names: 

bull nettle; Canadian wood nettle; nettle; stinging nettle; 

wood nettle 

Citations: 

Masias MA, Positano RG (1990) Urticaceae poisoning. J 

Am Podiatr Med Assoc 80(11):613-616. 

Laportea moroides Wedd. = Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) 

Chew 

lappa –see– Arctium lappa L. 

Lappa major Gaertn. = Arctium lappa L. 

Lappa vulgaris Hill = Arctium lappa L. 

larch –see– Larix decidua Mill. 

larch pine –see– Larix decidua Mill. 

larcha –see– Citrus aurantium L. 

large lady’s-slipper –see– Cypripedium reginae Walter 

large larkspur –see– Delphinium glaucum S. Watson 

large-leaf lantana –see– Lantana camara L. 

large poison bride bush –see– Pavetta schumanniana F. 

Hoffm. ex K. Schum. 

large watergrass –see– Paspalum dilatatum Poir. 

l a r i x d e c i d u a Mill. [Pinaceae] 

Common Names: 

Calabrian pine; Corsican pine; larch; larch pine 

Citations: 

Karlberg AT, Lidén C (1985) Clinical experience and patch 

testing using colophony (rosin) from different sources. Br 

J Dermatol 113(4):475-481. 

larkspur –see– Consolida regalis Gray; Delphinium barbeyi 

(Huth) Huth; Delphinium carolinianum Walter subsp. 

virescens (Nutt.) R. E. Brooks; Delphinium elatum L.; 

Delphinium glaucum S. Watson; Delphinium menziesii 

DC.; Delphinium schmalhausenii Albov 

l a r r e a Tr i d e n Ta Ta (DC.) Coville 


Common Names: 

chaparral; creosote bush; gobernadora; greasewood; 

hediondilla 

Citations: 

Alderman S, Kailas S, Goldfarb S (1994) Cholestatic hepatitis 

after ingestion of chaparral leaf: Confirmation by 

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and 

liver biopsy. J Clin Gastroenterol 19(3):242-247. 

Anonymous (1992) Chaparral-induced toxic hepatitis - California 

and Texas, 1992. JAMA 268(23):3295, 3298. 

Batchelor WB, Heathcote J, Wanless IR (1995) Chaparral-induced 

hepatic injury. Am J Gastroenterol 

90(5):831-833. 

Blanc PD, Trainor WD, Lim DT (1986) Herbal tea asthma. 

Br J Ind Med 43(2):137-138. 

Caldwell SH, Feeley JW, Wieboldt TF, et al. (1994) Acute 

hepatitis with use of over-the-counter herbal remedies. Va 

Med Q 121(1):31-33. 

Clark F, Reed DR (1992) Chaparral-induced toxic hepatitis 

- California and Texas, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal 

Wkly Rep 41(43):812-814. 

Estes JD, Stolpman D, Olyaei A, et al. (2003) High prevalence 

of potentially hepatotoxic herbal supplement use in patients 

with fulminant hepatic failure. Arch Surg 138(8):852-858. 

Gordon DW, Rosenthal G, Hart J, et al. (1995) Chaparral 

ingestion. The broadening spectrum of liver injury caused 

by herbal medications. JAMA 273(6):489-490. 




24(2):93-98. 

Katz M, Saibil F (1990) Herbal hepatitis: Subacute hepatic 

necrosis secondary to chaparral leaf. J Clin Gastroenterol 

12(2):203-206. 

Kauma H, Koskela R, Mäkisalo H, et al. (2004) Toxic acute 

hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis after consumption of chaparral 

tablets. Scand J Gastroenterol 39(11):1168-1171. 

Leonforte JF (1986) Contact dermatitis from Larrea (creosote 

bush). J Am Acad Dermatol 14:202-207. 

Shasky DR (1986) Contact dermatitis from Larrea tridentata 

(creosote bush). J Am Acad Dermatol 15:302. 

Sheikh NM, Philen RM, Love LA (1997) Chaparral-associated 

hepatotoxicity. Arch Intern Med 157(8):913-919. 

Smart CR, Hogle HH, Robins RK, et al. (1969) Interesting 

observation on nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NSC-4291; 

NDGA) and a patient with malignant melanoma. A preliminary 

report. Cancer Chemother Rep 53(2):147-151. 

Smith LM (1937) Dermatitis caused by creosote bush. J 

Allergy 8:187-188. 

Lasiosiphon anthylloides (L. f.) Meisn. = Gnidia 

anthylloides Gilg 

Lasiosiphon burchellii Meisn. = Gnidia burchellii Gilg 

Lasiosiphon kraussianus (Meisn.) Burtt Davy = Gnidia 

kraussiana Meisn. 

Lasiosiphon latifolius (Oliv.) Brenan = Gnidia latifolia 

(Oliv.) Gilg 

l a s io s p e r Mu M b i p i n n a Tu M (Thunb.) Druce 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

ganskweek 

Citations: 

Adelaar TF, Terblanche M, Smit JD, et al. (1964) A hitherto 

unknown poisonous plant: Lasiospermum bipinnatum 

(Thunb.) Druce. Preliminary communication. J S Afr Vet 

Assoc 35(1):11-16. 

Fair AE, Tustin RC, Adelaar TF (1970) Poisoning of cattle 

by ganskweek (Lasiospermum bipinnatum (Thunb.) 

Druce). J S Afr Vet Assoc 41(3):231-232. 

Kellerman TS, Basson PA, Naudé TW, et al. (1973) Photosensitivity 

in South Africa. 1. A comparative study of 

Asaemia axillaris (Thunb.) Harv. ex Jackson and Lasiospermum 

bipinnatum (Thunb.) Druce poisoning in sheep. 

Onderstepoort J Vet Res 40(3):115-126.

228 - Lathyrus aphaca D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Penrith ML, Van Vollenhoven E (1994) Pulmonary and 

hepatic lesions associated with suspected ganskweek 

(Lasiospermum bipinnatum) poisoning in cattle. J S Afr 

Vet Assoc 65(3):122-124. 

Thornton DJ (1977) Ganskweek (Lasiospermum bipinnatum) 

poisoning in cattle. J S Afr Vet Assoc 48(3):210-211. 

Williams MC (1990) The pathology of experimental Lasiospermum 

bipinnatum (Thunb.) Druce (Asteraceae) poisoning 

in sheep. I. Hepatic lesions. Onderstepoort J Vet 

Res 57(4):249-261. 

Williams MC (1990) The pathology of experimental Lasiospermum 

bipinnatum (Thunb.) Druce (Asteraceae) poisoning 

in sheep. II. Pulmonary and miscellaneous lesions. 


late locoweed –see– Astragalus miser Douglas ex Hook. var. 


late milk vetch –see– Astragalus miser Douglas ex Hook. var. 


late yellow locoweed –see– Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. 

var. spicata Hook. 

l a Th y r u s a p h a c a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

yellow flower pea; yellow vetchling 

Citations: 

Lewis HB, Fajans RS, Esterer MB, et al. (1948) The nutritive 

values of some legumes, Lathyrism in the rat. The 

sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus), Lathyrus sativus, Lathyrus 

cicera and some other species of Lathyrus. J Nutr 

36:537-559. 

l a Th y r u s c l y Me n u M L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

gesse pourpre; Spanish vetch; Spanish vetchling 

Citations: 

Schribaux E (1895) Nombreux empoisonnements causés par 

la gesse pourpre. Agric Pratique 59(2):52-55. 

l a Th y r u s h i r s u Tu s L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Caley pea; chick pea; everlasting pea; hairy vetchling; 

red vetch; rough pea; singletary pea; vetchling; wild 

winter pea 

Citations: 

Burrows GE, Tate LH, Tripp ML, et al. (1993) Suspected 

intoxications due to Lathyrus. Vet Hum Toxicol 

35(3):262-263. 


values of some legumes, Lathyrism in the rat. The sweet 

pea (Lathyrus odoratus), Lathyrus sativus, Lathyrus cicera 

and some other species of Lathyrus. J Nutr 36:537-559. 

Sugg RS, Simms BT, Baker KG (1944) Studies of toxicity of 

wild winter peas (Lathyrus hirsutus) for cattle. Vet Med 

39(4):308-311. 

Turney DM, Copeland DH, Salmon WD (1943) Lathyrism 

in relation to the use of Caley peas (Lathyrus hirsutus) for 

livestock. Alabama Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 54-55:18. 

Turney DM, Salmon WD, Copeland DH (1944) Lathyrism 

in relation to the use of Lathyrus hirsutus for livestock. 

Alabama Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 56-57:18-19. 

l a Th y r u s l a Ti f o l i u s L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

everlasting pea; perennial pea; perennial sweet pea 

Citations: 

Burrows GE, Tate LH, Tripp ML, et al. (1993) Suspected 

intoxications due to Lathyrus. Vet Hum Toxicol 

35(3):262-263. 

Lewis HB, Schulert AR (1949) Experimental lathyrism 

in the white rat and mouse. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 

71:440-441. 

Schulert AR, Lewis HB (1952) Experimental lathyrism. 

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 81(1):86-89. 

l a Th y r u s n is so l i a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

grass vetchling 

Citations: 



l a Th y r u s o d o r a Tu s L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

annual sweet pea; Edelwicke; Erbse; Platterbse; sweet 

pea 

Citations: 

Abramovich A, Devoto FC (1969) Comparison entre fentes 

palatines provoquées par hypervitaminose A et Lathyrus 

odoratus. C R Soc Biol 162(10):1853-1854. 

Bachhuber TE, Lalich JJ (1954) Production of dissecting 

aneurysms in rats fed Lathyrus odoratus. Science 120(Oct 

29):712-713. 

Bachhuber TE, Lalich JJ (1955) Effect of sweet pea meal on 

the rat aorta. Arch Pathol 59(2):247-253. 

Chang CY, Witschi E, Ponseti IV (1954) Teratogenic development 

in Xenopus larvae caused by sweet pea seeds (Lathyrus 

odoratus) and their extracts. Anat Rec 120:816. 

Chang CY, Witschi E, Ponseti IV (1955) Teratogenic effects 

of Lathyrus odoratus seeds on development and regeneration 

of vertebrate limbs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 

90(1):45-50. 

Churchill DW, Gelfant S, Lalich JJ, et al. (1955) Alterations 

in the polysaccharides and elastic fibers in the aortas of 

rats fed toxic Lathyrus factor. Lab Invest 4(1):1-8. 

Dasler W (1954) Incisor ash versus femur ash in sweet pea 

lathyrism (odoratism). J Nutr 54:397-402. 

Dasler W (1954) Observations on odoratism (sweet pea 

lathyrism) in the rat. J Nutr 53:105-113. 

Dasler W (1954) Partial protection against odoratism (sweet 

pea lathyrism) by diets high in gelatin or casein. Proc Soc 

Exp Biol Med 85:485-488. 

Dasler W, Milliser RV (1957) Experimental lathyrism in 

mice fed diets containing sweet peas or ß-aminopropionitrile. 

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 96:171-174. 

Gardner AF (1960) Morphologic and histochemical studies 

of skeletal lesions in rats fed sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) 

seeds. Am J Vet Res 21(Mar):298-305.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Lathyrus sativus - 229 

Geiger BJ, Steenbock H, Parsons HT (1933) Lathyrism in 

the rat. J Nutr 6(5):427-442. 

Geiger BJ, Steenbock H, Parsons HT (1976) Lathyrism in 

the rat. Nutr Rev 34(8):240-241. 

Gillman T (1958) Mast cell increases after calciferol intoxication 

and in experimental odoratism. Acta Haematol 

19(3):179-186. 

Grant RA, Hathorn M, Gillman T (1960) Aortic, serum, 

connective tissue and osseous chemistry in lathyritic rats. 

Nature 186(4719):164-165. 

Lewis HB, Esterer MB (1943) Experimental lathyrism in 

the white rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 53:263-264. 




cicera and some other species of lathyrus. J Nutr 

36:537-559. 

Okuyama S (1963) [Biochemical, histological and roentgenological 

studies on skeletal lesions in rats fed with 

Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea) seeds.] Fukushima Med J 

11:77-104. 

Ponseti IV, Baird WA (1952) Scoliosis and dissecting aneurysm 

of the aorta in rats fed with Lathyrus odoratus seeds. 

Am J Pathol 28(6):1059-1077. 

Ponseti IV, Shepard RS (1954) Lesions of mesodermal 

tissues in rats fed Lathyrus odoratus seeds. Fed Proc 

13(Mar):473. 

Ponseti IV, Wawzonek S, Shepard RS, et al. (1956) Further 

studies on lathyrism in the rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 

92(2):366-369. 

Raharjo YC, Cheeke PR, Arscott GH (1988) Effects of 

dietary butylated hydroxyanisole and cysteine on toxicity 

of Lathyrus odoratus to broiler and Japanese quail chicks. 

Poult Sci 67(1):153-155. 

Robinson JJ, Bast TH (1934) Bone changes due to lathyrism 

in rats. Anat Rec 59(3):283-295. 

Ruth EB (1954) Lathyrism in the rat: A gross study of skeletal 

lesions. Anat Rec 118:406-407. 



Selye H (1957) Über die humorale Beeinflussung des experimentellen 

Lathyrismus. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch 

Exp Pathol Pharmakol 230(2):155-160. 

Stamler FW (1955) Reproduction in rats fed Lathyrus peas 

or aminonitriles. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 90(1):294-298. 

Steffek AJ, Verrusio AC, Watkins CA (1972) Cleft palate 

in rodents after maternal treatment with various lathyrogenic 

agents. Teratology 5(1):33-40. 

Vivanco F, Jimenez Diaz C (1951) Further studies on the 

toxic effects of the leguminous proteins (leguminism). 

Lathyrus odoratus (lathyrism). Bull Inst Med Res Univ 

Madr 4(1):1-13. 

Walker DG (1957) Elastic fiber alterations in rats treated 

with Lathyrus odoratus. Histopathologic study of 

elastic cartilage and of elastic fibers in arteries and 

membranes, with special reference to the occurrence 

of extra-aortic dissecting aneurysms. Arch Pathol 

64(4):434-435. 

Walker DG, Wirtschafter ZT (1956) Histopathogenesis of 

aortic aneurysms in the Lathyrus-fed rat. Arch Pathol 

61(2):125-135. 

Walker DG, Wirtschafter ZT (1956) Resorption of embryos 

in rats on Lathyrus odoratus diet. J Nutr 58:147-159. 

l a Th y r u s p u s i l l u s Elliott [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

everlasting pea; singletary pea; vetchling 

Citations: 

Lee JG (1950) Experimental lathyrism produced by feeding 

singletary pea (Lathyrus pusillus) seed. J Nutr 

40:587-594. 

Lee JG, Dupuy HP, Rolfs HE (1956) Dietary protein and the 

development of rat lathyrism. J Nutr 58:433-442. 

l a Th y r u s s a Ti v u s L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

almortas; bitter vetch; chick pea; chickling pea; chickling 

vetch; grass pea; guaya; Indian mutters; Indian 

pea; kesari dal; khesara dahl; khesari; khesari dahl; 

khesari del; kichererbse; klesari dal; lakh; lakh dahl; 

lakhori; lang; matra; pulse; Saatplatterbse; sweet pea; 

teora dahl; teswa; tochina; vetchling; white vetch 

Citations: 

Bhagvat K (1946) Toxic effects in guinea pigs of diet containing 

large proportion of Lathyrus sativus. Indian J Med 

Res 34:299-304. 

Cohn DF, Streifler M (1983) Intoxication by the chickling 

pea (Lathyrus sativus): Nervous system and skeletal findings. 

Arch Toxikol Suppl 6:190-193. 

Dwivedi MP, Prasad BG (1964) An epidemiological study 

of lathyrism in the district of Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. 


Ganapathy KT, Dwivedi MP, Nagrajan V, et al. (1963) 

Experiments on chicks fed on Lathyrus sativus. Indian J 

Med Res 51(5):865-870. 

Gebreab T, Gabriel ZW, Maffi M, et al. (1978) Neurolathyrism: 

A review and a report of an epidemic. Ethiop Med 

J 16(1):1-11. 

Getahun H, Lambein F, Van der Stuyft P (2002) ABO 

blood groups, grass pea preparation, and neurolathyrism 

in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 96(6):700-703. 

Getahun H, Lambein F, Vanhoorne M (2002) Neurolathyrism 

in Ethiopia: Assessment and comparison of knowledge 

and attitude of health workers and rural inhabitants. 

Soc Sci Med 54(10):1513-1524. 

Getahun H, Lambein F, Vanhoorne M, et al. (2002) Pattern 

and associated factors of the neurolathyrism epidemic in 

Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 7(2):118-124. 

Getahun T, Lambein F, Vanhoorne M, et al. (2003) Food-aid 

cereals to reduce neurolathyrism related to grass-pea preparations 

during famine. Lancet 362(9398):1808-1810. 

Getahun H, Mekonnen A, Tekle Haimanot R, et al. 

(1999) Epidemic of neurolathyrism in Ethiopia. Lancet 

354(9175):306-307. 

Haimanot RT, Kidane Y, Wuhib E, et al. (1990) Lathyrism 

in rural northwestern Ethiopia: A highly prevalent neurotoxic 

disorder. Int J Epidemiol 19(3):664-672. 

Haque A, Hossain M, Khan JK, et al. (1994) New findings 

and symptomatic treatment for neurolathyrism, a motor 

neuron disease occurring in north west Bangladesh. Paraplegia 

32(3):193-195. 

Haque A, Hossain M, Lambein F, et al. (1997) Evidence 

of osteolathyrism among patients suffering from neurolathyrism 

in Bangladesh. Nat Toxins 5:43-46.

230 - Lathyrus sphaericus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Hirano A, Llena JF, Streifler M, et al. (1976) Anterior horn 

cell changes in a case of neurolathyrism. Acta Neuropathol 

(Berl) 35(4):277-283. 

Hugon J, Ludolph A, Roy DN, et al. (1988) Studies on the 

etiology and pathogenesis of motor neuron diseases. II. 

Clinical and electrophysiologic features of pyramidal 

dysfunction in macaques fed Lathyrus sativus and IDPN. 

Neurology 38(3):435-442. 

Kulkarni SW, Attal HC, Choubey BS (1977) An epidemiologic 

study of lathyrism in Amgaon block, Bhandara district. 


Labella V, Rizza ML, Alfano F, et al. (1997) Dietary consumption 

of Lathyrus sativus seeds induces behavioral 

changes in the rat. Environ Res 74(1):61-66. 





36:537-559. 

Maru M, Getahun A, Hoshna S (1988) Prevalence of paralytic 

poliomyelitis in rural and urban populations in Ethiopia: 

Report of a house-to-house survey. Am J Trop Med 

Hyg 38(3):633-635. 

Menzies DW, Mills KW (1957) The aortic and skeletal 

lesions of lathyrism in rats on a diet of sweet pea. J Pathol 

Bact 73:223-237. 

Misra UK, Sharma VP (1994) Peripheral and central conduction 

studies in neurolathyrism. J Neurol Neurosurg 

Psychiatry 57:572-577. 

Panda NC, Mitra A, Kedary S (1972) Experimental lathyrism 

in chicks. Indian J Anim Sci 42(11):949-951. 

Pratap Rudra MP, Singh MR, Junaid MA, et al. (2004) 

Metabolism of dietary ODAP in humans may be responsible 

for the low incidence of neurolathyrism. Clin Biochem 

37(4):318-322. 

Rotter RG, Marquardt RR, Low RK, et al. (1990) Influence 

of autoclaving on the effects of Lathyrus sativus fed to 

chicks. Can J Anim Sci 70(2):739-741. 

Shrivastava KK, Sarasa Bharati R, Arora MM (1982) Rare 

postmortem findings in a case of human lathyrism. Indian 

J Pathol Microbiol 25(3):225-228. 

Steyn DG (1933) Lathyrus sativus L. (chickling vetch; khesari; 

Indian pea) as a stock food. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci 

Anim Indus 1(1):163-171. 

Streifler M, Cohn DF (1981) Chronic central nervous system 

toxicity of the chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus). Clin 

Toxicol 18(12):1513-1517. 

Striefler M, Cohn DF, Hirano A, et al. (1977) The central 

nervous system in a case of neurolathyrism. Neurology 

27(12):1176-1178. 

Toledano A, Jiménez-Castellanos, López Aydillo NR (1965) 

Efecto de la harina de almortas (Lathyrus sativus) en 

pupilla frente a los ratones blancos por via oral. Rev Clin 

Esp 97(5):328-333. 

Valdivieso R, Quirce S, Sainz T (1988) Bronchial asthma 

caused by Lathyrus sativus flour. Allergy 43(7):536-539. 

Voelcker JA (1925) Lathyrus poisoning in the horse. Br Vet 

J 81:134-135. 

Weintroub S, Cohen DF, Salama R, et al. (1980) Skeletal 

findings in human neurolathyrism. Is there a human osteolathyrism? 

Eur Neurol 19(2):121-127. 

Zagami V (1931) Sugli effetti dell’alimentazione esclusiva 

con semi di «Lathyrus sativus L.» nei ratti albini. Atti 

Acad Naz Lincei 14:218. 

l a Th y r u s s p h a e r ic u s Retz. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 





36:537-559. 

l a Th y r u s s pl e n d e n s Kellogg [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

campo pea; pride-of-California 

Citations: 



Lathyrus strictus Nutt. = Lathyrus vestitus Nutt. subsp. 

alefeldii (T. G. White) Broich 

l a Th y r u s s y l ve s Tr is L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

everlasting pea; flat pea; forest vetchling; narrow-leaf 

everlasting pea; vetch; wood pea 

Citations: 

Daniel TW, Wolberg FB, Miller VL, et al. (1946) Chemical 

composition and digestibility of flat pea forage in three 

states of maturity. J Anim Sci 5:80-86. 

Huang TC, Cunha TJ, Ham WE (1950) The deleterious 

effects of flat pea seed for rats. Am J Vet Res 

11(39):217-220. 





36:537-559. 

Rasmussen MA, Allison MJ, Foster JG (1993) Flatpea 

intoxication in sheep and indications of ruminal adaptation. 


Rowe LD, Ivie GW, DeLoach JR, et al. (1993) The toxic 

effects of mature flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L cv lathco) 

on sheep. Vet Hum Toxicol 35(2):127-133. 

l a Th y r u s Ti n g i Ta n u s L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Platterbse; Tangier pea 

Citations: 

Griebel C (1950) Erkrankungen durch Bohnenflocken 

(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) und Platterbsen (Lathyrus tingitanus 

L.). Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 90:191-197. 





36:537-559. 

l a Th y r u s v e s Ti Tu s Nutt. subsp. alefeldii (T. G. 

White) Broich [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l athyrus strictus Nutt.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Lecythis ollaria - 231 

Citations: 



latina –see– Lantana camara L. 

lattighat –see– Glochidion heyneanum (Wight & Arn.) Wight 

Lauchpflanze –see– Allium porrum L. 

laureal real –see– Prunus laurocerasus L. 

laurel –see– Kalmia angustifolia L.; Kalmia latifolia L.; 

Laurus nobilis L.; Prunus laurocerasus L. 

laurel blanco –see– Nerium oleander L. 

laurel cherry –see– Prunus laurocerasus L. 

laurel colorado –see– Nerium oleander L. 

laurel rosa –see– Nerium oleander L. 

laurel rosado –see– Nerium oleander L. 

laurel rose –see– Nerium oleander L. 

laureola hembra –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

laurier rose –see– Nerium oleander L. 

laurierkers –see– Prunus laurocerasus L. 

l a u r u s n o b i l is L. [Lauraceae] 

Common Names: 

bay; bay laurel; European laurel; Grecian laurel; laurel; 

Lorbeer; sweet bay 

Citations: 


and cinnamon. Contact Dermatitis 7(2):121. 

Foussereau J, Muller JC, Benezra C (1975) Contact allergy 

to Frullania and Laurus nobilis: Cross-sensitization and 

chemical structure of the allergens. Contact Dermatitis 

1(4):223-230. 

Hausen BM (1985) Lorbeer Allergie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 

110(6):634-638. 

Özden MG, Öztaş P, Öztaş MO, et al. (2001) Allergic contact 

dermatitis from Laurus nobilis (laurel) oil. Contact 


l a va n d u l a a n g u s Ti f o l i a Mill. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

lavender 

Citations: 

Brandão FM (1986) Occupational allergy to lavender oil. 


Coulson IH, Ali Khan AS (1999) Facial ‘pillow’ dermatitis 

due to lavender oil allergy. Contact Dermatitis 41(2):111. 

Sugiura M, Hayakawa R, Kato Y, et al. (2000) Results of 

patch testing with lavender oil in Japan. Contact Dermatitis 

43(3):157-160. 

lavender –see– Lavandula angustifolia Mill. 

lavender scallops –see– Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Raym.-Hamet 

& H. Perrier 

lavanése-rue-de-chèvre –see– Galega officinalis L. 

l a w so n i a i n e r Mis L. [Lythraceae] 

Common Names: 

henna 

Citations: 

Cronin E (1980) Immediate-type hypersensitivity to henna. 


Nigam PK, Saxena AK (1988) Allergic contact dermatitis 

from henna. Contact Dermatitis 18(4):55-56. 

Pasricha JS, Gupta R, Panjwani S (1980) Contact dermatitis 

to henna (Lawsonia). Contact Dermatitis 6(15):288-289. 



le chones –see– Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf. 

le mancenilier –see– Hippomane mancinella L. 

lead tree –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

leadwort –see– Plumbago scandens L. 

leaf flower –see– Phyllanthus abnormis Baill. 

leaf mustard –see– Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. 

leafless milkweed –see– Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. 

leafy spurge –see– Euphorbia esula L. 

leather plant –see– Jatropha dioica Sessé 

leatherleaf fern –see– Rumohra adiantiformis (G. Forst.) 

Ching 

leatherleaf palm –see– Cycas revoluta Thunb. 

leatherstem –see– Jatropha dioica Sessé 

lebbeck tree –see– Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. 

Lebensbaum –see– Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco; Thuja 

occidentalis L. 

Leberstockkraut –see– Levisticum officinale W. D. J. Koch 

leche-de-gallina –see– Ornithogalum umbellatum L. 

lecheguilla –see– Agave lechuguilla Torr. 

lecheruela –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L. 

lechetrezna –see– Euphorbia cyparissias L.; Euphorbia 

helioscopia L.; Euphorbia peplus L. 

lechuguilla –see– Agave lechuguilla Torr. 

Lecythis elliptica Kunth = Lecythis minor Jacq. 

l e c y Th is Mi n o r Jacq. [Lecythidaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l ecythis elliptica Kunth 

Common Names: 

sapucaia nut 

Citations: 

Dickson JD (1969) Notes on hair and nail loss after ingesting 

sapucaia nuts (Lecythis elliptica). Econ Bot 23:133-134. 

l e c y Th is o l l a r i a Loefl. [Lecythidaceae] 

Common Names: 

coco-de-mono; monkey nut; monkey pod; monkey’scoconut; 

sapucacia

232 - Ledebouria cooperi D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Kerdel-Vegas F (1964) Generalized hair loss due to the 

ingestion of “Coco de Mono” (Lecythis ollaria). J Invest 

Dermatol 42(Jan):91-94. 

Kerdel-Vegas F, Aronow L (1966) Epilating effect and cytotoxic 

principle of Lecythis ollaria. Dermatol Iber Lat Am 

1:57-69. 

l e d e b o u r i a c o o p e r i (Hook. f.) Jessop 


Synonyms: 

s cilla cooperi Hook. f. 

Common Names: 

squill 

Citations: 

Crossley A, Gelfand M (1959) Poisoning by Scilla cooperi: A 

description of a case. Cent Afr J Med 5(10):537-539. 




1:173-182. 

Lederbaum –see– Coriaria myrtifolia L. 

Lederfarn –see– Rumohra adiantiformis (G. Forst.) Ching 

Lederkraut –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

Ledum columbianum Piper = Rhododendron 

×columbianum (Piper) Harmaja 

leek –see– Allium porrum L. 

lei-gong-teng –see– Erycibe obtusifolia Benth.; Tripterygium 

wilfordii Hook. f. 

Lein –see– Linum usitatissimum L. 

Lemmon’s-hymenoxys –see– Hymenoxys lemmonii (Greene) 

Cockerell 

lemon –see– Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. 

lemon day lily –see– Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. 

lemon-scented gas plant –see– Dictamnus albus L. 

lemon verbena –see– Aloysia citrodora Palau 

lemongrass –see– Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf 

len –see– Linum usitatissimum L. 

lengua-de-perico –see– Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex 

Walp. 

lengua-de-vaca –see– Rumex crispus L. 

leño gentil –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

l e n s c u l i n a r is Medik. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

lentil; Linse 

Citations: 

Ibáñez Sandín D, Martínez San Ireneo M, Marañón Lizana 

F, et al. (1999) Specific IgE determinations to crude and 

boiled lentil (Lens culinaris) extracts in lentil-sensitive 

children and controls. Allergy 54(11):1209-1214. 

Lent lily –see– Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 

Lent rose –see– Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 

lentil –see– Lens culinaris Medik. 

lentille bâtarde –see– Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. 

lentille ers –see– Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. 

l e o n To d o n a u Tu Mn a l is L. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 




leopard lily –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

leopard palm –see– Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch 

leopardbane –see– Arnica montana L. 

lepadena –see– Euphorbia marginata Pursh 

l e p i d i u M d i d y Mu M l . [Brassicaceae] 

Common Names: 

land cress; lesser swine’s-cress 

Citations: 

Park RJ (1965) Benzyl thiocyanate taint in the milk of 

dairy cattle ingesting Coronopus didymus Sm. Nature 

207:640. 

l e p i d i u M d r a b a L. [Brassicaceae] 

Common Names: 

hoary cress; whitetop 

Citations: 



l e p i d o z a Mi a p e r o f f s k y a n a Regel 

[Zamiaceae] 

Citations: 

Cook RW, Gill PA, Boulton JG, et al. (2003) Hepatic lesions 

in bovine cycad toxicosis. Proc Annu Conf Aust Soc Vet 

Pathol pp. 27-28. 

Gobé GC (1994) Apoptosis in brain and gut tissue of 

mice fed a seed preparation of the cycad Lepidozamia 

peroffskyana. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 

205(1):327-333. 

Gobé GC, Pound AW (1985) Toxic properties of the Australian 

cycad, Lepidozamia peroffskyana. Queensland Agric 

J 111(5):261-262. 

l e p Ta d e n i a r e Tic u l a Ta (Retz.) Wight & 

Arn. [Apocynaceae] 

Common names: 

jivanti 

Citations: 

Anjaria JV, Gupta I (1970) Preliminary observations on toxic 

effects of Leptadenia reticulata (jivanti) and leptaden. 

Gujvet 4(1):16-18.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Leucaena leucocephala - 233 

Leptopus decaisnei (Benth.) Pojark. = Andrachne decaisnei 

Benth. 

lèrio-do-vale –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

lesoma –see– Boophone disticha (L. f.) Herb. 

lespedeza –see– Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino 

Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim. = Kummerowia stipulacea 

(Maxim.) Makino 

lesser broomrape –see– Orobanche minor Sm. 

lesser burdock –see– Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. 

lesser cardamom –see– Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 

lesser celandine –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

lesser hemlock –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

lesser loosestrife –see– Lythrum hyssopifolia L. 

lesser rushy milk vetch –see– Astragalus convallarius Greene 

lesser swine’s-cress –see– Lepidium didymum L. 

lestun –see– Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss. 

lettuce –see– Lactuca sativa L. 

leucaena –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

Leucaena glauca auct. = Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de 

Wit 

l e u c a e n a l e u c o c e p h a l a (Lam.) de Wit 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l eucaena glauca auct. 

Common Names: 

cowbush; guacis; horse tamarind; ipil ipil; jimbey; 

jumbey; koa haole; kubabul; lamtoro; lead tree; leucaena; 

subabul; tan tan tree; tangantangan; vi vi; 

virvi; West Indian lead tree; white popinac; wild 

tamarind 

Citations: 

Acamovic T, D’Mello JP (1994) Influence of Leucaena seed 

and leaf meal diets on young chicks. In: Colegate SM, 



pp. 189-194. 

Akpokodje JU, Otesile EB (1987) Leucaena leucocephala 

toxicity in Ndama cattle. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 

35(1):77-78. 

Almeida AP, Kommers GD, Nogueira AP, et al. (2006) 

Avaliação do efeito tóxico de Leucaena leucocephala (Leg. 

Mimosoideae) em ovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 26(3):190-194. 

Anderson RC, Anderson TJ, Nisbet DJ, et al. (2001) Drought 

associated poisoning of cattle in South Texas by the high 

quality forage legume Leucaena leucocephala. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 43(2):95-96. 

Bindon BM, Lamond DR (1966) Examination of tropical 

legumes for deleterious effects on animal reproduction. 

Proc Aust Soc Anim Prod 6:109-116. 

Blunt CG, Jones RJ (1977) Steer liveweight gains in relation 

to the proportion of time on Leucaena leucocephala pastures. 

Trop Grasslands 11(2):159-164. 

Compère R (1959) Etude toxicologique du Leucaena glauca 

chez les bovins. Bull Agric Congo Belg Ruanda Urundi 

50:1311-1320. 

Damseaux J (1956) Etude de trois légumineuses fourragères 

introduites au Congo Belge en vue de l’alimentation du 

bétail. Bull Agric Congo Belg 47(1):93-111. 

D’Mello JP, Thomas D (1978) The nutritive value of dried 

leucaena leaf meal from Malawi: Studies with young 

chicks. Trop Agric 55:45-50. 

Donaldson LE, Hamilton RI, Lambourne LJ, et al. (1970) 

Assessing Leucaena leucocephala for deleterious effects in 

cattle and sheep. Proc Int Grassland Cong. pp. 780-782. 

Falvey L (1976) The effects of Leucaena leucocephala on cattle 

in the Northern Territory. Aust Vet J 52(5):243. 

Franzolin Neto R, Velloso L (1986) Leucaena leucocephala 

(Lam.) de Wit en raçõeas para ovinos. 2. Toxicidade. Rev 

Soc Bras Zootec 15(5):415-424. 

Gloria LA, Gerpacio AL, Aglibut FB, et al. (1966) Leucaena 

glauca Benth for poultry and livestock. III. Protein 

and energy levels and minerals in minimizing toxic effects 

of mimosine in chick rations. Philippine Agriculturist 

50:235-246. 

Hamilton RI, Donaldson LE, Lambourne LJ (1968) Enlarged 

thyroid glands in calves born to heifers fed a sole diet of 

Leucaena leucocephala. Aust Vet J 44(Oct):484. 

Hamilton RI, Donaldson LE, Lambourne LJ (1971) Leucaena 

leucocephala as a feed for dairy cows: Direct effect 

on reproduction and residual effect on the calf and lactation. 

Aust J Agric Res 22:681-692. 

Hathcock JN, Labadan MM, Mateo JP (1975) Effects of 

dietary protein level on toxicity of Leucaena leucocephala 

to chicks. Nutr Rep Int 11(1):55-62. 

Hegarty MP, Schinckel PG, Court RD (1964) Reaction 

of sheep to the consumption of Leucaena glauca Benth. 

and to its toxic principle mimosine. Aust J Agric Res 

15:153-165. 

Holmes JH (1979) Toxicity of Leucaena leucocephala. 

I. Equal toxic effects of two Leucaena strains on two 

breeds of tropical cattle. Papua New Guinea Agric J 

30(4):65-69. 

Holmes JH (1981) Toxicity of Leucaena leucocephala 

for steers in the wet tropics. Trop Anim Health Prod 

13(2):94-100. 

Holmes JH, Humphrey JD, Walton EA, et al. (1981) Cataracts, 

goitre and infertility in cattle grazed on an exclusive 

diet of Leucaena leucocephala. Aust Vet J 57(6):257-261. 

Iwanaga II, Otagaki KK, Wayman O (1957) Dehydrated koa 

haole (Leucaena glauca) in rations for growing and fattening 

swine. Proc West Sec Am Soc Anim Prod 8(25):1-5. 

Jones RJ, Blunt CG, Holmes JH (1976) Enlarged thyroid 

glands in cattle grazing Leucaena pastures. Trop Grasslands 

10:113-116. 

Jones RJ, Blunt CG, Nurnberg BI (1978) Toxicity of Leucaena 

leucocephala. The effect of iodine and mineral 

supplements on penned steers fed a sole diet of Leucaena. 

Aust Vet J 54(8):387-392. 

Jones RJ, Hegarty MP (1984) The effect of different proportions 

of Leucaena leucocephala in the diet of cattle on 

growth, feed intake, thyroid function and urinary excretion 

of 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone. Aust J Agric Res 

35(2):317-325. 

Joshi HS (1968) The effect of feeding Leucaena leucocephala 

(Lam.) De Wit on reproduction in rats. Aust J Agric Res 

19(2):341-352.

234 - Leucanthemum ×superbum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Labadan MM (1969) The effects of various treatments and 

additives on the feeding value of ipil-ipil leaf meal in 

poultry. Philippine Agriculturist 53:392-401. 

Labadan MM, Abilay TA, Alejar AS, et al. (1969) The 

effects of feeding high levels of ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) 

leaf meal on comb and testes growth of single 

comb White Leghorn cockerels. Philippine Agriculturist 

53:402-410. 

Letts GA (1963) Leucaena glauca and ruminants. Aust Vet J 

39(Jul):287-288. 

Little DA, Hamilton RI (1971) Leucaena leucocephala 

and thyroid function of newborn lambs. Aust Vet J 

47(9):457-458. 

Malynicz G (1974) The effect of adding Leucaena leucocephala 

meal to commercial rations for growing pigs. 

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Martinez MA, Seifert HS (1991) Untersuchungen zur 

Giftigkeit von L. leucocephala für Ziegen im Nord- 

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glauca on the hair follicles of the mouse. J Invest 

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Prasad J (1988) Clinico-pathological aspects of experimental 

Leucaena toxicity in lambs. Indian J Anim Sci 

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Prasad J (1989) A note on toxic effects of Leucaena leucocephala 

in goats: A clinical study. Indian J Vet Med 

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Prasad J (1989) Toxic syndrome in calves given a Leucaena 

mixed forage diet. Indian J Vet Med 9(2):149-150. 

Prasad J, Paliwal OP (1989) Pathological changes in experimentally 

induced Leucaena toxicity in lambs. Indian Vet 

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Ram JJ, Atreja PP, Chopra RC, et al. (1994) Mimosine 

degradation in calves fed a sole diet of Leucaena 

leucocephala in India. Trop Anim Health Prod 

26(4):199-206. 

Singh N, Singh SV, Sinha NK, et al. (1989) Ovine wool 

shedding syndrome in subabool toxicity. Indian J Vet 

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Szyszka M, Meulen U (1984) Der „acceptable daily intake” 

für Mimosin bei landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren und 

seine Bedeutung für die Einsetzbarkeit von Leucaena 

leucocephala in der Tierernährung. Dtsch Tierarztl 

Wochenschr 91(7-8):260-262. 

Vohradsky F (1972) Observations on influence of feeding 

horse tamarind (Leucaena glauca Benth.) on the 

health of cattle in Ghana. Ghana J Agric Sci 5(Part 

2):153-156. 

Wayman O, Iwanaga II, Hugh WI (1970) Fetal resorption in 

swine caused by Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. in 

the diet. J Anim Sci 30(4):583-588. 

l e u c a n Th e Mu M ×s u p e r b u M (Bergmans ex 

J. W. Ingram) D. H. Kent [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Shasta daisy 

Citations: 



Med J Aust 1(3):110-116. 

l e u c a n Th e Mu M v u l g a r e Lam. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c hrysanthemum leucanthemum L. 

Common Names: 

daisy; Gänseblume; King Edward daisy; Margarite; 

marguerite daisy; Orakelblume; oxeye daisy; pyrethrum; 

whiteweed 

Citations: 

Kren O (1925) Ein Beitrag zur Pflanzendermatitis. Arch 


l e u c o Th o e d a vis i a e Torr. ex A. Gray 

[Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

beach laurel; black laurel; mountain laurel; Sierra 

laurel 

Citations: 

Fowler ME (1985) Plant poisoning in two pack llamas. California 

Vet 39(3):17-20. 

l e u c o Th o e g r a y a n a Maxim. [Ericaceae] 

Citations: 

Kohanawa M, Shoya S, Ikeda K, et al. (1970) Experimental 

Leucothoe grayana poisoning in goats. Natl Inst Anim 

Health Q (Tokyo) 10(3):160-170. 

lever wood –see– Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch 

l e vis Tic u M o f f ic i n a l e W. D. J. Koch 

[Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Badekraut; Leberstockkraut; Liebstöckel; lovage; 

Saukraut 

Citations: 

Aswood-Smith MJ, Ceska O, Teoman A, et al. (1992) Photosensitivity 

from harvesting lovage (Levisticum officinale). 


Calnan CD (1969) Lovage sensitivity. Contact Dermatol 

Newsl 5(Feb):99. 

Libesafpel –see– Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 

Libocedrus decurrens Torr. = Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) 

Florin 

licheta –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

Lichtblume –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

licorice –see– Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 

licorise –see– Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 

Liebstöckel –see– Levisticum officinale W. D. J. Koch 

lierre –see– Hedera helix L. 

lierre grimpant –see– Hedera helix L. 

lierre tenestre –see– Glechoma hederacea L. 

l’if –see– Taxus baccata L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Limonium brasiliense - 235 

life plant –see– Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. 

light-yellow sophora –see– Sophora flavescens Aiton 

Liguster –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

ligustrum –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

Ligustrum amurense Carrière = Ligustrum obtusifolium 

Siebold & Zucc. subsp. suave (Kitag.) Kitag. 

l ig u s Tr u M ob Tu s i f o l i u M Siebold & Zucc. 

subsp. suave (Kitag.) Kitag. [Oleaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l igustrum amurense Carrière 

Common Names: 

Amur River privet; northern privet; privet 

Citations: 

Kerr LA, Kelch WJ (1999) Fatal privet (Ligustrum amurease) 

toxicosis in Tennessee cows. Vet Hum Toxicol 

41(6):391-392. 

l ig u s Tr u M ov a l i f o l i u M Hassk. [Oleaceae] 

Common Names: 

California privet; golden privet; oval-leaf privet; privet 

Citations: 

Parkinson SC (1986) Suspected privet poisoning. Vet Rec 

119(19):483-484. 

l ig u s Tr u M vu l g a r e L. [Oleaceae] 

Common Names: 

aligustre; Beinholz; European privet; Hartriegel; hedge 

plant; Liguster; ligustrum; prim; primaryvet; privet; 

Rainweide; Tintenbeerstrauch; Tintenbeertraube; 

troène; wax-leaf privet; Zaunriegel 

Citations: 



Vet Med Assoc 200(9):1329-1331. 

Geßner O (1943-1944) Tödliche Vergiftung durch 

Früchte des Ligusterstrauches (Ligustrum vulgare L.) 

bei einem 5-jährigen Kinde. Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 

13:1-2. 

Kozlov VA, Guliaeva TN (1983) [Poisoning by the fruit 

of the privet (Ligustrum vulgare).] Sud Med Ekspert 

26(3):56-57. 

Turner TW (1904) Some interesting cases. Vet Rec 

17:319-320. 

liksidsrod –see– Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 

lilas-de-nuit –see– Cestrum nocturnum L. 

l i l i u M l a n c i f o l i u M Thunb. [Liliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l ilium tigrinum Ker Gawl. 

Common Names: 

devil’s-lily; Japanese show lily; tiger lily 

Citations: 

Gathings AM (1991) Acute renal failure in a cat, was it the 

tiger lily? Napinet Rep 3(2):2. 

Langston CE (2002) Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion 

in six cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220(1):49-52. 

l i l i u M l o n g i f l o r u M Thunb. [Liliaceae] 

Common Names: 

Easter lily; trumpet lily 

Citations: 

Hall JO (1990) Are Easter lilies toxic to cats? Napinet Rep 

3(2):1. 

Lahti A (1986) Contact urticaria and respiratory symptoms 

from tulips and lilies. Contact Dermatitis 14(5):317-319. 

Langston CE (2002) Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion 

in six cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220(1):49-52. 

Piirilä P, Kanerva L, Alanko K, et al. (1999) Occupational 

IgE-mediated asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and contact 

urticaria caused by Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum) and 

tulip. Allergy 54(3):273-277. 




Volmer PA (2002) How dangerous are winter and spring 

holiday plants to pets? Vet Med (Dec):879-884. 

Lilium tigrinum Ker Gawl. = Lilium lancifolium Thunb. 

liljekonvall –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

lily-of-the-Nile –see– Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. 

lily-of-the-valley –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

lily-of-the-valley bush –see– Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D. Don 

ex G. Don 

lily pilly –see– Acmena smithii (Poir.) Merr. & L. M. Perry 

lilygrass –see– Arum maculatum L. 

lim –see– Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle 

lima bean –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

limber pine –see– Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon 

lime –see– Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle; Tilia 

×europaea L. 

Limette –see– Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle 

limonillo –see– Hymenoxys odorata DC. 

l i Mo n i u M b r a s i l i e n s e (Boiss.) Kuntze 

[Plumbaginaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s tatice brasiliensis Boiss. 

Common Names: 

guaycur 

Citations: 



Limonium tataricum (L.) Mill. = Goniolimon tataricum 

(L.) Boiss.

236 - Linum neomexicanum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

lin –see– Linum usitatissimum L. 

linden –see– Tilia cordata Mill.; Tilia ×europaea L. 

Lindheimer’s-senna –see– Senna lindheimeriana (Scheele) H. 

S. Irwin & Barneby 

linen flax –see– Linum usitatissimum L. 

ling lang –see– Sophora flavescens Aiton 

linho –see– Linum usitatissimum L. 

linoncillo –see– Fagara heitzii Aubrév. & Pellegr. 

Linse –see– Lens culinaris Medik. 

linseed –see– Linum usitatissimum L. 

Linsen –see– Linum usitatissimum L. 

l i n u M n e o Me x ic a n u M Greene [Linaceae] 

Common Names: 

yellow pine flax 

Citations: 

Eggleston WW, Black OF, Kelly JW (1930) Linum neomexicanum 

(yellow pine flax) and one of its poisonous constituents. 

J Agric Res 41(10):715-718. 

l i n u M r ig i d u M Pursh [Linaceae] 

Common Names: 

flax; stiff-stem flax; stiff-stem yellow flax; yellow flax 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1896) Poisonous plants. U S Dep Agric Annu 

Rep 1896:99. 

l i n u M u s i Ta Tis s i Mu M L. [Linaceae] 

Common Names: 

Flachs; flax; Lein; Leinsamen; len; lin; linen flax; linho; 

linseed; Linsen; Saatlein 

Citations: 

Auld SJ (1912) The formation of prussic acid from linseed 

cake and other feeding stuffs. J Bd Agric 19:446-460. 

Bakhiet AO, Adam SE (1995) Response of Bovans chicks 

to low dietary levels of Linum usitatissimum seeds. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 37(6):534-535. 

Barnes MH (1931) Linseed dermatitis. J Indus Hyg 

13(2):49-55. 

Blood DC, Steel JD (1944) Observations on the cyanogenetic 

properties of linseed “nuts.” II. Clinical syndrome in 

sheep. Aust Vet J 20:338-343. 

Brioux C, Richart A (1928) L’acide cyanhydrique des tourteaux 

de lin. Toxicité de certains de ces tourteaux. Bull 

Acad Vet Fr I New Series:134-146. 

Care AD (1954) Goitrogenic activity in linseed. N Z J Sci 

Technol A 36(Dec):321-327. 

Care AD (1954) Goitrogenic properties of linseed. Nature 

173(4395):172-173. 



Tijdschr 35(9-10):393-399. 

Dunne GT (1924) Poisoning in calves by nascent hydrocyanic 

acid evolved by cake in solution. Vet J 80:40-42. 

Enge EH (1933) Flax straw poisoning in the horse. Vet Med 

28(Apr):161. 

Franklin MC, Reid RL (1944) Observations of the cyanogenetic 

properties of linseed “nuts.” I. Feeding trials with 

sheep. Aust Vet J 20(Dec):332-337. 

Kratzer FH, Williams DE (1948) The effect of pyridoxine 

upon growth of chicks fed linseed oil meal. Poult Sci 

27:671. 

Kratzer FH, Williams DE (1948) The improvement of linseed 

oil meal for chick feeding by the addition of synthetic 

vitamins. Poult Sci 27:236-238. 

Kratzer FH, Williams DE, Marshall B, et al. (1954) Some 

properties of the chick growth inhibitor in linseed oil 

meal. J Nutr 52:555-563. 

Ladd EF, Johnson AK (1911) Are flaxseed screenings poisonous 

to stock? North Dakota Agric Exp Sta Special 

Bull #1:316-317. 

Lezaun A, Fraj J, Colás C, et al. (1998) Anaphylaxis from 

linseed. Allergy 53(1):105-106. 

MacGregor HI, McGinnis J (1948) Toxicity of linseed meal 

for chicks. Poult Sci 27:141-145. 

Montgomerie RF (1924) Hydrocyanic acid generated from 

linseed cake meal. A case of poisoning in calves. Vet J 

80:311-314. 

Nicholson D (1927) Cutaneous reactions to flax and linen in 

five cases of bronchial asthma and two of hayfever with 

poor results from specific treatment. Can Med Assoc J 

17:552-554. 

Perrot M (1928) Intoxication des moutons par des tourteaux 

de lin. Rec Med Vet Ec Alfort 104:15-18. 

Phipps WR, Martini MC, Lampe JW, et al. (1993) Effect of 

flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol 

Metab 77(5):1215-1219. 

Potteau B, Cluzan R (1966) Incidences nutritionnelles et 

toxicologiques de l’ingestion d’huile de lin chauffée. 

I. Effets généraux et action sur l’utilisation des protéines 

de la ration. Ann Biol Anim Biochim Biophys 

6(1):47-64. 

Potteau B, Leclerc J (1966) Incidences nutritionnelles et toxicologiques 

de l’ingestion d’huile de lin chauffée. II. Effet 

sur l’efficacité biologique du calcium alimentaire. Ann 

Biol Anim Biochim Biophys 6(1):65-71. 

Tou JC, Chen J, Thompson LU (1999) Dose, timing, and 

duration of flaxseed exposure affect reproductive indices 

and sex hormone levels in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 

A 56:555-570. 

Vokoun FJ (1927) Linseed oil dermatitis. JAMA 

89(1):20-21. 

lion-of-the-earth –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

lion’s-mouth –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

Lippia citriodora Kunth = Aloysia citrodora Palau 

Lippia ligustrina (Lag.) Britton = Junellia ligustrina (Lag.) 

Moldenke 

l i p p i a p r e To r i e n s is H. Pearson [Verbenaceae] 

Citations: 

Quin JI (1933) Studies on the photosensitization of animals 

in South Africa. V. The toxicity of Lippia rehmannii 

(Pears) and Lippia pretoriensis (Pears). Onderstepoort J 

Vet Sci Anim Indus 1(2):501-504.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Lolium multiflorum - 237 

l i p p i a r e h Ma n n i i H. Pearson [Verbenaceae] 

Citations: 


in South Africa. V. The toxicity of Lippia rehmannii 

(Pears) and Lippia pretoriensis (Pears). Onderstepoort J 

Vet Sci Anim Indus 1(2):501-504. 

liquorice –see– Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 

liricon fancy –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

lirio amarillo –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

lirio cala –see– Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. 

l i Th r a e a b r a s i l i e n s is Marchand 


Common Names: 

aroeira 

Citations: 

Oliveira Lima A (1953) Über das antigene Verhalten der 

Ölharze einiger Gattungen der Familie Anacardiaceae. 

Int Arch Allergy 4:169-174. 

Santos OL, Filgueira AL (1994) “Aroeira”-induced photosensitization. 

Int J Dermatol 33(3):222. 

l i Th r a e a c a u s Tic a (Molina) Hook. & Arn. 


Common Names: 

litre tree 

Citations: 








l i Th r a e a Mo l l e o i d e s (Vell.) Engl. 


Citations: 




litre tree –see– Lithraea caustica (Molina) Hook. & Arn. 

little blue stagger –see– Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. 

little-flower lupine –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh var. 


little good –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L. 

little goody –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L. 

little juniper –see– Juniperus communis L. 

little larkspur –see– Delphinium bicolor Nutt.; Delphinium 

menziesii DC. 

little lettuce –see– Agave lechuguilla Torr. 

little mallow –see– Malva parviflora L. 

little peach –see– Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. 

little-seed Canarygrass –see– Phalaris minor Retz. 

little staggerweed –see– Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 

little Utah juniper –see– Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) 

Little 

live forever –see– Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. 

live leaf –see– Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. 

live oak –see– Quercus virginiana Mill. 

l’ivraie –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

lluvia-del-plata –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

Loasa vulcanica André = Nasa triphylla (Juss.) Weigand 

lobelia –see– Lobelia berlandieri A. DC. 

l ob e l i a b e r l a n d i e r i A. DC. 

[Campanulaceae] 

Common Names: 

Berlandier lobelia; lobelia 

Citations: 

Dollahite JW, Allen TJ (1962) Poisoning of cattle, sheep, 

and goats with Lobezla [Lobelia] and Centarium species. 

Southwestern Vet 15(Winter):126-130. 

Lopez R, Martinez-Burnes J, Vargas G, et al. (1994) Taxonomical, 

clinical and pathological findings in moradilla 

(lobelia-like) poisoning in sheep. Vet Hum Toxicol 

36(3):195-198. 

lobster flower –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

Lochnera pusilla (Murray) K. Schum. = Catharanthus 

pusillus (Murray) G. Don 

loco seed –see– Datura stramonium L. 

locoweed –see– Astragalus mollissimus Torr. var. mollissimus; 

Astragalus pubentissimus Torr. & A. Gray; Oxytropis 

lambertii Pursh; Oxytropis sericea Nutt. 

locust tree –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

lodgepole pine –see– Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon 

løg –see– Allium cepa L. 

lolch –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

l o l i u M Mu l Ti f l o r u M Lam. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

annual ryegrass; Italian ryegrass; Welches Weidelgras 

Citations: 

Norris RT, Richards IS, Petterson DS (1981) Treatment of 

ovine annual ryegrass toxicity with chlordiazepoxide: A 

field evaluation. Aust Vet J 57(6):302-303. 

Richards IS, Petterson DS, Purcell DA (1979) Treatment 

of ovine annual ryegrass toxicity with chlordiazepoxide. 

Aust Vet J 55(6):282-283.

238 - Lolium perenne D. Jesse Wagstaff 

l o l i u M p e r e n n e L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

Deutsches Weidelgras; English ryegrass; Italian 

ryegrass; ivraie; perennial ryegrass; raigras perenne; 

ryegrass 

Citations: 

Blythe LL, Andreason CB, Pearson EG, et al. (1998) 

Atypical pneumonia associated with ryegrass staggers 

in calves. In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic plants 


69-72. 

Clegg FG, Watson WA (1960) Ryegrass staggers in sheep. 

Vet Rec 72(36):731-733. 

Galey FD, Tracy ML, Craigmill AL, et al. (1991) Staggers 

induced by consumption of perennial ryegrass in cattle 

and sheep from northern California. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

199(4):466-470. 

Keogh RG (1973) Induction and prevention of ryegrass staggers 

in grazing sheep. N Z J Exp Agr 1(1):55-57. 

Mackintosh CG, Orr MB, Gallagher RT, et al. (1982) 

Ryegrass staggers in Canadian wapiti deer. N Z Vet J 

30:106-107. 

Mitchell PJ, McCaughan CJ (1992) Perennial ryegrass 

staggers in fallow deer (Dama dama). Aust Vet J 

69(10):258-259. 

Pearson EG, Andreasen CB, Blythe LL, et al. (1996) Atypical 

pneumonia associated with ryegrass staggers in calves. 


Peterson AJ, Bass JJ, Byford MJ (1978) Decreased plasma 

testosterone concentrations in rams affected by ryegrass 

staggers. Res Vet Sci 25(3):266-268. 

Wheatley WM (1998) Management, environmental and 

livestock interactions impact on perennial ryegrass/Neotyphodium/livestock 

associations. In: Garland T, Barr 


New York. pp. 45-48. 

l o l i u M r ig i d u M Gaudin [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

annual ryegrass; Wimmera ryegrass 

Citations: 

Berry PH, Cook RD, McHowell J, et al. (1976) Lesions in 

sheep and guinea pigs pen fed parasitised annual ryegrass 

(Lolium rigidum). Aust Vet J 52(11):540-541. 

Berry PH, Howell JM, Cook RD (1980) Morphological 

changes in the central nervous system of sheep affected 

with experimental annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) toxicity. 

J Comp Pathol 90(4):603-617. 

Berry PH, Howell JM, Cook RD, et al. (1980) Central nervous 

system changes in sheep and cattle affected with 

natural or experimental annual ryegrass toxicity. Aust Vet 

J 56(8):402-403. 

Berry PH, Richards RB, Howell JM, et al. (1982) Hepatic 

damage in sheep fed annual ryegrass, Lolium rigidum, 

parasitised by Anguina agrostis and Corynebacterium 

rathayi. Res Vet Sci 32(2):148-156. 

Berry PH, Wise JL (1975) Wimmera rye grass toxicity in 

Western Australia. Aust Vet J 51(11):525-530. 

Creeper JH, Vale W, Walsh R (1996) Annual ryegrass toxicosis 

in horses. Aust Vet J 74(6):465-467. 

Gwynn R, Hadlow AJ (1971) Toxicity syndrome in sheep 

grazing Wimmera ryegrass in Western Australia. Aust 

Vet J 47(Aug):408. 

Lanigan GW, Payne AL, Frahn JL (1976) Origin of toxicity 

in parasitised annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). Aust Vet 

J 52(5):244-246. 

McIntosh GH, Thomas MR (1967) Toxicity of parasitised 

Wimmera ryegrass, Lolium rigidum, for sheep and cattle. 

Aust Vet J 43(9):349-353. 

l o l i u M Te Mu l e n Tu M L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

bearded darnel; cheat; darnel; drabok; drake; drunk; 

ivray; l’ivraie; lolch; poison darnel; poison ryegrass; 

Schwindelhafer; sturdy rye; tares; Taumelhafer; Taumelkorn; 

Taumelloch; Tollkorn; Tollkraut; winter 

ryegrass 

Citations: 

Tait J (1842) A case of poisoning in pigs. Veterinarian 

15:212-213. 

Urbain A, Nouvel J (1939) Cas d’intoxication alimentaire dus 

à l’ivraie observés chez des animaux sauvages en captivité. 

Bull Acad Vet Fr 12:77-82. 

London plane tree –see– Platanus ×acerifolia (Aiton) Willd. 

long-spine thorn apple –see– Datura ferox L. 

long-spur lupine –see– Lupinus arbustus Douglas ex Lindl. 

long-spur thorn apple –see– Datura ferox L. 

l o n ic e r a Ta Ta r ic a L. [Caprifoliaceae] 

Common Names: 

Tatarian honeysuckle; Tatarische Heckenkirsche; 

Tatarisches Geißblatt 

Citations: 



Schurno A (1958) Beobachtung einer Vergiftung durch 

Beeren der tatarischen Heckenkirsche. Kinderaerztl Prax 

26(8):357-360. 

loogbos –see– Psilocaulon absimile N. E. Br. 

look –see– Allium sativum L. 

l o p h i r a a l a Ta Banks ex C. F. Gaertn. 

[Ochnaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l ophira procera A. Chev. 

Common Names: 

azobe tree 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1977) Paralysis posterior bij zeugen en Azobézaagsel. 

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 102(9):582. 

Lophira procera A. Chev. = Lophira alata Banks ex C. F. 

Gaertn.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Luehea divaricata - 239 

l o p h o l a e n a c o r i i f o l i a (Sond.) Phill. & C. 

A. Sm. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

l opholaena randii S. Moore 

Citations: 


in South Africa. 4. The toxicity of Lopholaena coriifolia 

(Harv.) Phill. & C. A. Sm. (= L. randii sp. Moore). 


Lopholaena randii S. Moore = Lopholaena coriifolia (Sond.) 

Phill. & C. A. Sm. 

l o p h o p e Ta l u M d u b i u M M. A. Lawson 


Common Names: 

perupok 

Citations: 

Tanaka S, Matsumoto Y, Tamada Y (2003) Allergic contact 

dermatitis due to perupok wood. Contact Dermatitis 

48(5):273. 

l o p h o p e Ta l u M f l o r i b u n d u M Wight 


Common Names: 

perupok 

Citations: 

Tanaka S, Matsumoto Y, Tamada Y (2003) Allergic contact 

dermatitis due to perupok wood. Contact Dermatitis 

48(5):273. 

l o p h o p h o r a w i l l i a Ms i i (Lem. ex Salm- 

Dyck) J. M. Coult. [Cactaceae] 

Common Names: 

anhalonium; mescal; mescal bean; mescal button; Peyolylkaktus; 

peyote; peyote cactus; peyote muscal; thebad-seed 

Citations: 

Blum K, Futterman SL, Pascarosa P (1977) Peyote, a potential 

ethnopharmacologic agent for alcoholism and other 

drug dependencies: Possible biochemical rationale. Clin 

Toxicol 11(4):459-472. 

loquat –see– Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.; 

Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Benth. 

loquat plum –see– Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. 

Lorbeer –see– Laurus nobilis L. 

Lorbeerkirsche –see– Prunus laurocerasus L. 

Lorbeerose –see– Kalmia angustifolia L.; Nerium oleander 

L. 

lords-and-ladies –see– Arum maculatum L.; Zantedeschia 

aethiopica (L.) Spreng. 

lorier bol –see– Nerium oleander L. 

l o Tu s c o r n ic u l a Tu s L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

bird’s-foot trefoil; Hornklee; Pantoffeln; szarvas kerep; 

Taubenkröpferl 

Citations: 

Dougherty RW, Christensen RB (1953) In vivo absorption 

studies of hydrocyanic acid of plant juice origin. Cornell 

Vet 43(3):481-486. 

Stafford KJ, West DM, Alley MR, et al. (1995) Suspected 

photosensitisation in lambs grazing birdsfoot trefoil 

(Lotus corniculatus). N Z Vet J 43:114-117. 

louco –see– Plumbago scandens L. 

Louisiana pepper –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

Louisiana wormwood –see– Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 

louseberry tree –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

lovage –see– Levisticum officinale W. D. J. Koch 

love apple –see– Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.; Solanum 

aculeatissimum Jacq.; Solanum carolinense L.; Solanum 

pseudocapsicum L. 

love bean –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

love pea –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

low arrowgrass –see– Triglochin maritima L. 

low larkspur –see– Delphinium andersonii A. Gray; 

Delphinium bicolor Nutt.; Delphinium carolinianum Walter 

subsp. virescens (Nutt.) R. E. Brooks; Delphinium 

menziesii DC.; Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz.; 

Delphinium tricorne Michx. 

low laurel –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

low ragweed –see– Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 

low senna –see– Senna tora (L.) Roxb. 

low-whorled milkweed –see– Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail 

Löwenzahn –see– Taraxacum officinale F. H. Wigg. aggr. 

l o x o p Te r y g i u M h u a s a n g o Spruce ex Engl. 


Common Names: 

hualtaco tree; huasango tree 

Citations: 

Paulson GA (1941-1943) Mango and hualtaco dermatitis. 

Med Bull Standard Oil Co 5:197-200. 

lucerne –see– Medicago sativa L. 

lucky bean –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

lucky nut –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

l u e h e a d i va r ic a Ta Mart. [Malvaceae] 

Common Names: 

Francisco Alvarez 

Citations: 


induced abortion. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 39(3):318-319.

240 - Luffa acutangula D. Jesse Wagstaff 



l u f f a a c u Ta n g u l a (L.) Roxb. [Cucurbitaceae] 

Common Names: 

kali-tori; ridge gourd; smooth luffa 

Citations: 



Dermatol 113(6):776-779. 

lumbán –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

lumbang –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

lumbang nut –see– Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw 

lunara lupine –see– Lupinus formosus Greene 

lupin –see– Lupinus albus L.; Lupinus angustifolius L. 

lupin blanc –see– Lupinus albus L. 

lupin bleu –see– Lupinus angustifolius L. 

lupin jaune –see– Lupinus luteus L. 

lupine –see– Lupinus albus L.; Lupinus albus L. var. albus; 

Lupinus argenteus Pursh; Lupinus diffusus Nutt.; Lupinus 

leucophyllus Douglas ex Lindl. 

l u p i n u s a l b u s L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

European white lupin; fève-du-loup; lupin; lupin blanc; 

lupine; pois-de-loup; sweet lupin; white lupin; white 

lupine 

Citations: 

Agid Y, Pertuiset B, Dubois B (1988) Motoneuron disease 

as manifestation of lupin seed toxicity. Lancet 1(Jun 

11):1347. 



Castanon JI, Perez-Lanzac, J (1990) Substitution of fixed 

amounts of soybean meal for field beans (Vicia faba), 

sweet lupines (Lupinus albus), cull peas (Pisum sativum) 

and vetches (Vicia sativa) in diets for high performance 

laying Leghorn hens. Br Poult Sci 31(1):173-184. 

Cubillos V, Cubillos A, Guerra J (1982) Estudio histopatológico 

en hígados de Gallus gallus alimentados con 

semilla de lupin (altramuz) dulce (L. albus var. multolupa). 

Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 29(3):215-222. 

Guillaume J, Chenieux JC, Rideau M (1979) Feeding value 

of Lupinus albus L. in chicken diets (with emphasis on 

the role of alkaloids). Nutr Rep Int 20(1):57-65. 





Litkey J, Dailey MW (2007) Anticholinergic toxicity associated 

with the ingestion of lupini beans. Am J Emerg Med 

25(2):215-217. 

Perez-Escamilla R, Vohra P, Klasing K (1988) Lupins (Lupinus 

albus var. ultra) as a replacement for soybean meal in 

diets for growing chickens and turkey poults. Nutr Rep 

Int 38(3):583-593. 

Ruiz LP Jr, White SF, Hove EL (1977) The alkaloid content 

of sweet lupin seed used in feeding trials on pigs and rats. 

Anim Feed Sci Technol 2(1):59-66. 

Watkins BA, Manning B, Al-Athari AK (1988) The effects 

of Lupinus albus cultivar ultra on broiler performance. 

Nutr Rep Int 38(1):173-181. 

Wittenburg H, Nehring, K (1965) Untersuchungen über 

die Wirkung reiner Lupinenalkaloide auf den tierischen 

Organismus. Die Wirkung von Lupanin auf Ratten. 


l u p i n u s a l b u s L. var. albus [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l upinus termis Forssk. 

Common Names: 

lupine; turmus 

Citations: 

Lavy R (1964) Thrombocytopenic purpura due to Lupinus 

termis bean. J Allergy 35(5):386-389. 

Tannous RI, Nayfeh SN (1969) Effect of feeding lupine 

seeds on spermatogenesis in the rat. Aust J Biol Sci 

22(4):1071-1075. 

Tannous RI, Shadarevian S, Cowan JW (1968) Rat studies on 

quality of protein and growth-inhibiting action of alkaloids 

of lupine (Lupinus termis). J Nutr 94(2):161-165. 

l u p i n u s a n g u s Ti f o l i u s L. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l upinus varius L. 

Common Names: 

bitter lupin; Blaue Lupine; blue lupin; lupin; lupin bleu; 

narrow-leaf lupin; narrow-leaf lupine; New Zealand 

blue lupine; New Zealand lupin; Western Australian 

blue lupin; wild lupin 

Citations: 

Allen JG (1981) An evaluation of lupinosis in cattle in Western 

Australia. Aust Vet J 57(5):212-215. 

Allen JG, Tudor GD, Petterson DS (1998) The feeding of 

lupin grain can cause rumen acidosis and rumenitis. In: 



Arnold GW, Hill JL, Maller RA, et al. (1976) Comparison 

of lupin varieties for nutritive value as dry standing feed 

for weaner sheep and for incidence of lupinosis. Aust J 

Agric Res 27(3):423-435. 

Brash AG (1943) Lupin poisoning of sheep. N Z J Agr 

67:83-84. 

Gardiner MR (1965) Mineral metabolism in sheep lupinosis. 

I. Iron and cobalt. J Comp Pathol 75(4):397-408. 

Gardiner MR (1965) The pathology of lupinosis of sheep. 

Gross- and histo-pathology. Pathol Vet 2(5):417-445. 

Gardiner MR (1967) Cattle lupinosis. A clinical and pathological 

study. J Comp Pathol 77(1):63-69. 

Godfrey NW, Mercy AR, Emms Y, et al. (1984) Tolerance of 

growing pigs to lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) alkaloids. 

Aust J Exp Agric 25(4):791-795. 



beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata)

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Lupinus argenteus - 241 



J Nutr 73(1):17-29. 






J Nutr 123(12):2207-2215. 

Karasinski D, Bednarczyk M, Peretiatkowicz M, et al. (1988) 

The influence of alkaloids in seeds of Lupinus angustifolius 

on the growth and some meat features of ducks. Bull 

Pol Acad Sci Biol Sci 36(10-12):215-224. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Marsh H (1916) Lupines as poisonous 


Olver MD, Jonker A (1997) Effect of sweet, bitter and soaked 

micronised bitter lupins on broiler performance. Br Poult 

Sci 38(2):203-208. 

Olver MD, Jonker A (1998) Effects of sweet, bitter and 

soaked micronised bitter lupins on duckling performance. 

Br Poult Sci 39(5):622-626. 

l u p i n u s a r b u s Tu s Douglas ex Lindl. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l upinus laxiflorus auct. 

Common Names: 

grassland lupin; grassland lupine; long-spur lupine; 

spur lupine 

Citations: 

Clawson AB (1931) Two lupines shown to be poisonous 

to livestock. U S Dep Agric Official Record 

10(Feb26):71. 

Panter KE, Gardner DR, Molyneux RJ (1998) Teratogenic 

and fetotoxic effects of two piperidine alkaloid-containing 

lupines (L. formosus and L. arbustus) in cows. J Nat 

Toxins 7(2):131-140. 

Panter KE, Gardner DR, Shea RE, et al. (1998) Toxic and 

teratogenic piperidine alkaloids from Lupinus, Conium 

and Nicotiana species. In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) 

Toxic plants and other natural toxicants. CABI. New 

York. pp. 345-350. 

Panter KE, Keeler RF (1991) Toxicologic and teratogenic 

comparison of Lupinus formosus, L. arbustus and L. caudatus 

in goats. J Anim Sci 69(Suppl 1):393. 

l u p i n u s a r g e n Te u s Pursh [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

blue bean; grassland lupine; hairy lupine; lupine; silver 

lupine; silvery bean; silvery lupine; tailcup lupine; wild 

bean 

Citations: 

James LF, Binns W, Shupe JL (1968) Blood changes in cattle 

and sheep fed lupine. Am J Vet Res 29(3):557-560. 



Panter KE, Mayland HF, Gardner DR, et al. (2001) Beef 

cattle losses after grazing Lupinus argenteus (silvery 

lupine). Vet Hum Toxicol 43(5):279-282. 

l u p i n u s a r g e n Te u s Pursh var. argenteus 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l upinus laxiflorus Douglas ex Lindl. 

Common Names: 

Douglas’-spur lupine 

Citations: 



l u p i n u s a r g e n Te u s Pursh var. heteranthus (S. 

Watson) Barneby [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Kellogg’s-spur lupine; tailcup lupine; tailspur lupine 

Citations: 



1929:47-48. 





Binns W, James LF, Keeler RF, et al. (1968) Effects 

of teratogenic agents in range plants. Cancer Res 

28(11):2323-2326. 

Gardner DR, Panter KE (1993) Comparison of blood plasma 

alkaloid levels in cattle, sheep, and goats fed Lupinus caudatus. 

J Nat Toxins 2(1):1-11. 

Gardner DR, Panter KE (1994) Anagyrine and ammodendrine 

alkaloid levels in the blood of cattle, sheep and 

goats fed teratogenic lupin species. In: Colegate SM, 



pp. 173-177. 

Keeler RF, Binns W, James LF, et al. (1969) Preliminary 

investigation of the relationship between bovine congenital 

lathyrism induced by aminoacetonitrile and the lupine 

induced crooked calf disease. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 

33(1):89-92. 





Iowa. pp. 481-488. 




Shupe JL, Binns W, James LF, et al. (1967) Crooked calf 

syndrome, A plant-induced congenital deformity. Zuchthygiene 

2:145-152. 

Shupe JL, Binns W, James LF, et al. (1968) A congenital 

deformity in calves induced by the maternal consumption 

of lupin. Aust J Agric Res 19(2):335-340. 

l u p i n u s a r g e n Te u s Pursh var. holosericeus 

(Nutt.) Barneby [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l upinus holosericeus Nutt.

242 - Lupinus argenteus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Common Names: 

grassland lupine; Great Basin lupine; little-flower 

lupine; silky lupine; spur lupine; tailcup lupine 

Citations: 

Binns W, James LF (1961) A congenital deformity in calves, 

similar to “crooked calf disease,” has been experimentally 

produced by feeding heifers lupine and lead. Proc Am Soc 

Anim Prod Western Sect 12(66):1-3. 

Binns W, James LF, Shupe JL, et al. (1962) Crooked calf 

disease produced experimentally. Utah Farm Home Sci 

23(2):35-37. 

l u p i n u s a r g e n Te u s Pursh var. rubricaulis 

(Greene) S. L. Welsh [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

mountain silvery lupine 

Citations: 



l u p i n u s c o s e n Ti n i i Guss. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

sandhill lupin; sandplain lupin; West Australian blue 

lupin 

Citations: 




Agric Res 27(3):423-435. 

Croker KP, Allen JG, Gittins SP, et al. (1998) The development 

of lupinosis in weaner sheep grazed on sandplain 

lupins. In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic 

plants and other natural toxicants. CABI. New York. 

pp. 459-463. 

Hawkins CD (1994) “Acorn” calves and retained placentae 

following grazing on sandplain lupins (Lupinus cosentinii). 

In: Colegate SM, Dorling PR (eds.) Plant-associated 

toxins. Agricultural, phytochemical and ecological 

aspects. CABI. New York. 351-356. 

Lupinus cruckshanksii Hook. = Lupinus mutabilis Sweet 

Lupinus cumulicola Small = Lupinus diffusus Nutt. 

Lupinus cyanus Rydb. = Lupinus leucophyllus Douglas ex 

Lindl. 

l u p i n u s d i f f u s u s Nutt. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l upinus cumulicola Small 

Common Names: 

lupine; sandhill lupine; sky-blue lupine 

Citations: 



9(3):243-255. 

l u p i n u s d ig i Ta Tu s Forssk. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Western Australian blue lupin 

Citations: 

Gardiner MR (1967) The role of copper in the pathogenesis 

of subacute and chronic lupinosis of sheep. Aust Vet J 

43(Jul):243-248. 

l u p i n u s f o r Mo s u s Greene [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

grassland lupine; lunara lupine; summer lupine 

Citations: 

Gardner DR, Panter KE (1994) Ammodendrine and related 

piperidine alkaloid levels in the blood plasma of cattle, 

sheep and goats fed Lupinus formosus. J Nat Toxins 

3(2):107-116. 

Gardner DR, Panter KE (1994) Anagyrine and ammodendrine 

alkaloid levels in the blood of cattle, sheep and 

goats fed teratogenic lupin species. In: Colegate SM, 



pp. 173-177. 

Keeler RF, Panter KE (1989) Piperidine alkaloid composition 

and relation to crooked calf disease-inducing potential 

of Lupinus formosus. Teratology 40(5):423-432. 

Keeler RF, Panter KE (1992) Induction of crooked calf disease 

by the piperidine alkaloid-containing plant Lupinus 

formosus. In: James LF, Keeler RF, Bailey JM Jr, et al. 

(eds.) Poisonous plants. Iowa State Univ Press. Ames, 

Iowa. pp. 239-244. 

Panter KE, Gardner DR, Molyneux RJ (1994) Comparison 

of toxic and teratogenic effects of Lupinus formosus, 

L. arbustus and L. caudatus in goats. J Nat Toxins 

3(2):83-93. 

Panter KE, Gardner DR, Molyneux RJ (1998) Teratogenic 

and fetotoxic effects of two piperidine alkaloid-containing 

lupines (L. formosus and L. arbustus) in cows. J Nat 

Toxins 7(2):131-140. 

Panter KE, Keeler RF (1991) Toxicologic and teratogenic 

comparison of Lupinus formosus, L. arbustus and L. caudatus 

in goats. J Anim Sci 69(Suppl 1):393. 

Lupinus holosericeus Nutt. = Lupinus argenteus Pursh var. 


l u p i n u s l a Ti f o l i u s J. Agardh [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

broad-leaf lupine 

Citations: 

Craigmill AL, Crosby D, Kilgore W (1983) The transfer of 

teratogenic lupine alkaloids to human beings through 

milk. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:351. 

Kilgore WW, Crosby DG, Craigmill AL, et al. (1981) Toxic 

plants as possible human teratogens. Calif Agric 35(Nov- 

Dec):6. 

Lupinus laxiflorus auct. = Lupinus arbustus Douglas ex 

Lindl.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Lupinus simulans - 243 

Lupinus laxiflorus Douglas ex Lindl. = Lupinus argenteus 

Pursh var. argenteus 

l u p i n u s l e u c o p h y l l u s Douglas ex Lindl. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l upinus cyaneus Rydb. 

Common Names: 

blue pea; horsebean; lupine; poison lupine; velvet lupine; 

western lupine; white-leaf lupine; wild pea; woolly-leaf 

lupine; woolly lupine 

Citations: 



1933:34-35. 



Knowles AD (1915) Lupinosis of horses and the treatment. J 

Am Vet Med Assoc 48:286-303. 



Lupinus leucopsis J. Agardh = Lupinus sericeus Pursh 

l u p i n u s l u Te u s L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Gelbe Lupine; Gelbe Wolfsbohne; lupin jaune; yellow 

lupin; yellow lupine 

Citations: 




Agric Res 27(3):423-435. 

Gardiner MR (1965) The pathology of lupinosis of sheep. 

Gross- and histo-pathology. Pathol Vet 2(5):417-445. 

Soler Rodriguez F, Miguez Santiyan MP, Pedrera Zamorano 

JD, et al. (1991) An outbreak of lupinosis in sheep. 


Turska R (1977) Pathological changes of bile canaliculi of 

chicken fed with lupine. Acta Med Pol 18(4):363-364. 

Turska R, Jamroz D, Czarna Z, et al. (1976) Ultrastructural 

changes in hepatocytes of chicken fed with lupine. Anat 

Histol Embryol 5:96-97. 

l u p i n u s Mu Ta b i l is Sweet [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l upinus cruckshanksii Hook. 

Common Names: 

tallhue 

Citations: 





Ruiz MA, Sotelo A (2001) Chemical composition, nutritive 

value, and toxicology evaluation of Mexican wild lupins. J 

Agric Food Chem 49(11):5336-5339. 

Lupinus ornatus Douglas = Lupinus sericeus Pursh 

l u p i n u s r e f l e x u s Rose [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




l u p i n u s r o Tu n d i f l o r u s M. E. Jones 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




l u p i n u s s e r ic e u s Pursh [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l upinus leucopsis J. Agardh; l upinus ornatus Douglas 

Common Names: 

Big Bend lupine; Pursh’s-silky lupine; silky lupine; silvery 

lupine; sink lupine 

Citations: 



Binns W, James LF (1961) A congenital deformity in calves, 

similar to “crooked calf disease,” has been experimentally 

produced by feeding heifers lupine and lead. Proc Am Soc 

Anim Prod Western Sect 12(66):1-3. 

Binns W, James LF, Keeler RF, et al. (1968) Effects 

of teratogenic agents in range plants. Cancer Res 

28(11):2323-2326. 

Binns W, James LF, Shupe JL, et al. (1962) Crooked calf 

disease produced experimentally. Utah Farm Home Sci 

23(2):35-37. 

James LF, Binns W, Shupe JL (1968) Blood changes in cattle 

and sheep fed lupine. Am J Vet Res 29(3):557-560. 



Nelson SB (1906) Feeding wild plants to sheep. Washington 





Shupe JL, Binns W, James LF, et al. (1967) Crooked calf 

syndrome, A plant-induced congenital deformity. Zuchthygiene 

2:145-152. 

Shupe JL, Binns W, James LF, et al. (1967) Lupine, a 

cause of crooked calf disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

151(2):198-203. 

Shupe JL, Binns W, James LF, et al. (1968) A congenital 

deformity in calves induced by the maternal consumption 

of lupin. Aust J Agric Res 19(2):335-340. 

l u p i n u s s i Mu l a n s Rose [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 



Agric Food Chem 49(11):5336-5339.

244 - Lupinus splendens D. Jesse Wagstaff 

l u p i n u s s pl e n d e n s Rose [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 




l u p i n u s s u l p h u r e u s Douglas ex Hook. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

sulfur lupine; yellow lupine 

Citations: 

Panter KE, Gardner DR, Gay CC, et al. (1997) Observations 

of Lupinus sulphureus-induced “crooked calf disease.” 

J Range Manag 50:587-592. 

Lupinus termis Forssk. = Lupinus albus L. var. albus 

Lupinus varius L. = Lupinus angustifolius L. 

lusmore –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

luya –see– Zingiber officinale Roscoe 

luzerne –see– Medicago sativa L. 

Lychnis githago (L.) Scop. = Agrostemma githago L. 

l y c i u M b a r b a r u M L. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l ycium halimifolium Mill.; l ycium vulgare Dunal 

Common Names: 

Bocksdorn; boxthorn; Chinese boxthorn; Christmas 

berry; Duke-of-Argyll’s-tea-tree; marriage vine; matrimony 

vine; morali; Teufelszwirn 

Citations: 

Hansen AA (1927) Stock poisoning by plants in the nightshade 

family. J Am Vet Med Assoc 71:221-227. 

Lycium halimifolium Mill. = Lycium barbarum L. 

Lycium vulgare Dunal = Lycium barbarum L. 

l y c o p e r s ic o n e s c u l e n Tu M Mill. 


Common Names: 

Libesafpel; love apple; Tomate; tomaten Düsche; 

tomates halentano; tomato 

Citations: 



2(1):28-42. 

Lain ES (1918) Dermatitis Lycopersicum esculentum 

(tomato plant). JAMA 71(14):1114-1117. 



Dermatol 113(6):776-779. 

Note: 

Tomato is named Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. 

esculentum in some publications. 

l y c o p o d i u M c l a va Tu M L. [Lycopodiaceae] 

Citations: 

Salén EB (1951) Lycopodium allergy. Acta Allergol 

4:308-319. 

Lycopodium saururus Lam. = Huperzia saurus (Lam.) 

Trevis. 

Lycopodium selago L. = Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex 

Schrank & Mart. 

Lycopodium serratum Thunb. = Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) 

Trevis. 

l y g o d e s Mi a Te x a n a (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene 

ex Small [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Texas skeleton plant 

Citations: 



#812:8 pp. 

lyngwort –see– Veratrum album L. 

l y Th r u M h y s so p i f o l i a L. [Lythraceae] 

Common Names: 

lesser loosestrife 

Citations: 






pp. 540-547. 

Glastonbury JR, Walker RI, Links IJ, et al. (1991) Nephrosis 

in sheep associated with the ingestion of Lythrum 

hyssopifolia L., “lesser loosestrife.” Proc Annu Conf Aust 

Soc Vet Path pp. 65-66. 

lyukaslevelü orbáncfü –see– Hypericum perforatum L.

ma huang –see– Ephedra sinica Stapf 

ma niang –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

ma-qian-zi –see– Strychnos nux-vomica L. 

Mäasezwiebel –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

mabola persimmon –see– Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. 

maca colorada –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex 

DC. 

Ma c a d a Mi a i n Te g r i f o l i a Maiden & Betche 

[Proteaceae] 

Common Names: 

Australian bush nut; bopple nut; macadamia nut; popple 

nut; Queensland nut 

Citations: 

Hansen SR, Buck WB, Meerdink G, et al. (2000) Weakness, 

tremors, and depression associated with macadamia 

nuts in dogs. Vet Hum Toxicol 42(1):18-21. 

Hornfeldt CS, Borys DJ (1985) Review of veterinary cases 

received by the Hennepin Poison Center in 1984. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 27(6):525-528. 

Lerch M, Egger C, Bircher AJ (2005) Allergic reactions to 

macadamia nut. Allergy 60(1):130-131. 

McKenzie RA, Purvis-Smith GR, Allan SJ, et al. (2000) 

Macadamia nut poisoning of dogs. Aust Vet Pract 

30:6-9. 

macadamia nut –see– Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & 


Ma c a d a Mi a Te Tr a p h y l l a L. A. S. Johnson 

[Proteaceae] 

Common Names: 

Australian bush nut; bopple nut; macadamia nut; popple 

nut; Queensland nut 

Citations: 

Hansen SR, Buck WB, Meerdink G, et al. (2000) Weakness, 

tremors, and depression associated with macadamia 

nuts in dogs. Vet Hum Toxicol 42(1):18-21. 

Lerch M, Egger C, Bircher AJ (2005) Allergic reactions to 

macadamia nut. Allergy 60(1):130-131. 

macallo –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC. 

macasszar –see– Diospyros macassar A. Chev. 

macaw tree –see– Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

macca –see– Zea mays L. 

mace –see– Myristica fragrans Houtt. 

M 

Ma c h a e r i u M s c l e r o x y l o n Tul. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

caviuna vermelha; ironwood tree; pao ferro; pao ferro 

rosewood; Santos Palisander; Santos rosewood 

Citations: 

Condé-Salazar L, Garcia Diez A, Rafeensperger F, et al. 

(1980) Contact allergy to the Brazilian rosewood substitute 

Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. (pao ferro). Contact 

Dermatitis 6(13):246-250. 



Dermatitis 44(4):213-217. 

Hausen BM (1982) Häufigkeit und Bedeutung toxischer und 

allergischer Kontaktdermatitiden durch Machaerium 

scleroxylum Tul. (pao ferro), einem Ersatzholz für Palisander 

(Dalbergia nigra All.). Hautarzt 33(6):321-328. 




Hjorth N (1974) Occupational dermatitis from pao ferro 

(synonyms: Caviuna vermelha, Machaerium scleroxylon). 

Contact Dermatol Newsl 16(Aug):473, 521. 




Irvine C, Reynolds A, Finlay AY (1988) Erythema multiforme-like 

reaction to “rosewood.” Contact Dermatitis 

19(9):224-225. 

Morgan JW, Orsler RJ, Wilkinson DS (1968) Dermatitis due 

to the wood dusts of Khaya anthotheca and Machaerium 

scleroxylon. Br J Ind Med 25(2):119-125. 

Roed-Petersen J, Menné T, Nielsen KM, et al. (1987) Is it 

possible to work with pao ferro (Machaerium scleroxylon 

Tul.)? Arch Dermatol Res 279(Suppl):S108-S110. 

Rojas-Hijazo B, Lezaun A, Hausen BM, et al. (2007) Airborne 

contact dermatitis in gaitas (flageolets) constructors 

after exposure to sawdust of caviuna. Contact Dermatitis 

56(9):274-277. 

Machandelbaum –see– Juniperus communis L. 

machandeuse –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

machanoise –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

machelikoane –see– Acalypha indica L. 

machineel –see– Hippomane mancinella L. 

Ma c l u r a p o Mi f e r a (Raf.) C. K. Schneid. 

[Moraceae] 

Synonyms: 

ioxylon pomiferum Raf. 

Common Names: 

bodark; bois d’arc; bowwood; hedge apple; horse apple; 

Osage apple; Osage orange

246 - Macrochloa tenacissima D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 


Aust Vet J 15:19-23. 

Schur A (1932) Dermatitis venenata. Report of a case due to 

the Osage orange. Arch Dermatol 26:312-313. 

maconha –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

macrocarpa pine –see– Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex 

Gordon 

Ma c r o c h l o a Te n a c is s i Ma (Loefl. ex L.) 

Kunth [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

esparto 

Citations: 

Zamarron C, Del Campo F, Paredos C (1992) Extrinsic 

allergic alveolitis to exposure to esparto dust. J Intern 

Med 232(2):177-179. 

Ma c r o Ty l o Ma a x i l l a r e (E. Mey.) Verdc. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d olichos axillaris E. Mey. 

Citations: 


Lab Anim Sci 26(4):664-669. 

macrotys –see– Actaea racemosa L. 

Ma c r o z a Mi a c o MMu n is L. A. S. Johnson 

[Zamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

burrawang; wild pineapple; zamia 

Citations: 

Healy PJ (1969) Studies on poisoning by Macrozamia communis. 

I. Biochemical disturbances in the liver. Biochem 

Pharmacol 18(1):85-92. 

Healy PJ (1969) Studies on poisoning by Macrozamia communis. 

II. Effects of modifying agents upon changes 

induced in the liver by Macrozamia communis. Biochem 

Pharmacol 18(1):93-99. 

Ma c r o z a Mi a d o u g l a s i i W. Hill ex F. M. 

Bailey [Zamiaceae] 

Citations: 

Hall WT (1954) Zamia staggers in cattle. Queensland Agric 

J 79:173-177. 

Hall WT (1957) Toxicity of the leaves of Macrozamia spp. 

for cattle. Queensland J Agric Sci 14(2):41-52. 

Ma c r o z a Mi a l u c i d a L. A. S. Johnson 

[Zamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

burrawang; wild pineapple; Zamia 

Citations: 

Hall WT, McGavin MD (1968) Clinical and neuropathological 

changes in cattle eating the leaves of Macrozamia 

lucida or Bowenia serrulata (Family Zamiaceae). Pathol 

Vet 5(1):26-34. 

Ma c r o z a Mi a Miq u e l i i (F. Muell.) A. DC. 

[Zamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

wild pineapple; zamia; zamia palm 

Citations: 

Turner F (1893) The zamia palm (Macrozamia miquelii, F. 

v. M.) and its relation to the disease known as rickets in 

cattle. Agric Gaz New South Wales 4:158-161. 

Ma c r o z a Mi a p a u l i-g u i l i e l Mi W. Hill & 

F. Muell. [Zamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

zamia 

Citations: 


J 79:173-177. 



Ma c r o z a Mi a r i e d l e i (Fisch. ex Gaudich.) C. 

A. Gardner [Zamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

cycad; zamia; zamia palm 

Citations: 

Gabbedy BJ, Meyer EP, Dickson J (1975) Zamia palm 

(Macrozamia riedlei) poisoning of sheep. Aust Vet J 

51(6):303-305. 

Gardiner MR (1970) Chronic ovine hepatosis following 

feeding of Macrozamia riedlei nuts. Aust J Agric Res 

21(3):519-526. 

Ma c r o z a Mi a s p i r a l is (Salisb.) Miq. 

[Zamiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

z amia fraseri Van Houtte ex Regel 

Common Names: 

burrawang; burrawang palm; cycad; wild pineapple; 

zamia; zamia palm 

Citations: 

Edwards HH (1894) The disease known as “rickets” or “wobbles.” 

J Agric West Aust 1(18):225-234. 


J 79:173-177. 



Seddon HR, Belschner HG (1930) Poisoning of sheep by 

the seeds of burrawang (Macrozamia spiralis). Agric Gaz 


mad apple –see– Datura stramonium L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Malephora smithii - 247 

mad seeds –see– Datura stramonium L. 

Madagascar periwinkle –see– Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. 

Don 

madar –see– Calotropis gigantea (L.) W. T. Aiton; Calotropis 

procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

madársóska –see– Oxalis acetosella L. 

madderwort –see– Artemisia absinthium L. 

madecassol –see– Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. 

Madeira ivy –see– Hedera helix L. subsp. canariensis 


Madeira walnut –see– Juglans regia L. 

Madeira winter cherry –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

madera negra –see– Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. 

Ma d h u c a l o n g i f o l i a (L.) J. F. Macbr. 

[Sapotaceae] 

Common Names: 

Edelteak; ilpa oil plant; mahua; Moah; Moah Holz 

Citations: 




13:323-335. 

madre –see– Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. 

madre-de-cacao –see– Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex 

Walp. 

madriado –see– Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. 

madweed –see– Scutellaria lateriflora L. 

maerman –see– Drimia altissima (L. f.) Ker Gawl. 

Ma e s a l a n c e o l a Ta Forssk. [Maesaceae] 

Common Names: 

ol odoa 

Citations: 



Magenkraut –see– Artemisia absinthium L. 

Magot –see– Sapium biloculare (S. Watson) Pax 

maguey –see– Agave americana L. 

Mahagoni –see– Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. 

mahogany –see– Swietenia macrophylla; Swietenia mahagoni 

(L.) Jacq.; Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. 

mahonia –see– Berberis aquifolium Pursh 

Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. = Berberis aquifolium 

Pursh 

Mahonie –see– Berberis aquifolium Pursh 

Mährrettig –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

mahua –see– Madhuca longifolia (L.) J. F. Macbr. 

mai-meu-dong-tang –see– Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) 

Ker Gawl. 

Ma i a n Th e Mu M b i f o l i u M (L.) F. W. Schmidt 

[Ruscaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bittekonvall; Maiblom; May lily; Schattenblume 

Citations: 



Maiblom –see– Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt 

Maiblume –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

maiden apple –see– Momordica charantia L. 

maiden plum –see– Comocladia dentata Jacq. 

maidenhair tree –see– Ginkgo biloba L.; Moringa oleifera 

Lam. 

maiden’s-honesty –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

Maiglöckchen –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

maigoya –see– Plectranthus barbatus Andrews 

maikoa –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

Maischellchen –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

maize –see– Zea mays L. 

Majoran –see– Origanum majorana L. 

májusi gyöngyvirág –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

makaon –see– Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook.) Engl. 

makoi –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

makoré –see– Tieghemella heckelii Pierre ex A. Chev. 

mala mujer –see– Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur; Solanum 

rostratum Dunal; Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & Pav.) 

Kuntze 

Malabar glory lily –see– Gloriosa superba L. 

Malabar tree –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

malanga –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott; Epipremnum 

pinnatum (L.) Engl.; Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) 

Schott 

malanga trepadora –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 

malasampaga –see– Wikstroemia ovata C. A. Mey. 

Malayan arrow poison –see– Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. 

Malayan spurge –see– Euphorbia antiquorum L. 

Malayan tea –see– Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. 

male fern –see– Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 

Ma l e p h o r a s Mi Th i i (L. Bolus) H. E. K. 

Hartmann [Aizoaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h ymenocyclus smithii L. Bolus 

Common Names: 

vygie

248 - Mallotus philippensis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 




Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

malkop ui –see– Ornithogalum magnum (Baker) J. C. 

Manning & Goldblatt 

Ma l l o Tu s p h i l i p p e n s is (Lam.) Müll. Arg. 


Synonyms: 

r ottlera tinctoria Roxb. 

Common Names: 

kamala; monkey face tree 

Citations: 




21(1):1-9. 

mallow –see– Malva parviflora L. 

malpitte –see– Datura stramonium L. 

maluie –see– Ornithogalum magnum (Baker) J. C. Manning 

& Goldblatt 

Ma l u s d o Me s Tic a Borkh. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

Apfel; apple 

Citations: 

Duboucher C, Escamilla R, Rocchiccioli F, et al. (1986) Pulmonary 

lipogranulomatosis due to excessive consumption 

of apples. Chest 90(4):611-612. 

Hansen AA (1928) Stock poisoning plants. Hydrocyanic 

poisoning. North Am Vet 9(5):24-27. 

Kammerer M, Sachot E, Blanchot D (2001) Ethanol toxicosis 

from the ingestion of rotten apples by a dog. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 43(6):349-350. 

Merrill SD (1952) Apple poisoning in dairy cows. Vet Med 

47(Oct):405-406. 




Skamstrup Hansen K, Vestergaard H, Stahl Skov P, et al. 

(2001) Double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge 

with apple. Allergy 56(2):109-117. 

Teli AA, Chauhan HV, Gupta BS, et al. (1986) Acidosis in 

ewes caused by feeding of damaged apple (Malus sylvestris) 

diet. Indian Vet J 63(Jul):591-593. 

Ma l u s s y l ve s Tr is (L.) Mill. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

crabapple 

Citations: 

Shaw JM (1986) Suspected cyanide poisoning in two goats 

caused by ingestion of crab apple leaves and fruits. Vet 

Rec 119(10):242-243. 

malva –see– Malva pusilla Sm. 

Malva borealis Wallman = Malva pusilla Sm. 

Ma l va n ic a e e n s is All. [Malvaceae] 

Common Names: 

bull mallow 

Citations: 

Shlosberg A, Egyed MN, Efron Y (1975) Malva nicaeensis 

- A potentially poisonous plant for cattle. Refu Vet 

32(4):155-156. 

Ma l va p a rv i f l o r a L. [Malvaceae] 

Common Names: 

alkali mallow; button weed; cheeseweed; golio; kissieblaaren; 

little mallow; mallow; marshmallow; smallflower 

mallow 

Citations: 






pp. 540-547. 

Anonymous (2005) Marshmallow toxicity in young sheep. 

South Australian state report. Animal Health Surveillance 

10 (4):14. 

Dodd S, Henry M (1921) Staggers or shivers in live stock. 


Lorenz FW (1939) Egg deterioration due to ingestion by 

hens of malvaceous materials. Poult Sci 18:295-300. 

Main DC, Butler AR (2006) Probable Malva parviflora 

(small flowered mallow) intoxication in sheep in Western 

Australia. Aust Vet J 84(4):134-135. 

Ma l va p u s i l l a Sm. [Malvaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Malva borealis Wallman 

Common Names: 

malva; round-leaf mallow; running mallow 

Citations: 

Hester JH (1906) The injurious effects of malva plant. Am 

Vet Rev 30:106-108. 

mamona –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L.; Ricinus communis L. 

man-in-the-ground –see– Marah oregonus (Torr. & S. 

Watson) J. T. Howell 

man-better-man –see– Achyranthes aspera L. 

man t’sao –see– Illicium anisatum L. 

mancenillier –see– Hippomane mancinella L.; Metopium 

toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

manchineal –see– Hippomane mancinella L. 

mandarin –see– Citrus reticulata Blanco 

Mandelbaum –see– Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb 

mandioc –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Mangifera indica - 249 

mandioca –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

mandragora –see– Mandragora officinarum L. 

Mandragora autumnalis Bertol. = Mandragora officinarum L. 

Ma n d r ag o r a o f f ic i n a r u M L. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Mandragora autumnalis Bertol. 

Common Names: 

Alraunwurzel; bidh-el-ghoul; devil’s-apple; devil’sherb; 

elephant’s-ear; European mandrake; herbeaux-magiciens; 

mandragora; Mandragore d’Europe; 

mandrake; medicinal mandrake; Satan’s-apple 

Citations: 

De Salvo R, Sinardi AU, Santamaria LB, et al. (1980) Su un raro 

caso di intossicazione acuta da mandragora. Criteri diagnostici 

e terapeutici. Minerva Anestesiol 46(12):1265-1272. 




Jiménez Mejías ME, Montaño Díaz M, López Pardo F, et al. 

(1990) Intoxicación atropinica por Mandragora autumnalis. 

Descripción de quince casos. Med Clin (Barc) 

95(18):689-692. 

Piccillo GA, Miele L, Mondati E, et al. (2006) Anticholinergic 

syndrome due to ‘Devil’s herb’: When risks come 

from the ancient time. Int J Clin Pract 60(4):492-494. 

Piccillo GA, Mondati EG, Moro PA (2002) Six clinical 

cases of Mandragora autumnalis poisoning: Diagnosis 

and treatment. Eur J Emerg Med 9(4):342-347. 

Vlachos P, Poulos L (1982) A case of mandrake poisoning. J 

Toxicol Clin Toxicol 19(5):521-522. 

Mandragore d’Amerique –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

Mandragore d’Europe –see– Mandragora officinarum L. 

mandrake –see– Arum maculatum L.; Bryonia dioica Jacq.; 

Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin; Mandragora 

officinarum L.; Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino; 

Podophyllum peltatum L. 

manga –see– Mangifera indica L. 

manganillo-de-cerro –see– Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & 

Pav.) Kuntze 

mangel –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

mangel wurzel –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

mangga –see– Mangifera indica L. 

manggaboom –see– Mangifera indica L. 

manggom –see– Mangifera indica L. 

Ma n g i f e r a c a e s i a Jack [Anacardiaceae] 

Common Names: 

binjai 

Citations: 



Syphilol 51(3):163-171. 

Landor JV (1943) Dermatitis venenata caused by smoke. Br J 

Dermatol 55:17-19. 

Ma n g i f e r a f o e Ti d a Lour. [Anacardiaceae] 

Common Names: 

horse mango 

Citations: 



Syphilol 51(3):163-171. 

Ma n g i f e r a i n d ic a L. [Anacardiaceae] 

Common Names: 

aam; apple-of-the-tropics; fruit-of-heaven; king-offruits; 

manga; mangga; manggaboom; manggom; 

mango; mangot; mangotine; mangue; manguier; pied 

mango; skin mango 

Citations: 

Brown A, Brown FR (1940) Mango dermatitis. J Allergy 

12:310-311. 

Dang RW, Bell DB 2nd (1967) Anaphylactic reaction to 

the ingestion of mango. Case report. Hawaii Med J 

27(2):149-150. 



Syphilol 51(3):163-171. 

Geller M (1989) Poison ivy, mangoes, cashews, and dermatitis. 

Ann Intern Med 110(12):1036-1037. 

Geroso AM, Elpern DJ (1992) Some observations on mango 

and mokihana dermatitis from Hawaii. Contact Dermatitis 

26(5):346-347. 

Goldberg LC (1954) Mango dermatitis. JAMA 156(Nov 

6):954. 

Goldstein N (1968) The ubiquitous urushiols. Contact dermatitis 

from mango, poison ivy, and other “poison” plants. 

Cutis 4(6):679-685. 

Hammerstein CP (1959) Mango dermatitis experiences. 

Proc Florida Mango Forum. pp. 14-16. 

Hershko K, Weinberg I, Ingber A (2005) Exploring the 

mango-poison ivy connection: The riddle of discriminative 

plant dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 52(1):3-5. 

Keil H, Wasserman D, Dawson CR (1946) Mango dermatitis 

and its relationship to poison ivy hypersensitivity. Ann 

Allergy 4(Jul-Aug):268-281. 

Kirby-Smith JL (1938) Mango dermatitis. Am J Trop Med 

18:373-384. 

Lindenbaum S (1962) [Allergic reactions to Mangifera indica 

(mango).] Harefuah 62:422-423. 

Paschke A, Kinder H, Zunker K, et al. (2001) Characterization 

of cross-reacting allergens in mango fruit. Allergy 

56(3):237-242. 

Paulson GA (1941-1943) Mango and hualtaco dermatitis. 

Med Bull Standard Oil Co 5:197-200. 

Rubin JM, Shapiro J, Muehlbauer P, et al. (1965) Shock 

reaction following ingestion of mango. JAMA 

193(5):397-398. 

Simmons JS, Bolin ZE (1921) Dermatitis venenata produced 

by an irritant present in the stem sap of the mango 

(Mangifera indica L.). Am J Trop Med 1:351-374. 


in Delhi. Indian J Med Res 68(Oct):650-655.

250 - Manihot carthagenensis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Tucker MO, Swan CR (1998) Images in clinical medicine: 

The mango-poison ivy connection. N Engl J Med 

339(4):235. 

Weinstein S, Bassiri-Tehrani S, Cohen DE (2004) Allergic 

contact dermatitis to mango flesh. Int J Dermatol 

43(3):195-196. 

Zakon SJ (1939) Contact dermatitis due to mango. JAMA 

113(Nov 11):1808. 

mango –see– Mangifera indica L. 

mangold –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

Mangold Rübe –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

mangot –see– Mangifera indica L. 

mangotine –see– Mangifera indica L. 

mangue –see– Mangifera indica L. 

manguier –see– Mangifera indica L. 

maniçoba –see– Manihot carthagenensis (Jacq.) Müll. Arg. 

subsp. glaziovii (Müll. Arg.) Allem 

maniçoba-do-ceará –see– Manihot carthagenensis (Jacq.) 

Müll. Arg. subsp. glaziovii (Müll. Arg.) Allem 

manihot –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

Manihot aipi Pohl = Manihot esculenta Crantz 

Ma n i h o T c a r Th ag e n e n s is (Jacq.) Müll. Arg. 

subsp. glaziovii (Müll. Arg.) Allem [Euphorbiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Manihot glaziovii Müll. Arg. 

Common Names: 

maniçoba; maniçoba-do-ceará 

Citations: 

Amorim SL, Medeiros RM, Riet-Correa F (2005) Intoxicação 

experimental por Manihot glaziovii (Euphorbiaceae) 

em caprinos. Pesq Vet Bras 25(3):179-187. 

Canella CF, Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH (1968) Intoxicação 

experimental pela “maniçoba” (Manihot glaziovii Muell. 

Arg.) em bovinos. Pesq Agric Bras 3:347-350. 



Vet Bras 19(2):84-90. 

Ma n i h o T e s c u l e n Ta Crantz [Euphorbiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

j atropha manihot L.; Manihot aipi Pohl; Manihot utilissima 

Pohl 

Common Names: 

akpu; bitter cassava; Brazilian arrowroot; cassada; 

cassava; gari; mandioc; mandioca; manihot; manioc; 

Maniok; simaltarul; sweet cassava; tapioca; ubi kayu; 

yuca 

Citations: 

Abuye C, Kelbessa U, Wolde Gebriel S (1998) Health effects 

of cassava consumption in south Ethiopia. East Afr Med 

J 75(3):166-170. 

Adewusi SR, Akindahunsi AA (1994) Cassava processing, 

consumption, and cyanide toxicity. J Toxicol Environ 

Health 43(1):13-23. 

Akanji AO, Famuyiwa OO (1993) The effects of chronic cassava 

consumption, cyanide intoxication and protein malnutrition 

on glucose tolerance in growing rats. Br J Nutr 

69(1):269-276. 

Akintonwa A (1996) Acute cyanide poisoning attributed to 

Manihot esculenta. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34:599. 

Akintonwa A, Tunwashe OL (1992) Fatal cyanide poisoning 

from cassava-based meal. Hum Exp Toxicol 11(1):47-49. 

Ariffin WA, Choo KE, Karnaneedi S (1992) Cassava 

(ubi kayu) poisoning in children. Med J Malaysia 

47(3):231-234. 

Assan R, Boukersi H, Clauser E (1984) Cassava pancreatitis 

in western Europe. Lancet 2(8414):1278. 

Ballinas Díaz J, Larios Saldaña A, Cruz Mondragón C, et 

al. (1997) Elaboración de una harina integral de yuca 

(M. esculenta Crantz) para alimentación de pollitos de 

engorde. 2. Evaluación de una harina integral de yuca en 

pollitos de engorde. Arch Latinoam Nutr 47(4):387-390. 

Banea M, Tylleskär T, Rosling H (1997) Konzo and ebola in 

Bandundu region of Zaire. Lancet 349(9052):621. 

Banea-Mayambu JP, Tylleskär T, Gitebo N, et al. (1997) 

Geographical and seasonal association between linamarin 

and cyanide exposure from cassava and the upper 

motor neurone disease konzo in former Zaire. Trop Med 

Int Health 2(12):1143-1151. 

Bourdoux P, Delange F, Gerard M, et al. (1978) Evidence 

that cassava ingestion increases thiocyanate formation: A 

possible etiologic factor in endemic goiter. J Clin Endocrinol 

Metab 46(4):613-621. 

Cheok SS (1978) Acute cassava poisoning in children in Sarawak. 

Trop Doct 8(Jul):99-101. 

Clark A (1936) Report on the effects of certain poisons contained 

in food-plants of West Africa upon the health of 

the native races. J Trop Med Hyg 39(23-24):269-295. 

Cliff J, Coutinho J (1995) Acute intoxication from newlyintroduced 

cassava during drought in Mozambique. Trop 

Doct 25(4):193. 

Cliff J, Nicala D (1997) Long-term follow-up of konzo 

patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 91(4):447-449. 

Cliff J, Nicala D, Saute F, et al. (1997) Konzo associated 

with war in Mozambique. Trop Med Int Health 

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Dawood MY (1969) Acute tapioca poisoning in a child. J 

Singapore Paediat Soc 11(2):154-158. 

Ekpechi OL (1967) Pathogenesis of endemic goitre in eastern 

Nigeria. Br J Nutr 21(3):537-545. 

Ekpechi OL, Dimitriadou A, Fraser R (1966) Goitrogenic 

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Espinoza OB, Perez M, Ramirez MS (1992) Bitter cassava 

poisoning in eight children: A case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 

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Gaitan E, Cooksey RC, Legan J, et al. (1994) Antithyroid 

effects in vivo and in vitro of babassu and mandioca: A 

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Geldof AA, Becking JL, de Vries CD, et al. (1992) Histopathological 

changes in rat pancreas after fasting and cassava 

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International Poisonous Plants Checklist Mansonia altissima - 251 

Jackson LC (1988) Possible adaptation to serum thiocyanate 

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Kamalu BP (1993) Pathological changes in growing dogs fed 

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Mathangi DC, Mohan V, Namasivayam A (1999) Effect 

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cyanide intoxication in a cassava staple area of Mozambique. 

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Narendranathan M, Sharma KN, Sosamma PI (1989) Serum 

rhodanese in goitre and calcific pancreatitis of tropics. J 


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Njoh J (1990) Tropical ataxic neuropathy in Liberians. Trop 

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Osman BA, Ng ML, Bakar AA, et al. (1993) The effect 

of cassava leave intake on thyroid hormone and urinary 

iodine. East Afr Med J 70(5):314-315. 

Osuntokun BO (1968) An ataxic neuropathy in Nigeria. 

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Osuntokun BO (1972) Chronic cyanide neurotoxicity 

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Panigrahi S, Rickard J, O’Brien GM, et al. (1992) Effects 

of different rates of drying cassava root on its toxicity to 

broiler chicks. Br Poult Sci 33(5):1025-1041. 

Sandhyamani S (1991) Cardiovascular effects in bonnet monkeys 

(Macca radiata) of a cassava-based protein-deficient 

diet. Vet Hum Toxicol 33(5):429-430. 

Sandhyamani S (1992) Vasculopathic and cardiomyopathic 

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cardiomyopathic changes in induced malnutrition. Am J 

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Sezi CL (1996) Effects of cassava diet on Cercopithecus 

aethiops livers: A case for cassava as the cause 

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Singh JD (1981) The teratogenic effects of dietary cassava on 

the pregnant albino rat: A preliminary report. Teratology 

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Sreeja VG, Leelamma S (1996) Effect of protein supplemented 

cassava diet in rats. Indian J Biochem Biophys 

33(2):149-151. 

Sreeja VG, Leelamma S (1998) Hyperglycemic effect of low 

protein cassava diet. Indian J Exp Biol 36(3):308-310. 

Tewe OO, Maner JH (1981) Performance and pathophysiological 

changes in pregnant pigs fed cassava diets 

containing different levels of cyanide. Res Vet Sci 

30(2):147-151. 

Tewe OO, Maner JH, Gomez G (1977) Influence of cassava 

diets on placental thiocyanate transfer, tissue rhodanese 

activity and performance of rats during gestation. J Sci 

Food Agric 28(8):750-756. 

Tylleskär T, Banea M, Bikangi N, et al. (1991) Epidemiological 

evidence from Zaire for a dietary etiology of konzo, an 

upper motor neuron disease. Bull World Health Organ 

69(5):581-589. 

Tylleskär T, Banea M, Bikangi N, et al. (1992) Cassava 

cyanogens and konzo, an upper motorneuron disease 

found in Africa. Lancet 339(8787):208-211. 

Tylleskär T, Banea M, Bikangi N, et al. (1995) Dietary determinants 

of a non-progressive spastic paraparesis (Konzo): 

A case-referent study in a high incidence area of Zaire. 

Int J Epidemiol 24(5):949-956. 

Tylleskär T, Howlett WP, Rwiza HT, et al. (1993) Konzo: A 

distinct disease entity with selective upper motor neuron 

damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56(6):638-643. 

Tylleskär T, Legue FD, Peterson S, et al. (1994) Konzo in the 

Central African Republic. Neurology 44(5):959-961. 

Van Heijst AN, Maes RA, Mtanda AT, et al. (1994) Chronic 

cyanide poisoning in relation to blindness and tropical 

neuropathy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 32(5):549-556. 

Vannasaeng S, Vichayanrat A, Nitiyanant W, et al. (1982) 

Diabetes mellitus in the tropics: A case with pancreatic 

calcification and chronic cassava toxicity. J Med Assoc 

Thai 65(6):330-332. 

Manihot glaziovii Müll. Arg. = Manihot carthagenensis 

(Jacq.) Müll. Arg. subsp. glaziovii (Müll. Arg.) Allem 

Ma n i h o T Tr i p a r Ti Ta (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. 


Citations: 

Fernandes NS, Nazário W, Camargo WV (1972) Manihot 

tripartita, nova espécie de mandioca tóxica para bovinos. 

Ocorrência clínica no município de Luciara (MT). Biologico 

38(6):163-167. 

Manihot utilissima Pohl = Manihot esculenta Crantz 

manioc –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

Maniok –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

mansonia –see– Mansonia altissima (A. Chev.) A. Chev. 

Ma n so n i a a l Tis s i Ma (A. Chev.) A. Chev. 

[Malvaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s terculiacea altissima 

Common Names: 

Afrikanische Schwarznuß; bété; mansonia

252 - Marah oregonus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Bertocchi D, Dovadola E (1967) Una forma di difterite dei 

suinetti provocata da truciolo di «Mansonia altissima». 

Nuova Vet 43:459-462. 

Bertschinger HU, Lott-Stolz G (1970) Erkrangungen bei 

Schweinen durch Holzabfälle von Mansonia altissima. 

Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 112(12):641-651. 

Bourne LB (1956) Dermatitis from mansonia wood. Br J Ind 

Med 13(1):55-58. 

Horner S, Wigley JE (1936) A case of dermatitis venenata 

due to mansonia wood (Sterculiacea altissima). Br J Dermatol 

48:26-28. 



1(5):315-316. 

Salamone L, di Blasi S, Coniglio L (1969) Rilievi sulla patologia 

da legno di mansonia. Folia Medica 52:427-449. 

Vacirca G, Agosti M, Crotti S (1970) Osservazioni clinicosperimentali 

sull’intossicazione da Mansonia altissima 

nel vitello. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet 24:461-463. 

Ventruoli M, Quadri E (1969) Intossicazione da «Mansonia» nel 

cane. Contributo clinico e spermitale. Nuova Vet 45:71-81. 

Note: 

The synonym Sterculiacea altissima could not be found 

in the databases searched. 

Mantegazzis Bärenklau –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum 


many-ray Baileya –see– Baileya multiradiata Harv. & A. 

Gray ex Torr. 

manzanilla –see– Hippomane mancinella L. 

Manzanillabaum –see– Hippomane mancinella L. 

manzanillo –see– Hippomane mancinella L. 

manzanillo-de-la-costa –see– Hippomane mancinella L. 

manzanillo-de-playa –see– Hippomane mancinella L. 

maracá-de-cobra –see– Crotalaria juncea L.; Crotalaria pallida 

Aiton; Crotalaria retusa L.; Crotalaria spectabilis Roth 

Ma r a h o r e g o n u s (Torr. & S. Watson) J. T. 

Howell [Cucurbitaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Micrampelis oregona (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene 

Common Names: 

coast manroot; man-in-the-ground; old man; wild 

cucumber 

Citations: 

Hugelmeyer CD, Putnam TS, Burton BT, et al. (1987) Fatal 

poisoning due to ingestion of wild cucumber seed tea. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 29(6):462-463. 

Litovitz TL, Martin TG, Schmitz B (1987) 1986 Annual 



Med 5(6):405-445. 

maranga calalu –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

maranguey –see– Zamia integrifolia L. f.; Zamia portoricensis 

Urb. 

marañón –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

Maranta galanga L. = Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. 

marble queen –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 

marcona bark –see– Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & 

Perr.) Brenan 

marejea –see– Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Don 

Märek –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

mare’s-tail –see– Equisetum arvense L.; Equisetum 

ramosissimum Desf. 

margarita –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

Margarite –see– Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. 

margosa tree –see– Azadirachta indica A. Juss. 

marguerite daisy –see– Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch. 

Bip.; Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. 

Ma r g y r ic a r p u s p i n n a Tu s (Lam.) Kuntze 

[Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

yerba-de-la-perdiz 

Citations: 





36(5):454-455. 

marian thistle –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

marigold –see– Calendula officinalis L.; Tagetes erecta L. 

marigold paper flower –see– Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) 

Greene 

marihuana –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

marijuana –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

Maris Kestrel kale –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. medullosa 

Thell. 

marjoram –see– Origanum majorana L. 

markery –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

marking nut –see– Semecarpus anacardium L. f.; Semecarpus 

australiensis Engl. 

Markstammkohl –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. medullosa 

Thell. 

markweed –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

marmeleiro bravo –see– Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. 

marriage vine –see– Lycium barbarum L.; Solanum dulcamara L. 

marronier d’Inde –see– Aesculus hippocastanum L. 

marrow –see– Cucurbita pepo L. 

marrow stem kale –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. medullosa 

Thell. 

marrube blanc –see– Marrubium vulgare L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Mascagnia rigida - 253 

Ma r r u b i u M vu l g a r e L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

horehound; marrube blanc; white horehound 

Citations: 

Kchouk M, Chadli A (1963) Sur les propriétés abortives du 

marrube blanc (Marrubium vulgare L.). Arch Inst Pasteur 

Tunis 40(Jun):129-132. 

Ma r s d e n i a r o s Tr a Ta R. Br. [Asclepiadaceae] 

Common Names: 

milk vine; poison vine 

Citations: 

Seddon HR, Carne HR (1925) A vine poisonous to stock 

(Marsdenia rostrata). Agric Gaz New South Wales 

36:99-103. 

Seddon HR, Carne HR (1925) Marsdenia rostrata: A vine 

poisonous to stock. New South Wales Dep Agric Sci Bull 

#24:34-43. 

marsh arrowgrass –see– Triglochin maritima L. 

marsh buttercup –see– Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh 

marsh crowfoot –see– Ranunculus sceleratus L. 

marsh elder –see– Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) Fresen.; 

Iva angustifolia Nutt. ex DC.; Iva annua L.; Iva 

microcephala Nutt. 

marsh horsetail –see– Equisetum palustre L. 

marsh pepper –see– Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 

marsh ragwort –see– Jacobaea aquatica (Hill) P. Gaertn. et 

al. var. aquatica 

marsh trefoil –see– Menyanthes trifoliata L. 

marsh turnip –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

marsh weed –see– Equisetum palustre L. 

marshmallow –see– Malva parviflora L. 

Ma r s i l e a d r u MMo n d i i A. Braun 

[Marsileaceae] 

Common Names: 

nardoo fern 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1976) Nardoo poisoning. Agric Gaz New South 

Wales 87:44. 

Pritchard D, Eggleston GW, Macadam JF (1978) Nardoo fern 

and polioencephalomalacia. Aust Vet J 54(4):204-205. 

marton d’Inde –see– Aesculus hippocastanum L. 

marupá –see– Simarouba amara Aubl. 

Maruta cotula DC. = Anthemis cotula L. 

Mary Jane –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

Ma s c ag n i a p u b i f l o r a (A. Juss.) Griseb. 


Common Names: 

corona; timbó 

Citations: 

Döbereiner J, Gava A, Consorte LB, et al. (1986) Intoxicação 

experimental por Mascagnia pubiflora [Malpighiaceae] 

em coelhos. Pesq Vet Bras 6(2):51-57. 

Fernandes NS, Macruz R (1964) Toxicidade de “corona” - 

Mascagnia pubiflora (Juss) Griseb. [Malpighiaceae]. Arq 

Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 31(1):1-4. 

Santos FC, Fischer P, Jardim EC (1976) Intoxicação experimental 

em bovinos por “Timbó” Mascagnia pubiflora. 

An Esc Agron Vet 6(1):97-103. 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J (1973) Intoxicação por Mascagnia 

pubiflora em bovinos no Estado de Mato Grosso. 


Ma s c ag n i a r ig i d a (A. Juss.) Griseb. 


Common Names: 

tingui 

Citations: 

Batatinha MJ, Spinosa HS, Bernardi MM (1988) Toxic 

effects of Mascagnia rigida in laboratory animals. Vet 


Medeiros RM, Neto SA, Barbosa RC, et al. (2002) Sudden 

bovine death from Mascagnia rigida in northeastern Brazil. 


Santos HL (1975) Aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais e anátomohistopatológicos, 

na intoxicação experimental de bovinos 

pela Mascagnia rigida (Juss) Gr. Arq Esc Vet Univ Fed 

Minas Gerais 27:398-399. 


por um “tingui” (Mascagnia rigida Griseb.) em bovinos 

no nordeaste do Brasil. Arq Inst Biol Anim (Rio Janeiro) 

4:203-215. 


experimental por Mascagnia rigida (Malpighiaceae) em 


Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Peixoto PV (1985) Intoxicação 

por Mascagnia aff. rigida (Malpighiaceae) em bovinos no 

norte do Espírito Santo. Pesq Vet Bras 5(3):77-91. 

Tokarnia CH, Peixoto PV, Döbereiner J (1985) Intoxicação 

experimental por Mascagnia aff. rigida (Malpighiaceae) 


mascarida –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

mashasha –see– Dalechampia scandens L. 

masooriberry –see– Coriaria myrtifolia L. 

mastic –see– Pistacia lentiscus L. 

mastic gum –see– Pistacia lentiscus L. 

mastich –see– Pistacia lentiscus L. 

mastiche –see– Pistacia lentiscus L. 

masticogna –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

mastis –see– Pistacia lentiscus L. 

mastix –see– Pistacia lentiscus L. 

mat balsam –see– Euphorbia drummondii Boiss. 

mat spurge –see– Euphorbia drummondii Boiss. 

mata bode –see– Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa Mart. 

ex Choisy) D. F. Austin

254 - Matricaria nigellifolia D. Jesse Wagstaff 

mata pasto –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

mata ratón –see– Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. 

matalahuga aniseed –see– Pimpinella anisum L. 

matapolilla –see– Elaeagnus angustifolia L. 

matar –see– Pisum sativum L. 

matchbox bean –see– Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr. 

matchbrush –see– Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & 

Rusby 

matchweed –see– Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & 

Rusby 

maté –see– Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. 

matra –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

Matricaria chamomilla auct. = Matricaria recutita L. 

Ma Tr ic a r i a n ig e l l i f o l i a DC. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

rivierals; staggers weed; stootsiektebossie; water 

kerwal 

Citations: 

Newsholme SJ, Kellerman TS, Welman WG (1984) Pathology 

of a nervous disorder (pushing disease or “stootsiekte”) 

in cattle caused by the plant Matricaria nigellifolia DC. 

(Asteraceae). Onderstepoort J Vet Res 51(2):119-127. 

Ma Tr ic a r i a r e c u Ti Ta L. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

Matricaria chamomilla auct. 

Common Names: 

camomile; chamomile; Deutsche Kamille; Echte 

Kamille; false chamomile; German camomille; German 

chamomile; Kamille 

Citations: 

Casterline CL, Bonita L (1980) Allergy to chamomile tea. 

JAMA 244(4):330-331. 






Lipsitz DJ (1984) Herbal teas and water intoxication in a 

young child. J Fam Pract 18(6):933-937. 




Rodríguez-Serna M, Sánchez-Motilla JM, Ramón R, 

et al. (1998) Allergic and systemic contact dermatitis 

from Matricaria chamomilla tea. Contact Dermatitis 

39(4):192-193. 

Rudzki E, Rapiejko P, Rebandel P (2003) Occupational 

contact dermatitis, with asthma and rhinitis, from camomile 

in a cosmetician also with contact urticaria from 

both camomile and lime flowers. Contact Dermatitis 

49(3):162. 

Rycroft RJ (2003) Recurrent facial dermatitis from chamomile 

tea. Contact Dermatitis 48(4):229. 

van Ketel WG (1982) Allergy to Matricaria chamomilla. 


van Ketel WG (1987) Allergy to Matricaria chamomilla. 


matrimony vine –see– Lycium barbarum L. 

Ma TTe u c c i a s Tr u Th io p Te r is (L.) Tod. 


Common Names: 

ostrich fern 

Citations: 

Bills D, Arias L, Constantine P, et al. (1994) Ostrich fern 

poisoning - New York and Western Canada, 1994. JAMA 

273(12):912-913. 

Bills D, Arias L, Constantine P, et al. (1994) Ostrich fern 

poisoning - New York and Western Canada, 1994. 

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 43(37):677, 683, 684. 

Bruneau A, Lummis W, Ramsay D (2000) Food poisoning 

associated with the ingestion of fiddleheads - Quebec 

1999. Can Commun Dis Rep 26(20):165-170. 

Morgan P, Morton T, Iverson F, et al. (1994) Ostrich fern 

poisoning - Western Canada and New York, 1994. Can 

Commun Dis Rep 20(18):160-163. 

Mauerschierling –see– Conium maculatum L. 

Maulwurfskraut –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

Ma u r i a h e Te r o p h y l l a Kunth 


Synonyms: 

Mauria puberula Tul. 

Common Names: 

cirri amarillo; koro; pepeo tree 

Citations: 

Hurtado I, Medina JD, Dao L, et al. (1982) Studies on the 

skin-sensitizing properties of the “pepeo” tree, Mauria 

puberula (Anacardiaceae). J Am Acad Dermatol 

7(3):341-345. 

Mauria puberula Tul. = Mauria heterophylla Kunth 

Mäuseschierling –see– Conium maculatum L. 

May apple –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

May blossom –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

May lily –see– Convallaria majalis L.; Maianthemum 

bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt 

May tree –see– Crataegus laevigata (Poir) DC. 

Mayflower –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

Maygrass –see– Phalaris caroliniana Walter 

Maypop –see– Passiflora incarnata L. 

mays –see– Zea mays L. 

Mayweed –see– Anthemis cotula L. 

meadow buttercup –see– Ranunculus acris L. 

meadow cone –see– Rudbeckia laciniata L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Medicago sativa - 255 

meadow crocus –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

meadow death camas –see– Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb.; 

Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. Watson) Rydb. 

meadow fern –see– Onoclea sensibilis L. 

meadow garlic –see– Allium canadense L. 

meadow holly –see– Ilex decidua Walter 

meadow larkspur –see– Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. 

meadow leek –see– Allium canadense L. 

meadow maple –see– Acer rubrum L. 

meadow pine –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

meadow poke –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

meadow ranunculus –see– Ranunculus acris L. 

meadow saffron –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

meadow sorrel –see– Rumex acetosa L.; Rumex acetosella L. 

meadow sweet –see– Ammi majus L. 

meadow turnip –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

mealie –see– Zea mays L. 

mealy rosettes –see– Psathyrotes annua (Nutt.) A. Gray 

medic –see– Medicago polymorpha L. 

Medicago denticulata Willd. = Medicago polymorpha L. 

Medicago hispida Gaertn. = Medicago polymorpha L. 

Me d ic ag o p o l y Mo r p h a L. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Medicago denticulata Willd.; Medicago hispida 

Gaertn. 

Common Names: 

bur clover; bur medic; bur trefoil; hairy medic; medic; 

trefoil 

Citations: 



Bull LB, MacIndoe RH (1926) Photosensitization in sheep: 

Trefoil dermatitis. Aust Vet J 2(Sep):85-91. 

Byrne KV (1937) Dermatitis in white pigs due to photosensitization. 

Aust Vet J 13(Apr):74-75. 

Byrne KV (1937) Dermatitis of white pigs associated with 

lucerne and trefoil grazing. Agric Gaz New South Wales 

48(Apr 1):214. 

Dodd S (1916) Trefoil dermatitis or the sensitization of 

unpigmented skin to the sun’s rays by the ingestion of trefoil. 

J Comp Pathol Ther 29:47-62. 

Donaldson LE (1983) Clover disease in two Mississippi cattle 

herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182(4):412-413. 

Me d ic ag o s a Ti va L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

alfalfa; lucerne; luzerne; razha; trefoil 

Citations: 

Adler JH, Trainin D (1962) The apparent effect of alfalfa 

on the reproductive performance of dairy cattle. Proc Int 

Cong Anim Reprod 3:451-456. 






pp. 540-547. 



Bornstein S, Adler JH (1963) The oestrogenic effect of alfalfa 

meal on the growing chicken. Refu Vet 20:184-175. 

Bozhilov K (1961) [Dermatitis in cows caused by fresh 

lucerne.] Veterinarna Sbirka 58(6):11-12. 

Byrne KV (1937) Dermatitis of white pigs associated with 

lucerne and trefoil grazing. Agric Gaz New South Wales 

48(Apr 1):214. 

Casteel SW, Rotinghaus GE, Johnson GC, et al. (1994) 

Hepatotoxicosis in cattle induced by consumption of 

alfalfa-grass hay. In: Colegate SM, Dorling PR (eds.) 



Coop IE (1977) Depression of lambing percentage 

from mating on lucerne. Proc NZ Soc Anim Prod 

37:149-151. 

Coop IE, Clark VR (1960) The reproductive performance 

of ewes mated on lucerne. N Z J Agric Res 

3(Dec):922-933. 

Gumbrell RC, Jagusch KT (1973) “Red gut” syndrome in 

lambs grazing lucerne. N Z Vet J 21(8):178-179. 

Hall JW, Walker I, Majak W (1994) Evaluation of two 

supplements for the prevention of alfalfa bloat. Can Vet 

J 35(11):702-705. 

House JK, George LW, Oslund KL, et al. (1996) Primary 

photosensitization related to ingestion of alfalfa silage by 


Jagusch KT, Gumbrell RC, Dellow DW (1976) Red gut 

in lamb lucerne grazing trials at Lincoln. Proc NZ Soc 

Anim Prod 36:190-197. 

Jagusch KT, Gumbrell RC, Mobley MC, et al. (1977) Effect 

of salt blocks and roughage as supplements to grazing 

lucerne on growth rate of lambs and incidence of deaths 

from ‘red gut’. N Z J Exp Agr 5(1):19-22. 

Kaufman WH (1954) Alfalfa seed dermatitis. JAMA 

155(12):1058-1059. 

Kienholz EW, Jensen LS, McGinnis J (1962) Evidence for 

chick growth inhibitors in several legume seeds. Poult Sci 

41:367-371. 

Krause E (1969) Zum Vorkommen östrogenwirksamer 

Stoffe in Futterpflanzen. Arch Exp Veterinarmed 

23(3):481-487. 

Lotan E, Adler JH (1966) Early effects of excessive alfalfa 

feeding on bovine fertility. Refu Vet 23(1):112-110. 

Marschang F (1969) Massenvergiftung bei Schweinen nach 

Verfütterung von Luzernemehl, das mit kumarinhaltigen 

Pflanzen verunreinigt war. Monatsh Veterinarmed 

24(9):340-344. 

Monlux AW, Glenn BL, Panciera RJ, et al. (1963) Bovine 

hepatogenous photosensitivity associated with the feeding 

of alfalfa hay. J Am Vet Med Assoc 142(9):989-994. 

Natscheff B, Kristanoff T, Ibrischimoff N, et al. (1960) Über 

den Luzerneausschlag bei Kühen und Kälbern. Berl 

Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 73(14):263-265. 

Roberts JL, Hayashi JA (1983) Exacerbation of SLE associated 

with alfalfa ingestion. N Engl J Med 308(22):1361.

256 - Megathyrsus maximus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Scales GH, Moss RA, Kelly RW (1977) Reproductive performance 

of ewes mated on lucerne. Proc NZ Soc Anim 

Prod 37:152-157. 

Stifel FB, Vetter RL (1967) Effects of feed intake upon 

bloating patterns in lambs fed alfalfa soilage. J Anim Sci 

26(2):385-388. 

Sudarić F, Nevjestić A, Rukavina L, et al. (1976) Trovanje 

dikumarinom teladi hranjenih djetelinom slaboc kvaliteta. 

Veterinarski Glasnik 30(11):905-910. 

Vetter O, Wujanz G, Priboth W (1968) Über Schadwirkungen 

bei Milchkühen nach Aufnahme hämolysinhaltiger 

Luzerne. Monatsh Veterinarmed 23(22):871-877. 

medicinal aloe –see– Aloe arborescens Mill.; Aloe vera (L.) 

Burm. f. 

medicinal leopardbane –see– Arnica montana L. 

medicinal mandrake –see– Mandragora officinarum L. 

medicinal rhubarb –see– Rheum officinale Baill. 

medicinal squill –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

medicinal valerian –see– Valeriana officinalis L. 

médicinier bâtard –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

médicinier d’espagne –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

Mediterranean aloe –see– Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 

Mediterranean canarygrass –see– Phalaris minor Retz. 

Mediterranean squill –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

Mediterranean thistle –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) 

Cass. 

Meerrettich –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

Meerzweibel –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

Me g a Th y r s u s Ma x i Mu s (Jacq.) B. K. Simon 

& S. W. L. Jacobs [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p anicum maximum Jacq. 

Common Names: 

blousaadgras; buffelgras; ginigawat; green panic; 

Guineagrass 

Citations: 

Döbereiner J, Rosa IV, Lazzari AA (1976) “Cara inchada” 

(doença peridentária) em bezerros mantidos em pastos de 

Panicum maximum. Pesq Agric Bras Vet 11(9):43-47. 

Mehldorn –see– Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

Meibomia cana S. F. Blake = Desmodium incanum DC. 

meiran –see– Origanum majorana L. 

mejorana –see– Salvia coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl. 

melaleuca –see– Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) 

Cheel 

Me l a l e u c a a l Te r n i f o l i a (Maiden & 

Betche) Cheel [Myrtaceae] 

Common Names: 

Australian tea tree; melaleuca; tea oil tree 

Citations: 

Bischoff K, Guale F (1998) Australian tea tree (Melaleuca 

alternifolia) oil poisoning in three purebred cats. J Vet 

Diagn Invest 10(2):208-210. 

Elliott C (1993) Tea tree oil poisoning. Med J Aust 

159:830-831. 

Hornfeldt CS (1993) Melaleuca oil poisoning: A case report. 


Jacobs MR, Hornfeldt CS (1994) Melaleuca oil poisoning. J 


Kaluzienski M (2000) Partial paralysis and altered behavior 

in dogs treated with melaleuca oil. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

38(5):518-519. 

Knight TE, Hausen BM (1994) Melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) 

dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 30(3):423-427. 




Veien NK, Rosner K, Skovgaard GL (2004) Is tea tree oil 

an important contact allergen? Contact Dermatitis 

50(6):378-379. 

Villar D, Knight MJ, Hansen SR, et al. (1994) Toxicity of 

melaleuca oil and related essential oils applied topically 

on dogs and cats. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(2):139-142. 

Melampyrum cristatum L. = Scrophularia marilandica L. 

Melanorrhoea usitata Wall. = Gluta usitata (Wall.) Ding Hou 

Me l i a a z e d a r a c h L. [Meliaceae] 

Common Names: 

African lilac tree; arbol-de-quitasol; bakkain; bead 

tree; bessiboom; Cape lilac; Cape syringa; China tree; 

Chinaball tree; Chinaberry; Chinese umbrella tree; 

dhrek; false sycamore; gringging; holy tree; Indian 

lilac; paraíso; paraíso vegetal; Persian lilac; pride-of- 

China; pride-of-India; sering; syringa; Texas umbrella 

tree; umbrella tree; white cedar 

Citations: 

Bahri S, Sani Y, Hooper PT (1992) Myodegeneration in rats 

fed Melia azedarach. Aust Vet J 69(2):33. 

Brown JH (1939) China berry poisoning in hogs. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 95(Jul):448. 

Carratala RE (1939) Intoxicacion mortal por frutos de 

Melia azedarach L. Rev Asoc Med Argent 53(May 

15):338-340. 

Hare WR, Schutzman H, Lee BR, et al. (1997) Chinaberry 

poisoning in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210(11): 

1638-1640. 

Hothi DS, Balwant Singh, Kwatra MS, et al. (1976) A note 

on the comparative toxicity of Melia azedarach (Dhrek) 

berries to piglets, buffalo-calves, rabbits and fowls. J Res 

Punjab Agric Univ 13:232-234. 

Kiat TK (1969) Melia azedarach poisoning. Singapore Med 

J 10(1):24-28. 

Kwatra MS, Singh B, Hothi DS, et al. (1974) Poisoning by 

Melia azedarach in pigs. Vet Rec 95(18):421.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Melochia tomentosa - 257 

Méndez MC, Aragao M, Elias F, et al. (2002) Experimental 

intoxication by the leaves of Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) 

in cattle. Pesq Vet Bras 22(1):19-24. 

Méndez MC, Elias F, Aragao M, et al. (2002) Intoxication 

of cattle by the fruits of Melia azedarach. Vet Hum Toxicol 

44(3):145-148. 

Pammel LH (1921) China tree poisonous. Vet Med 

16(10):47. 

Seddon HR (1931) Toxicity of Melia azedarach, “white 

cedar.” Med J Aust 1(Jun 27):778. 

Steyn DG, Rindl M (1929) Preliminary report on the toxicity 

of the fruit of Melia azedarach (syringa berries). Trans 

R Soc South Africa 17(part 4):295-308. 

White CT (1920) The white cedar (Melia azedarach var australasica): 

A plant poisonous to pigs. Queensland Agric J 

14:146-147. 

Me l ic o p e a n is a Ta (H. Mann) T. G. Hartley & 

B. C. Stone [Rutaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p elea anisata H. Mann 

Common Names: 

mokihana 

Citations: 

Elpern DJ, Mitchell JC (1984) Phytophotodermatitis from 

mokihana fruits (Pelea anisata H. Mann, fam. Rutaceae) 

in Hawaiian lei. Contact Dermatitis 10(4):224-226. 

Geroso AM, Elpern DJ (1992) Some observations on mango 

and mokihana dermatitis from Hawaii. Contact Dermatitis 

26(5):346-347. 

Me l i e n Th a s u a vis Pierre [Opiliaceae] 

Common Names: 

pak wan 

Citations: 

Kerr AF (1931) Poisoning by pak wan (Melientha suavis) in 

Siam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 25(2):141-143. 

melilot –see– Melilotus officinalis Lam. 

meliloto –see– Melilotus albus Medik. 

melilotus –see– Melilotus indicus (L.) All. 

Me l i l o Tu s a l b u s Medik. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Arctic sweet clover; Bokhara Klee; hubam; khandai; 

meliloto; méliot blanc; Steinklee; sweet clover; trébol 

dulce; trébol locoweed; Weißer Steinklee; white 

melilot; white sweet clover 

Citations: 

Cannon CY, Greenwood D (1930) Effect of diet of sweet 

clover on the calcium in the blood serum. J Dairy Sci 

13:424-431. 

Dotta U, Ferraudo M (1969) Particolari aspetti clinici di un 

episodio de intossicazione alimentaire da meliloto nei 

bovini. Atti Soc Ital Buiatria 1:153-166. 

Meads EB, Taylor PA, Pallister WA (1964) An unusual 

outbreak of sweet clover poisoning in cattle. Can Vet J 

5(3):65-71. 

Pra AR (1984) Intoxicacion por henificacion de Melilotus 

alba (trebol dulce). Vet Argent 1(8):800, 802-806. 

Smith WK, Brink RA (1938) Relation of bitterness to the 

toxic principle in sweetclover. J Agric Res 57(2):145-154. 

Wiesner E, Rex JO, Wiesner B (1968) Gerinnungsuntersuchungen 

an gesunden Rindern nach Verfütterung von 

Steinklee. 2. Mittleilung: Fütterungsversuche. Monatsh 


Me l i l o Tu s i n d ic u s (L.) All. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Hexham scent; Indian clover; Indian melilot; King 

Island melilot; melilotus; soup clover; sour clover; sour 

sweet clover; sweet clover 

Citations: 

Wignall WN, Banks AW, Hackett E, et al. (1961) Dicoumarol 

poisoning of cattle and sheep in South Australia. Aust 

Vet J 37(Dec):456-459. 

Me l i l o Tu s o f f ic i n a l is (L.) Lam. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Trifolium officinale L. 

Common Names: 

Echter Steinklee; melilot; méliot jaune; orvosi somkóró; 

Steinklee; sweet clover; trevo doce amnelo; yellow 

sweet clover 

Citations: 

Edmondson P, Loeffler DG, Burrows GE (1988) Subcutaneous 

swelling in a cow. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(3):265. 

Wiesner E, Rex JO, Wiesner B (1965) Gerinnungsuntersuchungen 

an gesunden Rindern nach Verfütterung von 

Steinklee. 1. Mitteilung: Normalwerte. Monatsh Veterinarmed 

20(11-12):469-475. 

méliot blanc –see– Melilotus albus Medik. 

méliot jaune –see– Melilotus officinalis Lam. 

melkbos –see– Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. Aiton 

melktou –see– Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. 

Me l o c h i a p y r a Mi d a Ta L. [Sterculiaceae] 

Citations: 

Palmer AC, Woodham CB (1975) Derrengue, a paralysis of 

cattle in El Salvador ascribed to ingestion of Melochia 

pyramidata. Vet Rec 96(25):547-548. 

Me l o c h i a To Me n To s a L. [Sterculiaceae] 

Common Names: 

basora corra; bretonica; cariaquito morado 

Citations: 



Elsevier. New York. pp. 129-137.

258 - Mentha ×piperita D. Jesse Wagstaff 

melon –see– Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai; 

Cucumis melo L. 

memory root –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

Menispermum acutum Thunb. = Sinomenium acutum 

(Thunb.) Rehder & E. H. Wilson 

Mentha citrata Ehrh. = Mentha ×piperita L. nothosubsp. 

citrata (Ehrh.) Briq. 

Me n Th a × p i p e r i Ta L. nothosubsp. citrata 

(Ehrh.) Briq. [Lamiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Mentha citrata Ehrh. 

Common Names: 

bergamot mint; horse mint; mint; orange mint 

Citations: 

Sams WM (1940) Occupational dermatitis due to mint. 

Report of two cases. Arch Derm Syphilol 41:503-505. 

Me n Th a × p i p e r i Ta L. nothosubsp. piperita 

[Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

peppermint; Pfefferminze; yerba buena 

Citations: 

Eickholt TH, Box RH (1965) Toxicities of peppermint and 

Pycnanthemum albescens oils, fam. Labiateae. J Pharm 

Sci 54(7):1071-7072. 

Lipsitz DJ (1984) Herbal teas and water intoxication in a 

young child. J Fam Pract 18(6):933-937. 

Parys BT (1983) Chemical burns resulting from contact with 

peppermint oil mar; a case report. Burns 9(5):374-375. 

mentha pouliot –see– Mentha pulegium L. 

Me n Th a p u l e g i u M L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

European pennyroyal; huile-de-menthe-pouliot; mentha 

pouliot; mosquito plant; pennyroyal; póleo; squaw 

mint 

Citations: 

Anderson IB, Mullen WH, Meeker JE, et al. (1996) Pennyroyal 

toxicity: Measurement of toxic metabolite levels 

in two cases and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 

124(8):726-734. 

Bakerink JA, Gospe JM Jr, Dimand RJ, et al. (1996) Multiple 

organ failure after ingestion of pennyroyal oil from 

herbal tea in two infants. Pediatrics 98(5):944-947. 

Cienki JJ, Connolly HV, Nelson SA, et al. (1994) Hepatoxicity 

and death after treatment with Broncodin herbal tea. 






Early DF (1961) Pennyroyal: A rare cause of epilepsy. Lancet 

2(Sep 9):580-581. 



36(5):454-455. 

Litovitz TL, Felberg L, Soloway RA, et al. (1995) 1994 

Annual report of the American Association of Poison 

Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. 

Am J Emerg Med 12(5):551-597. 

Litovitz TL, Felberg L, White S, et al. (1996) 1995 Annual 


Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J 

Emerg Med 14(5):487-537. 

McCormick MA, Manoguerra AS (1988) Toxicity of pennyroyal 

oil: A case report and review. Vet Hum Toxicol 

30(4):347. 

Roé E, Serra-Baldrich E, Dalmau J, et al. (2005) Mentha 

pulegium contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 

53(6):355. 

Sudekum M, Poppenga RH, Raju N, et al. (1992) Pennyroyal 

oil toxicosis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

200(6):817-818. 

Sullivan JB Jr, Rumack BH, Thomas H Jr, et al. (1979) 

Pennyroyal oil poisoning and hepatotoxicity. JAMA 

242(26):2873-2874. 

Sullivan JB, Rumack BH, Thomas H Jr, et al. (1979) Pennyroyal 

oil: Review of toxicity and report of a fatal case with 

massive hepatic necrosis. Clin Toxicol 15(4):489. 

Vallance WB (1955) Pennyroyal poisoning. A fatal case. 


Me n Th a s a Tu r e io i d e s R. Br. [Lamiaceae] 

Common names: 

native pennyroyal, squeejit 

Citations: 

White CT (1934) Annual Report of the Government Botanist, 

Queensland 1933-34. 

White CT (1936) Annual Report of the Government Botanist, 

Queensland 1935-36. 

Me n Th a s p ic a Ta L. [Lamiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Mentha viridis (L.) L. 

Common Names: 

spearmint 

Citations: 

Akdogan M, Kilinc I, Oncu M, et al. (2003) Investigation 

of biochemical and histopathological effects of Mentha 

piperita L. and Mentha spicata L. on kidney tissue in rats. 

Hum Exp Toxicol 22:213-219. 

Bonamonte D, Mundo L, Daddabbo M, et al. (2001) Allergic 

contact dermatitis from Mentha spicata (spearmint). 


Clayton R, Orton D (2004) Contact allergy to spearmint oil 

in a patient with oral lichen planus. Contact Dermatitis 

51(5-6):314-315. 

Skrebova N, Brocks K, Karlsmark T (1998) Allergic contact 

cheilitis from spearmint oil. Contact Dermatitis 

39(1):35-36. 

Tomson N, Murdoch S, Finch TM (2004) The dangers of 

making mint sauce. Contact Dermatitis 51(2):92-93.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum - 259 

Mentha viridis (L.) L. = Mentha spicata L. 

Me n y a n Th e s Tr i f o l i a Ta L. 

[Menyanthaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bitterklee; bitterroot; bogbean; buckbean; Fieberklee; 

marsh trefoil; water shamrock 

Citations: 

Airaksinen M, Peura P, Alaossi Salokangas L, et al. 

(1986) Toxicity of plant material used as emergency 

food during famines in Finland. J Ethnopharmacol 

18(3):273-296. 

Menzies’-larkspur –see– Delphinium menziesii DC. 

mercurial perenne –see– Mercurialis perennis L. 

mercuriale-du-bois –see– Mercurialis perennis L. 

Me r c u r i a l is a n n u a L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

annual mercury; baron’s-mercury; Bingelkraut; boysand-girls; 

egynyári szélfü; Einjährige Bingelkraut; 

foirolle; foironde; herb mercury; mercury; Schutt Bingelkraut; 

vignette 

Citations: 

Bizzeti M, De Lucia PG, Corazza M, et al. (1987) Intossicazione 

da Mercurialis annua nella pecora. Ann Fac Med 

Vet Pisa 60:165-175. 

Bokori J, Kovács F, Haraszti E (1955) Lovak egynyáriszélfü 

(Mercurialis annua) mérgezése. Magyar Allator Lapja 

10:191-196. 

Durieux J, Durieux M (1973) Quelques intoxications vegetales. 

Bull Mens Soc Vet Prat Fr 57(2):71-76. 



Landau M, Egyed MN, Flesh D (1973) Mercurialis annua 

poisoning in housed sheep. Refu Vet 30(3-4):131-135. 

Polidori F, Maggi M (1954) Problemi di alimentazione degli 

animali su alcuni casi di avvelenamento da «Mercurialis 

annua» nei bovini. Ricerche sperimentali sulla differente 

tossicita’ della pianta allo stato fresco e dopo essiccamento. 

Nuova Vet 30:146-150. 

Sendil C (1978) Koyun ve buzağilarda deneysel Mercurialis 

annua zehirlenmesinde klinik bulgular ve sağitim 

üzerinde araştirmalar. Vet Fakul Dergisi Ankara Univ 

25:480-499. 

Senf W, Seffner W (1965) Beitrag zur Bingelkrautvergiftung 

beim Schaf. Monatsh Veterinarmed 20(15):622-625. 

Welchman DB, Gibbens JC, Giles N, et al. (1995) Suspected 

annual mercury (Mercurialis annua) poisoning 

of lambs grazing fallow arable land. Vet Rec 

137(23):592-593. 

Me r c u r i a l is p e r e n n is L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Ausdauerndes Bingelkraut; chou-de-chien; dog’s-mercury; 

erdei szélfü; European dog mercury; herb mercury; 

Hundskraut; Kentish balsam; mercurial perenne; 

mercuriale-du-bois; mercury; Stinkerich; Waldbingelkraut; 

wild spinach 

Citations: 

Baker JR, Faull WB (1968) Dog’s mercury (Mercurialis 

perennis L.) poisoning in sheep. Vet Rec 82:485-489. 

Bismarck R, Floehr W (1974) Über Bingelkrautvergiftungen 

in einer weidenden Kuhherde. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 

81(18):433-434. 

Eaton G (1941) A series of cases of poisoning in cattle. Vet 

Rec 53(10):145-146. 

Mortensen OS (1999) Ikke alt grønt er sundt! Ugeskr Laeger 

161(16):2384. 

Rugman F, Meecham J, Edmondson J (1983) Mercurialis 

perennis (dog’s mercury) poisoning: A case of mistaken 

identity. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 287(6409):1924. 

Watson PJ (1998) Suspected dog’s mercury (Mercurialis 

perennis) poisoning in cattle. Vet Rec 142(5):116-117. 

mercury –see– Mercurialis annua L.; Mercurialis perennis L.; 


Me r r e Mi a Tu b e r o s a (L.) Rendle 


Common Names: 

wood rose 

Citations: 



40(3):276-277. 

Me r w i l l a pl u Mb e a (Lindl.) Speta [Liliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s cilla natalensis Planch. 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 18(1-2):207-224. 

mescal –see– Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J. 

M. Coult. 

mescal bean –see– Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev; 

Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J. M. Coult. 

mescal Bohne –see– Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev 

mescal button –see– Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm- 


Me s e Mb r y a n Th e Mu M n o d i f l o r u M L. 

[Azioaceae] 

Common Names: 

slender ice plant 

Citations: 

Jacob RH, Peet RL (1989) Acute oxalate toxicity of sheep 

associated with slender iceplant (Mesembryanthemum 

nodiflorum). Aust Vet J 66(3):91-92. 

mesic milk vetch –see– Astragalus diversifolius A. Gray

260 - Mesona chinensis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Me so n a c h i n e n s is Benth. [Lamiaceae] 

Citations: 

Goh CL (1988) Occupational dermatitis from Mesonia chinensis. 


mesquite –see– Prosopis glandulosa Torr.; Prosopis juliflora 

(Sw.) DC. 

mesquite bean –see– Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. 

Me s u a f e r r e a L. [Clusiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Eisensäbelholz; Tagayasan 

Citations: 

Iwakawa K (1911) Über das entzündungserregende Pulver 

des japanischen Nutzholzes “Tagayasan.” Naunyn 

Schmiedebergs Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 65:315-324. 

meswak –see– Salvadora persica L. 

metel –see– Datura metel L. 

methi –see– Trigonella foenum-graecum L. 

methika –see– Trigonella foenum-graecum L. 

meto –see– Castanospermum australe A. Cunn. & C. Fraser 

ex Hook. 

Me To p i u M b r o w n e i (Jacq.) Urb. 


Synonyms: 

r hus metopium L. 

Common Names: 

black poisonwood; bois mulatre; boxchechem; burnwood; 

calbachechem; cedro prieto; chacin; chechem 

negro; chicharron; cochinilla; cochinillio; guao; 

guao-de-costa; Honduran walnut; huao; palo-derosa 

Citations: 



Me To p i u M To x i f e r u M (L.) Krug & Urb. 


Common Names: 

almendron; bearwood; black poisonwood; burnwood; 

cedro prieto; chechém; coral sumach; doctor gum; 

Florida poison tree; guao-de-costa; hog gum; huao; 

Jamaican sumach; janca tree; machandeuse; machanoise; 

mancenillier; mountain manchineel; papayo; 

poison tree; poison weed; poisonwood 

Citations: 

Grabham M (1899) Acute dermatitis caused by handling 

Rhus. Br Med J 1(May 5):1140. 

Jackson WP (1946) Plant dermatitis in the Bahamas. Br Med 

J 2(Aug 31):298. 



Wahlberg JE, Lovell CR (1996) Poison wood dermatitis in a 

future prime minister. Contact Dermatitis 34(5):363. 

Mexican bird-of-paradise –see– Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) 

D. Dietr. 

Mexican bird seed –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

Mexican breadfruit –see– Monstera deliciosa Liebm. 

Mexican devil –see– Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. 


Mexican dove plant –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

Mexican elder –see– Sambucus mexicana C. Presl ex DC. 

Mexican fire plant –see– Euphorbia heterophylla L. 

Mexican fireweed –see– Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott 

Mexican goosefoot –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) 


Mexican hat plant –see– Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.- 

Hamet & H. Perrier 

Mexican jumping bean –see– Sapium biloculare (S. Watson) 

Pax 

Mexican love plant –see– Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. 

Mexican marigold –see– Tagetes minuta L. 

Mexican persimmon –see– Diospyros texana Scheele 

Mexican poppy –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

Mexican prickly poppy –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

Mexican rubber plant –see– Parthenium argentatum A. Gray 

Mexican sandbur –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

Mexican sleepygrass –see– Achnatherum robustum (Vasey) 

Barkworth 

Mexican tea –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & 

Clemants; Ephedra viridis Coville 

Mexican weed –see– Ricinus communis L. 

Mexican whorled milkweed –see– Asclepias mexicana Cav. 

mezei sóska –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

mezei szarkaláb –see– Consolida regalis Gray 

mezereon –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

mezereum –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

Michaelmas crocus –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

Michaux’s-milk vetch –see– Astragalus michauxii (Kuntze) 

F. J. Herm. 

Micrampelis oregona (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene = Marah 

oregonus (Torr. & S. Watson) J. T. Howell 

Milchkraut –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L. 

milfoil –see– Achillea millefolium L. 

Mi l ic i a e x c e ls a (Welw.) C. C. Berg [Moraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c hlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Millettia stuhlmannii - 261 

Common Names: 

abang; African teak; iroko; iroko teak; kambala; kambala 

teak; odum 

Citations: 

Azofra J, Olaguibel JM (1989) Occupational asthma caused 

by iroko wood. Allergy 44(2):156-158. 

Beer WE (1970) Sensitivity to iroko wood in a wood machinist. 

Contact Dermatol Newsl 7(Jan):159. 

Davidson JM (1941) Toxic effects of iroko. An African wood. 

Lancet 1:38-39. 




Hinnen U, Willa-Craps C, Elsner P (1995) Allergic contact 

dermatitis from iroko and pine wood dust. Contact Dermatitis 

33(6):428. 



1(5):315-316. 

Ordman D (1949) Bronchial asthma caused by the inhalation 

of wood dust. Ann Allergy 7:492-496,505. 

Schulz KH (1957) Allergische Kontaktdermatitis durch exotische 

Hölzer, insbesondere durch Kambala-Teakholz. 

Berufsdermatosen 5:238-244. 

Stingeni L, Mariotti M, Lisi P (1998) Airborne allergic contact 

dermatitis from iroko (Chlorophora excelsa). Contact 

Dermatitis 38(5):287-288. 

Thienemann K (1941) Kambala-Teakholz-Dermatosen. Arch 


Whiting DA (1971) Plant dermatitis in the southern Transvaal. 

S Afr Med J 45(7):163-167. 

Wilkinson DS (1969) Sensitivity to iroko wood in a boatbuilder. 

Contact Dermatol Newsl 6(Jul):142. 

Mi l i u s a v e l u Ti n a Hook.f. & Thomson 

[Annonaceae] 

Citations: 




milk bush –see– Euphorbia antiquorum L.; Euphorbia 

hermentiana Lem.; Euphorbia tirucalli L.; Sarcostemma 

viminale (L.) R. Br. 

milk hedge –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

milk purslane –see– Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small 

milk spurge –see– Euphorbia drummondii Boiss. 

milk thistle –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

milk tree –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L.; Thevetia peruviana 

(Pers.) K. Schum. 

milk vine –see– Marsdenia rostrata R. Br. 

milkstripe euphorbia –see– Euphorbia lactea Haw. 

milkweed –see– Apocynum cannabinum L.; Asclepias 

curassavica L.; Asclepias latifolia (Torr.) Raf.; Calotropis 

procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton; Chamaesyce hirta (L.) 

Millsp.; Euphorbia drummondii Boiss.; Euphorbia lathyris 

L.; Euphorbia peplus L.; Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. 

Aiton; Pratia erecta Gaudich. 

milkwort –see– Polygala sanguinea L. 

millepertuis –see– Hypericum perforatum L. 

millet –see– Panicum miliaceum L.; Sorghum bicolor (L.) 

Moench 

Mi l l e TTi a l a u r e n Ti i De Wild. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

wengé 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 

Mi l l e TTi a p a c h y c a r p a Benth. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 



J Exp Biol 10(1):78-80. 

Mi l l e TTi a p i n n a Ta (L.) Panigrahi [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p ongamia glabra Vent. 

Common Names: 

kanja; karanja 

Citations: 

Natanam R, Kadirvel R, Ravi R (1989) The toxic effects of 

karanja (Pongamia glabra Vent) oil and cake on growth 

and feed efficiency in broiler chicks. Anim Feed Sci Technol 

27(1-2):95-100. 

Mi l l e TTi a s Tu h l Ma n n i i Taub. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

panga panga; partidge 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 


of wood dust. Ann Allergy 7:492-496,505. 

milo –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

mimosa –see– Acacia ×giraffae Willd.; Albizia julibrissin 

Durazz. 

mimosa-du-japon –see– Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) D. 

Dietr. 

Mimosa sirissa Roxb. = Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. 

mineur –see– Juniperus communis L. 

mingwort –see– Artemisia absinthium L. 

minnie minnies –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

mint –see– Mentha ×piperita L. nothosubsp. citrata (Ehrh.) 

Briq.

262 - Modiola caroliniana D. Jesse Wagstaff 

mint plant –see– Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton 

mintweed –see– Salvia reflexa Hornem.; Stachys arvensis (L.) 

L. 

minyara –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

mio mio –see– Baccharis coridifolia DC. 

mioga –see– Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe 

miraa –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

mirra –see– Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. 

mission bells –see– Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.-Hamet 

& H. Perrier; Kalanchoe delagoensis Eckl. & Zeyh. 

mist flower –see– Ageratina riparia (Regel) R. M. King & 

H. Rob. 

Mistel –see– Viscum album L. 

mistletoe –see– Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M. 

C. Johnst.; Phoradendron piperoides (Kunth) Trel.; Viscum 

album L. 

mitsuba –see– Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk. 

mnyala –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

Moah –see– Madhuca longifolia (L.) J. F. Macbr. 

mock eel root –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. & 

Rose 

mocsári zsurló –see– Equisetum palustre L. 

Modecca palmata Lam. = Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W. J. 

de Wilde 

Mo d io l a c a r o l i n i a n a (L.) G. Don 

[Malvaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Modiola multifida Moench 

Common Names: 

bristly mallow; Carolina modiola; creeping mallow; 

ground ivy; red mallow; red willow; wheel mallow 

Citations: 

King ED Jr (1920) Poisonous plants of the south. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 57:302-313. 

Modiola multifida Moench = Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. 

Don 

Möhre –see– Daucus carota L. 

mokihana –see– Melicope anisata (H. Mann) T. G. Hartley 

& B. C. Stone 

mole bean –see– Ricinus communis L.; Sesbania vesicaria 

(Jacq.) Elliott 

mole plant –see– Euphorbia lathyris L.; Euphorbia peplus L. 

molinillo –see– Hura crepitans L. 

Molten disease plant –see– Senecio retrorsus DC. 

momchina –see– Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 

Mo Mo r d ic a c h a r a n Ti a L. [Cucurbitaceae] 

Common Names: 

African cucumber; balsam pear; balsamino; bitter 

cucumber; bitter gourd; bitter melon; karela; maiden 

apple; wild balsam apple; wild cucumber 

Citations: 

Foley RH (1976) Acute poisoning in a puppy caused by the 

balsam pear (Momordica charantia). Vet Med Small 

Anim Clin 71(6):761-762. 

Tennekoon KH, Jeevathayaparan S, Angunawala P, et al. 

(1994) Effect of Momordica charantia on key hepatic 

enzymes. J Ethnopharmacol 44:93-97. 

Mo Mo r d ic a d io ic a Roxb. ex Willd. 


Common Names: 

bitter gourd 

Citations: 



Dermatol 113(6):776-779. 

momordique –see– Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. 

monagrass –see– Paspalum scrobiculatum L. var. bispicatum 

Hack. 

Mondbohne –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

mondzo –see– Datura metel L. 

monim –see– Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 

monkey dinner bell –see– Hura crepitans L. 

monkey face tree –see– Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg. 

monkey fiddle –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

monkey nut –see– Arachis hypogaea L.; Lecythis ollaria Loefl. 

monkey pistol –see– Hura crepitans L. 

monkey pod –see– Lecythis ollaria Loefl. 

monkey puzzle –see– Euphorbia lactea Haw. 

monkey’s-coconut –see– Lecythis ollaria Loefl. 

monk’s-cowl –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

monkshood –see– Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. vulparia 

(Rchb.) Nyman; Aconitum napellus L. 

monstera –see– Monstera deliciosa Liebm. 

Mo n s Te r a d e l ic io s a Liebm. [Araceae] 

Common Names: 

cériman; cut-leaf philodendron; Fensterblatt; fruit salad 

plant; Mexican breadfruit; monstera; piñanona; splitleaf 

philodendron; Swiss-cheese plant; windowleaf 

Citations: 






S Afr Med J 45(7):163-167.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Moraea thomsonii - 263 

Mo n Ta n o a To Me n To s a Cerv. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

yucuyahui; zoapatle 

Citations: 

Montoya-Cabrera MA, Simental-Toba A, Sánchez- 

Rodríguez S, et al. (1998) Depresión cardiorrespiratoria 

en ocho recién nacidos cuyas madres ingirieron infusiones 

de yucuyahui (zoapatle-Montanoa tomentosa) durante el 

trabajo de parto. Gac Med Mex 134(5):611-615. 

Monterey cypress –see– Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex 

Gordon 

Monterey pine –see– Pinus radiata D. Don 

moonflower –see– Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. 

ex Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl; Datura inoxia Mill.; Datura 

stramonium L.; Datura wrightii Regel 

Moorbeere –see– Vaccinium uliginosum L. 

mora –see– Gloriosa superba L. 

Mo r a e a e r ic i-r o s e n i i R. E. Fr. [Iridaceae] 

Citations: 





Mo r a e a Mi n i a Ta Andrews [Iridaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h omeria miniata (Andrews) Sweet 

Common Names: 

tulp; two-leaf Cape-tulip 

Citations: 

Filmer JF (1926) Cape tulip (Homeria miniata). A poison 

plant. J Agric West Aust 3:240-243. 

Mo r a e a p a l l i d a (Baker) Goldblatt [Iridaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h omeria glauca (Wood & Evans) N. E. Br.; h omeria 

pallida Baker; h omeria pura N. E. Br. 

Common Names: 

geel tulp; Natal yellow tulp; Transvaal yellow tulp; 

tulp; yellow tulip; yellow tulp 

Citations: 

Awan GE, Schultz RA, Kellerman TS, et al. (1995) In vivo 

effects of a novel calcium antagonist (R56865) against 

induced epoxyscillirosidin and tulp poisoning in sheep. 


Button C, Mulders MS (1984) Further physiopathological 

features of experimental Homeria glauca (Wood and 

Evans) N. E. Br. poisoning in Merino sheep. Onderstepoort 

J Vet Res 51(2):95-96. 

Button C, Reyers F, Meltzer DG, et al. (1983) Some physiopathological 

features of experimental Homeria glauca 

(Wood & Evans) N. E. Br. poisoning in Merino sheep. 






Snyman LD, Schultz RA, Joubert JP, et al. (2003) Conditioned 

feed aversion as a means to prevent tulp (Homeria 

pallida) poisoning in cattle. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

70(1):43-48. 

Mo r a e a p o l y s Ta c h y a (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. 

[Iridaceae] 

Common Names: 

blue tulp; tulip 

Citations: 

Joubert JP, Schultz RA (1982) The minimal effective dose of 

activated charcoal in the treatment of sheep poisoned with 

the cardiac glycoside containing plant Moraea polystachya 

(Thunb) Ker Gawl. J S Afr Vet Assoc 53(4):265-266. 

Joubert JP, Schultz RA (1982) The treatment of Moraea 

polystachya (Thunb) Ker-Gawl (cardiac glycoside) poisoning 

in sheep and cattle with activated charcoal and 

potassium chloride. J S Afr Vet Assoc 53(4):249-253. 





Mo r a e a s e Ta c e a Ker Gawl. [Iridaceae] 

Common Names: 

blou tulp; blue tulip; bokuintjie; tulp 

Citations: 




15(1-2):261-277. 

Mo r a e a s p a Th u l a Ta (L. f.) Klatt [Iridaceae] 

Common Names: 

yellow tulp 

Citations: 




Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

Mo r a e a Th o Mso n i i Baker [Iridaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Moraea trita N. E. Br. var. foliata N. E. Br. 

Common Names: 

tulp 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 21(1):45-55. 

Moraea trita N. E. Br. var. foliata N. E. Br. = Moraea 

thomsonii Baker

264 - Morinda citrifolia D. Jesse Wagstaff 

morali –see– Lycium barbarum L. 

morella douce-amère –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

morelle furieuse –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

morelle noire –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

morelle noire-de-l’est –see– Solanum ptycanthum Dunal 

morenita –see– Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott 

Moreton Bay chestnut –see– Castanospermum australe A. 


morgeline –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

Mo r i n d a c i Tr i f o l i a L. [Rubiaceae] 

Common Names: 

noni 

Citations: 

Mueller BA, Scott MK, Sowinski KM, et al. (2000) Noni 

juice (Morinda citrifolia): Hidden potential for hyperkalemia? 

Am J Kidney Dis 35(2):310-312. 

Stadlbauer V, Fickert P, Lackner C, et al. (2005) Hepatotoxicity 

of noni juice: Report of two cases. World J Gastroenterol 

11(30):4758-4760. 

Mo r i n g a c o n c a n e n s is Nimmo [Moringaceae] 

Citations: 

Shukla S, Mathur R, Prakash AO (1988) Anti-implantation 

efficacy of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Moringa concanensis 

Nimmo in rats. Int J Crude Drug Res 26(Mar):29-32. 

Mo r i n g a o l e i f e r a Lam. [Moringaceae] 

Common Names: 

angela; arbol-de-las-perlas; ben; drumstick tree; horseradish 

tree; jasmin frances; maidenhair tree; maranga calalu; 

paraiso; paraíso blanco; paraiso-de-España; paraiso frances; 

paraist estranjaro; perlas-del-oriente; sahajana 

Citations: 




Shukla S, Mathur R, Prakash AO (1988) Anti-implantation 

efficacy of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Moringa concanensis 

Nimmo in rats. Int J Crude Drug Res 26(Mar):29-32. 

Mormon tea –see– Ephedra viridis Coville 

morning-glory –see– Convolvulus arvensis L.; Ipomoea carnea 

Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D. F. Austin; 

Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.; Ipomoea muelleri Benth.; Ipomoea 

tricolor cav.; Ipomoea violacea L.; Turbina corymbosa (L.) 

Raf. 

morning-noon-night –see– Brunfelsia australis Benth.; 

Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth. 

Mo r u s a l b a L. [Moraceae] 

Common Names: 

Weißer Maulbeerbaum 

Citations: 

Navarro AM, Orta JC, Sanchez MC, et al. (1997) Primary 

sensitization to Morus alba. Allergy 52(11):1144-1145. 

Mo r u s n ig r a L. [Moraceae] 

Common Names: 

black mulberry; mulberry; Schwarzer Maulbeerbaum 

Citations: 

James T (1961) Mulberry sickness. S Afr Med J 35:1086. 

mosquito plant –see– Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.; Mentha 

pulegium L. 

mostarda blanca –see– Sinapis alba L. 

mostaza campestre –see– Sinapis arvensis L. 

mostaza silvestre –see– Sinapis arvensis L. 

moth mullein –see– Verbascum thapsus L. 

moth plant –see– Araujia sericifera Brot. 

mother-in-law plant –see– Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent.; 

Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

mother-in-law’s-tongue –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) 

Schott; Sansevieria trifasciata Prain 

mother-of-cocoa –see– Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex 

Walp. 

mother-of-millions –see– Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym.- 

Hamet & H. Perrier; Kalanchoe delagoensis Eckl. & Zeyh. 

mother-of-thousands –see– Kalanchoe daigremontiana 

Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier 

mottled spurge –see– Euphorbia lactea Haw. 

moulmain teak –see– Tectona grandis L. f. 

mountain alkanet –see– Arnica montana L. 

mountain death camas –see– Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. 

mountain fetterbush –see– Pieris floribunda (Pursh) Benth. 

& Hook. f. 

mountain grape –see– Berberis aquifolium Pursh 

mountain graperoot –see– Berberis aquifolium Pursh 

mountain ivy –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

mountain juniper –see– Juniperus communis L. 

mountain larkspur –see– Delphinium bicolor Nutt.; 

Delphinium glaucum S. Watson 

mountain laurel –see– Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev; 

Kalmia latifolia L.; Leucothoe davisiae Torr. ex A. Gray 

mountain mahogany –see– Cercocarpus montanus Raf. 

mountain manchineel –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug 

& Urb.; Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

mountain orach –see– Atriplex hortensis L. 

mountain pieris –see– Pieris floribunda (Pursh) Benth. & 

Hook. f. 

mountain pink –see– Zeltnera beyrichii (Torr. & A. Gray) G. 

Mans.; Zeltnera calycosa (Buckley) G. Mans.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Musa ×paradisiaca - 265 

mountain rosebay –see– Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. 

mountain silvery lupine –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh var. 

rubricaulis (Greene) S. L. Welsh 

mountain sneezeweed –see– Hymenoxys hoopesii (A. Gray) 

Bierner 

mountain sorrel –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

mountain tea –see– Gaultheria procumbens L. 

mountain thermopsis –see– Thermopsis montana Nutt. 

mountain tobacco –see– Arnica montana L. 

mountain white oak –see– Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn. 

mouron-des-champs –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

mouse onion –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

moutarde blanche –see– Sinapis alba L. 

moutarde-des-champs –see– Sinapis arvensis L. 

moutarde jaune –see– Sinapis alba L. 

moutarde noire –see– Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch 

movingui –see– Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill. 

mu oil tree –see– Vernicia montana Lour. 

mucuna –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

Mu c u n a p r u r i e n s (L.) DC. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d olichos pruriens L.; s tizolobium pruriens (L.) 

Medik. 

Common Names: 

buffalo bean; cadjust; cowage; cowhage; cowitch; elephant’s-scratch 

wort; karara; kaunch; kiwach; kiwachi; 

kiwash; mucuna; pica pica; pois-a-gratter; stinging 

bean; velvet bean; vine gungo pea; voodoo bean 

Citations: 

Broadbent JL (1953) Observations on itching produced by 

cowhage, and on the part played by histamine as a mediator 

in itch sensation. Br J Pharmacol 8(3):263-270. 

Fairbrothers D, Kirby E, Lester RM, et al. (1985) Mucuna 

pruriens-associated pruritus - New Jersey. MMWR 

Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 34(48):732-734. 

Fairbrothers D, Kirby E, Lester RM, et al. (1986) Mucuna 

pruriens-associated pruritus - New Jersey. JAMA 

255(3):313. 

Harms RH, Simpson CF, Waldroup PW (1961) Influence of 

feeding various levels of velvet beans to chicks and laying 

hens. J Nutr 75(Sep):127-131. 

Miller ER, Massengale ON, Barnes MA (1925) Some effects 

resulting from eating velvet beans. J Am Pharm Assoc 

14:1113-1114. 

Shelley WB, Arthur RP (1955) Studies on cowhage (Mucuna 

pruriens) and its pruritogenic proteinase, mucunain. Arch 

Dermatol 72(5):399-406. 

Note: 

Velvet bean is named Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck in some 

publications. 

mucunan –see– Dioclea erecta Hoehne; Dioclea latifolia 

Benth. 

mudar –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

mugget –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

muguet –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

muguet-de-mai –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

mugwort –see– Artemisia absinthium L.; Artemisia vulgaris 

L.; Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

mulberry –see– Morus nigra L. 

mulga fern –see– Cheilanthes sieberi Kunze; Cheilanthes 

tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw. 

mullein –see– Verbascum thapsus L. 

mullein pink –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

murajes –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

murrainberry –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq.; Dioscorea communis 

(L.) Caddick & Wilkin 

Mu s a × p a r a d is i a c a L. [Musaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Musa ×sapientum L. 

Common Names: 

banana; Banane; plantain 

Citations: 



McKinney B, Crawford MA (1965) Fibrosis in guineapig 

heart produced by plantain diet. Lancet 

2(418):880-882. 




Tokuyama K, Takei K, Arakawa H, et al. (1997) Banana 

allergy in infants. Allergy 52(3):350-351. 

Musa ×sapientum L = Musa ×paradisiaca L. 

Muskatnuß –see– Myristica fragrans Houtt. 

muskrat weed –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. & 

Rose; Cicuta maculata L. 

musquash –see– Cicuta maculata L.; Cicuta maculata L. var. 


musquash poison –see– Cicuta maculata L. 

musquashroot –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. & 

Rose; Cicuta maculata L. 

mustard –see– Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch; Hirschfeldia 

incana (L.) Lagr.- Foss.; Sinapis alba L.; Sinapis arvensis 

L. 

mustard tree –see– Nicotiana glauca Graham 

Mutterkraut –see– Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip. 

myall –see– Acacia pendula A. Cunn. ex G. Donn 

myoporum –see– Myoporum laetum G. Forst.

266 - Myoporum acuminatum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

My o p o r u M a c u Mi n a Tu M R. Br. 


Common Names: 

boobialla; strychnine bush; water bush 

Citations: 

Legg J, White CT (1941) Myoporum acuminatum (strychnine 

bush). A plant poisonous to stock. Queensland Agric 

J 56:124-125. 

Legg J, White CT (1941) Myoporum acuminatum: A plant 

poisonous to stock. Aust Vet J 17:104-105. 

Myoporum deserti A. Cunn. ex Benth. = Eremophila 

deserti (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) Chinnock 

My o p o r u M i n s u l a r e R. Br. [Scrophulariaceae] 

Common Names: 

boobyalla; Tasmanian ngaio 

Citations: 

Jerrett IV, Chinnock RJ (1983) Outbreaks of photosensitisation 

and deaths in cattle due to Myoporum aff. insulare 

R. Br. toxicity. Aust Vet J 60(6):183-186. 

My o p o r u M l a e Tu M G. Forst. 


Common Names: 

myoporum; ngaio 

Citations: 

Bonel-Raposo JB, Méndez MC, Andrade GB, et al. (1998) 

Experimental intoxication by Myoporum laetum in cattle. 


Bonel-Raposo JB, Méndez MC, Riet-Correa F, et al. (1998) 

Experimental intoxication by Myoporum laetum in sheep. 


Bonel-Raposo J, Driemeier D, Barros SS, et al. (2003) 

Evolução das lesões histológicas e ultra-estruturais no 

fígado de ovinos e bovinos experimentalmente intoxicados 

por Myoporum laetum. Pesq Vet Bras 23(4):149-155. 

Denz FA, Hanger WG (1961) The liver toxin in Myoporum 

laetum. J Pathol Bact 81(Jan):91-99. 

Hankin TH (1940) Pigs poisoned by eating ngaio leaves. N 

Z J Agr 61:360-361. 

McCann PJ (1946) Ngaio poisoning of cattle. N Z J Agr 

72:139-140. 

Webster WM (1926) Two recent cases of plant poisoning 

among stock. N Z J Agr 33:102-105. 

My o p o r u M Te Tr a n d r u M (Labill.) Domin 


Common Names: 

boobialla 

Citations: 

Allen JG, Seawright AA, Hrdlicka J (1978) The toxicity 

of Myoporum tetrandrum (Boobialla) and myoporaceous 

furanoid essential oils for ruminants. Aust Vet J 

54(6):287-292. 

myristica –see– Myristica fragrans Houtt. 

My r is Tic a f r ag r a n s Houtt. [Myristicaceae] 

Common Names: 

mace; Muskatnuß; myristica; nutmeg; nutmet; nux 

moshata 

Citations: 

Abernethy MK, Becker LB (1992) Acute nutmeg intoxication. 

Am J Emerg Med 10(5):429. 

Ahmad A, Thompson HS (1975) Nutmeg mydriasis. JAMA 

234(3):274. 

Åkesson HO, Wålinder J (1965) Nutmeg intoxication. Lancet 

1(Jun 12):1271-1272. 

Bartlett BF (1911) Nutmeg poisoning. Br Med J. Aug 5:269. 

Beck R (1914) Zwei Fälle von Muskatnussvergiftung. Munch 

Med Wochenschr 61(16):878. 

Dale HH (1909) Note on nutmeg-poisoning. Proc R Soc 

Med Therap Pharm Sect 2 Part 1(4):69-73. 

Demetriades AK, Wallman PD, McGuiness A, et al. (2005) 

Low cost, high risk: Accidental nutmeg intoxication. 

Emerg Med J 22(3):223-225. 

Dinakar HS (1978) Nutmeg abuse. Am J Psychiatry 

135(12):1571. 

Dodge WT (1887) Nutmeg poisoning. Med Rec 32(Nov 

12):624. 

Faguet RA, Rowland KF (1978) “Spice cabinet” intoxication. 

Am J Psychiatry 135(7):860-861. 

Forrester MB (2005) Nutmeg intoxication in Texas, 

1998-2004. Hum Exp Toxicol 24(11):563-566. 

Fras I, Friedman JJ (1969) Hallucinogenic effects of nutmeg 

in adolescent. N Y State J Med 69(Feb 1):463-465. 

Green RC Jr (1959) Nutmeg poisoning. JAMA 

171(10):1342-1344. 

Green RC Jr (1959) Nutmeg poisoning. Va Med Monthly 

86(Oct):586-590. 

Hamilton J (1906) Nutmeg poisoning. Br Med J Oct 6:900. 

Hentschel H, Greyer H, Stein U (2000) Ingestion of nutmeg 

(Myristica fragrans). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38(2):234. 



40(3):276-277. 

Jacobziner H, Raybin HW (1965) Poisonings due to mace 

(nutmeg), furniture polish, and lead. N Y State J Med 

65(Sep 1):2270-2279. 

Johnson J (1906) Nutmeg poisoning. Br Med J 2(Oct 

13):984. 

Löhrer F, Kaiser R (1999) Biogene Suchtmittel. Neue Konsumgewohnheiten 


70(11):1029-1033. 

McCord JA, Jervey LP (1962) Nutmeg (myristicin) poisoning. 

J S C Med Assoc 58:436-439. 

Mendelsohn G (1907) Zwei Fälle von Vergiftung mit 

Muskatnuß. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 33:2001. 

Messiha FS, Zaki NN (1984) Behavioral and histological 

adverse reactions of nutmeg. Vet Hum Toxicol 26(5):410. 

Painter JC, Shanor SP, Winek CL (1971) Nutmeg poisoning 

- A case report. Clin Toxicol 4(1):1-4. 

Panayotopoulos DJ, Chisholm DD (1970) Hallucinogenic 

effect of nutmeg. Br Med J 1(5698):754. 

Payne RB (1963) Nutmeg intoxication. N Engl J Med 

269(1):36-38. 

Pitter RA (1902) A case of nutmeg poisoning. Lancet 1(Apr 

12):1035. 

Pytte M, Rygnestad T (1998) Muskatnøtt - Mer enn et krydder. 

Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 118(28):4346-4347.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Myroxylon balsamum - 267 

Reekie JS (1909) Nutmeg poisoning. JAMA 52(Jan 2):62. 

Sangalli BC, Chiang W (2000) Toxicology of nutmeg abuse. 

J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38(6):671-678. 

Sangalli BC, Enser B, De Tino M (1999) Recipe for nutmeg 

(Myristica fragrans) abuse. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

37(5):618. 

Simpson TG (1895) Case of poisoning by nutmeg. Lancet 

1(Jan 19):150. 

Smith SM (1902) Nutmeg poisoning. Lancet 1(Jun 

21):1798. 

Weiss G (1960) Hallucinogenic and narcotic-like 

effects of powdered myristica (nutmeg). Psychiatr Q 

34(Apr):346-356. 

Wilkinson AN (1906) Poisoning by nutmeg. Br Med J 1(Mar 

3):539. 

Wilkinson KD (1911) Nutmeg poisoning. Br Med J 1(Apr 

29):993. 

myrobalan –see– Terminalia chebula Retz. 

My r o x y l o n b a ls a Mu M (L.) Harms [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

balsam-of-tolu; tolu balsam 

Citations: 

Bjarnason B, Flosadóttir E, Fischer T (2000) Assessment 

of balsam of Peru patch tests. Contact Dermatitis 

42(6):326-329. 

Calnan CD (1975) Active sensitization to para and balsam of 

Peru. Contact Dermatitis 1(2):126-127. 

Cummer CL (1927) Dermatitis produced by balsam of Peru. 


Forsbeck M, Skog E (1977) Immediate reactions to patch tests 

with balsam of Peru. Contact Dermatitis 3(4):201-205. 

Fregert S, Rorsman H (1963) Simultaneous hypersensitivity 

to balsam of pine and to balsam of Peru. Acta Derm 

Venereol 42:21-22. 

Mitchell JC (1975) Patch testing with some components of 

balsam of Peru. Contact Dermatitis 1(6):391-392. 

Tanaka S, Matsumoto Y, Dlova N, et al. (2004) Immediate 

contact reactions to fragrance mix constituents 

and Myroxylon pereirae resin. Contact Dermatitis 

51(1):20-21. 

Temesvári E, Soos G, Podányi B, et al. (1978) Contact urticaria 

provoked by balsam of Peru. Contact Dermatitis 

4(2):65-68. 

Trattner A, David M (2003) Patch testing with fine fragrances: 

Comparison with fragrance mix, balsam of Peru and a 

fragrance series. Contact Dermatitis 49(6):287-289. 

Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, et al. (1983) Oral challenge 

with balsam of Peru in patients with eczema: A preliminary 

study. Contact Dermatitis 9(1):75-76. 

Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, et al. (1985) Reduction of 

intake of balsams in patients sensitive to balsam of Peru. 


Note: 

Balsam-of-Peru is named Myroxylon balsamum 

(L.) Harms var. pereirae (Royle) Harms in some 

publications. 

myrrh –see– Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. 

myrrh gum –see– Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. 

myrsnelle –see– Equisetum palustre L. 

Myrtensumach –see– Coriaria myrtifolia L. 

myrtle laurelcherry –see– Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. 

myrtle-leaf holly –see– Ilex myrtifolia Walter 

myrtle spurge –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

mysteria –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

mysterious plant –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

mysterygrass –see– Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. Watson) 

Rydb.

nabo blanco –see– Chenopodium album L. 

nabo-del-diablo –see– Oenanthe crocata L. 

nabo silvestre –see– Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) 

A. R. Clapham 

naboom –see– Euphorbia ingens E. Mey. ex Boiss. 

nai habarala –see– Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G. Don 

Naivashagrass –see– Cynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) 

Pilg. 

naked lady –see– Colchicum autumnale L.; Euphorbia tirucalli 

L. 

n a Ma p a r r y i A. Gray [Hydrophyllaceae] 

Citations: 

Saunders GF (1903) Poisonous effects of a California shrub. 

Plant World 6:245-246. 

nanas –see– Durio zibethinus L. 

Nancy –see– Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert 

nandina –see– Nandina domestica Thunb. 

n a n d i n a d o Me s Tic a Thunb. [Berberidaceae] 

Common Names: 

Chinese sacred bamboo; heavenly bamboo; nandina; 

sacred bamboo 

Citations: 

Bradley M, Neiman LJ, Burrows GE (1988) Seizures in a 

puppy. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(2):121. 

nangai –see– Canarium indicum L. 

nap-at-noon –see– Ornithogalum umbellatum L. 

napiergrass –see– Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. 

naranjillo –see– Solanum bonariense L. 

naranjo amarga –see– Citrus aurantium L. 

narcisco –see– Nerium oleander L. 

narcisse –see– Narcissus poeticus L. 

narcisse-des-poées –see– Narcissus poeticus L. 

narcissus –see– Narcissus poeticus L.; Narcissus pseudonarcissus 

L. 

n a r c is s u s jo n q u i l l a L. [Amaryllidaceae] 

Common Names: 

jonquil 

Citations: 

Stryker GV (1936) Contact dermatitis caused by the jonquil 

(Narcissus jonquilla). J Ind Hyg Toxicol 18:462-465. 

N 

Vigneau CH, Tsao J, Chamaillard C, et al. (1982) Accidental 

absorption of daffodils (Narcissus jonquilla): Two common 

intoxications. Vet Hum Toxicol 24(Suppl):133-135. 

n a r c is s u s p o e Tic u s L. [Amaryllidaceae] 

Common Names: 

daffodil; Dichternarzisse; narcisse; narcisse-des-poées; 

narcissus; Narzisse; poet’s-daffodil; poet’s-narcissus; 

Sternblume; white sun lily; whitsun lily 

Citations: 

Derbes VJ (1942) Occupational, seasonal hay fever and asthma 

due to narcissus bulbs. South Med J 35(10):912-913. 

Jacobziner H, Raybin HW (1962) Poisonings due to mistaken 

identities of products. N Y State J Med 62:3460-3461. 

van der Werff PJ (1959) Occupational diseases among workers 

in the bulb industries. Acta Allergol 14:338-355. 

n a r c is s u s p s e u d o n a r c is s u s L. 


Common Names: 

averil; bell rose; bul rose; chalice flower; crow bells; 

daffidowndilly; daffodil; Gelbe Narzisse; Lent lily; 

Lent rose; narcissus; Narzisse; Osterglocke; paciencia; 

trumpet narcissus 

Citations: 

Bleumink E, Nater JP (1974) Contact dermatitis in a gardener 

caused by daffodils. Derm Beruf Umwelt 22(3):123-126. 

Gonçalo S, Freitas JD, Sousa I (1987) Contact dermatitis 

and respiratory symptoms from Narcissus pseudonarcissus. 


Hausen BM, Oestmann G (1988) Untersuchungen über die 

Häufigkeit berufsbedingter allergischer Hauterkrangungen 

auf einem Blumengroßmarkt. Derm Beruf Umwelt 

36(4):117-124. 

Litovitz TL, Fahey BA (1982) Please don’t eat the daffodils. 

N Engl J Med 306(9):547. 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 

Muñoz D, Urrutia I, Leanizbarrutia I, et al. (1989) Contact 

dermatitis from plants in a geriatric nurse. Contact Dermatitis 

20(13):227-228. 

Saxon-Buri S (2004) Daffodil toxicosis in an adult cat. Can 

Vet J 45(3):248-250. 

Walsh D (1910) Investigation of a dermatitis amongst flowerpickers 

in the Scilly Islands, the so-called “lily rash.” Br 

Med J 2(Sep 24):854-856. 

Wilson T (1924) Poisoning caused by eating daffodil bulbs. 

Missouri Bot Garden Bull 12:52. 

Wilson T (1924) The common daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) 

as a poison. Pharm J Pharmacist 112(Feb 

9):141-142.

270 - Narthecium asiaticum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

nardoo fern –see– Marsilea drummondii A. Braun 

Narrawa bur –see– Solanum cinereum R. Br. 

narrow dock –see– Rumex crispus L. 

narrow-leaf butterweed –see– Senecio spartioides Torr. & A. 

Gray 

narrow-leaf cottonbush –see– Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) 

W. T. Aiton 

narrow-leaf everlasting pea –see– Lathyrus sylvestris L. 

narrow-leaf laurel –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

narrow-leaf lupin –see– Lupinus angustifolius L. 

narrow-leaf lupine –see– Lupinus angustifolius L. 

narrow-leaf marsh elder –see– Iva angustifolia Nutt. ex 

DC. 

narrow-leaf milkweed –see– Asclepias mexicana Cav. 

narrow-leaf sage –see– Salvia reflexa Hornem. 

narrow-leaf sneezeweed –see– Helenium autumnale L. 

narrow-leaf sumpweed –see– Iva angustifolia Nutt. ex DC. 

narrow-leaf water parsnip –see– Berula erecta (Huds.) 

Coville 

narrow-leaf whorled milkweed –see– Asclepias mexicana Cav. 

n a r Th e c i u M a s i a Tic u M Maxim. 

[Nartheciaceae] 

Citations: 

Suzuki K, Kobayashi M, Ito A, et al. (1985) Narthecium 

asiaticum Maxim. poisoning of grazing cattle: Observations 

on spontaneous and experimental cases. Cornell Vet 

75(2):348-365. 

n a r Th e c i u M o s s i f r ag u M (L.) Huds. 

[Nartheciaceae] 

Common Names: 

bog asphodel 

Citations: 

Dishington IW, Laksesvela B (1976) Alveldsykens etiologi 

belyst ved BSP-test. Nord Vet Med 28(11):547-549. 

Ender F (1955) Undersøkelser over alveldsykens etiologi. 

Nord Vet Med 7:329-377. 

Flåøyen A (1991) A difference in susceptibility of two 

breeds of sheep to the “Alveld toxin.” Vet Res Commun 

15(6):455-457. 

Flåøyen A, Binde M, Bratberg B, et al. (1995) Nephrotoxicity 

of Narthecium ossifragum in cattle in Norway. Vet 

Rec 137(11):259-263. 

Flåøyen A, Bratberg B, Fjølstad M, et al. (1994) A pasturerelated 

nephrotoxicosis of cattle in Norway: Clinical 

signs and pathological findings. In: Colegate SM, Dorling 

PR (eds.) Plant-associated toxins. Agricultural, phytochemical 

and ecological aspects. CABI. New York. pp. 

557-560. 

Flåøyen A, Bratberg B, Frøslie A, et al. (1995) Nephrotoxicity 

and hepatotoxicity in calves apparently caused by 

experimental feeding with Narthecium ossifragum. Vet 

Res Commun 19(1):63-73. 

Flåøyen A, Bratberg B, Frøslie A, et al. (1997) Further 

studies on the presence, qualities and effects of the toxic 

principles from Narthecium ossifagum plants. Vet Res 

Commun 21(2):137-148. 

Flåøyen A, Bratberg B, Grønstol H (1995) Nephrotoxicity 

in lambs apparently caused by experimental feeding with 

Narthecium ossifragum. Vet Res Commun 19(1):75-79. 

Flåøyen A, Handeland K, Stuve G, et al. (1999) Experimental 

Narthecium ossifragum nephrotoxicity in cervids 

from Norway. J Wildl Dis 35(1):24-30. 

Flåøyen A, Johansen J, Olsen J (1995) Narthecium ossifragum 

associated photosensitization in sheep in the 

Faroe Islands. Acta Vet Scand 36(2):277-278. 

Laksesvela B, Dishington IW (1983) Bog asphodel (Narthecium 

ossifragum) as a cause of photosensitisation in lambs 

in Norway. Vet Rec 112(16):375-378. 

Malone FE, Kennedy S, Reilly GA, et al. (1992) Bog asphodel 

(Narthecium ossifragum) poisoning in cattle. Vet Rec 

131(5):100-103. 

Malone FE, Kennedy S, Reilly GA, et al. (1998) Bog asphodel 

(Narthecium ossifragum) poisoning in cattle. In: 



Scheie E, Ryste EV, Flåøyen A (2003) Measurement of phylloeryththrin 

(phytoporthyrin) in plasma or serum and 

skin from sheep photosensitised after ingestion of Narthecium 

ossifragum. N Z Vet J 51(3):99-103. 

Wisløff T, Flåøyen A, Ottesen N, et al. (2003) Narthecium 

ossifragum (L.) Huds. causes kidney damage in 

goats: Morphologic and functional effects. Vet Pathol 

40(3):317-327. 

Narzisse –see– Narcissus poeticus L.; Narcissus pseudonarcissus 

L. 

n a s a Tr i p h y l l a (Juss.) Weigend [Loasaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l oasa vulcanica André 

Citations: 

Mitchell JC, Rook AJ (1979) Botanical dermatology. Plants 

and plant products injurious to the skin. Greengrass. 

Vancouver. 

nasgaal –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

n a s s e l l a Te n u is s i Ma (Trin.) Barkworth 

[Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s tipa tenacissima Trin. 

Common names: 

esparto grass 

Citations: 

Baz G, Hinojosa M, Quirce S, et al. (1999) Occupational 

asthma caused by esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima) fibers. 

Allergy 54(1):86-87. 

nastergal –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

nasturium –see– Tropaeolum majus L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Nerium oleander - 271 

Nasturtium armoracia (L.) Fr. = Armoracia rusticana P. 

Gaertn. et al. 

Natal camel thorn –see– Acacia lasiopetala Oliv. 

Natal cherry –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

Natal round yellow bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

Natal slangkop –see– Drimia macrocentra (Baker) Jessop 

Natal yellow tulp –see– Moraea pallida (Baker) Goldblatt 

native bryony –see– Bryonopsis laciniosa (L.) Naudin; 

Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey 

native couchgrass –see– Brachyachne convergens (F. Muell.) 

Stapf 

native fuchsia –see– Eremophila latrobei F. Muell.; 

Eremophila maculata (Ker Gawl.) F. Muell. 

native indigo –see– Indigofera australis Willd. 

native lily –see– Diplarrhena moraea Labill. 

native loquat –see– Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Benth. 

native parsnip –see– Trachymene glaucifolia (F. Muell.) Benth. 

native tobacco –see– Nicotiana suaveolens Lehm. 

naughty-man’s-cherry –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

navet-de-diable –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

navy bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

nea –see– Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. 

Nebraska fern –see– Conium maculatum L. 

needle bur –see– Amaranthus spinosus L. 

needlepoint ivy –see– Hedera helix L. 

neem –see– Azadirachta indica A. Juss. 

neempathi –see– Azadirachta indica A. Juss. 

negroés olive tree –see– Terminalia chebula Retz. 

neguillon –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

Nelson’s-larkspur –see– Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. 

nenta –see– Tylecodon wallichii (Harv.) Toelken 

n e ob a s s i a p r o c e r i f l o r a (F. Muell.) A. J. 

Scott [Chenopodiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Threlkeldia proceriflora F. Muell. 

Common Names: 

soda bush 

Citations: 

Legg J, Francis WD (1939) Threlkeldia proceriflora: A plant 

poisonous to stock. Aust Vet J 15:168-171. 

Mathams RH, Sutherland AK (1952) The oxalate content of 

some Queensland pasture plants. Queensland J Agric Sci 

9:317-334. 

n e o n o To n i a w ig h Ti i (Wight & Arn.) J. A. 

Lackey [Chenopodiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

g lycine wightii (Wight & Arn.) Verdc. 

Citations: 


Lab Anim Sci 26(4):664-669. 

n e o r a u Ta n e n i a c o r i a c e a C. A. Sm. 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Steyn DG (1962) The toxicity of (A) Neorautanenia ficifolia 

(Benth.) C. A. Smith and (B) Neorautanenia coriacea C. 

A. Smith. S Afr Med J 36(Nov 3):922-923. 

n e o r a u Ta n e n i a f ic i f o l i u s (Benth.) C. A. 

Sm. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Steyn DG (1962) The toxicity of (A) Neorautanenia ficifolia 

(Benth.) C. A. Smith and (B) Neorautanenia coriacea C. 

A. Smith. S Afr Med J 36(Nov 3):922-923. 

Nepaul aconite –see– Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser. 

n e p e Ta c a Ta r i a L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

cataria; catmint; catnep; catnip 

Citations: 

Bailey RL (1970) Tropical plants prove fatal. Mod Vet Pract 

51(6):42, 46. 

Hatch RC (1972) Effect of drugs on catnip (Nepeta 

cataria)-induced pleasure behavior in cats. Am J Vet Res 

33(1):143-155. 

Jackson B, Reed A (1969) Catnip and alteration of consciousness. 

JAMA 207(7):1349-1350. 

Massoco CO, Silva MR, Gorniak SL, et al. (1995) Behavioral 

effects of acute and long-term administration 

of catnip (Nepeta cataria) in mice. Vet Hum Toxicol 

37(6):530-533. 

Osterhoudt KC, Lee SK, Callahan JM, et al. (1997) Catnip 

and the alteration of human consciousness. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 39(6):373-375. 

Nepeta hederacea (L.) Trev. = Glechoma hederacea L. 

n e p h r o l e p is e x a l Ta Ta (L.) Schott 

[Nephrolepidaceae] 

Citations: 

Stoof TJ, Bruynzeel DP (1989) Contact allergy to Nephrolepsis 

ferns. Contact Dermatitis 20(8):234-235. 

nerium –see– Nerium oleander L. 

Nerium indicum Mill. = Nerium oleander L. 

Nerium odorum Aiton = Nerium oleander L. 

n e r i u M o l e a n d e r L. [Apocynaceae] 

Synonyms: 

n erium indicum Mill.; n erium odorum Aiton 

Common Names: 

adelfa; Ceylon rose; deflah; espirradeira; kaner; laurel 

blanco; laurel colorado; laurel rosa; laurel rosado; lau-

272 - Nerium oleander D. Jesse Wagstaff 

rel rose; laurier rose; Lorbeerose; lorier bol; narcisco; 

nerium; oleander; pink oleander; rosa laurel; rose laurel; 

rosebay; Rosenlorbeer; South Sea rose; yee tho 

Citations: 

Adam SE, Al-Yahya MA, Al-Farhan AH (2002) Toxicity 

of Nerium oleander and Rhazya stricta in Najdi sheep: 

Hematologic and clinicopathologic alterations. Am J 

Chin Med 30(2-3):255-262. 

Alfonso HA, Sanchez LM, Merino N, et al. (1991) Intoxicacion 

por Nerium oleander en ocas. Rev Salud Anim 

13:183-184. 

Alfonso HA, Sanchez LM, Merino N, et al. (1994) Intoxication 

due to Nerium oleander in geese. Vet Hum Toxicol 

36(1):47. 

Anonymous (1971) Oleander poisoning in equines. J R Army 

Vet Corps 42:8-9. 

Apted J (1983) Oleander dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 

9(4):321. 



Vet Med Assoc 200(9):1329-1331. 

Arao T, Fuke C, Takaesu H, et al. (2002) Simultaneous 

determination of cardenolides by sonic spray ionization 

liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry 

- A fatal case of oleander poisoning. J Anal Toxicol 

26(4):222-227. 

Bárdosi Z (1963) Leanderlevél okozta mérgezések. Magyar 

Allator Lapja 18(9):361. 

Bartell S, Anchor A (1996) Use of digoxin-specific antibody 

fragments in suicidal oleander toxicity. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 34:600. 

Benaissa L (1966) Hémolyse aiguë par inhalation prolongée 

de fleurs de lauriers-rose. Tunis Med 44(2):115-119. 

Burton LE, Picchioni AL, Chin L (1965) Dipotassium edetate 

as an antidote in poisoning from oleander and its 

chief glycoside, oleandrin. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 

158(1):202-211. 





Driggers DA, Solbrig R, Steiner JF, et al. (1989) Acute oleander 

poisoning. A suicide attempt in a geriatric patient. 

West J Med 151(Dec):660-662. 

Duraković Z, Duraković A, Duraković S (1996) Oleander 

poisoning treated by resin haemoperfusion. J Indian Med 

Assoc 94(4):149-150. 

Duraković Z, Plavšić F, Duraković S, et al. (1985) Otrovanje 

oleanderom. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 36(4):387-393. 

Eliakis CE, Eliakis EC, Coutselinis AS, et al. (1961) 

Discussion expérimentale sur la toxicité des feuilles 

du laurier-rose. Symtômes, altérations anatomopathologiques 

et méthodes d’identification de ses glucosides. 

Ann Med Leg Criminol Police Sci Toxicol 

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Galey FD, Holstege DM, Johnson BJ, et al. (1998) Toxicity 

and diagnosis of oleander (Nerium oleander) poisoning 

in livestock. In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic 

plants and other natural toxicants. CABI. New York. 

pp. 215-219. 

Galey FD, Holstege DM, Plumlee KH, et al. (1996) Diagnosis 

of oleander poisoning in livestock. J Vet Diagn 

Invest 8(3):358-364. 

Graeme KA, Lo Vecchio FA, Selden BS, et al. (1998) Cardiotoxicity 

from ingestion of unprocessed Nerium oleander 

leaves treated with FAB fragments. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 36(5):457. 

Haynes BE, Bessen HA, Wightman WD (1985) Oleander 

tea: Herbal draught of death. Ann Emerg Med 

14(4):350-353. 

Hughes KJ, Dart AJ, Hodgson DR (2002) Suspected 

Nerium oleander (Oleander) poisoning in a horse. Aust 

Vet J 80(7):412-415. 

Kaojarern S, Sukhupunyarak S, Mokkhavesa C (1986) Oleander 

yee tho poisoning. J Med Assoc Thai 69:108-112. 

Khasigian P, Everson G, Bellinghausen R, et al. (1998) Poisoning 

following oleander smoke inhalation. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 36(5):456-457. 

Kirsch M (1997) Akute Glykosidintoxikation durch Aufnahme 

von Oleanderblättern (Nerium oleander) beim 

einem Meerschweinchen. Tierarztl Prax 25(4):398-400. 

Krumholz B (1951) [Poisoning of cattle by oleander leaves.] 

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Le Couteur DG, Fisher AA (2002) Chronic and criminal 

administration of Nerium oleander. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

40(4):523-524. 

Liu SK (1957) The pathology of oleander poisoning in cattle. 

Mem Coll Agric Taiwan Univ 5:75-82. 

Livingston ML (1976) Case of oleander poisoning. Florida 

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Maham M, Rezakhani A (1994) Treatment of oleander poisoning 

in cattle and donkeys. In: Colegate SM, Dorling PR 

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Mahin L, Marzou A, Huart A (1984) A case report of 

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Marchán Carranza E, Gijón Rodríguez J, Márquez Moreno 

MD, et al. (1995) Intoxicación digitálica por hojas de 

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Marri R (1939) Oleanderblätter-Vergiftung. Sammlung 

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Meyer HP, van der Linden WJ, van der Linde-Sipman JS 

(1993) Een geval van oleanderintoxicatie bij de kat. Tijdschr 

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Miller R (1973) Oleander poisoning in a two-toed sloth. J 

Zoo Anim Med 4(2):14. 

Miller RM (1976) Oleander poisoning in a sloth. J Zoo 

Anim Med 7(4):11. 

Minardi I, Lunelli IA, Capovilla LC, et al. (1982) Intoxicação 

acidental de bovinos por espirradeira (Nerium oleander 

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Monzani V, Rovellini A, Schinco G, et al. (1997) Acute 

oleander poisoning after a self-prepared tisane. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 35(6):667-668. 

Nishioka SA, Resende ES (1995) Transitory complete atrioventricular 

block associated to ingestion of Nerium oleander. 

Rev Assoc Med Bras 41(1):60-62. 

Oryan A, Maham M, Rezakhani A, et al. (1996) Morphological 

studies on experimental oleander poisoning in 

cattle. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 43(10):625-634.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Nicotiana attenuata - 273 

Osterloh J, Herold S, Pond S (1982) Oleander interference 

in the digoxin radioimmunoassay in a fatal ingestion. 

JAMA 247(11):1596-1597. 

Pearn J (1987) Oleander poisoning. In: Covacevich et al. 

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Ratigan WJ (1921-1922) Oleander poisoning in a bear. J Am 


Reagor JC (1985) Increased oleander poisoning after extensive 

freezes in south/southeast Texas. Southwestern Vet 

36(2):95. 

Refsdal AO (1970) Forgitning hos hest med Nerium oleander. 

Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift 82(7-8):403-404. 

Rezakhani A, Maham M (1992) Oleander poisoning in cattle 

of the Fars Province, Iran. Vet Hum Toxicol 34(6):549. 

Rezakhani A, Maham M (1994) Cardiac manifestations of 

oleander poisoning in cattle and donkeys. In: Colegate 

SM, Dorling PR (eds.) Plant-associated toxins. Agricultural, 

phytochemical and ecological aspects. CABI. New 

York. pp. 534-537. 

Romano GA, Mombelli G (1990) Intoxikation mit Oleanderblättern. 

Schweiz Med Wochenschr 120(16):596-597. 

Safadi R, Levy I, Amitai Y, et al. (1995) Beneficial effect 

of digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments in oleander 

intoxication. Arch Intern Med 155(19):2121-2125. 

Schwartz WL, Bay WW, Dollahite JW, et al. (1974) Toxicity 

of Nerium oleander in the monkey (Cebus apella). Vet 

Pathol 11(3):259-277. 

Shahidullah M, Sobhan MA, Rahman KA, et al. (1987) 

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Shlosberg A, Ohad DG, Bellaiche M, et al. (1998) Monitoring 

of physiological and pathological changes in turkey 

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Shoshan A (1951) [Nerium oleander is a poisonous plant.] 

Refu Vet 8:43-44, 54. 

Shropshire CM, Stauber E, Arai A (1992) Evaluation of 

selected plants for acute toxicosis in budgerigars. J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 200(7):936-939. 

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Treatment with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. 

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Acute cattle intoxication from Nerium oleander pods. 

Trop Anim Health Prod 38(6):451-454. 

Spevak L, Šoć M (1975) Dva slučaja trovanja čajem od oleanderovog 

lišća. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 26(2):147-150. 

Szabuniewicz M, Schwartz WL, McCrady JD, et al. (1972) 

Experimental oleander poisoning and treatment. Southwestern 

Vet 25(2):105-114. 

Thimmiah K (1972) Nerium poisoning in cattle. Indian Vet 

J 49(9):942-946. 

Tracqui A, Kintz P, Branche F, et al. (1998) Confirmation 

of oleander poisoning by HPLC/MS. Int J Legal Med 

111(1):32-34. 

Trautvetter E, Kasbohm C, Werner J (1969) Oleandervergiftung 

mit respiratorisch gekoppeltem AV-Block 

bei einem Hund. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 

82(16):306-308. 

Vermunt J (1987) Oleander - Decorative and very poisonous. 

N Z Vet J 35(8):138-139. 

Wilson FW (1909) Oleander poisoning in live stock. Arizona 


nerprun –see– Rhamnus cathartica L. 

nerveroot –see– Cypripedium reginae Walter 

Nessel –see– Dendrocnide moroides (Wedd.) Chew 

nettle –see– Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur; Laportea 

canadensis (L.) Wedd.; Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh; 

Urtica dioica L. 

nettle tree –see– Urtica ferox G. Forst. 

nettleberry –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

Nevada goldenrod –see– Solidago spectabilis (D. C. Eaton) A. 

Gray 

New Holland rattlepod –see– Crotalaria novae-hollandiae 

DC. 

New York ironweed –see– Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) 

Michx. 

New Zealand blue lupine –see– Lupinus angustifolius L. 

New Zealand lupin –see– Lupinus angustifolius L. 

New Zealand stinging nettle –see– Urtica ferox G. Forst. 

New Zealand toot plant –see– Coriaria ruscifolia L. 

ngaio –see– Myoporum laetum G. Forst. 

ngaione –see– Eremophila deserti (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) 

Chinnock 

ngodoncillo –see– Gossypium hirsutum L. 

niang –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

niang yai –see– Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

n ic a n d r a p h y s a l o d e s (L.) Gaertn. 


Common Names: 

apple-of-Peru; Giftbeere; gooseberry; shoofly plant; 

wild gooseberry 

Citations: 

Cohen RD (1970) Bloat in sheep grazing wild gooseberry, 

Nicandra physaloides. Aust Vet J 46(11):559. 

nicker tree –see– Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch 

n ic o Ti a n a a TTe n u a Ta Torr. ex S. Watson 


Common Names: 

coyote tobacco; wild tobacco

274 - Nicotiana glauca D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 



Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Roe GC (1927) Wild tobaccos 

(Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal and Nicotiana attenuata 

Torrey) as stock-poisoning plants. U S Dep Agric Tech 

Bull #22:22 pp. 

n ic o Ti a n a g l a u c a Graham [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

buena moza; Don Juan; mustard tree; smooth tobacco; 

tobacco; tree tobacco; wild tobacco; wild tree tobacco; 

wildetabak 

Citations: 

Bunch TD, Panter KE, James LF (1990) Effects of certain 

poisonous plants on uterine function and fetal development 

in livestock. J Anim Sci 68(Suppl 1):406. 

Castorena JL, Garriott JC, Barnhardt FE, et al. (1987) A 

fatal poisoning from Nicotiana glauca. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 25(5):429-435. 

Crowe MW, Keeler RF (1985) Comparative clinical and 

pathologic aspects of Nicotiana glauca and Nicotiana 

tabacum teratogenicity in swine. In: Seawright AA, 

Hegarty MP, James LF, et al. (eds.) Plant toxicology. 



Curry S, Bond R, Kunkel D (1988) Acute nicotine poisonings 

after ingestions of tree tobacco. Vet Hum Toxicol 

30(4):369. 

Keeler RF (1979) Congenital defects in calves from maternal 

ingestion of Nicotiana glauca of high anabasine content. 

Clin Toxicol 15(4):417-426. 

Keeler RF, Balls LD, Panter K (1981) Teratogenic effects 

of Nicotiana glauca and concentration of anabasine, 

the suspect teratogen in plant parts. Cornell Vet 

71(1):47-53. 

Keeler RF, Crowe MW (1983) Congenital deformities in 

swine induced by wild tree tobacco, Nicotiana glauca. J 


Keeler RF, Crowe MW (1984) Teratogenicity and toxicity 

of wild tree tobacco, Nicotiana glauca in sheep. Cornell 

Vet 74(1):50-59. 

Keeler RF, Shupe JL, Crowe MW, et al. (1981) Nicotiana 

glauca-induced congenital deformities in calves: 

Clinical and pathologic aspects. Am J Vet Res 

42(7):1231-1234. 

Manoguerra AS, Freeman D (1983) Acute poisoning from 

the ingestion of Nicotiana glauca. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

19(8):861-864. 

Mellick LB, Makowski T, Mellick GA, et al. (1999) Neuromuscular 

blockade after ingestion of tree tobacco (Nicotiana 

glauca). Ann Emerg Med 34(1):101-104. 

Mizrachi N, Levy S, Goren Z (2000) Fatal poisoning from 

Nicotiana glauca leaves: Identification of anabasine by 

gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 

45(3):736-741. 

Panter KE, Bunch TD, Keeler RF, et al. (1990) Multiple 

congenital contractures (MCC) and cleft palate induced 

in goats by ingestion of piperidine alkaloid-containing 

plants: Reduction in fetal movements as the probable 

cause. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 28(1):69-83. 





Iowa. pp. 481-488. 

Panter KE, Keeler RF (1992) Induction of cleft palate in 

goats by Nicotiana glauca during a narrow gestational 

period and the relation to reduction in fetal movement. J 

Nat Toxins 1(1):25-32. 

Panter KE, Keeler RF, Bunch TD, et al. (1990) Congenital 

skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats 

by ingestion of Lupinus, Conium and Nicotiana species. 

Toxicon 28(12):1377-1386. 

Panter KE, Weinzweig J, Gardner DR, et al. (2000) Comparison 

of cleft palate induction by Nicotiana glauca in 

goats and sheep. Teratology 61(3):203-210. 

Plumlee KH, Holstege DM, Blanchard PC, et al. (1993) 

Nicotiana glauca toxicosis of cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 

5(3):498-499. 

Steenkamp PA, van Heerden FR, van Wyk BE (2002) Accidental 

fatal poisoning by Nicotiana glauca: Identification 

of anabasine by high performance liquid chromatography/photodiode 

array/mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci 

Int 127(3):208-217. 

n ic o Ti a n a ob Tu s i f o l i a M. Martens & 

Galeotti [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

n icotiana trigonophylla Dunal 

Common Names: 

desert tobacco; tabaquillo; wild tobacco 

Citations: 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Roe GC (1927) Wild tobaccos 

(Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal and Nicotiana attenuata 

Torrey) as stock-poisoning plants. U S Dep Agric Tech 

Bull #22:22 pp. 

n ic o Ti a n a s u a ve o l e n s Lehm. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

native tobacco 

Citations: 

Seddon HR, McGrath TT (1933) Nicotiana suaveolens 

(native tobacco) proved poisonous to stock. New South 

Wales Dep Agric Vet Res Rep 6:119-121. 

n ic o Ti a n a Ta b a c u M L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

burley tobacco; chupa; dohány; Gutka; pan masala; 

punche; shammah; tabac; tabaco; Tabak; tobacci; tobacco 

Citations: 

Arcury TA, Quandt SA, Garcia DI, et al. (2002) A clinicbased, 

case-control comparison of green tobacco sickness 

among minority farm workers: Clues for prevention. 

South Med J 95(9):1008-1011. 

Babu S, Bhat RV, Kumar PU, et al. (1996) A comparative 

clinico-pathological study of oral submucous fibrosis in 

habitual chewers of pan masala and betelquid. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 34(3):317-322.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Nicotiana tabacum - 275 

Bele-Binda, Mohobo E (1975) Un cas d’intoxication aiguë au 

tabac par lavement. Ann Anesthesiol Fr 16(2):97-100. 

Bleasdale R (1906) Tobacco poisoning in a child. Br Med J 

1(May 19):1155-1156. 

Borys DJ, Setzer SC, Ling LJ (1987) CNS depression in an 

infant after the ingestion of tobacco: A case report. Vet 


Bryden PA, McKnight RH, Spiller HA (2001) Pediatric 

nicotine exposures from ingestion of spittoon contents. J 


Carl P, Crawford M, Ravlo O (1984) Tobaksforgiftning hos 

børn. Ugeskr Laeger 146(15):1160-1161. 

Crowe MW (1969) Skeletal anomalies in pigs associated 

with tobacco. Mod Vet Pract 50(13):54-55. 

Crowe MW (1972) A study of the teratogenic capability of 

tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum [tabacum]) and those chemicals 

commonly applied to the growing plant. Kentucky 

Univ Tobacco Health Res Inst Conf Rep 3:256-266. 

Crowe MW (1973) A study of the teratogenic capability of 

tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum [tabacum]) and those chemicals 

commonly applied to the growing plant. Kentucky 

Univ Tobacco Health Res Inst Conf Rep 4:198-202. 

Crowe MW (1978) Tobacco - a cause of congenital arthrogryposis. 

In: Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, James LF, et 

al. (eds.) Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. Academic 


Crowe MW, Keeler RF (1985) Comparative clinical and 

pathologic aspects of Nicotiana glauca and Nicotiana 

tabacum teratogenicity in swine. In: Seawright AA, 

Hegarty MP, James LF, et al. (eds.) Plant toxicology. 



Crowe MW, Pike HT (1973) Congenital arthrogryposis 

associated with ingestion of tobacco stalks by pregnant 

sows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 162(6):453-455. 

Crowe MW, Swerczek TW (1974) Congenital arthrogryposis 

in offspring of sows fed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). 

Am J Vet Res 35(8):1071-1073. 

Dahl B, Caravati EM (2003) Intracerebral hemorrhage 

associated with ingestion of tobacco snuff. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 41(5):673. 

Edmonson WD (1996) Green tobacco sickness (bradycardia 

in a young farmer). J Tenn Med Assoc 89(3):85-86. 

Garcia Estrada H, Fischman CM (1977) An unusual case of 

nicotine poisoning. Clin Toxicol 10(4):391-393. 

Garvin EC (1913) A case of fatal poisoning by tobacco. 

Cleveland Med J 12:130. 

Gehlbach SH, Perry LD, Williams WA, et al. (1975) Nicotine 

absorption by workers harvesting green tobacco. 

Lancet 1(Mar 1):478-480. 

Gehlbach SH, Williams WA, Perry LD, et al. (1974) Greentobacco 

sickness. An illness of tobacco harvesters. JAMA 

229(14):1880-1883. 

Ghosh SK, Gokani VN, Parikh JR, et al. (1987) Protection 

against “green symptoms” from tobacco in Indian harvesters: 

A preliminary intervention study. Arch Environ 

Health 41(2):121-124. 

Ghosh SK, Parikh JR, Gokani VN, et al. (1980) Studies 

on occupational health problems in agricultural tobacco 

workers. J Soc Occup Med 30(3):113-117. 

Johnson DW, Wilkins V (1996) Ingestion of tobacco products 

by children: A prospective study. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

34:600-601. 

Kaplan B (1968) Acute nicotine poisoning in a dog. Vet Med 

Small Anim Clin 63(Nov):1033-1034. 

McGee D, Picciotti M, Spevack T (1991) Two year review of 

tobacco ingestions. Vet Hum Toxicol 33(4):370. 

McKnight RH, Levine EJ, Rodgers GC Jr (1994) Detection 

of green tobacco sickness by a regional poison center. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 36(6):505-510. 

McKnight RH, Spiller HA (2005) Green tobacco sickness 

in children and adolescents. Public Health Rep 

120(6):602-605. 

Menges RW, Selby LA, Marienfeld CJ, et al. (1970) A 

tobacco related epidemic of congenital limb deformities 

in swine. Environ Res 3(4):285-302. 

Misumi J, Koyama W, Miura J (1983) [2 cases of “green 

tobacco disease” among tobacco harvesters and percutaneous 

nicotine absorption in rats.] Jpn J Indus Health 

25(1):3-9. 

Nakamura T (1984) Tobacco dermatitis in Japanese harvesters. 


Oberst BB, McIntyre RA (1953) Acute nicotine poisoning. 

Case report. Pediatrics 11:338-340. 

Ohyama K, Uehara T, Nohara T, et al. (1986) [Contact dermatitis 

due to tobacco leaves.] Nippon Hifuka Gakkai 

Zasshi 96(14):1677-1680. 

Parikh JR, Gokani VN, Doctor PB, et al. (2005) Acute and 

chronic health effects due to green tobacco exposure in 

agricultural workers. Am J Ind Med 47(6):494-499. 

Pecegueiro M (1988) Airborne contact dermatitis to tobacco. 


Poniecka H (1990) Rośliny jako przyczyna alergii kontaktowej 

w materiale kliniki dermatologicznej am w 

białymstoku. Przegl Dermatol 77(4):262-265. 

Ross MP, Revolinski D, Taurman L, et al. (1994) Detection 

of a peadiatric occupational poisoning in Kentucky. Vet 


Samitz MH, Mori P, Long CF (1939) Dermatological hazards 

in the cigar industry. Ind Med Surg 18(10):434-439. 



Saxena K, Scheman A (1985) Suicide plan by nicotine poisoning: 

A review of nicotine toxicity. Vet Hum Toxicol 

27(6):495-497. 

Smolinske SC, Spoerke DG, Spiller SK, et al. (1988) Cigarette 

and nicotine chewing gum toxicity in children. Hum 

Toxicol 7:27-31. 

Trapé-Cardoso M, Bracker A, Dauser D, et al. (2005) 

Cotinine levels and green tobacco sickness among shade 

tobacco workers. J Agromedicine 10(2):27-37. 

Trapé-Cardoso M, Bracker A, Grey M, et al. (2003) Shade 

tobacco and green tobacco sickness in Connecticut. J 

Occup Environ Med 45(6):656-661. 

Vero F, Genovese S (1941) Occupational dermatitis in cigar 

makers due to contact with tobacco leaves. Arch Derm 

Syphilol 43:257-263. 

Vig MM (1990) Nicotine poisoning in a dog. Vet Hum Toxicol 

32(6):573-575. 

Weizenecker R, Deal WB (1970) Tobacco cropper’s sickness. 

J Fla Med Assoc 57(12):13-14. 

Willis HW (1937) Acute nicotine poisoning. Report of a 

case in a child. J Pediatr 10:65-68. 

Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal = Nicotiana obtusifolia M. 

Martens & Galeotti

276 - Nidorella foetida D. Jesse Wagstaff 

nicou –see– Deguelia utilis (A. C. Sm.) A. M. G. Azevedo 

n i d o r e l l a f o e Ti d a (L.) DC. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Schneider DJ, Green JR, Collett MG (1987) Ovine hepatogenous 

photosensitivity caused by the plant Nidorella foetida 

(Thunb.) DC. (Asteraceae). Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

54(1):53-57. 

nielle –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

n i e r e Mb e r g i a h i p p o Ma n ic a Miers 


Common Names: 

chucho; chucho-de-la-sierra; chuschu 

Citations: 

Botha CJ, Schultz RA, van der Lugt JJ, et al. (1999) Neurotoxicity 

in calves induced by the plant, Nierembergia 

hippomanica Miers var. violacea Millan in South Africa. 


n i e r e Mb e r g i a v e i Tc h i i Hook. [Solanaceae] 

Citations: 

Riet-Correa F, Schild AL, Méndez MC, et al. (1987) Enzootic 

calcinosis in sheep caused by the ingestion of Nierembergia 

veitchii (Solanaceae). Pesq Vet Bras 7(3):85-95. 

Nieskraut –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

Niespulver –see– Veratrum album L. 

Nieswurz –see– Helleborus niger L.; Helleborus viridis L.; 

Veratrum album L. 

n ig e l l a s a Ti va L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

black cumin; kaluduru 

Citations: 

Tennekoon KH, Jeevathayaparan S, Kurukulasooriya AP, 

et al. (1991) Possible hepatotoxicity of Nigella sativa 

seeds and Dregea volubilis leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 

31:283-289. 

Zedlitz S, Kaufmann R, Boehncke WH (2002) Allergic 

contact dermatitis from black cumin (Nigella sativa) oilcontaining 

ointment. Contact Dermatitis 46(3):188. 

night-blooming jasmine –see– Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl.; 

Cestrum nocturnum L. 

night-blooming jessamine –see– Cestrum nocturnum L. 

nightingales –see– Arum maculatum L. 

nightshade –see– Pentalinon luteum (L.) B. F. Hansen & 

Wunderlin; Solanum carolinense L.; Solanum dulcamara 

L.; Solanum glaucophyllum Desf.; Solanum nigrum L.; 

Solanum pseudocapsicum L.; Solanum triflorum Nutt. 

nim tree –see– Azadirachta indica A. Juss. 

nimb –see– Azadirachta indica A. Juss. 

nine-leaf indigo –see– Indigofera linnaei Ali 

ningpo varnish –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. 

A. Barkley 

nilphulia –see– Ageratum conyzoides L. 

nipple fruit –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

Noah Holz –see– Madhuca longifolia (L.) J. F. Macbr. 

nodding blue lily –see– Stypandra glauca R. Br. 

nodding spurge –see– Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small 

noeniebossie –see– Boscia foetida Schinz 

nogal –see– Juglans regia L. 

nogal-de-la-India –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

noisetier purgatif –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

noix d’acajou –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

noix d’arec –see– Areca catechu L. 

noix vomique –see– Strychnos nux-vomica L. 

nole –see– Semecarpus ater (G. Forst.) Vieill. 

n o l i n a Mic r o c a r p a S. Watson [Ruscaceae] 

Common Names: 

beargrass; sacahuista; sacahuiste; small-seed nolina 

Citations: 

Rankins DL Jr, Smith GS, Ross TT (1986) Rat study of 

beargrass (sacahuiste) toxicity. Proc West Sec Am Soc 

Anim Sci 37:224-226. 

Rankins DL Jr, Smith GS, Ross TT, et al. (1988) Nolina 

microcarpa toxicosis in sheep. Proc West Sec Am Soc 

Anim Sci 39:218-221. 

Rankins DL Jr, Smith GS, Ross TT, et al. (1993) Characterization 

of toxicosis in sheep dosed with blossoms 

of sacahuiste (Nolina microcarpa). J Anim Sci 

71(9):2489-2498. 

Samford MD, Ross TT, Edrington TS, et al. (1991) Toxicity 

of beargrass blossoms diminished during storage. Proc 

West Sec Am Soc Anim Sci 42:54-57. 

Smith GS, Zornes ML, Schemnitz SD, et al. (1992) Toxicity 

of seeds of Nolina microcarpa (sacahuiste, beargrass) to 

chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar). Proc West Sec Am 

Soc Anim Sci 43:394-396. 

n o l i n a Te x a n a S. Watson [Ruscaceae] 

Common Names: 

beargrass; bunchgrass; sacahuista; sacahuiste; Texas 

sacahuista; Texas sacahuiste 

Citations: 



1933:34-35. 





Mathews FP (1940) Poisoning in sheep and goats by sacahuiste 

(Nolina texana) buds and blooms. Texas Agric Exp 

Sta Bull #585:5-19.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Nymphaea odorata - 277 

n o l l e Ti a g a r i e p i n a (DC.) Mattf. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

du Plessis EC, Joubert JP, Prozesky L, et al. (2004) Nephrotic 

syndrome in cattle caused by the shrub Nolletia 

gariepina in the Kalahari sandveld of southern Africa. In: 



pp. 76-78. 

Meintjes RA, Botha CJ, Prozesky L (2005) Toxicity, 

pathophysiology and pathology in sheep following dosing 

of the nephrotoxic plant Nolletia gariepina (DC) Mattf. 


n o l Te a a f r ic a n a (L.) Endl. [Rhamnaceae] 

Common Names: 

seepbossie 

Citations: 




Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

nonclimbing poison ivy –see– Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small 

ex Rydb.) Greene 

nongue –see– Datura inoxia Mill. 

noni –see– Morinda citrifolia L. 

Noogoora bur –see– Xanthium strumarium L.; Xanthium 

strumarium L. var. glabratum (DC.) Cronquist 

North American pennyroyal –see– Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) 

Pers. 

northern grasstree –see– Xanthorrhoea media R. Br. 

northern ironwood –see– Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. 


northern poison ivy –see– Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex 

Rydb.) Greene 

northern privet –see– Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & 

Zucc. subsp. suave (Kitag.) Kitag. 

northern red oak –see– Quercus rubra L. 

nosebleed –see– Achillea millefolium L. 

novet –see– Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) A. R. 

Clapham 

Nubian senna –see– Senna alexandrina Mill. 

nueza blanca –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

nueza negra –see– Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & 

Wilkin 

nuez-de-India –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

n u p h a r l u Te a (L.) Sm. [Nymphaeaceae] 

Citations: 

Airaksinen M, Peura P, Alaossi Salokangas L, et al. (1986) 

Toxicity of plant material used as emergency food during 

famines in Finland. J Ethnopharmacol 18(3):273-296. 

nutmeg –see– Myristica fragrans Houtt. 

nutmet –see– Myristica fragrans Houtt. 

Nuttall’s-death camas –see– Toxicoscordion nuttallii (A. 

Gray) Rydb. 

nux moshata –see– Myristica fragrans Houtt. 

nux vomica –see– Strychnos nux-vomica L. 

nyári hérics –see– Adonis aestivalis L. 

n y Mp h a e a o d o r a Ta Aiton subsp. tuberosa 

(Paine) Wiersema & Hellq. [Nymphaeaceae] 

Synonyms: 

n ymphaea tuberosa Paine 

Common Names: 

water lily; white water lily 

Citations: 



Nymphaea tuberosa Paine = Nymphaea odorata Aiton 

subsp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersema & Hellq.

oak-leaf poison ivy –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. 

& A. Gray) Greene; Toxicodendron pubescens Mill. 

oakbrush –see– Quercus gambelii Nutt. 

oatgrass –see– Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. 

oats –see– Avena sativa L. 

obeche –see– Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. 

obsession vine –see– Convolvulus arvensis L. 

o c o Te a p o r o s a (Nees & Mart.) Barroso 

[Lauraceae] 

Common Names: 

Brazilian walnut 

Citations: 

Schwartz L (1931) Dermatitis venenata due to contact with 

Brazilian walnut wood. Public Health Rep 46(Aug 

14):1938-1943. 

octopus –see– Aloe arborescens Mill. 

octopus tree –see– Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms 

odallum –see– Cerbera odollam Gaertn. 

odum –see– Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg 

oduvan –see– Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Hook. f. 

oduvanthalai –see– Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Hook. f. 

oenanthe –see– Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir.; Oenanthe 

crocata L. 

o 

o e n a n Th e a q u a Tic a (L.) Poir. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

fine-leaf water dropwort; horsebane; oenanthe; rizi 

mételykóró 

Citations: 



Comp Lyon 72(2):167-173. 

o e n a n Th e c r o c a Ta L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

belder root; ben dock; dead-man’s-fingers; dead tongue; 

giftige Rebendolde; hemlock dropwort; hemlock water 

dropwort; nabo-del-diablo; oenanthe; perreil; Safranrebendolde; 

water dropwort; water dropwort hemlock 

Citations: 

Anger JP, Anger F, Chauvel Y, et al. (1976) Intoxication 

mortellepar Oenanthe safranée (Oenanthe crocata). Eur 

J Toxicol Environ Hyg 9(2):119-125. 

Ball MJ, Flather ML, Forfar JC (1987) Hemlock water dropwort 

poisoning. Postgrad Med J 63:363-365. 

Boyle JG (1958) Water dropwort poisoning. State Vet J 

13(Sep):17-18. 

Downs C, Phillips J, Ranger A, et al. (2002) A hemlock 

water dropwort curry: A case of multiple poisoning. 

Emerg Med J 19(5):472-473. 

Fitzgerald P, Moss N, O’Mahony S, et al. (1987) Accidental 

hemlock poisoning. Br Med J 295(6613):1657. 



King LA, Lewis MJ, Parry D, et al. (1985) Identification of 

oenanthotoxin and related compounds in hemlock water 

dropwort poisoning. Hum Toxicol 4(4):355-364. 

Marras G (1965) Su di un caso di avvelenamento acuto 

mortale da «Oenanthe crocata». Minerva Medicoleg 

85(3):83-85. 

McGrath J (1937) Notes on a case of poisoning by Oenanthe 

crocata (water dropwort). Ir J Med Sci Jul:309-311. 

Milne J (1945) Fatal poisoning in a horse by Oenanthe crocata. 

Vet Rec 57(3):30. 

Mitchell MI, Routledge PA (1977) Poisoning by hemlock 

water dropwort. Lancet 1(8008):423-424. 

Mitchell MI, Routledge PA (1978) Hemlock water dropwort 

poisoning: A review. Clin Toxicol 12(4):417-426. 




O’Connor TM (1966) Treatment for poisoning by Oenanthe 

crocata. Vet Rec 79(5):157-158. 

O’Mahony S, Fitzgerald P, Whelton MJ (1987) Poisoning by 

hemlock water dropwort. Ir J Med Sci 156(8):241. 

Pallares JM, Saban J, Bouza C, et al. (1985) Reversible autonomic 

dysfunction in Oenanthe crocata poisoning evaluated 

by simple bedside tests. Hum Toxicol 4:521-526. 

Swinscow D (1953) Accidental poisoning of young children. 

Arch Dis Child 28(137):26-29. 

Thomas WE (1937) Water dropwort poisoning. Br Med J 

1(May 15):1045-1046. 

Wilson AL, Johnston WG, McCusker HB, et al. (1958) 

Hemlock water dropwort (Oenanthe crocata) poisoning 

in cattle. Vet Rec 70:587-590. 

o e n a n Th e p a l u s Tr is (Chiov.) C. Norman 

[Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s tephanorossia palustris Chiov. 

Common Names: 

gonde 

Citations: 


Africa. I. Bull Epizootic Dis Afr 18(4):377-387.

280 - Oenanthe pimpinelloides D. Jesse Wagstaff 

o e n a n Th e p i Mp i n e l l o i d e s L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

corky-fruit water dropwart 

Citations: 

Forsyth AA (1966) Treatment for poisoning by Oenanthe 

crocata. Vet Rec 79(2):55. 

o e n a n Th e s i l a i f o l i a M. Bieb. [Apiaceae] 

Citations: 

Aspiotis N, Lavrentiades G, Andreou C (1960) Etude pharmacodynamique 

de la plante toxique Oenanthe silaifolia. 

Bull Acad Vet Fr 33(1):75-80. 

oficial-de-sala –see– Asclepias curassavica L. 

Ohio buckeye –see– Aesculus glabra Willd. 

okpu –see– Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig 

okra –see– Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench 

ol dewo –see– Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. 

ol meraa –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

ol odoa –see– Maesa lanceolata Forssk. 

old maid –see– Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don 

old maid’s-pink –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

old man –see– Clematis vitalba L.; Marah oregonus (Torr. & 

S. Watson) J. T. Howell 

old-man-in-the-spring –see– Senecio vulgaris L. 

old-man rosemary –see– Rosmarinus officinalis L. 

old-man sagebrush –see– Artemisia filifolia Torr. 

old-man’s-beard –see– Clematis microphylla DC.; Clematis 

vitalba L. 

old woman –see– Artemisia absinthium L. 

o l e a e u r o p a e a L. [Oleaceae] 

Common Names: 

olive 

Citations: 

Azofra J (2004) Olive allergy. Allergy 59(5):559. 

Carnés Sánchez J, Iraola VM, Sastre J, et al. (2002) Allergenicity 

and immunochemical characterization of six varieties 

of Olea europaea. Allergy 57(4):313-318. 

Hausen BM, Rothenborg HW (1981) Allergic contact dermatitis 

caused by olive wood jewelry. Arch Dermatol 

117(11):732-734. 

Pajarón MJ, Vila L, Prieto I, et al. (1997) Cross-reactivity 

of Olea europaea with other Oleaceae species in allergic 

rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Allergy 52(8):829-835. 

Quiralte J, Florido F, Arias de Saavedra JM, et al. (2002) 

Olive allergen-specific IgE responses in patients with 

Olea europaea pollinosis. Allergy 57(Suppl 71):47-52. 

van Joost T, Smitt JH, van Ketel WG (1981) Sensitization 

to olive oil (Olea europeae). Contact Dermatitis 

7(6):309-310. 

Williams J, Roberts H, Tate B (2007) Contact urticaria to 

olives. Contact Dermatitis 56(1):52-53. 

Williams JD, Tate BJ (2006) Occupational allergic contact 

dermatitis from olive oil. Contact Dermatitis 

55(4):251-252. 

oleander –see– Nerium oleander L.; Thevetia peruviana 

(Pers.) K. Schum. 

o l e a r i a a x i l l a r is F. Muell. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 



Med J Aust 1(3):110-116. 

oleaster –see– Elaeagnus angustifolia L. 

olieblom –see– Ricinus communis L. 

olieboon –see– Datura stramonium L. 

olive –see– Olea europaea L. 

olivo-de-Bohemia –see– Elaeagnus angustifolia L. 

oloiuqui –see– Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. 

ololiuqui –see– Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. 

olomiojo –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

olon –see– Fagara heitzii Aubrév. & Pellegr. 

onat spurge –see– Euphorbia drummondii Boiss. 

one-eye bean –see– Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. 

one-seed juniper –see– Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) 

Sarg. 

one-stem butterweed –see– Senecio integerrimus Nutt. 

onehunga weed –see– Soliva sessilis Ruiz & Pav. 

ongaonga –see– Urtica ferox G. Forst. 

onion –see– Allium cepa L. 

onion-de-mer –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

o n o c l e a s e n s i b i l is L. [Dryopteridaceae] 

Common Names: 

meadow fern; sensitive fern 

Citations: 

Waller EF, Prince FS, Hodgdon AR, et al. (1944) Sensitivefern 

poisoning of horses. New Hampshire Agric Sta Tech 

Bull #83:8 pp. 

o n y c h i u M c o n Tig u u M Wall. ex C. Hope 

[Pteridiaceae] 

Common Names: 

fuh 

Citations: 

Dawra RK, Sharma OP, Somvanshi R (2001) A preliminary 

study on the carcinogenicity of the common 

fern Onychium contiguum. Vet Res Commun 

25(5):413-420. 

oolong tea –see– Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Origanum majorana - 281 

o p h io p o g o n j a p o n ic u s (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. 

[Ruscaceae] 

Common Names: 

mai-meu-dong-tang; ophiopogonics 

Citations: 

Mochitomi Y, Inoue A, Kawabata H, et al. (1998) Stevens- 

Johnson syndrome caused by a health drink (Eberu) containing 

ophiopogonis tuber. J Dermatol 25(10):662-665. 

ophiopogonics –see– Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker 

Gawl. 

opium poppy –see– Papaver somniferum L. 

o pl o p a n a x e l a Tu s (Nakai) Nakai [Araliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

e chinopanax elatus Nakai 

Citations: 

Lopatin AI, Kolesnikova NP (1975) [On skin lesions caused 

by the use of Echinopanax elatum Nakai.] Vestn Dermatol 

Venerol 12:83-85. 

o p u n Ti a f ic u s -i n d ic a (L.) Mill. [Cactaceae] 

Common Names: 

Indian fig; Indian fig cactus; prickly pear; sabbara; 

sabra 

Citations: 

Shanon J, Sagher F (1956) Sabra dermatitis. An occupational 

dermatitis due to prickly pear handling simulating scabies. 


Shanon Y, Sagher F (1965) Sabra dermatitis. Dermatite 

professionale causata da contatto con Fico d’India che 

assomiglia alla scabbia. Dermatol Int 4:125-127. 

Yoon HJ, Won CH, Moon SE (2004) Allergic contact dermatitis 

due to Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. Contact 

Dermatitis 51(5-6):311-312. 

o p u n Ti a r ob u s Ta H. L. Wendl. ex Pfeiff. 

[Cactaceae] 

Citations: 

Mitchell JC, Rook AJ (1979) Botanical Dermatology. Plants 

and plant products injurious to the skin. Greengrass. 

Vancouver. 

orache –see– Atriplex hortensis L.; Atriplex patula L. 

Orakelblume –see– Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. 

orange –see– Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck 

orange apocynum –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

orange cestrum –see– Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl. 

orange day lily –see– Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. 

orange milkweed –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

orange mint –see– Mentha ×piperita L. nothosubsp. citrata 

(Ehrh.) Briq. 

orange sneezeweed –see– Hymenoxys hoopesii (A. Gray) 

Bierner 

orange swallowwort –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

orangeroot –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

orashe –see– Atriplex hortensis L. 

Orbignya phalerata Mart. = Attalea speciosa Mart. ex 

Spreng. 

orchardgrass –see– Dactylis glomerata L. 

ordeal bark –see– Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) 


ordeal nut –see– Strychnos nux-vomica L. 

ordeal tree –see– Cerbera odollam Gaertn.; Erythrophleum 

africanum (Welw. ex Benth.) Harms; Erythrophleum 

suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan 

oregano –see– Origanum vulgare L. 

Oregon grape –see– Berberis aquifolium Pursh 

Oregon holly grape –see– Berberis aquifolium Pursh 

Oregon maple –see– Acer macrophyllum Pursh 

Oregon oak –see– Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook. 

Oregon water hemlock –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. 

Coult. & Rose 

Oregon white oak –see– Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook. 

oreille d’homme –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

orelha-de-preto –see– Enterolobium timbouva Mart. 

Orelia grandiflora Aubl. = Allamanda cathartica L. 

oriental arbor vitae –see– Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco 

oriental cashew –see– Semecarpus anacardium L. f. 

oriental ginseng –see– Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. 

oriental hyacinth –see– Hyacinthus orientalis L. 

oriental lacquer tree –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum 


oriental mustard –see– Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. 

oriental poppy –see– Papaver somniferum L. 

oriental sumach –see– Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) 

Kuntze 

oriental wax tree –see– Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) 

Kuntze 

o r ig a n u M c o Mp a c Tu M Benth. [Lamiaceae] 

Citations: 

Verrept H, Schillemans L (1994) Ziektegedrag van Marokkaanse 

migranten met vakantie in Marokko. Ned Tijdschr 

Geneeskd 138(7):337-339. 

o r ig a n u M Ma jo r a n a L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Majoran; marjoram; Meiran; Wurstkraut 

Citations: 


and cinnamon. Contact Dermatitis 7(2):121.

282 - Origanum vulgare D. Jesse Wagstaff 

o r ig a n u M vu l g a r e L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

oregano 

Citations: 

Benito M, Jorro G, Morales C, et al. (1996) Labiatae allergy: 

Systemic reactions due to oregano and thyme. Ann 

Allergy Asthma Immunol 76(5):416-418. 



oris root –see– Iris ×germanica L. nothovar. florentina Dykes 

Orlaya platycarpos (L.) W. D. J. Koch = Caucalis 

platycarpos L. 

ornamental French bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

ornamental pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L. 

Ornithogalum caudatum Jacq. = Ornithogalum 

longebracteatum Jacq. 

o r n i Th o g a l u M l o n g e b r a c Te a Tu M Jacq. 


Synonyms: 

o rnithogalum caudatum Jacq. 

Citations: 



Pohl RW (1965) Contact dermatitis from the juice of Ornithogalum 

caudatum. Toxicon 3(2):167-168. 

o r n i Th o g a l u M Mag n u M (Baker) J. C. 

Manning & Goldblatt [Hyacinthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d ipcadi glaucum (Burch. ex Ker Gawl.) Baker 

Common Names: 

malkop ui; maluie; poison onion; wild onion; wilde ui 

Citations: 




7(1):169-178. 

o r n i Th o g a l u M n a n o d e s F. M. Leight. 


Citations: 

Bamhare C (1998) Suspected cardiac glycoside intoxication 

in sheep and goats in Namibia due to Ornithogalum 

nanodes (Leighton). Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

65(1):25-30. 

o r n i Th o g a l u M Th y r so i d e s Jacq. 


Common Names: 

chinkerinchee; star-of-Bethlehem; viooltje; wonder 

flower; zuidewindlelie 

Citations: 






pp. 540-547. 

Breukink HJ (1963) Ornithogalosis of Zuidewindlelie 

- vergiftiging bij schapen. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 

88(10):653-658. 

o r n i Th o g a l u M To x ic a r i u M C. Archer & 

R. H. Archer [Hyacinthaceae] 

Common Names: 

chinkerinchee 

Citations: 

Botha CJ, Schultz RA, van der Lugt JJ, et al. (2000) A 

krimpsiekte-like syndrome in small stock poisoned by 

Ornithogalum toxicarium Archer & Archer. J S Afr Vet 

Assoc 71(1):6-9. 

o r n i Th o g a l u M u Mb e l l a Tu M L. 


Common Names: 

dome-d’onze-heures; leche-de-gallina; nap-at-noon; 

snowdrop; star flower; star-of-Bethlehem; summer 

snowflake 

Citations: 





Ornithoglossum glaucum Salisb. = Ornithoglossum vulgare 

B. Nord. 

o r n i Th o g l o s s u M v u l g a r e B. Nord. 

[Liliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

o rnithoglossum glaucum Salisb. 

Common Names: 

Cape slangkop 

Citations: 




1:173-182. 

o r ob a n c h e Mi n o r Sm. [Orobanchaceae] 

Common Names: 

beech drops; broom rape; cancerroot; clover broomrape; 

el halouk; lesser broomrape; zobb elkeh 

Citations: 

Kamel SH (1956) Étude chimique et toxicologique d’une 

plante égyptienne: Orobanche minor Sutton. Rev Elev 

Med Vet Pays Trop 9:43-48.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Oxalis pes-caprae - 283 

oromerillo –see– Baccharis coridifolia DC. 

orris root –see– Iris ×germanica L. nothovar. florentina 

Dykes 

ortiga –see– Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur; Wigandia urens 

(Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth var. caracasana (Kunth) D. N. 

Gibson 

ortiga brava –see– Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur 

ortiguilla –see– Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh 

orvosi somkóró –see– Melilotus officinalis Lam. 

o r y z a s a Ti va L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

Reis; rice 

Citations: 

Alderson HE, Rawlins AG (1925) Rice workers’ dermatitis. 

Cal West Med 23(1):42-45. 

González-Mendiola R, Martín-García C, Carnés J, et al. 

(2003) Asthma induced by the inhalation of vapours during 

the process of boiling rice. Allergy 58(11):1202-1203. 

Joseph T (1968) Paddy grain injury of the eye. Br J Ophthalmol 

52(2):191-197. 

Nakamura T (1983) Contact dermatitis to Oryza. Contact 


Orhan F, Sekerel BE (2003) A case of isolated rice allergy. 

Allergy 58(5):456-457. 

van den Hoogenband HM, van Ketel WG (1983) Allergy to 

rice. Contact Dermatitis 9(6):527-528. 

Wüthrich B, Scheitlin T, Ballmer-Weber B (2002) Isolated 

allergy to rice. Allergy 57(3):263-264. 

Yamakawa Y, Ohsuna H, Aihara M, et al. (2001) Contact 

urticaria from rice. Contact Dermatitis 44(2):91-93. 

Yang KL, Tschou TK, T’ang CC, et al. (1965) A study on 

dermatitis in rice farmers. Chin Med J 84(3):143-160. 

os gras –see– Panicum schinzii Hack. 

Osage apple –see– Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid. 

Osage orange –see– Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid. 

oseille-de-bûcheron –see– Oxalis acetosella L. 

oseille longue –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

Osterglocke –see– Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 

Ostindisches Palisander –see– Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. 

Ostindisches Satinholz –see– Chloroxylon swietenia DC. 

Ostindisches Seidenholz –see– Chloroxylon swietenia DC. 

ostrich fern –see– Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. 

ostromlecza paskowany –see– Euphorbia marginata Pursh 

o s Tr y a vi r g i n i a n a (Mill.) K. Koch [Betulaceae] 

Common Names: 

hophorn bean; lever wood 

Citations: 

Meeham J (1889) Poisonous plants. Garden Forest 

2(57):154. 

otaheite walnut –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

Othonna cluytiifolia (DC.) Sch. Bip = Hertia cluytiifolia 

(DC.). Kuntze 

Othonna pallens DC. = Hertia pallens (DC.) Kuntze 

oto-de-lagarto –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

Ottilienkraut –see– Consolida regalis Gray 

ouabaia –see– Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. 

ouabain –see– Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd; 

Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Oliv. 

oumiedos –see– Boscia foetida Schinz 

our lady’s-tears –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

our lady’s-thistle –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

oval-leaf privet –see– Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. 

oven –see– Afzelia africana Sm. ex Pers. 

overlook bean –see– Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. 

ox heel –see– Helleborus foetidus L. 

o x a l is a c e To s e l l a L. [Oxalidaceae] 

Synonyms: 

o xalis montana Raf. 

Common Names: 

acederilla; alleluia; hain Sauerklee; lady’s-sorrel; 

madársóska; oseille-de-bûcheron; pain-de-coucou; 

sarelle; sauerblec; sourgrass; trébol acedo; trèfle aigrelet; 

wood sorrel 

Citations: 



Volmer PA (2002) How dangerous are winter and spring 

holiday plants to pets? Vet Med (Dec):879-884. 

Oxalis cernua Thunb. = Oxalis pes-caprae L. 

Oxalis montana Raf. = Oxalis acetosella L. 

o x a l is p e s -c a p r a e L. [Oxalidaceae] 

Synonyms: 

o xalis cernua Thunb. 

Common Names: 

Bermuda buttercup; Bermuda oxalis; sorrel; soursob; 

wood sorrel 

Citations: 

Bull LB (1929) Poisoning of sheep by soursobs (Oxalis 

cernua): Chronic oxalic acid poisoning. Aust Vet J 

5(Jun):60-69. 

Cosseddu AM (1967) Rilievi analitici sul latte prodotto da 

bovine alimentate con “Oxalis cernua Thunb.” Agric Ital 

67:3-11. 

Di Domizio G (1962) Nefropatia ossalica in bovini alimentati 

con «Oxalis cernua Thumb». II. Riproduzione sperimentale 

dell’ossalopatia. Arch Vet Ital 13(2):97-126. 

Lai P, Cosseddu AM (1967) Bovine alimentate con «Oxalis 

cernua»: Contenuto in acido ossalico del latte e stato sanitario 

dei vitelli allattati. Arch Vet Ital 18(3):171-189.

284 - Oxytenia acerosa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Manunta G, Floris B (1984) Ossalosi alimentare sperimentale 

degli ovini: Quadro elettroforetico e riserva alcalina 

ematici. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet 38(Sep):224-227. 

Manunta G, Naitana S (1984) Ossalosi alimentare degli 

ovini: Variazioni ormono-ematochimiche ed urinarie. 

Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet 38(Sep):221-224. 

Manunta G, Naitana S, Floris B, et al. (1985) Ormone paratiroideo, 

tirocalciotonina, calcio, fosforo, magnesio, zinco, 

rame, fosfatasi alcalina, cloruri ematici e modificazioni 

ossee in ovini con ossalidosi sperimentale alimentare. 

Clin Vet (Milano) 108(3):185-206. 

Manunta G, Naitana S, Floris B, et al. (1985) Quadro elettroforetico 

ematico, stato alcalotico, deposizione renale di 

sali di calcio e loro lisi in ovine alimentati con acetosella o 

con mais. Clin Vet (Milano) 108(3):207-218. 

oxberry –see– Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin 

oxeye –see– Helenium autumnale L. 

oxeye daisy –see– Callilepis laureola DC.; Leucanthemum 

vulgare Lam. 

oxkiller –see– Boophone disticha (L. f.) Herb. 

oxytenia –see– Oxytenia acerosa Nutt. 

o x y Te n i a a c e r o s a Nutt. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

copperweed; oxytenia 

Citations: 







Schwartz L, Warren LH (1940) Dermatitis caused by contact 

with copperweed (Oxytenia acerosa). J Allergy 12:63-68. 

Thorp F Jr, Durrell LW, Harshfield GS, et al. (1940) Oxytenia 

found to be poisonous to livestock. Colorado Agric 

Exp Sta Farm Bull #2(2):18-19. 

Thorp F Jr, Harshfield GS, Durrell LW, et al. (1940) Oxytenia 

acerosa - A plant poisonous to livestock. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 96(Jan):97. 

Oxytropis albiflora (A. Nelson) K. Schum. = Oxytropis 

sericea Nutt. 

o x y Tr o p is c a Mp e s Tr is (L.) DC. var. spicata 

Hook. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ragallus spicatus (Hook.) Rydb.; o xytropis campestris 

(L.) DC. var. gracilis (A. Nelson) Barneby 

Common Names: 

late yellow locoweed; white locoweed; woolly 

locoweed 

Citations: 

Harries WN, Baker FP, Johnston A (1972) Case report. An 

outbreak of locoweed poisoning in horses in southwestern 

Alberta. Can Vet J 13(6):141-145. 

Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. gracilis (A. Nelson) 

Barneby = Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. spicata 

Hook. 

o x y Tr o p is l a Mb e r Ti i Pursh [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ragallus lambertii (Pursh) Greene; s piesia lambertii 

(Pursh) Kuntze 

Common Names: 

Colorado loco vetch; crazyweed; Lambert’s-crazyweed; 

Lambert’s-locoweed; Lambert’s-point locoweed; locoweed; 

pink locoweed; point locoweed; purple locoweed; 

rattleweed; stemless locoweed; white locoweed 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1907) Studies of poisonous plants. U S Dep 

Agric Annu Rep 1906:46, 207-209. 

Anonymous (1909) Poisonous-plant investigations. U S Dep 

Agric Annu Rep 1908:57-58, 306-308, 430. 

Crawford AC (1908) Laboratory work on loco-weed investigations. 

U S Dep Agric Bur Plant Indus Bull #121(Part 

3):39-40. 

Klench JP (1888) Rattleweed or loco-disease. Am Vet Rev 

12:395-402. 

Marsh CD (1908) Results of loco-weed investigations in 

the field. U S Dep Agric Bur Plant Indus Bull #121(Part 

3):37-38. 

Marsh CD (1909) The locoweed disease of the plains. U S 

Dep Agric Bur Anim Indus Bull #112:130 pp. 



McEachran W (1889) The loco disease. Colorado Agric Exp 

Sta Annu Rep 1889:78-79. 

Peters AT, Sturdevant LB (1908) Loco weed poisoning in 

horses. Nebraska Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep 21:74-107. 

Stalker M (1886) The “Loco” plant and its effect on animals. 

U S Dep Agric Bur Anim Indus Annu Rep 3:271-276. 

o x y Tr o p is o c h r o c e p h a l a Bunge [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Cao GR, Duan DX, Li SJ, et al. (1990) [A study on the toxicity 

of Oxytropis ochrocephala in goats.] Acta Vet Zootech 

Sin 21(1):80-86. 

Cao GR, Li SJ, Duan DX, et al. (1992) The toxic principle 

of Chinese locoweeds (Oxytropis and Astragalus): Toxicity 

in goats. In: James LF, Keeler RF, Bailey JM Jr, et 


Iowa. pp. 117-121. 

o x y Tr o p is p u b e r u l a Boriss. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Moldagulov MA (1989) [Poisoning of animals by Oxytropis 

puberula, a plant of Kazakhstan.] Veterinariia Moscow 

1:56-57. 

o x y Tr o p is s e r ic e a Nutt. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ragallus sericeus (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Greene; 

o xytropis albiflora (A. Nelson) K. Schum.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Ozothamnus diosmifolius - 285 

Common Names: 

locoweed; point locoweed; rattleweed; silky crazyweed; 

white locoweed; white-point locoweed 

Citations: 

Bachman SE, Galyean ML, Smith GS, et al. (1992) Early 

aspects of locoweed toxicosis and evaluation of a mineral 

supplement or clinoptilolite as dietary treatments. J Anim 

Sci 70(10):3125-3132. 

Dugarte-Stavanja M, Smith GS, Edrington TS, et al. (1997) 

Failure of dietary bentonite clay, Silent Herder mineral 

supplement, or parenteral Banamine to alleviate locoweed 

toxicosis in rats. J Anim Sci 75(7):1867-1875. 

James LF, Hartley WJ, Nielsen D, et al. (1986) Locoweed 

(Oxytropis sericea) poisoning and congestive heart failure 

in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189(12):1549-1556. 

James LF, Hartley WJ, Panter KE, et al. (1985) Relationship 

of locoweed to congestive right heart failure in cattle. 


Plant toxicology. Queensland Poisonous Plant Committee, 

Yeerongpilly. Queensland. pp. 438-445. 

James LF, Hartley WJ, Van Kampen KR, et al. (1983) Relationship 

between ingestion of the locoweed Oxytropis 

sericea and congestive right-sided heart failure in cattle. 

Am J Vet Res 44(2):254-259. 

James LF, Nielsen DB, Panter KE (1983) Too much 

heart: Locoweed and heart failure in cattle. Utah Sci 

44(4):118-119. 

James LF, Panter KE, Broquist HP, et al. (1991) Swainsonine-induced 

high mountain disease in calves. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 33(3):217-219. 



Vet Res 28(126):1379-1388. 



Am J Vet Res 31(4):663-672. 

Ortiz AR, Hallford DM, Galyean ML, et al. (1997) Effects 

of locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) on growth, reproduction, 

and serum hormone profile in young rams. J Anim Sci 

75(12):3229-3234. 

Panter KE, James LF, Nielson D, et al. (1988) The relationship 

of Oxytropis sericea (green and dry) and Astragalus 

lentiginosus with high mountain disease in cattle. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 30(4):318-323. 

Panter KE, Ralphs MH, James LF, et al. (1999) Effects of 

locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) on reproduction in cows 

with a history of locoweed consumption. Vet Hum Toxicol 

41(5):282-286. 

Pfister JA, Astorga JB, Panter KE, et al. (2006) Maternal 

ingestion of locoweed. I. Effects on ewe-lamb bonding 

and behaviour. Small Ruminant Res 65:51-63. 

Pfister J, Davidson T, Panter K, et al. (2006) Maternal ingestion 

of locoweed. III. Effects on lamb behaviour at birth. 

Small Ruminant Res 65(1-2):70-78. 

Pfister JA, Stegelmeier BL, Cheney CD, et al. (1996) Operant 

analysis of chronic locoweed intoxication in sheep. J 

Anim Sci 74 (11): 2622-2632. 

Pulsipher GD, Galyean ML, Hallford DM, et al. (1994) 

Effects of graded levels of bentonite on serum clinical 

profiles, metabolic hormones, and serum swainsonine 

concentrations in lambs fed locoweed (Oxytropis sericea). 

J Anim Sci 72(6):1561-1569. 

Richards JB, Hallford DM, Duff GC, et al. (1999) Serum 

luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and thyroxine and 

growth responses of ram lambs fed locoweed (Oxytropis 

sericea) and treated with vitamin E/selenium. Theriogenology 

52(6):1055-1066. 

Stegelmeier BL, James LF, Gardner DR, et al. (2005) Locoweed 

(Oxytropis sericea)-induced lesions in mule deer 

(Odocoileius hemionus). Vet Pathol 42(5):566-578. 

Stegelmeier BL, James LF, Hall JO, et al. (2001) Neurologic 

disease in range goats associated with Oxytropis sericea 

(locoweed) poisoning and water deprivation. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 43(5):302-304. 

Stegelmeier BL, James LF, Panter KE, et al. (1995) Serum 

swainsonine concentration and α-mannosidase activity 

in cattle and sheep ingesting Oxytropis sericea and 

Astragalus lentiginosus (locoweeds). Am J Vet Res 

56(2):149-154. 

Stegelmeier BL, James LF, Panter KE, et al. (1999) Dose 

response of sheep poisoned with locoweed (Oxytropis 

sericea). J Vet Diagn Invest 11:448-456. 

Stegelmeier BL, James LF, Panter KE, et al. (2004) The clinical 

and morphological changes of intermittent locoweed 

(Oxytropis sericea) poisoning in sheep. In: Acamovic T, 



Taylor JB, Strickland J, May T, et al. (2000) Effect of subacute 

swainsonine (locoweed; Oxytropis sericea) consumption 

or immunocompetence and serum constituents 

of sheep in a nutrient-restricted state. Vet Hum Toxicol 

42(4):199-204. 

Ozark milkweed –see– Asclepias viridis Walter 

o z o Th a Mn u s d io s Mi f o l i u s (Vent.) DC. 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

h elichrysum diosmifolium (Vent.) Sweet 

Common Names: 

sage bush 

Citations: 

McMahon R, Freeman S (1986) Allergic contact dermatitis 

to Helichrysum diosmifolium. Australas J Dermatol 

27(3):138-140.

pa-teou-seou –see– Croton tiglium L.; Triadica sebifera (L.) 

Small 

Pachystigma pygmaeum (Schltr.) Robyns = Vangueria 

pygmae Schltr. 

Pachystigma thamnus Robyns = Vangueria thamnus 

(Robyns) Lantz 

p a c h y r h i z u s e r o s u s (L.) Urb. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

chopsui potato; hikamas; jicama; yam bean 

Citations: 

Amarasingham RD, Lee H (1969) A review of poisoning 

cases examined by the Department of Chemistry, Malaysia, 

from 1963 to 1967. Med J Malaysia 23(3):220-227. 

Hung YM, Hung SY, Olson KR, et al. (2007) Yam bean 

seed poisoning mimicking cyanide intoxication. Intern 

Med J 37(2):130-132. 



Pathol 9(4):313-319. 

paciencia –see– Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 

Pacific Labrador tea –see– Rhododendron ×columbianum 

(Piper) Harmaja 

Pacific onion –see– Allium validum S. Watson 

Pacific poison oak –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & 

A. Gray) Greene 

Pacific rhododendron –see– Rhododendron macrophyllum D. 

Don ex G. Don 

Pacific yew –see– Taxus brevifolia Nutt. 

packalacca –see– Phytolacca dioica L. 

p a c k e r a g l a b e l l a (Poir.) C. Jeffrey 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

s enecio glabellus Poir. 

Common Names: 

bitterweed; butter weed; cress-leaf groundsel; 

yellowtop 

Citations: 


of the toxicities of Senecio jacobaea, Senecio vulgaris 

and Senecio glabellus in rats. Toxicol Lett 15(1):19-23. 

P 

p a c k e r a pl a TTe n s is (Nutt.) W. A. Weber & 

Á. Löve [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

s enecio plattensis Nutt. 

Common Names: 

Platte groundsel; prairie groundsel; prairie ragwort; 

squaw weed 

Citations: 

Lilley CW (1980) Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis Senecio 

plattensis. Equine Pract 2(2):6. 

p a c k e r a s a n g u iso r b a e (DC.) C. Jeffrey 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Rosiles MR, Paasch LH (1982) Megalocitosis hepática en 

ovinos. Veterinaria (Mexico) 13:151-153. 

paddy melon –see– Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin 

padauk –see– Pterocarpus dalbergioides DC.; Pterocarpus 

soyauxii Taub. 

pagoda tree –see– Plumeria rubra L. 

pain-de-coucou –see– Oxalis acetosella L. 

painted leaf –see– Euphorbia heterophylla L. 

painted spurge –see– Euphorbia heterophylla L. 

pak wan –see– Melientha suavis Pierre 

pala –see– Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. 

palas –see– Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. 

palash –see– Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. 

Palay rubber vine –see– Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. 

pale day lily –see– Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. 

pale larkspur –see– Delphinium glaucum S. Watson 

pale laurel –see– Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) A. Heller 

paleta-de-pintor –see– Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 

p a l ic o u r e a a e n e o f u s c a (Müll. Arg.) Standl. 

[Rubiaceae] 

Citations: 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Couceiro JE, et al. (1983) Intoxicação 

por Palicourea aeneofusca (Rubiaceae), a causa de 

“mortes súbitas” em bovinos na zona da mata de Pernambuco. 

Pesq Vet Bras 3(3):75-79.

288 - Palicourea grandiflora D. Jesse Wagstaff 

p a l ic o u r e a g r a n d i f l o r a (Kunth) Standl. 

[Rubiaceae] 

Citations: 


por Palicourea grandiflora (Rubiaceae) em coelhos. Pesq 

Vet Bras 2(3):121-124. 

p a l ic o u r e a j u r u a n a Krause [Rubiaceae] 

Citations: 


por Palicourea juruana (Rubiaceae) em bovinos e coelhos. 


p a l ic o u r e a Ma r c g r a vi i A. St.-Hil. 

[Rubiaceae] 

Common Names: 

erva-de-rato 

Citations: 

Barbosa JD, Oliveira CM, Tokarnia CH, et al. (2003) Comparação 

da sensibilidade de bovinos e búfalos à intoxicação 

por Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae). Pesq Vet Bras 

23(4):167-172. 

Camargo W (1962) Uma nova “erva-de-rato” tóxico para 

bovinos Palicourea barbiflora (?), Rubiaceae, comparação 

com a Palicourea marcgravii var. pubescens e com a Psychotria 

officinalis, Rubiaceae. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 

29(1):1-11. 

Costa MV, Pessoa JM, Nascimento EF, et al. (1984) Lesões 

em bovinos intoxicados pela Palicourea marcgravii St. 

Hill. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootecnia 36(5):571-580. 

Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH (1959) Intoxicação de bovinos 

pela “erva de rato” (Palicourea marcgravii St. Hil.) no 

Vale do Itapicuru, Maranhão. Arq Inst Biol Anim (Rio 

Janeiro) 2:83-91. 

Górniak SL, Palermo-Neto J, Spinosa HS (1989) Effects of 

Palicourea marcgravii on laboratory rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 

25(1989):221-226. 

Gorniak SL, Palermo-Neto J, Spinosa HS (1993) Effect 

of CNS depressant drugs on acute intoxication from 

Palicourea marcgravii St Hill in rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 

35(1):19-21. 

Gorniak SL, Palermo-Neto J, Spinosa HS (1994) Effects 

of acetamide on experimentally-induced Palicourea 

marcgravii (St Hill) poisoning in rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 

36(2):101-102. 

Peixoto PV, Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, et al. (1987) Intoxicação 

experimental por Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae) 


Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J (1986) Intoxicação por Palicourea 

marcgravii (Rubiaceae) em bovinos no Brasil. Pesq 

Vet Bras 6(3):73-92. 


experimental por Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae) em 

ovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 6(4):121-131. 


experimental por Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae) em 

caprinos. Pesq Vet Bras 11(3-4):65-70. 

Palicourea longipedunculata Gardner = Psychotria 

longipedunculata (Gardner) Müll. Arg. 

Palisander –see– Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. 

palissandre bresic –see– Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex 

Benth. 

Palliser poison vetch –see– Astragalus miser Douglas ex 


palma christi –see– Ricinus communis L. 

palma-de-Cristo –see– Ricinus communis L. 

Palmer’s-amaranth –see– Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson 

Palmer’s-pigweed –see– Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson 

Palmkernen –see– Cocos nucifera L. 

palmyra palm –see– Borassus flabellifer L. 

palo-de-compadre –see– Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & 

Pav.) Kuntze 

palo-de-la-cruz –see– Plumeria rubra L. 

palo-de-rosa –see– Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 

palo-de-San Pablo –see– Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) 

Kunth var. caracasana (Kunth) D. N. Gibson 

palo-de-sarna –see– Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & Pav.) 

Kuntze 

palo-de-viruela –see– Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & Pav.) 

Kuntze 

palo negrito –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

palo santo –see– Bulnesia sarmienti Lorentz ex Griseb. 

palo-santo-de-castilla –see– Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 

palo sarno –see– Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze 

palque –see– Cestrum parqui L’Her. 

palu-de-cashupete –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

pampagrass –see– Festuca argentina (Speg.) Parodi 

pan masala –see– Nicotiana tabacum L. 

p a n a x g i n s e n g C. A. Mey. [Araliaceae] 

Common Names: 

all heal; American ginseng; Asian ginseng; ginseng; 

imperial ginseng; Korean ginseng; Korean red ginseng; 

oriental ginseng 

Citations: 




Siegel RK (1979) Ginseng abuse syndrome. Problems with 

the panacea. JAMA 241(15):1614-1615. 

Siegel RK (1980) Ginseng and high blood pressure. JAMA 

243(1):32. 

panch –see– Lantana camara L. 

panga panga –see– Millettia stuhlmannii Taub. 

panicgrass –see– Panicum coloratum L.; Panicum schinzii 

Hack. 

panic millet –see– Panicum miliaceum L. 

panicle amaranth –see– Amaranthus cruentus L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Papaver nudicaule - 289 

panicle death camas –see– Toxicoscordion paniculatum (Nutt.) 

Rydb. 

p a n ic u M c o l o r a Tu M L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

coolahgrass; Kleingrass; panicgrass 

Citations: 

Bridges CH, Camp BJ, Livingston CW, et al. (1987) Kleingrass 

(Panicum coloratum L.) poisoning in sheep. Vet 

Pathol 24(6):525-531. 

Cornick JL, Carter GK, Bridges CH (1988) Kleingrassassociated 

hepatotoxicosis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

193(8):932-935. 

Muchiri DJ, Bridges CH, Ueckert DN, et al. (1980) Photosensitization 

of sheep on kleingrass pasture. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 177(Aug 15):353-354. 

p a n ic u M c o l o r a Tu M L. var. makarikariense 

Gooss. [Poaceae] 

Common names: 

bambatsi grass 

Citations: 

Regnault TR (1990) Secondary photosensitisation of sheep 

grazing bambatsi grass (Panicum coloratum var makarikariense). 

Aust Vet J 67(11):419. 

Panicum dactylon L. = Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

p a n ic u M d ic h o To Mi f l o r u M Michx. 

[Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

fall panicgrass; fall panicum; smooth witchgrass 

Citations: 

Miles CO, Munday SC, Holland PT, et al. (1991) Identification 

of sapogenin glucuronide in the bile of sheep 

affected by Panicum dichotomiflorum toxicosis. N Z Vet 

J 39:150-152. 

Miles CO, Wilkins AL, Munday SC, et al. (1992) Identification 

of the calcium salt of epismilagenin β-D-glucuronide 

in the bile crystals of sheep affected by Panicum dichotomiflorum 

and Panicum schinizii toxicoses. J Agric Food 

Chem 40:1606-1609. 

Panicum laevifolium Hack. = Panicum schinzii Hack. 

Panicum maximum Jacq. = Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B. 

K. Simon & S. W. L. Jacobs 

p a n ic u M Mi l i a c e u M L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

broom millet; broomcorn millet; brown corn; corn millet; 

French millet; hog millet; millet; panic millet; proso 

millet; Russian millet; sonwa millet; white millet 

Citations: 






pp. 540-547. 

Bajmócy E, Glávits R (1988) Növendék juhok zöles legeltetésével 

kapscolatos fotoszenzibilizációs megbetegedése. 


Bohle B, Hirt W, Nachbargauer P, et al. (2003) Allergy 

to millet: Another risk for atopic bird keepers. Allergy 

58(4):325-328. 

Hinebauch TD (1893) Millet disease. J Comp Med Vet Arch 

14:313-322. 

Hinebauch TD (1894) Millet disease in horses. Vet J Ann 

Comp Pathol 38:1-10. 

Olivieri J, Hauser C (1998) Anaphylaxis to millet. Allergy 

53(1):109-110. 

Stuck BA, Blum A, Klimek L, et al. (2001) Millet, a potentially 

life-threatening allergen. Allergy 56(4):350. 

p a n ic u M s c h i n z i i Hack. [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p anicum laevifolium Hack. 

Common Names: 

blousaad; os gras; panicgrass; sweetgrass 

Citations: 

Lancaster MJ, Vit I, Lyford RL (1991) Analysis of the crystals 

from sheep grazing Panicum schinzii (sweet grass). 

Aust Vet J 68(8):281. 

Miles CO, Wilkins AL, Munday SC, et al. (1992) Identification 

of the calcium salt of epismilagenin β-D-glucuronide 

in the bile crystals of sheep affected by Panicum dichotomiflorum 

and Panicum schinizii toxicoses. J Agric Food 

Chem 40:1606-1609. 

paño-de-holanda –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

Pantoffeln –see– Lotus corniculatus L. 

panu habarala –see– Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G. Don 

páo amarello –see– Euxylophora paraensis Huber 

páo branco –see– Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl 

pao d’arco –see– Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) 

Standl. 

pao ferro –see– Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. 

pao ferro rosewood –see– Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. 

páo setim –see– Euxylophora paraensis Huber 

paokeke –see– Clitoria ternatea L. 

papa –see– Solanum tuberosum L. 

papagallo –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch 

p a p a ve r n u d ic a u l e L. [Papaveraceae] 

Common Names: 

Arctic poppy; Iceland poppy 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1960) Poisoning with Iceland poppies (Papaver 

nudicaule). N Z Dep Agric Annu Rep 1960:190.

290 - Papaver rhoeas D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Malmanche ID (1970) Suspected Papaver nudicaule (Iceland 

poppy) poisoning in two horses. N Z Vet J 18(5):96-97. 

McLennan GC (1929) Poisoning of sheep by ingestion of Iceland 

poppies (Papaver nudicaule). Aust Vet J 5(Sep):117. 

McLennan GC (1930) Iceland poppy poisoning. Aust Vet J 

6(Mar):40. 

Terblanche M, Adelaar TF (1964) A note on the toxicity of 

Papaver nudicaule L. (Iceland poppy). J S Afr Vet Assoc 

35(3):383-384. 

p a p a ve r r h o e a s L. [Papaveraceae] 

Common Names: 

African rose; blind-eyes; canker rose; cheesebowl; cock 

rose; cop rose; copper rose; coquelicot; corn poppy; 

corn rose; cornflower; Feldmohn; Feuerblume; field 

poppy; Flanders poppy; headache; Klappermohn; 

Klatschmohn; Klatschrose; pavot coq; red poppy; 

redweed 

Citations: 

Barbe ME (1882) Effects of the Papaver rhoeas (coquelicot) 

upon two cows. Am Vet Rev 5:513-514. 

Trasbot ML (1888) Narcotism simulating typhoid fever - 

Produced by Papaver rhoeas. Am Vet Rev 12:83-84. 

p a p a ve r so Mn i f e r u M L. [Papaveraceae] 

Common Names: 

balewort; carnation poppy; Joan Silverpin; opium 

poppy; oriental poppy; peony poppy; Saatmohn; 

Schlafmohn; white poppy 

Citations: 

Chao TC, Lo DS, Bloodworth BC (1992) Common poisons 

in Singapore – Past and present. Med Sci Law 

32(2):139-147. 

Dutta AK, Seth A, Goyal PK, et al. (1998) Poisoning in children: 

Indian scenario. Indian J Pediatr 65(3):365-370. 

Ekins BR, Rubio EL, Carson RS, et al. (1986) Hmong opiate 

folk remedy toxicity in two infants. Vet Hum Toxicol 

28(5):481. 

Gupta S, Govil YC, Misra PK, et al. (1998) Trends in poisoning 

in children: Experience at a large referral teaching 

hospital. Natl Med J India 11(4):166-168. 

Lagneau F, Gallard P (1946) Intoxication de Bovins par 

d’œillette. Rec Med Vet Ec Alfort 122:310-313. 

Lézy (1946) Intoxication de Bovins par des capsules d’œillette. 

Rec Med Vet Ec Alfort 122:23-24. 

Odendaal JS (1986) Verdagte opiumvergiftiging in twee jong 

honde. J S Afr Vet Assoc 57(Jun):113-114. 

Rubio EL, Ekins BR, Singh PD, et al. (1987) Hmong opiate 

folk remedy toxicity in three infants. Vet Hum Toxicol 

29(4):323-325. 

papaw –see– Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal; Carica papaya L. 

papaya –see– Carica papaya L. 

papayo –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb. 

paper flower –see– Baileya multiradiata Harv. & A. Gray ex 

Torr.; Psilostrophe gnaphalodes DC.; Psilostrophe tagetina 

(Nutt.) Greene 

p a p h io p e d i l u M h a y n a l d i a n u M (Rchb. f.) 

Stein [Orchidaceae] 

Common Names: 

lady’s-slipper 

Citations: 

Hausen BM (1980) Allergic contact dermatitis to quinones 

in Paphiopedilum haynaldianum (Orchidaceae). Arch 

Dermatol 116(3):327-328. 

papooseroot –see– Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. 

paprika –see– Capsicum annuum L. 

para nut –see– Berthollettia excelsa Bonpl. 

paragrass –see– Urochloa mutica (Forssk.) T. Q. Nguyen 

p a r a d e r r is e l l i p Tic a (Wall.) Adema 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d erris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. 

Common Names: 

derris; tuba root 

Citations: 

Ambrose AM, Haag HB (1938) Toxicological studies of derris. 

Indus Engineer Chem 30(5):592-595. 

Dorne M, Friedman TB (1940) Derris root dermatitis. 

JAMA 115(Oct 12):1268-1270. 

Haag HB, Taliaferro I (1940) Toxicologic studies on cubé. J 

Pharmacol Exp Ther 69:13-20. 




21(1):1-9. 

Rickard PP, Cox PA (1986) Use of derris as a fish poison in 

Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. Econ Bot 40(4):479-484. 

paradise poinciana –see– Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) D. 

Dietr. 

paradise tree –see– Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle 

paradoxagrass –see– Phalaris paradoxa L. 

Paraguayan jasmin –see– Brunfelsia australis Benth. 

Paraguayan tea –see– Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. 

paraíso –see– Melia azedarach L.; Moringa oleifera Lam. 

paraíso blanco –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

paraíso-de-España –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

paraíso frances –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

paraíso vegetal –see– Melia azedarach L. 

paraist estranjaro –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

parietaria –see– Parietaria judaica L. 

p a r i e Ta r i a j u d a ic a L. [Urticaceae] 

Common Names: 

parietaria; pellitory

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Parthenium hysterophorus - 291 

Citations: 

Andri L, Senna GE, Betteli C, et al. (1992) Local nasal 

immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis to Parietaria. A double-blind 

study. Allergy 47(4 Pt 1):318-323. 

Bass D, Baldo BA (1984) Parietaria as a cause of asthma. 

Med J Aust 114:511. 

Costa MA, Duro G, Izzo V, et al. (2000) The IgE-binding 

epitopes of rPar j 2, a major allergen of Parietaria judaica 

pollen, are heterogeneously recognized among allergic 

subjects. Allergy 55(3):246-250. 

Kaufman HS (1990) Parietaria: An unrecognized cause of 

respiratory allergy in the United States. Ann Allergy 

64(3):293-296. 

Ortolani C, Pastorello EA, Incorvaia C, et al. (1994) A 

double-blind, placebo-controlled study of immunotherapy 

with an alginate-conjugated extract of Parietaria 

judaica in patients with Parietaria hay fever. Allergy 

49(1):13-21. 

Pajano GB, Passalacqua G, Vita D, et al. (2004) Sublingual 

immunotherapy abrogates seasonal bronchial hyperresponsiveness 

in children with Parietaria-induced respiratory 

allergy: A randomized controlled trial. Allergy 

59(8):883-887. 

Purello-D’Ambrosio F, Gangemi S, Isola S, et al. (1999) 

Sublingual immunotherapy: A double-blind, placebocontrolled 

trial with Parietaria judaica extract standardized 

in mass units in patients with rhinoconjunctivitis, 

asthma, or both. Allergy 54(9):968-973. 

parlor ivy –see– Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott 

parlour primula –see– Primula obconica Hance 

paroba d’água –see– Sessea brasiliensis Toledo 

parrot flower –see– Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. 

Parry’s-aster –see– Xylorhiza glabriuscula Nutt. 

parsley –see– Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. 

Hill 

parsnip –see– Pastinaca sativa L.; Trachymene ochracea L. A. 

S. Johnson 

parson-in-the-pulpit –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

parthenium –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

p a r Th e n i u M a r g e n Ta Tu M A. Gray 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

guayule; Mexican rubber plant; rubber plant 

Citations: 

Smith LM, Hughes RP (1938) Dermatitis caused by Mexican 

rubber plant. Arch Derm Syphilol 38:780. 

p a r Th e n i u M h y s Te r o p h o r u s L. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

bastard feverfew; carrot weed; carrotgrass; cicutilla; 

congress weed; congressgrass; dog-flea weed; false ragweed; 

false wormwood; feverfew; Mexican bird seed; 

mugwort; parthenium; poundcake bush; Santa Maria 

feverfew; scourge-of-India; white broomweed; whitehead; 

wild feverfew; wild wormwood 

Citations: 

Ahmed MN, Rao PR, Mahendar M, et al. (1988) Experimental 

introduction of acute toxicity in buffalo calves by 

feeding Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. Indian J Anim 

Sci 58(6):731-734. 

Ahmed NN, Rao PR, Mahendar M, et al. (1988) A study 

on changes in blood chemistry in Parthenium toxicity in 

buffalo calves. Cheiron 17(2):57-60. 

Bhutani LK, Rao DS (1978) Photocontact dermatitis 

caused by Parthenium hysterophorus. Dermatologica 

157(4):206-209. 

Dutta RK, Babu BV (1985) A study of parthenium dermatitis. 

Indian J Dermatol 30(1):1-6. 

Fisher AA (1979) Contact dermatitis due to American 

parthenium weed in India. Cutis 23(1):20-21, 32, 36. 

French SW (1930) A case of skin sensitivity to Parthenium 

hysterophorus. Mil Surg 66:673-676. 

Handa S, Sahoo B, Sharma VK (2001) Oral hyposensitization 

in patients with contact dermatitis from Parthenium 

hysterophorus. Contact Dermatitis 44(5):279-282. 

Kahn IS, Grothaus EM (1936) Parthenium hysterophorus: 

Antigenic properties, respiratory and cutaneous. Tex 

State J Med 32(Aug):284-288. 

Mahajan VK, Sharma NL, Sharma RC (2004) Parthenium 

dermatitis: Is it a systemic contact dermatitis or 

an airborne contact dermatitis? Contact Dermatitis 

51(5-6):231-234. 

More PR, Vadlamudi VP, Qureshi MI (1982) Note on the 

toxicity of Parthenium hysterophorus in livestock. Indian 

J Anim Res 52(6):456-457. 

More PR, Vadlamudi VP, Qureshi MI (1982) Toxicity of 

Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. in bovines: Changes 

in some biochemical constituents of blood. Indian Vet J 

59(7):515-517. 

Narasimhan TR, Ananth M, Swamy MN, et al. (1977) Toxicity 

of Parthenium hysterophorus L. to cattle and buffaloes. 

Experientia 33(10):1358-1359. 

Narasimhan TR, Ananth M, Swamy MN, et al. (1980) Toxicity 

of Parthenium hysterophorus: Partheniosis in cattle 

and buffaloes. Indian J Anim Sci 50(2):173-178. 

Ogden HD (1957) Diagnosis and treatment of Parthenium 

dermatitis. J La State Med Soc 109(10):378-379. 

Rao PV, Mangala A, Rao BS, et al. (1977) Clinical and 

immunological studies on persons exposed to Parthenium 

hysterophorus L. Experientia 33(10):1387-1388. 

Sahoo B, Handa S, Kumar B (2001) Eczema herpeticum 

in parthenium dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 

44(2):106-107. 

Sharma VK, Sethuraman G, Bhat R (2005) Evolution of 

clinical pattern of parthenium dermatitis: A study of 74 

cases. Contact Dermatitis 53(2):84-88. 

Sharma VK, Sethuraman G, Tejasvi T (2004) Comparison 

of patch test contact sensitivity to acetone and aqueous 

extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus in patients 

with airborne contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 

50(4):230-232. 

Siddiqui MA, Singh R, Sharma RC (1978) Contact dermatitis 

due to Parthenium hysterophorus. Indian J Med Res 

68(Sep):481-484.

292 - Parthenocissus quinquefolia D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Singh KK, Srinivas CR, Balachandran C, et al. (1987) 

Parthenium dermatitis sparing vitiliginous skin. Contact 




Srinivas CR, Balachandran C, Shenoi SD, et al. (1991) Azathioprine 

in the treatment of parthenium dermatitis. Br J 

Dermatol 124(4):394-395. 

Srinivas CR, Krupashankar DS, Singh KK, et al. (1988) 

Oral hyposensitization in parthenium dermatitis. Contact 

Dermatitis 18(6):242-243. 

Verma KK, Sirka CS, Ramam M, et al. (2002) Parthenium 

dermatitis presenting as photosensitive lichenoid 

eruption. A new clinical variant. Contact Dermatitis 

46(5):286-289. 

Wedner HJ, Wilson P, Lewis WH (1989) Allergic reactivity 

to Parthenium hysterophorus pollen: An ELISA study of 

582 sera from the United States Gulf Coast. J Allergy 

Clin Immunol 84(Aug):263-271. 

p a r Th e n o c is s u s q u i n q u e f o l i a (L.) 

Planch. [Vitaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a mpelopsis quinquefolia (L.) Michx. 

Common Names: 

American ivy; Amerikanischer Efeu; Engleman ivy; 

Kanadische Rebe; Virginia creeper; Virginia ivy; 

woodbine 

Citations: 

Bernays HL (1876) Poisoning by Virginia creeper. Br Med 

J 2(Jul 1):32. 

Bernays HL (1876) Poisoning by Virginia creeper. Lancet 

2(Jul 15):105. 



Vet Med Assoc 200(7):936-939. 

Warren LE (1923) Poisoning from Virginia creeper. Hygeia 

1(7):459-460. 

partidge –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC.; 

Millettia stuhlmannii Taub. 

partridgeberry–see– Gaultheria procumbens L. 

pas-d’Ane-commun –see– Tussilago farfara L. 

pasarín –see– Lantana camara L. 

p a s c a l i a g l a u c a Ortega [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

wedelia glauca (Ortega) O. Hoffm. ex Hicken 

Common Names: 

chilquilla; clavel amarillo; flor-de-sapo; seca tierra; 

sunchillo; suncho; yerba-de-sapo; yuyo-de-sapo 

Citations: 

Collazo L, Riet-Correa F (1996) Experimental intoxication 

of sheep and cattle with Wedelia glauca. Vet Hum Toxicol 

38(3):200-203. 

Giusti L (1934-1936) Experiencias sobre la acción fisiológica 

de la Wedelia glauca y del Astragalus bergii. Rev Argentina 

Agron 1:223-228. 

Morán BL, Kosic CV (1965) Intoxicacion de cerdos por 

Wedelia glauca. Gaceta Vet 27:461-462. 

pasote –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & 


paspalum –see– Paspalum dilatatum Poir. 

Paspalum ciliatifolium Michx. = Paspalum setaceum Michx. 

var. ciliatifolium (Michx.) Vasey 

Paspalum commersonii Lam. = Paspalum scrobiculatum L. 

var. bispicatum Hack. 

p a s p a l u M d i l a Ta Tu M Poir. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bahiagrass; Dallisgrass; large watergrass; paspalum 

Citations: 

Hayes WF (1948) Probable Dallis grass poisoning. Texas Vet 

Bull #10(1):5-6. 

Horne CH (1948) Dallis grass poisoning. Texas Vet Bull 

10(3):1. 

p a s p a l u M n o Ta Tu M Flüggé [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bahiagrass 

Citations: 

Davies JM, Bright ML, Rolland JM, et al. (2005) Bahia 

grass pollen specific IgE is common in seasonal rhinitis 

patients but has limited cross-reactivity with ryegrass. 

Allergy 60(2):251-255. 

p a s p a l u M s c r ob ic u l a Tu M L. var. bispicatum 

Hack. [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p aspalum commersonii Lam. 

Common Names: 

cheta mona; chota mona; kali mona; monagrass 

Citations: 

Mia B (1960) Probable “Mona” grass Paspalum commersonii 

poisoning. Indian Vet J 37:31-34. 

p a s p a l u M s e Ta c e u M Michx. var. ciliatifolium 

(Michx.) Vasey [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p aspalum ciliatifolium Michx. 

Common Names: 

fringe-leaf paspalum 

Citations: 



#812:8 pp. 

pasqueflower –see– Anemone patens L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Pavetta harborii - 293 

p a s s i f l o r a a d e n o p o d a DC. [Passifloraceae] 

Citations: 

Saenz JA, Nassar M (1972) Toxic effect of the fruit of Passiflora 

adenopoda DC. on humans: Phytochemical determination. 

Rev Biol Trop 20(1):137-140. 

Passiflora alba Link & Otto = Passiflora subpeltata Ortega 

p a s s i f l o r a i n c a r n a Ta L. [Passifloraceae] 

Common Names: 

apricot vine; Maypop; passionflower; passionvine; purple 

passionflower 

Citations: 

Fisher AA, Purcell P, Le Couteur DG (2000) Toxicity of Passiflora 

incarnata L. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38(1):63-66. 

Solbakken AM, Rørbakken G, Gunderson T (1997) 

Naturmedisin som rusmiddel. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 

117(8):1140-1141. 

p a s s i f l o r a s u b p e l Ta Ta Ortega 


Synonyms: 

p assiflora alba Link & Otto 

Common Names: 

white passion vine; wild passion fruit; wild passionvine 

Citations: 


Aust 2:40-48. 

Dodd S (1910) Report on experiments with the wild passionflower 

vine in connection with the death of cattle in the 

Beaudesert district (Queensland). J Comp Pathol Ther 

23:205-212. 

passion vine –see– Passiflora incarnata L. 

passionflower –see– Passiflora incarnata L. 

p a s Ti n a c a s a Ti va L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

parsnip; Pastinak; wild parsnip 

Citations: 

Aberer W (1992) Occupational dermatitis from organically 

grown parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L). Contact Dermatitis 

26(1):62. 

Belisario JC (1952) Parsnip dermatitis in the tropics under 

active service conditions. Aust J Dermatol 1(3):183-193. 

Campbell AN, Cooper CE, Dahl MG (1982) “Non-accidental 

injury” and wild parsnips. Br Med J 284(6317):708. 




Jensen T, Hansen KG (1939) Active spectral range for phytogenic 

photodermatosis produced by Pastinaca sativa 

(dermatitis bullosa striata pratensis, Oppenheim). Arch 


Pedersen NB, Arlés UB (1997) Phototoxic reaction to parsnip 

and UVA sunbed. Contact Dermatitis 39(2):97. 

Picardo M, Cristaudo A, de Luca C, et al. (1986) Contact 

dermatitis to Pastinaca sativa. Contact Dermatitis 

15(6):98-99. 




Starck V (1945) Percutaneous photosensitization due to handling 

of parsnips. Acta Derm Venereol 25:179-188. 

Note: 

Parsnip is named Pastinaca sativa L. subsp. sativa in 


Pastinak –see– Pastinaca sativa L. 

pastora –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch 

pata-de-ganso –see– Chenopodium album L. 

pata-de-perdis –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

Paternostererbse –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

Paterson’s-curse –see– Echium plantagineum L. 

p a u l l i n i a c u p a n a Kunth [Sapindaceae] 

Common Names: 

Brazilian guarana; cupana; guarana 

Citations: 

Ooms TG, Khan SA, Means C (2001) Suspected caffeine 

and ephedrine toxicosis resulting from ingestion of an 

herbal supplement containing guarana and ma huang 

in dogs: 47 cases (1997-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 

218(2):225-229. 

Sawyers B, LoVecchio F (2002) Transient ischemic attack 

associated with metabolife use. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

40(5):644-645. 

p a u s i n y s Ta l i a jo h i Mb e (K. Schum.) Pierre ex 

Beille [Rubiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c orynanthe johimbe K. Schum. 

Common Names: 

African yohimbine; corynanthe; yo yo; yohimbé 

Citations: 

Linden CH, Vellman WP, Rumack B (1985) Yohimbine: A 

new street drug. Ann Emerg Med 14(10):1002-1004. 

Palmer M, Haller C, McKinney P, et al. (1998) A gap in 

the safety net: A multi-center prospective study of herbals 

and other dietary supplements. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

36(5):454. 

p a ve TTa h a r b o r i i S. Moore [Rubiaceae] 

Common Names: 

small poison bride bush 

Citations: 

Adelaar TF, Terblanche M, Smit JD (1966) A report on 

negative experiments with ferric chloride as a prophylactic 

agent against gousiekte. J S Afr Vet Assoc 

37(2):199-201.

294 - Pavetta schumanniana D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Pretorius PJ, Terblanche M (1967) A preliminary study on 

the symptomatology and cardiodynamics of gousiekte in 

sheep and goats. J S Afr Vet Assoc 38(1):29-53. 

Pretorius PJ, Terblanche M, Van der Walt JD, et al. (1973) 

Cardiac failure in ruminants caused by gousiekte. Recent 

Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab 2:385-397. 





p a ve TTa s c h u Ma n n i a n a F. Hoffm. ex K. 

Schum. [Rubiaceae] 

Common Names: 

large poison bride bush 

Citations: 




Pavia glabra Spach = Aesculus glabra Willd. 

pavot coq –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

pawpaw –see– Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal; Carica papaya L. 

pazote –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & 


pea –see– Pisum sativum L. 

pea blossom poison –see– Isotropis cuneifolia (Sm.) Domin 

pea bush –see– Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 

peach –see– Prunus persica (L.) Batsch 

peach-leaf poison bush –see– Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) H. 

Hara 

peachwort –see– Persicaria maculosa Gray 

peanut –see– Arachis hypogaea L. 

pear –see– Pyrus communis L. 

pearl harlequin –see– Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 

pearl millet –see– Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. 

pearly gates –see– Ipomoea violacea L. 

peas –see– Pisum sativum L. 

peavine –see– Astragalus emoryanus (Rydb.) Cory 

peavine clover –see– Trifolium pratense L. 

pecan –see– Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch 

peco –see– Cicuta maculata L. var. angustifolia Hook.; 

Delphinium barbeyi (Huth) Huth 

p e d i l a n Th u s Ti Th y Ma l o i d e s (L.) Poit. 


Synonyms: 

e uphorbia tithymaloides L. 

Common Names: 

bejuco-de-estrella; bitamo; Christmas candle; devil’sbackbone; 

dictamo; fiddle flower; itamo; Jacob’s-ladder; 

Jewbush; pie-de-niño; pinipini; poison halipan; redbird 

cactus; ribbon cactus; slipper flower; slipper plant; zigzag 

plant 

Citations: 

Lim TK, Soepadmo E (1984) Eye injury from plant sap 

of Pedilanthus tithymaloides Poit. Singapore Med J 

25(6):412-419. 

pedunculate oak –see– Quercus robur L. 

peganum –see– Peganum harmala L. 

p e g a n u M h a r Ma l a L. [Nitraraceae] 

Common Names: 

African rue; harmal; harmel peganum; peganum; Syrian 

rue; wild rue 

Citations: 



1936:44-45. 





Ben Salah N, Amamou M, Jerbi Z, et al. (1986) Un cas de 

surdosage en Peganum harmala L. J Toxicol Clin Exp 

6(5):319-322. 

Black WL, Parker KW (1936) Toxicity tests on African rue 

(Peganum harmala L.). New Mexico Agric Exp Sta Bull 

#240:14 pp. 







Toxicol 42(3):137-141. 



Moran EA, Couch JF, Clawson AB (1940) Peganum harmala, 

a poisonous plant in the Southwest. Vet Med 

35(4):234-235. 

pegwood –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

p e l a r g o n i u M ×d o Me s Tic u M L. H. Bailey 


Common Names: 

geranium 

Citations: 


6(Jul):126-127. 

Oehme FW (1978) The hazard of plant toxicities to the 

human population. In: Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, 

James LF, et al. (eds.) Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. 

Academic Press. New York. pp. 67-80.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Pentalinon luteum - 295 

p e l a r g o n i u M g r a ve o l e n s L’Her. 


Citations: 


6(Jul):126-127. 

p e l a r g o n i u M ×h o r To r u M L. H. Bailey 


Citations: 


6(Jul):126-127. 

Pelea anisata H. Mann = Melicope anisata (H. Mann) T. G. 

Hartley & B. C. Stone 

pellitory –see– Parietaria judaica L.; Tanacetum 

cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip. 

pencil bush –see– Eremophila deserti (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) 

Chinnock 

pencil cactus –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

pencil caustic –see– Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. 

pencil tree –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke = Pennisetum glaucum 

(L.) R. Br. 

p e n n is e Tu M c l a n d e s Ti n u M Hochst. ex 

Chiov. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

kikuyugrass 

Citations: 

Bryson RW, Newsholme SJ (1978) Kikuyu grass poisoning 

of cattle in Natal. J S Afr Vet Assoc 49(1):19-21. 

Busch J, Harris GH, Coup MR, et al. (1969) Acute ruminal 

indigestion, alkalosis and death of cattle grazing kikuyu. 

N Z Vet J 17(9):182-183. 

Cordes DO, Coup MR, Harris GH, et al. (1969) Acute 

ruminal indigestion, alkalosis and death of cattle grazing 

Kikuyu grass. N Z Vet J 17(5):77-81. 

Gabbedy BJ, Gwynn R, Hopkinson WI, et al. (1974) Kikuyu 

poisoning of cattle in Western Australia. Aust Vet J 

50(8):369-370. 

Martinovich D, Mortimer PH, di Menna ME (1972) 

Similarities between so-called kikuyu poisoning of 

cattle and two experimental mycotoxicoses. N Z Vet J 

20(4):57-58. 

Martinovich D, Smith B (1972) Kikuyu poisoning in sheep. 

N Z Vet J 20(9):169. 

Martinovich D, Smith B (1973) Kikuyu poisoning of cattle. 

1. Clinical and pathological findings. N Z Vet J 

21(4):55-63. 

Peet RL, Dickson J, Hare M (1990) Kikuyu poisoning in 

goats and sheep. Aust Vet J 67(6):229-230. 

Smith B, Martinovich D (1973) Kikuyu poisoning of cattle. 

2. Epizootiological aspects. N Z Vet J 21(5):85-89. 

Van Heerden J, Williams MC, Van Rensburg IB, et al. (1978) 

An outbreak of “kikuyu poisoning” in western Transvaal. 

J S Afr Vet Assoc 49(1):27-30. 

Wells AW (1958) Nitrite poisoning in pigs on kikuyu (Pennisetum 

clandestinum). Aust Vet J 34(Nov):402. 

Wong PT, Roth IJ, Jackson AR (1987) Kikuyu poisoning of 

cattle in New South Wales and its relationship to pasture 

fungi on kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). Aust 

Vet J 64(8):229-232. 

p e n n is e Tu M g l a u c u M (L.) R. Br. [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p ennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke; p ennisetum 

typhoides (Burm. f.) Stapf & C. E. Hubb. 

Common Names: 

bajra; bulrush millet; horse millet; Indian millet; pearl 

millet; spiked millet 

Citations: 

Gadir WS, Adam SE (2000) Effects of pearl millet (Pennisetum 

typhoides), and fermented and processed 

fermented millet on Nubian goats. Vet Hum Toxicol 

42(3):133-136. 

Klopfenstein CF, Hoseney RC, Leipold HW (1983) Further 

studies on the goitrogenic effects of pearl millet diets. 

Nutr Rep Int 28(5):1137-1144. 

p e n n is e Tu M p u r p u r e u M Schumach. 

[Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

elephant grass; Napiergrass 

Citations: 

Dhillon KS, Paul BS, Bajwa RS, et al. (1971) A preliminary 

report on a peculiar type of Napier grass (Pennisetum 

purpureum, ‘Pusa Giant’) poisoning in buffalo calves. 


Seiler RJ, Omar AR, Salim N (1979) Nitrate poisoning in 

cattle fed napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum). Kajian 

Veterinar 11:10-13. 

Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.) Stapf & C. E. Hubb. = 

Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. 

penny John –see– Hypericum perforatum L. 

pennycress –see– Thlaspi arvense L. 

pennycress mustard –see– Thlaspi arvense L. 

pennyroyal –see– Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.; Mentha 

pulegium L. 

pennywort –see– Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. 

p e n Ta l i n o n l u Te u M (L.) B. F. Hansen & 

Wunderlin [Apocynaceae] 

Synonyms: 

u rechites lutea (L.) Britton 

Common Names: 

bejuco marrullero; clavelitos; curamaguey; nightshade; 

wild allamanda; yellow nightshade 

Citations: 

Infante JF, Perdomo J, Merino N, et al. (1984) Estudio 

morfopatologico en bovinos intoxicados experimentale 

con bejuco marrullero (Urechites lutea) en la provincia 

Gramma. Rev Salud Anim 6(2):193-204.

296 - Peperomia obtusifolia D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Joa R, Merino N, Marrero E, et al. (1985) Estudio anatomopatológico 

en bovinos intoxicados experimentalmente 

con glicósidos aislados de Urechites lutea (L) Britton. Rev 

Cubana Cienc Vet 16(1):41-52. 

Marrero E, Fernandez O, Pompa A, et al. (1984) Alteraciones 

electrocardiográficas en terneros intoxicados con 

glicósidos de Urechites lutea (L) Britton. Rev Cubana 

Cienc Vet 15(2):179-189. 

Marrero Faz E (1996) Urechites lutea (L) Britton toxicity in 


peonia –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

peony poppy –see– Papaver somniferum L. 

pepeo tree –see– Mauria heterophylla Kunth 

p e p e r o Mi a ob Tu s i f o l i a (L.) A. Dietr. 

[Piperaceae] 

Common Names: 

American rubber plant; baby rubber plant; pepper face 

Citations: 





pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L.; Capsicum frutescens L.; 

Piper nigrum L. 

pepper face –see– Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr. 

pepper plant –see– Piper methysticum G. Forst. 

pepper tree –see– Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

pepper turnip –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

peppermint –see– Mentha ×piperita L. nothosubsp. piperita 

perde stert –see– Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. 

perennial broomweed –see– Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) 

A. Gray; Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby 

perennial nettle –see– Urtica dioica L. 

perennial pea –see– Lathyrus latifolius L. 

perennial ryegrass –see– Lolium perenne L. 

perennial snakeweed –see– Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) 


perennial sweet pea –see– Lathyrus latifolius L. 

perennial threadleaf snakeweed –see– Gutierrezia 

microcephala (DC.) A. Gray 

p e r g u l a r i a g a r i e p e n s is N. E. Br. 


Citations: 




9(1):111-124. 

p e r ic o p s is e l a Ta (Harms) Meeuwen [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a frormosia elata Harms 

Common Names: 

afrormosia 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 

p e r i l l a f r u Te s c e n s (L.) Britton 

[Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

beefsteak plant; blueweed; Joseph’s-coat; mint plant; 

perilla mint; purple mint plant; rattlesnake weed; wild 

coleus 

Citations: 

Kerr LA, Burrows GE (1985) Perilla frutescens toxicity in 

cattle. Toxicon 23:31. 

Kerr LA, Johnson BJ, Burrows GE (1986) Intoxication of 

cattle by Perilla frutescens (purple mint). Vet Hum Toxicol 

28(5):412-416. 

Linnabary RD, Warren J, Wilson BJ, et al. (1978) Acute 

bovine pulmonary emphysema produced by Perilla frutescens. 

Mod Vet Pract 59(9):684-686. 

perilla mint –see– Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton 

periqueto –see– Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss. 

periwinkle –see– Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don; Vicia 

villosa Roth subsp. varia (Host) Corb.; Vinca major L. 

perlas-del-oriente –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

peroba-da-campos –see– Aspidosperma gomezianum A. DC. 

peroba d’aqua –see– Sessea brasiliensis Toledo 

Perobas –see– Euxylophora paraensis Huber 

perreil –see– Oenanthe crocata L. 

p e r s e a a Me r ic a n a Mill. var. americana 

[Lauraceae] 

Common Names: 

aguacate; alligator pear; avocado; avocado pear 

Citations: 

Appleman D (1944) Preliminary report on toxicity of avocado 

leaves. Calif Avocado Soc Yearb 1944:37. 

Bee JG (1968) Suspected avocado poisoning of a horse. Mod 

Vet Pract 49(11):52-53. 

Buoro IB, Nyamwange SB, Chai D, et al. (1994) Putative 

avocado toxicity in two dogs. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

61(1):107-109. 

Burger WP, Naudé TW, van Rensburg IB, et al. (1994) 

Avocado (Persea americana) poisoning in ostriches. In: 

Colegate SM, Dorling PR (eds.) Plant-associated toxins. 


CABI. New York. pp. 546-551.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Persicaria maculosa - 297 

Craigmill AL, Seawright AA, Mattila T, et al. (1989) Pathological 

changes in the mammary gland and biochemical 

changes in milk of the goat following oral dosing 

with leaf of the avocado (Persea americana). Aust Vet J 

66(7):206-211. 

Grant R, Basson PA, Booker HH, et al. (1991) Cardiomyopathy 

caused by avocado (Persea americana Mill) leaves. J 

S Afr Vet Assoc 62(1):21-22. 

Grant R, Booker HH, Basson PA, et al. (1988) Cardiomyopathies 

caused by januariebos (Gnidia polycephala) and 

avocado (Persea americana) leaves. J S Afr Vet Assoc 

59(2):101. 

Hargis AM, Stauber E, Casteel S, et al. (1989) Avocado 

(Persea americana) intoxication in caged birds. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 194(1):64-66. 

McKenzie RA, Brown OP (1991) Avocado (Persea americana) 

poisoning of horses. Aust Vet J 68(2):77-78. 

Sani Y, Atwell RB, Seawright AA (1991) The cardiotoxicity 

of avocado leaves. Aust Vet J 68(4):150-151. 

Sani Y, Seawright AA, Ng JC, et al. (1994) The toxicity of 

avocado leaves (Persea americana) for the heart and lactating 

mammary gland of the mouse. In: Colegate SM, 



pp. 552-556. 

Shlosberg A, Ohad DG, Bellaiche M, et al. (1998) Monitoring 

of physiological and pathological changes in turkey 

poults fed leaves of potentially cardiomyotoxic Nerium 

oleander and Persea americana. In: Garland T, Barr AC 


New York. pp. 131-136. 



Vet Med Assoc 200(7):936-939. 

Stadler P, Van Rensburg IB, Naudé TE (1991) Suspected 

avocado (Persea americana) poisoning in goats. J S Afr 

Vet Assoc 62(4):186-188. 

Valeri H, Gimeno F (1953) Estudio fito-quimico toxicologico 

de los frutos de aguacate (Persea americana - C. 

Bauhin, Pinax 441, 1623). Rev Med Vet y Parasit Caracas 

12(1 & 4):131-165. 

Persea americana Mill. var. guatemalensis (L. O. Williams) 

Scora = Persea americana Mill. var. nubigena (L. O. 

Williams) L. E. Kopp 

p e r s e a a Me r ic a n a Mill. var. nubigena (L. O. 

Williams) L. E. Kopp [Lauraceae] 

Synonyms: 

p ersea americana Mill. var. guatemalensis (L. O. Williams) 

Scora 

Citations: 

Burger WP, Naudé TW, Van Rensburg IB, et al. (1994) Cardiomyopathy 

in ostriches (Struthio camelus) due to avocado 

(Persea americana var. guatemalensis) intoxication. J 

S Afr Vet Assoc 65(3):113-118. 

Craigmill AL, Eide RN, Shultz TA, et al. (1984) Toxicity 

of avocado (Persea americana (Guatamalan var)) 

leaves: Review and preliminary report. Vet Hum Toxicol 

26(5):381-383. 

Persian lilac –see– Melia azedarach L. 

Persian lime –see– Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle 

Persian violet –see– Cyclamen persicum Mill. 

Persian walnut –see– Juglans regia L. 

persicaria –see– Persicaria maculosa Gray 

p e r s ic a r i a a Mp h i b i a (L.) Delarbre 


Synonyms: 

p olygonum amphibium L. 

Citations: 





p e r s ic a r i a g l a b r a (Willd.) M. Gómez 


Synonyms: 

p olygonum glabrum Willd. 

Common Names: 

chiguirera 

Citations: 




p e r s ic a r i a h y d r o p i p e r (L.) Spach 


Synonyms: 

p olygonum hydropiper L. 

Common Names: 

biting persicaria; curage; herbe-de-St. Innocent; marsh 

pepper; Pfeffer Knöterich; pirae; poivre d’eau; renonée 

âcre; smartweed; Wasserpfeffer; water pepper; water 

smartweed 

Citations: 








p e r s ic a r i a Ma c u l o s a Gray [Polygonaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p olygonum persicaria L. 

Common Names: 

Flöhkraut; heart’s-ease; heartweed; lady’s-thumb; 

peachwort; persicaria; Pfirsichblättriger Knöterich; 

redshank; spotted smartweed; willow weed

298 - Persicaria nepalensis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 





p e r s ic a r i a n e p a l e n s is (Meisn.) H. Gross 


Synonyms: 

p olygonum nepalense Meisn. 

Common Names: 

pirae 

Citations: 




p e r s ic a r i a p u n c Ta Ta (Elliott) Small 


Synonyms: 

p olygonum punctatum Elliott 

Common Names: 

catayo; chile-de-perro; herbe-de-bicho; poor-man’spepper; 

smartweed; tabaquillo-de-los-rios; water 

smartweed; yerba-del-diablo; yerba picanta 

Citations: 


Etudes chimiques et toxicologiques. Les faits fématologiques 



persil sauvage –see– Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex 

A. W. Hill 

persimmon –see– Diospyros kaki Thunb.; Diospyros 

virginiana L. 

Peru apple –see– Datura stramonium L. 

perupok –see– Lophopetalum dubium M. Laws.; 

Lophopetalum floribundum Wight 

Peruvian bark –see– Alstonia constricta F. Muell. 

Peruvian creeper –see– Araujia sericifera Brot. 

Peruvian rhatany –see– Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet 

& B. B. Simpson 

pessegueiro bravo –see– Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. 

petasites –see– Petasites japonicus (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. 

p e Ta s i Te s j a p o n ic u s (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

colt’s-foot; petasites 

Citations: 

Fushimi K, Kato K, Kato T, et al. (1978) Carcinogenicity of 

flower stalks of Petasites japonicus Maxim. in mice and 

Syrian golden hamsters. Toxicol Lett 1(1978):201-294. 

Hirono I, Shimizu M, Fushimi K, et al. (1973) Carcinogenic 

activity of Petasites japonicus Maxim., a kind of coltsfoot. 

Gann 64(Oct):527-528. 

Petersilie –see– Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. 

W. Hill 

Petersilienschierling –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

petit médicinier –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

petit pignon d’ Inde –see– Croton tiglium L. 

petite ciguë –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

petite malnommée –see– Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 

petitgrain –see– Citrus aurantium L. 

p e Ti ve r i a a l l i a c e a L. [Phytolaccaceae] 

Common Names: 

anamú; garlic guineahen weed; guineahen weed 

Citations: 

Nuñez Bello V, Vanegas Díaz LA, Torres Gamez JE, et al. 

(1983) Caquexia muscular distrofica y su relacion clinico-patologica 

con la neurotoxicidad retardada. Rev Inst 

Colombiano Agropecuario 18(4):345-353. 

pétron –see– Juniperus communis L. 

p e Tr o s e l i n u M c r is p u M (Mill.) Nyman ex A. 

W. Hill [Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a pium petroselinum L.; p etroselinum hortense auct.; 

p etroselinum sativum Hoffm., nom. nud. 

Common Names: 

huile-de-persil-sauvage; parsley; persil sauvage; 

Petersilie 

Citations: 



Vet Med Assoc 200(9):1329-1331. 







36(5):454-455. 

Mele V (1968) Sulla intossicazione de prezzemolo usato come 

mezzo abortivo. Folia Med (Napoli) 51(8):601-613. 

Perelman B, Kuttin ES (1988) Parsley-induced photosensitivity 

in ostriches and ducks. Avian Pathol 17(1):183-192. 

Stransky L, Tsankov N (1980) Contact dermatitis from parsley 

(Petroselinum). Contact Dermatitis 6(17):233-234. 

Petroselinum hortense auct. = Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) 


Petroselinum sativum Hoffm., nom. nud. = Petroselinum 

crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill 

petty morel –see– Solanum nigrum L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Phalaris aquatica - 299 

petty spurge –see– Euphorbia peplus L. 

Peucedanum graveolens (L.) Benth. & Hook. f. = Anethum 

graveolens L. 

p e u Mu s b o l d u s Molina [Monimiaceae] 

Common Names: 

boldo; boldus 

Citations: 

Piscaglia F, Leoni S, Venturi A, et al. (2005) Caution in the 

use of boldo in herbal laxatives: A case of hepatotoxicity. 

Scand J Gastroenterol 40(2):236-239. 

Peyolylkaktus –see– Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm- 


peyote –see– Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm-Dyck) J. 

M. Coult. 

peyote muscal –see– Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm- 


Pfaffenhütchen –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

Pfeffer Knöterich –see– Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 

Pfefferminze –see– Mentha ×piperita L. nothosubsp. piperita 

Pfefferwurzel –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

Pferdebohne –see– Vicia faba L. 

Pferdekastanie –see– Aesculus hippocastanum L. 

Pfirsich –see– Prunus persica (L.) Batsch 

Pfirsichblättriger Knöterich –see– Persicaria maculosa Gray 

Pflaume –see– Prunus domestica L. 

Phaca canadensis MacMill. = Astragalus canadensis L. 

p h a c e l i a b r a c h y l ob a (Benth.) A. Gray 


Citations: 

Munz PA (1932) Dermatitis produced by Phacelia (Hydrophyllaceae). 

Science 76(1965):194. 

p h a c e l i a c a Mp a n u l a r i a A. Gray 


Citations: 


Science 76(1965):194. 

p h a c e l i a c r e n u l a Ta Torr. ex S. Watson 


Common Names: 

desert heliotrope; false heliotrope; rama zorilla; scorpion 

weed; skunk bush 

Citations: 

Berry CZ, Shapiro SI, Dahlen RF (1962) Dermatitis 

venenata from Phacelia crenulata. Arch Dermatol 

85(Jun):737-739. 


Science 76(1965):194. 

p h a c e l i a g r a n d i f l o r a (Benth.) A. Gray 


Citations: 


Science 76(1965):194. 

p h a c e l i a Mi n o r (Harv.) Thell. [Boraginaceae] 

Citations: 


Science 76(1965):194. 

p h a c e l i a p e d ic e l l a Ta A. Gray 


Citations: 


Science 76(1965):194. 

phalaris –see– Phalaris aquatica L. 

p h a l a r is a n g u s Ta Nees ex Trin. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

aveia louca; aveia-de-sangue; timothy canarygrass 

Citations: 

Gava A, Sousa RS, de Deus MS, et al. (1999) Phalaris 

angusta (Gramineae) como causa de enfermidade neurológica 

em bovinos no Estado de Santa Catarina. Pesq 

Vet Bras 19(1):35-38. 

Odriozola E, Campero C, Lopez T, et al. (1991) Neuropathological 

effects and deaths of cattle and sheep in Argentina 

from Phalaris angusta. Vet Hum Toxicol 33(5):465-467. 

Sousa RS, Irigoyen LF (1999) Intoxicação experimental por 

Phalaris angusta (Gramineae) em bovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 

19(3-4):116-122. 

p h a l a r is a q u a Tic a L. [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p halaris tuberosa L. 

Common Names: 

Australian phalaris; canarygrass; falaris; Hardinggrass; 

phalaris; ronphagrass; Toowoomba canarygrass 

Citations: 

Bourke CA, Carrigan MJ, Seaman JT, et al. (1987) Delayed 

development of clinical signs in sheep affected by Phalaris 

aquatica staggers. Aust Vet J 64(1):31-32. 

Bourke CA, Colegate SM, Rendell D, et al. (2005) Peracute 

ammonia toxicity: A consideration in the pathogenesis 

of Phalaris aquatica ‘Polioencephalomalacia-like 

sudden death’ poisoning of sheep and cattle. Aust Vet J 

83(3):168-171. 

Bourke CA, Rendell D, Colegate SM (2003) Clinical 

observations and differentiation of the peracute 

Phalaris aquatica poisoning syndrome in sheep known 

as ‘polioencephalomalacia-like sudden death’. Aust Vet J 

81(11):698-700. 

Del Potro DH, Odriozola ER, Odeon A, et al. (1984) Intoxicacion 

de ovinos con falaris. Vet Argent 1(8):763-766.

300 - Phalaris arundinacea D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Gaggino OP, Carrillo BJ (1965) Tembleque del falaris 

(Phalaris staggers). IV. Su observación en terneros de 

tambo. Idia 206:31-32. 

Gaggino OP, Carrillo BJ, Frontera AR (1963) “Phalaris 

staggers” su observacion en el sudeste de la provincia de 

Buenos Aires. Gaceta Vet 25(150):51-56. 

Gaggino OP, Carrillo BJ, Frontera AR (1963) “Tembleque 

del falaris” en el sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires. 

Idia 182(Feb):10-14. 

Gallagher CH, Koch JH, Hoffman H (1967) Deaths of 

ruminants grazing Phalaris tuberosa in Australia. Aust 

Vet J 43(Nov):495-500. 

Gallagher CH, Koch JH, Moore RM, et al. (1964) Toxicity of 

Phalaris tuberosa for sheep. Nature 204(4958):542-545. 

Kennedy DJ, Cregan PD, Glastonbury JR, et al. (1986) 

Poisoning of cattle grazing of a low-alkaloid cultivar of 

Phalaris aquatica, Sirolan. Aust Vet J 63(3):88-89. 

Kerr DR (1972) Rapid death of cattle grazing recently irrigated 

Phalaris tuberosa. Aust Vet J 48(7):421. 

Lee HJ, Kuchel RE (1953) The aetiology of Phalaris staggers 

in sheep. 1. Preliminary observations on the preventative 

role of cobalt. Aust J Agric Res 4:88-99. 

Lee HJ, Kuchel RE, Trowbridge RF (1956) The aetiology 

of Phalaris staggers in sheep. II. The toxicity to sheep of 

three types of pasture containing Phalaris tuberosa. Aust 

J Agric Res 7:333-344. 

Le Souef HD (1948) Poisoning of sheep by Phalaris tuberosa. 

Vet J 24(Jan):12-13. 

McDonald IW (1942) A “staggers” syndrome in sheep and 

cattle associated with grazing on Phalaris tuberosa. Aust 

Vet J 18(Oct):182-189. 

Milne JA (1955) The occurrence of Phalaris staggers in sheep. 

N Z Vet J 3:119-121. 

Monteseirín J, Pérez-Formoso JL, Sánchez-Hernández 

MC, et al. (2002) Occupational contact dermatitis from 

canary-grass seed. Contact Dermatitis 47(4):247. 

Moore RM, Arnold GW, Hutchings RJ, et al. (1961) Poisoning 

of Merino sheep on Phalaris tuberosa L. pastures. 

Aust J Sci 24:88-89. 

Moore RM, Hutchings RJ (1967) Mortalities among sheep 

grazing Phalaris tuberosa. Aust J Exp Agric Anim Husb 

7(24):17-21. 

Southcott WH (1956) Observations on Phalaris staggers in 

sheep. Aust Vet J 32(9):225-228. 

Watson ER (1956) An outbreak of Phalaris staggers in sheep 

at Kojonuj, Western Australia. J Aust Inst Agric Sci 

22:209-211. 

p h a l a r is a r u n d i n a c e a L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

gardener’s-garters; reed canarygrass; reed phalaris; ribbongrass; 

strandrøyr 

Citations: 





Marten GC, Jordan RM, Hovin AW (1981) Improved 

lamb performance associated with breeding for alkaloid 

reduction in reed canarygrass. Crop Sci 21(Mar- 

Apr):295-298. 

Simpson BH, Jolly RD, Thomas SH (1969) Phalaris arundinacea 

as a cause of deaths and inco-ordination in sheep. N 

Z Vet J 17(12):240-244. 

Ulvund MJ (1985) Chronic poisoning in a lamb grazing 

Phalaris arundinacea. Acta Vet Scand 26(2):286-288. 

Ulvund MJ (1985) Incoordination and hyperexcitability in a 

lamb grazing Phalaris arundinacea in southwestern Norway. 

Nord Vet Med 37(4):259-260. 

p h a l a r is c a n a r i e n s is L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

birdseedgrass; canarygrass 

Citations: 

East NE, Higgins RJ (1988) Canary grass (Phalaris sp) 

toxicosis in sheep in California. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

192(5):667-669. 

p h a l a r is c a r o l i n i a n a Walter [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

Carolina canarygrass; Maygrass; southern 

canarygrass 

Citations: 

Nicholson SS, Olcott BM, Usenik EA, et al. (1989) Delayed 

Phalaris grass toxicosis in sheep and cattle. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 195(3):345-346. 

p h a l a r is c o e r u l e s c e n s Desf. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

blue canarygrass 

Citations: 

Colegate SM, Anderton N, Edgar J, et al. (1999) Suspected 

blue canary grass (Phalaris coerulescens) poisoning of 

horses. Aust Vet J 77(8):537-538. 

p h a l a r is Mi n o r Retz. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

little-seed Canarygrass; Mediterranean canarygrass; 

wild canarygrass 

Citations: 

Mendel VE, Crenshaw GL, Baker NF, et al. (1969) Staggers 

in pastured cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 154(7):769-772. 

Van Halderen A, Green JR, Schneider DJ (1990) An outbreak 

of suspected Phalaris staggers in sheep in the Western 

Cape province. J S Afr Vet Assoc 61(1):39-40. 

p h a l a r is p a r a d o x a L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

gnawed canarygrass; paradoxagrass 

Citations: 

Bourke CA, Colegate SM, Slattery S, et al. (2003) Suspected 

Phalaris paradoxa (paradoxa grass) poisoning in horses. 

Aust Vet J 81(10):635-637. 

Phalaris tuberosa L. = Phalaris aquatica L. 

phan saat –see– Erythrophleum succirubrum Gagnep.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Phaseolus vulgaris - 301 

p h a s e o l u s a c u Ti f o l i u s A. Gray [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

white tepary bean 

Citations: 




p h a s e o l u s c o c c i n e u s L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bohne; Feuerbohne; Gartenbohne; Kapuziner Bohne; 

runner bean; scarlet runner bean; seven-years’-bean; 

Turkische Bohne 

Citations: 

Faschingbauer H, Kofler L (1929) Ueber Giftwirkung von 

rohen Bohnen und Bohnenkeimlingen. Wien Klin 

Wochenschr 42(33):1069-1072. 




Haidvogl M, Fritsch G, Grubbauer HM (1979) Vergiftung 

durch rohe Gartenbohnen (Phaseolus vulgaris und 

Phaseolus coccineus) im Kindesalter. Paediat Paedol 

14(3):293-296. 

Narayan S, Sansom JE (2002) Contact urticaria from runner 

bean (Phaseolus coccineus). Contact Dermatitis 47(4):243. 

p h a s e o l u s l u n a Tu s L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Burma bean; butter bean; double bean; haricot-de-lima; 

haricot-du-cap; hibbert bean; Java bean; Javabohne; 

lima bean; Mondbohne; Rangoon bean; Rangoonbohne; 

Sieva bean; sugar bean; white Indian bean; wild 

lima bean; wild sieva bean 

Citations: 



Dammann C, Behrens MD (1906) Massenvergiftungen von 

Pferden, Rindern, und Schweinen durch blausäurenhaltige 

Bohnen. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 14(1):1-4. 







Acta Cient Venez 1(2):62-64. 



13(1):1-11. 

Mosselman G (1906) Empoissonement de bêtes bovines 

par les graines de haricot de Lima (Phaseolus lunatus) et 

recherches sur la toxicité de cette plante comestible. Ann 

Med Vet 55:141-153. 

Ologhobo A, Mosenthin R, Alaka OO (2003) Histological 

alterations in the internal organs of growing chicks from 

feeding raw jackbean or limabean seeds. Vet Hum Toxicol 

45(1):10-13. 

Robertson A, Wijnne AJ (1905) Blauwzuurvergifting 

na gebruik van kratokboonen. Pharm Weekbl 

42(19):393-399. 

p h a s e o l u s v u l g a r is L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

bean; black bean; black kidney bean; Bohne; caraotas 

rosadas; field bean; French bean; Gartenbohne; green 

bean; Grüne Bohne; haricot bean; kidney bean; Natal 

round yellow bean; navy bean; ornamental French 

bean; pinto bean; red bean; red kidney bean; red Mexican 

bean; red navy bean; Speisebohnen; string bean; 

wax bean; white bean; Van Zyl sugar bean; Van Zyl 

suikerboontjie; yellow wax bean 

Citations: 

Begbie R, King TP (1981) The nutritional toxicity of the 

seed lectins of Phaseolus vulgaris in the pig. Biochem Soc 

Trans 9:145. 

Bulavenko LS (1965) [A case of poisoning by seeds of the 

ornamental French bean.] Gig Sanit 30(10):90-91. 

Carmalt J, Rosel KP, Burns T, et al. (2003) Suspected white 

kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) toxicity in horses and 

cattle. Aust Vet J 81(11):674-676. 

Desai ID (1966) Effect of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) 

on plasma tocopherol-level and its relation to nutritional 

muscular dystrophy in the chick. Nature 209(5025):810. 






J Nutr 73(1):17-29. 






J Nutr 123(12):2207-2215. 




Greer F, Brewer AC, Pusztai A (1985) Effect of kidney bean 

(Phaseolus vulgaris) toxin on tissue weight and composition 

and some metabolic functions of rats. Br J Nutr 54(1):95-103. 

Griebel C (1950) Erkrankungen durch Bohnenflocken 

(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) und Platterbsen (Lathyrus tingitanus 

L.). Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 90:191-197. 

Haidvogl M, Fritsch G, Grubbauer HM (1979) Vergiftung 

durch rohe Gartenbohnen (Phaseolus vulgaris und Phaseolus 

coccineus) im Kindesalter. Paediat Paedol 14(3):293-296. 

Hintz HF, Hogue DE, Krook L (1967) Toxicity of red kidney 

beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the rat. J Nutr 93(1):77-86. 





Jaffé WG (1949) Toxicity of raw kidney-beans. Experientia 

5:81. 



Acta Cient Venez 1(2):62-64.

302 - Philodendron bipinnatifidum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Jaffé WG (1950) La toxicidad de las caraotas crudas para 

conejos. Acta Cient Venez 1(1):16-17. 

Jayne-Williams DJ, Burgess CD (1974) Further observations 

on the toxicity of navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) 

for Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). J Appl 

Bact 37(1):149-169. 

Jayne-Williams DJ, Hewitt D (1972) The relationship 

between the intestinal microflora and the effects of diets 

containing raw navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on the 

growth of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). J 

Appl Bact 35(2):331-344. 

Kakade ML, Keahey KK, Whitehair CK, et al. (1965) Morphological 

changes in rats fed navy beans. Proc Soc Exp 

Biol Med 119(4):934-937. 

Kerk P (1973) Diarree bij varkens door voerbonen (Phaseolus 

species). Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 98:1230-1233. 

King TP, Begbie R, Cadenhead A (1983) Nutritional toxicity 

of raw kidney beans in pigs. Immunocytochemical and 

cytopathological studies on the gut and the pancreas. J Sci 

Food Agric 34(12):1404-1412. 

Konishi T, Ichijo S (1970) [Clinical studies on bean-hulls 

poisoning in horses. I. Clinical and biochemical observations 

in spontaneous cases.] Res Bull Obihiro Zootech 

Univ 6:242-257. 

Konishi T, Ichijo S (1970) [Clinical studies on bean-hulls 

poisoning of horse. III. Experimental feeding of poisonous 

bean-hull in rabbit.] Res Bull Obihiro Zootech Univ 

6:275-282. 

Konishi T, Ichijo S (1970) [Clinical studies on poisoning by 

bean pods in horses. II. Clinical and biochemical observations 

in experimental cases.] Res Bull Obihiro Zootech 

Univ 6:258-273. 

Loosli JK, Krook L, Hintz HF, et al. (1964) The nature of 

kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) toxicity in the rat. Fed 

Proc 23:500. 



13(1):1-11. 

Nehring K, Laube W (1962) Untersuchungen über Schadensfälle 

nach Verfütterung von Speisebohnen (Phaseolus vulgaris) 

an Rinder und Schweine. Monatsh Veterinarmed 

17:888-890. 

Noah ND, Bender AE, Reaidi GB, et al. (1980) Food poisoning 

from raw kidney beans. Br Med J 281(6234):236-237. 

Paleček F (1969) Pulmonary damage in rats fed by beans 

(Phaseolus vulgaris). Experientia 25(3):285. 

Pusztai A (1980) Nutritional toxicity of the kidney bean 

(Phaseolus vulgaris). Anim Nutr Allied Sci Annu Rep 

Studies 36:110-118. 

Rattray EA, Palmer R, Pusztai A (1974) Toxicity of kidney 

beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to conventional and gnotobiotic 

rats. J Sci Food Agric 25(8):1035-1040. 

Rodhouse JC, Haugh CA, Roberts D, et al. (1990) Red 

kidney bean poisoning in the UK: An analysis of 50 

suspected incidents between 1976 and 1989. Epidemiol 

Infect 105(3):485-491. 

Toro F, Benshimol AL, Gonzalez Elorriaga M, et al. (1992) 

Spleen and thymus histology and proliferative response of 

splenic cells in rats fed raw and cooked Phaseolus vulgaris 

beans. Arch Latinoam Nutr 42(4):395-402. 

Ueda A, Ono T, Yamigawa S (1967) [Neurohistopathological 

studies on bean-hulls poisoning of horses.] Res Bull 

Obihiro Zootech Univ 5(2):149-154. 

Untawale GG, McGinnis J (1979) Effect of rye and levels of 

raw and autoclaved beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on adhesion 

of microflora to the intestinal mucosa. Poult Sci 

58(4):928-933. 

Wagh PV, Klaustermeier DF, Waibel PE, et al. (1963) Nutritive 

value of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) for 

chicks. J Nutr 80:191-195. 

Note: 

Bean is named Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. vulgaris in 


pheasant’s-eye –see– Adonis annua L.; Adonis microcarpa 

DC. 

philodendron –see– Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott ex 

Endl.; Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott 

p h i l o d e n d r o n b i p i n n a Ti f i d u M Schott ex 

Endl. [Araceae] 

Synonyms: 

p hilodendron selloum K. Koch 

Common Names: 

easy tree philodendron; lace-tree Philodendron; philodendron; 

saddleleaf 

Citations: 




p h i l o d e n d r o n c o n s a n g u i n e u M Schott 

[Araceae] 

Citations: 




Philodendron cordatum hort. = Philodendron hederaceum 


p h i l o d e n d r o n h e d e r a c e u M (Jacq.) Schott 

[Araceae] 

Synonyms: 

p hilodendron cordatum hort.; p hilodendron scandens 

K. Koch & Sello; p hilodendron scandens K. Koch & 

Sello subsp. oxycardium (Schott) G. S. Bunting 

Common Names: 

cordatum; heart-leaf ivy; heart-leaf philodendron; parlor 

ivy; philodendron; sweetheart plant 

Citations: 

Ayres S Jr, Ayres S 3rd (1958) Philodendron as a cause of 

contact dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 78(3):330-333. 

Dorsey C (1958) Philodendron dermatitis. Calif Med 

88(4):329-330. 



Immunopathol (Madr) 12(4):313-319.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Phyllanthus abnormis - 303 

Hammershøy O, Verdich J (1980) Allergic contact dermatitis 

from Philodendron scandens Koch et Sello subsp oxycardium 

(Schott) Bunting (“Philodendron scandens cordatum”). 


Harris JH (1942) Dermatitis of the eyelids due to philodendron 

(Scandens cardatum) plants. Arch Derm Syphilol 

45:1066-1068. 

Knight TE (1991) Philodendron-induced dermatitis: 

Report of cases and review of the literature. Cutis 

48(5):375-378. 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 

p h i l o d e n d r o n l a c e r u M (Jacq.) Schott 

[Araceae] 

Citations: 

Knight TE (1991) Philodendron-induced dermatitis: 

Report of cases and review of the literature. Cutis 

48(5):375-378. 

Philodendron scandens K. Koch & Sello = Philodendron 

hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott 

Philodendron scandens K. Koch & Sello subsp. oxycardium 

(Schott) G. S. Bunting = Philodendron hederaceum 


Philodendron selloum K. Koch = Philodendron 

bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl. 

p h l e u M p r a Te n s e L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

timothy 

Citations: 





Mitchell JH, Mitchell WF (1945) Season dermatitis due 

to the albumin fraction of timothy pollen. J Allergy 

16:48-50. 

phlomos –see– Euphorbia characias L. 

p h o e n i x d a c Ty l i f e r a L. [Arecaceae] 

Common Names: 

date palm 

Citations: 

Gonzalo MA, Moneo I, Ventas P, et al. (1997) Immediate 

hypersensitivity reaction to date. Allergy 

52(5):598-599. 

Kwaasi AA, Harfi HA, Parhar RS, et al. (1999) Allergy to 

date fruits: Characterization of antigens and allergens of 

fruits of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Allergy 

54(12):1270-1277. 

Kwaasi AA, Harfi HA, Parhar RS, et al. (2002) Crossreactivities 

between date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) 

polypeptides and foods implicated in the oral allergy syndrome. 

Allergy 57(6):508-518. 

Phoradendron (Pursh) flavescens Nutt. ex A. Gray = 

Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M. C. Johnst. 

Phoradendron latifolium Griseb. = Phoradendron piperoides 

(Kunth) Trel. 

p h o r a d e n d r o n l e u c a r p u M (Raf.) Reveal 

& M. C. Johnst. [Santalaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p horadendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. ex A. Gray; 

p horadendron serotinum (Raf.) M. C. Johnst.; p horadendron 

tomentosum (DC.) A. Gray 

Common Names: 

American mistletoe; Christmas mistletoe; eastern mistletoe; 

false mistletoe; faux gui américain; misteltoe; 

Texas mistletoe 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1984) Boy sickened by mistletoe. Associated 

Press. Dec 16 

Buster OC (1887-1888) Poisoning by mistletoe (Viscum flavescens). 

Texas Courier Record Med 5:218-219. 

Hall AH, Spoerke DG, Rumack BH (1986) Assessing mistletoe 

toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 15(11):1320-1323. 

Hanzlik PJ, French WO (1924) The pharmacology of Phoradendron 

flavescens (American mistletoe). J Pharmacol 

Exp Ther 23(4):269-306. 

Krenzelok EP, Jacobsen TD, Aronis J (1997) American mistletoe 

exposure. Am J Emerg Med 15(5):516-520. 

Moore HW (1963) Mistletoe poisoning. A review of the 

available literature, and the report of a case of probable 

fatal poisoning. J S C Med Assoc 59(8):269-271. 

Spiller HA, Willias DB, Gorman SE, et al. (1996) Retrospective 

study of mistletoe ingestion. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

34(4):405-408. 

p h o r a d e n d r o n p i p e r o i d e s (Kunth) Trel. 

[Santalaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p horadendron latifolium Griseb. 

Common Names: 

erva-de-passarinho; mistletoe 

Citations: 

Queiroz-Neto A, Hubner DV, Cortez DA, et al. (1985) 

Avaliação da toxicidade do chá de erva-de-passarinho 

(Phoradendron latifolium). Ars Vet 1(1):9-16. 

Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M. C. Johnst. = 

Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M. C. Johnst. 

Phoradendron tomentosum (DC.) A. Gray = Phoradendron 

leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M. C. Johnst. 

p h y l l a n Th u s a b n o r Mis Baill. 


Common Names: 

abnormal leaf flower; abnormal leg flower; leaf flower; 

spurge

304 - Phyllanthus emblica D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 



Mathews FP (1945) The toxicity of a spurge (Phyllanthus 

abnormis) for cattle, sheep, and goats. Cornell Vet 

35(Oct):336-346. 

p h y l l a n Th u s e Mb l ic a L. [Phyllanthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Emblica officinalis Gaertn. 

Common Names: 

amila 

Citations: 




p h y s a l is l o n g i f o l i a Nutt. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

ground cherry; husk tomato 

Citations: 

Pammel LH (1919) Ground cherry leaves supposed to be 

poisonous. Am J Vet Med 14:606. 

physicnut –see– Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur; Jatropha curcas 

L.; Jatropha gossypiifolia L.; Jatropha multifida L.; Jatropha 

podagrica Hook. 

phytolacca –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

p h y To l a c c a a c i n o s a Roxb. [Phytolaccaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p hytolacca esculenta Van Houtte 

Citations: 

Ota T, Shiraishi H, Uemura A, et al. (1967) [Poisoning by 

the plant Phytolacca esculenta van Houtte.] J Jpn Vet 

Med Assoc 20:291-292. 

p h y To l a c c a a Me r ic a n a L. [Phytolaccaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p hytolacca decandra L.; p hytolacca rigida Small 

Common Names: 

American cancer; American nightshade; cancer jalap; 

cancerroot; chongras; coakum; crowberry; garget; 

inkberry; jalap; Kermesbeere; phytolacca; phytolaque 

rouge; pigeonberry; pocan; pocan bush; poke; pokeberry; 

pokeroot; pokesalad; pokeweed; red ink plant; 

red pokeweed; redweed; Scharlachbeere; skoke; Virginia 

poke 

Citations: 

Barker BE, Farnes P, La Marche PH (1966) Peripheral blood 

plasmacytosis following systemic exposure to Phytolacca 

americana (pokeweed). Pediatrics 38(3):490-493. 

Barker BE, Farnes P, La Marche PH (1967) Haematological 

effects of pokeweed. Lancet 1(Feb 25):437. 

Barnett BD (1975) Toxicity of pokeberries (fruit of Phytolacca 

americana Large) for turkey poults. Poult Sci 

54(4):1215-1217. 

Brooker J, Obar C, Courtemanche L (2001) A fatality from 

Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) root ingestion. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 39(5):549-550. 

Callahan R, Piccola F, Gensheimer K, et al. (1981) Plant 

poisonings - New Jersey. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 

Rep 30(6):65-67. 

Collins HL, McClung M, Spyker DA (1980) Poke - Poison 

or poultice. Vet Hum Toxicol 22:364. 

Edwards N, Rodgers GC (1982) Pokeberry pancake breakfast 

- or - It’s gonna be a great day! Vet Hum Toxicol 

24(Suppl):135-137. 

French C (1900) Pokeroot poisoning. New York Med J 

72(Oct 13):653-654. 

Guthrie A (1887) Poisoning by poke root. JAMA 9:125. 

Hamilton RJ, Shih RD, Hoffman RS (1995) Mobitz type I 

heart block after pokeweed ingestion. Vet Hum Toxicol 

37(1):66-67. 

Jaeckle KA, Freeman FR (1981) Pokeweed poisoning. South 

Med J 74(5):639-640. 

Kingsbury JM, Hillman RB (1965) Pokeweed (Phytolacca) 

poisoning in a dairy herd. Cornell Vet 55(4):534-538. 




Lawrence RA (1990) The clinical effect of pokeweed root 

ingestion upon 32 adults. Am Assoc Poison Control Centers 

1990:116. 

Lewis WH, Smith PR (1979) Poke root herbal tea poisoning. 

JAMA 242(25):2759-2760. 

Matyunas NJ, Rodgers GC Jr (1985) Evaluation of pokeberry 

ingestion in children. Vet Hum Toxicol 28(4):298. 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 

Musgrove WC (1858) Poisoning by Phytolaccoe radix 

(poke root) - Four cases. Southern Med Surg J 

14(Apr):230-231. 

Patterson FD (1929) Pokeweed causes heavy losses in swine 

herd. Vet Med 24(Mar):114. 

Peixoto PV, Wouters F, Lemos RA, et al. (1997) Phytolacca 

decandra poisoning in sheep in southern Brazil. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 39(5):302-303. 

Roberge R, Brader E, Martin ML, et al. (1986) The root 

of evil - Pokeweed intoxication. Ann Emerg Med 

15(4):470-473. 

Rodgers GC (1984) Pokeroot poisoning: Report of two cases 

and a review of literature. Vet Hum Toxicol 26(Suppl 

2):52-53. 

Smith GW, Constable PD (2002) Suspected pokeweed toxicity 

in a Boer goat. Vet Hum Toxicol 44(6):351-353. 

Stein ZL (1979) Pokeweed-induced gastroenteritis. Am J 

Hosp Pharm 36(10):1303. 

White GR (1902) Phytolacca poisoning in cattle. Am Vet 

Rev 26:339-340. 

Phytolacca decandra L. = Phytolacca americana L. 

p h y To l a c c a d io ic a L. [Phytolaccaceae] 

Common Names: 

bella sombra; packalacca; umbu

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Pieris japonica - 305 

Citations: 

Storie GJ, McKenzie RA, Fraser IR (1992) Suspected packalacca 

(Phytolacca dioica) poisoning of cattle and chickens. 

Aust Vet J 69(1):21-22. 

p h y To l a c c a d o d e c a n d r a L’Her. 

[Phytolaccaceae] 

Common Names: 

hoko 

Citations: 

Ephraim M, Alemshet WA, Tesfaye L, et al. (1979) Studies 

on the toxicity of Phytolacca dodecandra to Ethiopian 

Highland sheep. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 27:79-86. 

Mettam RW (1939) Poisoning by Phytolacca dodecandra 

L’Herit. Family: Phytolaccaceae. Vet J 95:135-138. 

Mugera GM (1970) Phytolacca dodecandra L’Herit toxicity in 

livestock in Kenya. Bull Epizootic Dis Afr 18(1):41-43. 

Phytolacca esculenta Van Houtte = Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. 

Phytolacca rigida Small = Phytolacca americana L. 

phytolaque rouge –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

pica pica –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

p ic e a a b i e s (L.) H. Karst. [Pinaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p icea excelsa (Lam.) Link 

Common Names: 

balsam-of-spruce; Fichte 

Citations: 

Fregert S, Rorsman H (1963) Hypersensitivity to balsam of 

pine and spruce. Arch Dermatol 87(Jun):693-695. 

Picea excelsa (Lam.) Link = Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. 

pickaback plant –see– Tolmiea menziesii Torr. & A. Gray 

p ic r a d e n io p s is o p p o s i Ti f o l i a (Nutt.) 

Rydb. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

b ahia oppositifolia (Nutt.) DC. 

Common Names: 

Bahia; plains Bahia 

Citations: 

Deem AW, Thorp F Jr, Durrell LW (1939) Range plant newly 

found to be poisonous. Science 89(May 12):435. 

pie-de-grifo –see– Helleborus foetidus L. 

pie-de-niño –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

picry –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

pie melon –see– Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai 

pie plant –see– Rheum ×hybridum Murray 

pied-de-veau –see– Arum maculatum L. 

pied mango –see– Mangifera indica L. 

pieris –see– Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D. Don ex G. Don 

p i e r is f l o r i b u n d a (Pursh) Benth. & Hook. f. 

[Ericaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ndromeda floribunda Pursh 

Common Names: 

fetterbush; mountain fetterbush; mountain pieris 

Citations: 

Taylor H (1918) Poisoning by Andromeda floribunda. Vet 

Rec 30(1545):335-336. 

p i e r is f o r Mo s a (Wall.) D. Don [Ericaceae] 

Citations: 

Hollands RD, Hughes MC (1986) Pieris formosanum poisoning 

in the goat. Vet Rec 118(14):407-408. 

p i e r is j a p o n ic a (Thunb.) D. Don ex G. Don 

[Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

Japanese pieris; lily-of-the-valley bush; pieris 

Citations: 

Brahm E, Buntenkötter S, Simanowski W (1973) Vergiftungen 

von wiederkäuenden Paarhufern durch Ericaceen im Dormunder 

Tierpark. In: Ippen R et al. (eds.) Erkrank der Zoot 

XV. Int Symp, Kolmarden Akad Verlag. pp. 125-130. 

Gillis WT, Ball W Sr, Ball W Jr (1961) Pieris poisoning in 

zoo animals. Michigan State Univ Vet 22(1):24-26. 

Koller LD, Helfer DH (1978) Adiaspiromycosis in the lungs 

of a goat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173(1):80-81. 

Pizzi R, Goodman G, Gunn-Moore D, et al. (2005) Pieris 

japonica intoxication in an African spurred tortoise (Geochelone 

sulcata). Vet Rec 156(15):487-488. 

Plumlee KH, Van Alstine WG, Sullivan JM (1992) Japanese 

pieris toxicosis of goats. J Vet Diagn Invest 4(3):363-364. 

Power SB, O’Donnell PG, Quirk EG (1991) Pieris poisoning 

in sheep. Vet Rec 128(25):599-600. 

Smith MC (1978) Japanese pieris poisoning in the goat. J Am 

Vet Med Assoc 173(1):78-79. 

Smith MC (1979) Fetal mummification in a goat due to 

Japanese pieris (Pieris japonica) poisoning. Cornell Vet 

69(1):85-87. 

Visser IJ, van den Hoven R, Vos JH, et al. (1988) Pieris 

japonica (pieris)-intoxicatie bij twee geiten. Tijdschr 


pig nut –see– Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid. 

pigaeble –see– Datura stramonium L. 

pigeon pea –see– Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 

pigeonberry –see– Duranta erecta L.; Phytolacca americana L. 

pigeongrass –see– Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.; 

Verbena officinalis L. 

piggeple –see– Datura stramonium L. 

piggyback plant –see– Tolmiea menziesii (Pursh) Torr. & A. 

Gray 

pignola –see– Pinus pinaster Aiton

306 - Pimelea decora D. Jesse Wagstaff 

pignon –see– Pinus pinaster Aiton 

pig’s-ear –see– Cotyledon orbiculata L. 

pigweed –see– Amaranthus hybridus L.; Amaranthus palmeri 

S. Watson; Amaranthus quitensis Kunth; Amaranthus 

retroflexus L. 

pigwood –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

pila dhatura –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

pila kaner –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

Pillenbaum –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

Pimelea altior F. Muell. = Pimelea latifolia R. Br. subsp. 

altior (F. Muell.) Threlfall 

Pimelea continua J. M. Black = Pimelea simplex F. Muell. 

subsp. continua (J. M. Black) Threlfall 

p i Me l e a d e c o r a Domin [Thymelaeaceae] 

Common Names: 

Flinders poppy; pimelea poppy 

Citations: 

Hill MW (1970) Toxicity of Pimelea decora in horses. Aust 

Vet J 46(6):287-289. 

p i Me l e a f l a va R. Br. [Thymelaeaceae] 

Common Names: 

yellow riceflower 

Citations: 



Aust 2(Dec 19):775-778. 

p i Me l e a l a Ti f o l i a R. Br. subsp. altior (F. 

Muell.) Threlfall [Thymelaeaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p imelea altior F. Muell. 

Citations: 

Rogers RJ, Roberts KH (1976) Pimelea altior poisoning of 

cattle. Aust Vet J 52(4):193-194. 

p i Me l e a n e o a n g e l ic a Threlfall 


Citations: 

Storie GJ, Norman JL, McKenzie RA (1986) Pimelea neoanglica 

poisoning of cattle. Aust Vet J 63(7):235. 

p i Me l e a p a u c i f l o r a R. Br. [Thymelaeaceae] 

Common Names: 

poison pimelea; scanty rice flower; scrub kurrajong 

Citations: 


Aust 2:40-48. 

Seddon HR, Hindmarsh WL, McGrath TT (1933) Pimelea 

pauciflora (scrub kurrajong), proved to be toxic for 

sheep. New South Wales Dep Agric Vet Res Rep #6(Part 

3):122-125. 

pimelea poppy –see– Pimelea decora Domin 

p i Me l e a p r o s Tr a Ta (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) 

Willd. [Thymelaeaceae] 

Common Names: 

creeping pimelea; prostrate pimelea; Strathmore weed 

Citations: 

Webster WM (1926) Two recent cases of plant poisoning 

among stock. N Z J Agr 33:102-105. 

p i Me l e a s i Mpl e x F. Muell. [Thymelaeaceae] 

Common Names: 

desert rice flower; flaxweed; poverty weed 

Citations: 

McClure TJ, Farrow BR (1971) Chronic poisoning of cattle 

by desert rice flower (Pimelea simplex) and its resemblance 

to St. George disease as seen in north-western New South 

Wales. Aust Vet J 47(3):100-102. 

Roberts HB, Healy PJ (1971) Pimelea simplex and St. George 

disease of cattle. Aust Vet J 47(3):123-124. 

p i Me l e a s i Mpl e x F. Muell. subsp. continua (J. 

M. Black) Threlfall [Thymelaeaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p imelea continua J. M. Black 

Citations: 

Kelly WR (1975) The pathology and haematological changes 

in experimental Pimelea spp. poisoning in cattle (“St. 

George disease”). Aust Vet J 51(5):233-243. 

Kelly WR, Seawright AA (1978) Pimelea spp. poisoning of 

cattle. In: Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, James LF, et al. 

(eds.) Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. Academic 


p i Me l e a Tr ic h o s Ta c h y a Lindl. 


Common Names: 

bootlace plant; Borgia’s-bouquet; broom bush; flaxweed; 

poverty weed; spiked riceflower; wild flax 

Citations: 

Clark IA (1971) A note on the pathogenesis of St. George 

disease of cattle. Aust Vet J 47(6):285-286. 

Clark IA (1973) The pathogenesis of St George disease of 

cattle. Res Vet Sci 14(3):341-349. 

Kelly WR (1975) 59Fe utilization and excretion in anaemia 

of cattle caused by Pimelea trichostachya intoxication. 

Aust Vet J 51(11):504-510. 

Kelly WR (1975) The pathology and haematological changes 

in experimental Pimelea spp. poisoning in cattle (“St. 

George disease”). Aust Vet J 51(5):233-243. 

Kelly WR, Seawright AA (1978) Pimelea spp. poisoning of 

cattle. In: Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, James LF, et al. 

(eds.) Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. Academic 

Press. New York. pp. 293-300.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Pinus pinaster - 307 

p i Me n Ta d io ic a (L.) Merr. [Myrtaceae] 

Common Names: 

allspice 

Citations: 



pimienta-de-Brasil –see– Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

pimientillo –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

pimpernel –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

p i Mp i n e l l a a n is u M L. [Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

anis; matalahuga aniseed 

Citations: 

González-Gutiérrez ML, Sánchez-Fernández C, Esteban-López 

MI, et al. (2000) Allergy to anis. Allergy 

55(2):195-196. 

Loveman AB (1938) Report of a case of sensitivity of the 

mucous membranes and the skin to oil of anise. Arch 


Tuckler V, Peck C, Nesbitt C, et al. (2002) Seizure in an infant 

from aniseed oil toxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40(5):689. 

pin cherry –see– Prunus serotina Ehrh. 

pinang wang –see– Areca catechu L. 

piñanona –see– Monstera deliciosa Liebm. 

pine top –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

pineapple –see– Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. 

pinegrass –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

p i n e l l i a Te r n a Ta (Thunb.) Makino [Araceae] 

Common Names: 

dragon arum; Jack-in-the-pulpit; mandrake 

Citations: 

Zhang ZZ (1983) [Experimental study on “18 against compatibilities” 

of Chinese traditional medicine: Acute toxicity 

of Aconitum carmichaeli and Pinellia ternata.] Bull 

Chin Materia Medica 8(4):33-34. 

pingrass –see– Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. 

pingree –see– Hymenoxys richardsonii (Hook.) Cockerell 

pingue –see– Hymenoxys richardsonii (Hook.) Cockerell 

pinhão-de-purga –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

pinhoen –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

pinipini –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

pinipiniche –see– Hippomane mancinella L. 

pink allamanda –see– Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. 

pink-and-white shower –see– Cassia javanica L. subsp. 

nodosa (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) K. Larsen & S. S. Larsen 

pink cockle –see– Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert 

pink-eye cerbera –see– Cerbera odollam Gaertn. 

pink lady’s-slipper –see– Cypripedium acaule Aiton 

pink locoweed –see– Oxytropis lambertii Pursh 

pink oleander –see– Nerium oleander L. 

pink peppercorn –see– Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 

pink periwinkle –see– Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don 

pink siris –see– Albizia julibrissin Durazz. 

pino-de-coral –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

pinoccios –see– Pinus pinaster Aiton 

piñol-de-cumaña –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

piñon amoroso –see– Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. 

piñon florido –see– Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. 

piñon nut –see– Pinus pinaster Aiton 

piñoncillo –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

pinto bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

p i n u s c o n To r Ta Douglas ex Loudon [Pinaceae] 

Common Names: 

limber pine; lodgepole pine; shore pine 

Citations: 

Gardner DR, Panter KE, James LF, et al. (1998) Abortifacient 

effects of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and common 

juniper (Juniperus communis) on cattle. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 40(5):260-263. 

p i n u s c u b e n s is Griseb. [Pinaceae] 

Citations: 

Hernandez J, Aguilera JM, Rodriguez F, et al. (1979) Abortos 

en vacas provocados por la ingestion de hojas o agujas 

de pino (Pinus cubensis). Parte II. Cienc Tec Agric Vet 

1(1-2):55-71. 

Hernandez JA, Rodriguez F, Gutierrez E, et al. (1979) 

Ensayo biologico sobre el efecto del pino (Pinus cubensis) 

como efecto causal de abortos en ratonas y cobayas gestantes. 

Cienc Tec Agric Vet 1(1-2):7-12. 

p i n u s k o r a i e n s is Siebold & Zucc. [Pinaceae] 

Common Names: 

Korean pine 

Citations: 

Kim IH, Choi KC, An BS, et al. (2003) Effect on abortion 

of feeding Korean pine needles to pregnant Korean native 

cows. Can J Vet Res 67(3):194-197. 

p i n u s p i n a s Te r Aiton [Pinaceae] 

Common Names: 

cluster pine; European pine; French maritime pine; 

pignola; pignon; pinoccios; piñon nut; star pine 

Citations: 

de las Marinas D, Vila L, Sanz ML (1998) Allergy to pine 

nuts. Allergy 53(2):220-222. 

García-Menaya JM, Gonzalo-Garijo MA, Moneo I, et al. 

(2000) A 17-kDa allergen detected in pine nuts. Allergy 

55(3):291-293.

308 - Pinus ponderosa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Roux N, Hogendijk S, Hauser C (1998) Severe anaphylaxis 

to pine nuts. Allergy 53(2):213-214. 

p i n u s p o n d e r o s a C. Lawson [Pinaceae] 

Common Names: 

blackjack pine; bull pine; ponderosa pine; western yellow 

pine; yellow pine 

Citations: 

Adams DC, Pfister JA, Short RE, et al. (1992) Pine needle 

effects on in vivo and in vitro digestibility of crested 

wheatgrass. J Range Manag 45(3):249-253. 

Anderson CK, Lozano EA (1977) Pine needle toxicity in 

pregnant mice. Cornell Vet 67(2):229-235. 

Call JW, James LF (1978) Pine needle abortion in cattle. 

In: Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, James LF, et al. (eds.) 

Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. Academic Press. 

New York. pp. 587-590. 

Chow FH, Hanson KJ, Hamar DW, et al. (1972) Reproductive 

failure of mice caused by pine needle ingestion. J 

Reprod Fertil 30(1):169-172. 

Christenson LK, Short RE, Ford SP (1992) Effects of ingestion 

of ponderosa pine needles by late-pregnant cows 

on uterine blood flow and steroid secretion. J Anim Sci 

70(2):531-537. 

Christenson LK, Short RE, Rosazza JP, et al. (1992) Specific 

effects of blood plasma from beef cows fed pine needles 

during late pregnancy on increasing tone of caruncular 

arteries in vitro. J Anim Sci 70(2):525-530. 

Ford SP, Christenson LK, Rosazza JP, et al. (1992) Effects 

of ponderosa pine needle ingestion on uterine vascular 

function in late-gestation beef cows. J Anim Sci 

70(5):1609-1614. 

James LF, Call JW, Stevenson AH (1977) Experimentally 

induced pine needle abortion in range cattle. Cornell Vet 

67(2):294-299. 

James LF, Short RE, Panter KE, et al. (1989) Pine needle 

abortion in cattle: A review and report of 1973-1984 

research. Cornell Vet 79(1):39-52. 

Jensen R, Pier AC, Kaltenbach CC, et al. (1989) Evaluation 

of histopathologic and physiologic changes in cows 

having premature births after consuming ponderosa pine 

needles. Am J Vet Res 50(2):285-289. 

MacDonald MA (1952) Pine needle abortion in range beef 

cattle. J Range Manag 5:150-155. 

Neff TE, Adams CJ, Jackson LL (1979) Fetal death in mice 

induced by ponderosa pine needles. Fed Proc 38:1189. 

Neff TE, Adams CJ, Jackson LL (1982) Pathological effects 

of pine needle ingestion in pregnant mice. Cornell Vet 

72(2):128-136. 

Panter KE, James LF, Molyneux RJ (1992) Ponderosa 

pine needle-induced parturition in cattle. J Anim Sci 

70(5):1604-1608. 

Panter KE, James LF, Molyneux RJ, et al. (1990) Premature 

bovine parturition induced by ponderosa pine: 

Effects of pine needles, bark and branch tips. Cornell Vet 

80(4):329-338. 

Phelps DA, Short RE, Panter KE, et al. (1987) Effects of 

presence of CL on pine needle-induced abortion in cattle 

and of alternative treatments for retained placenta. J 

Anim Sci 65(Suppl 1):415-416. 

Short RE, Bellows RA, Staigmiller RB, et al. (1994) Pine 

needle abortion in cattle: Effects of diet variables on 

consumption of pine needles and parturition response. J 

Anim Sci 72(4):805-810. 

Short RE, Ford SP, Grings EE, et al. (1995) Abortifacient 

response and plasma vasoconstrictive activity after feeding 

needles from ponderosa pine trees to cattle and sheep. 

J Anim Sci 73(7):2102-2104. 

Short RE, Ford SP, Rosazza JP, et al. (1996) Effects of feeding 

pine needle components to late pregnant cattle. Proc 

West Sec Am Soc Anim Sci 47:193-195. 

Short RE, James LF, Panter KE, et al. (1992) Effects of feeding 

ponderosa pine needles during pregnancy - Comparative 

studies with bison, cattle, goats, and sheep. J Anim 

Sci 70(11):3498-3504. 

Stegelmeier BL, Gardner DR, James LF, et al. (1994) The 

toxic and abortifacient effects of ponderosa pine. Vet 

Pathol 31:607. 

Stegelmeier BL, Gardner DR, James LF, et al. (1996) The 

toxic and abortifacient effects of ponderosa pine. Vet 

Pathol 33(1):22-28. 

Stuart LD, James LF, Panter KE, et al. (1989) Pine needle 

abortion in cattle: Pathological observations. Cornell Vet 

79(1):61-69. 

p i n u s r a d i a Ta D. Don [Pinaceae] 

Common Names: 

Monterey pine; radiata pine 

Citations: 

Burry JN (1976) Contact dermatitis from radiata pine. Contact 

Dermatitis 2(12):262-263. 

Burry JN (1977) Environmental dermatitis. Contact dermatitis 

from Pinus radiata. Med J Aust 2(1):13-14. 

Knowles RL, Dewes HF (1980) Pinus radiata implicated in 

abortion. N Z Vet J 28(Mar 28):103. 

p i n u s s y l ve s Tr is L. [Pinaceae] 

Common Names: 

balsam-of-pine; Kiefer 

Citations: 

Beer WE (1970) Sensitivity to pine in a joiner’s mate. Contact 

Dermatol Newsl 8(Aug):191. 

Bonfiglio JF, Hintze KL, Sigell LT (1987) A multi-center 

evaluation of the incidence and severity of pine-oil ingestions. 


Fregert S, Rorsman H (1963) Hypersensitivity to balsam of 

pine and spruce. Arch Dermatol 87(Jun):693-695. 

Fregert S, Rorsman H (1963) Simultaneous hypersensitivity 

to balsam of pine and to balsam of Peru. Acta Derm 

Venereol 42:21-22. 

p i n u s Th u n b e r g i i Parl. [Pinaceae] 

Common Names: 

Japanese black pine 

Citations: 

Nakamura T (1986) Contact dermatitis to Japanese black 

pine. Contact Dermatitis 14(5):317.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Pistacia vera - 309 

p i p e r Me Th y s Tic u M G. Forst. [Piperaceae] 

Common Names: 

awa; kava; kava kava; kawa; kew; pepper plant 

Citations: 

Ballesteros S, Adán S, Ramón MF, et al. (2001) Severe 

adverse effect associated with kava-kava. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 39(3):312. 

Brauer RB, Stangl M, Stewart JR, et al. (2003) Acute 

liver failure after administration of herbal tranquilizer 

kava-kava (Piper methysticum). J Clin Psychiatry 

64(2):216-218. 

Clough AR, Bailie RS, Currie B (2003) Liver function test 

abnormalities in users of aqueous kava extracts. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 41(6):821-829. 

Garner LF, Klinger JD (1985) Some visual effects caused by 

the beverage kava. J Ethnopharmacol 13(3):307-311. 

Humberston CL, Akhtar J, Krenzelok EP (2001) Acute hepatitis 

induced by kava kava, an herbal product derived from 

Piper methysticum. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 39(5):549. 

Humberston CL, Akhtar J, Krenzelok EP (2003) Acute 

hepatitis induced by kava kava. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

41(2):109-113. 

Leung N (2004) Acute urinary retention secondary to kava 

ingestion. Emerg Med Australas 16(1):94. 

Mathews JD, Riley MD, Fejo L, et al. (1988) Effect of heavy 

usage of kava on physical health: Summary of a pilot 

survey in an aboriginal community. Med J Aust 148(Jun 

6):548-555. 




Schulze J, Raasch W, Siegers CP (2003) Toxicity of kava 

pyrones, drug safety and precautions - A case study. Phytomedicine 

10(Suppl 4):68-73. 

Stickel F, Baumüller HM, Seitz K, et al. (2003) Hepatitis 

induced by kava (Piper methysticum rhizoma). J Hepatol 

39(1):62-67. 

Strahl S, Ehret V, Dahm HH, et al. (1998) Nekrotisierende 

Hepatitis nach Einnahme pflanzlicher Heilmittel. Dtsch 


p i p e r n ig r u M L. [Piperaceae] 

Common Names: 

black pepper; pepper; table pepper; white pepper 

Citations: 

Cohle SD (1986) Homicidal asphyxia by pepper aspiration. J 

Forensic Sci 31(4):1475-1478. 

Cohle SD, Trestrail JD 3rd, Graham MA, et al. (1988) Fatal 

pepper aspiration. Am J Dis Child 142(6):633-636. 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 

Sheahan K, Page DV, Kemper T, et al. (1988) Childhood 

sudden death secondary to accidental aspiration of black 

pepper. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 9(1):51-53. 



pipiltzinzintli –see– Salvia divinorum Epling & Jativa 

Piptadenia macrocarpa Benth. = Anadenanthera colubrina 

(Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul 

p i p Ta d e n i a v i r i d i f l o r a (Kunth) Benth. 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Brito MF, Franca TN, Oliveira KD, et al. (2000) Estudos 

experimentais em coelhos com plantas cianogênicas. Pesq 

Vet Bras 20(2):65-70. 



Vet Bras 19(2):84-90. 

p iq u e r i a Tr i n e rv i a Cav. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Langley WD (1937) Sensitivity to piqueria pollen with case 

report. J Allergy 9:60-61. 

Piquiá marfim –see– Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engl.) 

Engl. 

pirae –see– Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach; Polygonum 

nepalense 

p iso n i a a l b a Span. [Nyctaginaceae] 

Citations: 




pistachio nut –see– Pistacia vera L. 

p is Ta c i a l e n Tis c u s L. [Anacardiaceae] 

Common Names: 

mastic; mastic gum; mastich; mastiche; mastis; mastix 

Citations: 

Keynan N, Tamir R, Waisel Y, et al. (1997) Allergenicity of 

the pollen of pistacia. Allergy 52(3):323-330. 





Agric Food Chem 44:199-205. 

p is Ta c i a Te r e b i n Th u s L. subsp. palaestina 

(Boiss.) Engl. [Anacardiaceae] 

Citations: 



p is Ta c i a v e r a L. [Anacardiaceae] 

Common Names: 

pistachio nut 

Citations: 



Liccardi G, Russo M, Mistrello G, et al. (1999) Sensitization 

to pistachio is common in Parietaria allergy. Allergy 

54(6):643-645.

310 - Pisum sativum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

p is u M s a Ti vu M L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Alaska pea; Austrian pea; black pea; Canadian field 

pea; Erbse; field pea; Futtererbse; green pea; matar; 

pea; split pea 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1963) Peavine silage paralysis. Feedstuffs 

35(Jun 22):24. 






Clarke EG, Humphreys DJ (1971) Toxic factors in pea haulm 

silage effluent - The factors toxic to fish. J Sci Food Agric 

22(4):205-207. 





Kienholz EW, Jensen LS, McGinnis J (1959) Improvement 

of nutritional value of peas by cooking. Proc Soc Exp Biol 

Med 102:35-38. 



41:367-371. 

Martinez JA, Esparza ML, Larralde J (1995) Immunological 

changes in growing mice fed on diets containing casein or 

peas (Pisum sativum var. belinda) as the source of protein. 

Br J Nutr 73(1):87-97. 

Reardon CJ, McKenzie RA (2002) Pea mania: Deranged 

behaviour in cattle grazing a pea crop (Pisum sativum var 

arvense). Aust Vet J 80(10):617-619. 

Salmon WD, Sewell WE (1936) Lameness in hogs produced 

by Austrian pea (Pisum arvense) forage. Alabama Agric 

Exp Sta Annu Rep #47:17-18. 

Whiting F, Connell R, Plummer PJ, et al. (1957) Incoordination 

(cerebellar ataxia) among lambs from ewes fed 

peavine silage. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 21(3):77-84. 

Note: 

Pea is named Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum var. 

arvense (L.) Poir. in some publications. 

Pithecellobium jiringa (Jack) Prain = Archidendron jiringa 

(Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

Pithecellobium lobatum Benth. = Archidendron jiringa 

(Jack) I. C. Nielsen 

Pithecolobium saman Benth. = Samanea saman (Jacq.) 

Merr. 

pitis pitis –see–Sarcolobus globosus Wall. 

Pituranthos triradiatus (Hochst. ex Boiss.) Asch. & 

Schweinf. = Deverra triradiata Hochst. ex Boiss. 

plains Bahia –see– Picradeniopsis oppositifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. 

plains larkspur –see– Delphinium carolinianum Walter subsp. 

virescens (Nutt.) R. E. Brooks 

plains whorled milkweed –see– Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail 

plakkies –see– Cotyledon orbiculata L. var. oblonga (Haw.) 

DC.; Tylecodon ventricosa (Burm. f.) Toelken; Tylecodon 

wallichii (Harv.) Toelken 

plane tree –see– Platanus orientalis L. 

p l a n Tag o l a n c e o l a Ta L. [Plantaginaceae] 

Common Names: 

English plantage; English plantain; llantén menor; 

plantain 

Citations: 

Anastasov G (1972) [Cardiotoxic effect of medicinal herbs 

containing glucosides (intoxication from lanceolate plantain 

- Plantago lanceolata, family Plantaginaceae).] Vutr 

Boles 11(4):112-116. 

Asero R, Mistrello G, Roncarolo D, et al. (2000) Detection 

of allergens in plantain (Plantago lanceolata) pollen. 

Allergy 55(11):1059-1062. 

plantain –see– Musa ×paradisiaca L.; Plantago lanceolata L. 

p l a Ta n u s × a c e r i f o l i a (Aiton) Willd. 

[Platanaceae] 

Common Names: 

London plane tree 

Citations: 

Asturias JA, Ibarrola I, Bartolomé B, et al. (2002) Purification 

and characterization of Pla a 1, a major allergen from 

Platanus acerifolia pollen. Allergy 57(3):221-227. 

Enrique E, Cisteró-Bahima A, Bartolomé B, et al. (2002) 

Platanus acerifolia pollinosis and food allergy. Allergy 

57(4):351-356. 

p l a Ta n u s o r i e n Ta l is L. [Platanaceae] 

Common Names: 

plane tree 

Citations: 

Ross AF, Mitchell JC (1974) Respiratory irritation by leaf 

hair of the tree Platanus. Ann Allergy 32(2):94-97. 

Platte groundsel –see– Senecio plattensis Nutt. 

Platterbse –see– Lathyrus odoratus L.; Lathyrus tingitanus L. 

p l a Ty c l a d u s o r i e n Ta l is (L.) Franco 


Synonyms: 

Thuja orientalis L. 

Common Names: 

Abendlandischer Lebensbaum; Lebensbaum; oriental 

arbor vitae 

Citations: 

Zubiri A, Obras-Loscertales JM (1970) Caso curioso 

de dermitis por contacto. Actas Dermosifiliogr 

61(9):277-280.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Podophyllum peltatum - 311 

p l e c Tr a n Th u s b a r b a Tu s Andrews 

[Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

maigoya 

Citations: 

Owili DM (1977) Perianal dermatitis in Kenya due to Plectranthus 

barbatus leaves (maigoya leaves). East Afr Med 

J 54(10):571-573. 

p l e u r a p h is r ig i d a Thurb. [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h ilaria rigida (Thurb.) Benth. ex Scribn. 

Common Names: 

big galleta; galletagrass 

Citations: 

Quortrup ER, McFarland RJ (1956) Animal losses involving 

noxious weeds in San Diego County. California Vet 

9(5):14-17. 

pleurisy root –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

plum –see– Prunus domestica L. 

plumajillo –see– Achillea millefolium L. 

p l u Mb ag o s c a n d e n s L. [Plumbaginaceae] 

Common Names: 

borico; canutillo; hierba-des-pescado; leadwort; 

louco 

Citations: 

Medeiros RM, Barbosa RC, Lima EF, et al. (2001) Intoxication 

of goats by Plumbago scandens in northeastern Brazil. 



por Plumbago scandens (Plumbaginaceae) em bovinos. 

Pesq Vet Bras 2(3):105-112. 

plumeria –see– Plumeria rubra L. 

p l u Me r i a r u b r a L. [Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

caracuha colorado; flor-de-mayo; frangipani; graveyard 

flower; graveyard plumeria; lal champa; pagoda tree; 

palo-de-la-cruz; plumeria; rose-pink frangipani; temple 

flower; temple tree 

Citations: 

Gunawardana VK, Goonasekera MM, Gunaherath GM, 

et al. (1998) Embryotoxic effect of Plumeria rubra. In: 



Poa aquatica L. = Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. 

pocan bush –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

pod peppe –see– Capsicum annuum L. 

podagrica –see– Jatropha podagrica Hook. 

podophyllum –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

Podophyllum emodi Wall. ex Honigberger = Podophyllum 

hexandrum Royle 

p o d o p h y l l u M h e x a n d r u M Royle 


Synonyms: 

p odophyllum emodi Wall. ex Honigberger 

Common Names: 

guijiu; Indian mandrake; Indian podophyllum; taoer-qi 

Citations: 

But PP (1994) Herbal poisoning caused by adulterants or 

erroneous substitutes. J Trop Med Hyg 97(6):371-374. 

But PP, Tomlinson B, Cheung KO, et al. (1996) Adulterants 

of herbal products can cause poisoning. Br Med J 

313(7049):117. 

Ng TH, Chan YW, Yu YL, et al. (1991) Encephalopathy and 

neuropathy following ingestion of a Chinese herbal broth 

containing podophyllin. J Neurol Sci 101:107-113. 

p o d o p h y l l u M p e l Ta Tu M L. [Berberidaceae] 

Common Names: 

American mandrake; American May apple; bajiaolian; 

behen; devil’s-apple; duck’s-foot; elephant’s-ear; 

ground lemon; hog apple; Indian apple; Mandragore 

d’Amerique; mandrake; May apple; podophyllum; raccoonberry; 

umbrella leaf; vegetable calomel; vegetable 

mercury; wild buck foot; wild jalap; wild lemon; wild 

mandrake 

Citations: 

Balucani M, Zellers DD (1964) Podophyllum resin poisoning 

with complete recovery. JAMA 189(8):639-640. 

Campbell AN (1980) Accidental poisoning with podophyllin. 

Lancet 1(Jan 26):206-207. 

Cassidy DE, Drewry J, Fanning JP (1982) Podophyllum toxicity: 

A report of a fatal case and review of the literature. 


Chamberlain MJ, Reynolds AL, Yeoman WB (1972) Toxic 

effect of podophyllum application in pregnancy. Br Med 

J 3(5823):391-392. 

Chang LW, Yang CM, Chen CF, et al. (1992) Experimental 

podophyllotoxin (bajiaolian) poisoning: II. Effects on the 

liver, intestine, kidney, pancreas and testis. Biomed Environ 

Sci 5(4):293-302. 

Clark AN, Parsonage MJ (1957) A case of podophyllum poisoning 

with involvement of the nervous system. Br Med J 

2(5054):1155-1157. 

Dobb GJ, Edis RH (1984) Coma and neuropathy after 

ingestion of herbal laxative containing podophyllin. Med 

J Aust 140(8):495-496. 

Fenton WN (1941) Iroquois suicide: A study in the stability 

of a culture pattern. Smithsonian Bur Am Ethnology 

Bull #128:80-137. 

Filley CM, Graff-Radford NR, Lacey JR, et al. (1982) Neurologic 

manifestations of podophyllin toxicity. Neurology 

32(3):308-311. 

Frasca T, Brett AS, Yoo SD (1997) Mandrake toxicity: 

A case of mistaken identity. Arch Intern Med 

157(17):2007-2009.

312 - Podophyllum pleianthum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Holdright DR, Jahangiri M (1990) Accidental poisoning 

with podophyllin. Hum Exp Toxicol 9:55-56. 

Juurlink DN, Sellens C, Thompson M, et al. (1999) Danger 

in the doctor’s office: Two cases of severe neurologic 

sequelae after ingestion of podophyllin. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 37(5):620. 

Kaymakçalan S (1964) Fatal poisoning with podophyllum 

resin. JAMA 190(Nov 9):558. 

McFarland MF 3rd, McFarland J (1981) Accidental ingestion 

of Podophyllum. Clin Toxicol 18(8):973-977. 

McIntosh RA (1928) May apple poisoning in a cow. Ontario 

Vet Coll Rep 1927(29):18-20. 

Moher LM, Mauer SA (1979) Podophyllin toxicity: Case 

report and literature review. J Fam Pract 9(2):237-240. 

Nelson LM (1953) Use of podophyllin (Podophyllum resin) 

in dermatology. Arch Derm Syphilol 67(5):488-495. 

O’Donovan WJ (1935) Dermatitis due to Podophyllum resin. 

Br J Dermatol 47:13-21. 

Rate RG, Leche J, Chervenak C (1979) Podophyllin toxicity. 

Ann Intern Med 90(4):723. 

p o d o p h y l l u M pl e i a n Th u M Hance 


Synonyms: 

d ysosma pleiantha (Hance) Woodson 

Common Names: 

baijiaolian 

Citations: 





Kao WF, Deng JF (1992) Bajiaolian intoxication - A dangerous 

toxic effect in herbal therapeutics. Toxicon 30:524. 

Kao WF, Hung DZ, Tsai WJ, et al. (1992) Podophyllotoxin 

intoxication: Toxic effect of Bajiaolian in herbal therapeutics. 


poet’s-daffodil –see– Narcissus poeticus L. 

poet’s-ivy –see– Hedera helix L. 

poet’s-jasmine –see– Jasminum officinale L. 

poet’s-narcissus –see– Narcissus poeticus L. 

pohon upas –see– Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. 

pohun ipoh –see– Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. 

poinciana –see– Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) D. Dietr. 

Poinciana gilliesii Hook. = Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) D. 

Dietr. 

poinsettia –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch 

Poinsettia pulcherrima (Willd. ex Klotzsch) Graham = 

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch 

point locoweed –see– Oxytropis lambertii Pursh; Oxytropis 

sericea Nutt. 

pois-a-gratter –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

pois-de-loup –see– Lupinus albus L. 

poison arum –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

poison ash –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze; 

Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze 

poison bay –see– Illicium anisatum L. 

poison bean –see– Sesbania drummondii (Rydb.) Cory; 

Thermopsis montana Nutt. 

poison blackcherry –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

poison bush –see– Eremophila deserti (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) 

Chinnock; Gastrolobium grandiflorum F. Muell.; Thesium 

namaquense Schltr. 

poison camas –see– Toxicoscordion nuttallii (A. Gray) Rydb.; 


poison chickweed –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

poison creeper –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

poison darnel –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

poison dogwood –see– Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze 

poison elder –see– Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze 

poison flower –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

poison fool’s-parsley –see– Conium maculatum L. 

poison halipan –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

poison hemlock –see– Conium maculatum L. 

poison ivy –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & 

A. Gray) Greene; Toxicodendron pubescens Mill.; 

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze; Toxicodendron 

radicans (L.) Kuntze subsp. negundo (Greene) Gillis; 

Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene; 


poison lac –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. 

Barkley 

poison laurel –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

poison leaf –see– Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook.) Engl. 

poison lily –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

poison lupine –see– Lupinus leucophyllus Douglas ex Lindl. 

poison mercury –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

poison nightshade –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

poison nut –see– Strychnos nux-vomica L. 

poison oak –see– Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb.; 

Toxicodendron pubescens Mill.; Toxicodendron rydbergii 

(Small ex Rydb.) Greene; Toxicodendron vernix (L.) 

Kuntze 

poison onion –see– Ornithogalum magnum (Baker) J. C. 

Manning & Goldblatt 

poison parsley –see– Cicuta maculata L.; Conium maculatum 

L. 

poison parsnip –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. 

& Rose; Cicuta maculata L.; Cicuta maculata L. var. 


poison peach –see– Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) H. Hara 

poison pimelea –see– Pimelea pauciflora R. Br. 

poison pod albizia –see– Albizia versicolor Welw. ex Oliv.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Polygonatum multiflorum - 313 

poison primrose –see– Primula obconica Hance 

poison primula –see– Primula obconica Hance 

poison ragwort –see– Senecio isatideus DC. 

poison root –see– Conium maculatum L. 

poison ryegrass –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

poison sedge –see– Schoenus asperocarpus F. Muell. 

poison sego –see– Toxicoscordion nuttallii (A. Gray) Rydb.; 

Toxicoscordion paniculatum (Nutt.) Rydb.; Toxicoscordion 

venenosum (S. Watson) Rydb. 

poison snakeweed –see– Cicuta maculata L.; Conium 

maculatum L. 

poison sneezeweed –see– Helenium autumnale L. 

poison suckleya –see– Suckleya suckleyana (Torr.) Rydb. 

poison sumach –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) 

Kuntze; Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze; 


poison swamp sumach –see– Toxicodendron vernix (L.) 

Kuntze 

poison tobacco –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

poison tree –see– Excoecaria parvifolia Müll. Arg.; Metopium 

toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb.; Toxicodendron vernix (L.) 

Kuntze 

poison vetch –see– Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. Gray; 

Astragalus michauxii (Kuntze) F. J. Herm.; Astragalus 

miser Douglas ex Hook. var. oblongifolius (Rydb.) 

Cronquist; Astragalus tetrapterus A. Gray 

poison vine –see– Marsdenia rostrata R. Br.; Toxicodendron 

radicans (L.) Kuntze 

poison water hemlock –see– Cicuta virosa L. 

poison weed –see– Anagallis arvensis L.; Delphinium barbeyi 

(Huth) Huth; Delphinium carolinianum Walter subsp. 

virescens (Nutt.) R. E. Brooks; Delphinium menziesii 

DC.; Delphinium ×occidentale (S. Watson) S. Watson; 

Euphorbia drummondii Boiss.; Metopium toxiferum (L.) 

Krug & Urb.; Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze 

poison wild onion –see– Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. 

Watson) Rydb. 

poisonberry –see– Cestrum nocturnum L.; Solanum dulcamara 

L.; Solanum nigrum L. 

poisongrass –see– Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. Watson) 

Rydb. 

poisonwood –see– Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze; 

Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb.; Schinus 

terebinthifolius Raddi 

poivre d’eau –see– Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 

poke –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

pokeberry –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

pokeroot –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

pokesalad –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

pokeweed –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

pokok ipoh –see– Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. 

póleo –see– Mentha pulegium L. 

poleo chino –see– Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. 

p o l y c a r p o n p r o s Tr a Tu M (Forssk.) Asch. & 

Schweinf. [Caryophyllaceae] 

Citations: 

Alikutty KM (1975) A field report on the occurrence of 

certain cases of weed toxicity in cattle. Kerala J Vet Sci 

6(1-2):149-150. 

p o l y g a l a c h i n e n s is L. [Polygalaceae] 

Common Names: 

jin-bu-huan 

Citations: 

Horowitz RS, Dart RC, Hurlbut K, et al. (1994) Acute hepatitis 

associated with a Chinese herbal product, jin bu huan 

(JBH). Vet Hum Toxicol 36(4):359. 

Horowitz RS, Feldhaus K, Dart RC, et al. (1996) The clinical 

spectrum of jin bu huan toxicity. Arch Intern Med 

156(8):899-903. 




p o l y g a l a k l o Tzs c h i i Chodat [Polygalaceae] 

Common Names: 

jaranjinha; jimãozinho 

Citations: 

Camargo WV, Mengato W, Platzech F, et al. (1968) Intoxicação 

de bovinos pela Polygala klotzchii, Chodat, na região 

do Pontal (Estado de São Paulo). Biologico 34:221-223. 

Rezende AM, Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH (1981) Intoxicação 

experimental por Polygala klotzchii (Polygalaceae) 


Temperini JA, Retz L, Cappellaro CE (1977) Estudo experimental 

de toxicidade da Polygala klotzchii Chodat. Biologico 

43:194-198. 


experimental por Polygala klotzchii em bovinos. Pesq 


p o l y g a l a s a n g u i n e a L. [Polygalaceae] 

Common Names: 

milkwort 

Citations: 

Pammel LH (1929) Horses and milkwort. Vet Med 

24(Dec):514. 

p o l y g o n a Tu M Mu l Ti f l o r u M (L.) All. 

[Ruscaceae] 

Common Names: 

Solomon’s-seal; Vielblütige Weißwurz 

Citations: 

Baxter CP (1983) Solomon’s seal poisoning in a dog. Vet Rec 

113(11):247-248.

314 - Polygonum acuminatum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

p o l y g o n u M a c u Mi n a Tu M Kunth 


Citations: 





Polygonum amphibium L. = Persicaria amphibia (L.) 

Delarbre 

p o l y g o n u M a vic u l a r e L. [Polygonaceae] 

Common Names: 

chivalrygrass; dishwatergrass; dooryard knotweed; 

doorweed; knotgrass; knotweed; prostrate knotweed; 

wireweed 

Citations: 

Knight PR (1979) Suspected nitrite toxicity in horses associated 

with the ingestion of wireweed (Polygonum aviculare). 

Aust Vet Pract 9(3):175-177. 





Polygonum bistorta L. = Bistorta officinalis Delarbre 

Polygonum convolvulus L. = Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. 

Löve 

Polygonum fagopyrum L. = Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 

Polygonum glabrum Willd. = Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M. 

Gómez 

Polygonum hydropiper L. = Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 

p o l y g o n u M Mi Te Schrank [Polygonaceae] 

Citations: 





Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. = Fallopia multiflora 

(Thunb.) Haraldson 

Polygonum nepalense Meisn. = Persicaria nepalensis 

(Meisn.) H. Gross 

Polygonum persicaria L. = Persicaria maculosa Gray 

Polygonum punctatum Elliott = Persicaria punctata (Elliott) 

Small 

pomegranate –see– Punica granatum L. 

pomme d’acajou –see– Semecarpus ater (G. Forst.) Vieill. 

pomme-du-poison –see– Datura stramonium L. 

pomme épineuse –see– Datura stramonium L. 

pommier cajou –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

pommier d’amour –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

ponderosa pine –see– Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson 

pong pong –see– Cerbera odollam Gaertn. 

Pongamia glabra Vent. = Milletia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi 

ponso –see– Tanacetum vulgare L. 

Pontic rhododendron –see– Rhododendron ponticum L. 

poolroot –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & H. 

Rob. 

poolwort –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & H. 

Rob. 

poor-man’s-alfalfa –see– Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott 

poor-man’s-banana –see– Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal 

poor-man’s-liquid amber –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) 

Kuntze 

poor-man’s-pepper –see– Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small 

poor-man’s-weatherglass –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

pop dock –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

popcorn tree –see– Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 

popolo –see– Solanum anguivi Lam. 

popotillo –see– Ephedra viridis Coville 

popple nut –see– Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche; 

Macadamia tetraphylla L. A. S. Johnson 

poppy weed –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

Portland sago –see– Arum maculatum L. 

Portland starchroot –see– Arum maculatum L. 

p o r Tu l a c a g r a n d i f l o r a Hook. 

[Portulacaceae] 

Common Names: 

rock moss 

Citations: 





p o r Tu l a c a o l e r a c e a L. [Portulacaceae] 

Common Names: 

inland pigweed; purslane; pusley 

Citations: 







9:317-334. 

possum haw –see– Ilex decidua Walter 

possumwood –see– Diospyros virginiana L.; Hura crepitans L. 

post locust –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

post oak –see– Quercus stellata Wangenh. 

pot –see– Cannabis sativa L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Primula malacoides - 315 

pot marigold –see– Calendula officinalis L. 

pot mum –see– Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat. 

potato –see– Solanum tuberosum L. 

potato bush –see– Solanum esuriale Lindl. 

potato weed –see– Heliotropium europaeum L.; Solanum 

dimidiatum Raf.; Solanum esuriale Lindl. 

pothos –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.; Scindapsus 

pictus Hassk. 

poundcake bush –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

poverty weed –see– Pimelea simplex F. Muell.; Pimelea 

trichostachya Lindl. 

powderpuff lily –see– Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. 

subsp. multiflorus 

prairie bundleflower –see– Desmanthus leptalobus Torr. & A. 

Gray 

prairie crocus –see– Anemone patens L. 

prairie cupgrass –see– Erichloa contracta Hitchc. 

prairie groundsel –see– Senecio plattensis Nutt. 

prairie larkspur –see– Delphinium carolinianum Walter 

subsp. virescens (Nutt.) R. E. Brooks 

prairie lily –see– Cooperia pedunculata Herb. 

prairie mimosa –see– Desmanthus leptalobus Torr. & A. Gray 

prairie ragwort –see– Senecio plattensis Nutt. 

prairie sage –see– Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 

p r a Ti a c o n c o l o r (R. Br.) Druce 


Synonyms: 

p ratia erecta Gaudich. 

Common Names: 

milkweed 

Citations: 

McCarthy JH (1921) Poisonous “milk weed” (Pratia erecta). 

Queensland Agric J. Sep:196. 

Pratia erecta Gaudich. = Pratia concolor (R. Br.) Druce 

prayer bead –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

prayer bean –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

precatory bean –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

precatory pea –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

prêle –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

prêle commune –see– Equisetum palustre L. 

prickblad –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

prickly cucumber –see– Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin 

prickly melon –see– Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin 

prickly nightshade –see– Solanum rostratum Dunal 

prickly paddymelon –see– Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin 

prickly pear –see– Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. 

prickly poppy –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

prickly saltwort –see– Salsola tragus L. 

prickly yellow poppy –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

prickwood –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

pride-of-California –see– Lathyrus splendens Kellogg 

pride-of-China –see– Melia azedarach L. 

pride-of-India –see– Melia azedarach L. 

priest’s-pentle –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott 

prim –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

primaryvet –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

Primel –see– Primula obconica Hance; Primula veris L. 

primrose –see– Primula auricula L.; Primula malacoides 

Franch.; Primula obconica Hance; Primula vulgaris Huds. 

primula –see– Primula obconica Hance 

p r i Mu l a a l l io n i i Loisel. [Primulaceae] 

Citations: 

Aplin CG, Lovell CR (2001) Contact dermatitis due to 

hardy primula species and their cultivars. Contact Dermatitis 

44(1):23-29. 

p r i Mu l a a u r ic u l a L. [Primulaceae] 

Common Names: 

auricula; bear’s-ears; primrose 

Citations: 



44(1):23-29. 

p r i Mu l a f a r i n o s a L. [Primulaceae] 

Common Names: 

wild primrose 

Citations: 

Sharpe HA (1912) Primula dermatitis. Its occurrence in 

rural districts. JAMA 59(24):2148-2149. 

p r i Mu l a f o r r e s Ti i Balf. f. [Primulaceae] 

Citations: 



44(1):23-29. 

p r i Mu l a Ma l a c o i d e s Franch. [Primulaceae] 

Common Names: 

primrose 

Citations: 





S Afr Med J 45(7):163-167.

316 - Primula marginata D. Jesse Wagstaff 

p r i Mu l a Ma r g i n a Ta Curtis [Primulaceae] 

Citations: 



44(1):23-29. 

p r i Mu l a ob c o n ic a Hance [Primulaceae] 

Common Names: 

Chinese primrose; German primrose; Giftprimel; 

Japanische Primel; parlour primula; poison primrose; 

poison primula; Primel; primrose; primula 

Citations: 

Apted J (1988) Contact dermatitis and Primula obconica. 

Med J Aust 149(Oct 17):452. 

Bandmann HJ, Breit R, Fregert S (1973) Kontaktallergie 

gegenüber Primula obconica Häufigkeit - Aktive 

Sensibilisierung bei der Epicutantestung. Hautarzt 

24(6):240-243. 

Barton EA (1899) On the effects of Primula obconica on the 

skin. Lancet 1(45):1717. 

Dooms-Goossens A, Biesemans G, Vandaele M, et al. (1989) 

Primula dermatitis: More than one allergen? Contact 

Dermatitis 21(14):122-124. 

Epstein E (1990) Primula contact dermatitis: An easily overlooked 

diagnosis. Cutis 45(6):411-416. 

Fernández de Corres L, Leanizbarrutia I, Muñoz D (1987) 

Contact dermatitis from Primula obconica Hance. Contact 

Dermatitis 16(7):195-197. 

Fernández de Corrés L, Leanizbarrutia I, Muñoz D, et al. 

(1987) Contact dermatitis from a neighbour’s primula. 


Fregert S, Hjorth N, Schulz KH (1968) Patch testing with 

synthetic primin in persons sensitive to Primula obconica. 


Gallo R, Sorbara S, Rongioletti F (2005) Contact erythema 

multiforme from Primula obconica. Contact Dermatitis 

53(6):351-352. 

Ingber A (1991) Primula photodermatitis in Israel. Contact 

Dermatitis 25(4):265-266. 

Lapière K, Matthieu L, Meuleman L, et al. (2001) Primula 

dermatitis mimicking lichen planus. Contact Dermatitis 

44(3):199. 

Mitchell JN, Rook AJ (1977) Primula dermatitis. Contact 


Mowad CM (1998) Routine testing for Primula obconica: 

Is it useful in the United states? Am J Contact Dermat 

9(4):231-233. 

Nakamura T (1983) Primula dermatitis in Japan. Contact 


Paulsen E, Christensen LP, Andersen KE (2006) Miconidin 

and miconidin methyl ether from Primula obconica 

Hance: New allergens in an old sensitizer. Contact Dermatitis 

55(4):203-209. 




Rook A, Wilson HT (1965) Primula dermatitis. Br Med J 

1(5429):220-222. 

Rytand DA, Burnham DK, Cox AJ Jr (1948) Periarteritis 

nodosa following the dermatitis of poison oak and of 

primrose. Stanford Med Bull 6(2):319-323. 

Sweet EA (1907) Poisoning by Primula obconica. JAMA 

49(4):329. 

Virgili A, Corazza M (1991) Unusual primin dermatitis. 


Yasuda H, Kumakiri M, Miura Y, et al. (1983) [Primula dermatitis] 

Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi 58(6):617-621. 

Primula officinalis (L.) Hill = Primula veris L. 

p r i Mu l a p r a e n i Te n s Ker Gawl. [Primulaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p rimula sinensis Sabine ex Lindl. 

Common Names: 

Chinese primrose; daisy primrose 

Citations: 

Densten JC (1903) Primula sinensis (daisy primrose) poisoning 

mistaken for eczema. Med Summary Philadelphia 

25:227. 

Montgomery DW, Culver GD (1915) Dermatitis caused by 

primula poisoning. Cal State J Med 13(8):306-307. 

Primula sinensis Sabine ex Lindl. = Primula praenitens Ker 

Gawl. 

p r i Mu l a v e r is L. [Primulaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p rimula officinalis (L.) Hill 

Common Names: 

Primel; Schlüsselblume; Wiesenschlüsselblume 

Citations: 

Geßner O (1936) Dermatitis durch deutsche Primeln 

(Primula officinalis L.). Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 

7(A650):215-216. 

p r i Mu l a v u l g a r is Huds. [Primulaceae] 

Common Names: 

primrose 

Citations: 



44(1):23-29. 

Prince-of-Wales-feather –see– Amaranthus retroflexus L. 

pringamoza –see– Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur; Wigandia 

urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth var. caracasana (Kunth) D. N. 

Gibson 

privet –see– Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. subsp. 

suave (Kitag.) Kitag.; Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk.; 

Ligustrum vulgare L. 

proso millet –see– Panicum miliaceum L. 

p r o so p is a l b a Griseb. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Lyon CK, Gumbmann MR, Becker R (1988) Value of mesquite 

leaves as forage. J Sci Food Agric 44(2):111-117.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Prunus armeniaca - 317 

p r o so p is a r Tic u l a Ta S. Watson [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 


leaves as forage. J Sci Food Agric 44(2):111-117. 

p r o s o p is c h i l e n s is (Molina) Stuntz 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 



p r o so p is g l a n d u l o s a Torr. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

algarroba; honey mesquite; katzimelk; mesquite; Texas 

mesquite 

Citations: 




24(2):93-98. 

Washburn KE, Breshears ME, Ritchey JW, et al. (2002) 

Honey mesquite toxicosis in a goat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

220(12):1837-1839. 

p r o so p is j u l i f l o r a (Sw.) DC. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

algarrobo; honey mesquite; Kiawe bean; mesquite; 

mesquite bean 

Citations: 

Dollahite JW (1964) Management of the disease produced 

in cattle on an unbalanced diet of mesquite beans. Southwestern 

Vet 17(Summer):293-295. 

Dollahite JW, Anthony WV (1957) Malnutrition in cattle on 

an unbalanced diet of mesquite beans. Cattleman Oct:30, 

31, 48-52. 

Fernández Baca S, Vallenas A, Novoa C, et al. (1967) Estudio 

experimental de la ‘coquera’ en caprinos. Rev Fac Med 

Vet Univ Nacional Lima 18-20:131-159. 

Fox EC (1941) Mesquite wood dermatitis. Arch Derm Syphilol 

44:1098-1100. 

Seifert HS, Beller KA (1969) Blausäurevergiftung beim 

Rind, verursacht durch Abweiden von Zuckerrohr (Saccharum 

officinarum) und Zufütterung von Früchten des 

Algarrobaumes (Prosopis juliflora). Berl Munch Tierarztl 

Wochenschr 82(5):88-91. 

Sivasankar N, Bjat AG, Patil SA (1991) A note on honey 

mesquite Prosopis juliflora as a piscicide. Indian Forester 

117(2):151-152. 

Stewart CD (1940) Dermatitis due to mesquite wood. Report 

of a case. Arch Derm Syphilol 42:937. 

Tabosa IM, Riet-Correa F, Barros SS, et al. (2006) Neurohistologic 

and ultrastructural lesions in cattle experimentally 

intoxicated with the plant Prosopis juliflora. Vet 

Pathol 43(5):695-701. 

Tabosa IM, Souza JC, Graca DL, et al. (2000) Neuronal 

vacuolation of the trigeminal nuclei in goats caused by 

ingestion of Prosopis juliflora pods (mesquite beans). Vet 

Hum Toxicol 42(3):155-158. 

p r o so p is n ig r a (Griseb.) Hieron. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 



p r o so p is v e l u Ti n a Wooton [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 



prostrate amaranth –see– Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson 

prostrate euphorbia –see– Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) 

Small 

prostrate indigo –see– Indigofera hendecaphylla Jacq. 

prostrate knotweed –see– Polygonum aviculare L. 

prostrate pigweed –see– Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson 

prostrate pimelia –see– Pimelea prostrata (J. R. Forst. & G. 


prostrate spurge –see– Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small; 

Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small 

prune –see– Prunus domestica L. 

pruneaux –see– Prunus domestica L. 

Prunus amygdalus Batsch –see– Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. 

Webb 

p r u n u s a r Me n i a c a L. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

apricot; Aprikose 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1972) Cyanide poisoning from the ingestion of 

apricot kernels. California Morbidity 34(Sep 1):1. 

Göransson K (1981) Contact urticaria to apricot stone. Contact 


Johnson H, Rich G (1975) Cyanide poisoning from apricot 

kernels. California Morbidity #51(Dec 26):1. 

Lasch EE, El Shawa R (1981) Multiple cases of cyanide poisoning 

by apricot kernels in children from Gaza. Pediatrics 

68(1):5-7. 

Miller KW, Anderson JL, Stoewsand GS (1981) Amygdalin 

metabolism and effect on reproduction of rats fed apricot 

kernels. J Toxicol Environ Health 7:457-467. 

Rubino MJ, Davidoff F (1979) Cyanide poisoning from apricot 

seeds. JAMA 241(4):359. 

Rubino MJ, Davidoff F, Baselt R, et al. (1979) Cyanide poisoning 

from apricot seeds: Case report and review of the 

literature. Clin Toxicol 15(4):489. 

Sayre JW, Kaymakcalan S (1964) Cyanide poisoning from 

apricot seeds among children in central Turkey. N Engl J 

Med 270(21):1113-1115. 

Suchard JR, Wallace KL, Gerkin RD (1998) Acute cyanide 

toxicity caused by apricot kernel ingestion. Ann Emerg 

Med 32(6):742-744. 

Townsend WA (1975) Cyanide poisoning from ingestion of 

apricot kernels. California Morbidity 45(Nov 14):1. 

Wallace KL, Gerkin R, Mitchell RB (1996) Acute cyanide 

poisoning due to apricot kernel ingestion. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 34:599.

318 - Prunus cocomilia D. Jesse Wagstaff 

p r u n u s c o c o Mi l i a Ten. [Rosaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p runus pseudoarmeniaca Heldr. & Sartori 

Common Names: 

wild apricot; zerdali 

Citations: 

Sayre JW, Kaymakcalan S (1964) Cyanide poisoning from 

apricot seeds among children in central Turkey. N Engl J 

Med 270(21):1113-1115. 

Prunus demissa (Nutt.) D. Dietr. = Prunus virginiana L. 

p r u n u s d o Me s Tic a L. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

Pflaume; plum; prune; pruneaux 

Citations: 

Austvoll A (1954) Plumstones in pig swill. Vet Rec 66:681. 

Cardassis J, Giannakoulas D (1961) [Hydrocyanic acid poisoning 

from plum stones in pigs]. Hellenike Kteniatrike 

4:136-141. 

Jaworski K, Głodek S (1965) Zatrucia śliwkami u krów i 

trzody chlewnej. Med Weter 21(1):44. 

p r u n u s d u l c is (Mill.) D. A. Webb [Rosaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p runus amygdalus Batsch; p runus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. 

Webb var. amara (DC.) Buchheim 

Common Names: 

almond; amandier; bitter almond; Bitter Mandel; 

Mandelbaum; wild bitter almond 

Citations: 

Pack WK, Raudonat HW, Schmidt K (1972) Über ein 

todliche Blausäurevergiftung nach dem Genuß bitterer 

Mandeln (Prunus amygdalus). Z Rechtsmed 

70(1):53-54. 

Shragg TA, Albertson TE, Fisher CJ Jr (1982) Cyanide 

poisoning after bitter almond ingestion. West J Med 

136(1):65-69. 

Tholhuysen LJ (1960) Dodelijke vergiftiging van twee runderen 

door bittere amandelen. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 

85:1243-1244. 

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb var. amara (DC.) 

Buchheim = Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb 

p r u n u s l a u r o c e r a s u s L. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

black cherry; cherry bay; cherry laurel; English laurel; 

European cherry laurel; Hecke; Kirschlorbeer; 

laureal real; laurel; laurel cherry; laurierkers; 

Lorbeerkirsche 

Citations: 

Gill DA, McGregor P (1928) Laurel poisoning in stock. 

A case of deaths among calves. N Z J Agr 37(Dec 

20):407. 

Robb W, Campbell D (1941) Poisoning of sheep by the consumption 

of laurel leaves. Vet Rec 53(7):93-95. 

Wilson DR, Gordon WJ (1941) Laurel poisoning in sheep. 

Vet Rec 53(7):95-97. 

Wollgarten B (1997) Der klinische Fall. Tierarztl Prax 

25(3):223-225. 

Prunus melanocarpa (A. Nelson) Rydb. = Prunus virginiana 

L. 

p r u n u s My r Ti f o l i a (L.) Urb. [Rosaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p runus sphaerocarpa Sw. 

Common Names: 

black heart; coração negro; mabola persimmon; marmeleiro 

bravo; myrtle laurelcherry; pessegueiro bravo 

Citations: 

Saad AD, Camargo WV (1967) Intoxicação cianídrica em 

animais domésticos. O «pessegueiro bravo» (Prunus 

sphaerocarpa Sw.) planta cianogênica da média Mojiana, 

como responsável por mortes de bovinos e caprinos. Biologico 

33:211-220. 

Saad AD, Camargo WV (1970) Intoxicação em animais 

domésticos pelo Brumus [Prunus] sphaerocarpa. Arq Inst 

Biol (Sao Paulo) 37(Suppl 1):38. 

p r u n u s p a d u s L. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

Ahlkirsche; bird cherry; Elsebaum; European May 

Day tree; Faulbaum; Traubenkirsche 

Citations: 

Hofstee AW (1989) Acute vergiftigingen bij dieren in Nederland 

over de periode 1985-1988. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 

114(22):1154-1158. 

Sargison ND, Williamson DS, Duncan JR, et al. (1996) 

Prunus padus (bird cherry) poisoning in cattle. Vet Rec 

138(8):188. 

p r u n u s p e r s ic a (L.) Batsch [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

peach; Pfirsich 

Citations: 

Carrasquer Moya C, Peláez Hernández A, Durá Calatayud 

M, et al. (2002) Allergy to peach. Allergy 

57(8):756-757. 

Cuesta-Herranz J, Lázaro M, de las Heras M, et al. (1998) 

Peach allergy pattern: Experience in 70 patients. Allergy 

53(1):78-82. 

Hansen AA (1928) Stock poisoning plants. Hydrocyanic 

poisoning. North Am Vet 9(5):24-27. 

Prunus pseudoarmeniaca Heldr. & Sartori = Prunus 

cocomilia Ten.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Psilostrophe gnaphalodes - 319 

p r u n u s s e r o Ti n a Ehrh. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

black cherry; black wild cherry; cabinet cherry; cherry; 

chokecherry; pin cherry; rum cherry; Späte Traubenkirsche; 

whiskey cherry; wild beach cherry; wild black 

cherry; wild cherry 

Citations: 

Enge EH (1939) Wild-cherry poisoning in pigs. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 94:123-124. 

Gough JF (1995) Black cherry poisoning in an Angora goat. 

Can Vet J 36(1):45. 

Hansen AA (1924) Prussic acid poisoning in livestock. A 

real problem. Better Crops 2(3):26-27,38. 

Radi ZA, Styer EL, Thompson LJ (2004) Prunus spp. intoxication 

in ruminants: A case in a goat and diagnosis by 

identification of leaf fragments in rumen contents. J Vet 

Diagn Invest 16(6):593-599. 

Selby LA, Menges RW, Houser EC, et al. (1971) Outbreak 

of swine malformations associated with the wild 

black cherry, Prunus serotina. Arch Environ Health 

22(4):496-501. 

Prunus sphaerocarpa Sw. = Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. 

p r u n u s s p i n o s a L. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

blackthorn; Schlehe; Schwarzdorn; sloe 

Citations: 

Buhr AJ (1960) The thorn in the flesh. Lancet 1:309-310. 

p r u n u s v i r g i n i a n a L. [Rosaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p runus demissa (Nutt.) D. Dietr.; p runus melanocarpa 

(A. Nelson) Rydb.; p runus virginiana L. var. demissa 

(Nutt.) Torr.; p runus virginiana L. var. melanocarpa 

(A. Nelson) Sarg. 

Common Names: 

black cherry; chokecherry; eastern chokecherry; western 

chokecherry; wild cherry; wild chokecherry 

Citations: 



1935:39-40. 



1936:44-45. 

Fleming CE, Dill R (1928) The poisoning of sheep on mountain 

grazing ranges in Nevada by the western chokecherry 

(Prunus demissa). Nevada Agric Exp Sta Bull 

#110:14 pp. 

Fleming CE, Miller MR, Vawter LR (1926) The common 

choke-cherry (Prunus demissa) as a plant poisonous 

to sheep and cattle. Nevada Agric Exp Sta Bull 

#109:8-30. 



#1928:21-22. 

Jackson T (1995) Cyanide poisoning in two donkeys. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 37(6):567-568. 

Ogilvie S (1955) Chokecherry toxic to an antelope. J Mammol 

36:146. 

Pijoan M (1942) Cyanide poisoning from choke cherry seed. 

Am J Med Sci 204:550-553. 

Stauffer VD (1970) Hydrocyanic acid poisoning from choke 

cherry leaves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 157(10):1324. 

Stauffer VD (1981) Poison caused by ingestion of chokecherry 

leaves in a dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 76(11):1573. 

psathyrotes –see– Psathyrotes annua (Nutt.) A. Gray 

p s a Th y r o Te s a n n u a (Nutt.) A. Gray 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

desert velvet; mealy rosettes; psathyrotes; velvet brittlestem; 

velvet rosettes 

Citations: 

Binns W, James LF, Shupe JL (1962) Psathyrotes annua, poisonous 

plant for sheep. Vet Med 57(Jun):509-511. 




1961:13-24. 




51(Oct):568-585. 

Pseudocalymma elegans (Vell.) Kuhlm. = Arrabidaea 

elegans (Vell.) A. H. Gentry 

p s i d i u M g u a j a va L. [Myrtaceae] 

Common Names: 

guava 

Citations: 

Obi M, Miyazaki Y, Yokozeki H, et al. (2001) Allergic 

contact dermatitis due to guava tea. Contact Dermatitis 

44(2):116-117. 

p s i l o c a u l o n a b s i Mi l e N. E. Br. [Aizoaceae] 

Common Names: 

asbos; loogbos 

Citations: 

Rimington C, Steyn DG (1933) Psilocaulon absimile NE 

Br as a stock poison. I. Determination of oxalic, malic, 

tartaric acids, etc. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Indus 

1(2):439-455. 

psilostrophe –see– Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene 

p s i l o s Tr o p h e g n a p h a l o d e s DC. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

cudweed paper flower; paper flower

320 - Psilostrophe sparsiflora D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 



1933:34-35. 

Mathews FP (1934) Psilostrophe tagetinae and Psilostrophe 

gnaphalodes, two plants poisonous to sheep and cattle on 

the ranges of the Southwest. Texas Agric Exp Sta Bull 

#500:5-13. 

p s i l o s Tr o p h e s p a r s i f l o r a (A. Gray) A. 

Nelson [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

green-stem paper flower 

Citations: 



1940:62. 



1941:62-63. 

p s i l o s Tr o p h e Tag e Ti n a (Nutt.) Greene 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

marigold paper flower; paper flower; psilostrophe; 

woolly paper flower 

Citations: 



Mathews FP (1934) Psilostrophe tagetinae and Psilostrophe 

gnaphalodes, Two plants poisonous to sheep and cattle on 

the ranges of the Southwest. Texas Agric Exp Sta Bull 

#500:5-13. 

p so p h o c a r p u s Te Tr ag o n o l ob u s (L.) DC. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Goa bean; winged bean 

Citations: 

Lovell CR, Rycroft RJ (1984) Contact urticaria from winged 

bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). Contact Dermatitis 

10(5):314-315. 

Psoralea corylifolia L. = Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik. 

Psoralea drupacea Bunge = Cullen drupaceum (Bunge) C. 

H. Stirt. 

p s y c h o Tr i a b a r b i f l o r a DC. [Rubiaceae] 

Citations: 




Camargo W (1962) Uma nova “erva-de-rato” tóxico para 

bovinos Palicourea barbiflora (?), Rubiaceae, comparação 

com a Palicourea marcgravii var. pubescens e com a Psychotria 

officinalis, Rubiaceae. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 

29(1):1-11. 

p s y c h o Tr i a c a r Th ag i n e n s is Jacq. 

[Rubiaceae] 

Citations: 



Jun):154-156. 

p s y c h o Tr i a l o n g i p e d u n c u l a Ta (Gardner) 

Müll. Arg. [Rubiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p alicourea longipedunculata Muell. 

Citations: 

Mello EM, Sampaio Fernandes JS (1940) Contribuição ao 

estudo das plantas tóxicas Brasileiras. Ministerio Agricultura. 

pp. 1-50. 

p s y c h o Tr i a p o e p p ig i a n a Müll. Arg. 

[Rubiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c ephaelis tomentosa (Aubl.) Vahl 

Common names: 

erva de rato 

Citations: 

Nazario W (1973) Cephaelis tomentosa: Uma nova erva de 

rato, tóxica para bovinos - Ocorrência clinica no município 

de Luciara (Mt). Atualidades Veterinarias 2(9):37-38. 

p s y c h o Tr i a v i r i d is Ruiz & Pav. [Rubiaceae] 

Common Names: 

chacruna 

Citations: 


hallucinogenic ayahuasca. Econ Bot 32(Apr-Jun):154-156. 

Ptelea angustifolia Benth. = Ptelea trifoliata L. subsp. 

angustifolia (Benth.) V. L. Bailey 

p Te l e a Tr i f o l i a Ta L. subsp. angustifolia 

(Benth.) V. L. Bailey [Rutaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p telea angustifolia Benth. 

Common Names: 

hop tree 

Citations: 

Muenscher WC, Brown BI (1944) Dermatitis and photosensitization 

produced by Ptelea angustifolia. Madrono 

7(6):184-188. 

p Te r i d i u M a q u i l i n u M (L.) Kuhn 

[Dennstaedtiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p teridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. esculentum (G. 

Forst.) Kuhn; p teridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. 

latiusculum (Desf.) Underw. ex A. Heller; p teridium

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Pteridium aquilinum - 321 

esculentum (G. Forst.) Cockayne; p teridium latiusculum 

(Desf.) Hieron. ex R. E. Fr.; p teris aquilina L. 

Common Names: 

Adlerfarn; bracken fern; brake fern; braken fern; eagle 

fern; Farn; Farnkraut; fougère aigle; fougère grand 

aigle; helecho; hog brake; samambaia 

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324 - Pteridium aquilinum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

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Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. esculentum (G. Forst.) 

Kuhn = Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Punica granatum - 325 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desf.) 

Underw. ex A. Heller = Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

Pteridium esculentum (G. Forst.) Cockayne = Pteridium 

aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

Pteridium latiusculum (Desf.) Hieron. ex R. E. Fr. = 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

Pteris aquilina L. = Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

p Te r is e n s i f o r Mis Burm. f. [Pteridaceae] 

Citations: 

de Cock PA, Vorwerk H, Bruynzeel DP (1998) Hand dermatitis 

caused by ferns. Contact Dermatitis 39(6):324. 

p Te r o c a r p u s a n g o l e n s is DC. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

kejaat 

Citations: 


of wood dust. Ann Allergy 7:492-496, 505. 

p Te r o c a r p u s d a l b e r g io i d e s DC. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

padauk 

Citations: 

Mehta AJ, Statham BN (2007) Allergic contact dermatitis 

to purpleheart and padauk wood (Pterocarpus dalbergioides). 


Pterocarpus michelii Britton = Pterocarpus santalinoides 

L’Hér. ex DC. 

p Te r o c a r p u s s a n Ta l i n o i d e s L’Hér. ex DC. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p terocarpus michelii Britton 

Citations: 



Hum Biol 63(6):821-834. 

p Te r o c a r p u s so y a u x i i Taub. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

padouk 

Citations: 

Kiec-Swierczynska M, Krecisz B, Swierczynska-Machura 

D, et al. (2004) Occupational allergic contact dermatits 

caused by padauk wood (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.). 


p Te r o n i a p a l l e n s L. f. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

aasvoëbossie; joggemscholtzbossie; stolsbossie; 

witgatbossie 

Citations: 

Prozesky L, Kellerman TS, Welman WG (1986) An ovine 

hepatotoxicosis caused by the plant Pteronia pallens 

(Asteraceae) L. f. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 53(1):9-12. 

p Te r o s p e r Mu M a c e r i f o l i u M (L.) Willd. 

[Malvaceae] 

Citations: 




p Te r y g o Ta b e q u a e r Ti i De Wild. 

[Sterculiaceae] 

Common Names: 

koto 

Citations: 



Dermatitis 44(4):213-217. 

p Te r y g o Ta Ma c r o c a r p a K. Schum. 

[Sterculaceae] 

Common Names: 

koto 

Citations: 



Dermatitis 44(4):213-217. 

puca campuchu –see– Brugmansia sanguinea (Ruiz & Pav.) 

D. Don 

puccoon –see– Sanguinaria canadensis L. 

pulsatilla –see– Anemone patens L. 

Pulsatilla hirsutissima Britton = Anemone patens L. 

Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. = Anemone patens L. 

pulse –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

pulse milk vetch –see– Astragalus tenellus Pursh 

Pulverholz –see– Frangula alnus Mill. 

pumpkin –see– Cucurbita maxima Duchesne; Cucurbita pepo 

L. subsp. pepo 

punche –see– Nicotiana tabacum L. 

punchon –see– Verbascum thapsus L. 

puncture vine –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

puncture weed –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

p u n ic a g r a n a Tu M L. [Lythraceae] 

Common Names: 

pomegranate 

Citations: 

Gaig P, Bartolomé B, Lleonart R, et al. (1999) Allergy to 

pomegranate (Punica granatum). Allergy 54(3):287-288.

326 - Pycnanthemum albescens D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Igea JM, Cuesta J, Cuevas M, et al. (1991) Adverse reaction 

to pomegranate ingestion. Allergy 46(6):472-474. 

Valsecchi R, Reseghetti A, Leghissa P, et al. (1998) Immediate 

contact hypersensitivity to pomegranate. Contact 


puppetroot –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

purgante-de-España –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

purge nut –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

purgeerboontjie –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

purging buckthorn –see– Rhamnus cathartica L. 

purging croton –see– Croton tiglium L. 

purging nut –see– Jatropha curcas L.; Jatropha multifida L. 

purple allamanda –see– Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. 

purple angel’s-trumpet –see– Datura inoxia Mill. 

purple bugloss –see– Echium plantagineum L. 

purple clover –see– Trifolium pratense L. 

purple cockle –see– Agrostemma githago L. 

purple crocus –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

purple digitalis –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

purple foxglove –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

purple goosefoot –see– Scleroblitum atriplicinum (F. Muell.) 

Ulbr. 

purple ivy –see– Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. 

purple jimson weed –see– Datura stramonium L. 

purple larkspur –see– Delphinium bicolor Nutt.; Delphinium 

menziesii DC.; Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. 

purple laurel –see– Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. 

purple-laurel rhododendron –see– Rhododendron catawbiense 

Michx. 

purple locoweed –see– Astragalus mollissimus Torr. var. 

mollissimus; Oxytropis lambertii Pursh 

purple mint plant –see– Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton 

purple passionflower –see– Passiflora incarnata L. 

purple rattlebox –see– Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

purple rattlebush –see– Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

purple rhododendron –see– Rhododendron catawbiense 

Michx. 

purple sesban –see– Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

purple sesbane –see– Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

purple sesbania –see– Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

purple stinkweed –see– Datura stramonium L. 

purple stramonium –see– Datura stramonium L. 

purple thorn apple –see– Datura stramonium L. 

purple viper’s-bugloss –see– Echium plantagineum L. 

Pursh’s-silky lupine –see– Lupinus sericeus Pursh 

purslane –see– Portulaca oleracea L. 

pusley –see– Portulaca oleracea L. 

p y c n a n Th e Mu M a l b e s c e n s Torr. & A. Gray 

[Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

albescens 

Citations: 

Eickholt TH, Box RH (1965) Toxicities of peppermint and 

Pycnanthemum albescens oils, fam. Labiateae. J Pharm 

Sci 54(7):1071-7072. 

p y g Ma e o Th a Mn u s c h a Ma e d e n d r o n 

Robyns [Rubiaceae] 

Citations: 




1:173-182. 

pyracantha –see– Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. 

p y r a c a n Th a c o c c i n e a M. Roem. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

buisson ardent; everlasting thorn; Feuerdorn; firethorn; 

pyracantha; vuudoorn 

Citations: 






20(2):85-89. 

pyrethrum –see– Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.; Tanacetum 


Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trevir. = Tanacetum 


p y r u s c o MMu n is L. [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

Birne; pear 

Citations: 

Krauskopf J (1978) Fytodermatózy způsobené rostlinami 

růžovitými. Cesk Dermatol 53(4):253-258.

qat –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

Quaker bonnet –see– Scutellaria lateriflora L. 

Queen Anne’s-lace –see– Ammi majus L. 

Queensland asthma herb –see– Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. 

Queensland maple –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

Queensland nut –see– Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & 


Queensland umbrella tree –see– Schefflera actinophylla 

(Endl.) Harms 

queen’s-nightshade –see– Solanum esuriale Lindl. 

queen’s-root –see– Stillingia treculiana (Müll. Arg.) I. M. 

Johnst. 

queen’s-umbrella tree –see– Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) 

Harms 

quelite –see– Amaranthus retroflexus L. 

quelite cenizo –see– Chenopodium album L. 

quelite espinoso –see– Amaranthus spinosus L. 

quelite morado –see– Amaranthus hybridus L. 

quena –see– Solanum esuriale Lindl. 

q u e r c u s ag r i f o l i a Née [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

California live oak 

Citations: 

Kinde H (1988) A fatal case of oak poisoning in a doublewattled 

cassowary (Casuarius casuarius). Avian Dis 

32(4):849-851. 

q u e r c u s a l b a L. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

white oak 

Citations: 

Chung-MacCoubrey AL, Hagerman AE, Kirkpatrick RL 

(1997) Effects of tannins on digestion and detoxification 

activity in gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Physiol 

Zool 70(3):270-277. 

Cockrill JM, Beasley JN (1979) Renal damage to cattle 

during acorn poisoning. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 

74(1):82-85. 

Kradel DC, Cowan RL (1977) Fall deaths of numerous deer 

may be caused by acorn toxin. Sci Agric Pennsylvania 

25(1):2. 

Quercus breviloba (Torr.) Sarg. = Quercus sinuata Walter 

var. breviloba (Torr.) C. H. Müll. 

Quercus calliprinos Webb = Quercus coccifera L. 

Q 

q u e r c u s c o c c i f e r a L. [Fagaceae] 

Synonyms: 

q uercus calliprinos Webb 

Citations: 





Agric Food Chem 44:199-205. 

Yeruham I, Avidar Y, Perl S, et al. (1998) Probable toxicosis 

in cattle in Israel caused by the oak Quercus calliprinos. 


q u e r cus d o u gl a s i i Hook. & Arn. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

blue oak; iron oak; mountain white oak 

Citations: 

Ostrowski SR, Smith BP, Spier SJ, et al. (1989) Compensatory 

weight gain in steers recovered from oak bud toxicosis. 


Plumlee KH, Johnson B, Galey FD (1998) Comparison of 

disease in calves dosed orally with oak or commercial tannic 

acid. J Vet Diagn Invest 10(3):263-267. 

Plumlee KH, Johnson B, Galey FD (1998) Disease in cattle 

dosed orally with oak or tannic acid. In: Garland T, Barr 


New York. pp. 549-553. 

Spier SJ, Smith BP, Seawright AA, et al. (1987) Oak toxicosis 

in cattle in northern California: Clinical and pathologic 

findings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191(8):958-964. 

q u e r c u s g a Mb e l i i Nutt. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

Gambel’s-oak; oakbrush; Rocky Mountain white oak; 

scrub oak; Utah white oak 

Citations: 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Marsh H (1919) Oak-leaf poisoning 

of domestic animals. U S Dep Agric Bull #767:36 pp. 

Nastis AS, Malechek JC (1981) Digestion and utilization 

of nutrients in oak browse by goats. J Anim Sci 

53(2):283-290. 

q u e r c u s g a r r y a n a Douglas ex Hook. 

[Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

Garry’s-oak; Oregon oak; Oregon white oak; western 

white oak 

Citations: 

Kasari TR, Pearson EG, Hultgren BD (1986) Oak (Quercus 

garryana) poisoning of range cattle in Southern Oregon. 

Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 8(9):F17-F24.

328 - Quercus grisea D. Jesse Wagstaff 

q u e r c u s g r is e a Liebm. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

gray oak 

Citations: 




24(2):93-98. 

q u e r c u s h a va r d i i Rydb. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

sand shin oak; sand shinnery oak; shin oak; shinnery oak 

Citations: 

Dollahite JW (1961) Shin oak (Quercus harvardi) poisoning 

in cattle. Southwestern Vet 14(Spring):198-201. 

Dollahite JW, Housholder GT, Camp BJ (1963) Calcium 

hydroxide, a possible antidote for shin oak (Quercus 

havardi) poisoning in cattle. Southwestern Vet 

16(Winter):115-117. 

Dollahite JW, Housholder GT, Camp BJ (1966) Oak poisoning 

in livestock. Texas Agric Exp Sta Bull #1049:8 pp. 

Dollahite JW, Pigeon RF, Camp BJ (1962) The toxicity of 

gallic acid, pyrogallol, tannic acid, and Quercus havardi 

in the rabbit. Am J Vet Res 23(Nov):1264-1267. 

Householder GT, Dollahite JW (1963) Some clinical biochemical 

changes in the blood serum of calves fed Quercus 

havardi. Southwestern Vet 16(Winter):107-113. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Marsh H (1919) Oak-leaf poisoning 

of domestic animals. U S Dep Agric Bull #767:36 pp. 

Smith HA (1959) The diagnosis of oak poisoning. Southwestern 

Vet 13(Fall):34-36. 

q u e r c u s i l e x L. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

evergreen holm oak; holm oak 

Citations: 

Vega A, Dominguez C, Cosmes P, et al. (1998) Anaphylactic 

reaction to ingestion of Quercus ilex acorn nut. Clin Exp 

Allergy 28(6):739-742. 

Zapatero L, Baeza ML, Sierra Z, et al. (2005) Anaphylaxis 

by fruits of the Fagaceae family: Acorn and chestnut. 

Allergy 60(12):1542. 

Quercus incana Roxb. = Quercus leucotrichophora A. 

Camus 

q u e r c u s l e u c o Tr ic h o p h o r a A. Camus 

[Fagaceae] 

Synonyms: 

q uercus incana Roxb. 

Common Names: 

ban; bluejack oak; sandjack oak; turkey oak; upland 

willow oak 

Citations: 

Garg SK, Makkar HP, Nagal KB, et al. (1992) Oak (Quercus 

incana) leaf poisoning in cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol 

34(2):161-164. 

Kaushal JR, Gill RS, Negi SS (1971) Utilisation of oak 

(Quercus incana) kernels in poultry mashes. Indian Vet 

J 48(4):398-407. 

Lohan OP, Lall D, Vaid J, et al. (1983) Utilization of oak 

tree (Quercus incana) fodder in cattle rations and fate of 

oak-leaf tannins in the ruminant system. Indian J Anim 

Sci 53(10):1057-1063. 

q u e r c u s l ob a Ta Née [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

valley oak 

Citations: 

Fowler ME, Richards WP (1965) Acorn poisoning in a cow 

and a sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 147(11):1215-1220. 

Quercus pedunculata Ehrh. = Quercus robur L. 

q u e r c u s r ob u r L. [Fagaceae] 

Synonyms: 

q uercus pedunculata Ehrh. 

Common Names: 

Eichel; English oak; European oak; glands; kocsányos 

tölgy; pedunculate oak; September oak; Sommereiche; 

Stieleiche 

Citations: 

Cedervall A, Johansson HE, Jönsson L (1973) Acorn poisoning 

in cattle. Nord Vet Med 25(12):639-644. 

Clarke EG, Cotchin E (1956) A note on the toxicity of the 

acorn. Br Vet J 112:135-139. 

Commergnat J (1973) Intoxication des bovins par les glands. 

Bull Mens Soc Vet Prat Fr 57(7):371-374. 

Dixon PM, McPherson EA, Rowland AC, et al. (1979) 

Acorn poisoning in cattle. Vet Rec 104(13):284-285. 

Jerrett IV, Haynes MP, McCausland IP (1981) Acorn poisoning 

in calves. Aust Vet Assoc Yearbook. pp. 193-194. 

Neser JA, Coetzer JA, Boomker J, et al. (1982) Oak 

(Quercus rubor) poisoning in cattle. J S Afr Vet Assoc 

53(3):151-155. 

Stöber M, Ziegler HP, von Benten K (1974) Beitrag zur 

Eichelvergiftung des Rindes - Krankheitfälle im Herbst 

1973. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 81(7):155-161. 

Stöber M, Ziegler HP, von Benten K (1976) Acorn poisoning 

in cattle. Bovine Pract 11(Nov):36-41. 

Tudor G (1971) Observaţii asupra intoxicaţiei cu ghindă 

verde la ovine. Rev Zootehnie Med Vet 21(8):60-62. 

q u e r c u s r u b r a L. [Fagaceae] 

Synonyms: 

q uercus rubra L. var. borealis (F. Michx.) Farw. 

Common Names: 

gray oak; northern red oak; red oak 

Citations: 

Chung-MacCoubrey AL, Hagerman AE, Kirkpatrick RL 

(1997) Effects of tannins on digestion and detoxification 

activity in gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Physiol 

Zool 70(3):270-277. 

Cockrill JM, Beasley JN (1979) Renal damage to cattle during 

acorn poisoning. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 74(1):82-85.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Quillaja saponaria - 329 

Duncan CS (1961) Oak leaf poisoning in two horses. Cornell 

Vet 51(Jan):159-162. 

Kradel DC, Cowan RL (1977) Fall deaths of numerous deer 

may be caused by acorn toxin. Sci Agric Pennsylvania 

25(1):2. 

Quercus rubra L. var. borealis (F. Michx.) Farw. = Quercus 

rubra L. 

q u e r c u s s i n u a Ta Walter var. breviloba (Torr.) 

C. H. Müll. [Fagaceae] 

Synonyms: 

q uercus breviloba (Torr.) Sarg. 

Common Names: 

shin oak 

Citations: 

Pammel LH (1917) A further discussion of oak poisoning. 

Am J Vet Med 12:462. 

Pammel LH (1917) More cases of poisoning from oak. Am 

J Vet Med 12:712. 

Smith HA (1959) The diagnosis of oak poisoning. Southwestern 

Vet 13(Fall):34-36. 

q u e r c u s s Te l l a Ta Wangenh. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

iron oak; post oak 

Citations: 

Dollahite JW (1961) Shin oak (Quercus harvardi) poisoning 

in cattle. Southwestern Vet 14(Spring):198-201. 

Dollahite JW, Housholder GT, Camp BJ (1966) Effect 

of calcium hydroxide on the toxicity of post oak 

(Quercus stellata) in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

148(8):908-912. 

Dollahite JW, Housholder GT, Camp BJ (1966) Oak poisoning 

in livestock. Texas Agric Exp Sta Bull #1049:8 

pp. 

q u e r c u s s u b e r L. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

cork dust; cork oak 

Citations: 

Cancella LC (1963) Suberosis: A pneumoconiosis due to cork 

dust - The present stage of the problem. Ind Med Surg 

32(2):435-445. 

q u e r c u s v i r g i n i a n a Mill. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

live oak 

Citations: 

Taylor CA, Ralphs MH (1992) Reducing livestock losses 

from poisonous plants through grazing management. J 


q u e r c u s w is l i z e n i DC. [Fagaceae] 

Common Names: 

interior live oak 

Citations: 

Wilson AD, Weir WC, Torell DT (1971) Evaluation of 

chamise (Adenostoma fasiculatum) and interior live 

oak (Quercus wislizenii) as feed for sheep. J Anim Sci 

32(5):1042-1045. 

queue-de-cheval –see– Equisetum palustre L. 

quickgrass –see– Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 

quillaia –see– Quillaja saponaria Molina 

quillaja –see– Quillaja saponaria Molina 

quillaja bark –see– Quillaja saponaria Molina 

q u i l l a j a s a p o n a r i a Molina [Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

cortes quillajas; quillaia; quillaja; soapbark tree; 

soapwort 

Citations: 

Bradley R, Harchelroad F (1994) Root beer as a cause for 

thrombocytopenia. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(4):357. 

Ilsley SE, Miller HM, Kamel C (2005) Effects of dietary 

quillaja saponin and curcumin on the performance and 

immune status of weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 83(1):82-88. 

Raghuprasad PK, Brooks SM, Litwin A, et al. (1980) Quillaja 

bark (soapbark)-induced asthma. J Allergy Clin 

Immunol 65(4):285-287. 

Sieben P, Rørdam AM, Thomsen ES (1982) Forgiftning med 

nysepulver. Ugeskr Laeger 144(24):1780. 

quinine bush –see– Alstonia constricta F. Muell. 

quinoa –see– Chenopodium quinoa Willd. 

quinua –see– Chenopodium quinoa Willd.

abaniza –see– Raphanus raphanistrum L. 

rábano magistro –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

rábano ragisco –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

rábano rusticano –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

rábano silvestre –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al.; 

Raphanus raphanistrum L. 

rabbitbrush –see– Psilostrophe sparsiflora (A. Gray) A. Nelson 

rabo-de-gato –see– Achyranthes aspera L. 

raccoonberry –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

racha –see– Lantana camara L. 

racine-de-mahonia –see– Berberis aquifolium Pursh 

radiata pine -see- Pinus radiata D. Don 

Radicula armoracia (L.) B. L. Rob. = Armoracia rusticana 

P. Gaertn. et al. 

radish –see– Raphanus sativus L. 

ragweed –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

ragwort –see– Crotalaria berteroana DC.; Jacobaea 

aquatica (Hill) P. Gaertn. et al. var. erratica (Bertol.) 

Pelser & Meijden; Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.; Senecio 

alpinus (L.) Scop.; Senecio brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less.; 

Senecio isatideus DC.; Senecio latifolius DC.; Senecio 

retrorsus DC.; Senecio ruwenzoriensis S. Moore; Senecio 

sceleratus Schweick. 

rahar dal –see– Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 

rai’ dore –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

raigras perenne –see– Lolium perenne L. 

rain flower –see– Grevillea banksii R. Br. 

rain lily –see– Cooperia pedunculata Herb. 

rain tree –see– Laburnum anagyroides Medik.; Samanea 

saman (Jacq.) Merr. 

rainberry –see– Rhamnus cathartica L. 

rainbow-leaf –see– Smodingium argutum E. Mey. ex Sond. 

Rainfarn –see– Tanacetum vulgare L. 

rainfort sauvage –see– Raphanus raphanistrum L. 

Rainweide –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

raisin –see– Vitis vinifera L. 

raiz forte –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

rajma –see– Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. 

ral tree –see– Semecarpus anacardium L. f. 

Ral’dore –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

rama zorilla –see– Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S. Watson 

ramin –see– Gonystylus bancanus (Miq.) Kurz 

R 

ramjada –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

rancher’s-fiddleneck –see– Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. 

A. Mey. 

ranger’s-buttons –see– Sphenosciadium capitellatum A. 

Gray 

rangiora –see– Brachyglottis repanda J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. 

Rangoon bean –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

Rangoon teak –see– Tectona grandis L. f. 

Rangoonbohne –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

ransoms –see– Allium ursinum L. 

r a n u n c u l u s a c r is L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

acrid buttercup; blister plant; bouton d’or; butter 

daisy; Butterblume; buttercup; crowflower; giant 

buttercup; Hahnenfuß; meadow buttercup; meadow 

ranunculus; réti boglárka; tall buttercup; tall crowfoot; 

tall field buttercup; upright meadow crowfoot; 

yellow gowan 

Citations: 

Harshberger JW (1894) An additional poisonous plant. Bot 

Gaz 19(322):159. 

Harshberger JW (1894) Ranunculus acris, an additional poisonous 

plant. Garden Forest 7(322):170. 

Hidiroglou M, Knutti HJ (1963) The effects of green tall 

buttercup in roughage on the growth and health of beef 

cattle and sheep. Can J Anim Sci 43(Jun):68-71. 

Pammel LH (1929) Buttercup or crow-foot poisoning. Vet 

Med 24(Dec):540-541. 

Winters JB (1976) Severe urticarial reaction in a dog following 

ingestion of tall field buttercup. Vet Med Small Anim 

Clin 71(3):307. 

r a n u n c u l u s b u l b o s u s L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

bulbous buttercup; butter daisy; buttercup; crowflower; 

crowfoot; Hahnenfuß; St. Anthony’s-turnip 

Citations: 

Gunning OV (1949) Suspected buttercup poisoning in a Jersey 

cow. Br Vet J 105:393. 

Kelch WJ, Kerr LA, Adair HS, et al. (1992) Suspected buttercup 

(Ranunculus bulbosus) toxicosis with secondary 

photosensitization in a Charolais heifer. Vet Hum Toxicol 

34(3):238-239. 

Pammel LH (1929) Buttercup or crow-foot poisoning. Vet 

Med 24(Dec):540-541.

332 - Ranunculus cymbalaria D. Jesse Wagstaff 

r a n u n c u l u s c y Mb a l a r i a Pursh 


Common Names: 

desert crowfoot; marsh buttercup; seaside buttercup; 

shore buttercup 

Citations: 



r a n u n c u l u s d a Ma s c e n u s Boiss. & Gaill. 


Citations: 

Metın A, Çalka Ö, Behçet L, et al. (2001) Phytodermatitis 

from Ranunculus damascenus. Contact Dermatitis 

44(3):183. 

r a n u n c u l u s Mu l Ti f i d u s Forssk. 


Synonyms: 

r anunculus pinnatus Poir.; r anunculus pubescens 

Thunb. 

Common Names: 

buttercup 

Citations: 





Ranunculus pinnatus Poir. = Ranunculus multifidus Forssk. 

Ranunculus pubescens Thunb. = Ranunculus multifidus 

Forssk. 

r a n u n c u l u s r e p e n s L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

butón-de-oro; creeping buttercup; creeping crowfoot; 

crowfoot; kriechender Hahnenfuß 

Citations: 

Morales H (1989) Abortos en una lechería da la VIII Región 

de Chile atribuidos al consumo de botón de oro (Ranunculus 

repens, L.). Arch Med Vet 21(2):163-166. 

r a n u n c u l u s s c e l e r a Tu s L. [Ranunculaceae] 

Common Names: 

blister buttercup; buttercup; celery-leaf buttercup; celery-leaf 

crowfoot; crowfoot; cursed buttercup; cursed 

crowfoot; ditch crowfoot; Froschkraut; Gifthahnenfuß; 

marsh crowfoot; water crowfoot 

Citations: 

Miedzobrodzki K (1971) Przypadek zatrucia krów jaskrem 

(Ranunculus sceleratus). Med Weter 27(7):411-412. 

rape –see– Brassica napus L. var. napus; Brassica rapa L. 

subsp. campestris (L.) A. R. Clapham 

rape kale –see– Brassica napus L. var. pabularia (DC.) Rchb. 

Raphanus niger Mill. = Raphanus sativus L. 

r a p h a n u s r a p h a n is Tr u M L. [Brassicaceae] 

Common Names: 

Hederich; jaramago blanco; joint charlock; rabaniza; 

rábano silvestre; rainfort sauvage; ravenelle; Rettich; 

white charlock; wild mustard; wild radish 

Citations: 

Hale OM, Utley PR (1985) Effects of feeding wheat contaminated 

with wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) to 

growing pigs. J Anim Sci 61(5):1172-1177. 

Trouche (1936) Intoxication d’un troupeau d’agnelles par 

suite d’une absorption abondante de ravenelles. Rev Med 

Vet 88:682-683. 

r a p h a n u s s a Ti v u s L. [Brassicaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r aphanus niger Mill. 

Common Names: 

Ackerrettich; fodder radish; Hederich; radish; white 

radish 

Citations: 

El Sayed F, Manzur F, Marguery MC, et al. (1995) Urticarial 

manifestations due to Raphanus niger. Contact 


Mitchell JC, Jordan WP (1974) Allergic contact dermatitis 

from the radish, Raphanus sativus. Br J Dermatol 

91(2):183-189. 



Dermatol 113(6):776-779. 

Raps –see– Brassica napus L. var. napus 

rapsfromel –see– Brassica napus L. var. napus 

r a p u Ti a a l b a ( Mart.) Engl. [Rutaceae] 

Citations: 




rastrero –see– Trifolium repens L. 

raton –see– Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. 

rat’s-bane –see– Dichapetalum toxicarium (G. Don) Baill. 

ratti –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

rattlebox –see– Crotalaria berteroana DC.; Crotalaria 

goreensis Guill. & Perr.; Crotalaria pallida Aiton; 

Crotalaria retusa L.; Crotalaria sagittalis L.; Crotalaria 

spectabilis Roth; Sesbania drummondii (Rydb.) Cory; 


rattlebush –see– Crotalaria burkeana Benth.; Sesbania 

drummondii (Rydb.) Cory; Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

rattlepod –see– Crotalaria juncea L.; Crotalaria retusa L.; 

Crotalaria spectabilis Roth

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Rauvolfia vomitoria - 333 

rattleroot –see– Actaea racemosa L. 

rattlesnake weed –see– Crotalaria sagittalis L. 

rattleweed –see– Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex Hook. 

var. diphysus (A. Gray) M. E. Jones; Astragalus wootonii 

E. Sheld.; Crotalaria pallida Aiton; Crotalaria retusa 

L.; Crotalaria sagittalis L.; Crotalaria spectabilis Roth; 

Oxytropis lambertii Pursh; Oxytropis sericea Nutt. 

raunja –see– Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. 

Rauschbeere –see– Vaccinium uliginosum L. 

Raute –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

r a u vo l f i a s e r p e n Ti n a (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 

[Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

Indian snakeroot; rauwolfia; serpentwood; snakeroot 

Citations: 

Hager W, Friedrich KH, Wink K, et al. (1968) Suizidversuch 

mit Ajmalin. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 

93(38):1809-1812. 

Müller FJ (1969) Orale Intoxikation einer Erwachsenen mit 

Gilurytmal. Med Klin 64(31):1389-1393. 

Rogos R (1967) Suizidversuch mit Ajmalin. Z Gesamte Inn 

Med 22(14):432-435. 

r a u vo l f i a v o Mi To r i a Afzel. [Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

Akanta 

Citations: 

Jornod JC, Barrelet JA (1965) Suicidal attempt by overdosage 

of ajmaline. Am Heart J 70(5):719-720. 

rauwolfia –see– Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 

ravenelle –see– Raphanus raphanistrum L.; Sinapis arvensis 

L. 

rayless goldenrod –see– Isocoma plurifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) 

Greene 

razha –see– Medicago sativa L. 

real heirri –see– Deguelia utilis (A. C. Sm.) A. M. G. 

Azevedo 

Rebelwurz –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

Rebhuhnholz –see– Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex 

DC. 

recurved thorn apple –see– Datura inoxia Mill.; Datura 

wrightii Regel 

red angel’s-trumpet –see– Brugmansia sanguinea (Ruiz & 

Pav.) D. Don 

red baneberry –see– Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. 

red bead vine –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

red bean –see– Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev; 

Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

red-berry juniper –see– Juniperus pinchotii Sudw. 

red bryony –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

red buckeye –see– Aesculus pavia L. 

red bur –see– Sclerolaena anisacanthoides (F. Muell.) Domin 

red caustic creeper –see– Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small 

red cayenne –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

red cedar –see– Thuja occidentalis L.; Thuja plicata Donn ex 

D. Don 

red chickweed –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

red chili –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

red clover –see– Trifolium pratense L. 

red cole –see– Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. et al. 

red cotton –see– Asclepias curassavica L. 

red darling pea –see– Swainsona galegifolia (Andrews) R. Br. 

red fescue –see– Festuca rubra L. subsp. fallax (Thuill.) 

Nyman 

red ginger –see– Zingiber officinale Roscoe 

red gram –see– Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 

red gum –see– Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. 

red heart-of-bullock bush –see– Alectryon oleifolius (Desf.) S. 

T. Reynolds 

red hemp nettle –see– Galeopsis ladanum L. 

red ink plant –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

red kidney bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

red lac –see– Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze 

red laurel –see– Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. 

red mallow –see– Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don 

red maple –see– Acer rubrum L. 

red Mexican bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

red navy bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

red oak –see– Quercus rubra L. 

red orache –see– Atriplex rosea L. 

red paperbark tree –see– Albizia tanganyicensis Baker f. 

red pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L. 

red pimpernel –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

red pokeweed –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

red poppy –see– Papaver rhoeas L. 

red puccoon –see– Sanguinaria canadensis L. 

red rhatany –see– Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & B. 

B. Simpson 

red sage –see– Lantana camara L.; Salvia coccinea Buc’hoz ex 

Etl. 

red salvia –see– Salvia coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl. 

red silky oak –see– Grevillea banksii R. Br. 

red soldier –see– Euphorbia drummondii Boiss. 

red sorrel –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

red squill –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

red-stem filaree –see– Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her.

334 - Rehmanni glutinosa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

red-stem peavine –see– Astragalus emoryanus (Rydb.) Cory 

red vetch –see– Lathyrus hirsutus L. 

red-water bark –see– Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & 

Perr.) Brenan 

red willow –see– Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don 

red wings –see– Combretum platypetalum Welw. ex Laws. 

redbird cactus –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

redhead cottonbush –see– Asclepias curassavica L. 

redoul –see– Coriaria myrtifolia L. 

redroot –see– Amaranthus hybridus L.; Amaranthus palmeri 

S. Watson; Amaranthus retroflexus L.; Sanguinaria 

canadensis L. 

redroot pigweed –see– Amaranthus retroflexus L. 

redscale –see– Atriplex rosea L. 

redshank –see– Amaranthus cruentus L.; Persicaria maculosa 

Gray 

redtop –see– Asclepias curassavica L. 

redweed –see– Papaver rhoeas L.; Phytolacca americana L. 

redwood –see– Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. 

reed canarygrass –see– Phalaris arundinacea L. 

reed fescue –see– Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 

reed phalaris –see– Phalaris arundinacea L. 

reed sweetgrass –see– Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. 

reefer –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

reflexed amaranthus –see– Amaranthus retroflexus L. 

réglisse –see– Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 

r e h Ma n n i g l u Ti n o s a (Gaertn.) Steud. 

[Phrymaceae] 

Common Names: 

gan-di-huang 

Citations: 



Med 24(3):317. 

Reichblütige Glyzinie –see– Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. 

rein –see– Chrozophora obliqua (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng. 

reina-de-la-noche –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

Reis –see– Oryza sativa L. 

Reiterkappe –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

remolacha –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

rengas –see– Gluta renghas L. 

renghas –see– Gluta renghas L. 

renonée âcre –see– Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 

renta yam –see– Dioscorea alata L. 

repolho –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. 

Rere –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

resurrection plant –see– Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. 

retama –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

réti boglárka –see– Ranunculus acris L. 

Rettich –see– Raphanus raphanistrum L. 

reunja –see– Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. 

reuse kweekgrass –see– Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst 

r e u Te a l is Tr is p e r Ma (Blanco) Airy Shaw 


Synonyms: 

a leurites trisperma Blanco 

Common Names: 

banucalad nut; lumbang nut; soft lumbang 

Citations: 





revebjelle –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

reverchonia –see– Reverchonia arenaria A. Gray 

r e ve r c h o n i a a r e n a r i a A. Gray 


Common Names: 

reverchonia; sand reverchonia; spurge 

Citations: 



Rhabarber –see– Rheum ×hybridum Murray 

r h a Mn u s c a Th a r Tic a L. [Rhamnaceae] 

Common Names: 

buckthorn; Frenchberry; hart’s-thorn; Hirschdorn; 

Kreuzdorn; purging buckthorn; rainberry; Rhine 

thorn; Rhineberry; way thorn 

Citations: 

Anderson T, Konracki S, Lyman DO, et al. (1978) Diarrhea 

from herbal tea - New York, Pennsylvania. MMWR 

Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 27(8):248-249. 

Banach K (1980) Ostre zatrucia antrazwiazkami spowodowane 

spożyciem owoców szakłaku pospolitego. Wiad Lek 

33(5):405-408. 

Calderon-Gonzalez R, Rizzi-Hernadez H (1967) Buckthorn 

polyneuropathy. N Eng J Med 277:69-71. 

Lichtensteiger CA, Johnston NA, Beasley VR (1997) Rhamnus 

cathartica (buckthorn) hepatocellular toxicity in mice. 

Toxicol Pathol 25(5):449-452. 

Rhamnus frangula L. = Frangula alnus Mill. 

rhapontic rhubarb –see– Rheum ×hybridum Murray

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Rhododendron arboreum - 335 

r h a p o n Tic u M r e p e n s (L.) Hidalgo 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a croptilon repens (L.) DC.; c entarurea repens L.; 

c entaurea picris Pall. ex Willd. 

Common Names: 

creeping knapweed; hard heads; Russian centaurea; 

Russian knapweed; Russian star thistle; Turkestan 

thistle 

Citations: 

Dil’bazi GI (1974) [Poisoning of buffaloes by hay heavily 

contaminated with Centaurea picris.] Veterinariia Moscow 

51(2):106-107. 

Farrell RK, Sande RD, Lincoln SD (1971) Nigropallidal 

encephalomalacia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

158(7):1201-1204. 

Larson KA, Young S (1970) Nigropallidal encephalomalacia 

in horses in Colorado. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

156(5):626-628. 

Young S, Brown WW, Klinger B (1970) Clinical and pathologic 

aspects of Russian knapweed poisoning in horses 

(nigropallidal encephalomalacia). J Am Vet Med Assoc 

156(May 1):1219. 


encephalomalacia in horses caused by ingestion of 

weeds of the genus Centaurea. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

157(11):1602-1605. 


encephalomalacia in horses fed Russian knapweed (Centaurea 

repens L). Am J Vet Res 31(8):1393-1404. 

Rhapontikrhabarber –see– Rheum ×hybridum Murray 

rhatanhia –see– Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & B. 

B. Simpson 

rhatania –see– Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & B. B. 

Simpson 

r h a z y a s Tr ic Ta Decne. [Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

harmal; harmel 

Citations: 

Adam SE (1998) Toxicity of Rhazya stricta to sheep. Vet 


Adam SE (1999) Experimental Rhazya stricta toxicosis in 

rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 41(1):5-8. 

Adam SE, Al-Yahya MA, Al-Farhan AH (2002) Toxicity 

of Nerium oleander and Rhazya stricta in Najdi sheep: 

Hematologic and clinicopathologic alterations. Am J 

Chin Med 30(2-3):255-262. 

r h e u M ×h y b r i d u M Murray [Polygonaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r heum rhaponticum auct. 

Common Names: 

Deutscher Rhabarber; pie plant; Rhabarber; rhapontic 

rhubarb; Rhapontikrhabarber; rhubarb; rhubarbe; 

ruibarbo; water plant; wine plant 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1917) Death from eating rhubarb leaves. JAMA 

68(25):1928. 

Anonymous (1917) Poisoning by Rhubarb leaves. Lancet 

1(Jun 2):847-848. 

Anonymous (1917) Poisoning from rhubarb leaves. JAMA 

68(26):847. 

Arena JM (1972) Rhubarb hyperphagia hazards. JAMA 

219(5):626. 

Benson HW (1919) Poisoning from eating canned rhubarb 

stems. JAMA 73(Oct 11):1152. 

Fühner H (1926) Deutscher Rhabarber. Munch Med 

Wochenschr 73:400-402. 

Maillart (1917) Un cas d’empoisonnement par des feuilles 

de rhubarbe. Rev Med Suisse Romande 37:344-348, 

468-471. 

Naudin L (1932) Intoxication d’une chèvre par le limbe de 

feuilles de rhubarbe. Rec Med Vet Ec Alfort 108:91-92. 

Robb HF, Sippy JJ (1919) Death from rhubarb leaves due to 

oxalic acid poisoning. JAMA 73(8):627-628. 




20(2):85-89. 

Streicher E (1964) Akutes Nierenversagen und Ikterus nach 

einer Vergiftung mit Rhaberberblättern. Dtsch Med 

Wochenschr 89(50):2379-2381. 

Tallqvist H, Väänänen I (1960) Death of a child from oxalic 

acid poisoning due to eating rhubarb leaves. Ann Paediatr 

Fenn 6(2):1-4. 

r h e u M o f f ic i n a l e Baill. [Polygonaceae] 

Common Names: 

Chinese rhubarb; medicinal rhubarb; rhubarb 

Citations: 

Liu WK, Ng TB, Chan WY, et al. (1996) Toxic effects of 

Chinese medicinal herbs on pregnant mice. Toxicologist 

30(1 Part 2):192. 

Rheum rhaponticum auct. = Rheum ×hybridum Murray 

rheumatism root –see– Apocynum cannabinum L. 

rheumatism weed –see– Apocynum cannabinum L. 

Rhine thorn –see– Rhamnus cathartica L. 

Rhineberry –see– Rhamnus cathartica L. 

Rhodesgrass –see– Chloris gayana Kunth 

Rhodesian ragwort –see– Senecio latifolius DC.; Senecio 

sceleratus Schweick. 

Rhodesian wild gentian –see– Chironia transvaalensis Gilg 

Rhodesierholz –see– Santalum album L. 

rhododendron –see– Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet; 

Rhododendron macrophyllum D. Don ex G. Don; 

Rhododendron polifolium Franch; Rhododendron ponticum 

L.; Rhododendron simsii Planch. 

r h od od e n d r o n a r b o r e u M Sm. [Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

burans; lal burass

336 - Rhododendron aureum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Carey FM, Lewis JJ, MacGregor JL, et al. (1959) Pharmacological 

and chemical observations on some toxic nectars. J 

Pharm Pharmacol 11:269T-274T. 

r h o d o d e n d r o n a u r e u M Georgi [Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

Gelbe Alpenrose; Gelbe Schneerose; Gichtrose; Siberian 

snow rose 

Citations: 

Igumnow AK (1967) [Rhododendron dermatitis in Transbaikalia.] 

Vestn Dermatol Venerol 41(4):70-71. 

r h o d o d e n d r o n b a r b a Tu M Wall. ex G. Don 

[Ericaceae] 

Citations: 




Purohit K (1960) Rhododendron poisoning in animals. 

Indian Vet J 37:631-633. 

r h o d o d e n d r o n b r a c h y c a r p u M D. Don 

ex G. Don [Ericaceae] 

Citations: 

Hikino H, Ohizumi Y, Konno C, et al. (1979) Subchronic 

toxicity of ericaceous toxins and Rhododendron leaves. 

Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 27(4):874-879. 

Rhododendron californicum Hook. = Rhododendron 

macrophyllum D. Don ex G. Don 

r h o d o d e n d r o n c a Mp a n u l a Tu M D. Don 

[Ericaceae] 

Citations: 

Purohit K (1960) Rhododendron poisoning in animals. 

Indian Vet J 37:631-633. 

r h o d o d e n d r o n c a Ta w b i e n s e Michx. 

[Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

catawba rhododendron; mountain rosebay; purple ivy; 

purple laurel; purple rhododendron; red laurel; rosebay; 

rosebay laurel 

Citations: 

Brahm E, Buntenkötter S, Simanowski W (1973) Vergiftungen 

von wiederkäuenden Paarhufern durch Ericaceen 

im dormunder Tierpark. In: Ippen R et al. (eds.) Erkrank 

der Zoot XV. Int Symp, Kolmarden Akad Verlag. pp. 

125-130. 

r h o d o d e n d r o n × c o l u Mb i a n u M (Piper) 

Harmaja [Ericaceae] 

Synonyms: 

l edum columbianum Piper 

Common Names: 

Pacific Labrador tea; swamp laurel 

Citations: 

Eastwood A (1933) Ledum as a poisonous plant. Leaflet 

Western Bot 1(5):43. 

r h o d o d e n d r o n d e g r o n i a n u M Carrière 

[Ericaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r hododendron metternickii Siebold & Zucc. var. pentamerum 

Maxim. 

Citations: 

Hikino H, Ohizumi Y, Konno C, et al. (1979) Subchronic 

toxicity of ericaceous toxins and Rhododendron leaves. 

Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 27(4):874-879. 

r h o d o d e n d r o n f a b e r i h e Ms l . subsp. 

prattii (Franch.) D. F. Chamb. [Ericaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r hododendron prattii Franch. 

Citations: 




r h o d o d e n d r o n f u l v u M Balf. f. & W. W. 

Sm. [Ericaceae] 

Citations: 




r h o d o d e n d r o n i n d ic u M (L.) Sweet 

[Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

azalea; rhododendron 

Citations: 

Puschner B, Holstege DM, Lamberski N, et al. (2001) 

Grayanotoxin poisoning in three goats. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 218(4):573-575. 




r h o d o d e n d r o n l e d i f o l i u M G. Don 

[Ericaceae] 

Citations: 




r h o d o d e n d r o n l u Te u M Sweet [Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

pontic azalea

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa - 337 

Citations: 

Sütilüpinar N, Mat A, Satganoğlu Y (1993) Poisoning by 

toxic honey in Turkey. Arch Toxikol 67(2):148-150. 

r h o d o d e n d r o n Ma c a b e a n u M G. Watt ex 

Balf. f. [Ericaceae] 

Citations: 




r h o d o d e n d r o n Ma c r o p h y l l u M D. Don 

ex G. Don [Ericaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r hododendron californicum Hook. 

Common Names: 

California rhododendron; California rosebay; Pacific 

rhododendron; rhododendron; western rhododendron 

Citations: 

Casteel S, Wagstaff DJ (1989) Rhododendron macrophyllum 

poisoning in a group of goats and sheep. Vet Hum Toxicol 

31(2):176-177. 

Rhododendron metternickii Siebold & Zucc. var. 

pentamerum Maxim. = Rhododendron degronianum 

Carrière 

r h o d o d e n d r o n Mo l l e (Blume) G. Don 

[Ericaceae] 

Citations: 



Med 24(3):317. 




r h o d o d e n d r o n n i ve u M Hook. f. [Ericaceae] 

Citations: 




r h o d o d e n d r o n p o l i f o l i u M Franch 

[Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

rhododendron 

Citations: 



Comp Lyon 72(2):167-173. 

r h o d o d e n d r o n p o n Tic u M L. [Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

Asiatische Alpenrose; honey-of-Trebizond; Pontic rhododendron; 

rhododendron 

Citations: 

Biberoğlu K, Biberoğlu S, Komsuoğlu B (1988) Transient 

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome during honey intoxication. 

Isr J Med Sci 24(4-5):253-254. 

Biberoğlu S, Biberoğlu K, Komsuoğlu B (1988) Mad honey. 

JAMA 259(13):1943. 

Black DH (1991) Rhododendron poisoning in sheep. Vet 

Rec 128(15):363-364. 

Frape D, Ward A (1993) Suspected rhododendron poisoning 

in dogs. Vet Rec 132(20):515-516. 

Gossinger H, Hruby K, Haubenstock A, et al. (1983) Cardiac 

arrhythmias in a patient with grayanotoxin-honey 

poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol 25(5):328-329. 

Higgins RJ, Hannam DA, Humphreys DJ, et al. (1985) Rhododendron 

poisoning in sheep. Vet Rec 116(11):294-295. 

Matschullat G (1974) Rhododendronvergiftung bei Schafen. 

Prakt Tierarzt 55(11):624, 626. 

Onat FY, Yegen BC, Lawrence R, et al. (1991) Mad honey 

poisoning in man and rat. Rev Environ Health 9(1):3-10. 

Sütilüpinar N, Mat A, Satganoğlu Y (1993) Poisoning by 

toxic honey in Turkey. Arch Toxikol 67(2):148-150. 

Rhododendron prattii Franch. = Rhododendron faberi 

Hemsl. subsp. prattii (Franch.) D. F. Chamb. 

r h o d o d e n d r o n s i Ms i i Planch. [Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

azalea; rhododendron 

Citations: 

Rose A, Pitchford W, Monin T, et al. (1988) Acute weakness 

and death in a cat. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(4):334-335. 

r h o d o d e n d r o n s i n o g r a n d e Balf. f. & W. 

W. Sm. [Ericaceae] 

Citations: 




r h o d o d e n d r o n Th o Mso n i i Hook. f. 

[Ericaceae] 

Citations: 




r h o d o My r Tu s Ma c r o c a r p a Benth. 

[Myrtaceae] 

Common Names: 

Australian finger cherry; Cooktown loquat; finger 

cherry; finger cherry loquat; native loquat; wannakai 

Citations: 

D’Ombrain A (1944) Sudden blindness after eating finger 

cherries (Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa). Med J Aust 2(Sep 

2):263. 

English FP, Bennett Y (1989) Blindness and the finger cherry 

tree. Med J Aust 151:112-113.

338 - Rhodotypos scandens D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Flecker H (1944) Sudden blindness after eating “finger cherries” 

(Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa). Med J Aust 1944(Aug 

19):183-185. 

Lucas CE (1944) Sudden blindness after eating finger cherries 

(Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa). Aust Med J. Sep 2:263. 

r h o d o Ty p o s s c a n d e n s (Thunb.) Makino 

[Rosaceae] 

Common Names: 

fatberry; jetbead; jetberry bush 

Citations: 

Rascoff H, Wasser S (1953) Poisoning in a child simulating diabetic 

coma. Report of a case. JAMA 152(12):1134-1135. 

Rhoicissus cuneifolia (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Planch. = Cissus 

cuneifolia Eckl. & Zeyh. 

Rhoicissus tridentata (L. f.) Wild & R. B. Drumm. 

subsp. cuneifolia (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N. R. Urton = Cissus 

cuneifolia Eckl. & Zeyh. 

rhubarb –see– Rheum officinale Baill.; Rheum ×hybridum 

Murray 

rhubarbe –see– Rheum ×hybridum Murray 

rhus –see– Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze 

r h u s c h i n e n s is Mill. [Anacardiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r hus semialata Murray 

Citations: 

Biberstein H (1929) Über Hautreaktionen bei Applikation 

von verschiedenen Rhusarten. Klin Wochenschr 

8:99-102. 

r h u s c o r i a r i a L. [Anacardiaceae] 

Common Names: 

sumach 

Citations: 

Pilgram RE, Fleagle GS (1970) Indian sandal strap dermatitis. 

JAMA 211(8):1378. 

r h u s c r e n a Ta Thunb. [Anacardiaceae] 

Citations: 



8:99-102. 

Rhus diversiloba Torr. & A. Gray = Toxicodendron 

diversilobum (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene 

Rhus metopium L. = Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 

Rhus radicans L. = Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

Rhus semialata Murray = Rhus chinensis Mill. 

Rhus striata Ruiz & Pav. = Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & 

Pav.) Kuntze 

Rhus succedanea L. = Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) 

Kuntze 

Rhus toxicodendron L. = Toxicodendron pubescens Mill. 

rhus tree –see– Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze 

r h u s Tr ic h o c a r p a Miq. [Anacardiaceae] 

Citations: 

Franklin JJ (1952) Another plant (Rhus trichocarpa) to be 

labelled poisonous. Plants Gardens 8:271. 

r h u s Ty p h i n a L. [Anacardiaceae] 

Common Names: 

antler tree; dwarf sumach; Essigbaum; staghorn 

sumach; velvet sumach; Virginia sumach 

Citations: 



8:99-102. 

Rhus vernicifera DC. = Toxicodendron vernicifluum 


Rhus verniciflua Stokes = Toxicodendron vernicifluum 


Rhus vernix L. = Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze 

r h u s v i r e n s Lindh. ex A. Gray [Anacardiaceae] 

Common Names: 

sumach 

Citations: 



ribbon cactus –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

ribbongrass –see– Phalaris arundinacea L. 

rice –see– Oryza sativa L. 

richweed –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & H. 

Rob. 

ricin –see– Ricinus communis L. 

ricino –see– Ricinus communis L. 

r ic i n u s c o MMu n is L. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

African coffee tree; amerikansk olieplante; arandi; 

castor bean; Christuspalme; erand; figuera infernal; 

graines-de-Ricin; higuerilla; kristpalme; lansina; 

mamona; Mexican weed; mole bean; olieblom; Palma 

Christi; palma-de-Cristo; ricin; ricino; rizin; Rizinus; 

tangan tangan; wonder tree; Wonderbohne; wonderboon; 

Wunderbaum; zurma 

Citations: 

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of castor bean toxicosis in dogs: 98 cases. J Am Anim 

Hosp Assoc 36(3):229-233.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Ricinus communis - 339 

Anderson KE, Nielsen R (1984) Lipstick dermatitis to castor 

oil. Contact Dermatitis 11(4):253-254. 

Anderson TS (1948) Castor poisoning in Ayrshire cattle. Vet 

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Anonymous (1982) Castor-oil bean toxicity. Vet Rec 

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Med J Aust 167(5):260-261. 

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Astolfi E, Polack NR (1961) Intoxicación accidental por 

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Belzunegui T, Charles AB, Hernández R, et al. (1988) Intoxicación 

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Benesi FJ (1979) Influência do farelo de mamona (Ricinus 

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Bernton HS (1945) Castor bean sensitiveness. Case report 

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Bispham WN (1903) Report of cases of poisoning by fruit of 

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poisoning and a widely available bioassay for ricin. Vet 


Steffan MA (1987) Anaphylaktischer Schock auf Rizinusbohnenschrot 

- Kasuistischer Beitrag. Derm Beruf 

Umwelt 35(5):177-178. 

Stewart MJ, Moar JJ, Mwesigwa J, et al. (2000) Forensic 

toxicology in urban South Africa. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

38(4):415-419. 

Stewart MJ, Moar JJ, Steenkamp P, et al. (1999) Findings in 

fatal cases of poisoning attributed to traditional remedies 

in South Africa. Forensic Sci Int 101(3):177-183. 

Targosz D, Winnik L, Szkolnicka B (2002) Suicidal poisoning 

with castor bean (Ricinus communis) extract injected 

subcutaneously - Case report. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

40(3):398. 

Thorpe SC, Kemeny DM, Panzani R, et al. (1987) The relationship 

between total serum IgE and castor bean-specific 

IgE antibodies in castor bean-sensitive patients from 

Marseilles. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 82:456-460. 

Thorpe SC, Kemeny DM, Panzani R, et al. (1988) Allergy 

to castor bean. I. Its relationship to sensitization to common 

inhalant allergens (atopy). J Allergy Clin Immunol 

82:62-66.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Robinia pseudoacacia - 341 

Tokarnia CH, Canella CF, Döbereiner J, et al. (1967) Experimentos 

com plantas suspeitas de serem tóxicas realizados 

em bovinos no Estado do Rio De Janeiro, que resultaram 

negativos ou em perturbações leves passageiras. Pesq 

Agric Bras 2:343-351. 


experimental em bovinos pelas folhas de Ricinus communis. 


Topping MD, Henderson RT, Luczynska CM, et al. (1982) 

Castor bean allergy among workers in the felt industry. 

Allergy 37(8):603-608. 

Topping MD, Tyrer FH, Lowing RK (1981) Castor bean 

allergy in the upholstery department of a furniture factory. 

Br J Ind Med 38(3):293-296. 

Vilhjalmsdottir L, Fisher H (1971) Castor bean meal as a 

protein source for chickens: Detoxification and determination 

of limiting amino acids. J Nutr 101(9):1185-1192. 

Vincent P (1924) Castor oil seed poisoning in cattle. Vet J 

80:89. 

Vinther S, Matzen P (1983) Forgiftning med Ricinus communis. 

Ugeskr Laeger 145(20):1546-1547. 

Vroege D (1971) Ricine-intoxicatie door het kauwen 

op één wonderboon. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 

115(38):1580-1581. 

Wedin GP, Neal JS, Everson GW, et al. (1985) Castor 

bean poisoning: Two case reports. Vet Hum Toxicol 

28(4):299. 

Wedin GP, Neal JS, Everson GW, et al. (1986) Castor bean 

poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 4(3):259-261. 

Westermarck H (1952) Ricinushaltiga linfrökakor, som orsak 

till dödsfall och produktionsminskning på nöt. Nord Vet 

Med 4(Oct):1005-1009. 

Wilcox FP (1955) Poisoning - Castor bean. Los Angeles 

County Livestock Dep Annu Rep 1954-1955:38-41. 

Wolfle J, Kowalewski S (1995) Epidemiology of ingestions 

in a regional poison control center over twenty years. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 37(4):367-368. 

Wolfromm R, Guibert L, Rivolier J, et al. (1967) Épidémie 

d’allergie au de Dieppe (1963-1965). Presse Med 

75(43):2157-2160. 

Zerbst GH (1944) Unusual hazard in a fertilizer factory. 

Indus Med 13:552. 

Zifroni A (1985) [Castor bean poisoning.] Harefuah 

108(2):102-103, 110. 

rickety bush –see– Cycas media R. Br. 

Riddell’s-groundsel –see– Senecio riddellii Torr. & A. Gray 

ridge goosefoot –see– Chenopodium carinatum R. Br. 

ridge gourd –see– Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. 

r i e d e l i e l l a g r a c i l i f l o r a Harms 

[Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Dagli ML, Perrone EA, Haraguchi M, et al. (1995) The 

acute toxicity of Riedeliella graciflora in laboratory animals. 


Górniak SL, Dagli ML, Perrone EA, et al. (1995) The acute 

toxicity of Riedeliella graciflora in calves. Vet Hum Toxicol 

37(5):447-448. 

Riesenbärenklau –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier 

& Levier 

Riesenherkulestaude –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum 


Ringelblume –see– Calendula officinalis L.; Taraxacum 

officinale F. H. Wigg. aggr. 

rio palisander –see– Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex 

Benth. 

rio rosewood –see– Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex 

Benth. 

ripple ivy –see– Hedera helix L. 

Rivea corymbosa (L.) Hallier f. = Turbina corymbosa (L.) 

Raf. 

riventdore –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

river myall –see– Acacia binervia (J. C. Wendl.) J. F. Macbr. 

Riverina bluebell –see– Echium plantagineum L. 

rivierals –see– Matricaria nigellifolia DC. 

rizi mételykóró –see– Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir. 

rizin –see– Ricinus communis L. 

Rizinus –see– Ricinus communis L. 

robin –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

robinia –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

r ob i n i a p s e u d o a c a c i a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

acacia falsa; akác; Akazie; black acacia; black locust; 

Falsche Akazie; false acacia; locust tree; post locust; 

robin; robinia; Robinie; robinier; Scheinakazie; shipmast 

locust; Silberregen; Weiße Robinie; white locust; 

yellow locust 

Citations: 



Vet Med Assoc 200(9):1329-1331. 

Artero Sivera A, Arnedo Pena A, Pastor Cubo A (1989) 

Estudio clinicoepidemiologico de un envenenamiento 

accidental por Robinia pseudoacacia L. en escolares. An 

Esp Pediatr 30(3):191-194. 

Barnes MF (1921) Black locust poisoning of chickens. J Am 


Breazile JE (1959-1960) Black locust (Robin) poisoning in 

cattle. Vet Scope (Missouri Univ) 9(1):12, 20. 

Costa Bou X, Soler I Ros JM, Seculi Palacios JL (1990) 

Intoxicación por Robinia pseudoacacia. An Esp Pediatr 

32(1):68-69. 

Emery ZT (1887) Report of thirty-two cases of poisoning by 

locust bark. New York Med J 45:92. 

Filandrinos DT, Sioris LJ (1992) Transient elevation of liver 

function tests following ingestion of black locust seeds. 


Gardiner WW (1903) Poisoned from eating locust-tree 

bark (Robinia pseudoacacia, false acacia). Am Vet Rev 

27(Oct):599-600. 

Hansen AA (1924) Robitin - A potent plant poison. Better 

Crops 2(2):22-23, 44.

342 - Roepera ammophila D. Jesse Wagstaff 




Hopper DW (1999) False acacia poisoning in horses. Vet Rec 

145(4):115. 

Hui A, Marraffa JM, Stork CM (2004) A rare ingestion of 

the black locust tree. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42(1):93-95. 

Hui A, Stork CM (2002) A rare intoxication of black locust 

tree bark. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40(5):618-619. 

Keller H, Dewitz W (1969) Vergiftungen bei 9 Pferden 

durch Rinde der “Falschen Akazie” (Robinia pseudoacacia). 

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 76(5):115-117. 

Landolt G, Feige K, Schoberl M (1997) Vergiftung bei Pferden 

durch die Rinde der «Falschen Akazie» (Robinia 

pseudoacacia). Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 139(8):363-366. 

Pammel LH (1927) The toxicology of black locust. North 

Am Vet 8(Jan):41-43. 



Vet Med Assoc 200(7):936-939. 

Tasaki B, Tanaka U (1918) On the toxic constituents in the 

bark of Robinia pseudoacacia L. J Coll Agric Imperial 

Inst Tokyo 3(5):337-356. 

Thursby Pelham RH (1999) False acacia poisoning in horses. 

Vet Rec 145(5):148. 

Waldron CA (1908) Poisoning from locust bark. Am Vet 

Rev 33:456-459. 

Robinie –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

robinier –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

robust larkspur –see– Delphinium robustum Rydb. 

robust needlegrass –see– Achnatherum robustum (Vasey) 

Barkworth 

rock centaury –see– Zeltnera beyrichii (Torr. & A. Gray) G. 

Mans. 

rock fern –see– Cheilanthes sieberi Kunze; Cheilanthes 

tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw. 

rock isotome –see– Isotoma petraea F. Muell. 

rock lip fern –see– Cheilanthes tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw. 

rock moss –see– Portulaca grandiflora Hook. 

rock poppy –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

rockrose –see– Cistus ladanifer L. 

Rocky Mountain larkspur –see– Delphinium scopulorum A. 

Gray 

Rocky Mountain sage –see– Salvia reflexa Hornem. 

Rocky Mountain white oak –see– Quercus gambelii Nutt. 

r o e p e r a a MMo p h i l a (F. Muell.) Beier & 

Thulin [Zygophyllaceae] 

Synonyms: 

z ygophyllum ammophilum F. Muell. 

Common Names: 

sand twinleaf; twinleaf 

Citations: 

Chippendale G, Humble A, Siebert B (1964) Zygophyllum 

ammophilum and presumed nitrate poisoning in cattle. 

Aust Vet J 40(Jun):241. 

r o e p e r a f o e Ti d a (Schrad. & J. C. Wendl.) 

Beier & Thulin [Zygophyllaceae] 

Synonyms: 

z ygophyllum foetidum Schrad. & J. C. Wendl. 

Common Names: 

skuimbos 

Citations: 




3(1):125-130. 

Roggen –see– Secale cereale L. 

roldón –see– Coriaria myrtifolia L. 

roly poly –see– Salsola tragus L. 

romaine lettuce –see– Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia Lam. 

Roman camomille –see– Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. 

Roman hyacinth –see– Hyacinthus orientalis L. 

Roman wormwood –see– Artemisia pontica L. 

romerillo –see– Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.; Baccharis 

coridifolia DC. 

r o Mu l e a b u l b o c o d i u M (L.) Sebast. & Mauri 

[Iridaceae] 

Common names: 

onion grass, Guildford grass 

Citations: 

Eckel JF (1965) A sheep breeding problem in the Inverleigh 

district. Victorian Vet Proc 23:42-43. 

Galvin J (1998) Suspected onion grass toxicity. Quarterly 

Report for 1 April to 30 June 1998, Victoria (Agriculture 

Victoria). Anim Health Surveillance Q 3 (2):12. 

Gorrie CJ (1962) Ovine abortion in Victoria. Aust Vet J 

38:138-142. 

ronphagrass –see– Phalaris aquatica L. 

roode muur –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

rooibessie –see– Solanum kwebense N. E. Br. 

rooimuur –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

rooisuikerblom –see– Tylecodon grandiflorus (Burm. f.) 

Toelken 

root poison –see– Cicuta maculata L. 

Rorippa armoracia (L.) Hitchc. = Armoracia rusticana P. 

Gaertn. et al. 

rosa laurel –see– Nerium oleander L. 

rosary bean –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

rose campion –see– Agrostemma githago L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Rubia peregrina - 343 

rose-de-nöel –see– Helleborus niger L. 

rose laurel –see– Kalmia latifolia L.; Nerium oleander L. 

rose periwinkle –see– Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don 

rose-pink frangipani –see– Plumeria rubra L. 

rose silkweed –see– Asclepias incarnata L. 

rosebay –see– Nerium oleander L. 

rosebay laurel –see– Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. 

rosemary –see– Rosmarinus officinalis L. 

Rosenkohl –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera Zenker 

Rosenlorbeer –see– Nerium oleander L. 

Rosenmelde –see– Atriplex rosea L. 

rosewood –see– Alectryon oleifolius (Desf.) S. T. Reynolds; 

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. 

rosilla –see– Helenium quadridentatum Labill. 

rosin rose –see– Hypericum perforatum L. 

rosita –see– Zeltnera calycosa (Buckley) G. Mans. 

Rosmarin –see– Rosmarinus officinalis L. 

r o s Ma r i n u s o f f ic i n a l is L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

old-man rosemary; rosemary; Rosmarin; vervions 

Citations: 

Armisén M, Rodríguez V, Vidal C (2003) Photoaggravated 

allergic contact dermatitis due to Rosmarinus officinalis 

cross-reactive with Thymus vulgaris. Contact Dermatitis 

48(1):52-53. 

González-Mahave I, Lobesa T, Del Pozo MD, et al. (2006) 

Rosemary contact dermatitis and cross-reactivity with 

other labiate plants. Contact Dermatitis 54(4):210-212. 

Guin JD (2001) Rosemary cheilitis: One to remember. Contact 


Martínez-González MC, Goday Buján JJ, Martínex Gómez 

W, et al. (2007) Concomitant allergic contact dermatitis 

due to Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Thymus 

vulgaris (thyme). Contact Dermatitis 56(1):49-50. 

Serra E, Vila A, Peramiquel L, et al. (2005) Allergic contact 

dermatitis due to rosemary. Contact Dermatitis 

53(3):179-180. 

Roßkastanie –see– Aesculus hippocastanum L. 

rosy crown vetch –see– Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

Rotbeerige Zaunrübe –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

Rotbuche –see– Fagus sylvatica L. 

rote Bete –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

Roteibe –see– Taxus baccata L. 

Roter Fingerhut –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

Roter Pfeffer –see– Capsicum annuum L. 

Roth vetch –see– Vicia villosa Roth 

Rothschild’s-glory lily –see– Gloriosa superba L. 

Rotklee –see– Trifolium pratense L. 

Rottlera tinctoria Roxb. = Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) 

Müll. Arg. 

rough beardedgrass –see– Echinopogon ovatus (G. Forst.) P. 

Beauv. 

rough cat’s-ear –see– Hypochaeris radicata L. 

rough marsh elder –see– Iva annua L. 

rough pea –see– Lathyrus hirsutus L. 

rough pigweed –see– Amaranthus retroflexus L. 

round gourd –see– Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & 

Nakai 

round-leaf laurel –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

round-leaf mallow –see– Malva pusilla Sm. 

r o u r e a c o c c i n e a (Schumach. & Thonn.) 

Hook. f. [Connaraceae] 

Synonyms: 

b yrsocarpus coccineus Schumach. & Thonn. 

Common Names: 

kimbar mahalba 

Citations: 

Amégée Y (1983) Le tournis à Byrsocarpus des petits ruminants 

au Sud du Togo. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop 

36(1):27-31. 



royal poinciana –see– Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

Royena decidua Burch. = Diospyros lycioides Desf. 

rubber euphorbia –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

rubber hevea –see– Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) 

Müll. Arg. 

rubber plant –see– Jatropha dioica Sessé; Parthenium 

argentatum A. Gray 

rubber stem –see– Jatropha dioica Sessé 

rubber tree –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

rubber vine –see– Araujia sericifera Brot.; Cryptostegia 

grandiflora R. Br. 

rubberroot –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

rubberweed –see– Hymenoxys odorata DC.; Hymenoxys 


Rübe –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

ruber-ki-bal –see– Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. 

r u b i a p e r e g r i n a L. [Rubiaceae] 

Citations: 

Castelain M, Ducombs G (1988) Contact dermatitis from 

madder. Contact Dermatitis 19(10):228-229. 

ruda –see– Ruta chalepensis L.; Ruta graveolens L. 

ruda-del-monte –see– Thamnosma texana (A. Gray) Torr.

344 - Rudbeckia laciniata D. Jesse Wagstaff 

r u d b e c k i a l a c i n i a Ta L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

coneflower; cut-leaf coneflower; dormilión; golden 

glow; green-head coneflower; meadow cone; tall coneflower; 

thimble weed 

Citations: 

Gates FC (1930) Botanical notes, 1928-1929. Trans Kans 

Acad Sci 33:26-28. 

Pammel LH (1922) Golden glow. Vet Med 17(6):296. 

Skidmore LV, Peterson NF (1932) Observations on the toxicity 

of golden glow (Rudbeckia lacinata) to swine and 

other animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 81(Nov):655-662. 

rue –see– Ruta chalepensis L.; Ruta graveolens L.; Ruta 

montana Mill. 

rue-des-jardin –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

ruibarbillo –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

ruibarbo –see– Rheum ×hybridum Murray 

rum cherry –see– Prunus serotina Ehrh. 

r u Me x a c e To s a L. [Polygonaceae] 

Common Names: 

acedera común; Französisher Spinat; garden sorrel; 

green saure; green sorrel; Großer Sauerampfer; meadow 

sorrel; mezei sóska; oseille longue; Sauerampfer; sharp 

dock; sheep’s-sorrel; sorrel dock; sorrel grass; sour dock; 

sour leek; sour sorrel; sourgrass; surelle; surete; tall sorrel; 

vinagrera; vinette 

Citations: 

Coward TG (1949) Acute, fatal poisoning in sheep due to 

ingestion of common sorrel (Rumex acetosa). Vet Rec 

61(46):765-766. 

Vollmer H (1939) Sauerampfer - Vergiftung eines Kindes. 

Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 10(A816):175-178. 

r u Me x a c e To s e l l a L. [Polygonaceae] 

Common Names: 

cow sorrel; dock; field sorrel; horse sorrel; juhsóska; 

kleiner Ampfer; kleiner Sauerampfer; meadow sorrel; 

mountain sorrel; red sorrel; ruibarbillo; sand sorrel; 

sheep sorrel; sorrel; sour dock; sour weed; sourgrass; 

wood sorrel 

Citations: 




114(5-6):218-221. 

r u Me x c r is p u s L. [Polygonaceae] 

Common Names: 

acedera; curled dock; curly dock; lengua-de-vaca; narrow 

dock; sorrel; sour dock; yellow dock 

Citations: 

Farré M, Xirgu J, Salgado A, et al. (1989) Fatal oxalic acid 

poisoning from sorrel soup. Lancet 2(8678):1524. 

Panciera RJ, Martin T, Burrows GE, et al. (1990) Acute 

oxalate poisoning attributable to ingestion of curly 

dock (Rumex crispus) in sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

196(12):1981-1984. 

Reig R, Blanche C, Fontarnau R, et al. (1990) Fatal poisoning 

by Rumex crispus (curled dock): Pathological findings 

and application of scanning electron microscopy. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 32(5):468-470. 

r u Me x v e n o s u s Pursh [Polygonaceae] 

Common Names: 

sour green; veined dock; wild begonia; wild hydrangea; 

wing sorrel 

Citations: 

Dickie CW, Hamann MH, Carroll WD, et al. (1978) 

Oxalate (Rumex venosus) poisoning in cattle. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 173(1):73-74. 

r u Mo h r a a d i a n Ti f o r Mis (G. Forst.) Ching 


Synonyms: 

a rachniodes adiantiformis (Forst) Tindale 

Common Names: 

leatherleaf fern; Lederfarn 

Citations: 

Hausen BM, Schulz KH (1978) Occupational allergic contact 

dermatitis due to leatherleaf fern Arachniodes adiantiformis 

(Forst) Tindale. Br J Dermatol 98(3):325-329. 

Note: 

The synonym Arachniodes adiantiformis (Forst) Tindale 

could not be found in the databases searched. 

runaway robin –see– Glechoma hederacea L. 

Runkelrübe –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

runner bean –see– Phaseolus coccineus L. 

running mallow –see– Malva pusilla Sm. 

running-myrtle –see– Vinca major L. 

rush –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

Russian centaurea –see– Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. 

Russian comfrey –see– Symphytum officinale L. 

Russian knapweed –see– Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. 

Russian millet –see– Panicum miliaceum L. 

Russian olive –see– Elaeagnus angustifolia L. 

Russian-sickle milk vetch –see– Astragalus falcatus Lam. 

Russian star thistle –see– Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. 

Russian thistle –see– Salsola tragus L. 

rustic treacle –see– Allium sativum L. 

Ruta bracteosa DC. = Ruta chalepensis L. 

r u Ta c h a l e p e n s is L. [Rutaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r uta bracteosa DC.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Rutidosis helichrysoides - 345 

Common Names: 

ruda; rue 

Citations: 

Brener S, Friedman J (1985) Phytophotodermatitis induced by 

Ruta chalepensis L. Contact Dermatitis 12(4):230-232. 





Gonçalo S, Correia C, Couto JS, et al. (1989) Contact and 

photocontact dermatitis from Ruta chalepensis. Contact 

Dermatitis 21(16):200-201. 



36(5):454-455. 

Valsecchi R, Cassina GP, Migliori M, et al. (1985) Tego dermatitis. 


r u Ta c o r s ic a DC. [Rutaceae] 

Citations: 

Ena P, Camarda I (1990) Phytophotodermatitis from Ruta 

corsica. Contact Dermatitis 22(4):63. 

r u Ta g r a ve o l e n s L. [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

arruda; ave grace; countryman’s-treacle; Gartenraute; 

herb-of-grace; herb-of-repentance; herbe-de-grace; 

Raute; ruda; rue; rue-des-jardin; sadab; sitab; vulgarmente 

ruda; Weinkraut; Weinraute; Wiesenraute 

Citations: 





El Agraa SE, El Badwi SM, Adam SE (2002) Preliminary 

observations on experimental Ruta graveolens toxicosis in 

Nubian goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 34(4):271-281. 

Gandhi M, Lal R, Sankaranarayanan A, et al. (1991) Postcoital 

antifertility activity of Ruta graveolens in female 

rats and hamsters. J Ethnopharmacol 34:49-59. 

Gawkrodger DJ, Savin JA (1983) Phytodermatitis due to 

common rue (Ruta graveolens). Contact Dermatitis 

9(3):224. 

Hanslian L, Kadlec K (1968) Bulosní dermatitida po kontaktu 

s routou obecnou. Cesk Farm 17(6):293-295. 

Heskel NS, Amon RB, Storrs FJ, et al. (1983) Phytophotodermatitis 

due to Ruta graveolens. Contact Dermatitis 

9(4):278-280. 

Sharma AN, Nelson LS, Hoffman RS (2001) Ruta graveolens 

as an ethnic abortifacient. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

39(3):312-313. 

Szegö L, Dolinay V (1954) Durch “Ruta graveolens” verursachte 

massenhafte Dermatitis Bullosa als Berufsschadigung. 

Dermatol Wochenschr 130(45):1180-1185. 

Szegö L, Tamas-Fekete M (1955) Untersuchungen über die 

Rolle der physikalischen Factoren bei durch Ruta graveolens 

verursachten Dermatitis. Berufsdermatosen 3:84-88. 

Wessner D, Hofmann H, Ring J (1999) Phytophotodermatitis 

due to Ruta graveolens applied as protection against 

evil spells. Contact Dermatitis 41(4):232. 

r u Ta Mo n Ta n a Mill. [Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

rue 

Citations: 




Toxicol 42(3):137-141. 

Ortiz-Frutos FJ, Sanchez B, Garcia B, et al. (1995) Photocontact 

dermatitis from rue (Ruta montana L.). Contact 


rutabaga –see– Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) 

Rchb. 

r u Ti d o s is h e l ic h r y so i d e s DC. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 



Med J Aust 1(3):110-116. 

Rydberg’s-poison ivy –see– Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex 

Rydb.) Greene 

Rydberg’s-weedy milk vetch –see– Astragalus miser Douglas 

ex Hook. var. oblongifolius (Rydb.) Cronquist 

rye –see– Secale cereale L. 

ryegrass –see– Lolium perenne L.

saat –see– Erythrophleum succirubrum Gagnep. 

Saatlein –see– Linum usitatissimum L. 

Saatmohn –see– Papaver somniferum L. 

Saatplatterbse –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

Saatwicke –see– Vicia sativa L. 

sabbara –see– Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. 

sabra –see– Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. 

sacahuista –see– Nolina microcarpa S. Watson; Nolina texana 

S. Watson 

sacahuiste –see– Nolina microcarpa S. Watson; Nolina texana 

S. Watson 

saccharine blanche –see– Hyoscyamus albus L. 

s a c c h a r u M o f f ic i n a r u M L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

jaggery; sugar cane; Zuckerrohr 

Citations: 




Lehman CW (1976) Sugar cane smoke, an allergenic agent. 

Hawaii Med J 35(11):336-339. 



Leprol 53:325-328. 

Seifert HS, Beller KA (1969) Blausäurevergiftung beim 

Rind, verursacht durch Abweiden von Zuckerrohr (Saccharum 

officinarum) und Zufütterung von Früchten des 

Algarrobaumes (Prosopis juliflora). Berl Munch Tierarztl 

Wochenschr 82(5):88-91. 

Valarezo S, Preston TR (1973) Effects of two molasses diets 

and one cereal diet on the incidence of pendulous crop in 

turkeys. Cuban J Agric Sci 7(2):219-226. 

sacha sandia –see– Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense 

(Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray 

sacred bamboo –see– Nandina domestica Thunb. 

sacred datura –see– Datura inoxia Mill.; Datura wrightii 

Regel 

sadab –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

saddleleaf –see– Philodendron bipinnatifidum Schott ex Endl. 

Sadenbaum –see– Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco 

safari –see– Crotalaria saltiana Andrews 

safed kikar –see– Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. 

safflower -see- Carthamnus tinctorius L. 

saffron –see– Crocus sativus L. 

s 

saffron crocus –see– Crocus sativus L. 

saffron spice –see– Crocus sativus L. 

safran-des-prés –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

Safranrebendolde –see– Oenanthe crocata L. 

sage –see– Salvia officinalis L. 

sage bush –see– Ozothamnus diosmifolius (Vent.) DC. 

sagebrush –see– Artemisia tridentata Nutt. 

sagewort –see– Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 

sago cycas –see– Cycas revoluta Thunb. 

sago palm –see– Caryota urens L.; Cycas circinalis L.; Cycas 

revoluta Thunb. 

sagrado –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & 


sahajana –see– Moringa oleifera Lam. 

saia blanca –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

Saigon cinnamon –see– Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees 

s a i n Tp a u l i a i o n a n Th a H. Wendl. 

[Gesneriaceae] 

Common Names: 

African violet 

Citations: 



Temesvari E (1982) Occupational contact sensitivity from 

Sainpaulia ionantha. Contact Dermatitis 8(6):426. 

sal –see– Shorea robusta C. F. Gaertn. 

salad mustard –see– Sinapis alba L. 

salago –see– Wikstroemia ovata C. A. Mey. 

Salat –see– Lactuca sativa L. 

Salbei –see– Salvia officinalis L. 

sali –see– Heliotropium ternatum Vahl 

s a l i x a l b a L. [Salicaceae] 

Common Names: 

white willow; willow 

Citations: 

Chivato T, Juan F, Montoro A, et al. (1996) Anaphylaxis 

induced by ingestion of a pollen compound. J Invest 

Allergol Clin Immunol 6(3):208-209.

348 - Salix viminalis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

s a l i x v i Mi n a l is L. [Salicaceae] 

Citations: 

Gonçalo S, Sousa I, Moreno A, et al. (1986) Occupational 

dermatitis from Salix viminalis. Contact Dermatitis 

14(3):188-189. 

Sally wattle –see– Acacia binervia (J. C. Wendl.) J. F. Macbr. 

saloop –see– Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees 

salsa –see– Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schult. 

Salsola kali L. = Salsola tragus L. 

Salsola pestifer A. Nelson = Salsola tragus L. 

s a lso l a Tr ag u s L. [Chenopodiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s alsola kali L.; s alsola pestifer A. Nelson 

Common Names: 

prickly saltwort; roly poly; Russian thistle; saltwort; 

soft roly poly; tumbleweed 

Citations: 

Carnés J, Fernández-Caldas E, Marina A, et al. (2003) 

Immunochemical characterization of Russian thistle 

(Salsola kali) pollen extracts. Purification of the allergen 

Sal k 1. Allergy 58(11):1152-1156. 



9:317-334. 

Powell RF, Smith EB (1978) Tumbleweed dermatitis. Arch 

Dermatol 114(5):751-754. 

Salsola tuberculata (Fenzl ex Moq.) Schinz var. tomentosa 

C. A. Smith ex Aellen = Salsola tuberculatiformis 

Botsch. 

s a lso l a Tu b e r c u l a Ti f o r Mis Botsch. 


Synonyms: 

s alsola tuberculata (Fenzl ex Moq.) Schinz var. tomentosa 

C. A. Smith ex Aellen 

Citations: 

Basson PA, Morgenthal JC, Bilbrough RB, et al. (1969) 

“Grootlamsiekte,” a specific syndrome of prolonged gestation 

in sheep caused by a shrub, Salsola tuberculata 

(Fenzl ex Moq) Schinz var. tomentosa C. A. Smith ex 

Aellen. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 36(1):59-103. 

Joubert JP, Basson PA, Lucks HJ, et al. (1972) “Grootlamsiekte,” 

a specific syndrome of prolonged gestation in 

sheep: Further investigations. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

39(1):59-70. 

salt groundsel –see– Baccharis halimifolia L. 

saltwort –see– Salsola tragus L. 

s a l va d o r a p e r s ic a L. [Salvadoraceae] 

Common Names: 

meswak 

Citations: 

Harfi HA, Lundberg M (1997) Meswak, a novel allergen. 

Allergy 52(4):474-475. 

Salvation Jane –see– Echium plantagineum L. 

salvia –see– Salvia officinalis L. 

s a l vi a c o c c i n e a Buc’hoz ex Etl. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

kaliphool; mejorana; red sage; red salvia; Texas sage; 

tropical sage 

Citations: 

Hindmarsh WL (1938) Salvia coccinea. A garden escape 

poisonous to stock. New South Wales Dep Agric Vet Res 

Rep #7:118-119. 

Pal B, Varshneya C, Prasad B, et al. (1997) Nitrate bearing 

Salvia coccinea poisoning in Gaddi goats in Kangra Valley. 


Varshneya C, Kishtwaria RS, Prasad B (1995) Kali phool 

(Salvia coccinea) poisoning in Gaddi goats. Indian Vet J 

72(Jun):616-618. 

s a l vi a d i vi n o r u M Epling & Játiva [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

pipiltzinzintli; Ska Maria Pastora 

Citations: 

Arditti J, Bourdon JH, de Haro L, et al. (2003) Salvia divinorum, 

a new abuse potential plant. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

41(4):516. 

Valdés LJ 3rd, Díaz JL, Paul AG (1983) Ethnopharmacology 

of Ska Maria Pastora (Salvia divinorum Epling and 

Jativa-M.). J Ethnopharmacol 7(3):287-312. 

s a l vi a Mi l Tio r r h i z a Bunge [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

danshen 

Citations: 

Yu CM, Chan JC, Sanderson JE (1997) Chinese herbs 

and warfarin potentiation by ‘danshen’. J Intern Med 

241(4):337-339. 

s a l vi a o f f ic i n a l is L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Dalmatian sage; garden sage; huile-de-sauge; sage; 

Salbei; salvia 

Citations: 



Clin Toxicol 18(12):1485-1498. 




Tong T, Schnier AB, Williams SR, et al. (2003) Sage tea 

related convulsions in a pediatric unit. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 41(5):727-728.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Sambucus racemosa - 349 

s a l vi a r e f l e x a Hornem. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

annual sage; blue sage; lance-leaf sage; mintweed; narrow-leaf 

sage; Rocky Mountain sage; wild mint 

Citations: 



Williams CH, Hines HJ (1940) The toxic properties of Salvia 

reflexa. Aust Vet J 16:14-20. 

s a l vi a r o s Ma r i n o i d e s A. St.-Hil. ex Benth. 

[Lamiaceae] 

Citations: 




samak –see– Echinochloa frumentacea Link 

samambaia –see– Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn 

s a Ma n e a s a Ma n (Jacq.) Merr. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p ithecolobium saman Benth. 

Common Names: 

guango; rain tree; zamang 

Citations: 

Carter GR, Arnold RN (1948) An azoturia-like condition in 

mares eating guango (Pithecolobium saman, Benth) pods 

in Jamaica. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 12(9):255-259. 

samanguilla –see– Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. 

samanta –see– Cerbera odollam Gaertn. 

samba –see– Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. 

s a Mb u c u s c e r u l e a Raf. [Adoxaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s ambucus mexicana auct. 

Common Names: 

blue elderberry; elderberry 

Citations: 

Kunitz S, Melton RJ, Updyke T, et al. (1984) Outbreak of 

suspected cyanide poisoning from elderberry juice. California 

Morbidity 7(Feb 24):1. 

Kunitz S, Melton RJ, Updyke T, et al. (1984) Poisoning from 

elderberry juice - California. MMWR Morb Mortal 

Wkly Rep 33(13):173-174. 

Sambucus mexicana auct. = Sambucus cerulea Raf. 

s a Mb u c u s Me x ic a n a C. Presl ex DC. 

[Adoxaceae] 

Common Names: 

blueberry elderberry; Mexican elderberry; sauco; 

tapiro 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1984) Poisoning from elderberry juice. JAMA 

251(16):2075. 

s a Mb u c u s n ig r a L. [Adoxaceae] 

Common Names: 

Aalhorn; arn tree; barr tree; black elderberry; boon 

tree; boor tree; booty tree; bourtree; bur tree; dwarf 

elderberry; elderberry; European elderberry; fekete 

bodza; Flieder; haute bois; Holder; Schwarzer Holunder; 

sureau noire 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1895) Poisonous and medicinal plants. U S Dep 

Agric Annu Rep 1894:165-166. 



s a Mb u c u s r a c e Mo s a L. [Adoxaceae] 

Citations: 



samburu –see– Erythrophleum africanum (Welw. ex Benth.) 

Harms 

San Francisco –see– Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss. 

San Jose –see– Allamanda cathartica L. 

San Jose amarillo –see– Allamanda cathartica L. 

San Pablo –see– Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth var. 


San Rafaelito –see– Lantana camara L. 

sand briar –see– Solanum carolinense L. 

sand bur –see– Solanum rostratum Dunal 

sand groundsel –see– Senecio riddellii Torr. & A. Gray 

sand jack oak –see– Quercus incana W. Bartram 

sand reverchonia –see– Reverchonia arenaria A. Gray 

sand sagebrush –see– Artemisia filifolia Torr. 

sand shin oak –see– Quercus havardii Rydb. 

sand shinnery oak –see– Quercus havardii Rydb. 

sand sorrel –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

sand twinleaf –see– Roepera ammophila (F. Muell.) Beier & 

Thulin 

sandalwood –see– Santalum album L. 

sandbox –see– Hura crepitans L. 

sandbur –see– Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis 

sandfly zieria –see– Zieria smithii Andrews 

sandhill lupin –see– Lupinus cosentinii Guss. 

sandhill lupine –see– Lupinus diffusus Nutt. 

sandplain lupin –see– Lupinus cosentinii Guss. 

sandsage –see– Artemisia filifolia Torr. 

sangre-de-drago –see– Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex 

Walp.; Jatropha dioica Sessé

350 - Sanguinaria canadensis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Sanguinaire-du-Canada –see– Sanguinaria canadensis L. 

sanguinaria –see– Sanguinaria canadensis L. 

s a n g u i n a r i a c a n a d e n s is L. [Papaveraceae] 

Common Names: 

bloodroot; bloodwort; Indian red; puccoon; red puccoon; 

redroot; sanguinaria; Sanguinaire-du-Canada 

Citations: 

Downey W (1907) An investigation of the properties of 

the Sanguinaria canadensis; or puccoon. Bull Lloyd Lib 

#9(5):1-34. 

s a n ic u l a e u r o p a e a L. [Apiaceae] 

Citations: 




sanka –see– Crotalaria juncea L. 

s a n s e vi e r i a h y a c i n Th o i d e s (L.) Druce 

[Ruscaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s ansevieria thyrsiflora Thunb. 

Citations: 





Sansevieria thyrsiflora Thunb. = Sansevieria hyacinthoides 

(L.) Druce 

s a n s e vi e r i a Tr i f a s c i a Ta Prain [Ruscaceae] 

Common Names: 

mother-in-law’s-tongue; snake plant 

Citations: 

Rose A, Pitchford W, Monin T, et al. (1988) Acute weakness 

and death in a cat. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(4):334-335. 

s a n s e vi e r i a Tr i f a s c i a Ta Prain var. laurenti 

(De Wild.) N. E. Br. [Ruscaceae] 

Common Names: 

yellow-leaf mother-in-law’s-tongue 

Citations: 





Santa Ana –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

Santa Juane –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

Santa Maria feverfew –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

s a n Ta l u M a l b u M L. [Santalaceae] 

Common Names: 

chandan; Rhodesierholz; sandalwood; white 

sandalwood 

Citations: 

Starke JC (1967) Photoallergy to sandalwood oil. Arch Derm 

Syphilol 96(1):62-63. 

Santos Palisander –see– Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. 

Santos rosewood –see– Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. 

sanve –see– Sinapis arvensis L. 

sanwa millet –see– Echinochloa frumentacea Link 

sapele –see– Entandrophragma cylindricum (Sprague) 

Sprague 

s a p i u M b i l o c u l a r e (S. Watson) Pax 


Common Names: 

hierbe-de-la-flecha; hierbe mala; Magot; Mexican 

jumping bean; yerba-de-la-flecha 

Citations: 

Bradley CE (1956) Yerba de la fleche - Arrow and fish poison 

of the American Southwest. Econ Bot 10:362-366. 

Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. = Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 

sapu –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

sapucacia –see– Lecythis ollaria Loefl. 

sapucaia nut –see– Lecythis minor Jacq. 

sara –see– Zea mays L. 

s a r c ob a Tu s v e r Mic u l a Tu s (Hook.) Torr. 

[Sarcobataceae] 

Common Names: 

black greasewood; chico; greasewood 

Citations: 

Fleming CE, Miller MR, Vawter LR (1928) The greasewood 

(Sarcobatus vermiculatus), a range plant poisonous to 

sheep. Nevada Agric Exp Sta Bull #115:22 pp. 



#1928:21-22. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Couch JF (1923) Greasewood as a 

poisonous plant. U S Dep Agric Circ #279:4 pp. 

s a r c o c e p h a l u s d i d e r r ic h i i De Wild. 

[Rubiaceae] 

Common Names: 

acajou-jaune-du-Congo; afrikanischer Buchsbaum; 

bois-gris-jaunàtre; west African boxwood; yellow grey 

box 

Citations: 

Harvey RJ (1906) The physiological properites of ‘West African 

Boxwood’. Biochem J 1:39-53.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Sauropus androgynus - 351 

s a r c o l ob u s g l ob o s u s Wall. [Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

banok; kundur laut; pitis pitis 

Citations: 

Amarasingham RD, Lee H (1969) A review of poisoning 

cases examined by the Department of Chemistry, Malaysia, 

from 1963 to 1967. Med J Malaysia 23(3):220-227. 

Arokiasamy M (1968) Toxicity of Sarcolobus globosus as 

observed in a cat. Malaysian Vet J 4(3):196-199. 

Millard AH, Orr W (1958) Observations on the toxicity of 

Sarcolobus globosus, Wall. Malaysian Vet J 2(1):24-30. 

s a r c o s Te MMa v i Mi n a l e (L.) R. Br. 

[Apocynaceae] 

Synonyms: 

e uphorbia viminale L. 

Common Names: 

caustic bush; caustic vine; leafless milkweed; melktou; 

milk bush; ol dewo; pencil caustic; spantou melkbos 

Citations: 

Gilruth JA (1931) Caustic vine (Sarcostemma australe) as a 

poison plant. J CSIRO Aust 4:58-60. 

Gilruth JA, Murnane D (1931) Sarcostemma australe (caustic 

vine): A plant that is poisonous to stock. J CSIRO 

Aust 4:225-231. 

Philip JR, Jackson JJ, Shone DK (1958) Sarcostemma viminale 

poisoning in sheep and cattle. J S Afr Vet Assoc 

29(4):319-320. 

Terblanche M, van Straten AM (1966) Further studies on 

Sarcostemma viminale R. Br. poisoning. J S Afr Vet 

Assoc 37(3):317-319. 

sarelle –see– Oxalis acetosella L. 

Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimm. ex W. D. J. Koch = 

Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 

sarson –see– Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. 

sartwellia –see– Sartwellia flaveriae A. Gray 

s a r Tw e l l i a f l a ve r i a e A. Gray [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

downy sartwellia; sartwellia; thread-leaf sartwellia 

Citations: 

Mathews FP (1940) The toxicity of Sartwellia flaveriae to 

goats. J Agric Res 61(4):287-292. 





Saskatoon serviceberry –see– Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) 

Nutt. ex M. Roem. 

sassafras –see– Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees 

s a s s a f r a s a l b i d u M (Nutt.) Nees [Lauraceae] 

Common Names: 

ague tree; American sassafras; cinnamonwood; huilede-sassafras 

américain; saloop; sassafras; saxifras 

Citations: 


Arch Dis Child 28(142):475-483. 

Grande GA, Dannewitz SR (1987) Symptomatic sassafras 

oil ingestion. Vet Hum Toxicol 29(6):447. 

sasswood –see– Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) 


sassy bark –see– Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) 


sassy jack –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

Satan’s-apple –see– Mandragora officinarum L. 

satayanashi –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

Satinholz –see– Chloroxylon swietenia DC. 

satinwood –see– Chloroxylon swietenia DC.; Zanthoxylum 

flavum Vahl 

satyanasi –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

Saubohne –see– Vicia faba L. 

sauco –see– Sambucus mexicana C. Presl ex DC. 

saucy bark –see– Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) 


Sauerampfer –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

sauerblec –see– Oxalis acetosella L. 

Saukraut –see– Hyoscyamus niger L.; Levisticum officinale W. 

D. J. Koch 

Sauropus albicans Blume = Sauropus androgynus (L.) 

Merr. 

s a u r o p u s a n d r o g y n u s (L.) Merr. 


Synonyms: 

s auropus albicans Blume 

Common Names: 

asin asin; chekkarmenis; chekor manis; chekurmanis 

Citations: 

Bender AE, Ismail KS (1976) Nutritive value and toxicity 

of a Malaysian food, Sauropus albicans. Proc Nutr Soc 

32(2):79A-80A. 

Chang H, Wang JS, Tseng HH, et al. (1997) Histopathological 

study of Sauropus androgynus-associated constrictive 

bronchiolitis: A new cause of constrictive bronchiolitis 

obliterans. Am J Surg Pathol 21(1):35-42. 

Chang YL (1998) Segmental necrosis of small bronchi after 

prolonged intakes of Sauropus androgynus in Taiwan. 

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157(2):594-598. 

Chang YL, Chen JS, Wu HD, et al. (2000) Retransplantation 

of contralateral lung in a patient with Sauropus 

androgynus-induced bronchobronchiolitis obliterans. 

Transplant Proc 32(7):2432-2434.

352 - Saussurea costus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Chen CW, Hsiue TR, Chen KW, et al. (1996) Increased IL-5 

and IL-10 transcription in bronchial cells after Sauropus 

androgynus ingestion. J Formos Med Assoc 95(9):699-702. 

Deng JF (1996) Outbreak of obstructive ventilatory impairment 

associated with consumption of Sauropus androgynus 

vegetable. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34:600. 

Ger LP, Chiang AA, Lai RS, et al. (1997) Association of 

Sauropus androgynus and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: 

A hospital-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 

145(9):842-849. 

Higenbottam TW (1997) Bronchiolitis obliterans following 

the ingestion of an Asian shrub leaf. Thorax 52(Suppl 

3):S68-S72. 

Hsiue TR, Guo YL, Chen KW, et al. (1998) Dose-response 

relationship and irreversible obstructive ventilatory defect 

in patients with consumption of Sauropus androgynus. 

Chest 113(1):71-76. 

Hsu H, Chang H, Su J, et al. (1998) Lung transplantation 

in Sauropus androgynus consumption patients in Taiwan. 

Transplant Proc 30(7):3393-3394. 

Lin TJ, Lu CC, Chen KW, et al. (1996) Outbreak of obstructive 

ventilatory impairment associated with consumption 

of Sauropus androgyous vegetable. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

34(1):1-8. 

Oonakahara K, Matsuyama W, Higashimoto I, et al. (2005) 

Outbreak of bronchiolitis obliterans associated with consumption 

of Sauropus androgynus in Japan - Alert of 

food-associated pulmonary disorders from Japan. Respiration 

72(2):221. 

Wang J, Tseng HH, Lai RS, et al. (2000) Sauropus androgynus-constrictive 

obliterative bronchitis/bronchiolitis - 

Histopathological study of pneumonectomy and biopsy 

specimens with emphasis on the inflammatory process 

and disease progression. Histopath 37(5):402-410. 

Wu CL, Hsu WH, Chiang CD (1998) The effect of largedose 

prednisolone on patients with obstructive lung disease 

associated with consuming Sauropus androgynus. 

Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih 61(1):34-38. 

Wu CL, Hsu WH, Chiang CD, et al. (1997) Lung injury 

related to consuming Sauropus androgynus vegetable. J 


Yang CF, Wu MT, Chiang AA, et al. (1997) Correlation of 

high-resolution CT and pulmonary function in bronchiolitis 

obliterans: A study based on 24 patients associated 

with consumption of Sauropus androgynus. AJR Am J 

Roentgenol 168(4):1045-1050. 

s a u s s u r e a c o s Tu s (Falc.) Lipsch. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

costus; kusth 

Citations: 

Maibach HI, Mitchell JC (1975) Costus absolute (Saussurea): 

Predictive assay for allergic contact sensitization in 

guinea-pigs. Contact Dermatitis 1(3):184. 

saxifras –see– Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees 

s c a d o x u s Mu l Ti f l o r u s (Martyn) Raf. 


Synonyms: 

h aemanthus multiflorus Martyn 

Common Names: 

blood lily; powderpuff lily 

Citations: 



scanty rice flower –see– Pimelea pauciflora R. Br. 

scarlet buckeye –see– Aesculus pavia L. 

scarlet maple –see– Acer rubrum L. 

scarlet milkweed –see– Asclepias curassavica L. 

scarlet pimpernel –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

scarlet plume –see– Euphorbia fulgens Karw. ex Klotzsch 

scarlet rhus –see– Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze 

scarlet runner bean –see– Phaseolus coccineus L. 

scarlet sumach –see– Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) 

Kuntze 

scarlet wistaria tree –see– Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. 

scarletberry –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

scented goosefoot –see– Chenopodium carinatum R. Br. 

scentless chamomile –see– Anthemis arvensis L. 

Schafgarbe –see– Achillea millefolium L. 

Schaflinse –see– Securigera varia (L.) Lassen 

Scharlachbeere –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

Schattenblume –see– Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. 

Schmidt 

schefflera –see– Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms 

s c h e f f l e r a a c Ti n o p h y l l a (Endl.) Harms 

[Araliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b rassaia actinophylla Endl. 

Common Names: 

Australian ivy palm; Australian umbrella tree; heart 

ivy; octopus tree; queens umbrella tree; Queensland 

umbrella tree; ripple ivy; schefflera; umbrella tree 

Citations: 

Grob M, Wüthrich B (1998) Occupational allergy to the 

umbrella tree (Schefflera). Allergy 53(10):1008-1009. 

Mitchell JC (1981) Allergic contact dermatitis from Hedera 

helix and Brassaia actinophylla (Araliaceae). Contact 


Stowe CM, Fangmann G (1975) Schefflera toxicosis in a dog. 


s c h e f f l e r a a r b o r ic o l a (Hayata) Merr. 

[Araliaceae] 

Citations: 




International Poisonous Plants Checklist Schoenus asperocarpus - 353 

s c h e f f l e r a k wa n g s i e n s is Merr. ex H. L. Li 

[Araliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s chefflera volkensii (Harms) Harms 

Citations: 

Calnan CD (1981) Dermatitis from Schefflera. Contact Dermatitis 

7(6):341. 

Schefflera volkensii (Harms) Harms = Schefflera 

kwangsiensis Merr. ex H. L. Li 

Scheinakazie –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

Scheinbeere –see– Gaultheria procumbens L. 

Scheißwurz –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

Schellkraut –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

Schierling Caladium –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) 

Schott 

s c h i n u s Te r e b i n Th i f o l i u s Raddi 


Common Names: 

aroeira; Brazilian pepper tree; burnwood; Christmasberry 

tree; copa; coral sumach; doctor gum; false 

pepper; Florida holly; Japanese pepper; mountain manchineel; 

pepper tree; pimienta-de-Brasil; pink peppercorn; 

poisonwood 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1978) Berry banquet leaves 115 birds dead in 

South Dade. Miami Herald. Mar 2:C1. 

Britt JO Jr, Howard EB (1984) Pepper tree berry poisoning 

in a flock of wild cedar waxwings. Avian Exotic Pract 

1(3):11-13. 

Catalano PN (1984) Mango sap and poison ivy dermatitis. J 

Am Acad Dermatol 10(3):522. 

s c h i z o c a r p h u s n e rv o s u s (Burch.) Van der 

Merwe [Hyacinthaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s cilla rigidifolia Kunth. 

Citations: 






Anim Indus 21(1):45-55. 

Schlafmohn –see– Papaver somniferum L. 

Schlangenkraut –see– Calla palustris L. 

Schlangenrübe –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

Schlehe –see– Prunus spinosa L. 

Schlüsselblume –see– Primula veris L. 

Schmerwurz –see– Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & 

Wilkin 

Schneeball –see– Viburnum rhitidophyllum Hemsl. 

Schneebeere –see– Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake 

Schneerose –see– Helleborus niger L. 

s c h o e n u s a s p e r o c a r p u s F. Muell. 

[Cyperaceae] 

Common Names: 

poison sedge 

Citations: 

Colegate SM, Dorling PR, Huxtable CR (1994) Poison 

sedges (Schoenus spp.): Toxic effects and identification of 

the toxic principle. In: Colegate SM, Dorling PR (eds.) 



Nairn ME, Aplin TE, Petterson DS, et al. (1971) Poison 

sedge can kill stock. J Agric West Aust 12:45-47. 

Royce RD (1952) Poison sedge and cyanogenesis. J Agric 

Western Australia 3rd Series 1(Jul-Aug):497-500. 

Schöllkraut –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

Schutt Bingelkraut –see– Mercurialis annua L. 

Schwarzdorn –see– Prunus spinosa L. 

Schwarze Brechnuß –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

schwarze Neiswurz –see– Helleborus niger L. 

schwarze Zaunrübe –see– Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick 

& Wilkin 

Schwarzer Holunder –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

Schwarzer Maulbeerbaum –see– Morus nigra L. 

Schwarzer Nachtshatten –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

Schwarzer Senf –see– Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch 

Schwarze silsenkraut –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

Schwarzkraut –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

Schwarzwurz –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

Schweden Klee –see– Trifolium hybridum L. 

Schweigrohr –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

Schweinekraut –see– Calla palustris L. 

Schweinsohr –see– Calla palustris L. 

Schwindelhafer –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

Scilla cooperi Hook. f. = Ledebouria cooperi (Hook. f.) 

Jessop 

Scilla natalensis Planch. = Merwilla plumbea (Lindl.) Speta 

Scilla nonscripta (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link = Hyacinthoides 

non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm. 

Scilla nutans Sm. = Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard 

ex Rothm. 

Scilla rigidifolia Kunth = Schizocarphus nervosus (Burch.) 

Van der Merwe 

scille maritime –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

scille officinale –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn

354 - Scindapsus pictus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Scindapsus aureus (Linden & André) Engl. = Epipremnum 

pinnatum (L.) Engl. 

s c i n d a p s u s p ic Tu s Hassk. [Araceae] 

Common Names: 

pothos 

Citations: 



41(4):514. 

s c l e r ob l i Tu M a Tr i pl ic i n u M (F. Muell.) 

Ulbr. [Chenopodiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c henopodium atriplicinum (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

Common Names: 

lamb’s-tongue; purple goosefoot 

Citations: 

King RO (1937) Chenopodium atriplicinum (lamb’s tongue) 

a plant toxic for sheep in immature stages of growth. New 

South Wales Dep Agric Vet Res Rep 7:95-97. 

Seddon HR, Belschner HG (1931) Mortalities in sheep associated 

with grazing on young pasture plants, with special 

reference to Chenopodium atriplicinus. Aust Vet J 

7:68-70. 

Seddon HR, Belschner HG (1931) Mortalities in sheep grazing 

on young plants of Chenopodium atriplicinum. Agric 


s c l e r o l a e n a a n is a c a n Th o i d e s (F. 

Muell.) Domin [Chenopodiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b assia echinopsila (F. Muell.) F. Muell. 

Common Names: 

red bur 

Citations: 



9:317-334. 

scopolia –see– Scopolia carniolica Jacq. 

s c o p o l i a c a r n io l ic a Jacq. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

crazy plant; Glockenbilsenkraut; scopolia; Tollkraut 

Citations: 

Cuculić M, Kalodera Z, Sindik J, et al. (1988) Obiteljsko trovanje 

korijenom bijelog buna (Scopolia carniolica Jacq.). 

Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 39(3):345-348. 

Hatziisaak T, Weber A (1998) Hexentee. Schweiz Rundsch 

Med Prax 87(49):1705-1708. 

scorpion weed –see– Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S. Watson 

Scotch broom –see– Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 

Scotch laburnum –see– Laburnum alpinum (Mill.) J. Presl 

Scottish laburnum –see– Laburnum alpinum (Mill.) J. Presl 

scourge-of-India –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

scouring rush –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

scrambled eggs –see– Corydalis aurea Willd. 

scrintioare cosita –see– Galega officinalis L. 

Scrophularia aquatica auct. = Scrophularia auriculata L. 

s c r o p h u l a r i a a u r ic u l a Ta L. 


Synonyms: 

s crophularia aquatica auct. 

Common Names: 

betoine aquatique; herbe-du-siège; tigerwort; water 

betony; water figwort; water scrophularia 

Citations: 

Ewart RH (1937) Poisoning in young cattle by a member of 

Scrophulariaceae. Vet Rec 49:1514. 

Runciman T (1885) Paralysis in ewes caused by eating 

“Scrophularia aquatica” (greater water, tiger-wort, water 

betony). Am Vet Rev 9:79-80. 

s c r o p h u l a r i a Ma r i l a n d ic a L. 


Synonyms: 

Melampyrum cristatum L. 

Common Names: 

cow wheat; honey plant; Simpson money plant 

Citations: 

Lazareva DN, Karimova SG, Zarudy FS, et al. (1967) [On 

the neurologic effect of cow wheat (Melampyrum cristatus 

L.).] Farmakol Toksikol 29:175-177. 

scrub kurrajong –see– Pimelea pauciflora R. Br. 

scrub oak –see– Quercus gambelii Nutt. 

scullcap –see– Scutellaria lateriflora L. 

scurfy pea –see– Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik.; Cullen 

drupaceum (Bunge) C. H. Stirt. 

scutellaria –see– Scutellaria lateriflora L. 

s c u Te l l a r i a l a Te r i f l o r a L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

helmet flower; hoodwort; madweed; Quaker bonnet; 

scullcap; scutellaria; skullcap 

Citations: 

Estes JD, Stolpman D, Olyaei A, et al. (2003) High prevalence 

of potentially hepatotoxic herbal supplement use 

in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Arch Surg 

138(8):852-858. 

sea arrowgrass –see– Triglochin maritima L. 

sea lavender –see– Goniolimon tataricum (L.) Boiss. 

sea myrtle –see– Baccharis halimifolia L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Semecarpus ater - 355 

sea onion –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

sea purslane –see– Trianthema portulacastrum L. 

sea squill –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

seaside arrowgrass –see– Triglochin maritima L. 

seaside buttercup –see– Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh 

sebipira –see– Bowdichia nitida Spruce ex Benth. 

seca tierra –see– Pascalia glauca Ortega 

s e c a l e c e r e a l e L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

annual rye; Roggen; rye 

Citations: 

Karasek E (1961) Intoxikationen durch ausgekeimten Roggen 

in einer Schafherde. Monatsh Veterinarmed 16:265-266. 

MacAuliffe T, Pietraszek A, McGinnis J (1976) Variable 

rachitogenic effects of grain and alleviation by extraction 

or supplementation with Vitamin D, fat and antibiotics. 

Poult Sci 55(6):2142-2147. 

MacAuliffe T, Zaviezo D, McGinnis J (1979) Effect of 

gamma irradiation, fractionation, and penicillin supplementation 

on the rachitogenic activity of rye for chicks. 

Poult Sci 58(2):329-332. 

Proudfoot FG, Hulan HW (1986) The nutritive value of 

ground rye as a feed ingredient for adult Leghorn hens. 

Can J Anim Sci 66(1):311-315. 

Untawale GG, McGinnis J (1979) Effect of rye and levels of 

raw and autoclaved beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on adhesion 

of microflora to the intestinal mucosa. Poult Sci 

58(4):928-933. 

s e c h i u M e d u l e (Jacq.) Sw. [Cucurbitaceae] 

Common Names: 

chayote; chocho 

Citations: 

Jensen LP, Lai AR (1986) Chayote (Sechium edule) causing 

hypokalemia in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 

155(5):1048-1049. 

s e c u r ig e r a v a r i a (L.) Lassen [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c oronilla varia L. 

Common Names: 

axwort; broom; cornvetch; coronilla; crownvetch; 

Falsche Efparfette; Giftwicke; Giftwide; Hagedorn; 

Kronenschütchen; Kronwicke; Mehldorn; rosy crown 

vetch; Schaflinse 

Citations: 

Gustine DL, Shenk JS, Wangsness PJ, et al. (1973) Isolation 

and characterization of crownvetch constituents deleterious 

to nonruminants. Proc Fescue Toxicity Conf. Lexington, 

Kentucky. pp. 140-144. 

Salyi G, Sztojkov V, Hilbert Miklovica M (1988) A nutria 

tarka koronafürt (Coronilla varia L.) okozta mérgezése. 



Lab Anim Sci 26(4):664-669. 

Shenk JS, Wangsness PJ, Leach RM, et al. (1976) Relationship 

between β-nitropropionic acid content of crownvetch 

and toxicity in nonruminant animals. J Anim Sci 

42(3):616-621. 

Zuyu L, Xueqin F, Zihua Z, et al. (1987) [The effects of 

feeding diets containing Astragalus adsurgens Pall and 

Coronilla varia L. on broiler chickens.] Acta Vet Zootech 

Sin 18(3):157-162. 

sedano –see– Apium graveolens L. 

Sedum spectabile Boreau = Hylotelephium spectabile 

(Boreau) H. Ohba 

seepbossie –see– Noltea africana (L.) Endl. 

seeroogblom –see– Boophone disticha (L. f.) Herb. 

seggrum –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

Seidelbast –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

selino –see– Apium graveolens L. 

Sellerie –see– Apium graveolens L. 

selyemkóró –see– Asclepias syriaca L. 

sem –see– Canavalia cathartica Thouars 

s e Me c a r p u s a n a c a r d i u M L. f. 


Synonyms: 

a nacardium orientale auct. ex Steud. 

Common Names: 

bella gutta tree; bibba nut; bibha; bichi nut; black nut; 

dhobi nut; golden corn; Indian ink tree; Indian marking 

nut; marking nut; oriental cashew; ral tree 

Citations: 

Cade A, Nelson CS (1996) Semecarpus anacardium-induced 

facial oedema. Br J Dermatol 135(2):338-339. 

Fitz-Hugh T Jr, Livingood CS, Rogers AM (1943) Dhobie 

mark dermatitis. U S Army Med Dep Bull #69:55-58. 

Fox H (1921) Dermatitis venenata from oriental cashew nut. 

Report of a case. Arch Derm Syphilol 3:202-203. 

Goldsmith NR (1943) Dermatitis from Semecarpus anacardium 

(bhilawanol or the marking nut). Spread by contaminated 

mail. JAMA 123(Sep 4):27. 

Livingood CS, Rogers AM, Fitz-Hugh T Jr (1943) Dhobie 

mark dermatitis. JAMA 123(1):23-26. 

Matthai TP, Date A (1979) Renal cortical necrosis following 

exposure to sap of the marking-nut tree (Semecarpus 

anacardium). Am J Trop Med Hyg 28(4):773-774. 

Shankar DS (1992) Contact urticaria induced by Semecarpus 

anacardium. Contact Dermatitis 26(3):200. 

Waud SP, Fein H (1943) Dermatitis venenata caused by 

the ink from the bichi nut. Bull U S Army Med Dep 

#69(Oct):59-60. 

s e Me c a r p u s a Te r (G. Forst.) Vieill. 


Common Names: 

acajou; goudronnier; nole; pomme d’acajou

356 - Semecarpus australiensis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Hitch JM (1944) Dermatitis venenata caused by Semecarpus 

atra. U S Nav Med Bull 42(5):1111-1115. 

s e Me c a r p u s a u s Tr a l i e n s is Engl. 


Common Names: 

marking nut; tar tree 

Citations: 



Seminole bread –see– Zamia integrifolia L. f. 

sempervivum –see– Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 

s e n e c io a b y s s i n ic u s Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich. 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Williams AO, Schoental R (1970) Hepatotoxicity of Senecio 

abyssinicus. Experimental and ultrastructural studies. 

Trop Geogr Med 22(2):201-210. 

s e n e c io a l p i n u s (L.) Scop. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Alpenkreuzkraut; ragwort 

Citations: 

Braun U, Linggi T, Pospischil A (1999) Ultrasonographic 

findings in three cows with chronic ragwort (Senecio 

alpinus) poisoning. Vet Rec 144(5):122-126. 

Pohlenz J, Lüthy J, Minder HP, et al. (1980) Enzootische 

Leberzirrhose beim Rind, verursacht durch Pyrrolizidinalkaloide 

nach Aufnahme von Senecio alpinus (Alpenkreuzkraut). 

Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 122(4):183-194. 

Stunzi H (1982) Vergiftungen bei Kühen nach Aufnahme von 

Alpenkreuzkraut. Mitt Schweiz Landwirtsch 30:35-36. 

Senecio ambrosioides Rydb. = Senecio eremophilus 

Richardson var. kingii Greenm. 

Senecio aquaticus Hill = Jacobaea aquatica (Hill) P. Gaertn. 

et al. var. aquatica 

Senecio australis Willd. = Senecio linearifolius A. Rich 

Senecio barbareaefolius Rchb. = Jacobaea aquatica (Hill) P. 

Gaertn. et al. var. aquatica 

s e n e c io b r a s i l i e n s is (Spreng.) Less. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

ragwort 

Citations: 

Barros CS, Castilhos LM, Santos MN, et al. (1987) Liver 

biopsy in ragwort poisoning. Vet Rec 121(16):382. 

Barros CS, Driemeier D, Pilati C, et al. (1992) Senecio spp 

poisoning in cattle in Southern Brazil. Vet Hum Toxicol 

34(3):241-246. 

Barros CS, Metzdorf LL, Peixoto PV (1987) Ocorrência de surtos 

de intoxicação por Senecio spp. (Compositae) em bovinos 


Barros CS, Metzdorf LL, Santos MN, et al. (1989) Intoxicação 

experimental por Senecio brasiliensis (Compositae) 

em ovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 9(3-4):55-67. 

Gava A, Barros CS (1997) Senecio spp. poisoning of horses 

in Southern Brazil. Pesq Vet Bras 17(1):36-40. 

Ilha MR, Loretti AP, Barros SS, et al. (2001) Intoxicação 

espontânea por Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) em ovinos 


Karam FS, Soares MP, Haraguchi M, et al. (2004) Aspectos 

epidemiológicos da seneciose na região sul do Rio Grande 

do Sul. Pesq Vet Bras 24(4):191-198. 

Méndez MC, Riet-Correa F, Schild AL (1987) Intoxicação 

por Senecio spp. (Compositae) em bovinos no Rio Grande 


Nazario W, Portugal MA, Fancelli MI (1988) Considerações 

sobre o papel do Senecio brasiliensis, Lessing, Acompanhamento 

de acidente tóxico em bovinos, ocorrido em São 

Paulo. Pesq Agric Bras 23(5):537-542. 


por Senecio brasiliensis (Compositae) em bovinos. Pesq 

Vet Bras 4(2):39-65. 

s e n e c io b u r c h e l l i i DC. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

kovanna bos; sprinkaanbos 

Citations: 

Chase WH (1904) The Molteno cattle disease. Agric J Cape 

Good Hope 25:675-678. 

Robertson W (1906) Cirrhosis of the liver in stock in Cape 

Colony, produced by two species of Senecio (Senecio 

burchelli and Senecio latifolius). J Comp Pathol Ther 

19(2):97-110. 

Willmot FC, Robertson GW (1920) Senecio disease, or cirrhosis 

of the liver due to senecio poisoning. Lancet 2(Oct 

23):848-849. 

s e n e c io c a n n a b i f o l i u s Less. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

hangon so 

Citations: 

Hirono I, Ueno I, Aiso S, et al. (1983) Carcinogenic activity 

of Farfugium japonicum and Senecio cannabifolius. Cancer 

Lett 20(2):191-198. 

s e n e c io c is pl a Ti n u s Cabrera [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 








162-166. 

s e n e c io c u n n i n g h a Mi i DC. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Wiltjer JC, Walker CE (1974) Rectal prolapse in cattle associated 

with pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning. Aust Vet J 

50(12):579-580.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Senecio ilicifolius - 357 

s e n e c io d e s f o n Ta i n e i Druce [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

El Sergany MA, Morsy AA, Dessouky MI, et al. (1984) 

Studies on blood cytology, serum enzymes and the histopathology 

of the liver in chicks fed dried Senecio desfontainei. 

Arch Geflugelkunde 48(3):77-80. 

Senecio diversifolius Wall. ex DC. = Jacobaea raphanifolia 

(Wall. ex DC.) B. Nord. 

Senecio douglasii DC. var. longilobus (Benth.) L. D. 

Benson = Senecio flaccidus Less. var. flaccidus 

s e n e c io e r e Mo p h i l u s Richardson var. kingii 

Greenm. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

s enecio ambrosioides Rydb. 

Common Names: 

groundsel 

Citations: 



Senecio erraticus Bertol. = Jacobaea aquatica (Hill) P. 

Gaertn. et al. var. erratica (Bertol.) Pelser & Meijden 

Senecio erraticus Bertol. subsp. barbareifolius (Fiori) Beger 

= Jacobaea aquatica (Hill) P. Gaertn. et al. var. erratica 

(Bertol.) Pelser & Meijden 

s e n e c io f l a c c i d u s Less. var. flaccidus 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

s enecio douglasii DC. var. longilobus (Benth.) L. D. 

Benson; s enecio longilobus Benth. 

Common Names: 

gordolobo yerba; groundsel; threadleaf groundsel; 

woolly groundsel 

Citations: 






Clawson AB (1933) The American groundsels species of Senecio 

as stock poisoning plants. Vet Med 28(Mar):105-110. 

Dollahite JW (1972) The use of sheep and goats to control 

Senecio poisoning in cattle. Southwestern Vet 

25(3):223-226. 

Fox DW, Hart MC, Bergeson PS, et al. (1978) Pyrrolizidine 

(senecio) intoxication mimicking Reye Syndrome. J Pediatr 

93(6):980-982. 

Harris PN, Chen KK (1970) Development of hepatic tumours 

in rats following ingestion of Senecio longilobus. Cancer 

Res 30(12):2881-2886. 

Henderson FG, Harris PN, Chen KK (1954) Hepatotoxic 

action of Senecio longilobus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 

110:26. 

Johnson AE, Molyneux RJ (1984) Toxicity of threadleaf 

groundsel (Senecio douglasii var longilobus) to cattle. Am 

J Vet Res 45(1):26-31. 



Mathews FP (1933) Poisoning of cattle by species of groundsel 

(Senecio longilobus Benth., and Senecio riddellii Torr. 

and Gray). Texas Agric Exp Sta Bull #481:5-20. 





Molyneux RJ, Johnson AE, Stuart LD (1988) Delayed manifestation 

of Senecio-induced pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis in 

cattle: Case reports. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(3):201-205. 

Stillman AE, Huxtable R, Consroe P, et al. (1977) Hepatic 

veno-occlusive disease due to pyrrolizidine (Senecio) poisoning 

in Arizona. Gastroenterology 73(2):349-352. 

Stillman AE, Huxtable RJ, Fox DW, et al. (1977) Poisoning 

associated with herbal teas - Arizona, Washington. 


Stillman AE, Huxtable RJ, Fox D, et al. (1977) Pyrrolizidine 

(Senecio) poisoning in Arizona: Severe liver damage due 

to herbal teas. Ariz Med 34(8):545-546. 

Vardiman PH (1953) The bromsulfalein liver function test 

and biopsy of the liver in the diagnosis of senecio poisoning 

in cattle. Am J Vet Res 14(51):175-178. 

Senecio gigas Vatke = Solanecio gigas (Vatke) C. Jeffrey 

Senecio glabellus Poir. = Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey 

s e n e c io g l u Ti n o s u s Thunb. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 




9(1):111-124. 

s e n e c io h e Te r o Tr ic h u s DC. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 











162-166. 

s e n e c io i l ic i f o l i u s L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

ghwanobos; guano bos; kavaanuo bos; Kovanna bos; 

sprinkaanbos 

Citations: 

Willmot FC, Robertson GW (1920) Senecio disease, or cirrhosis 

of the liver due to senecio poisoning. Lancet 2(Oct 

23):848-849.

358 - Senecio integerrimus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

s e n e c io i n Te g e r r i Mu s Nutt. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

gauge plant; lamb’s-tongue groundsel; one-stem butterweed; 

western groundsel; wet-the-bed 

Citations: 



s e n e c io i s a Ti d e u s DC. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Dan’s-cabbage; poison ragwort; ragwort 

Citations: 




Senecio jacobaea L. = Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

s e n e c io j u n c e u s (DC.) Harv. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Lyford CL, Vergara GG, Moeller DD (1976) Hepatic venoocclusive 

disease originating in Ecuador. Gastroenterology 

70(1):105-108. 

s e n e c io l a Ti f o l i u s DC. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

doss cabbage; groundsel; ragwort; Rhodesian ragwort 

Citations: 

Burrows GE, Morton DJ, Basudde CD (1990) The effects of 

feeding cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and Rhodesian ragwort 

(Senecio latifolius) on the disposition of antipyrine 

and acetaminophen in sheep. Toxicon 28(6):603. 

Robertson W (1906) Cirrhosis of the liver in stock in Cape 

Colony, produced by two species of Senecio (Senecio 

burchelli and Senecio latifolius). J Comp Pathol Ther 

19(2):97-110. 

s e n e c io l a u Tu s G. Forst. ex Willd. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

fireweed 

Citations: 

Kirkland PD, Moore RE, Walker KH, et al. (1982) Deaths 

in cattle associated with Senecio lautus consumption. 

Aust Vet J 59(2):64. 

Noble JW, Crossley J, Hill BD, et al. (1994) Pyrrolizidine 

alkaloids of cattle associated with Senecio lautus. Aust 

Vet J 71(7):196-200. 

s e n e c io l e p To l ob u s DC. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 











s e n e c io l i n e a r i f o l i u s A. Rich [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

s enecio australis Willd. 

Common Names: 

fireweed 

Citations: 

Dickinson CG (1930) Waratah horse disease. Aust Vet J 

6(Jun):65-67. 

Senecio longilobus Benth. = Senecio flaccidus Less. var. 

flaccidus 

s e n e c io Ma d ag a s c a r i e n s is Poir. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

fireweed 

Citations: 

Small AC, Kelly WR, Seawright AA, et al. (1993) Pyrrolizidine 

alkaloidosis in a two month old foal. Zentralbl Veterinarmed 

A 40(3):213-218. 

s e n e c io Mo o r e i R. E. Fr. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Kamau JA, Mugera GM (1975) Induction of liver tumours 

in rats following feeding with Senecio moorei for a long 

period. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 23:249-263. 



s e n e c io My r io c e p h a l u s Sch. Bip. ex A. 

Rich. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 




s e n e c io o x y p h y l l u s DC. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Barros CS, Driemeier D, Pilati C, et al. (1992) Senecio spp 

poisoning in cattle in Southern Brazil. Vet Hum Toxicol 

34(3):241-246. 

Driemeier D, Barros CS (1992) Intoxicação experimental por 

Senecio oxyphyllus (Compositae) em bovinos. Pesq Vet 

Bras 12(1-2):33-42. 

Gava A, Barros CS (1997) Senecio spp. poisoning of horses 

in Southern Brazil. Pesq Vet Bras 17(1):36-40. 







related toxins. CABI. Wallingford, UK. pp. 162-166.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Senecio spartioides - 359 

Senecio plattensis Nutt. = Packera plattensis (Nutt.) W. A. 

Weber & Á. Löve 

s e n e c io q u a d r i d e n Ta Tu s Labill. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

cotton fireweed 

Citations: 

Dickson J, Hill R (1977) Cotton fireweed - Potential poison. 

J Agric West Aust 18(3):109-110. 

Kater JC (1965) Cotton fireweed (Senecio quadridentata) 

poisoning in cattle. New South Wales Vet Inspector 

29:45-47. 

s e n e c io r e Tr o r s u s DC. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Dan’s-cabbage; Molten disease plant; ragwort 

Citations: 




Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

s e n e c io r i d d e l l i i Torr. & A. Gray 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

broom groundsel; groundsel; Riddell’s-groundsel; sand 

groundsel; threadleaf groundsel; woolly groundsel 

Citations: 

Carpenter PT (1938) Acute senecio poisoning. U S Army Vet 

Bull 32:32-41. 

Hill KR, Martin HM (1958) Hepatic veno-occlusive disease 

and megalocytosis in senecio poisoning in horses. Further 

investigations of “the walking disease” of northwestern 

Nebraska. Br Vet J 114:345-350. 

Johnson AE, Molyneux RJ, Stuart LD (1985) Toxicity of 

Riddell’s groundsel (Senecio riddellii) to cattle. Am J Vet 

Res 46(3):577-582. 



Mathews FP (1933) Poisoning of cattle by species of groundsel 

(Senecio longilobus Benth., and Senecio riddellii Torr. 

and Gray). Texas Agric Exp Sta Bull #481:5-20. 





Molyneux RJ, Johnson AE, Stuart LD (1988) Delayed manifestation 

of Senecio-induced pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis in 

cattle: Case reports. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(3):201-205. 

Rosenfeld I, Beath OA (1947) Pharmacological action of 

Senecio riddellii. J Am Pharm Assoc 36(11):331-334. 

Van Es L, Cantwell LR, Martin HM, et al. (1929) On the 

nature and cause of “the Walking Disease” of northwestern 

Nebraska. Nebraska Agric Exp Sta Res Bull #43:47 

pp. 

Vardiman PH (1952) Experimental feeding of senecio silage 

to calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 121(Nov):397-400. 

Vardiman PH (1953) The bromsulfalein liver function test 

and biopsy of the liver in the diagnosis of senecio poisoning 

in cattle. Am J Vet Res 14(51):175-178. 

s e n e c io r u w e n z o r i e n s is S. Moore 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

ragwort 

Citations: 

Thorold PW, Sapiro ML (1953) Preliminary note on the 

alkaloids and toxicity of Senecio ruwenzoriensis S. 

Moore. East Afr Agric J 19(Oct):103. 

s e n e c io s c e l e r a Tu s Schweick. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

chi gurunga; ragwort; Rhodesian ragwort 

Citations: 



s e n e c io s c h i Mp e r i Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich. 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 




s e n e c io s c h u l Tz i i Hochst. ex A. Rich. 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 




s e n e c io s e l l o i (Spreng.) DC. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Barros CS, Metzdorf LL, Peixoto PV (1987) Ocorrência 

de surtos de intoxicação por Senecio spp. (Compositae) 

em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesq Vet Bras 

7(4):101-107. 







Odriozola E, Campero C, Casaro A, et al. (1994) Pyrrolizidine 

alkaloidosis in Argentinian cattle caused by Senecio 

selloi. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(3):205-208. 





s e n e c io s p a r Tio i d e s Torr. & A. Gray 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

broom groundsel; groundsel; narrow-leaf butterweed

360 - Senecio subalpinus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 







s e n e c io s u b a l p i n u s Koch [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Smith RA, Panariti E (1995) Intoxication of Albanian cattle 

after ingestion of Senecio subalpinus. Vet Hum Toxicol 

37(5):478-479. 

s e n e c io Tw e e d i e i Hook. & Arn. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Mendez MD, Riet-Correa F (1993) Intoxication by Senecio 

tweediei in cattle in Southern Brazil. Vet Hum Toxicol 

35(1):55. 





s e n e c io v e r n a l is Waldst. & Kit. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Kreuzkraut 

Citations: 


Senecio vernalis to laying hens and evaluation of residues 

in eggs. Vet Hum Toxicol 45(2):76-80. 

Hippchen C, Entzeroth R, Röder E, et al. (1986) Experimentelle 

Untersuchungen zur Lebertoxizität von Senecioalkaloiden 

aus Senecio vernalis an Ziegen. Prakt 

Tierarzt 67(4):322-324. 

Hupka E (1955) Ist die Verfütterung von Senecio (Kreuzkraut) 

als Ursache der Leberverhurtung des Pferdes 

Anzusehen? Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 62(1-2):1-3. 

s e n e c io v u l g a r is L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

groundsel; Kreuzkraut; Kruiskruid; old-man-in-thespring; 

Séneçon commun; simson 

Citations: 

Buckmaster GW, Cheeke PR, Shull LR (1976) Pyrrolizidine 

alkaloid poisoning in rats: Protective effects of dietary 

cysteine. J Anim Sci 43(2):464-473. 

Fowler ME (1968) Pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in calves. 



of the toxicities of Senecio jacobaea, Senecio 

vulgaris and Senecio glabellus in rats. Toxicol Lett 

15(1):19-23. 

Gulick BA, Liu IK, Qualls CW Jr, et al. (1980) Effect 

of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic disease on 

plasma amino acid patterns in the horse. Am J Vet Res 

41(11):1894-1898. 

Lessard P, Wilson WD, Olander HJ, et al. (1986) Clinicopathologic 

study of horses surviving pyrrolizidine 

alkaloid (Senecio vulgaris) toxicosis. Am J Vet Res 

47(8):1776-1780. 

Mendel VE, Witt MR, Gitchell BS, et al. (1988) Pyrrolizidine 

alkaloid-induced liver disease in horses: An early 

diagnosis. Am J Vet Res 49(4):572-578. 

Moyano MR, García A, Rueda A, et al. (2006) Echium vulgare 

and Senecio vulgaris poisoning in fighting bulls. J 

Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 53(1):24-25. 

Sedlmeier H, Dahme E, Schiefer B (1963) Veränderungen 

an der Rattenleber bei chronischer Seneciovergiftung im 

Vergleich zu den durch Buttergelb hervorgerufenen Lebergeschwülsten. 


séné-du-Sénégal –see– Senna italica Mill. 

Séneçon commun –see– Senecio vulgaris L. 

Senf –see– Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch 

senna –see– Senna alexandrina Mill.; Senna obtusifolia (L.) 

H. S. Irwin & Barneby; Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

s e n n a a l e x a n d r i n a Mill. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c assia acutifolia Delile; c assia senna L. 

Common Names: 

Alexandrian senna; Indian senna; Nubian senna; senna; 

senna mekka; te-de-sena; Tinnevelly senna 

Citations: 

El Sayed NY, Abdelbari EM, Mahmoud OM, et al. (1983) 

The toxicity of Cassia senna to Nubian goats. Vet Q 

5(2):80-85. 

Omer SA, Ibrahim FH, Khalid SA, et al. (1992) Toxicological 

interactions of Abrus precatorius and Cassia senna 

in the diet of Lohmann broiler chicks. Vet Hum Toxicol 

34(4):310-313. 

Rizzo M, Vanderperren B, Hantson P (2003) Acute liver 

and kidney injury after abuse of senna alkaloids. J Toxicol 

Clin Toxicol 41(4):514-515. 

Smyth D, Gallo A, McGuigan M (2000) A prospective case 

series of pediatric senna poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

38(5):519. 

Spiller HA, Winter ML, Weber JA, et al. (2002) Skin breakdown 

and blisters from senna containing laxative ingestion 

in young children. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40(5):609. 

senna bean –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link; Sesbania 

drummondii (Rydb.) Cory 

s e n n a d i d y Mob o Tr y a (Fresen.) H. S. Irwin & 

Barneby [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c assia didymobotrya Fresen. 

Common Names: 

wild senna 

Citations: 


Africa. II. Bull Epizootic Dis Afr 18(4):389-403.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Senna occidentalis - 361 

s e n n a × f l o r i b u n d a (Cav.) H. S. Irwin & 


Synonyms: 

c assia floribunda Cav. 

Common Names: 

arsenic bush; smooth senna 

Citations: 



s e n n a i Ta l ic a Mill. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c assia italica (Mill.) Spreng. 

Common Names: 

séné-du-Sénégal; wild senna 

Citations: 

Galal M, Adam SE, Maglad MA, et al. (1985) The effects 

of Cassia italica on goats and sheep. Acta Vet (Beogr) 

35(3):163-174. 

s e n n a l i n d h e i Me r i a n a (Scheele) H. S. Irwin 

& Barneby [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c assia lindheimeriana Scheele 

Common Names: 

Lindheimer’s-senna 

Citations: 




senna mekka –see– Senna alexandrina Mill. 

s e n n a o b Tu s i f o l i a (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c assia obtusifolia L. 

Common Names: 

coffee pod; coffee weed; senna; sicklepod senna 

Citations: 

Charles OW (1976) Coffee weed toxicity in animals. Proc 

Georgia Conf Feed Indust 1976:67-76. 

Charles OW, Muller HD (1975) Coffee weed (Cassia 

obtusifolia) toxicity response of laying hens. Poult Sci 

54:1745. 

Crawford L, Friedman, M (1990) The effects of low levels 

of dietary toxic weed seeds (jimson weed, Datura stramonium 

and sicklepod, Cassia obtusifolia) on the relative 

size of rat liver and levels of cytochrome P-450. Toxicol 

Lett 54(2-3):175-181. 


of sicklepod and black nightshade seeds in shortterm 

feeding studies in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 

28(2):101-107. 

Flory W, Spainhour GB Jr, Colvin B, et al. (1992) The toxicologic 

investigation of a feed grain contaminated with seeds 

of the plant species Cassia. J Vet Diagn Invest 4(1):65-69. 

Flunker LK, Damron BL, Sundlof SF, et al. (1989) Response 

of White Leghorn hens to various dietary levels of Cassia 

obtusifolia and nutrient fortification as a means of alleviating 

depressed performance. Poult Sci 68(7):909-913. 

Hebert CD, Flory W (1983) Determination of the oral toxicity 

of Cassia obtusifolia seeds in chickens. Vet Hum Toxicol 

25(3):164-166. 

Henson JB, Dollahite JW, Bridges CH, et al. (1965) Myodegeneration 

in cattle grazing Cassia species. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 147(2):142-145. 

McCormack JE, Neisler WE (1980) Cassia obtusifolia (sicklepod) 

toxicity in a dairy herd. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 

75(12):1849-1851. 

Nicholson SS, Thornton JT, Rimes AJ Jr (1977) Toxic myopathy 

in dairy cattle caused by Cassia obtusifolia in greenchop. 

Bovine Pract 12(Nov):120. 

Page RK, Vezey S, Charles OW, et al. (1977) Effects on 

feed consumption and egg production of coffee bean seed 

(Cassia obtusifolia) fed to White Leghorn hens. Avian 

Dis 21(1):90-96. 

Putnam MR, Boosinger T, Spano J, et al. (1988) Evaluation 

of Cassia obtusifolia (sicklepod) seed consumption in 

Holstein calves. Vet Hum Toxicol 30(4):316-318. 

Reddy B, Charles OW (1977) The toxicity of coffee weed 

(Cassia obtusifolia) when fed to young chicks and laying 

hens. Poult Sci 56:1357. 

Voss KA, Brennecke LH (1991) Toxicological and hematological 

effects of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) seeds in 

Sprague-Dawley rats: A subchronic feeding study. Toxicon 

29(11):1329-1336. 

s e n n a o c c i d e n Ta l is (L.) Link [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c assia occidentalis L. 

Common Names: 

antbush; coffee senna; coffeebean; fedegoso; Florida 

coffee; mata pasto; rai ‘dore; Ral’dore; Rere; senna; 

stinkingweed; stinkingwood; styptic weed; wild coffee 

Citations: 

Barros CS, Ilha MR, Bezerra PS Jr, et al. (1999) Intoxicação 

por Senna occidentalis (Leg. Caesalpinoideae) em bovinos 

em pastoreio. Pesq Vet Bras 19(2):68-70. 

Barros CS, Pilati C, Andujar MB, et al. (1990) Intoxicação 

por Cassia occidentalis (Leg. Caes.) em bovinos. Pesq Vet 

Bras 10(3-4):47-58. 

Barth AT, Kommers GD, Salles MS, et al. (1994) Coffee 

senna (Senna occidentalis) poisoning in cattle in Brazil. 


Brocq-Rousseu, Bruère P (1925) Accidents mortels sur des 

chevaux, dus a la graine de Cassia accidentalis L. C R 

Seanc Soc Biol 92:555-557. 

Calore EE (1998) Toxic peripheral neuropathy of chicks 

fed Senna occidentalis seeds. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 

39(1):27-30. 

Calore EE, Calore NM, Weg R, et al. (1999) The lysosomal 

enzymes acid phosphatase and cathepsin D in rats intoxicated 

with Senna occidentalis seeds. J Submicrosc Cytol 

Pathol 31(2):259-264.

362 - Senna roemeriana D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Calore EE, Cavaliere MJ, Haraguchi M, et al. (1997) Experimental 

mitochondrial myopathy induced by chronic 

intoxication by Senna occidentalis seeds. J Neurol Sci 

146(1):1-6. 

Cavaliere MJ, Górniak SL, Dagli M, et al. (1997) Mitochondrial 

myopathy in Senna occidentalis-seed-fed chicken. 

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 37(2):181-185. 

Colvin BM, Harrison LR, Sangster LT, et al. (1986) Cassia 

occidentalis toxicosis in growing pigs. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 189(4):423-426. 

Haraguchi M, Calore EE, Dagli ML, et al. (1998) Muscle 

atrophy induced in broiler chicks by parts of Senna occidentalis 

seeds. Vet Res Commun 22(4):265-271. 

Haraguchi M, Raspantini PC, Dagli ML, et al. (2004) 

Effect of Senna occidentalis seed in laying hens: Evaluation 

of the toxicity and egg production. In: Acamovic 



269-274. 

Henson JB, Dollahite JW (1966) Toxic myodegeneration 

in calves produced by experimental Cassia occidentalis 

intoxication. Am J Vet Res 27(119):947-949. 

Hueza IM, Latorre AO, Raspantini PC, et al. (2007) 

Effect of Senna occidentalis seeds on immunity in 

broiler chickens. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 

54(4):179-185. 

Irigoyen LF, Graça DL, Barros CS (1991) Intoxicação 

experimental por Cassia (Leg. Caes.) em eqüinos. Pesq 

Vet Bras 11(1-2):35-44. 

Marrero Faz E, Bulnes Goicochea C, Perez Ruano M (1998) 

Cassia occidentalis occidentalis toxicosis in heifers. Vet 


Martin BW, Terry MK, Bridges CH, et al. (1981) Toxicity 

of Cassia occidentalis in the horse. Vet Hum Toxicol 

23(6):416-417. 

Martins E, Martins VM, Riet-Correa F, et al. (1986) Intoxicação 

por Cassia occidentalis (Leguminoseae) em suínos. 


Mercer HD, Neal FC, Himes JA, et al. (1967) Cassia 

occidentalis toxicosis in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

151(6):735-741. 

Moussu R (1925) L’intoxication par les graines de Cassia 

occidentalis L. est due a une toxalbumine. C R Soc Biol 

92:862-863. 

Neal FC, Plummer CB (1967) Cassia occidentalis poisoning 

in cattle. Florida Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep pg. 207. 

O’Hara PJ, Pierce KR (1974) A toxic cardiomyopathy caused 

by Cassia occidentalis. I. Morphologic studies in poisoned 

rabbits. Vet Pathol 11(2):97-109. 

O’Hara PJ, Pierce KR (1974) A toxic cardiomyopathy caused 

by Cassia occidentalis. II. Biochemical studies in poisoned 

rabbits. Vet Pathol 11(2):110-124. 

O’Hara PJ, Pierce KR, Read WK (1969) Degenerative 

myopathy associated with ingestion of Cassia 

occidentalis L.: Clinical and pathologic features of 

the experimentally induced disease. Am J Vet Res 

30(12):2173-2180. 

O’Hara PJ, Pierce KR, Read WK (1970) Effects of vitamin E 

and selenium on Cassia occidentalis intoxication in cattle. 

Am J Vet Res 31(12):2151-2156. 

Rogers RJ, Gibson J, Reichmann KG (1979) The toxicity of 

Cassia occidentalis for cattle. Aust Vet J 55(9):408-412. 

Schmitz DG, Denton JH (1977) Senna bean toxicity in cattle. 

Southwestern Vet 30(2):165-170. 

Silva TC, Gorniak SL, Oloris SC, et al. (2003) Effects of 

Senna occidentalis on chick bursa of Fabricius. Avian 

Pathol 32(6):633-637. 

Simpson CF, Damron BL, Harms RH (1971) Toxic myopathy 

of chicks fed Cassia occidentalis seeds. Avian Dis 

15(2):284-290. 

Suliman HB, Shommein AM (1986) Toxic effect of the 

roasted and unroasted beans of Cassia occidentalis in 

goats. Vet Hum Toxicol 28(1):6-11. 

Suliman HB, Wasfi IA, Adam SE (1982) The toxicity 

of Cassia occidentalis to goats. Vet Hum Toxicol 

24(5):326-330. 

Tasaka AC, Calore EE, Cavalier MJ, et al. (1998) Experimental 

poisoning in rabbits fed with Senna occidentalis 

seeds. In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic plants 


527-530. 

Tasaka AC, Sinhorini IL, Dagli ML, et al. (2004) Perinatal 

study of Senna occidentalis intoxication in rabbits. In: 



pp. 459-464. 

Torres WL, Nakano M, Nobre D, et al. (1971) Intoxicação 

em aves ocasionada por Cassia occidentalis L. Biologico 

37(8):204-208. 

s e n n a r o e Me r i a n a (Scheele) H. S. Irwin & 


Synonyms: 

c assia roemeriana Scheele 

Common Names: 

twin-leaf senna; two-leaf senna 

Citations: 

Rowe LD, Corrier DE, Reagor JC, et al. (1985) Hepatotoxicosis 

and toxic myodegeneration in goats produced by 

Cassia roemeriana (twoleaf senna). Am Vet Med Assoc 

Annu Meet 1985:115. 

Rowe LD, Corrier DE, Reagor JC, et al. (1987) Experimentally 

induced Cassia roemeriana poisoning in cattle and 

goats. Am J Vet Res 48(6):992-997. 

s e n n a To r a (L.) Roxb. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c assia tora L. 

Common Names: 

cassia; coffeebean; coffeeweed; low senna; sickle senna 

Citations: 




Sood AK, Sharma M, Katoch BS (1990) Improvement in the 

nutritive value of Indian horse-chestnut kernel and cassia 

seeds by chemical treatments for feeding of chicks. Indian 

J Anim Sci 60(11):1364-1369. 

sennie bean –see– Sesbania drummondii (Rydb.) Cory 

sensitive fern –see– Onoclea sensibilis L. 

September oak –see– Quercus robur L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Sesbania longifolia - 363 

s e q u o i a s e Mp e rv i r e n s (D. Don) Endl. 


Common Names: 

California redwood; redwood 

Citations: 

Chan-Yeung M, Abboud R (1976) Occupational asthma due 

to California redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) dusts. Am 

Rev Respir Dis 114(7):1027-1031. 

Cohen HI, Merigan TC, Kosek JC, et al. (1967) Sequoiosis: 

A granulomatous pneumonitis associated with redwood 

sawdust inhalation. Am J Med 43(5):785-794. 

do Pico GA (1978) Asthma due to dust from redwood 

(Sequoia sempervirens). Chest 73(3):424-425. 

sering –see– Melia azedarach L. 

Seriphidium tridentatum (Nutt.) W. A. Weber = Artemisia 

tridentata Nutt. 

serpentwood –see– Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz 

sesame –see– Sesamum indicum L. 

s e s a Mu M i n d ic u M L. [Pedaliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s esamum orientale L. 

Common Names: 

gingali; sesame; til 

Citations: 

Levy Y, Danon YL (2001) Allergy to sesame seed in infants. 

Allergy 56(2):193-194. 

Neering H, Vitányi BE, Malten KE, et al. (1975) Allergens 

in sesame oil contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 

55(1):31-34. 

Torsney PJ (1964) Hypersensitivity to sesame seed. J Allergy 

35(6):514-519. 

van Dijk E, Neering H, Vitányi BE (1973) Contact hypersensitivity 

to sesame oil in patients with leg ulcers and 

eczema. Acta Dermatovener 53(2):133-135. 

Sesamum orientale L. = Sesamum indicum L. 

sesban –see– Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A. W. Hill; 

Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.; Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.; 

Sesbania vesicaria (Jacq.) Elliott 

sesbane –see– Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

sesbania –see– Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A. W. Hill 

s e s b a n i a c a n n a b i n a (Retz.) Pers. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

sesbania pea 

Citations: 

Willimas KC, Daniels LJ (1985) The tolerance of pigs to the 

contamination of grain with seeds of Sesbania cannabina. 




Sesbania cavanillesii S. Watson = Sesbania longifolia DC. 

s e s b a n i a d r u MMo n d i i (Rydb.) Cory 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d aubentonia drumondii Rydb. 

Common Names: 

coffeebean; daubentonia; Drummond’s-rattlebush; 

Drummond’s-sesbane; false poinciana; poisonbean; 

rattlebox; rattlebush; sennabean; sennie bean 

Citations: 

Flory W, Hebert CD (1984) Determination of the oral toxicity 

of Sesbania drummondii seeds in chickens. Am J Vet 

Res 45(5):955-958. 

Venugopalan CS, Flory W, Tucker TA, et al. (1984) Assessment 

of smooth muscle function in Sesbania drummondii 

toxicosis in Gallus domesticus. Am J Vet Res 

45(4):764-768. 

s e s b a n i a e x a l Ta Ta (Raf.) Rydb. ex A. W. Hill 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s esbania macrocarpa Muhl., nom. nud. 

Common Names: 

bequilla; coffeeweed; hemp sesbania; sesban; sesbania 

Citations: 

Flunker LK, Damron BL, Wilson HR (1991) Research note: 

Feeding various levels of ground Sesbania macrocarpa 

Muhl. seed to Bobwhite quail. Poult Sci 70(3):658-660. 

s e s b a n i a g r a n d i f l o r a (L.) Pers. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

agathi; corkwood; parrot flower; scarlet wistaria tree; 

sesban; vegetable hummingbird 

Citations: 

Prasad DA, Reddy KJ, Reddy CS, et al. (1970) Agathi leaf 

meal (Sesbania grandiflora) in the rations of growing 

chickens. Indian Vet J 47(2):164-169. 

s e s b a n i a l o n g i f o l i a DC. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d aubentonia longifolia DC.; s esbania cavanillesii S. 

Watson 

Common Names: 

coffeebean 

Citations: 

Marsh CD (1920) A new sheep-poisoning plant of the southern 

states. U S Dep Agric Circ #82:4 pp. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1920) Daubentonia longifolia (coffee 

bean), a poisonous plant. J Agric Res 20(6):507-513. 

Shealy AL, Thomas EF (1928) Daubentonia seed poisoning 

of poultry. Florida Agric Exp Sta Bull #196:337-342. 

Sesbania macrocarpa Muhl., nom. nud. = Sesbania exaltata 

(Raf.) Rydb. ex A. W. Hill. 

sesbania pea –see– Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.

364 - Sesbania punicea D. Jesse Wagstaff 

s e s b a n i a p u n ic e a (Cav.) Benth. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d aubentonia punicea (Cav.) DC. 

Common Names: 

Brazil rattlebox; coffee tree; coffee weed; coffeebean; 

daubentonia; false poinciana; macaw tree; purple rattlebox; 

purple rattlebush; purple sesban; purple sesbane; 

purple sesbania; rattlebox; rattlebush; royal poinciana; 

sesbane; wild macaw plant 

Citations: 



9(3):243-255. 

Emmel MW (1943) Daubentonia punicea (Cav.) DC. poisoning 

in pigeons. J Am Vet Med Assoc 102(Apr):294-295. 

Terblanche M, de Klerk WA, Smit JD, et al. (1966) A toxicological 

study of the plant Sesbania punicea Benth. J S Afr 

Vet Assoc 37(2):191-197. 

s e s b a n i a s e s b a n (L.) Merr. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

sesban 

Citations: 

Shqueir AA, Brown DL, Klasing KC (1989) Canavanine 

content and toxicity of Sesbania leaf meal for growing 

chicks. Anim Feed Sci Technol 25(1-2):137-147. 

Shqueir AA, Brown DL, Taylor SJ, et al. (1989) Effects of 

solvent extractions, heat treatments and added cholesterol 

on Sesbania sesban toxicity in growing chicks. Anim 

Feed Sci Technol 27(1-2):127-135. 

s e s b a n i a v e s ic a r i a (Jacq.) Elliott [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

g lottidium vesicarium (Jacq.) R. M. Harper 

Common Names: 

bagpod; bagpod sesbane; bagpod sesbania; bladderpod; 

castlebean; coffeebean weed; coffeeweed; glottidium; 

mole bean; sesban 

Citations: 








Boughton IB, Hardy WT (1939) Toxicity of the coffee bean 

(Sesbania vesicaria) for sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

95(1030):239-241. 



9(3):243-255. 

Emmel MW (1935) The toxicity of Glottidium vesicarium 

(Jacq.) Harper seeds for the fowl. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

87:13-21. 

Emmel MW (1944) The toxicity of Glottidium vesicarium 

(Jacq.) Harper for cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

104:222-223. 

Featherly HI, Harnden EE, Dermer OC, et al. (1943) Glottidium 

vesicarium, a poisonous plant in the southwest. 

Vet Med 38(12):478-479. 

McConnell WC (1945) Cattle losses caused by Glottidium 

vesicarium. North Am Vet. May:276-277. 

Newberne JW (1953) Bladder pod poisoning in cattle. 

Auburn Vet 9(Spring):169-170. 

Reagor JC, Jones LP (1980) Sesbania vesicaria poisoning. 

Southwestern Vet 33(2):112. 

Specht TE, Clay BR, Ward BC (1973) Bagpod (Glottidium 

vesicarium) toxicity in southeastern Oklahoma cattle. 

Oklahoma Vet 25(2):13-15. 

seso vegetal –see– Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig 

s e s s e a b r a s i l i e n s is Toledo [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

canela-de-veado; paroba d’água 

Citations: 

Andrade SO (1960) Estudos sôbre a toxicidade de Sessea 

brasiliensis Toledo. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 

27:191-196. 

Andrade SO, Retz L, Linardi MG, et al. (1970) Estudos 

sôbre a atividade tóxica da Sessea brasiliensis (Toledo) 

(Solanaceae). Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 37(1):37. 

Canella CF, Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J (1968) Intoxicação 

por Sessea brasiliensis Toledo em bovinos. Pesq Agric 

Bras 3:333-340. 

setaria –see– Setaria sphacelata (Schrum.) Stapf & C. E. 

Hubb. 

s e Ta r i a i Ta l ic a (L.) P. Beauv. [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s etaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. 

Common names: 

green bristle grass 

Citations: 

Nakamura T (1989) Contact dermatitis from Setaria viridis 

Beauv. (green bristle grass) in Japanese children. Contact 

Dermatitis 20(7):156-157. 

Setaria lutescens (Stuntz) F. T. Hubb. = Setaria pumila 

(Poir.) Roem. & Schult. 

s e Ta r i a p u Mi l a (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. 

[Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s etaria lutescens (Stuntz) F. T. Hubb. 

Common Names: 

bristly foxtail; foxtail millet; foxtailgrass; pigeongrass; 

yellow bristlegrass 

Citations: 

Bankowski RA, Wichmann RW, Stuart EE (1956) Stomatitis 

of cattle and horses due to yellow bristle grass (Setaria 

lutescens). J Am Vet Med Assoc 129:149-152.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Shorea robusta - 365 

s e Ta r i a s p h a c e l a Ta (Schumach.) Stapf & C. 

E. Hubb. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

setaria 

Citations: 

Groenendyk S, Seawright AA (1974) Osteodystrophia fibrosa 

in horses grazing Setaria sphacelata. Aust Vet J 

50(3):131-132. 

Jones RJ, Seawright AA, Little DA (1970) Oxalate poisoning 

in animals grazing the tropical grass Setaria sphacelata. 

J Aust Inst Agric Sci 36:41-43. 

Seawright AA, Groenendyk S, Silva KI (1970) An outbreak 

of oxalate poisoning in cattle grazing Setaria sphacelata. 

Aust Vet J 46(7):293-296. 

Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. = Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. 

setterwort –see– Helleborus foetidus L. 

seven-years’-bean –see– Phaseolus coccineus L. 

sevenbark –see– Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. 

Seville orange –see– Citrus aurantium L. 

shack shack –see– Crotalaria retusa L. 

shadscale –see– Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frem.) S. 

Watson 

shallot –see– Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum G. Don 

shammah –see– Nicotiana tabacum L. 

shamouti orange –see– Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck 

sharp dock –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

Shasta daisy –see– Leucanthemum ×superbum (Bergmans ex 

J. W. Ingram) D. H. Kent 

shavegrass –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

she oak –see– Casuarina equisetifolia L. 

sheeh –see– Artemisia herba-alba Asso 

sheep bur –see– Xanthium strumarium L. var. canadense 

(Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray 

sheep laurel –see– Kalmia angustifolia L.; Kalmia latifolia L. 

sheep-lice –see– Cynoglossum officinale L. 

sheep poison –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

sheep poison laurel –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

sheep sorrel –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

sheepkill –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

sheep’s-sorrel –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

shepherd’s-calender –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

shepherd’s-clock –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

shepherd’s-delight –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

shepherd’s-purse –see– Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. 

shepherd’s-weatherglass –see– Anagallis arvensis L. 

shin oak –see– Quercus havardii Rydb.; Quercus sinuata 

Walter var. breviloba (Torr.) C. H. Müll. 

shinnery oak –see– Quercus havardii Rydb. 

shipmast locust –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

shoe flower –see– Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. 

shoofly plant –see– Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. 

shore apple –see– Hippomane mancinella L. 

shore buttercup –see– Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh 

shore pine –see– Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon 

s h o r e a a s s a Mic a Dyer [Dipterocarpaceae] 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 

s h o r e a r ob u s Ta C. F. Gaertn. 

[Dipterocarpaceae] 

Common Names: 

sal 

Citations: 

Garg AK, Agrawal DK, Nath K (1984) Effect of sal (Shorea 

robusta) seed meal tannins on serum enzymes, nutrient 

utilization and growth in growing calves. Agric Wastes 

11(4):307-317. 

Mohapatra HC, Panda NC (1978) Effect of feeding sal (Shorea 

robusta) seed and sal oil meal to chicks. Indian Vet J 

55(Jul):559-566. 

short-crown milkweed –see– Asclepias brachystephana 

Engelm. 

short ragweed –see– Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.; Ambrosia 

eliator L. 

shoti –see– Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe 

shou-wu-pian –see– Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson 

shouwu –see– Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson 

showy crotalaria –see– Crotalaria spectabilis Roth 

showy false hellebore –see– Veratrum californicum Durand 

showy lady’s-slipper –see– Cypripedium reginae Walter 

showy milkweed –see– Asclepias speciosa Torr. 

showy mocassin flower –see– Cypripedium spectabile Salisb. 

shrub chokecherry –see– Prunus virginiana L. var. 

melanocarpa (A. Nelson) Sarg. 

shrub verbena –see– Lantana camara L. 

shrubby morning-glory –see– Ipomoea carnea Jacq.; Ipomoea 

carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (C. Mart. ex Choisy) D. F. 

Austin 

shu-mang-tsao –see– Illicium anisatum L. 

Siam teak –see– Tectona grandis L. f. 

Siberian ginseng –see– Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & 

Maxim.) Maxim. 

Siberian snow rose –see– Rhododendron aureum Georgi 

sick weed –see– Isocoma plurifolia (Torr. & A. Gray) Greene 

sickle senna –see– Senna tora (L.) Roxb.

366 - Sida acuta D. Jesse Wagstaff 

sicklepod –see– Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & 

Barneby; Senna tora (L.) Roxb. 

sicklepod milk vetch –see– Astragalus falcatus Lam. 

sicklepod senna –see– Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & 

Barneby 

sicopira –see– Bowdichia nitida Spruce ex Benth. 

s i d a a c u Ta Burm. f. [Malvaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s ida carpinifolia L. f.; s ida frutescens Cav.; s ida ulmifolia 

Mill. 

Citations: 

Driemeier D, Colodel EM, Gimeno EJ, et al. (2000) Lysosomal 

storage disease caused by Sida carpinifolia poisoning 

in goats. Vet Pathol 37(2):153-159. 

Loretti AP, Colodel EM, Gimeno EJ, et al. (2003) Lysosomal 

storage disease in Sida carpinifolia toxicosis: An induced 

mannosidosis in horses. Equine Vet J 35(5):434-438. 

Seitz AL, Colodel EM, Schmitz M, et al. (2005) Use of lectin 

histochemistry to diagnose Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) 

poisoning in sheep. Vet Rec 156(12):386-388. 

Sida carpinifolia L. f. = Sida acuta Burm. f. 

Sida frutescens Cav. = Sida acuta Burm. f. 

Sida ulmifolia Mill. = Sida acuta Burm. f. 

siddi –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

Sierra laurel –see– Leucothoe davisiae Torr. ex A. Gray 

Sieva bean –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

signalgrass –see– Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) 

R. D. Webster; Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster 

sila sila –see– Derris trifoliata Lour. 

Silberregen –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

silk tree –see– Albizia julibrissin Durazz. 

silkweed –see– Asclepias curassavica L.; Asclepias syriaca L.; 

Asclepias tuberosa L. 

silky crazyweed –see– Oxytropis sericea Nutt. 

silky dogwood –see– Cornus oblonga Wall. 

silky lupine –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh var. holosericeus 

(Nutt.) Barneby; Lupinus sericeus Pursh 

silky oak –see– Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. 

silky oak tree –see– Grevillea banksii R. Br. 

silky sophora –see– Sophora nuttalliana B. L. Turner 

silver apricot –see– Ginkgo biloba L. 

silver beet –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

silver bill –see– Halesia tetraptera J. Ellis 

silver lupine –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh 

silver oak –see– Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. 

silverberry –see– Elaeagnus angustifolia L. 

silverleaf nightshade –see– Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. 

silverling –see– Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers.; Baccharis 

halimifolia L. 

silvery bean –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh 

silvery horsebrush –see– Tetradymia canescens DC. 

silvery lupine –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh; Lupinus sericeus 

Pursh 

s i l y b u M Ma r i a n u M (L.) Gaertn. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c arduus marianus L. 

Common Names: 

blessed milk thistle; bull thistle; cardo asnal; cardo-de- 

Maria; cardo lechal; hedegar; holy thistle; lady’s-thistle; 

marian thistle; milk thistle; our lady’s-thistle; spotted 

thistle; St. Mary’s-thistle; variegated thistle 

Citations: 

Kendrick JW, Tucker J, Peoples SA (1955) Nitrate poisoning 

in cattle due to ingestion of variegated thistle, Silybum 

marianum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 126(934):53-56. 

Reynoso Castro HW, Selfero Audicio N (1963) Intoxicacion 

del ganado bovino por el cardo asnal (Uso del 

azul de metileno en concentración elevada). Gaceta Vet 

25:429-434. 

sim elfar –see– Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal 

s i Ma b a c e d r o n Planch. [Simaroubaceae] 

Common Names: 

cedron 

Citations: 



39(3):318-319. 

simaltarul –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

s i Ma r o u b a a Ma r a Aubl. [Simaroubaceae] 

Common Names: 

bitter damsoe; caixeta; marupá 

Citations: 

Declercq J (2004) Suspected wood poisoning caused by 

Simarouba amara (marupá/caixeta) shavings in two dogs 

with erosive stomatitis and dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 

15(3):188-193. 

Simmondsia californica Nutt. = Simmondsia chinensis 

(Link) C. K. Schneid. 

s i MMo n d s i a c h i n e n s is (Link) C. K. Schneid. 

[Simmondsiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s immondsia californica Nutt. 

Common Names: 

jojoba; goat nut; pig nut

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Siphonodon pendulum - 367 

Citations: 

Arnouts S, Buyse J, Cokelaere MM, et al. (1993) Jojoba meal 

(Simmondsia chinensis) in the diet of broiler breeder pullets: 

Physiological and endocrinological effects. Poult Sci 

72(9):1714-1721. 

Booth AN, Elliger CA, Waiss AC Jr (1974) Isolation 

of a toxic factor from jojoba meal. Life Sci 

15(6):1115-1120. 

Di Berardino L, Di Berardino F, Castelli A, et al. (2006) A 

case of contact dermatitis from jojoba. Contact Dermatitis 

55(1):57-58. 

Verbiscar AJ, Banigan TF, Weber CW, et al. (1980) Detoxification 

of jojoba meal. J Agric Food Chem 28(3):571-578. 

Vermaut S, Onagbesan O, Bruggeman V, et al. (1998) 

Unidentified factors in jojoba meal prevent oviduct development 

in broiler breeder females. J Agric Fd Chem 

46:194-201. 

simple aster –see– Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G. 

L. Nesom 

simpler’s-joy –see– Verbena officinalis L. 

Simpson money plant –see– Scrophularia marilandica L. 

simson –see– Senecio vulgaris L. 

sinalo todo –see– Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. 

s i n a p is a l b a L. [Brassicaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b rassica alba (L.) Rabenh. 

Common Names: 

charlock; mostarda blanca; moutarde blanche; moutarde 

jaune; mustard; salad mustard; white mustard 

Citations: 

Eaton G (1941) A series of cases of poisoning in cattle. Vet 

Rec 53(10):145-146. 

Eaton G (1941) Suspected poisoning of bullocks by white 

mustard. Vet Rec 53(10):146. 

Hercus CE, Purves HD (1936) Studies on endemic and 

experimental goitre. J Hyg (Lond) 36:182-203. 

Holmes RG (1965) A case of suspected poisoning of dairy 

cows by white mustard seeds (Sinapis alba). Vet Rec 

77(17):480-481. 

Kavli G, Moseng D (1987) Contact urticaria from mustard 

in fish-stick production. Contact Dermatitis 

17(3):153-155. 



Panconesi E, Sertoli A, Fabbri P, et al. (1980) Anaphylactic 

shock from mustard after ingestion of pizza. Contact 


Troxler J (1981) Intoxication moretelle de 19 génisses par la 

Moutarde jaune (Sinapis alba L.). Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 

123(9):495-497. 

s i n a p is a rv e n s is L. [Brassicaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b rassica arvensis (L.) Rabenh.; b rassica kaber (DC.) 

L. C. Wheeler; b rassica sinapis Vis. 

Common Names: 

Ackersenf; charlock; corn mustard; crunchweed; field 

mustard; hedlock; mostaza campestre; mostaza silvestre; 

moutarde-des-champs; mustard; ravenelle; sanve; 

wild mustard 

Citations: 

Gallie JG, Paterson JD (1945) Charlock poisoning of lambs. 

Vet Rec 57(17):198. 

Gwatkin R, Moynihan IW (1943) Wild mustard seed poisoning 

in cattle. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci 7(2):76-77. 

Lanson RK, Abdulla A (1963) Effects of feeding mustard 

seed to immature chickens and laying hens. Poult Sci 

42:1283-1284. 

Makarian OA (1973) [Poisoning of cattle by charlock.] Veterinariia 

Moscow 50(11):95-96. 

Shires A, Bell JM, Keith MO, et al. (1982) Rapeseed dockage: 

Effects of feeding raw and processed wild mustard 

and stinkweed seed on growth and feed utilization of 

mice. Can J Anim Sci 62:275-285. 

Note: 

Charlock is named Sinapis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis in 


Sinapis nigra L. = Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch 

Singapore nut –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. 

single-seed hawthorn –see– Crataegus monogyna Jacq. 

singletary pea –see– Lathyrus hirsutus L.; Lathyrus pusillus 

Elliott 

sink lupine –see– Lupinus sericeus Pursh 

sinkle Bible –see– Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 

s i n o Me n i u M a c u Tu M (Thunb.) Rehder & E. 

H. Wilson [Menispermaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Menispermum acutum Thunb. 

Common Names: 

boi 

Citations: 

Okuda T, Umezawa Y, Ichikawa M, et al. (1995) A case of 

drug eruption caused by the crude drug boi (Sinomenium 

stem/Sinomeni caulis et rhizoma). J Dermatol 

22(10):795-800. 

s i p h o n o d o n p e n d u l u M F. M. Bailey 


Citations: 



siris –see– Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. 

sirisha –see– Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. 

sisal –see– Agave sisalana Perrine 

Sisymbrium sophia L. = Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex 

Prantl

368 - Sisyrinchium platense D. Jesse Wagstaff 

s is y r i n c h i u M pl a Te n s e I. M. Johnst. 

[Iridaceae] 

Citations: 

Méndez MC, Delgago PE, Santos R, et al. (1993) Intoxicação 

experimental por Sisyrinchium platense (Iridaceae) 

em bovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 13(3-4):77-81. 

sitab –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

sitaphal –see– Annona squamosa L. 

Sium cicutifolium Schrank = Sium suave Walter 

s i u M s u a ve Walter [Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s ium cicutifolium Schrank 

Common Names: 

hemlock water parsnip; water parsnip 

Citations: 



Woolsey JH Jr, Shaffer MH (1952) A suspected plant poisoning 

in cattle. California Vet 5(3):21. 

Sium thunbergii DC. = Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville 

six-seed podgrass –see– Triglochin maritima L. 

ska maria pastora –see– Salvia divinorum Epling & Jativa 

skeleton weed –see– Chondrilla juncea L. 

skewerwood –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

skin mango –see– Mangifera indica L. 

skoke –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

skuimbos –see– Roepera foetida (Schrad. & J. C. Wendl.) 

Beier & Thulin 

skullcap –see– Scutellaria lateriflora L. 

skunk bush –see– Phacelia crenulata Torr. ex S. Watson 

skunk cabbage –see– Veratrum californicum Durand; 


skunkgrass –see– Hordeum jubatum L. 

sky-blue lupine –see– Lupinus diffusus Nutt. 

sky flower –see– Duranta erecta L. 

slang nut –see– Strychnos nux-vomica L. 

slangkop –see– Drimia altissima (L. f.) Ker Gawl.; Drimia 

physodes (Jacq.) Jessop; Drimia sanguinea (Schinz) Jessop 

sleeping nightshade –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

sleepygrass –see– Achnatherum robustum (Vasey) Barkworth 

slender bundleflower –see– Desmanthus leptalobus Torr. & A. 

Gray 

slender ice plant –see– Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum L. 

slim larkspur –see– Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. 

slim nettle –see– Urtica dioica L. 

slinkweed –see– Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) A. Gray; 

Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby 

slipper flower –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

slipper plant –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

sloe –see– Prunus spinosa L. 

small buckeye –see– Aesculus pavia L. 

small burdock –see– Xanthium strumarium L. 

small cardamon –see– Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton 

small dodder –see– Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. 

small golden tip –see– Goodia medicaginea F. Muell. 

small-head matchbush –see– Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) 

A. Gray 

small-head sneezeweed –see– Helenium microcephalum DC. 

small hemlock –see– Aethusa cynapium L. 

small jack-in-the-pulpit –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) 

Schott 

small larkspur –see– Delphinium menziesii DC. 

small laurel –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

small-leaf clematis –see– Clematis microphylla DC. 

small-leaf laurel –see– Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) A. Heller 

small-leaf rubber plant –see– Ficus benjamina L. 

small physicnut –see– Jatropha multifida L. 

small poison bride bush –see– Pavetta harborii S. Moore 

small-flower mallow –see– Malva parviflora L. 

small-seed nolina –see– Nolina microcarpa S. Watson 

smartweed –see– Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach; Persicaria 

punctata (Elliott) Small 

s Mo d i n g i u M a r g u Tu M E. Mey. ex Sond. 


Common Names: 

African poison ivy; rainbow leaf; tovana; um-tovane 

Citations: 

Findlay GH (1963) Dermatitis of “poison ivy” type from an 

indigenous South African plant, Smodingium argutum E. 

Mey. (Anacardiaceae). S Afr Med J 37(Aug 31):883-888. 

Heyl T, Gorst-Allman CP, Wells MJ, et al. (1987) Smodingium 

dermatitis. S Afr Med J 71(7):440-441. 

Hindson C, Oliver R (1975) Eczema from Smodingium 

argutum shrub (Anacardiaceae). Contact Dermatitis 

1(6):388-389. 

smokewood –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

smooth crotalaria –see– Crotalaria pallida Aiton 

smooth Darling pea –see– Swainsona galegifolia (Andrews) 

R. Br. 

smooth horsebrush –see– Tetradymia glabrata Torr. & A. 

Gray 

smooth luffa –see– Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. 

smooth pigweed –see– Amaranthus hybridus L. 

smooth senna –see– Senna ×floribunda (Cav.) H. S. Irwin & 

Barneby

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Solanum bonariense - 369 

smooth tobacco –see– Nicotiana glauca Graham 

smooth witchgrass –see– Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. 

smoothwood –see– Cupressus arizonica Greene 

smother weed –see– Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze 

snake nut –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

snake palm –see– Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch 

snake plant –see– Sansevieria trifasciata Prain 

snakebean –see– Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) J. H. 

Kirkbr. & Wiersema 

snakeberry –see– Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd.; Solanum 

dulcamara L. 

snakegrass –see– Equisetum arvense L. 

snakeroot –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & 

H. Rob.; Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. & Rose; 

Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.; Cicuta maculata L.; Cicuta 

maculata L. var. angustifolia Hook.; Cicuta virosa L.; 

Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) A. Gray; Gutierrezia 

sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby; Rauvolfia serpentina 

(L.) Benth. ex Kurz 

sneeuwles –see– Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake 

sneezeweed –see– Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock; 

Helenium autumnale L.; Helenium microcephalum DC.; 

Hymenoxys hoopesii (A. Gray) Bierner 

sneezewort –see– Helenium autumnale L. 

snow-on-the-mountain –see– Chamaesyce maculata (L.) 

Small; Euphorbia marginata Pursh 

snowberry –see– Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake 

snowdrop –see– Halesia tetraptera J. Ellis; Ornithogalum 

umbellatum L. 

snowdrop anemone –see– Anemone sylvestris L. 

soap plant –see– Toxicoscordion nuttallii (A. Gray) Rydb. 

soapbark tree –see– Quillaja saponaria Molina 

soapwort –see– Quillaja saponaria Molina 

soda apple –see– Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. 

soda bush –see– Neobassia proceriflora (F. Muell.) A. J. Scott 

Sodom apple –see– Solanum anguivi Lam.; Calotropis procera 

(Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

soft khaki weed –see– Gomphrena celosioides Mart. 

soft lumbang –see– Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw 

soft maple –see– Acer rubrum L. 

soft roly poly –see– Salsola tragus L. 

soja –see– Glycine max (L.) Merr. 

Sojabohne –see– Glycine max (L.) Merr. 

sokujikoh –see– Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis 

s o l a n e c io g ig a s (Vatke) C. Jeffrey [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

s enecio gigas Vatke 

Citations: 




s o l a n u M a c u l e a Tis s i Mu M Jacq. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

arrebenta boi; bull nettle; cockroachberry; devil’s-apple; 

ground cherry; love apple; soda apple; wild tomato 

Citations: 


experimental em bovinos pelos frutos de Solanum aculeatissimum. 


s o l a n u M a n g u i vi Lam. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s olanum sodomaeum L. 

Common Names: 

apple-of-Sodom; black-spine nightshade; Dead Sea 

apple; devil’s-apple; popolo; Sodom apple 

Citations: 

Beardmore GL (1981) Devil apple extract and skin cancer. 

Med J Aust 2(2):204-205. 

Ross E, Furumoto HH (1970) The effect of dried fruit of 

Solanum sodomaeum on Japanese quail and S. C. White 

Leghorn cockerel chicks. Poult Sci 49(1):13-15. 

Ross E, Simpson CF, Rowland LO Jr, et al. (1971) Toxicity 

of Solanum sodomaeum and Solanum malacoxylon to 

chicks. Poult Sci 50(3):870-873. 

Solanum bojeri Dunal = Solanum incanum L. 

s o l a n u M b o n a r i e n s e L. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s olanum fastigiatum Willd. 

Common Names: 

joá preto; naranjillo 

Citations: 

Paulovich FB, Portiansky EL, Gimeno EJ, et al. (2002) 

Lectin histochemical study of lipopigments present in 

the cerebellum of Solanum fastigiatum var. fastigiatum 

intoxicated cattle. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 

49(9):473-477. 

Rech RR, Rissi DR, Rodriques A, et al. (2006) Intoxicação 

por Solanum fastigiatum (Solanaceae) em bovinos: 

Epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e morfometria das lesões 

cerebelares. Pesq Vet Bras 26(3):183-189. 

Riet-Correa F, Mendez MC, Schild AL, et al. (1983) 

Intoxication by Solanum fastigiatum var. fastigiatum as 

a cause of cerebellar degeneration in cattle. Cornell Vet 

73(3):240-256. 

Verdes JM, Moraña A, Gutiérrez F, et al. (2006) Cerebellar 

degeneration in cattle grazing Solanum bonariense 

(“Naranjillo”) in Western Uruguay. J Vet Diagn Invest 

18(3):299-303.

370 - Solanum carolinense D. Jesse Wagstaff 

s o l a n u M c a r o l i n e n s e L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

apple-of-Sodom; ball nettle; ball nightshade; bull nettle; 

Carolina horse nettle; Carolina nightshade; horse 

nettle; love apple; nightshade; sand briar; stickerweed; 

tread-softly; wild tomato 

Citations: 



Solanum chondropetalum Dammer = Solanum kwebense N. 

E. Br. 

s o l a n u M c i n e r e u M R. Br. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

Narrawa bur; wild tomato 

Citations: 

Bourke CA (1997) Cerebellar degeneration in goats grazing 

Solanum cinereum (Narrawa burr). Aust Vet J 

75(5):363-365. 

Dodd S (1923) Poisoning of sheep by “narrawa burr.” Agric 


Dodd S (1923) Poisoning of sheep by Solanum cinereum. Vet 

J 79:56-59. 

s o l a n u M d a s y p h y l l u M Schumach. & Thonn. 


Synonyms: 

s olanum macrocarpon L. subsp. dasyphyllum 

Common Names: 

African eggplant 

Citations: 

Bizinebyera ES (2003) Acute poisoning of Friesian heifers 

by Solanum macrocarpon L. ssp dasyphyllum. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 45(4):222-223. 

s o l a n u M d i Mi d i a Tu M Raf. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s olanum torreyi A. Gray 

Common Names: 

horse nettle; potato weed; western horse nettle 

Citations: 




Menzies JS, Bridges CH, Bailey EM (1978) Neurological 

disease of cattle associated with ingestion of Solanum 

dimidiatum. Vet Hum Toxicol 20:195. 

Menzies JS, Bridges CH, Bailey EM Jr (1979) A neurological 

disease of cattle associated with Solanum dimidiatum. 

Southwestern Vet 32(1):45-49. 

s o l a n u M d u b i u M Dunal [Solanaceae] 

Citations: 



93(4):559-575. 

s o l a n u M d u l c a Ma r a L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

bitter nightshade; Bittersüß; Bittersüßer Nachtschatten; 

bittersweet; bittersweet nightshade; blue bindweed; 

blue nightshade; climbing nightshade; deadly 

nightshade; douce amère; European bittersweet; European 

nightshade; felonwood; felonwort mortal; fever 

twig; marriage vine; morella-douce-amère; nightshade; 

poison flower; poison nightshade; poisonberry; 

scarletberry; snakeberry; staff vine; tetonwort; vignede-Judée; 

violet bloom; wild nightshade; wolf grape; 

woody nightshade 

Citations: 

Alexander RF, Forbes GB, Hawkins ES (1948) A fatal case 

of solanine poisoning. Br Med J 2(Sep 11):518. 

Anonymous (1948) Nightshade poisoning. Lancet 2(Sep 

11):438. 

Baker DC, Keeler RF, Gaffield W (1989) Pathology in hamsters 

administered Solanum plant species that contain 

steroidal alkaloids. Toxicon 27(12):1331-1337. 

Borys DJ, Herrick ME, Krenzelok EP, et al. (1992) The clinical 

effects of Solanum dulcamara (deadly nightshade) in 

pediatric patients. Vet Hum Toxicol 34(4):351. 

Ceha LJ, Presperin C, Young E, et al. (1994) Anticholinergic 

crisis from nightshade berry poisoning responsive to 

physostigmine. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(4):359. 

Ceha LJ, Presperin C, Young E, et al. (1997) Anticholinergic 

toxicity from nightshade berry poisoning responsive 

to physostigmine. J Emerg Med 15(1):65-69. 

Greer FG (1947) Poisoning in the horse by woody nightshade. 

Vet Rec 59(45):626. 

Hornfeldt CS (1989) Determination of the toxicity of nightshade 

berries, Solanum dulcamara. Vet Hum Toxicol 

31(4):363. 

Hornfeldt CS, Collins JE (1990) Toxicity of nightshade berries 

(Solanum dulcamara) in mice. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

28(2):185-192. 

Manoguerra AS, Ruiz E (1976) Physostigmine treatment of 

anticholinergic poisoning. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians 

5(2):125-127. 

Polster H (1953) Zwei Fälle von Nachtschattenvergiftung. 

Kinderaerztl Prax 21:208-211. 

Rubinfeld RS, Currie JN (1987) Accidental mydriasis from 

blue nightshade “lipstick.” J Clin Neuroophthalmol 

7(1):34-37. 

Swinscow D (1953) Accidental poisoning of young children. 

Arch Dis Child 28(137):26-29. 

Yates G (1915) Poisoning by woody nightshade. Vet Rec 

28(1432):269-270.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Solanum glaucophyllum - 371 

s o l a n u M e l a e ag n i f o l i u M Cav. 


Common Names: 

bull nettle; silverleaf nightshade; tomatillo; tomato 

weed; trompillo; tropillo; western horse nettle; white 

horse nettle 

Citations: 







Buck WB, Dollahite JW, Allen TJ (1960) Solanum elaeagnifolium, 

silver-leafed nightshade, poisoning in livestock. J 


Dollahite JW, Allen TJ (1960) Silverleaf nightshade poisoning 

in livestock. Texas Agric Exp Sta Prog Rep #2146:7 

pp. 

Garland T, Bailey EM Jr, Reagor JC, et al. (1998) Probable 

interaction between Solanum elaeagnifolium and Ivermectin 

in horses. In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic 

plants and other natural toxicants. CABI. New York. pp. 

423-427. 

s o l a n u M e s u r i a l e Lindl. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

potato bush; potato weed; queen’s-nightshade; quena; 

tomato bush; wild tomato 

Citations: 

Dunster PJ, McKenzie RA (1987) Does Solanum esuriale 

cause humpyback in sheep? Aust Vet J 64:119-120. 

McMeniman NP (1976) Solanum esuriale, A possible cause 

of humpy back in sheep. Aust Vet J 52(9):432-433. 

Solanum fastigiatum Willd. = Solanum bonariense L. 

s o l a n u M g l a u c o p h y l l u M Desf. 


Synonyms: 

s olanum malacoxylon Sendtn. 

Common Names: 

duras milk blanco; duraznillo blanco; little peach; 

nightshade; white persicary 

Citations: 

Basudde CD (1984) Polyuria and polydipsia in rats given the 

calcinogenic shrub Solanum malacoxylon. Kenya J Sci 

Tech Series B 5(1-2):89-96. 

Basudde CD, Humphreys DJ (1975) The effect of the administration 

of Solanum malacoxylon on the chick. Res Vet 

Sci 18(3):330-331. 

Bingley JB, Ruksan BE, Carrillo BJ (1976) Serum calcium 

fractions in sheep treated with Solanum malacoxylon. 

Res Vet Sci 21(1):121-122. 

Camberos HR (1971) Arterioesclerosis calcificante en rumiantes: 

“Enteque seco.” Gaceta Vet 33:120-128. 

Camberos HR, Davis GK (1970) Accion de “Solanum malacoxylon” 

sobre balance mineral en ovinos. Gaceta Vet 

32:466-474. 

Camberos HR, Davis GK, Djafar MI, et al. (1970) Soft tissue 

calcification in guinea pigs fed the poisonous plant 

Solanum malacoxylon. Am J Vet Res 31(4):685-696. 

Campero CM, Odriozola E (1990) A case of Solanum malacoxylon 

toxicity in pigs. Vet Hum Toxicol 32(3):238-239. 

Carrillo BJ (1973) Efecto de la intoxicación de Solanum malacoxylon 

en el sistema óseo. Rev Invest Agric 4th Series 

10(2):65-77. 

Carrillo BJ (1973) Efecto de la intoxicación de Solanum malacoxylon 

en la morfología de las celulas parafoliculares de 

la triroides. Rev Invest Agric 4th Series 10(1):41-54. 

Carrillo BJ, Tilley JM, Garcés NE, et al. (1971) Intoxicacion 

experimental de bovinos con “Solanum malacoxylon.” 

Gaceta Vet 33:468-484. 

Carrilo BJ, Ruksan B (1975) The effect of Solanum malacoxylon 

toxicity on bones. Proc World Vet Cong 2:1237-1241. 

Collins WT, Capen CC, Döbereiner J, et al. (1977) Ultrastructural 

evaluation of parathyroid glands and thyroid 

C cells of cattle fed Solanum malacoxylon. Am J Pathol 

87(3):603-614. 

Dämmrich K, Döbereiner J, Done SH, et al. (1975) Skelettveränderungen 

nach Vergiftungen mit Solanum 

malacoxylon bei Rindern. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 

22(4):313-329. 

De Barros S, Tabone E, Dos Santos M, et al. (1981) Histopathological 

and ultrastructural alterations in the aorta in 

experimental Solanum malacoxylon poisoning. Virchows 

Arch B Cell Pathol 35(2):169-175. 

Döbereiner J, Dämmrich K (1974) Skelettveränderungen bei 

Rindern nach Vergiftungen mit Solanum malacoxylon 

Sendtner. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 58:323-326. 

Döbereiner J, Dämmrich K (1975) Skelettveränderungen 

bei Rindern nach Vergiftungen mit Solanum malacoxylon 

Sendtner. Zentralbl Allg Pathol Pathol Anat 

119(1-2):126. 

Döbereiner J, Done SH, Beltran LE (1975) Experimental 

Solanum malacoxylon poisoning in calves. Br Vet J 

131(2):175-185. 

Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH, Costa JB, et al. (1971) “Espichamento,” 

intoxicação de bovinos por Solanum malacoxylon, 

no Pantanal de Mato Grosso. Pesq Agric Bras 

Vet 6(6):91-117. 

Done SH, Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH (1976) Systemic connective 

tissue calcification in cattle poisoned by Solanum 

malacoxylon: A histological study. Br Vet J 132(1):28-38. 

Done SH, Tokarnia CH, Dämmrich K, et al. (1976) 

Solanum malacoxylon poisoning in pigs. Res Vet Sci 

20(2):217-219. 

Gaggino OP (1969) Desarrollo de la lesión arteriosclerótica 

incipiente en el enteque seco reproducido experimentalmente 

en ovejas. Rev Invest Agric 4th Series 6(3):31-40. 

Górniak SL, Barbosa Ferreira M, Schumaher Henrique B, et 

al. (2004) Fetal effects of maternal ingestion of Solanum 

malacoxylon: Evaluation in rats. In: Acamovic T, Stewart 

CS, Pennycott TW (eds.) Poisonous plants and related 

toxins. CABI. Wallingford, UK. pp. 465-470. 

Górniak SL, Dagli ML, Arruda NV, et al. (1998) Evaluation 

of the toxicity of Solanum malacoxylon during the 

perinatal period. In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic 


323-328.

372 - Solanum guaraniticum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Górniak SL, Dagli ML, Maiorka PC, et al. (1999) Evaluation 

in rabbits of the fetal effects of maternal ingestion of 

Solanum malacoxylon. Vet Res Commun 23(5):307-316. 

Köhler H, Leibetseder J, Skalicky M, et al. (1977) Zur 

Kalzinose der Rinder in Österreich. 4. Vergleichende 

experimentelle Untersuchungen über den Ca- und 

P-Stoffwechsel des Meerschweinchens nach Hypervitaminose 

D und Intoxikation mit Solanum malacoxylon. 


Kunz W (1976) Über den Einfluss von Solanum malacoxylon 

(Sendtner) auf den Kalzium-, Phosphor- und 

Magnesium-Gehalt im Blutserum beim Rind nach parenteraler 

und oraler Applikation. Cong Int Maladies 

Betail 2(2):1009-1014. 

Kunz W (1977) Über den Einfluß von Solanum malacoxylon 

(Sendtner) auf den Kalcium-, Phosphor- und Magnesium-Gehalt 

im Blutserum beim Rind nach parenteraler 

und oraler Application. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 

90(4):69-72. 

Kunz W, Hänichen T (1981) Solanum malacoxylon: Untersuchungen 

über die Verträglichkeit der zur Prophylaxe der 

Hypokalzämischen Gebärlähmung empfohlenen Mengen. 

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 94(21):421-424. 

Mautalen CA (1972) Mechanism of action of Solanum malacoxylon 

upon calcium and phosphate metabolism in the 

rabbit. Endocrinology 90(2):563-567. 

Morris KM, Jenkins SA, Simonite JP (1977) The effect on 

egg-shell thickness of the inclusion of the calcinogenic 

plant Solanum malacoxylon in the diet of laying hens. Vet 

Rec 101(25):502-504. 

Norrdin RW, Barros CS, Queille ML, et al. (1979) Acute 

effects of Solanum malacoxylon on bone formation rates 

in growing rats. Calcif Tissue Int 28(3):239-243. 

O’Donnell JM, Smith MW (1973) Vitamin D-like action of 

Solanum malacoxylon on calcium transport by rat intestine. 

Nature 244(415):357-358. 

Ousavaplangchai L (1973) Vergleichende Untersuchungen 

zur Histopathologie der Intoxikation mit Vitamin D3 

und Solanum malacoxylon beim Meerschweinchen. Wien 

Tierarztl Monatsschr 60(10):316. 

Portiansky EL, Alonso CR, Costa EF, et al. (2002) Collangenous 

and elastic system fibres in the aorta of cattle 

poisoned by Solanum glaucophyllum. Vet Rec 150(Jan 

12):42-45. 

Ross E, Simpson CF, Rowland LO Jr, et al. (1971) Toxicity 

of Solanum sodomaeum and Solanum malacoxylon to 

chicks. Poult Sci 50(3):870-873. 

Roux R, Davicco MJ, Carrillo BJ, et al. (1979) Solanum glaucophyllum 

in pregnant cows. Effect of colostrum mineral 

composition and plasma calcium and phosphorus levels 

in dams and newborn calves. Ann Biol Anim Biochim 

Biophys 19(1A):91-101. 

Rucksan BE, Wells GA, Lewis G (1978) Solanum malacoxylon 

toxicity to pigs. Vet Rec 103(8):153-155. 

Santos MN (1979) Osteopetrose induzida pelo Solanum 

malacoxylon (Sendtner) em coelhos em fase de crescimento. 

Arq Esc Vet Univ Fed Minas Gerais 31:498-500. 

Santos MN, Nunes VA, Nunes IJ, et al. (1976) Solanum malacoxylon 

toxicity: Inhibition of bone resorption. Cornell 

Vet 66(4):566-589. 

Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J (1974) “Espichamento,” intoxicação 

de bovinos por Solanum malacoxylon, no Pantanal 

de Mato Grosso. II. Estudos complementares. Pesq Agric 

Bras Vet 9(7):53-62. 

Wase AW (1972) Effect of Solanum malacoxylon on serum 

calcium and phosphate in laboratory animals. Fed Proc 

31:708. 

Woodard JC, Berra G, Ruksan B, et al. (1993) Toxic 

effects of Solanum malacoxylon on sheep bone. Bone 

14(5):787-797. 

s o l a n u M g u a r a n i Tic u M A. St.-Hil. 


Citations: 

Barros SS, Riet-Correa F, Andujar MB, et al. (1987) Solanum 

fastigiatum var. fastigiatum and Solanum sp. poisoning 

in cattle: Ultrastructural changes in the cerebellum. 


Zambrano M, Riet-Correa F, Schild AL, et al. (1985) 

Intoxicação por Solanum fastigiatum var. fastigiatum: 

Evolução e reversibilidade das lesões em bovinos, e susceptibilidade 

de ovinos, coelhos, cóbaios e ratos. Pesq Vet 

Bras 5(4):133-141. 

s o l a n u M i n c a n u M L. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s olanum bojeri Dunal 

Common Names: 

afufa oyibo; bitter apple; gautan kura; usa 

Citations: 





s o l a n u M k w e b e n s e N. E. Br. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s olanum chondropetalum Dammer 

Common Names: 

bitterappel; rooibessie 

Citations: 

Pienaar JG, Kellerman TS, Basson PA, et al. (1976) Maldronksiekte 

in cattle: A neuronopathy caused by Solanum 

kwebense N. E. Br. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

43(2):67-74. 

Solanum macrocarpon L. subsp. dasyphyllum = Solanum 

dasyphyllum Schumach. & Thonn. 

Solanum malacoxylon Sendtn. = Solanum glaucophyllum 

Desf. 

s o l a n u M Me l o n g e n a L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

aubergine; berenghenas; brinjal; eggplant 

Citations: 




Gil M, Hogendijk S, Hauser C (2002) Allergy to eggplant 

flower pollen. Allergy 57(7):652.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Solanum sisymbriifolium - 373 

Kabashima K, Miyachi Y (2004) Contact dermatitis due to 

eggplant. Contact Dermatitis 50(2):101-102. 

s o l a n u M n ig r u M L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

black nightshade; blackberry nightshade; deadly 

nightshade; duscle; garden huckleberry; hierba mora; 

houndberry; huckleberry; makoi; morelle noire; nasgaal; 

nastergal; petty morel; poisonberry; Schwarzer 

Nachtshatten; stubbleberry; wonderberry; yerba mora 

Citations: 

Bonner WG (1938) Poisoning of cattle. Black (or garden) 

nightshade. N Z J Agr 57(2):99,101. 

Carey JC (1955) Black nightshade poisoning in swine. North 

Am Vet 36(Jun):446. 

Casselberry NH (1939) Nightshade poisoning of swine. Vet 

Med 34(Jul):444-445. 

Davies RC (1972) Black nightshade poisoning in the dog. 

Vet Rec 90(2):50. 


of sicklepod and black nightshade seeds in shortterm 

feeding studies in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 

28(2):101-107. 

Gunning OV (1949) Poisoning in goats by black nightshade 

(Solanum nigrum). Br Vet J 105:473-474. 



Hubbs JC (1947) Belladonna poisoning in pigs. Vet Med 

42(Nov):428-429. 




Polster H (1953) Zwei Fälle von Nachtschattenvergiftung. 

Kinderaerztl Prax 21:208-211. 

Towers RP (1953) A case of poisoning by Solanum nigrum. 

Ir J Med Sci 6(326):77-80. 

Solanum panduraeforme Diege ex Dun. = Solanum 

panduriforme E. Mey. 

s o l a n u M p a n d u r i f o r Me E. Mey. 


Synonyms: 

s olanum panduraeforme Diege ex Dun. 

Common Names: 

bitter apple 

Citations: 





s o l a n u M p s e u d o c a p s ic u M L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

apple-of-Sodom; Carolina love nettle; Christmas 

cherry; Christmas pepper; coral; Jerusalem berry; Jerusalem 

cherry; Jerusalemkirsche; Korallenstrauch; love 

apple; Madeira winter cherry; Natal cherry; night- 

shade; nipple fruit; pommier d’amour; star potato vine; 

Straußkirsche; winter cherry 

Citations: 



Oehme FW (1978) The hazard of plant toxicities to the 

human population. In: Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, 

James LF, et al. (eds.) Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. 

Academic Press. New York. pp. 67-80. 

s o l a n u M p Ty c a n Th u M Dunal [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

eastern black nightshade; morelle-noire-de-l’est 

Citations: 

Voss KA, Chamberlain WJ, Brennecke LH (1993) Subchronic 

toxicity study of eastern black nightshade (Solanum 

ptycanthum) berries in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Food 

Safety 13:91-97. 

s o l a n u M r o s Tr a Tu M Dunal [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

beaked nightshade; buffalo bur; Colorado bur; duraznillo; 

Kansas thistle; mala mujer; prickly nightshade; 

sand bur; Texas thistle 

Citations: 

Simic WJ (1943) Solanine poisoning in swine. Vet Med 

38(9):353-354. 

s o l a n u M s a r r a c h o i d e s Sendtn. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

hairy nightshade 

Citations: 




Drew ML, Fowler ME (1991) Poisoning of black and white 

ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) by hairy 

nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides). J Zoo Wildl Med 

22(4):494-496. 

s o l a n u M s is y Mb r i i f o l i u M Lam. 


Common Names: 

espina colorado 

Citations: 



39(3):318-319. 



41(3):235-239. 

Solanum sodomaeum L. = Solanum anguivi Lam.

374 - Solanum sturtianum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

s o l a n u M s Tu r Ti a n u M F. Muell. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

Sturt’s-nightshade; Thargomindah nightshade 

Citations: 

Seddon HR, Carne HR (1925) Poisoning of stock by Solanum 

sturtianum. Agric Gaz New South Wales 36(Mar 

1):192-194. 

Seddon HR, Carne HR (1925) Poisoning of stock by Solanum 

sturtianum. New South Wales Dep Agric Sci Bull 

24:28-33. 

Solanum torreyi A. Gray = Solanum dimidiatum Raf. 

s o l a n u M To rv u M Sw. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

devil’s-fig; susumberberry; turkeyberry; wild tomato 

Citations: 

Morris KM, Simonite JP, Pullen L, et al. (1979) Solanum 

torvum as a causative agent of enzootic calcinosis in 

Papua, New Guinea. Res Vet Sci 27(2):264-266. 

Thompson M, Thornton M, Verjee Z (2003) Poisoning by 

susumber berries. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41(5):729. 

s o l a n u M Tr i f l o r u M Nutt. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

cut-leaf nightshade; nightshade; spreading nightshade; 

three-flower nightshade; western nightshade; wild 

potato 

Citations: 

Pammel LH (1921) Three-flowered nightshade poisonous. 

Vet Med 16(2):46-47. 

s o l a n u M Tu b e r o s u M L. [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

camotillo; Erdapfel; Irish potato; Kartoffel; papa; 

potato; white potato 

Citations: 

Allen JR, Marlar RJ, Chesney CF, et al. (1977) Teratogenicity 

studies on late blighted potatoes in nonhuman 

primates (Macaca mulatta and Saguinus labiatus). Teratology 

15(1):17-23. 

Baker D, Keeler R, Gaffield W (1987) Lesions of potato 

sprout and extracted potato sprout alkaloid toxicity in 

Syrian hamsters. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 25(3):199-208. 

Baker DC, Keeler RF, Gaffield WP (1988) Mechanism of 

death in Syrian hamsters gavaged potato sprout material. 

Toxicol Pathol 16(3):333-339. 

Blount WP (1928) Potato poisoning in the adult dog. Vet 

Rec 8(43):924-925. 

Bolin FM (1962) Green potatoes can kill sheep. North 

Dakota Farm Res 22(7):15. 

Carmichael AJ, Foulds IS, Tan CY (1989) Allergic contact 

dermatitis from potato flesh. Contact Dermatitis 

20(11):64-65. 

Gunning OV (1950) Suspected potato poisoning in a mare, 

with fatal termination. Br Vet J 106:32-33. 

Hansen AA (1925) Two fatal cases of potato poisoning. Science 

61(1578):340-341. 



Hansen AA (1928) Potato poisoning. North Am Vet 

9(7):31-34. 

Harris FW, Cockburn T (1918) Alleged poisoning by potatoes. 

Am J Pharm 90(Oct):722-726. 

Harris FW, Cockburn T (1918) Alleged poisoning by potatoes. 

Analyst 43:133-137. 



2(1):28-42. 

Inman PM (1965) Dermatitis in a crisp factory. Acta Derm 

Venereol 45(4):295-296. 

Keeler RF, Brown D, Douglas DR, et al. (1976) Teratogenicity 

of the solanum alkaloid solasodine and of ‘Kennebec’ 

potato sprouts in hamsters. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 

15(5):522-524. 

Keeler RF, Young S, Brown D, et al. (1978) Congenital 

deformities produced in hamsters by potato sprouts. Teratology 

17(3):327-334. 

Kline BE, von Elbe H, Dahle NA, et al. (1961) Toxic effect 

of potato sprouts and of solanine fed to pregnant rats. 

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 107(Aug-Sep):807-809. 

Kotowski K (1967) Przypadki zachorowan bydła na tle 

nadmiernego żywienia ziemnjakami. Med Weter 

23(12):736-737. 

Larko O, Lindstedt G, Lundberg PA, et al. (1983) Biochemical 

and clinical studies in a case of contact urticaria to 

potato. Contact Dermatitis 9(2):108-114. 

McMillan M, Thompson JC (1979) An outbreak of suspected 

solanine poisoning in schoolboys: Examination of criteria 

of solanine poisoning. Q J Med 48(190):227-243. 




Milligan JB (1941) Suspected potato poisoning in cattle. Vet 

Rec 53(35):512. 

Misra SN, Nath CP, Rao SV (1979) Toxic effect of greenish 

potato peels in rabbits - A preliminary trial. Indian Vet J 

56(May):441-442. 

Nater JP, Zwartz JA (1967) Atopic allergic reactions due to 

raw potato. J Allergy 40(4):202-206. 

Owen RA (1985) Potato poisoning in a horse. Vet Rec 

117(10):246. 

Pearson RS (1966) Potato sensitivity, an occupational allergy 

in housewives. Acta Allergol 21(1):507-514. 

Peck SM, Clare HC (1945) Dermatitis from dehydration of 

potatoes. Arch Derm Syphilol 52:9-10. 

Petersen UK (1949) Zur klinik der Solaninvergiftung. Arch 

Kinderheilkd 137:24-26. 

Pful E (1899) Ueber eine Massenerkrankung durch Vergiftung 

mit stark solaninhaltigen Kartoffeln. Dtsch Med 

Wochenschr 25(46):753-754. 

Phillips BJ, Hughes JA, Phillips JC, et al. (1996) A study of the 

toxic hazard that might be associated with the consumption 

of green potato tops. Food Chem Toxicol 34:439-448. 

Poswillo DE, Sopher D, Mitchell S (1972) Experimental 

induction of foetal malformation with “blighted” potato: 

A preliminary report. Nature 239(5373):462-464. 

Poswillo DE, Sopher D, Mitchell SJ, et al. (1973) Investigations 

into teratogenic potential of imperfect potatoes. 

Teratology 8(3):339-347.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Sonchus oleraceus - 375 

Quirce S, Díez Gómez ML, Hinojosa M, et al. (1989) 

Housewives with raw potato-induced bronchial asthma. 

Allergy 44(8):532-536. 

Rühl R (1951) Beitrag zur Pathologie und Toxikologie des 

Solanins. Arch Pharm 284:67-74. 

SAC Veterinary Services (1998) Solanine poisoning causes 

deaths in Scottish cattle. Vet Rec 142:125. 

Swinyard CA, Chaube S (1973) Are potatoes teratogenic for 

experimental animals? Teratology 8(3):349-358. 

Terbrüggen A (1936) Tödliche Solanin-Vergiftung durch 

den Genuß von Kartoffelbeeren. Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 

7(A609):101-104. 

Terbrüggen A (1936) Tödliche Solaninvergiftung. Beitr 

Pathol Anat 97:391-395. 

Willimott SG (1933) An investigation of solanine poisoning. 

Analyst 58(689):431-439. 

Wilson GS (1959) A small outbreak of solanine poisoning. 

Monthly Bull Ministry Health 18(Dec):207-210. 

Note: 

Potato is named Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. tuberosum 

in some publications. 

s o l a n u M vi a r u M Dunal [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

tropical soda apple 

Citations: 

Porter MB, MacKay RJ, Uhl E, et al. (2003) Neurologic 

disease putatively associated with ingestion of Solanum 

viarum in goats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223(4):501-504. 

s o l a n u M vi r g i n i a n u M L. [Solanaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s olanum xanthocarpum Schrad. 

Common Names: 

toothed nightshade 

Citations: 




Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. = Solanum virginianum L. 

soldier’s-cap –see– Aconitum napellus L.; Dicentra cucullaria 

(L.) Bernh. 

s o l e n o s Te Mo n s c u Te l l a r io i d e s (L.) 

Codd [Lamiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c oleus blumei Benth. 

Common Names: 

coleus 

Citations: 

Dooms-Goossens A, Borghus A, Degreef H, et al. (1987) 

Airborne contact dermatitis to coleus. Contact Dermatitis 

17(6):109-110. 

Saihan EM, Harman RR (1978) Coleus sensitivity in a gardener. 


s o l i d ag o s p e c io s a Nutt. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

goldenrod 

Citations: 

Freer RS (1949) Toxic effects of a Solidago species on cattle. 

Virginia Acad Sci Proc 27:97. 

s o l i d ag o s p e c Ta b i l is (D. C. Eaton) A. Gray 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Basin goldenrod; goldenrod; Nevada goldenrod; western 

goldenrod 

Citations: 





#1928:21-22. 



1930:12-13. 



Lockett S (1917) Sheep poisoned by western goldenrod 

(Solidago spectabilis). J Am Vet Med Assoc 

51:214-221. 

Soliva pterosperma (Juss.) Less. = Soliva sessilis Ruiz & Pav. 

s o l i va s e s s i l is Ruiz & Pav. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

s oliva pterosperma (Juss.) Less. 

Common Names: 

bindii; bindy-eye; jo jo; onehunga weed 

Citations: 

Commens C, McGeogh A, Bartlett B, et al. (1984) Bindii 

(Jo Jo) dermatitis (Soliva pterosperma [Compositae]). J 

Am Acad Dermatol 10(5 Part 1):768-773. 

Solomon Island ivy –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) 

Engl. 

Solomon’s-seal –see– Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. 

solsoldong –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

Sommeradonisröschen –see– Adonis aestivalis L. 

Sommereiche –see– Quercus robur L. 

Sommerwicken –see– Vicia sativa L. 

son-before-the-father –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

s o n c h u s o l e r a c e u s L. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Purchase IF, Tustin RC, van Rensburg SJ (1975) Biological 

testing of food grown in the Transkei. Food Cosmet 

Toxicol 13(6):639-647. 

Sonnenblume –see– Helianthus annuus L.

376 - Sophora alopecuroides D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Sonnenwolfsmilch –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L. 

sonnette –see– Crotalaria retusa L. 

sonwa millet –see– Panicum miliaceum L. 

s o p h o r a a l o p e c u r o i d e s L. [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 



1940:62. 

s o p h o r a f l a ve s c e n s Aiton [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

light-yellow sophora; ling lang 

Citations: 





Tsai KJ, Lin TJ, Lin WL, et al. (1993) The potential neurotoxicity 

of bitter tea drinking - A case report. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 35(4):330. 

s o p h o r a Mic r o p h y l l a Aiton [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

kowhai; yellow kowhai 

Citations: 

Clinch PG, Palmer-Jones T, Forster IW (1972) Effect on 

honey bees of nectar from the yellow kowhai (Sophora 

microphylla Ait.). N Z J Agric Res 15:194-201. 

s o p h o r a n u TTa l l i a n a B. L. Turner 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

silky sophora; white locoweed; white sophora 

Citations: 






Sophora secundiflora (Ortega) Lag. ex DC. = Calia 

secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev 

sore-eye flower –see– Boophone disticha (L. f.) Herb. 

sorghum –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

sorghum almum –see– Sorghum ×almum Parodi 

s o r g h u M ×a l Mu M p a r o d i [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

Columbusgrass; sorghum almum 

Citations: 

Knight PR (1968) Equine cystitis and ataxia associated with 

grazing of pastures dominated by sorghum species. Aust 

Vet J 44(5):257. 

s o r g h u M b ic o l o r (L.) Moench [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ndropogon sorghum (L.) Brot.; h olcus sorghum L.; 

s orghum saccharatum (L.) Moench; s orghum vulgare 

Pers. 

Common Names: 

African sorghum; broom millet; broomcorn sorghum; 

dhurra wheat; durra; fatarita; grain sorghum; great 

millet; Guinae corn; Indian millet; jowar; juar; kafferkoring; 

Kafir corn; millet; milo; sorghum; sorgo; sweet 

sorghum 

Citations: 

Adams LG, Dollahite JW, Romane WM, et al. (1969) Cystitis 

and ataxia associated with sorghum ingestion by 







pp. 540-547. 

Armstrong WD, Featherston WR, Rogler JC (1974) Effects of 

bird resistant sorghum grain and various commercial tannins 

on chick performance. Poult Sci 53(6):2137-2142. 

Awad FI (1960) A note on Sorghum vulgare (fatarita) poisoning 

in cattle. Sudanese J Vet Sci Anim Husb 1(1):33-34. 

Belevady B, Gopalan C (1965) Production of black tongue 

in dogs by feeding diets containing jowar (Sorghum vulgare). 

Lancet 2(Dec 11):1220-1221. 

Bradley GA, Metcalf HC, Reggiardo C, et al. (1995) Neuroaxonal 

degeneration in sheep grazing Sorghum pastures. 

J Vet Diagn Invest 7(2):229-236. 

Chang SI, Fuller HL (1964) Effect of tannin content of grain 

sorghums on their feeding value for growing chicks. Poult 

Sci 43(1):30-36. 

Connor JK, Hurwood IS, Burton HW, et al. (1969) Some 

nutritional aspects of feeding sorghum grain of high tannin 

content to growing chickens. Aust J Exp Agric Anim 

Husb 9(40):497-501. 

Fuller HL, Potter DK, Brown AR (1966) The feeding value 

of grain sorghums in relation to their tannin content. 

Georgia Agric Exp Sta Bull 176:1-14. 

Gaggino OP, Carrillo BJ (1964) Ataxia de bovinos en pastoreo 

de sorgo. Idia 197(May):28-30. 

Hansen AA (1924) Prussic acid poisoning in livestock. A 

real problem. Better Crops 2(3):26-27, 38. 

Hiltner RS (1900) The fatal effect of green sorghum. Nebraska 


Koliev MF, Fedyushin FE (1963) [Mass poisoning of swine 

with sorghum.] Veterinariia Moscow 40(10):45-46. 

McClymont GL, Duncan DC (1952) Studies on nutrition of 

poultry. III. Toxicity of grain sorghum for chickens. Aust 

Vet J 28(Sep):229-233. 

McKenzie RA, McMicking LI (1977) Ataxia and urinary 

incontinence in cattle grazing sorghum. Aust Vet J 

53(10):496-497. 

Morgan SE, Johnson B, Brewer B, et al. (1990) Sorghum 

cystitis ataxia syndrome in horses. Vet Hum Toxicol 

32(6):582. 

Pammel LH (1919) Poisoning from sorghum and Sudan 

grass. Am J Vet Med 14:30-31.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Sorghum halepense - 377 

Peters AT, Slade HB, Avery S (1903) Poisoning of cattle by 

common sorghum and Kafir corn (Sorghum vulgare.). 

Nebraska Agric Exp Sta Bull #77(11):1-16. 

s o r g h u M ×d r u MMo n d i i (Steud.) Millsp. & 

Chase [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

h olcus sudanensis (Piper) L. H. Bailey; s orghum 

sudanense (Piper) Stapf; s orghum vulgare Pers. var. 

sudanense (Steud.) Hitchc. 

Common Names: 

sorghum; Sudan sorghum; Sudangrass; sudax 

Citations: 



Dodgen JP (1967) An acute case of sorghum cystitis in the 

equine. Southwestern Vet 20:156. 

Howarth JA (1931) Sudan grass as a photosensitizing agent 

causing dermatitis in sheep. North Am Vet 12(1):29-33. 

Pammel LH (1919) Poisoning from sorghum and Sudan 

grass. Am J Vet Med 14:30-31. 

Pammel LH (1920) Will frosted Sudan grass produce poisoning? 

Am J Vet Med 15:27. 

Prichard JT, Voss JL (1967) Fetal ankylosis in horses associated 

with hybrid Sudan pasture. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

150(8):871-873. 

Rogers CF, Boyd WL (1936) Sudan grass and other cyanophoric 

plants as animal intoxicants. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

88:489-499. 

Seaman JT, Smeal MG, Wright JC (1981) The possible 

association of a sorghum (Sorghum sudanese) hybrid 

as a cause of development defects in calves. Aust Vet J 

57(7):351-352. 

s o r g h u M h a l e p e n s e (L.) Pers. [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ndropogon arundinaceus Scop.; a ndropogon halepensis 

(L.) Brot.; h olcus halepensis L. 

Common Names: 

addar; baru; Johnsongrass 

Citations: 

Makridis I (1971) [Poisoning of the cattle in Greece by Sorghum 

halepense.] Hellenike Kteniatrike 14:10-22. 

Mathews FP (1932) Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) poisoning. 


Richetti A, Richetti F (1977) Sulla potenziale tossicità del 

Sorghum exiguum nella alimentazione del bestiame. Acta 

Med Vet (Napoli) 23(1-2):119-122. 

Richetti F (1967) Rilievi e considerazioni su due casi di avvelenemento 

in equini in seguito ad ingestione de Sorghum 

halepense. Acta Med Vet (Napoli) 13:229-238. 

Richetti F (1969) Rilievi istologici sulla tossicita’ spermitale 

da Sorghum halepense Pers. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 

45(10):641-643. 

Vasey G (1885) Johnson grass in Montana. U S Dep Agric 

Rep 1885:74-75. 

Wiggins AM (1953) Johnsongrass poisoning. Auburn Vet 

9(Winter):77-79. 

Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Moench = Sorghum bicolor (L.) 

Moench 

Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf = Sorghum ×drummondii 

(Steud.) Millsp. & Chase 

Sorghum vulgare Pers = Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

Sorghum vulgare Pers. var. sudanense (Piper) Hitchc. = 

Sorghum ×drummondii (Steud.) Millsp. & Chase 

sorgo –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

soro soro –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

sorrel –see– Oxalis pes-caprae L.; Rumex acetosa L.; Rumex 

acetosella L.; Rumex crispus L. 

sorrel dock –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

sorrelgrass –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

sorsaka –see– Annona muricata L. 

sorte-de-noix-d’arec –see– Areca catechu L. 

Sosnovsky’s-cow parsnip –see– Heracleum sosnowskyi 

Manden. 

sosueldo –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

sotetsu –see– Cycas revoluta Thunb. 

soup clover –see– Melilotus indicus (L.) All. 

sour clover –see– Melilotus indicus (L.) All. 

sour dock –see– Rumex acetosa L.; Rumex acetosella L.; 

Rumex crispus L. 

sour green –see– Rumex venosus Pursh 

sour leek –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

sour orange –see– Citrus aurantium L. 

sour sop –see– Annona muricata L. 

sour sorrel –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

sour sweet clover –see– Melilotus indicus (L.) All. 

sour weed –see– Rumex acetosella L. 

sourgrass –see– Rumex acetosa L.; Rumex acetosella L. 

soursob –see– Oxalis pes-caprae L. 

South African daisy –see– Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. 


South African milk bush –see– Synadenium grantii Hook. f. 

South American air plant –see– Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi 

Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier 

South American tea –see– Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. 

South Sea rose –see– Nerium oleander L. 

southeastern bitterweed –see– Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. 

Rock 

southern baccharis –see– Baccharis glomeruliflora Pers. 

southern canarygrass –see– Phalaris caroliniana Walter 

southern indigo –see– Indigofera australis Willd. 

southern pea –see– Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. 

southern poison oak –see– Toxicodendron pubescens Mill. 

southern sandbur –see– Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis

378 - Sparrmannia africana D. Jesse Wagstaff 

sowbread –see– Cyclamen persicum Mill. 

soy –see– Glycine max (L.) Merr. 

soya bean –see– Glycine max (L.) Merr. 

soybean –see– Glycine max (L.) Merr. 

spadic bush –see– Erythroxylum coca Lam. 

Spanish bayonet –see– Yucca aloifolia L. 

Spanish daisy –see– Helenium amarum (Raf.) H. Rock 

Spanish tea –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & 


Spanish vetch –see– Lathyrus clymenum L. 

Spanish vetchling –see– Lathyrus clymenum L. 

spantou melkbos –see– Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. 

Spargel –see– Asparagus officinalis L. 

s p a r r Ma n n i a a f r ic a n a L. f. [Malvaceae] 

Common Names: 

African hemp; indoor linden; Zimmerlinde 

Citations: 

Kuske H, Bandi B (1958) Dermatitis und Ekzem durch Zimmerlinde. 

Dermatologica 116:308-313. 

Schulze W (1941) Untersuchungen über die Reizwirkung der 

Zimmerlindenblatter auf die Haut. Arch Derm Syphilol 

181:63-77. 

spartium –see– Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link 

Späte Traubenkirsche –see– Prunus serotina Ehrh. 

spathe flower –see– Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel 

s p a Th i p h y l l u M f l o r i b u n d u M (Linden & 

André) N. E. Br. [Araceae] 

Citations: 

Cahen O, Floras P, Guerineau JM, et al. (1978) Intoxication 

par les fruits de Redoul. Cah Anesthesiol 26(5):693-698. 



Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 

s p a Th i p h y l l u M wa l l is i i Regel [Araceae] 

Common Names: 

spathe flower 

Citations: 





spearmint –see– Mentha spicata L. 

speckled locoweed –see– Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex 

Hook. 

speckled milk vetch –see– Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex 

Hook. var. diphysus (A. Gray) M. E. Jones 

Speisebohnen –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

s p h ag n e Tic o l a Tr i l ob a Ta (L.) Pruski 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. 

Common Names: 

wedelia 

Citations: 

Goh CL (1986) Contact sensitivity to Wedelia trilobata. 


s p h e n o s c i a d i u M c a p i Te l l a Tu M A. Gray 

[Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

ranger’s-buttons; swamp whiteheads; whiteheads; 

woolly-head parsnip 

Citations: 

Fowler ME, Berry LJ, Bushnell R, et al. (1970) Sphenosciadium 

capitellatum (whiteheads) toxicosis of cattle and 


spice pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L. 

spider antelopehorn –see– Asclepias asperula (Decne.) 

Woodson var. decumbens (Nutt.) Shinners 

spider flower –see– Cleome spinosa Jacq. 

spider milkweed –see– Asclepias verticillata L.; Asclepias 

viridis Walter 

spidergrass –see– Brachyachne convergens (F. Muell.) Stapf 

Spiesia lambertii (Pursh) Kuntze = Oxytropis lambertii 

Pursh 

s p ig e l i a a n Th e l Mi a L. [Loganiaceae] 

Common Names: 

ewe-aran; West Indian pink root 

Citations: 

Johnson SW (1963) The toxicity of Spigelia anthelmia for 

small laboratory animals. Trop Agric 40:165-167. 

spiked millet –see– Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. 

spiked riceflower –see– Pimelea trichostachya Lindl. 

Spillbaum –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

spinach –see– Spinacia oleracea L. 

s p i n a c i a o l e r a c e a L. [Chenopodiaceae] 

Common Names: 

espinafre; spinach; spinage; Spinat 

Citations: 

Sanchez I, Rodriguez F, Garcia-Abujeta JL, et al. (1997) 

Oral allergy syndrome induced by spinach. Allergy 

52(12):1245-1246. 

Sander C, Jacobi H (1967) Methämoglobinvergiftung nach 

Spinatgenuß bei einem zweijährigen Knaben. Z Kinderheilkd 

98:222-226.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Spirostachys venenifera - 379 

Schuller A, Morisset M, Maadi F, et al. (2005) Occupational 

asthma due to allergy to spinach powder in a pasta factory. 

Allergy 60(3):408-409. 

Sinios A, Wodsak W (1965) Die Spinatvergiftung des 

Säuglings. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 90:1856-1863. 

Zohn B (1937) An unusual case of spinach hypersensitiveness. 

J Allergy 8:381-384. 

spinage –see– Spinacia oleracea L. 

Spinat –see– Spinacia oleracea L. 

Spindelbaum –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

spindle tree –see– Euonymus europaeus L. 

spineless horsebrush –see– Tetradymia canescens DC. 

spiny amaranth –see– Amaranthus spinosus L. 

spiny clotbur –see– Xanthium spinosum L. 

spiny cocklebur –see– Xanthium spinosum L. 

spiny pigweed –see– Amaranthus spinosus L. 

s p i r o s Ta c h y s v e n e n i f e r a (Pax) Pax 


Citations: 

Njiro SM, Mugera GM, Maitai CK (1984) Histopathology 

of tissues from albino Wistar rats poisoned with Spirostachys 

venenifera. Kenya Vet 8(1):19-21. 

Spitzklette –see– Xanthium strumarium L. 

Splintbaum –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

split-leaf philodendron –see– Monstera deliciosa Liebm. 

split pea –see– Pisum sativum L. 

Sponia virgata Planch. = Trema cannabinum Lour. 

spoon hunt –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

spoon hutch –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

spoon lily –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

spoonwood –see– Kalmia angustifolia L.; Kalmia latifolia L. 

spoonwood ivy –see– Kalmia angustifolia L. 

spotted arum –see– Arum maculatum L. 

spotted cat’s-ear –see– Hypochaeris radicata L. 

spotted cowbane –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. 


angustifolia Hook.; Conium maculatum L. 

spotted dumbcane –see– Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 

spotted emubush –see– Eremophila maculata (Ker Gawl.) F. 

Muell. 

spotted fuchsia –see– Eremophila maculata (Ker Gawl.) F. 

Muell. 

spotted hemlock –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. 

& Rose; Cicuta maculata L.; Conium maculatum L. 

spotted laurel –see– Aucuba japonica Thunb. 

spotted locoweed –see– Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex 

Hook.; Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex Hook. var. 

diphysus (A. Gray) M. E. Jones; Astragalus lentiginosus 

Douglas ex Hook. var. wahweapensis S. L. Welsh 

spotted parsley –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. 


angustifolia Hook.; Conium maculatum L. 

spotted smartweed –see– Persicaria maculosa Gray 

spotted spurge –see– Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small 

spotted St. John’s-wort –see– Hypericum punctatum Lam. 

spotted thistle –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

spotted water hemlock –see– Cicuta maculata L. 

sprängört –see– Cicuta virosa L. 

sprawling cymopterus –see– Cymopterus longipes S. Watson 

spreading nightshade –see– Solanum triflorum Nutt. 

spreading pigweed –see– Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson 

spring buckeye –see– Aesculus glabra Willd. 

spring cockle –see– Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert 

spring larkspur –see– Delphinium menziesii DC. 

spring parsley –see– Cymopterus ibapensis M. E. Jones 

spring rabbitbrush –see– Tetradymia glabrata Torr. & A. 

Gray 

spring vetch –see– Vicia sativa L. 

springbokbos –see– Hertia pallens (DC.) Kuntze 

springbokbossie –see– Hertia pallens (DC.) Kuntze 

Springkraut –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

Springwolfsmilch –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

springwort –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

sprinkaanbos –see– Senecio burchellii DC.; Senecio ilicifolius L. 

Spritzgurke –see– Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. 

spur lupine –see– Lupinus arbustus Douglas ex Lindl.; 

Lupinus argenteus Pursh var. holosericeus (Nutt.) Barneby 

spur pepper –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

spur vetch –see– Vicia monantha Retz. 

spurge –see– Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.; Euphorbia 

cyparissias L.; Euphorbia helioscopia L.; Euphorbia 

myrsinites L.; Phyllanthus abnormis Baill.; Reverchonia 

arenaria A. Gray 

spurge cactus –see– Euphorbia antiquorum L. 

spurge flax –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

spurge laurel –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

spurge olive –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

spurge tree –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

squash –see– Cucurbita pepo L. 

squash melon –see– Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin 

squaw mint –see– Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers.; Mentha 

pulegium L. 

squaw weed –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & H. 

Rob.; Senecio plattensis Nutt.

380 - Stachys arvensis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

squawroot –see– Actaea racemosa L.; Caulophyllum 

thalictroides (L.) Michx. 

squill –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn; Ledebouria cooperi 

(Hook. f.) Jessop 

squirrel corn –see– Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 

squirrel food –see– Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. Watson) Rydb. 

squirreltail –see– Hordeum jubatum L. 

squirreltail barley –see– Hordeum jubatum L. 

squirreltailgrass –see– Hordeum jubatum L. 

squirting cucumber –see– Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. 

St. Anthony’s-turnip –see– Ranunculus bulbosus L. 

St. Barnaby’s-thistle –see– Centaurea solstitialis L. 

St. Bennet’s-herb –see– Conium maculatum L. 

St. Elmos’-feather –see– Amianthium muscitoxicum (Walter) 

A. Gray 

St. George’s-herb –see– Valeriana officinalis L. 

St. Ignatius’s-bean –see– Strychnos ignatii P. J. Bergius 

St. John’s-wort –see– Hypericum perforatum L.; Hypericum 

punctatum Lam.; Hypericum revolutum Vahl; Hypericum 

triquetrifolium Turra 

St. Lucia’s-grass –see– Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. 

Rich.) R. D. Webster 

St. Mary’s-thistle –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

St. Peter’s-wort –see– Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake 

St. Thomas’-bush –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

s Ta c h y s a rv e n s is (L.) L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

corn woundwort; dead nettle; field hedge nettle; field 

woundwort; mintweed; staggerweed; woundwort 

Citations: 

Philbey AW, Hawker AM, Evers JV (2001) A neurological 

locomotor disorder in sheep grazing Stachys arvensis. 

Aust Vet J 79(6):427-430. 

Seddon HR (1925) Stachys arvensis: A cause of staggers or 

shivers in sheep. New South Wales Dep Agric Sci Bull 

#24:14-28. 

Seddon HR, Hindmarsh WL, Carne HR (1926) Further 

observations on Stachys arvensis (“stagger weed”) as a 

cause of staggers or shivers in sheep. New South Wales 

Dep Agric Sci Bull #26:25-33. 

staff vine –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

staggergrass –see– Amianthium muscitoxicum (Walter) A. 

Gray 

staggers weed –see– Matricaria nigellifolia DC. 

staggerweed –see– Delphinium tricorne Michx.; Dicentra 

canadensis (Goldie) Walp.; Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh.; 

Helenium autumnale L.; Stachys arvensis (L.) L. 

staggerwort –see– Helenium autumnale L.; Jacobaea vulgaris 

Gaertn. 

staghorn sumach –see– Rhus typhina L. 

Stagmaria vermiciflua Jack = Gluta renghas L. 

standing milk vetch –see– Astragalus adsurgens Pall. 

star anise –see– Illicium anisatum L.; Illicium verum 

Hook. f. 

star bur –see– Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 

star cactus –see– Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 

star flower –see– Ornithogalum umbellatum L. 

star fruit –see– Averrhoa carambola L. 

star lily –see– Toxicoscordion fremontii (Torr.) Rydb. 

star-of-Bethlehem –see– Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq.; 

Ornithogalum umbellatum L. 

star pine –see– Pinus pinaster Aiton 

star potato vine –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

star thistle –see– Centaurea solstitialis L. 

star zydadene –see– Toxicoscordion fremontii (Torr.) Rydb. 

starchwort –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott; Arum 

maculatum L. 

stargrass –see– Cynodon aethiopicus Clayton & J. R. Harlan; 

Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst; Cynodon plectostachyus (K. 

Schum.) Pilg. 

Statice brasiliensis Boiss. = Limonium brasiliense (Bioss.) 

Kuntze 

Stechapfel –see– Datura stramonium L. 

Stecheiche –see– Ilex aquifolium L. 

Stechhulsen –see– Ilex aquifolium L. 

Stechpalme –see– Ilex aquifolium L. 

Steinheil –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

Steinklee –see– Melilotus albus Medik.; Melilotus officinalis 

Lam. 

stemless locoweed –see– Oxytropis lambertii Pursh 

s Te Mo d i a k i n g i i F. Muell. [Scrophulariaceae] 

Citations: 

Allen JG, Mitchell AA (1998) A newly discovered toxic 

plant, Stemodia kingii, in Western Australia. In: Garland 

T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic plants and other natural toxicants. 


Raisbeck MF, Allen JG, Colegate SM, et al. (2004) Pathology 

of experimental Stemodia kingii intoxication in the 

mouse. In: Acamovic T, Stewart CS, Pennycott TW 


UK. pp. 280-285. 

s Te ph ani a s ini c a Diels [Menispermaceae] 

Citations: 

Haller C, Dyer JE, Ko R, et al. (1999) Toxic hepatitis 

induced by herbal medicines. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

37(5):620.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Stillingia treculiana - 381 

s Te p h a n i a Te Tr a n d a S. Moore 

[Menispermaceae] 

Citations: 

Schmeiser HH, Bieler CA, Wiessler M, et al. (1996) Detection 

of DNA adducts formed by aristolochic acid in renal 

tissue from patients with Chinese herbs nephropathy. 

Cancer Res 56(9):2025-2028. 

Stephanorossia palustris Chiov. = Oenanthe palustris 

(Chiov.) C. Norman 

Sterculia diversifolia G. Don = Brachychiton populneus 

(Schott & Endl.) R. Br. 

s Te r c u l i a f o e Ti d a L. [Malvaceae] 

Common Names: 

Australian flame tree; bangar nut; bangor nut; fetid 

sterculia; flame tree; Java olive; wild almond 

Citations: 

Abou-Ashour AM, Edwards HM Jr (1970) Effect of dietary 

Sterculia foetida oil on pink-white discoloration and fatty 

acid distribution in stored eggs. J Nutr 100(7):757-766. 

Abou-Ashour AM, Edwards HM Jr (1972) Hematological 

changes in laying hens receiving Sterculia foetida oil 

supplements. Poult Sci 51(1):300-305. 

Austic RE, Hill FW, Wilson BW (1971) Role of yolk in 

chick embryo mortality induced by the feeding of Sterculia 

foetida oil. Poult Sci 50(5):1320-1326. 

Schneider DL, Vavich MG, Kurnick AA, et al. (1961) Effect 

of Sterculia foetida oil on mortality of the chick embryo. 

Poult Sci 40:1644-1648. 

Schneider DL, Kurnick AA, Vavich MG, et al. (1962) Delay 

of sexual maturity in chickens by Sterculia foetida oil. J 

Nutr 77(Aug):403-407. 

sterculia gum –see– Sterculia urens Roxb. 

s Te r c u l i a u r e n s Roxb. [Malvaceae] 

Common Names: 

false tragacanth; gum karaya; Indian gum; Indian tragacanth; 

karaya gum; karayu gum; sterculia gum 

Citations: 

Bowen R (1939) Karaya gum as a cause of urticaria. Arch 


Figley KD (1940) Karaya gum (Indian gum) hypersensitivity. 

JAMA 114(9):747-748. 

Sterculiacea altissima = Mansonia altissima (A. Chev.) A. 

Chev. 

Sternblume –see– Narcissus poeticus L. 

s Te vi a r e b a u d i a n a (Bertoni) Bertoni 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Planas GM, Kuc J (1968) Contraceptive properties of Stevia 

rebaudiana. Science 162(857):1007. 

stickerweed –see– Amaranthus spinosus L.; Solanum 

carolinense L. 

sticktight –see– Cynoglossum officinale L. 

sticky agrimony –see– Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. 


sticky elecampane –see– Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter 

sticky eupatorium –see– Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. 


sticky florestin –see– Florestina tripteris DC. 

sticky palafoxia –see– Florestina tripteris DC. 

sticky snakeweed –see– Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) A. Gray 

sticky thistle –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

Stieleiche –see– Quercus robur L. 

Stierkraut –see– Euphorbia peplus L. 

stiff sickness bush –see– Crotalaria burkeana Benth. 

stiff-stem yellow flax –see– Linum rigidum Pursh 

Stillingia sebifera (L.) Michx. = Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 

s Ti l l i n g i a Tr e c u l i a n a (Müll. Arg.) I. M. 

Johnst. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

queen’s-root; trecul queensdelight 

Citations: 






stinging bean –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

stinging nettle –see– Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd.; Urtica 

chamaedryoides Pursh; Urtica dioica L. 

Stinkasant –see– Ferula assa-foetida L. 

stinkblaar –see– Datura stramonium L. 

stinkbossie –see– Boscia foetida Schinz 

Stinkende Nieswurz –see– Helleborus foetidus L. 

Stinkerich –see– Mercurialis perennis L. 

stinking chamomile –see– Anthemis cotula L. 

stinking hellebore –see– Helleborus foetidus L. 

stinking Mayweed –see– Anthemis cotula L. 

stinking milk vetch –see– Astragalus praelongus E. Sheld. 

stinking nightshade –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

stinking Roger –see– Tagetes minuta L. 

stinking rose –see– Allium sativum L. 

stinking Willy –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

stinkingweed –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

stinkingwood –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

stinkweed –see– Conium maculatum L.; Datura stramonium 

L.; Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants;

382 - Stipa pennata D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) A. Gray; Thlaspi arvense 

L. 

stinkwood –see– Zieria arborescens Sims; Zieria smithii 

Andrews 

stinkwort –see– Datura stramonium L.; Dittrichia graveolens 

(L.) Greuter; Helleborus foetidus L. 

s Ti p a p e n n a Ta L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

feathergrass 

Citations: 

Bashkatov GA (1969) [Economic losses caused by 

feather-grass diseases in sheep.] Veterinariia Moscow 

46(6):69-72. 

Bashkatov GA (1970) [A case of feather grass disease in 

the transportation of sheep.] Veterinariia Moscow 

47(3):93-94. 

Stipa robusta (Vasey) Scribn. = Achnatherum robustum 

(Vasey) Barkworth 

s Ti p a s i b i r ic a (L.) Lam. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

gobu; gogu; gumai; gur ghas 

Citations: 

Vaid KM (1963) A note on Stipa sibirica (L.) Lam., the poisonous 

grass of Kashmir. Indian Forester 89:423-424. 

Stipa tenacissima Trin. = Nassela tenuissima (Trin.) 

Barkworth 

Stipa vaseyi Scribn. = Achnatherum robustum (Vasey) 

Barkworth 

Stipa viridula Trin. var. robusta Vasey = Achnatherum 

robustum (Vasey) Barkworth 

Stizolobium pruriens (L.) Medik. = Mucuna pruriens (L.) 

DC. 

Stockrose –see– Alcea rosea L. 

stolsbossie –see– Pteronia pallens L. f. 

stoneroot –see– Collinsonia canadensis L. 

stootsiektebossie –see– Matricaria nigellifolia DC. 

storax bush –see– Styrax officinalis L. 

stork’s-bill –see– Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Her. 

straight-stem locoweed –see– Astragalus praelongus E. Sheld. 

stramoine –see– Datura stramonium L. 

stramonium –see– Datura stramonium L. 

strandrøyr –see– Phalaris arundinacea L. 

Strathmore weed –see– Pimelea prostrata (J. R. Forst. & G. 


Straußkirsche –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L. 

strawberry –see– Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier 

streaked rattlepod –see– Crotalaria pallida Aiton 

string bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

strophanthus –see– Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) 

Baill. 

s Tr o p h a n Th u s g r a Tu s (Wall. & Hook.) 

Baill. [Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

nea; ouabaia; strophanthus; Uta 

Citations: 

Ogunlana V, Caraccio T, Mofenson H (2000) Use of digoxin 

immune FAB in strophanthus poisoning. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 38(5):519. 

strychnine –see– Strychnos nux-vomica L. 

strychnine bush –see– Myoporum acuminatum R. Br. 

s Tr y c h n o s i g n a Ti i P. J. Bergius [Loganiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s trychnos ovalifolia Wall. ex G. Don 

Common Names: 

false angustura bark; false upas tree; horsebean; Ignatius 

bean; ipoh akar; St. Ignatius-bean; upas radja; upas 

teute 

Citations: 



Syphilol 51(3):163-171. 

s Tr y c h n o s n u x -vo Mic a L. [Loganiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Brechnuss; crow fig; ma-qian-zi; noix vomique; nux 

vomica; ordeal nut; poison nut; slang nut; strychnine 

Citations: 

Chan TY (2002) Herbal medicine causing likely strychnine 

poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol 21:467-468. 

Dittrich K, Bayer MJ, Wanke LA (1984) A case of fatal 

strychnine poisoning. J Emerg Med 1(4):327-330. 

Katz J, Prescott K, Woolf AD (1996) Strychnine poisoning 

from a Cambodian traditional remedy. Am J Emerg Med 

14(5):475-477. 

Woolf A, Prescott K, Katz J (1994) Strychnine poisoning 

from the use of a Cambodian traditional remedy. Vet 




Pathol 9(4):313-319. 

Strychnos ovalifolia Wall. ex G. Don = Strychnos ignatii P. 

J. Bergius 

s Tr y p h n o d e n d r o n a d s Tr i n g e n s (Mart.) 

anon. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s tryphnodendron barbadetimam (Vell.) Mart.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Suckleya suckleyana - 383 

Common Names: 

barbatimão 

Citations: 

Pereira CA (1985) Aspectos clínicos, laboratorias e anátomohistopatológicos 

na intoxicação experimental pela fava do 

“Barbatimão” (Stryphnodendron barbatimao Mart.) em 

bovinos. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootecnia 37(3):286-289. 

Stryphnodendron barbadetimam (Vell.) Mart. = 

Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) anon. 

s Tr y p h n o d e n d r o n c o r i a c e u M Benth. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

barbatimão 

Citations: 


experimental por Stryphnodendron coriaceum (Leg. 

Mimosoideae) em bovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 11(1-2):25-29. 

s Tr y p h n o d e n d r o n ob ov a Tu M Benth. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

barbatimão 

Citations: 

Brito MF, Tokarnia CH, Peixoto PV, et al. (2001) Intoxicação 

experimental pelas favas de Stryphnodendron obovatum 

(Leg. Mimosoideae) em bovinos. 1. Caracterização 

do quadro clínico. Pesq Vet Bras 21(1):9-17. 

Brito MF, Tokarnia CH, Peixoto PV (2001) Intoxicação 

experimental pelas favas de Stryphnodendron obovatum 

(Leg. Mimosoideae) em bovinos. 2. Achados anátomo e 

histopatológicos. Pesq Vet Bras 21(2):61-71. 

Camargo W (1965) Fotossensibilização em bovinos por 

“barbatimão” (Stryphnodendron obovatum) Benth; fam. 

Leguninosae. Biologico 31(1):7-11. 

Tokarnia CH, Brito MF, Driemeier D, et al. (1998) Aborto 

em vacas na intoxicação experimental pelas favas de Stryphnodendron 

obovatum (Leg. Mimosoideae). Pesq Vet 

Bras 18(1):35-38. 

stubbleberry –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

stump tree –see– Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch 

sturdy rye –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

Sturmhut –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

Sturt’s-nightshade –see– Solanum sturtianum F. Muell. 

stylo –see– Stylosanthes guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. 

s Ty l o s a n Th e s g u i a n e n s is (Aubl.) Sw. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

stylo 

Citations: 


Lab Anim Sci 26(4):664-669. 

s Ty p a n d r a g l a u c a R. Br. [Liliaceae] 

Common Names: 

nodding blue lily 

Citations: 

Whittington RJ, Searson JE, Whittaker SJ, et al. (1988) 

Blindness in goats following ingestion of Stypandra 

glauca. Aust Vet J 65(6):176-181. 

s Ty p a n d r a i Mb r ic a Ta R. Br. [Liliaceae] 

Common Names: 

blindgrass; cluster-leaf blindgrass 

Citations: 

Colegate SM, Dorling PR, Huxtable CR, et al. (1990) 

An investigation of possible neurotoxicity of diospyrol, 

the active principle of Diospyros mollis (maklua), 

using Stypandra imbricata (blindgrass)-induced blindness 

as a model. South Asian J Trop Med Pub Health 

21(1):139-141. 

Huxtable CR, Dorling PR, Slatter DH (1980) Myelin 

oedema, optic neuropathy and retinopathy in experimental 

Stypandra imbricata toxicosis. Neuropathol Appl 

Neurobiol 6(3):221-232. 

Main DC, Slatter DH, Huxtable CR, et al. (1981) Stypandra 

imbricata (“blindgrass”) toxicosis in goats and sheep 

- Clinical and pathologic findings in 4 field cases. Aust 

Vet J 57(3):132-135. 

styptic weed –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

s Ty r a x o f f ic i n a l is L. [Styracaceae] 

Common Names: 

storax bush 

Citations: 

Hepper FN (2004) Two plant fish-poisons in Lebanon. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 46(6):338-339. 

stywesiekte bossie –see– Crotalaria burkeana Benth. 

stywesiektebos –see– Crotalaria burkeana Benth. 

sub clover –see– Trifolium subterraneum L. 

subabul –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

subterranean clover –see– Trifolium subterraneum L. 

subterranean trefoil –see– Trifolium subterraneum L. 

succory –see– Cichorium intybus L. 

suckleya –see– Suckleya suckleyana (Torr.) Rydb. 

s u c k l e y a s u c k l e y a n a (Torr.) Rydb. 


Common Names: 

poison suckleya; suckleya 

Citations: 

Berry TJ, Gonzales P (1986) Do your cattle-owning clients 

know about this poisonous range plant? Vet Med 

81(11):1055-1056. 

Thorp F Jr, Deem AW (1939) Suckleya suckleyana a poisonous 

plant. J Am Vet Med Assoc 94(Mar):192-197.

384 - Swainsona canescens D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Thorp F Jr, Deem AW, Harrington HD, et al. (1937) Suckleya 

suckleyana - A poisonous plant. Colorado Agric Exp 

Sta Tech Bull #22:19 pp. 

sucupira –see– Bowdichia nitida Spruce ex Benth. 

Sudan sorghum –see– Sorghum ×drummondii (Steud.) 

Millsp. & Chase 

Sudangrass –see– Sorghum ×drummondii (Steud.) Millsp. & 

Chase 

sudax –see– Sorghum ×drummondii (Steud.) Millsp. & Chase 

suel-da-con-suelda –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

suerda-con-suerda –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L. 

sugar apple –see– Annona cherimola Mill.; Annona squamosa 

L. 

sugar bean –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

sugar beet –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

sugar cane –see– Saccharum officinarum L. 

sugar gum –see– Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Muell. 

sulfur lupine –see– Lupinus sulphureus Douglas ex Hook. 

Sumach –see– Coriaria myrtifolia L.; Rhus coriaria L.; Rhus 

virens Lindh. ex A. Gray; Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) 

Kuntze 

summer adonis –see– Adonis aestivalis L. 

summer cypress –see– Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott 

summer dandelion –see– Hypochaeris radicata L. 

summer lupine –see– Lupinus formosus Greene 

summer milkweed –see– Asclepias syriaca L. 

summer pheasant’s-eye –see– Adonis aestivalis L. 

summer skies –see– Ipomoea tricolor Cav.; Ipomoea violacea L. 

summer snowflake –see– Ornithogalum umbellatum L. 

summer stargrass –see– Cynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) 

Pilg. 

summergrass –see– Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. 

Sumpfdrachenwurz –see– Calla palustris L. 

sumpfheidebeere –see– Vaccinium uliginosum L. 

Sumpfkalla –see– Calla palustris L. 

Sumpfkraut –see– Calla palustris L. 

Sumpfschachtelhalm –see– Equisetum palustre L. 

Sumpfwolfsmilch –see– Euphorbia palustris L. 

sun spurge –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L. 

sunchillo –see– Pascalia glauca Ortega 

suncho –see– Pascalia glauca Ortega 

sunflower –see– Helianthus annuus L.; Hymenoxys hoopesii 

(A. Gray) Bierner 

sunflower daisy –see– Wedelia asperrima (Decne.) Benth. 

suni –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

sunn hemp –see– Crotalaria juncea L.; Crotalaria ochroleuca 

G. Don 

superb lily –see– Gloriosa superba L. 

supplejack –see– Ventilago viminalis Hook. 

sureau noire –see– Sambucus nigra L. 

surelle –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

surete –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

Surinam greenheart –see– Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. 

Nicholson 

Surinamgrass –see– Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster 

Süßkartoffel –see– Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. 

susumberberry –see– Solanum torvum Sw. 

suzon –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

s wa i n so n a c a n e s c e n s (Benth.) F. Muell. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

gray Swainsona pea 

Citations: 

Dorling PR, Huxtable CR, Vogel P (1978) Lysosomal storage 

in Swainsona spp. toxicosis: An induced mannosidosis. 

Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 4(4):285-295. 

Gardiner MR, Linto AC, Aplin TE (1969) Toxicity of 

Swainsona canescens for sheep in Western Australia. 


Locke KB, McEwan DR, Hamdorf IJ (1980) Experimental 

poisoning of horses and cattle with Swainsona canescens 

var horniana. Aust Vet J 56(8):379-383. 

s wa i n so n a g a l e g i f o l i a (Andrews) R. Br. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Darling pea; indigo plant; red Darling pea; smooth 

Darling pea 

Citations: 

Hartley WJ, Gibson AJ (1971) Observations of Swainsona 

galegifolia poisoning in cattle in northern New South 

Wales. Aust Vet J 47(7):300-305. 

Huxtable CR (1969) Experimental reproduction and histopathology 

of Swainsona galegifolia poisoning in the 

guinea-pig. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 47(3):339-347. 

Huxtable CR (1970) Ultrastructural changes caused by 

Swainsona galegifolia poisoning in the guinea-pig. Aust J 

Exp Biol Med Sci 48(1):71-80. 

Huxtable CR (1972) The effect of ingestion of Swainsona 

galegifolia on the liver lysosomes of the guinea-pig. Aust 

J Exp Biol Med Sci 50(1):109-118. 

Huxtable CR, Gibson A (1970) Vacuolation of circulating 

lymphocytes in guinea-pigs and cattle ingesting Swainsona 

galegifolia. Aust Vet J 46(9):446-448. 

Laws L, Anson RB (1968) Neuronopathy in sheep fed 

Swainsona luteola and S. galegifolia. Aust Vet J 

44(10):447-452. 

Martin CJ (1897) Report of an investigation into the effects 

of Darling pea (Swainsona galegifolia) upon sheep. Agric 

Gaz New South Wales 6:363-369.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Symphoricarpos albus - 385 

s wa i n so n a l u Te o l a F. Muell. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

black pea; Darling pea; dwarf Darling pea 

Citations: 

Cleland JB, McDonald AH (1917) Experimental feeding 

with two poison plants. Agric Gaz New South Wales 

28(Oct 2):735-739. 

Laws L, Anson RB (1968) Neuronopathy in sheep fed 

Swainsona luteola and S. galegifolia. Aust Vet J 

44(10):447-452. 

swallowwort –see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton; 

Chelidonium majus L. 

swamp camas –see– Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. 

swamp dogwood –see– Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze 

swamp grasstree –see– Xanthorrhoea hastilis Sm.; 

Xanthorrhoea resinifera (Sol. ex C. Kite) E. C. Nelson & 

D. J. Bedford 

swamp hellebore –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

swamp holly –see– Ilex decidua Walter 

swamp horsetail –see– Equisetum fluviatile L. 

swamp laurel –see– Rhododendron ×columbianum (Piper) 

Harmaja 

swamp maple –see– Acer rubrum L. 

swamp milkweed –see– Asclepias incarnata L. 

swamp onion –see– Allium validum S. Watson 

swamp sumach –see– Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze 

swamp sunflower –see– Helenium autumnale L. 

swamp whiteheads –see– Sphenosciadium capitellatum A. 

Gray 

swan plant –see– Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. Aiton 

swartstorm –see– Cadaba aphylla (Thunb.) Wild 

Swartzia madagascariensis Desv. = Bobgunnia 

madagascariensis (Desv.) J. H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema 

Swede turnip –see– Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) 

Rchb. 

Swedish clover –see– Trifolium hybridum L. 

sweet bay –see– Laurus nobilis L. 

sweet birch –see– Betula lenta L. 

sweet buckeye –see– Aesculus flava Sol. 

sweet camomille –see– Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. 

sweet cane –see– Acorus calamus L. 

sweet cassava –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

sweet chestnut –see– Castanea sativa Mill. 

sweet cinnamon –see– Acorus calamus L. 

sweet clover –see– Melilotus albus Medik.; Melilotus indicus 

(L.) All.; Melilotus officinalis Lam. 

sweet flag –see– Acorus calamus L. 

sweet lupin –see– Lupinus albus L. 

sweet noors –see– Euphorbia caerulescens Haw. 

sweet orange –see– Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck 

sweet pea –see– Lathyrus odoratus L.; Lathyrus sativus L. 

sweet pepper –see– Capsicum annuum L. 

sweet potato –see– Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. var. batatas 

sweet sop –see– Annona cherimola Mill.; Annona squamosa L. 

sweet sorghum –see– Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 

sweet vernalgrass –see– Anthoxanthum odoratum L. 

sweet woodruff –see– Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. 

sweetgrass –see– Panicum schinzii Hack. 

sweetheart plant –see– Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) 

Schott 

sweetroot –see– Acorus calamus L. 

s w i e Te n i a Ma c r o p h y l l a King [Meliaceae] 

Common Names: 

Echtes Mahagoni; Honduran mahogany; mahogany; 

tobasco mahogany 

Citations: 



Dermatitis 44(4):213-217. 

Fowler JF Jr (1985) Occupational dermatitis to Honduran 

mahogany. Contact Dermatitis 13(5):336-337. 

Hjorth N (1979) Contact dermatitis from sawdust. Contact 


Steiner SD, Schwartz L (1944) Dermatitis from mahogany 

wood (Swietenia macrophylla). Indus Med 

13(Mar):234-235. 

s w i e Te n i a Ma h ag o n i (L.) Jacq. [Meliaceae] 

Common Names: 

Amerikanisches Mahagoni; caoba; Echtes Mahagoni; 

Mahogany 

Citations: 

Raghuraman V, Raveendran M (1982) Mahogony seeds - An 

unusual poison. J Indian Med Assoc 78(11):186-188. 

s w i n To n i a s p ic i f e r a Hook. f. [Anacardiaceae] 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 

Swiss chard –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

Swiss-cheese plant –see– Monstera deliciosa Liebm. 

sword bean –see– Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. 

s y Mp h o r ic a r p o s a l b u s (L.) S. F. Blake 

[Caprifoliaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s ymphoricarpos racemosus Michx.

386 - Symphyotrichum lanceolatum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Common Names: 

Knallerbsenstrauch; Schneebeere; snowberry; St. 

Peter’s-wort; waxberry 

Citations: 

Amyot TE (1885) Poisoning by snowberries. Br Med J 

1(May 16):986. 



Symphoricarpos racemosa Michx. = Symphoricarpos albus 

(L.) S. F. Blake 

s y Mp h y o Tr ic h u M l a n c e o l a Tu M (Willd.) 

G. L. Nesom [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

a ster simplex Willd. 

Common Names: 

simple aster 

Citations: 





s y Mp h y Tu M o f f ic i n a l e L. [Boraginaceae] 

Common Names: 

Beinwell; blackwort; boneset; comfrey; confrei; fakete 

nadálytö; grande consoude; knitbone; Russian comfrey 

Citations: 

Bach N, Thung SN, Schaffner F (1989) Comfrey herb teainduced 

hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Am J Med 

87(1):97-99. 

Hirono I, Mori H, Haga M (1978) Carcinogenic activity 

of Symphytum officinale. J Natl Cancer Instit 

61(3):865-869. 

Ridker PM (1989) Health hazards of unusual herbal teas. 

Am Fam Physician 39(5):153-156. 

Ridker PM, Ohkuma S, McDermott WV, et al. (1985) 

Hepatic venoocclusive disease associated with the consumption 

of pyrrolizidine-containing dietary supplements. 

Gastroenterology 88(4):1050-1054. 

Weston CF, Cooper BT, Davies JD, et al. (1987) Venoocclusive 

disease of the liver secondary to ingestion of 

comfrey. Br Med J 295(6591):183. 

Yeong ML, Swinburn B, Kennedy M, et al. (1990) Hepatic 

veno-occlusive disease associated with comfrey ingestion. 

J Gastroenterol Hepatol 5(2):211-214. 

Synadenium arborescens Boiss. = Synadenium cupulare 

(Boiss.) L. C. Wheeler 

s y n a d e n i u M c u p u l a r e (Boiss.) L. C. 

Wheeler [Euphorbiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s ynadenium arborescens Boiss. 

Common Names: 

crying tree; dead-man’s-tree 

Citations: 




Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

s y n a d e n i u M g r a n Ti i Hook. f. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Common Names: 

African milk bush; South African milk bush 

Citations: 

Rook AJ (1965) An unrecorded irritant plant, Synadenium 

grantii. Br J Dermatol 77(5):284. 

Spoerke DG, Montanio CD, Rumack BH (1985) Pediatric 

exposure to the houseplant Synadenium grantii. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 28(4):283-284. 

s y n g o n i u M p o d o p h y l l u M Schott [Araceae] 

Common Names: 

arrowhead vine; nephthytis; tri-leaf wonder 

Citations: 







Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac = Digitaria sanguinalis 

(L.) Scop. 

Syrian rue –see– Peganum harmala L. 

syringa –see– Melia azedarach L. 

s y z y g i u M a r o Ma Tic u M (L.) Merr. & L. M. 

Perry [Myrtaceae] 

Synonyms: 

e ugenia caryophyllata Thunb. 

Common Names: 

clove; cloves 

Citations: 

Barkin ME, Boyd JP, Cohen S (1984) Acute allergy reaction 

to eugenol. Oral Surg 57:441-442. 

Eisen JS, Koren G, Juurlink DN, et al. (2004) N-acetylcysteine 

for the treatment of clove oil-induced fulminant 

hepatic failure. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42(1):89-92. 

Gaul LE (1963) Dermatitis of the hands from oil of cloves. 

Skin (Los Angeles) 1(10):314. 

Sternberg L (1937) Contact dermatitis. Cases caused by oil 

of cloves and by oil of camomile tea (Anthemis cotula). J 

Allergy 8:185-186. 

s y z y g i u M c u Mi n i (L.) Skeels [Myrtaceae] 

Common Names: 

jamuna

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Syzygium cumini - 387 

Citations: 




szagos müge –see– Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. 

szalej jadowity –see– Cicuta virosa L. 

szarvas kerep –see– Lotus corniculatus L. 

szörös disznóparéj –see– Amaranthus retroflexus L.

tabac –see– Nicotiana tabacum L. 

tabaco –see– Nicotiana tabacum L. 

Tabak –see– Nicotiana tabacum L. 

tabaquillo –see– Nicotiana obtusifolia M. Martens & 

Galeotti; Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth var. 


tabaquillo-de-los-rios –see– Persicaria punctata (Elliott) 

Small 

Tabasco pepper –see– Capsicum frutescens L. 

Ta b e b u i a i Mp e Tig i n o s a (Mart. ex DC.) 

Standl. [Bignoniaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Tecoma impetiginosa Mart. ex DC. 

Common Names: 

lapacho; pao d’arco; taheebo 

Citations: 




Ta b e b u i a s e r r a Ti f o l i a (Vahl) G. Nicholson 


Common Names: 

bethabara; ipé; Surinam greenheart 

Citations: 

Hausen BM, Simatupang MH, Weitbrecht U (1971) 

Allergie gegen Bethabara-Holz. Derm Beruf Umwelt 

19(6):324-327. 

Weitbrecht U (1967) Allergie gegen Bethabara-holz. Berufsdermatosen 

15:183-184. 

Ta b e r n a n Th e i b o g a Baill. [Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

ibogaine 

Citations: 

Cienki J, Mash D, Hearn W (2001) Ibogaine fatalities. 


tacks –see– Tribulus terrestris L. 

tagasaste –see– Chamaecytisus prolifer (L. f.) Link 

tagayasan –see– Mesua ferrea L. 

Tag e Te s e r e c Ta L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

African marigold; marigold 

t 

Citations: 

Sharma SC, Kaur S (1989) Airborne contact dermatitis from 

Compositae plants in northern India. Contact Dermatitis 

21(1):1-5. 




20(2):85-89. 

Tag e Te s Mi n u Ta L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Mexican marigold; stinking Roger; wild marigold 

Citations: 

Verhagen AR, Nyaga JM (1974) Contact dermatitis from 

Tagetes minuta, A new sensitizing plant of the Compositae 

family. Arch Dermatol 110(3):441-444. 

Tag e Te s p a Tu l a L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

French marigold; genda 

Citations: 



taheebo –see– Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl. 

Tahitian lime –see– Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle 

tailcup lupine –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh; Lupinus 

argenteus Pursh var. heteranthus (S. Watson) Barneby; 

Lupinus argenteus Pursh var. holosericeus (Nutt.) Barneby 

tailspur lupine –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh var. 

heteranthus (S. Watson) Barneby 

tall buttercup –see– Ranunculus acris L. 

tall cone flower –see– Rudbeckia laciniata L. 

tall crowfoot –see– Ranunculus acris L. 

tall fescue –see– Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 

tall field buttercup –see– Ranunculus acris L. 

tall gysophyl –see– Gypsophila paniculata L. 

tall larkspur –see– Delphinium barbeyi (Huth) Huth; 

Delphinium glaucum S. Watson; Delphinium nuttallianum 

Pritz.; Delphinium ×occidentale (S. Watson) S. Watson; 

Delphinium scopulorum A. Gray 

tall locoweed –see– Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas ex Hook. 

var. diphysus (A. Gray) M. E. Jones 

tall mannagrass –see– Glyceria grandis S. Watson 

tall meadow fescue –see– Festuca arundinacea Schreb.

390 - Tamarindus indica D. Jesse Wagstaff 

tall mountain larkspur –see– Delphinium glaucum S. Watson; 

Delphinium menziesii DC.; Delphinium scopulorum A. 

Gray 

tall nettle –see– Urtica dioica L. 

tall ragweed –see– Ambrosia trifida L. 

tall sorrel –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

tall yellow day lily –see– Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. 

tallhue –see– Lupinus mutabilis Sweet 

tallow tree –see– Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 

tamarind –see– Tamarindus indica L. 

Ta Ma r i n d u s i n d ic a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Kamalindo; tamarind 

Citations: 

Murray R, Dingwall-Fordyce I, Lane RE (1957) An outbreak 

of weaver’s cough associated with tamarind seed 

powder. Br J Ind Med 14(2):105-110. 



Leprol 53:325-328. 

tamboril –see– Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong 

tamboril-do-campo –see– Enterolobium gummiferum (Mart.) 

J. F. Macbr. 

tamier –see– Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin 

Tamus communis L. = Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & 

Wilkin 

Ta n a c e Tu M c i n e r a r i i f o l i u M (Trevir.) 

Sch. Bip. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

p yrethrum cinerariifolium Trevir. 

Common Names: 

Dalmatian chrysanthemum; feverfew; golden feather; 

insect flower; Japanese daisy; pellitory; pyrethrum 

Citations: 

McCord CP, Kilker CH, Minster DK (1921) Pyrethrum 

dermatitis. A record of the occurrence of occupational 

dermatoses among workers in the pyrethrum industry. 

JAMA 77(6):448-449. 

Ramirez MA (1930) Pyrethrum: An etiologic factor in vasomotor 

rhinitis and asthma. J Allergy 1:149-155. 

Sequeira JH (1936) Pyrethrum dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 

Syph 48(Oct):473-476. 

Ta n a c e Tu M p a r Th e n i u M (L.) Sch. Bip. 

[Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c hrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. 

Common Names: 

chrysanthème-matricaire; feverfew; Mutterkraut 

Citations: 

Burry JN (1980) Compositae dermatitis in South Australia: 

Contact dermatitis from Chrysanthemum parthenium. 


Hausen BM (1981) Berufsbedingte Kontakallergie auf 

Mutterkraut (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip.; 

Asteraceae). Derm Beruf Umwelt 29(1):18-21. 

Paulsen E, Christensen LP, Andersen KE (2002) Do monoterpenes 

released from feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) 

plants cause airborne Compositae dermatitis? Contact 


Ta n a c e Tu M v u l g a r e L. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

c hrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh. 

Common Names: 

gilisztaüzö varádics; ponso; Rainfarn; tanaisie; tanse; 

tansy; Wurmkraut 

Citations: 

Edwards EG (1906) Poisoning from oil of tansy. JAMA 

47:937. 

Greenhouse CA, Sulzberger MB (1932-1933) The common 

weed tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) as a cause of eczematous 

dermatitis. J Allergy 4(Nov):523-526. 



Musson EH (1906) Oil of tansy poisoning. JAMA 

47(23):1917-1918. 

Whitehill NM (1906) Poisoning from oil of tansy. JAMA 

47(7):509. 

tanaisie –see– Tanacetum vulgare L. 

tangan tangan –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit; 

Ricinus communis L. 

tangena nut –see– Cerbera odollam Gaertn. 

tangerine –see– Citrus reticulata Blanco 

Tangier pea –see– Lathyrus tingitanus L. 

tanglefoot –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

tanier –see– Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott 

Tankawang fat tree –see– Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 

tannergrass –see– Urochloa arrecta (Hack. ex T. Durand & 

Schinz) Morrone & Zuloaga 

tanse –see– Tanacetum vulgare L. 

tansy –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.; Tanacetum vulgare 

L. 

tansy mustard –see– Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton 

tansy ragwort –see– Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. 

tántago-de-Valencia –see– Euphorbia characias L. 

tao-er-qi –see– Podophyllum hexandrum Royle 

tapioca –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

tapiro –see– Sambucus mexicana C. Presl ex DC. 

tar tree –see– Semecarpus australiensis Engl. 

tárago mayor –see– Euphorbia characias L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Taxus baccata - 391 

Ta r a x a c u M o f f ic i n a l e F. H. Wigg. aggr. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Butterblume; dandelion; Löwenzahn; Ringelblume 

Citations: 



Med J Aust 1(3):110-116. 

Chivato T, Juan F, Montoro A, et al. (1996) Anaphylaxis 

induced by ingestion of a pollen compound. J Invest 

Allergol Clin Immunol 6(3):208-209. 

Davies MG, Kersey PJ (1986) Contact allergy to yarrow and 

dandelion. Contact Dermatitis 14(4):256-257. 




Hausen BM, Schulz KH (1978) Allergische Kontaktdermatitis 

durch Löwenzahn (Taraxacum officinale Wiggers). 

Derm Beruf Umwelt 26(6):198. 

Janke D (1950) Durch Löwenzahn (Taraxacum officinale) 

verursachtes Ekzem. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis phytogener 

Dermatosen. Hautarzt 1(4):177-181. 




tarbush –see– Flourensia cernua DC. 

tarbuz –see– Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai 

tares –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

taro –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

taro dasheen –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

taro vine –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 

tártago –see– Euphorbia lathyris L.; Jatropha curcas L.; 

Jatropha multifida L. 

tarweed –see– Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. A. Mey. 

Tasmanian blackwood –see– Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. 

Tasmanian ngaio –see– Myoporum insulare R. Br. 

Tasso –see– Taxus baccata L. 

Tatarian honeysuckle –see– Lonicera tatarica L. 

Tatarische Heckenkirsche –see– Lonicera tatarica L. 

Tatarisches Geißblatt –see– Lonicera tatarica L. 

tatu –see– Dioclea erecta Hoehne; Dioclea latifolia Benth. 

Taubenkröpferl –see– Lotus corniculatus L. 

Taubenkutsche –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

Taumelhafer –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

Taumelkorn –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

Taumelloch –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

tawny day lily –see– Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. 

tawny lily –see– Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. 

Ta x u s b a c c a Ta L. [Taxaceae] 

Common Names: 

Eibe; Eibennadeln; English yew; European yew; 

ground hemlock; Ibe; If; Irish yew; l’if; Roteibe; tasso; 

venijnboom; yew 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1870) Fatal poisoning by the leaves of the Taxus 

baccata (Yew). Lancet 2(Oct 1):471. 

Barling AS (1902) Poisoning by Irish yew. Lancet 1(Apr 

19):1103-1104. 



Comp Lyon 72(2):167-173. 

Burke MJ, Siegel D, Davidow B (1979) Anaphylaxis; consequence 

of yew (Taxus) needle ingestion. N Y State J Med 

79(10):1576-1577. 

Czerwek H, Fischer W (1960) Tödlicher Vergiftungsfall mit 

Taxus baccata. Versuche zum Nachweis der Taxusalkaloide 

aus Leichenorganen. Arch Toxikol 18(2):88-92. 

Doyle H (1942) Yew poisoning. N Z J Agr 65(5):287-288. 

Fiedler HH, Perron RM (1994) Eibenvergiftung bei australischen 

Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae Latham). 

Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 107(2):50-52. 

Frohne D, Pribilla O (1965) Tödliche Vergiftung mit Taxus 

baccata. Arch Toxikol 21(3):150-162. 

Grandeau L (1894) Empoissonement du betail par les feuilles 

d’if. J Agric Pratique 58(1):229-230. 



Hurt S (1836) Poisonous effects of the berries, or seeds, of the 

yew (Taxus baccata). Lancet 1:394-395. 

Janssen J, Peltenburg H (1985) Een klassieke wijze van 

zelfdoding: met Taxus baccata. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 

129(13):603-605. 

Jordan WJ (1964) Yew (Taxus baccata) poisoning in pheasants 

(Phasianus colchicus). Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 

89(Suppl 1):187-188. 

Kite GC, Lawrence TJ, Dauncey EA (2000) Detecting 

Taxus poisoning in horses using liquid chromatography/ 

mass spectrometry. Vet Hum Toxicol 42(3):151-154. 

Köhler H, Grünberg W (1960) Zur Pathologie der Vergiftung 

mit Taxus baccata unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der 

Vergiftung beim Känguruh. Arch Exp Veterinarmed 

14:1149-1162. 



Melrose GB (1939) Cattle poisoned by garden shrubs. Care 

necessary in disposal of trimmings. N Z J Agr 58(Feb 

20):129-130. 

Musshoff F, Jacob B, Fowinkel C, et al. (1993) Suicidal yew 

leave ingestion - Phloroglucindimethylether (3,5-dimethoxyphenol) 

as a marker for poisoning from Taxus baccata. 

Int J Legal Med 106(1):45-50. 

Neuteboom JH (1994) Arrest hoge raad der Nederlanden 

over aansprakelijkheid bij vergiftiging paarden door 

Taxus baccata. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 119(20):612. 

Panter KE, Molyneux RJ, Smart RA, et al. (1993) English 

yew poisoning in 43 cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

202(9):1476-1477. 

Roberto U, Jelmoni A (1915) Un caso di avvelenamento per 

frutti di tasso baccato. Boll Chim Farm 54:705-709. 

Schüler V (1979) Tödliche Taxusvergiftung bei Weiderindern. 

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 86(1):29.

392 - Taxus brevifolia D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Schulte T (1975) Tödliche Vergiftung mit Eibennadeln 

(Taxus baccata). Arch Toxikol 34(2):153-158. 

Smit MP (1992) Intoxicatie van lammeren door Taxus baccata 

en vleeskeuring. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 117(23):697-699. 

Stanislas E, Bouissou H, Auvergne E (1964) L’intoxication 

expérimentale du rat par l’If commun Taxus baccata L. - 

Aspect anatomomopathologique. Therapie 19:1021-1026. 

Stebbing J, Simmons HL, Hepple J (1995) Deliberate selfharm 

using yew leaves (Taxus baccata). Br J Clin Pract 

49(2):101. 

Szabados A (1976) Lovak tiszafa- (Taxus baccata L.) 

mérgezésének súlyos esetei. Magyar Allator Lapja 

31(1):69. 

Thompson J (1868) Poisoning by yew-berries. Lancet 2(Oct 

17):530. 

Van Ingen G, Visser R, Peltenburg H, et al. (1992) Sudden 

unexpected death due to Taxus poisoning - A report of 

5 cases, with review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int 

56(1):81-87. 

von Dach B, Streuli RA (1988) Lidocainbehandlung einer 

Vergiftung mit Eibennadeln (Taxus baccata L.). Schweiz 


von der Werth J, Murphy JJ (1994) Cardiovascular toxicity 

associated with yew leaf ingestion. Br Heart J 

72(1):92-93. 

Willaert W, Claessens P, Vankelecom B, et al. (2002) Intoxication 

with Taxus baccata: Cardiac arrhythmias following 

yew leaves ingestion. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 25(4 

pt 1):511-512. 

Yersin B, Frey JG, Schaller MD, et al. (1987) Fatal cardiac 

arrhythmias and shock following yew leaves ingestion. 

Ann Emerg Med 16(12):1396-1397. 

Ta x u s b r e vi f o l i a Nutt. [Taxaceae] 

Common Names: 

Pacific yew; western yew; yew 

Citations: 

Cummins RO, Haulman J, Quan L, et al. (1990) Near-fatal 

yew berry intoxication treated with external cardiac pacing 

and digoxin-specific FAB antibody fragments. Ann 

Emerg Med 19(1):38-43. 

Ta x u s c u s p i d a Ta Siebold & Zucc. [Taxaceae] 

Common Names: 

Japanese yew; Japansk idegran; tree of death; yew 

Citations: 

Alden CL, Fosnaugh CJ, Smith JB, et al. (1977) Japanese 

yew poisoning of large domestic animals in the Midwest. 


Casteel SW, Cook WO (1985) Japanese yew poisoning in 

ruminants. Mod Vet Pract 66(11):875-877. 

Cope RB, Camp C, Lohr CV (2004) Fatal yew (Taxus sp) 

poisoning in Willamette Valley, Oregon, horses. Vet 

Hum Toxicol 46(5):279-281. 

Evans KL, Cook JR Jr (1991) Japanese yew poisoning in a 

dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:300-302. 

Helman RG, Fenton K, Edwards WC, et al. (1996) Sudden 

death in calves due to Taxus ingestion. Agri-Practice 

17(16-18):8. 

Karns PA (1983) Intoxication in horses due to ingestion 

of Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata). Equine Pract 

5(1):12,14-15. 

Kerr LA, Edwards WC (1981) Japanese yew: A toxic ornamental 

shrub. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 76(9):1339-1340. 

Lowe JE, Hintz HF, Schryver HF, et al. (1970) Taxus cuspidata 

(Japanese yew) poisoning in horses. Cornell Vet 

60(1):36-39. 

Rook JS (1994) Japanese yew toxicity. Vet Med 89:950-951. 

Sinn LE, Porterfield JF (1991) Fatal taxine poisoning from 

yew leaf ingestion. J Forensic Sci 36(2):599-601. 

Takebe C (1983) [Acute yew (Taxus cuspidata) poisoning of 

milking cows.] J Jpn Vet Med Assoc 36(9):521-524. 

Thomson GW, Barker IK (1978) Case report: Japanese 

Yew (Taxus cuspidata) poisoning in cattle. Can Vet J 

19(11):320-321. 

Thompson LJ (1987) Japanese yew poisoning in cattle and 

other animals. Napinet Rep 1(2):3. 

Veatch JK, Reid FM, Kennedy GA (1988) Differentiating yew 

poisoning from other toxicoses. Vet Med 83(3):298-300. 

Ta x u s × Me d i a Rehder [Taxaceae] 

Common Names: 

Hicks yew 

Citations: 



Vet Med Assoc 200(9):1329-1331. 



Vet Med Assoc 200(7):936-939. 

tea –see– Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze 

tea oil tree –see– Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) 

Cheel 

teaberry –see– Gaultheria procumbens L. 

teak –see– Tectona grandis L. f. 

teamster’s-tea –see– Ephedra viridis Coville 

teasel bur –see– Datura stramonium L. 

Tecoma impetiginosa Mart. ex DC. = Tabebuia 

impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) Standl. 

Te c To n a g r a n d is L. f. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Bangkok teak; Burma teak; Indian teak; Java teak; 

moulmain teak; Rangoon teak; Siam teak; teak; true 

teak 

Citations: 

Carrié C, Stelzer E (1955) Das Teakholz-Ekzem. Allergy 

4(1):33-36. 



Dermatitis 44(4):213-217. 

Estlander T, Jolanki R, Kanerva L (1999) Occupational 

allergic contact dermatitis eczema caused by obeche and 

teak dusts. Contact Dermatitis 41(3):164. 

Hunt E (1931) A case of teakwood dermatitis. Lancet 

1:75-76.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Terminalia oblongata - 393 

Krogh HK (1962) Contact eczema caused by true teak (Tectona 

grandis) - An epidemiological investigation in a furniture 

factory. Br J Ind Med 19(3):42-46. 

Krogh HK (1964) Contact eczema caused by true teak (Tectona 

grandis). A follow-up study of a previous epidemiological 

investigation, and a study into the sensitizing effect 

of various teak extracts. Br J Ind Med 21(Jan):65-68. 

Schmidt H (1978) Contact urticaria to teak with systemic 

effects. Contact Dermatitis 4(3):176-177. 

te-de-sena –see– Senna alexandrina Mill. 

tehetu –see– Dioclea erecta Hoehne; Dioclea latifolia Benth. 

Teichlilie –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

tempate –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

temple tree –see– Plumeria rubra L. 

Te Mpl e To n i a e g e n a (F. Muell.) Benth. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

broom 

Citations: 



Aust 2(Dec 19):775-778. 

teora dahl –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

Te p h r o s i a a p o l l i n a (Delile) Link [Fabaceae] 

Citations: 

Suliman HB, Wasfi IA, Adam SE (1982) The toxic 

effects of Tephrosia apollina on goats. J Comp Pathol 

92(2):309-315. 

Te p h r o s i a p u r p u r e a (L.) Pers. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

avasa; can-ja-da; pea bush 

Citations: 

Fianu FK, Assoku RK, Anumel P (1981) Poisonous weeds 

in pastures: Experimental studies in animals with Tephrosia 

purpurea (L) Pers. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 

29(4):341-348. 

terba –see– Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss. ex Spreng. 

Terminalia alata B. Heyne ex Roth = Terminalia elliptica 

Willd. 

Te r Mi n a l i a b e l l i r ic a (Gaertn.) Roxb. 


Common Names: 

bahera; barra; beleric myrobalan 

Citations: 




21(1):1-9. 

Te r Mi n a l i a b u r s a r i n a F. Muell. 


Common Names: 

yellowwood 

Citations: 

McIntosh KS (1934) The toxicity of yellow-wood. (Terminalia 

bursarina). Queensland Agric J 42(Dec 1):727-729. 

Te r Mi n a l i a c h e b u l a Retz. [Combretaceae] 

Common Names: 

aralu; black chebulic; harro; karar; myrobalan; negroés 

olive tree 

Citations: 




13:323-335. 




Te r Mi n a l i a e l l i p Tic a Willd. [Combretaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Terminalia alata B. Heyne ex Roth 

Common Names: 

Indian laurel 

Citations: 




Te r Mi n a l i a ob l o n g a Ta F. Muell. 


Common Names: 

yellowwood 

Citations: 

Filippich LJ, Cao GR (1993) Experimental acute yellowwood 

(Terminalia oblongata) intoxication in sheep. Aust 

Vet J 70(6):214-218. 

Hunt S, McCosker PJ (1970) Observations on serum adenosine 

deaminase activity in experimentally produced 

liver diseases of cattle and sheep: Yellow-wood, lantana, 

carbon tetrachloride and chronic copper poisoning. Br 

Vet J 126(2):74-81. 

Hunt SE, McCosker PJ (1968) Bromsulphthalein fractional 

clearance in beef cattle suffering from yellow-wood (Terminalia 

oblongata) poisoning. Am J Vet Clin Pathol 

2:161-170. 

Legg J, Moule GR, Chester RD (1945) The toxicity of yellow-wood 

(Terminalia oblongata) to cattle. Queensland J 

Agric Sci 2(4):199-208. 

testiculate buttercup –see– Ceratocephala testiculata (Crantz) 

Roth 

teswa –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

tetonwort –see– Solanum dulcamara L.

394 - Tetradenia riparia D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Te Tr a d e n i a r i p a r i a (Hochst.) Codd 

[Lamiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

i boza riparia (Hochst.) N. E. Br. 

Citations: 

Bodenstein JW (1977) Toxicity of traditional herbal remedies. 

S Afr Med J 52(20):790. 

Te Tr a d y Mi a c a n e s c e n s DC. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

Tetradymia canescens DC. var. inermis (Nutt.) A. 

Gray; Tetradymia inermis Nutt. 

Common Names: 

horsebrush; silvery horsebrush; spineless horsebrush 

Citations: 







Anonymous (1936) Sheep “bighead” caused by two poisonous 

plants. U S Dep Agric Press Release #1498-36:3 pp. 





Clawson AB, Huffman WT (1935) A report of progress in 

the study of bighead. Natl Wool Grower 25(1):18-20. 

Clawson AB, Huffman WT (1937) Bighead in sheep caused 

by plant poisoning. Natl Wool Grower 27(3):13-16. 

Johnson AE (1974) Predisposing influence of range plants on 

Tetradymia-related photosensitization in sheep: Work of 

Drs. A. B. Clawson and W. T. Huffman. Am J Vet Res 

35(12):1583-1585. 





Tetradymia canescens DC. var. inermis (Nutt.) A. Gray = 

Tetradymia canescens DC. 

Te Tr a d y Mi a g l a b r a Ta Torr. & A. Gray 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

coal oil brush; horsebrush; spring rabbitbrush 

Citations: 





Anonymous (1936) Sheep “bighead” caused by two poisonous 

plants. U S Dep Agric Press Release #1498-36:3 pp. 





1938:65-66. 



1939:59-60. 

Clawson AB, Huffman WT (1935) A report of progress in 

the study of bighead. Natl Wool Grower 25(1):18-20. 

Clawson AB, Huffman WT (1937) Bighead in sheep caused 

by plant poisoning. Natl Wool Grower 27(3):13-16. 

Fleming CE, Miller MR, Vawter LR (1922) The spring 

rabbit-brush (Tetradymia glabrata), a range plant poisonous 

to sheep. Nevada Agric Exp Sta Bull #104:29 

pp. 

Fleming CE, Miller MR, Vawter LR (1923) The spring rabbit-brush, 

a range plant poisonous to sheep. Am Sheep 

Breeder Wool Grower 43(Nov):542-544. 

Fleming CE, Miller MR, Vawter LR (1924) The spring rabbit-brush, 

a range plant poisonous to sheep. Am Sheep 

Breeder Wool Grower 44:126-128, 150. 

Johnson AE (1974) Experimental photosensitization and 

toxicity in sheep produced by Tetradymia glabrata. Can J 

Comp Med Vet Sci 38(4):406-410. 

Johnson AE (1974) Predisposing influence of range plants on 

Tetradymia-related photosensitization in sheep: Work of 

Drs. A. B. Clawson and W. T. Huffman. Am J Vet Res 

35(12):1583-1585. 





Tetradymia inermis Nutt. = Tetradymia canescens DC. 

Te Tr ag o n i a s c h e n k i i (Schinz) Engl. 

[Aizoaceae] 

Common Names: 

koibos 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 21(1):45-55. 

Te Tr a p a n a x p a p y r i f e r (Hook.) K. Koch 

[Araliaceae] 

Common Names: 

Chinese-rice-paper-plant 

Citations: 

Giannattasio M, Pizzolongo P, Cristaudo A, et al. (1996) 

Contact dermatitis from Tetrapanax papyriferum 

trichomes. Contact Dermatitis 35(2):106-107. 

Te Tr a p Te r y s a c u Ti f o l i a Cav. 


Citations: 

Tokarnia CH, Peixoto PV, Döbereiner J, et al. (1989) Tetrapterys 

spp. (Malpighiaceae), a causa de mortandades em 

bovinos caracterizadas por alterações cardíacas. Pesq Vet 

Bras 9(1-2):23-44.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Thamnosma texana - 395 

Te Tr a p Te r y s Mu l Tig l a n d u l o s a A. Juss. 


Citations: 

Carvalho NM, Alonso LA, Cunha TG, et al. (2006) 

Intoxicação de bovinos por Tetrapterys multiglandulosa 

(Malpighiaceae) em Mato Grasso do Sul. Pesq Vet Bras 

26(3):139-146. 

Melo MA, Vasconcelos AC, Datas GC, et al. (1999) Experimental 

intoxication with Tetrapterys multiglandulosa A. 

Juss in pregnant goats: Histopathological findings. Toxicol 

Lett 109(Suppl 1):85. 

Tokarnia CH, Peixoto PV, Döbereiner J, et al. (1989) Tetrapterys 

spp. (Malpighiaceae), a causa de mortandades em 

bovinos caracterizadas por alterações cardíacas. Pesq Vet 

Bras 9(1-2):23-44. 

Te Tr a s Tig Ma ob Te c Tu M (Wall. ex M. A. 

Lawson) Planch. ex Franch. [Vitaceae] 

Citations: 





tetterberry –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

tetterwort –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

Te u c r i u M c h a Ma e d r y s L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

germander; germandrée petit chêne; wall germander; 

western herb germander; wild germander 

Citations: 

Castot A, Larrey D (1992) Hépatites observées au cours d’un 

traitement par un médicament ou une tisane contenant 

de la Germandrée petit-chêne. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 

16(12):916-922. 

Laliberte L, Villeneuve JP (1996) Hepatitis after the 

use of germander, a herbal remedy. Can Med Assoc J 

154(11):1689-1692. 

Larrey D, Vial T, Pauwels A, et al. (1992) Hepatitis after germander 

(Teucrium chamaedrys) administration: Another 

instance of herbal medicine hepatotoxicity. Ann Intern 

Med 117(2):129-132. 

Legoux JL, Maitre F, Labarriere D, et al. (1992) Hepatite 

cytoytique et Germandrée petit-chêne: Un nouveau 

cas avec réintroduction. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 

16(10):813-815. 

Mattei A, Bizollon T, Charles JD, et al. (1992) Atteinte 

hépatique associée à la prise d’un produit de phytothérapie 

contenant de la Germandrée petit-chêne. Quatro cas. 

Gastroenterol Clin Biol 16(10):798-800. 

Mostefa-Kara N, Pauwels A, Pines E, et al. (1992) Fatal hepatitis 

after herbal tea. Lancet 340(Sep 12):674. 

Te u c r i u M p o l i u M L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

golden germander 

Citations: 

Mazokopakis E, Lazaridou S, Tzardi M, et al. (2004) Acute 

cholestatic hepatitis caused by Teucrium polium L. Phytomedicine 

11(1):83-84. 

Polymeros D, Kamberoglou D, Tzias V (2002) Acute cholestatic 

hepatitis caused by Teucrium polium (golden germander) 

with transient appearance of antimitochondrial 

antibody. J Clin Gastroenterol 34(1):100-101. 

Te u c r i u M s To c k s i a n u M Boiss. [Lamiaceae] 

Citations: 

Tanira MO, Wasfi IA, Homsi MA, et al. (1996) Toxicological 

effects of Teucrium stocksianum after acute 

and chronic adminstration to rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 

48(10):1098-1102. 

Teufelsauge –see– Adonis annua L.; Hyoscyamus niger L. 

Teufelsrübe –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

Teufelszwirn –see– Lycium barbarum L. 

Texas buckeye –see– Aesculus glabra Willd. 

Texas desert rue –see– Thamnosma texana (A. Gray) Torr. 

Texas locoweed –see– Astragalus mollissimus Torr. var. 

mollissimus 

Texas mesquite –see– Prosopis glandulosa Torr. 

Texas mistletoe –see– Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal 

& M. C. Johnst. 

Texas mountain laurel –see– Calia secundiflora (Ortega) 

Yakovlev 

Texas persimmon –see– Diospyros texana Scheele 

Texas sacahuista –see– Nolina texana S. Watson 

Texas sacahuiste –see– Nolina texana S. Watson 

Texas sage –see– Salvia coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl. 

Texas skeleton plant –see– Lygodesmia texana (Torr. & A. 

Gray) Greene ex Small 

Texas thistle –see– Solanum rostratum Dunal 

Texas umbrella tree –see– Melia azedarach L. 

Th a Mn o s Ma Te x a n a (A. Gray) Torr. 

[Rutaceae] 

Common Names: 

blister weed; Dutchman’s-breeches; ruda-del-monte; 

Texas desert rue 

Citations: 

Oertli EH, Ivie GW, Bailey EM, et al. (1985) Primary photosensitization 

in ruminants associated with Thamnosoma 

texana. Am Vet Med Assoc Annu Meet 1985:115. 

Oertli EH, Rowe LD, Lovering SL, et al. (1983) Phototoxic 

effect of Thamnosma texana (Dutchman’s breeches) in 


Thargomindah nightshade –see– Solanum sturtianum F. 

Muell. 

the-bad-seed –see– Lophophora williamsii (Lem. ex Salm- 

Dyck) J. M. Coult.

396 - Theobroma cacao D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Th e ob r o Ma c a c a o L. [Malvaaceae] 

Common Names: 

cacahuacuahuitl; cacao; chocolate; cocoa 

Citations: 

Borzenkov VN, Borxendova VE, Yarmosh GU (1971) [Poisoning 

of cows from coca shells.] Veterinariia Moscow 

48(3):91-92. 

Curtis PE, Griffiths JE (1972) Suspected chocolate poisoning 

of calves. Vet Rec 90(11):313-314. 

Day EJ, Dilworth BC (1984) Toxicity of jimson weed seed and 

cocoa shell meal to broilers. Poult Sci 63(3):466-468. 

Drolet R, Arendt TD, Stowe CM (1984) Cacao bean shell 

poisoning in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185(8):902. 

Hanington E (1972) Suspected chocolate poisoning of calves. 

Vet Rec 90(14):408-409. 

Hansen S, Trammel H, Dunayer E, et al. (2003) Cocoa bean 

mulch as a cause of methylxanthine toxicosis in dogs. 


Hoskam EG, Haagsma J (1974) Chocoladevergiftiging bij 

twee Dashonden (teckels) met modelijke afloop. Tijdschr 


Hovda LR, Kingston RL (1994) Cacao bean mulch poisoning 

in dogs. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(4):357. 

Jansson DS, Galgan V, Schubert B, et al. (2001) Theobromine 

intoxication in a red fox and a European badger in 

Sweden. J Wildl Dis 37(2):362-365. 

Perfetti L, Lehrer SB, McCants M, et al. (1997) Occupational 

asthma caused by cacao. Allergy 52(7):778-780. 

Stidworthy MF, Bleakley JS, Cheeseman MT, et al. (1997) 

Chocolate poisoning in dogs. Vet Rec 141(1):28. 

Strachan ER, Bennett A (1994) Theobromine poisoning in 

dogs. Vet Rec 134:284. 

Sutton RH (1981) Cocoa poisoning in a dog. Vet Rec 

109(25-26):563-564. 

Tarka SM Jr, Applebaum RS, Borzelleca JF (1986) Evaluation 

of the teratogenic potential of cocoa powder and 

theobromine in New Zealand white rabbits. Food Chem 

Toxicol 24(5):363-374. 

Tarka SM Jr, Morrissey RB, Apgar JL, et al. (1991) Chronic 

toxicity/carcinogenicity studies of cocoa powder in rats. 

Food Chem Toxicol 29(1):7-19. 

Yeruham I, Avidar Y (2003) Photosensitivity in feedlot 

calves apparently related to cocoa shells. Vet Hum Toxicol 

45(5):249-250. 

Th e r Mo p s is Mo n Ta n a Nutt. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

false lupine; golden banner; mountain thermopsis; poison 

bean; yellow bean 

Citations: 

Baker DC, Keeler RF (1989) Thermopsis montanainduced 

myopathy in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

194(9):1269-1272. 

Baker DC, Keeler RF (1992) Myopathy associated with 

Thermopsis montana ingestion in cattle. In: James LF, 

Keeler RF, Bailey JM Jr, et al. (eds.) Poisonous plants. 

Iowa State Univ Press. Ames, Iowa. pp. 264-270. 

Chase RL, Keeler RF (1983) Mountain thermopsis toxicity 

in cattle. Utah Sci 44(2):28-31. 

Keeler RF, Johnson AE, Chase RL (1986) Toxicity of Thermopsis 

montana in cattle. Cornell Vet 76(2):115-127. 

Th e s i u M l i n e a Tu M L. f. [Santalaceae] 

Common Names: 

Vaalstorm; witstorm 

Citations: 

Anderson LA, Joubert JP, Schultz RA, et al. (1987) Experimental 

evidence that the active principle of the poisonous 

plant Thesium lineatum L.f. (Santalaceae) is a bufadienolide. 






Th e s i u M n a Ma q u e n s e Schltr. [Santalaceae] 

Common Names: 

gifbossie; poison bush 

Citations: 




15(1-2):261-277. 

Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex A. DC. = Thevetia peruviana 

(Pers. ) K. Schum. 

Th e ve Ti a p e r u vi a n a (Pers.) K. Schum. 

[Apocynaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c erbera thevetia L.; Thevetia neriifolia Juss. ex A. DC. 

Common Names: 

ahouai; be-still tree; campanillo amarillo; Cook tree; 

epile oleander; exile oleander; jorro jorro; kanir; lucky 

nut; milk tree; Olomiojo; pila kaner; retama; snake nut; 

tiger apple; tree daffodil; trumpet flower; yellow oleander; 

yoyote 

Citations: 

Ahlawat SK, Agarwal AK, Wadhwa S (1994) Rare poisoning 

with Cerebra thevetia (yellow oleander): A report of 

three cases. Trop Doct 24(1):37-38. 

Ansford AJ, Morris H (1981) Fatal oleander poisoning. Med 

J Aust 1(7):360-361. 

Bhattacharya SK, Somani PN, Srivastava PK (1976) Cardiac 

changes in Thevetia neriifolia poisoning. Acta Cardiol 

31(2):169-174. 

Bose TK, Basu RK, Biswas B, et al. (1999) Cardiovascular 

effects of yellow oleander ingestion. J Indian Med Assoc 

97(10):407-410. 

Brewster D (1986) Herbal poisoning: A case report of a fatal 

yellow oleander poisoning from the Solomon Islands. 

Ann Trop Paediatr 6(4):289-291. 

de Silva HA, Fonseka MM, Pathmeswaran A, et al. (2003) 

Multiple-dose activated charcoal for treatment of yellow 

oleander poisoning: A single-blind, randomised, placebocontrolled 

trial. Lancet 361(9373):1935-1938. 

Dev V, Wasir HS (1985) Digitalis poisoning by an indigenous 

plant cardiac glycoside (Thevetia neriifolia - pila 

kaner). Indian Heart J 37(5):321-322.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Thlaspi arvense - 397 

Eddleston M (2003) Management of yellow oleander poisoning. 


Eddleston M, Ariaratnam CA, Meyer WP, et al. (1999) Epidemic 

of self-poisoning with seeds of the yellow oleander 

tree (Thevetia peruviana) in northern Sri Lanka. Trop 

Med Int Health 4(4):266-273. 

Eddleston M, Gunnell D, Karunaratne A, et al. (2005) 

Epidemiology of intentional self-poisoning in rural Sri 

Lanka. Br J Psychiatry 187(187):583-584. 

Eddleston M, Rajapakse S, Rajakanthan, et al. (2000) Antidigoxin 

Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion 

of yellow oleander: A randomised controlled trial. 

Lancet 355(9208):967-972. 



40(5):551-555. 

Fonseka MM, Seneviratne SL, de Silva CE, et al. (2002) 

Yellow oleander poisoning in Sri Lanka: Outcome in a 

secondary care hospital. Hum Exp Toxicol 21:293-295. 

Kakrani AL, Rajput CS, Khandare SK, et al. (1981) Yellow 

oleander seed poisoning with cardiotoxicity. A case 

report. Indian Heart J 33(1):31-33. 



Mallick BK (1984) Cardiotoxicity in yellow oleander seed 

poisoning. J Indian Med Assoc 82(8):296-297. 

Misra A (1990) Poisoning from Thevetia neriifolia (yellow 

oleander). Postgrad Med J 66(776):492. 

Oji O, Okafor QE (2000) Toxicological studies on stem 

bark, leaf and seed kernel of yellow oleander (Thevetia 

peruviana). Phytother Res 14(2):133-135. 

Pahwa R, Chatterjee VC (1990) The toxicity of yellow oleander 

(Thevetia neriifolia Juss) seed kernels to rats. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 32(6):561-564. 

Pathare AV, Patil RR, Chikhalikar AA, et al. (1987) Rare 

poisoning with Cerebra thevetia (a case report). J Postgrad 

Med 33(4):216-218. 

Pearn J (1987) Oleander poisoning. In: Covacevich et al. (eds.) 

Toxic plants and animals. A guide for Australia. pp. 37-49. 

Phadke MV, Naik SG (1963) Yellow oleander (Cerebra thevetia) 

poisoning (Case report). Indian J Child Health 

12(Mar):210-213. 

Reddy DJ, Ramasubbarao M (1954) Necropsy findings 

in yellow oleander poisoning. J Indian Med Assoc 

23(12):559-560. 

Roy BM (1927) A case of toxic heart-block due to Cerbera 

thevetia (yellow oleander seeds). Ind Med Gaz 

62(Apr):450-451. 

Samal KK, Sahu HK, Kar MK, et al. (1989) Yellow oleander 

(Cerbera thevetia) poisoning with jaundice and renal failure. 


Saraswat DK, Garg PK, Saraswat M (1992) Rare poisoning 

with Cerebra thevetia (yellow oleander). Review of 

13 cases of suicidal attempt. J Assoc Physicians India 

40(9):628-629. 

Saravanapavananthan N, Ganeshamoorthy J (1988) Yellow 

oleander poisoning - A study of 170 cases. Forensic Sci 

Int 36(3-4):247-250. 

Sarker AK, Gosh S, Barik K (1990) A study of accidental 

poisoning (in children) in a rural medical college hospital 

of West Bengal. Indian J Public Health 34(3):159-162. 

Sreeharan N, Puthrasingam S, Ranjadayalan K, et al. (1985) 

Yellow oleander poisoning - Clinical manifestations and 

prognostic criteria. Jaffna Med J 20(2):100-101. 

Suresh TP (1998) A survey on yellow oleander poisoning. 

Nurs J India 89(2):31, 47. 

Thilagar S, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P, Gopalakrishnan 

S, et al. (1986) Possible yellow oleander toxicity in a 

neonate. Indian Pediatr 23(May):393. 

Vince JD, Salamon B, Tau G, et al. (1984) Digoxin type 

toxicity from ingestion of Thevetia peruviana or the case 

of the betel nut that wasn’t. Papua New Guinea Med J 

27(3-4):167-169. 

thick-leaf drymary –see– Drymaria holosteoides Benth.; 

Drymaria pachyphylla Wooton & Standl. 

Th i l o a g l a u c o c a r p a (Mart.) Eichler 


Citations: 





experimental pelas folhas e extratos de Thiloa glaucocarpa 

(Combretaceae) em coelhos. Pesq Vet Bras 8(3-4):61-74. 

thimble weed –see– Rudbeckia laciniata L. 

thimbles –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

thistle root –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

Th l a s p i a rv e n s e L. [Brassicaceae] 

Common Names: 

fanweed; field pennycress; Frenchweed; Hellerkraut; 

pennycress; pennycress mustard; stinkweed 

Citations: 

Baksi SN, Case AA (1971) Photosensitization in guinea-pigs 

due to ingestion of Thlaspi arvense (penny-cress mustard) 

seed. Indian Vet J 48(10):1001-1006. 

Hawk W (1956) Hematuria in dairy heifers probably due to a 

plant toxin. J Am Vet Med Assoc 128(Mar 1):261-262. 

Martin T, Morgan S (1987) What caused the photosensitivity 

in these dairy heifers? Vet Med 82:848,850-851. 

Rose SP, Bell JM, Wilkie IW, et al. (1981) Influence of weed 

seed oil contamination on the nutritional quality of diets 

containing low erucic acid rapeseed (Brassica napus, Tower 

cultivar) oil when fed to rats. J Nutr 111(2):355-364. 

Shires A, Bell JM, Keith MO, et al. (1982) Rapeseed dockage: 

Effects of feeding raw and processed wild mustard 

and stinkweed seed on growth and feed utilization of 

mice. Can J Anim Sci 62:275-285. 

Smith RA, Crowe SP (1987) Fanweed toxicosis in cattle: 

Case history, analytical method, suggested treatment, and 

fanweed detoxification. Vet Hum Toxicol 29(2):155-156. 

Thompson’s-woolly locoweed –see– Astragalus mollissimus 

Torr. var. thompsoniae (S. Watson) Barneby 

thorn apple –see– Datura ferox L.; Datura metel L.; Datura 

stramonium L. 

thorny amaranthus –see– Amaranthus spinosus L. 

thorny pigweed –see– Amaranthus spinosus L.

398 - Thuja occidentalis D. Jesse Wagstaff 

thoroughwort –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & 

H. Rob.; Eupatorium altissimum L. 

thousand-head kale –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. ramosa 

DC. 

thousand-leaf –see– Achillea millefolium L. 

thousand-mothers –see– Tolmiea menziesii Torr. & A. Gray 

threadleaf broomweed –see– Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) 

A. Gray 

threadleaf groundsel –see– Senecio flaccidus Less. var. 

flaccidus; Senecio riddellii Torr. & A. Gray 

threadleaf snakeweed –see– Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) 

A. Gray 

threadleaf sartwellia –see– Sartwellia flaveriae A. Gray 

three-flower nightshade –see– Solanum triflorum Nutt. 

three-leaf ivy –see– Toxicodendron pubescens Mill.; 


three-seed mercury –see– Acalypha indica L. 

Threlkeldia proceriflora F. Muell. = Neobassia proceriflora 

(F. Muell.) A. J. Scott 

throatwort –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

Th u j a o c c i d e n Ta l is L. [Cupressaceae] 

Common Names: 

American arbor vitae; Amerikanischer Lebensbaum; 

arbor vitae; cédre; false white cedar; faux thuya; Lebensbaum; 

red cedar; thuja; thuya; white cedar; yellow 

cedar 

Citations: 

Brauch F (1932) Das klinische Bild der Thujavergiftung. Z 

Klin Med 119:86-91. 



Clin Toxicol 18(12):1485-1498. 

Thuja orientalis L. = Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco 

Th u j a pl ic a Ta Donn ex D. Don [Cupressaceae] 

Common Names: 

arbor vitae; Canadian red cedar; flat cedar; giant arbor 

vitae; red cedar; western red cedar; yellow cedar 

Citations: 

Bleumink E, Mitchell JC, Nater JP (1973) Allergic contact 

dermatitis from cedar wood (Thuja plicata). Br J Dermatol 

88(5):499-504. 

Bleumink E, Nater JP (1972) Contact dermatitis from western 

red cedar wood (Thuja plicata). Contact Dermatol 

Newsl 12(Aug):340-342. 

Chan-Yeung M (1982) Immunologic and nonimmunologic 

mechanisms in asthma due to western red cedar (Thuja 

plicata). J Allergy Clin Immunol 70(1):32-37. 

Chan-Yeung M, Barton GM, MacLean L, et al. (1973) 

Occupational asthma and rhinitis due to western red cedar 

(Thuja plicata). Am Rev Respir Dis 108(5):1094-1102. 

Chan-Yeung M, Lam S, Koener S (1982) Clinical features 

and natural history of occupational asthma due to western 

red cedar (Thuja plicata). Am J Med 72(3):411-415. 

Chan-Yeung M, MacLean L, Paggiaro PL (1987) Follow-up 

study of 232 patients with occupational asthma caused by 

western red cedar (Thuja plicata). J Allergy Clin Immunol 

79:792-796. 

Chan-Yeung M, Vedal S, Kus J, et al. (1984) Symptoms, 

pulmonary functions and bronchial hyperreactivity in 

western red cedar workers compared with those in office 

workers. Am Rev Respir Dis 130(6):1038-1041. 



Dermatitis 44(4):213-217. 

Gandevia B, Milne J (1970) Occupational asthma and 

rhinitis due to western red cedar (Thuja plicata), with 

special reference to bronchial reactivity. Br J Ind Med 

27(3):235-244. 

Ishizaki T, Shida T, Miyamoto T, et al. (1973) Occupational 

asthma from western red cedar dust (Thuja plicata) in furniture 

factory workers. J Occup Med 15(7):580-585. 

Milne J, Gandevia B (1969) Occupational asthma and rhinitis 

due to western (Canadian) red cedar (Thuja plicata) 

Med J Aust 2:741-744. 

Mitchell C (1970) Occupational asthma due to western 

or Canadian red cedar (Thuja plicata). Med J Aust 

57(2):233-235. 

Mitchell JC, Chan-Yeung M (1974) Contact allergy from 

Frullania and respiratory allergy from Thuja. Can Med 

Assoc J 110(6):653-657. 

Mue S, Ise T, Ono Y, et al. (1975) A study of western red 

cedar-induced asthma. Ann Allergy 34(5):296-304. 

Mue S, Ise T, Ono Y, et al. (1975) A study of western red 

cedar sensitivity: Workers’ allergy reactions and symptoms. 

Ann Allergy 35(3):148-152. 


of wood dust. Ann Allergy 7:492-496, 505. 

thuja –see– Thuja occidentalis L. 

thumalos –see– Euphorbia characias L. 

thunderwood –see– Toxicodendron vernix (L.) Kuntze 

thuya –see– Thuja occidentalis L. 

thym –see– Thymus vulgaris L. 

thyme –see– Thymus vulgaris L. 

Thymian –see– Thymus vulgaris L. 

Th y Mu s v u l g a r is L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

thym; thyme; Thymian 

Citations: 

Benito M, Jorro G, Morales C, et al. (1996) Labiatae allergy: 

Systemic reactions due to oregano and thyme. Ann 

Allergy Asthma Immunol 76(5):416-418. 

Martínez-González MC, Goday Buján JJ, Martínex Gómez 

W, et al. (2007) Concomitant allergic contact dermatitis 

due to Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Thymus 

vulgaris (thyme). Contact Dermatitis 56(1):49-50. 

Spiewak R, Skorska C, Dutkiewicz J (2001) Occupational 

airborne contact dermatitis caused by thyme dust. Contact 


International Poisonous Plants Checklist Tilia petiolaris - 399 

tickberry –see– Lantana camara L. 

tickle weed –see– Veratrum viride Aiton 

ticklegrass –see– Hordeum jubatum L. 

Ti e g h e Me l l a a f r ic a n a Pierre [Sapotaceae] 

Common Names: 

ukola; ukorro 

Citations: 



Med Surg 21(2):41-46. 

Ti e g h e Me l l a h e c k e l i i Pierre ex A. Chev. 

[Sapotaceae] 

Common Names: 

Afrikanische Birnbaum; makoré 

Citations: 



1(5):315-316. 

tiger apple –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

tiger lily –see– Lilium lancifolium Thunb. 

tigerwort –see– Scrophularia auriculata L. 

til –see– Sesamum indicum L. 

Ti l i a c o r d a Ta Mill. [Malvaceae] 

Common Names: 

linden 

Citations: 

Krakowiak A, Krêcisz B, Pas-Wyroślak A, et al. (2004) 

Occupational contact dermatitis with rhinoconjunctivitis 

due to Tilia cordata and colophonium exposure in a cosmetician. 


Mur P, Freo Brito F, Lombardero M, et al. (2001) Allergy to 

linden pollen (Tilia cordata). Allergy 56(5):456-457. 

Ti l i a × e u r o p a e a L. [Malvaceae] 

Common Names: 

lime; linden; tilleul 

Citations: 

Rudzki E, Rapiejko P, Rebandel P (2003) Occupational 

contact dermatitis, with asthma and rhinitis, from camomile 

in a cosmetician also with contact urticaria from 

both camomile and lime flowers. Contact Dermatitis 

49(3):162. 

Ti l i a o r b ic u l a r is hort. ex V. Engl. [Malvaceae] 

Citations: 

Howes FN (1979) Plants and beekeeping. Faber & Faber. 

London pp. 23-26. 

Ti l i a p e Tio l a r is DC. [Malvaceae] 

Citations: 

Howes FN (1979) Plants and beekeeping. Faber & Faber. 

London pp. 23-26. 

tilleul –see– Tilia ×europaea L. 

tilly –see– Croton tiglium L. 

timbaúba –see– Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong 

timbe mirim –see– Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. 

timber milk vetch –see– Astragalus convallarius Greene; 

Astragalus miser Douglas ex Hook; Astragalus miser 

Douglas ex Hook. var. hylophilus (Rydb.) Barneby; 

Astragalus miser Douglas ex Hook. var. oblongifolius 

(Rydb.) Cronquist; Astragalus miser Douglas ex Hook. 

var. serotinus (A. Gray ex J. G. Cooper) Barneby 

timber poison vetch –see– Astragalus convallarius Greene 

timbó –see– Deguelia utilis (A. C. Sm.) A. M. G. Azevedo; 

Mascagnia pubiflora (A. Juss.) Griseb. 

timbó legitimo –see– Deguelia utilis (A. C. Sm.) A. M. G. 

Azevedo 

timbó macaquinho –see– Deguelia utilis (A. C. Sm.) A. M. 

G. Azevedo 

timborá –see– Enterolobium timbouva Mart. 

timothy –see– Phleum pratense L. 

timothy canarygrass –see– Phalaris angusta Nees ex Trin. 

ting-kuang-teng –see– Erycibe henryi Prain 

tinguaciba –see– Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl 

tingui –see– Mascagnia rigida (A. Juss.) Griseb. 

Tinnevelly senna –see– Senna alexandrina Mill. 

tintan –see– Cestrum diurnum L. 

Tintenbeerstrauch –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

Tintenbeertraube –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

tipsywood –see– Indigofera trita L. f. 

Tipton weed –see– Hypericum perforatum L. 

tithwan –see– Artemisia vulgaris L. 

titimalo –see– Euphorbia dendroides L. 

Tium michauxii (Kuntze) Rydb. = Astragalus michauxii 

(Kuntze) F. J. Herm. 

Toano milk vetch –see– Astragalus toanus M. E. Jones 

tobacci –see– Nicotiana tabacum L. 

tobacco –see– Nicotiana glauca Graham; Nicotiana tabacum 

L. 

tobacco cimarron –see– Verbascum thapsus L. 

tobasco mahogany –see– Swietenia macrophylla King 

tochina –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

toddy fishtail palm –see– Caryota urens L. 

tolguacha –see– Datura stramonium L. 

Tollkirsche –see– Atropa belladonna L.

400 - Tolmiea menziesii D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Tollkorn –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

Tollkraut –see– Datura stramonium L.; Lolium temulentum 

L.; Scopolia carniolica Jacq. 

tollon –see– Heteromeles salicifolia (C. Presl) Abrams 

To l Mi e a Me n z i e s i i Torr. & A. Gray 

[Saxifragaceae] 

Common Names: 

pickaback plant; piggyback plant; thousand-mothers; 

youth-on-age 

Citations: 

Calnan CD (1969) Tolmiea menziesii. Contact Dermatol 

Newsl 5(Feb):98. 


6(Jul):126-127. 

toloache –see– Datura stramonium L. 

tolu balsam –see– Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms 

tomate –see– Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 

tomaten Düsche –see– Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 

tomates halentano –see– Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 

tomatillo –see– Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. 

tomato –see– Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 

tomato bush –see– Solanum esuriale Lindl. 

tomato weed –see– Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. 

tonga bean –see– Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. 

tonka bean –see– Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. 

tontelbos –see– Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. Aiton 

toot –see– Coriaria arborea Linds. 

toothed nightshade –see– Solanum virginianum L. 

toothpick ammi –see– Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. 

Toowoomba canarygrass –see– Phalaris aquatica L. 

torch plant –see– Aloe arborescens Mill. 

tordanda –see– Euphorbia royleana Boiss. 

tornel –see– Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl 

toti –see– Dioclea erecta Hoehne; Dioclea latifolia Benth. 

tournesol –see– Heliotropium europaeum L. 

toursole –see– Heliotropium europaeum L. 

tovana –see– Smodingium argutum E. Mey. ex Sond. 

To x ic o d e n d r o n d i ve r s i l ob u M (Torr. & 

A. Gray) Greene [Anacardiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r hus diversiloba Torr. & A. Gray 

Common Names: 

California poison ivy; California poison oak; California 

poison sumach; hiedra; la yedra; oak-leaf poison 

ivy; Pacific poison oak; western poison ivy; western 

poison oak; yeara; yedra 

Citations: 

Alderson HE, Pruett HJ (1921) Poison oak dermatitis (a specific 

treatment). Cal State J Med 19(5):188-193. 

Devich KB, Lee JC, Epstein WL, et al. (1975) Renal lesions 

accompanying poison oak dermatitis. Clin Nephrol 

3(3):106-113. 

Epstein WL, Byers VS, Frankart W (1982) Induction of 

antigen specific hyposensitization to poison oak in sensitized 

adults. Arch Dermatol 118(9):630-633. 

McNair GB (1916) The pathology of dermatitis venenata 

from Rhus diversiloba. J Infect Dis 19:419-428. 

Petrone GS (1984) Miner’s itch - Report of an unusual case of 

poison oak dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 11(1):142. 

Rytand DA (1948) Fatal anuria, the nephrotic syndrome and 

glomerular nephritis as sequels of the dermatitis of poison 

oak. Am J Med 5:548-560. 

Rytand DA, Burnham DK, Cox AJ Jr (1948) Periarteritis 

nodosa following the dermatitis of poison oak and of 

primrose. Stanford Med Bull 6(2):319-323. 

Schwartz RS, Downham TF 2nd (1981) Erythema multiforme 

associated with rhus contact dermatitis. Cutis 27(1):85-86. 

Spain WC, Newell JM, Meeker M (1934) Susceptibility to 

poison ivy and poison oak. Science 80(2065):104. 

Templeton HJ, Lunsford CJ, Allington HV (1947) Poison 

oak dermatitis. Studies on hematologic, urinary and temperature 

changes. J Invest Dermatol 8:53-58. 

Watts WJ (1989) Poison oak urethritis. N Engl J Med 

321:194. 

To x ic o d e n d r o n p u b e s c e n s Mill. 


Synonyms: 

r hus toxicodendron L.; Toxicodendron quercifolium 

(Michx.) Greene; Toxicodendron toxicarium (Salisb.) 

Gillis 

Common Names: 

eastern oakleaf poison ivy; eastern poison oak; Giftsumach; 

oakleaf poison ivy; poison oak; southern poison 

oak; three-leaf ivy; yeara 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1848) Poisoning by infusion of poison oak. 

West J Med Surg 2:364. 

Gochfeld M, Burger J (1983) Sexual transmission of nickel 

and poison oak contact dermatitis. Lancet 1(12):589. 

Kishaba RG, Losek JD (1989) Toxic shock syndrome associated 

with poison oak dermatitis. Pediatr Emerg Care 

5(1):40-42. 

Laur WE, Posey RE, Waller JD (1978) Rhus dermatitis. An 

unusual example of exposure. Cutis 22(5):613-614. 

Spain WC, Newell JM, Meeker MG (1934) The percentage 

of persons susceptible to poison ivy and poison oak. J 

Allergy 5:571-574. 

Toxicodendron quercifolium (Michx.) Greene = 

Toxicodendron pubescens Mill. 

To x ic o d e n d r o n r a d ic a n s (L.) Kuntze 


Synonyms: 

r hus radicans L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Toxicodendron radicans - 401 

Common Names: 

black mercury; climath; climbing ivy; climbing sumach; 

creeping sumach; Giftbaum; Giftefeu; Gifteiche; Giftsumach; 

markery; markweed; mercury; picry; poison 

ash; poison creeper; poison ivy; poison mercury; poison 

sumach; poison vine; poor-man’s-liquid-amber; threeleaf 

ivy; trailing sumach; zumaque venenoso 

Citations: 

Anonymous (1960) Transmission of ivy poisoning. JAMA 

173(Jul 23):1398. 

Barefoot SW (1952) Complications of poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron) 

dermatitis. N C Med J 13(Jan):40-42. 

Beeaff D (1985) Poison ivy dermatitis in Arizona. Ariz Med 

42(4):223-226. 

Benedict RC (1933) A poison ivy experiment. Torreya 

33(May-Jun):65-66. 

Beurey J, Mougeolle JM, Weber M, et al. (1980) Rhus dermatitis 

ou «dermite au poison ivy» en Lorraine. Ann Dermatol 

Venereol 107(1-2):65-67. 

Biberstein H (1929) Über Hautreaktionen bei Applikation von 

verschiedenen Rhusarten. Klin Wochenschr 8:99-102. 

Block SH (1973) Rhus hyposensitization dermatitis. JAMA 

224(5):627. 

Brown ED (1922) Experiments on the variability in susceptibility 

to poison ivy. Arch Derm Syphilol 5:714-722. 



14):1124-1231. 

Cohen LM, Cohen JL (1998) Erythema multiforme associated 

with contact dermatitis to poison ivy: Three cases 

and a review of the literature. Cutis 62(3):139-142. 

Cronk GA (1952) Zirconium salts in prevention and treatment 

of Rhus toxicodendron dermatitis. Arch Derm 

Syphilol 66(2):282-288. 

Dvorak HF, Mihm MC Jr (1971) Basophilic leukocytes in a 

case of poison ivy. N Engl J Med 285(1):54-55. 

Gaillard GE (1950) Poison ivy, a summary of one hundred 

cases treated with aqueous (Alum precipitated pyridine) 

extract. J Allergy 21:55-62. 

Gold H, Masucci P (1941) Prophylactic oral therapy against 

poison ivy. J Allergy 13:157-165. 

Gold H, Masucci P (1942) Oral prophylaxis against poison 

ivy. J Allergy 13:606-610. 

Goldman L (1942) Oral prophylaxis for poison ivy dermatitis 

in children. Am J Dis Child 64:241-247. 

Guin JD (1980) Reaction time in experimental poison ivy 

dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 6(6):289-290. 

Guin JD (1983) Poison ivy dermatitis in winter with an 

example of filial contact dermatitis. J Indiana State Med 

Assoc 76(3):184. 

Guin JD, Reynolds R (1980) Jewelweed treatment of poison 

ivy dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 6(4):287-288. 

Harshberger JW (1895) When is Rhus toxicodendron most 

active? Garden Forest 8(381):238-239. 

Hoagland RJ (1950) Prophylaxis of Rhus toxicodendron dermatitis. 

N Engl J Med 242(4):130-132. 

Howell JB (1943) Evaluation of measures for prevention of 

ivy dermatitis. Arch Derm Syphilol 48:373-378. 

Hurwitz RM, Rivera HP, Guin JD (1984) Black-spot poison 

ivy dermatitis. An acute irritant contact dermatitis 

superimposed upon an allergic contact dermatitis. Am J 

Dermatopathol 6(4):319-322. 

Kaidbey KH, Kligman AM (1976) Assay of topical corticosteroids. 

Efficacy of suppression of experimental Rhus 

dermatitis in humans. Arch Dermatol 112(6):808-810. 

Keil H (1958) The prophylactic treatment of poison ivy dermatitis 

with 3-n-pentadecyl catechol using the wheal 

method. N Y State J Med 58(1):57-59. 

Kligman AM (1958) Poison ivy (Rhus) dermatitis: An experimental 

study. Arch Dermatol 77(2):149-180. 

Knowles FC, Decker HB, Pratt AG, et al. (1938) Susceptibility 

of allergic and nonallergic persons to Rhus toxicodendron. 


Langs RJ, Fuchs AM, Strauss MB (1959) Poison ivy dermatitis. 

Ind Med Surg 28(6):257-261. 

Laur WE, Posey RE, Waller JD (1978) Rhus dermatitis. An 

unusual example of exposure. Cutis 22(5):613-614. 

Lejman E, Stoudemayer T, Grove G, et al. (1984) Age differences 

in poison ivy dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 

11(3):163-167. 

Lipton RA (1958) The use of Impatiens biflora (jewelweed) 

in the treatment of rhus dermatitis. Ann Allergy 

16(5):526-527. 

Maiden JH (1909) On some plants which cause inflammation 

or irritation of the skin. Agric Gaz New South Wales 

20(Feb 2):111-117. 

Maisel F (1932) Poison ivy. New method of immunization. J 

Allergy 4(1):35-37. 

Mallory SB, Miller OF, Tyler WB (1982) Toxicodendron 

radicans dermatitis with black lacquer deposit on the 

skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 6(3):363-368. 

Marks JG Jr, Trautlein JJ, Epstein WL, et al. (1987) Oral 

hyposensitization to poison ivy and poison oak. Arch 

Dermatol 123(4):476-478. 

Meeham J (1889) Poisonous plants. Garden Forest 2(57):154. 

Mitchell WF (1959) Poison ivy prophylaxis: Folklore or scientific 

medicine? Ohio State Med J 55(6):797-798. 

Moorman JW (1866) Poisoning by eating the fruit of the 

Rhus toxicodendron. Am J Med Sci 51:560. 

Nurse DS (1966) Poison ivy in Melbourne. Med J Aust 

1(13):528-529. 




Orchard S, Fellman JH, Storrs FJ (1986) Poison ivy/oak dermatitis. 

Use of polyamine salts of a linoleic acid dimer for 

topical prophylaxis. Arch Dermatol 122(7):783-789. 

Passenger RE (1963) A clinical evaluation of the prophylactic 

treatment of poison ivy dermatitis with an alumprecipitated 

pyridine extract of Rhus toxicodendron. J 

Allergy 34(3):270-274. 

Proujan BJ (1988) New treatment to prevent poison ivy and 

poison oak dermatitis. Res Resour Rep 12(3):5-7. 

Reginella RF, Fairfield JC, Marks JG Jr (1989) Hyposensitization 

to poison ivy after working in a cashew nut shell oil 

processing factory. Contact Dermatitis 20(12):274-279. 

Ross CM (1959) Poison ivy dermatitis: The first South African 

cases. S Afr Med J 33:657-660. 

Sassaman RK (1945) Stomatitis due to chewing leaves of 

poison ivy. Am J Orthodon Oral Surg 31:695-696. 

Silvers SH (1941) Stomatitis venenata and dermatitis of the 

anal orifice from chewing poison ivy leaves (Rhus toxicodendron). 

JAMA 116(20):2257. 

Sompayrac LM (1938) Negative results of Rhus antigen 

treatment of experimental ivy poisoning. Am J Med Sci 

195:361-362.

402 - Toxicodendron rydbergii D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Spain WC, Newell JM, Meeker M (1934) Susceptibility to 

poison ivy and poison oak. Science 80(2065):104. 

Spain WC, Newell JM, Meeker MG (1934) The percentage 

of persons susceptible to poison ivy and poison oak. J 

Allergy 5:571-574. 

Spencer MC (1961) Occupational dermatitis and eczema 

among farmers. Ill Med J 119:136-138. 

Spencer MC (1971) Poison ivy dermatitis - A simple, safe 

and effective treatment. Cutis 7(4):443-435. 

Stokes J (1867) Peculiar cases of poisoning from the root of 

the Rhus toxicodendron. Med Surg Reper 17:373. 

Turner T (1972) Poison ivy and poor-man’s liquid amber. 

Med J Aust 2(3):166-167. 

Vollmer H (1936) Hauterkrankung nach peroraler Zuführing 

von Rhus toxicodendron L. Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 

7(B68):21-22. 

Whitfield A (1914) On three cases of eczematous dermatitis 

produced by poisonous plants. Lancet 1(Feb 

28):607-608. 


S Afr Med J 45(7):163-167. 

Zink BJ, Otten EJ, Rosenthal M, et al. (1991) The effect of 

jewel weed in preventing poison ivy dermatitis. J Wilderness 

Med 2(3):178-182. 

Zisserman L (1940) Oral immunization for poison ivy dermatitis. 

J Allergy 12:474-476. 

Zisserman L (1940) Susceptibility to poison ivy dermatitis. 

J Allergy 11:600. 

Zisserman L, Birch L (1939) The prophylaxis and treatment 

of poison ivy dermatitis with an extract of Rhus toxicodendron. 

J Allergy 10:596-604. 

To x ic o d e n d r o n r y d b e r g i i (Small ex Rydb.) 

Greene [Anacardiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Canadian poison ivy; nonclimbing poison ivy; northern 

poison ivy; Rydberg’s-poison ivy; western poison ivy 

Citations: 




20(2):85-89. 

To x ic o d e n d r o n s Tr i a Tu M (Ruiz & Pav.) 

Kuntze [Anacardiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r hus striata Ruiz & Pav. 

Common Names: 

amche; amte; hinchador; hinchahuevos; mala mujer; 

manganillo-de-cerro; manzanillo; palo-de-compadre; 

palo-de-sarna; palo-de-viruela; palo sarno; poison 

sumach; yagalache 

Citations: 

Hurtado I (1965) Contact dermatitis caused by the “manzanillo” 

(Rhus striata) tree. Report of three cases. Int Arch 

Allergy Appl Immunol 28(6):321-327. 

Hurtado I (1967) “Manzanillo.” Dermatitis venenata causada 

por el “Rhus striata.” Med Cutanea 11(3):253-258. 

Hurtado I (1968) Studies on the biological activity of Rhus 

striata (‘manzanillo’). II. Skin response to patch test in 

humans. Int Arch Allergy 33(3):209-216. 

To x ic o d e n d r o n s u c c e d a n e u M (L.) 

Kuntze [Anacardiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r hus succedanea L. 

Common Names: 

Indochinese lacquer; Japanese wax tree; oriental 

sumach; oriental wax tree; red lac; rhus; rhus tree; scarlet 

rhus; scarlet sumach; sumach; wax tree 

Citations: 



14):1124-1231. 

Nakamura T (1985) Contact dermatitis to Rhus succedanea. 


Rademaker M, Duffill MB (1995) Allergic contact dermatitis 

to Toxicodendron succedaneum (Rhus tree) - An 

autumn epidemic. N Z Med J 108:121-123. 

Rademaker M, Duffill MB (1995) Toxicodendron succedaneum 

(Rhus tree), New Zealand’s poison ivy. Contact 

Dermatitis 33(8):357-358. 


S Afr Med J 45(7):163-167. 

To x ic o d e n d r o n s y l ve s Tr e (Siebold & 

Zucc.) Kuntze [Anacardiaceae] 

Citations: 

Mitchell JC, Guin JD, Maibach HI, et al. (1985) Allergenicity 

of Toxicodendron sylvestre (Anacardiaceae). Contact 

Dermatitis 12(2):113-114. 

Toxicodendron toxicarium (Salisb.) Gillis = Toxicodendron 

pubescens Mill. 

To x ic o d e n d r o n v e r n ic i f l u u M (Stokes) F. 

A. Barkley [Anacardiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

r hus vernicifera DC.; r hus verniciflua Stokes 

Common Names: 

Chinese lacquer tree; Chinese shellac; Japanese lacquer 

tree; Japanese shellac; Japanese sumach; Japanese varnish; 

Japanische Lackbaum; Japanlack; lacquer; lacquer 

tree; ningpo varnish; oriental lacquer tree; poison lac; 

varnish lacquer tree; varnish tree 

Citations: 

Ames O (1931) Rhus verniciflua and Japanese damascence 

ware. J Arnold Arbor 12(1):1-3. 

Barrett DK (1985) A case history of acute dermatitis caused 

by Rhus verniciflua Stokes and brief review of toxic 

sumachs in Britain. Arboricultural J 9:115-120. 

Bauer H (1940) Über Sumachdermatitis. Med Klin 

36(2):48-49. 

Biberstein H (1929) Über Hautreaktionen bei Applikation von 

verschiedenen Rhusarten. Klin Wochenschr 8:99-102.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Toxicoscordion venenosum - 403 

Etter RL (1951) Dermatitis caused by Japanese lacquer. U S 

Armed Forces Med J 2(3):505-507. 

Grevenstuk A (1937) Vergiftung durch Renghas und durch 

Japanlack. Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 8(A664):35-38. 

Hinman F (1946) Contact dermatitis from Japanese rifles. 

Ann Allergy 4:384-387. 

Kawai K, Nakagawa M, Kawai K, et al. (1991) Hyposensitization 

to urushiol among Japanese lacquer draftsmen: 

Results of patch tests on students learning the art of lacquerware. 


Kobayashi Y (1935) Sensitization of guinea-pigs to Rhus 

venicifera and to Japanese and Chinese lacquers. Jpn J 

Dermatol Urol 37(Apr):479. 

Levin OL (1924) Dermatitis venenata from the lacquer on 

the boxes of Mah Jong sets. JAMA 82(6):465. 

Powell SM, Barrett DK (1986) An outbreak of contact dermatitis 

from Rhus verniciflua (Toxicodendron vernicifluum). 


Powell SM, Barrett DK, Venning VA (1987) Contact dermatitis 

from Rhus verniciflua - Further evidence concerning 

the hazard of domestic planting. Arboricultural 

J 11(2):165-168. 

Zeisler EP (1924) Dermatitis venenata from the lacquer on 

the boxes of Mah Jong sets. JAMA 82(6):466. 

To x ic o d e n d r o n v e r n i x (L.) Kuntze 


Synonyms: 

r hus vernix L. 

Common Names: 

poison ash; poison dogwood; poison elderberry; poison 

sumach; poison swamp sumach; poison tree; poison 

weed; poisonwood; swamp dogwood; swamp sumach; 

thunderwood 

Citations: 

Benedict RC (1933) A poison ivy experiment. Torreya 

33(May-Jun):65-66. 

Jacobziner H, Raybin HW (1962) Intoxications due to tranquilizing 

drugs and plants. N Y State J Med 62(Oct 

1):3130-3132. 

Sherer JW (1916) Conjunctivitis and keratitis from poison 

ivy. Ophthal Record 25:191-193. 

To x ic o s c o r d io n f r e Mo n Ti i (Torr.) Rydb. 


Common Names: 

chaparral death camas; death camas; star lily; star 

zydadene 

Citations: 

Quortrup ER, McFarland RJ (1956) Animal losses involving 

noxious weeds in San Diego County. California Vet 

9(5):14-17. 

To x ic o s c o r d io n i n Te r Me d i u M (Rydb.) 

Rydb. [Melanthiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

z igadenus intermedius Rydb. 

Common Names: 

death camas 

Citations: 

Mitchell PH, Smith G (1911) The physiological effects 

of alkaloids of Zygadenus intermedius. Am J Physiol 

28:318-329. 

To x ic o s c o r d io n n u TTa l l i i (A. Gray) Rydb. 


Synonyms: 

z igadenus nuttallii A. Gray 

Common Names: 

alkaligrass; death camas; grassy death camas; Nuttall’sdeath 

camas; poison camas; poison sego; soap plant; 

water lily; wild onion 

Citations: 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Roe GC (1926) Nuttall’s death 

camas (Zygadenus nuttallii) as a poisonous plant. U S 


Morris MD (1944) Nuttall death camas poisoning in horses. 

Vet Med 39(12):462. 

To x ic o s c o r d io n p a n ic u l a Tu M (Nutt.) 


Synonyms: 

z igadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Watson 

Common Names: 

alkaligrass; death camas; foothill death camas; panicle 

death camas; poison sego; wild sago 

Citations: 



Fleming CE, Peterson NF, Miller MR, et al. (1921) Death 

camas (Zygadenus paniculatus and Zygadenus venenosus). 

Plants poisonous to sheep and cattle. Nevada Agric 


Heilpern KL (1995) Zigadenus poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 

25(2):259-262. 

Hilman FH (1896) Zygadenus paniculatus is mentioned as 

poisonous. Nevada Agric Exp Sta Annu Rep #9:25. 






Panter KE, Ralphs MH, Smart RA, et al. (1987) Death 

camas poisoning in sheep: A case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 

29(1):45-48. 

Peterson MC, Rasmussen GJ (2003) Intoxication with foothill 

camas (Zigadenus paniculatus). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

41(1):63-65. 

To x ic o s c o r d io n v e n e n o s u M (S. Watson) 


Synonyms: 

z igadenus gramineus Rydb.; z igadenus venenosus S. 

Watson

404 - Trachelium caeruleum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Common Names: 

death camas; grassy death camas; meadow death camas; 

mysterygrass; poison camas; poisongrass; poison sego; 

poison wild onion; squirrel food 

Citations: 

Avery RJ, Niilo L, Kramer T, et al. (1961) Two cases of poisoning 

in livestock presenting difficulties in diagnosis. I. 

Death camas (Zygadenus gramineus, Rydb.) poisoning in 

sheep. Can Vet J 2(7):250-252. 

Cameron K (1952) Death camas poisoning. Northwest Med 

51(Aug):682-683. 

Collett S, Grotelueschen D, Smith R, et al. (1996) Deaths of 

23 adult cows attributed to intoxication by the alkaloids 

of Zygadenus venenosus (meadow death camas). Agri- 

Practice 17(7):5-9. 



Fleming CE, Peterson NF, Miller MR, et al. (1921) Death 

camas (Zygadenus paniculatus and Zygadenus venenosus). 

Plants poisonous to sheep and cattle. Nevada Agric 


Hitchcock JD (1959) Poisoning of honey bees by death camas 

blossoms. Am Bee J 99(Oct):418-419. 




Marsh CD, Clawson AB (1924) The meadow death camas 

(Zygadenus venenosus) as a poisonous plant. U S Dep 

Agric Bull #1240:13 pp. 



Nelson SB (1906) Feeding wild plants to sheep. Washington 


toyon –see– Heteromeles salicifolia (C. Presl) Abrams 

Tr a c h e l i u M c a e r u l e u M L. 


Citations: 

Banerjee P, Rycroft RJ (2002) A second florist with dermatitis 

from Trachelium caeruleum. Contact Dermatitis 

46(4):241. 

Tr a c h y a n d r a d i va r ic a Ta (Jacq.) Kunth 

[Asphodelaceae] 

Common Names: 

branched onion weed 

Citations: 

Huxtable CR, Chapman HM, Main DC, et al. (1987) 

Neurological disease and lipofuscinosis in horses 

and sheep grazing Trachyandra divaricata (branched 

onion weed) in south Western Australia. Aust Vet J 

64(4):105-108. 

Newsholme SJ, Schneider DJ, Reid C (1985) A suspected 

lipofuscin storage disease of sheep associated with ingestion 

of the plant, Trachyandra divaricata (Jacq.) Kunth. 


Tr a c h y a n d r a l a x a (N. E. Br.) Oberm. 


Citations: 

Grant RC, Basson PA, Kidd AB (1985) Paralysis and lipofuscin-like 

pigmentation of farm stock caused by the 

plant, Trachyandra laxa var. laxa. Onderstepoort J Vet 

Res 52(4):255-259. 

Tr a c h y a n d r a s a l Ti i (Baker) Oberm. 


Citations: 





Tr a c h y Me n e g l a u c i f o l i a (F. Muell.) 

Benth. [Apiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d idiscus glaucifolius F. Muell. 

Common Names: 

carrot weed; native parsnip; wild carrot; wild parsnip 

Citations: 

Edgar G, Ropert J (1942) The toxicity of Didiscus glaucifolius, 

“wild parsnip,” for sheep. Aust Vet J 18:125-126. 

Philbey AW (1990) Trachymene glaucifolia associated with 

bentleg in lambs. Aust Vet J 67(12):468. 

Tr a c h y Me n e o c h r a c e a L. A. S. Johnson 

[Apiaceae] 

Common Names: 

parsley; parsnip; wild parsnip 

Citations: 

Clark L (1977) Trachymene spp and infertility in sheep. Aust 

Vet J 53(5):249-250. 

Tr a d e s c a n Ti a f l u Mi n e n s is Vell. 

[Commelinaceae] 

Common Names: 

wandering Jew 

Citations: 

Kunkle GA, Gross TL (1983) Allergic contact dermatitis to 

Tradescantia fluminensis (wandering Jew) in a dog. Compend 

Cont Educ Pract Vet 5(11):925-930. 

Wüthrich B, Johansson SG (1997) Allergy to the ornamental 

indoor green plant Tradescantia (Albifloxia). Allergy 

52(5):556-559. 

trailing indigo –see– Indigofera hendecaphylla Jacq.; Indigofera 

spicata Forssk. 

trailing mahonia –see– Berberis aquifolium Pursh 

trailing sumach –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

Transvaal camelthorn –see– Acacia ×giraffae Willd. 

Transvaal kameeldoring –see– Acacia ×giraffae Willd.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Trianthema portulacastrum - 405 

Transvaal slangkop –see– Drimia sanguinea (Schinz) Jessop 

Transvaal yellow tulp –see– Moraea pallida (Baker) 

Goldblatt 

Traubenkirsche –see– Prunus padus L. 

traveler’s-joy –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

tread-softly –see– Solanum carolinense L. 

trébol acedo –see– Oxalis acetosella L. 

trébol blanco –see– Trifolium repens L. 

trébol dulce –see– Melilotus albus Medik. 

trébol loco –see– Melilotus albus Medik. 

trébol rojo –see– Trifolium pratense L. 

trecul queen’s-delight –see– Stillingia treculiana (Müll. Arg.) 

I. M. Johnst. 

tree daffodil –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

tree datura –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

tree lucerne –see– Chamaecytisus prolifer (L. f.) Link 

tree morning-glory –see– Ipomoea carnea Jacq. 

tree nettle –see– Urtica ferox G. Forst. 

tree-of-death –see– Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. 

tree-of-heaven –see– Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle 

tree rosewood –see– Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex 

Benth. 

tree tobacco –see– Nicotiana glauca Graham 

tree tutu –see– Coriaria arborea Linds. 

tree zamia –see– Cycas media R. Br. 

trèfle aigrelet –see– Oxalis acetosella L. 

trèfle blanc –see– Trifolium repens L. 

trèfle commun –see– Trifolium pratense L. 

trèfle-des-prés –see– Trifolium pratense L. 

trèfle-porte-fraise –see– Trifolium repens L. 

trèfle souterrain –see– Trifolium subterraneum L. 

trefoil –see– Medicago polymorpha L.; Medicago sativa L. 

Trema aspera (Brongn.) Blume = Trema tomentosa (Roxb.) 

H. Hara 

Tr e Ma c a n n a b i n u M Lour. [Cannabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s ponia virgata Planch. 

Common Names: 

wild peach 

Citations: 

Hindmarsh WL (1940) Poisonous to stock. Peach leaf poison 

bush (Trema cannabina syn. T. aspera). Agric Gaz 

New South Wales 51(8):429-430. 

Tr e Ma Mic r a n Th a (L.) Blume [Cannabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Grandiúva 

Citations: 

Traverso SD, Corrêa AM, Pescador CA, et al. (2002) Intoxicação 

experimental por Trema micrantha (Ulmaceae) em 

caprinos. Pesq Vet Bras 22(4):141-147. 

Traverso SD, Corrêa AM, Schmitz M, et al. (2004) Intoxicação 

experimental por Trema micrantha (Ulmaceae) em 


Traverso SD, Driemeier D (2000) Experimental Trema 

micrantha (Ulmaceae) poisoning in rabbits. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 42(5):301-301. 

Tr e Ma To Me n To s a (Roxb.) H. Hara 

[Cannabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Trema aspera (Brongn.) Blume 

Common Names: 

peach-leaf poison bush; poison peach 

Citations: 

Hill BD, Wills LD, Dowling RM (1985) Suspected poisoning 

of horses by Trema aspera (poison peach). Aust Vet J 

62(3):107-108. 

Mulhearn CR (1942) Poison peach (Trema aspera): A plant 

poisonous to stock. Aust Vet J 18(Apr):68-72. 

Trueman KF, Powell MW (1991) Suspected poisoning of 

camels by Trema tomentosa (poison peach). Aust Vet J 

68(6):213-214. 

trembling stagger –see– Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. 

trevo-doce-amnelo –see– Melilotus officinalis Lam. 

tri-leaf wonder –see– Syngonium podophyllum Schott 

tria –see– Erythrophleum succirubrum Gagnep. 

Tr i a d ic a s e b i f e r a (L.) Small [Euphorbiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

s apium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.; s tillingia sebifera (L.) 

Michx. 

Common Names: 

arbre-à-suif; Chinese tallow tree; Japanese tallow tree; 

momchina; pa-teou-seou; popcorn tree; tallow tree; 

Tankawang fat tree; vegetable tallow tree; wu chiu 

Citations: 

Russell LH, Schwartz WL, Dollahite JW (1969) Toxicity 

of Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum) for ruminants. 

Am J Vet Res 30(7):1233-1238. 

Soifer FK (1973) Tallow tree poisoning in a monkey. J Zoo 

Anim Med 4(2):13. 

triangle-leaf bursage –see– Ambrosia deltoidea (Torr.) W. W. 

Payne 

Trianthema monogyna L. = Trianthema portulacastrum L. 

Tr i a n Th e Ma p o r Tu l a c a s Tr u M L. 

[Aizoaceae] 

Synonyms: 

Trianthema monogyna L.

406 - Tribulus micrococcus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Common Names: 

baura; black pigweed; gadon machiji; giant pigweed; 

horse purslane; itsit; sea purslane; verdolaga blanca 

Citations: 

Gupta BK, Gupta SC, Thind IS (1983) Effect of feeding 

‘itsit’ (Trianthema monogyna L.) to goats. J Res Punjab 

Agric Univ 20(4):539-543. 



9:317-334. 

Tr i b u l u s Mic r o c o c c u s Domin 


Common Names: 

yellow vine 

Citations: 

Bourke CA, MacFarlane JA (1985) A transient ataxia of 

sheep associated with the ingestion of Tribulus micrococcus 

(yellow vine). Aust Vet J 62(8):282. 

Tr i b u l u s Te r r e s Tr is L. [Zygophyllaceae] 

Common Names: 

abrojos; bullhead; bur nut; caktrio; caltrops; cat’s-head; 

croix-de-malte; devil’s-thorn; dubbelljie; duwweljie; 

espigon; goat head; goat weed; gokharu; Mexican sandbur; 

puncture vine; puncture weed; tacks; yellow vine 

Citations: 

Amjadi AR, Ahourai P, Baharsefat M (1977) First 

report of geeldikkop in sheep in Iran. Arch Inst Razi 

29(Dec):71-78. 

Aslani MR, Movassaghi AR, Mohri M, et al. (2003) Experimental 

Tribulus terrestris poisoning in sheep: Clinical, 

laboratory and pathological findings. Vet Res Commun 

27(1):53-62. 

Bourke CA (1983) Hepatopathy in sheep associated with 

Tribulus terrestris. Aust Vet J 60(6):189. 

Bourke CA (1984) Staggers in sheep associated with the ingestion 

of Tribulus terrestris. Aust Vet J 61(11):360-363. 

Bourke CA (1987) A novel nigrostriatal dopaminergic disorder 

in sheep affected by Tribulus terrestris staggers. Res 

Vet Sci 43(3):347-350. 

Bourke CA (2006) Abnormal turning behaviour, GABAergic 

inhibition and the degeneration of astrocytes in ovine 

Tribulus terrestris motor neuron disease. Aust Vet J 

84(1-2):53-58. 

Brown JM (1959) Advances in “geeldikkop” (Tribulosis ovis) 

research. 3. The epizootology of “geeldikkop.” J S Afr Vet 

Assoc 30(4):403-417. 

Brown JM, le Roux JM, Tustin RC (1960) Advances in 

“geeldikkop” (Tribulosis ovis) research. 4. The pathology 

of Geeldikkop - Part I. J S Afr Vet Assoc 31(2):179-193. 

Coetzer AW, Kellerman TS, Sadler W, et al. (1983) Photosensitivity 

in South Africa. 5. A comparative study of the 

pathology of the ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases, 

facial eczema and geeldikkop (tribulosis ovis), with 

special reference to their pathogenesis. Onderstepoort J 

Vet Res 50(1):59-71. 

Glastonbury JR, Boal GK (1985) Geeldikkop in goats. Aust 

Vet J 62(2):62-63. 

Glastonbury JR, Doughty FR, Whitaker SJ, et al. (1984) A 

syndrome of hepatogenous photosensitisation, resembling 

geeldikkop, in sheep grazing Tribulus terrestris. Aust Vet 

J 61(10):314-316. 

Jacob RH, Peet RL (1987) Poisoning of sheep and goats by 

Tribulus terrestris (caltrop). Aust Vet J 64(9):288-289. 

Kellerman TS, Van der Westhuizen GC, Coetzer JA, et al. 

(1980) Photosensitivity in South Africa. 2. The experimental 

production of the ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity 

disease geeldikkop (Tribulosis ovis) by the simultaneous 

ingestion of Tribulus terrestris plants and cultures 

of Pithomyces chartarum containing the mycotoxin 

sporidesmin. Onderstepoort J Vet Med 47(4):231-256. 

McDonough SP, Woodbury AH, Galey FD, et al. (1994) 

Hepatogenous photosensitization of sheep in California 

associated with ingestion of Tribulus terrestris (puncture 

vine). J Vet Diagn Invest 6(3):392-395. 

Pachalag SV, Patil BD (1977) Effect of gokharu (Tribulus 

terrestris Linn) as sole feed to weaner lambs. Indian Vet 

J 54(Jul):586-587. 

Rimington C, Quin JI (1933) Studies on the photosensitization 

of animals in South Africa. II. The presence of a 

lethal factor in certain members of the plant genus Tribulus. 


Tapia MO, Giordano MA, Gueper HG (1994) An outbreak of 

hepatogenous photosensitization in sheep grazing Tribulus 

terrestris in Argentina. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(4):311-313. 

van Tonder EM, Basson PA, van Rensburg IB (1972) 

Geeldikkop: Experimental induction by feeding the plant 

Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae). J S Afr Vet Assoc 

43(4):363-375. 

Tr ic h i l i a h a va n n e n s is Jacq. [Meliaceae] 

Citations: 




Tr ic h o d e s Ma i n c a n u M (Bunge) A. DC. 


Common Names: 

camel bush 

Citations: 

Abdullaev NK, Azimov RK (1972) [Effect of Trichodesma 

incanum seeds on the development of fatty dystrophy of 

the liver.] Bull Eksp Biol Med 73(8):28-29. 

Ibadullaev F (1967) [Pathological changes in pups experimentally 

poisoned with Trichodesma incanum poisoning 

of fowls.] Veterinariia Moscow 44(8):87-88. 

Ibadullaev FI, Rasulev KK (1970) [Pathomorphological 

changes in experimental trichodesmotoxicosis in poultry.] 

Veterinariia Moscow 47(8):75-77. 

Ibragimov KZ (1960) [Toxic effect of Trichodesma incanum 

on cattle.] Dokl Akad Nauk USSR 4:56-57. 

Tr ic h o s a n Th e s k i r i l o w i i Maxim. 


Citations: 



Pathol 9(4):313-319.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Trifolium repens - 407 

trifoglio –see– Trifolium pratense L. 

Tr i f o l i u M a l e x a n d r i n u M L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Alexandrian clover; barseem; berseem clover; Egyptian 

clover 

Citations: 

Abd El-Latif K, Awad FI (1964) Haemoglobinuria of buffaloes 

associated with the excessive feeding of Tripholium 

alexandrinum (barseem). J Vet Sci United Arab Republic 

1(2):69-74. 

Adler JH (1969) The effect of estrogenic activity in forage on 

the reproductive processes of dairy cattle. Acta Vet Brno 

38:201-213. 

Shehata MN, Hassan A, El-Shazly K, et al. (1978) Oestrogenic 

activity of fresh, wilted, dried and fermented berseem 

(Trifolium alexandrinum). J Agric Sci (Cambridge) 

91(part 2):359-363. 

Tr i f o l i u M h y b r i d u M L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Alsatian clover; alsike clover; bastard clover; Bastardklee; 

Hybridklee; Schweden Klee; Swedish clover 

Citations: 

Fincher MG, Fuller HK (1942) Case report. Photosensitization 

- Trifoliosis - light sensitization. Cornell Vet 32:95-98. 

Hansen AA (1928) Trifoliosis and similar stock diseases. 


Morgan HA, Jacob M (1905) I. Alsike clover. II. Ill effects sometimes 

produced on horses and mules pastured exclusively 

upon alsike. Tennessee Agric Exp Sta Bull #18(3):24-30. 

Pammel LH (1919) Alsike clover poisoning. Am J Vet Med 

14:437-438. 

Schofield FW (1933) Liver disease of horses (big liver) 

caused by the feeding of alsike clover. Ontario Vet Coll 

Circ #52:4 pp. 

Traub JL, Potter KA, Bayly WM, et al. (1982) Alsike clover 

poisoning. Mod Vet Pract 63(4):307-309. 

Tr i f o l i u M i n c a r n a Tu M L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

crimson clover; Inkarnatklee; Italian clover 

Citations: 

Coville FV (1896) Crimson clover hair balls. U S Dep Agric 

Div Bot Circ #8:4 pp. 

Trifolium officinale L. = Melilotus officinalis Lam. 

Tr i f o l i u M p r a Te n s e L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

cowgrass; grand trèfle rouge; peavine clover; purple 

clover; red clover; Rotklee; trèfle commun; trèfle-després; 

tribol rojo; trifoglio 

Citations: 

Ballarini G, Rizzi E (1977) Turbe della riproduzione nella 

scrofa da alimentazione con trifoglio. Clin Vet (Milano) 

100(11):761-769. 

Barrett JF, George JM, Lamond DR (1965) Reproductive 

performance of Merino ewes grazing red clover (Trifolium 

pratense L.), improved pasture, or native pasture. 


Chang TS (1961) Reproductive performance of New Zealand 

Romney sheep grazed on red clover (Trifolium pratense) 

pastures. J Agric Sci (Cambridge) 57(1):123-127. 

Fox CW, Kaufmes J, Mason RW, et al. (1957) Effects of 

feeding red clover (Trifolium pratense) on reproduction 

in laboratory mice. Proc West Sec Am Soc Anim Prod 

8(XLIV):1-6. 

Kallela K (1964) On the oestrogenic effects of red clover fodder 

on sheep. Nord Vet Med 16:731-743. 

Morley FH, Axelsen A, Bennett D (1964) Effects of grazing 

red clover (Trifolium pratense, L.) during the joining 

season on ewe fertility. Proc Aust Soc Anim Prod 

5:58-61. 

Morley FH, Axelsen A, Bennett D (1966) Recovery of normal 

fertility after grazing on oestrogenic red clover. Aust 

Vet J 42(6):204-206. 

Newton JE, Betts JE (1973) The effects of red clover (Trifolium 

pratense var. redhead), white clover (Trifolium 

repens var. S100) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne 

var. S23) on the reproductive performance of sheep. J 

Agric Sci 80:323-327. 

Niezen JH, Barry TN, Wilson PR, et al. (1992) Red urine 

from deer grazed on pure red clover swards. N Z Vet J 

40:164-167. 

O’Dell BL, Regan WO, Beach TJ (1959) A study of the toxic 

principle in red clover. Missouri Agric Exp Sta Res Bull 

#702:12 pp. 

Thomson DJ (1975) The effect of feeding red clover conserved 

by drying or ensiling on reproduction in the ewe. Grass 

Forage Sci 30(2):149-152. 

Tr i f o l i u M r e p e n s L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Dutch clover; ladino clover; Ladinoklee; rastrero; 

trébol blanco; trèfle blanc; trèfle porte fraise; triolet; 

Weißklee; white clover; white trifolium 

Citations: 





Flux DS, Butler GW, Johnson JM, et al. (1956) Goitrogenic 

effect of white clover (Trifolium repens L.). N Z J Sci 

Technol A 38:88-102. 

Newton JE, Betts JE (1973) The effects of red clover (Trifolium 

pratense var. redhead), white clover (Trifolium 

repens var. S100) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne 

var. S23) on the reproductive performance of sheep. J 

Agric Sci 80:323-327. 

Rainey JW (1961) Fixed vegetable oil as antidote to clover 

poisoning. Vet Rec 73(11):281-282. 

Sanger VL, Bell DS (1961) Comparative effect of ladino clover 

and bluegrass pasture on fertilization of ova in sheep. 

Cornell Vet 51(Apr):204-210. 

Wright PA (1960) Infertility in rabbits induced by 

feeding ladino clover. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 

105(Nov):428-430.

408 - Trifolium subterraneum D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Tr i f o l i u M s u b Te r r a n e u M L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Erdklee; sub clover; subterranean clover; subterranean 

trefoil; trèfle souterrain; yarloop clover 

Citations: 

Adams NR (1977) Morphological changes in the organs of 

ewes grazing oestrogenic subterranean clover. Res Vet Sci 

22(2):216-221. 

Adams NR (1979) Masculinisation of the external genitalia 

in ewes with clover disease. Aust Vet J 55(1):22-24. 

Chamberlain HV, Habel JD (1957) Clover infertility disease 

of sheep. J Dep Agric South Australia 60:238-247. 

Clark NT (1964) Lactation in non-pregnant ewes grazing 

subterranean clover in summer. Aust Vet J 

40(Dec):422-423. 

Clark NT (1965) A comparison of the reproductive performance 

of ewes grazing Dwalganup or Bacchus Marsh 

subterranean clover or a mixture of lucerne and burr 

medic before and during mating. Aust J Exp Agric Anim 

Husb 5(May):106-109. 

Davies HL (1976) Reduced production in sheep due to subterranean 

clover disease. Wool Technol Sheep Breeding 

23(2):33-37. 

Davies HL, Bennett D (1962) Studies on the oestrogenic 

potency of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum 

L.) in South-Western Australia. Aust J Agric Res 

13:1030-1040. 

Davies HL, Rossiter RC, Maller R (1970) The effects of different 

cultivars of subterranean clover (T. subterraneum 

L.) on sheep reproduction in the south-west of Western 

Australia. Aust J Agric Res 21(2):359-369. 

Donaldson LE (1983) Clover disease in two Mississippi cattle 

herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182(4):412-413. 

Gardiner MR, Nairn ME, Meyer EP (1966) Urinary calculi 

associated with oestrogenic subterranean clover. Aust Vet 

J 42(9):315-320. 

Kaltenbach CC, Davies HL (1970) Fertilization, sperm 

transport, and early embryonic loss in ewes grazed on 

cultivars of subterranean clover (T. subterraneum). Aust 

J Agric Res 21(1):107-114. 

Lightfoot RJ, Wroth RH (1974) The mechanism of temporary 

infertility in ewes grazing oestrogenic subterranean 

clover prior to and during joining. Proc Aust Soc Anim 

Prod 10:130-134. 

Meyer EP (1970) Lactation in rams grazing subterranean 

clover. Aust Vet J 46(7):305-307. 

Thain RI (1965) Bovine infertility possibly caused by subterranean 

clover: A preliminary report. Aust Vet J 

41(9):277-281. 

Thain RI (1966) Bovine infertility possibly caused by subterranean 

clover. Further report and herd histories. Aust Vet 

J 42(6):199-203. 

Wroth RH, Lightfoot RJ (1976) A study of reproductive 

wastage among commercial sheep flocks grazing oestrogenic 

pastures in south Western Australia. Proc Aust Soc 

Anim Prod 11:225-228. 

Tr ig l o c h i n Ma r i Ti Ma L. [Juncaginaceae] 

Common Names: 

arrowgrass; goosegrass; graceful arrowgrass; low 

arrowgrass; marsh arrowgrass; sea arrowgrass; seaside 

arrowgrass; six-seed podgrass; sourgrass 

Citations: 





Beath OA, Draize JH, Eppson HF (1933) Arrow grass, 

chemical and physiological considerations. Wyoming 


Clawson AB, Moran EA (1937) Toxicity of arrowgrass for 

sheep and remedial treatment. U S Dep Agric Tech Bull 

#580:16 pp. 





1930:12-13. 

Fleming CE, Peterson NF, Miller MR, et al. (1920) Arrowgrass, 

a new stock-poisoning plant (Triglochin maritima). 

Nevada Agric Exp Sta Bull #98:22 pp. 

Marsh CD, Clawson AB, Roe GC (1929) Arrow grass (Triglochin 

maritima) as a stock-poisoning plant. U S Dep 


trigo sarraceno –see– Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 

Tr ig o n e l l a f o e n u M-g r a e c u M L. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

chilbe; fenugreek; foenugreek; Greek hay seed; methi; 

methika 

Citations: 

Adler JH, Egyed M (1961) Trigonella foenum-graecum poisoning 

in sheep. Refu Vet 18:20-21, 45. 

Adler JH, Nobel TA, Egyed M, et al. (1960) [Some effects of 

feeding Trigonella foenum-graecum straw to cattle.] Refu 

Vet 17:122-125, 171. 

triolet –see– Trifolium repens L. 

Tripetaleia paniculata Siebold et Zucc. = Elliottia paniculata 

(Siebold & Zucc.) Benth. & Hook. f. 

Tr i pl o c h i To n s c l e r o x y l o n K. Schum. 

[Malviaceae] 

Common Names: 

abachi; African maple; African whitewood; mahogany; 

obeche; Samba; wawa 

Citations: 

Estlander T, Jolanki R, Kanerva L (1999) Occupational 

allergic contact dermatitis eczema caused by obeche and 

teak dusts. Contact Dermatitis 41(3):164. 

Halpin B (1961) Toxicity in fowl due to hardwood litter. Vet 

Rec 73(18):454-455. 

Hinojosa M, Losada E, Moneo I, et al. (1986) Occupational 

asthma caused by African maple (obeche) and ramin: Evidence 

of cross reactivity between these two woods. Clin 

Allergy 16(2):145-153. 

Hinojosa M, Moneo I, Dominguez J, et al. (1984) Asthma 

caused by African maple (Triplochiton scleroxylon) wood 

dust. J Allergy Clin Immunol 74:782-786.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Triticum aestivum - 409 

Hinojosa M, Subiza J, Moneo I, et al. (1990) Contact urticaria 

caused by obeche wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon). 

Report of eight patients. Ann Allergy 64(5):476-479. 

Kanerva L, Tuppurainen M, Keskinen H (1998) Contact 

urticaria caused by obeche wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon). 


Kespohl S, Sander I, Merget R, et al. (2005) Identification 

of an obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) wood allergen as 

a class I chitonase. Allergy 60(6):808-814. 



1(5):315-316. 

Venturini M, Gastaminza G, Kespohl S, et al. (2004) Crossreactivity 

between obeche wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon) 

and natural rubber latex. Allergy 59(2):225-228. 

Tr i p Te r y g i u M w i l f o r d i i Hook. f. 


Common Names: 

lei-gong-teng 

Citations: 


from Aconitum carmichaeli, Aconitum kusnezoffii 




Huang H (1982) [Clinical analysis of 31 cases of poisoning 

with Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., a Chinese traditional 

herb medicine.] Chin J Internal Med 21(6):363-365. 

Li ZM (1983) [Treatment and prevention of Tripterygium 

wilfordii poisoning.] Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 

3(6):368. 

Takei A, Nagashima G, Suzuki R, et al. (1997) Meningoencephalocele 

associated with Tripterygium wilfordii treatment. 

Pediatr Neurosurg 27(1):45-48. 

Zhang YG (1983) [An experimental pathologic study on 

acute Triptergium wilfordii poisoning in rats.] Chung Hsi 

I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 3(6):360-362. 



Pathol 9(4):313-319. 

Tr is e Tu M f l a ve s c e n s (L.) P. Beauv. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

golden oats; Goldhafer; oatgrass; yellow false oat; yellow 

oatgrass 

Citations: 

Braun U, Diener M, Camenzind D, et al. (2000) Enzootic 

calcinosis in goats caused by golden oat grass (Trisetum 

flavescens). Vet Rec 146(6):161-162. 

Dirksen G, Plank P, Hänichen T, et al. (1972) Über eine 

enzootische Kalzinose beim Rind. V. Experimentelle 

Untersuchungen an Kaninchen mit selektiver Verfütterung 

von Knaulgras (Dactylis glomerata), Goldhafer 

(Trisetum flavescens) und einem Gräsergemisch. Dtsch 


Dirksen G, Plank P, Hänichen T, et al. (1973) Über eine 

enzootische Kalzinose beim Rind. VI. Experimentelle 

Kalzinose beim Kaninchen durch selektiver Verfütterung 

von Goldhafer (Trisetum flavescens). Dtsch Tierarztl 

Wochenschr 80(7):148-152. 

Dirksen G, Plank P, Simon U, et al. (1974) Über eine enzootische 

Kalzinose beim Rind. VII. Nachweis der kalzinogenen 

Wirkung von Goldhafer (Trisetum flavescens [L.] 

P. B.) beim Wiederkäuer. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 

81(1):1-5. 

Dirksen G, Sachs M, Held T, et al. (1983) Untersuchungen 

über den Einfluß von Aluminumhydroxid und von 

1-Hydroxyäthan-1,1-diphosphonat (EHDP) auf den 

kalzinogenen Effekt von Trisetum flavescens (L., P. B.) 

beim Schaf. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 30(9):645-655. 

Dirksen G, Simon U, Plank P, et al. (1975) Über eine 

enzootische Kalzinose beim Rind. VIII. Untersuchungen 

über die mögliche Bedeutung des Sonnenlichtes 

(UV-Strahlen) bei der Entstehung der Kalzinose sowie 

Nachweis der kalzinogenen Wirkung von getrocknetem 

Goldhafer (Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. B.). Dtsch Tierarztl 

Wochenschr 82(10):387-390. 

Heinritzi K, Kragenings G, Hänichen T (1977) Untersuchungen 

über die kalzinogene Aktivität von siliertem 

Goldhafer (Trisetum flavescens [L.] [P. B.]). Z Tierphysiol 

Tierernahr Futtermittelkd 39(3):139-145. 

Köhler H, Libiseller R, Schmid S, et al. (1978) Zur Kalzinose 

der Rinder in Österreich. VII. Untersuchungen zur 

Bedeutung der Aufwuchsstadien sowie der Gewinnung 

(Silage, Heu) von Goldhafer (Trisetum flavescens) für 

die Entstehung der Kalzinose. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 

25(8):617-633. 

Libiseller R, Glawischnig E, Köhler H, et al. (1974) Zur 

Kalzinose der Rinder in Österreich. II. Experimentelle 

Auslösung einer Kalzinose bei Schafen und Kaninchen. 

Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 21:705-730. 

Libiseller R, Glawischnig E, Köhler H, et al. (1976) Zur 

Kalzinose der Rinder in Österreich. III. Experimentelle 

Auslösung einer Kalzinose bei Schafen und Kaninchen 

durch grünen Goldhafer (Trisetum flavescens) aus dem 

pannonischen Klimagebiet. Zentralbl Vetinarmed A 

23(1):1-30. 

Libiseller R, Köhler H, Glawischnig E, et al. (1978) Zur 

Kalzinose der Rinder in Österreich. V. Experimentelle 

Untersuchungen zur Frage der Bedeutung der Aufwuchsstadien 

und der Menge des Goldhafers auf die 

Entstehung der Kalzinose. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 

25(1):1-22. 

Simon U, Daniel P, Hanichen T, et al. (1978) Kalzinogene 

Wirkung verschiedener Sorten des Goldhafers (Trisetum 

flavescens (L.) P.B.) bei Schafen. Z Wirtschaftseigene 

Futter 24[(3-4)]:209-213. 

Simon U, Daniel P, Hänichen T, et al. (1978) Über eine 

enzootische Kalzinose Rind. XI. Untersuchungen über 

den Einfluß unterschiedlich hoher Goldhaferanteile im 

Grünfutter auf Gewebsverkalkungen bei Schafen. Dtsch 


Tr i Tic u M a e s Ti v u M L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

bran; Weizen; wheat 

Citations: 

Dempster JG (1981) Contact dermatitis from bran and oats. 


Dorrance GM, Ciccone EF (1937) Production of sarcoma 

in albino rats as a result of feeding crude wheat germ oil. 

Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 36:426-427.

410 - Tropaeolum majus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Frigg M, Brubacher G (1976) Biotin deficiency in chicks fed 

a wheat-based diet. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 46:314-321. 

Kanny G, Chenuel B, Moneret-Vautrin DA (2001) Chronic 

urticaria to wheat. Allergy 56(4):356-357. 

Majamaa H, Moisio P, Holm K, et al. (1999) Wheat allergy: 

Diagnostic accuracy of skin prick and patch tests and specific 

IgE. Allergy 54(8):851-856. 

McManus WR, Lee GJ, Robinson VN (1977) Microlesions 

of rumen papillae of sheep fed diets of wheat grain. Res 

Vet Sci 22:135-137. 

Note: 

Wheat is named Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum 

in some publications. 

troène –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

trollhegg –see– Frangula alnus Mill. 

trombeteira –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

trompeta blanca –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

trompeta-de-oro –see– Allamanda cathartica L. 

trompetero –see– Brugmansia ×candida Pers. 

trompillo –see– Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. 

tromso palm –see– Heracleum stevenii Manden. 

tronador –see– Hura crepitans L. 

Tr o p a e o l u M Ma j u s L. [Tropaeolaceae] 

Common Names: 

Indian cress; Kapuzinerkresse; nasturtium 

Citations: 

Derrick E, Darley C (1997) Contact dermatitis to nasturtium. 

Br J Dermatol 136(2):290-291. 

tropical sage –see– Salvia coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl. 

tropical soda apple –see– Solanum viarum Dunal 

tropillo –see– Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. 

true saffron –see– Crocus sativus L. 

true teak –see– Tectona grandis L. f. 

trumpet flower –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

trumpet lily –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh.; Lilium 

longiflorum Thunb.; Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. 

trumpet narcissus –see– Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 

trumpet vine –see– Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerh. 

Trunkelbeere –see– Vaccinium uliginosum L. 

trusty male fern –see– Dryopteris affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk. 

subsp. borreri (Newman) Fraser-Jenk. 

tschat –see– Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl. 

tu-chiao-lien –see– Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don 

tuá tuá –see– Jatropha gossypiifolia L. 

tuba –see– Croton tiglium L.; Jatropha curcas L.; Paraderris 

elliptica (Wall.) Adema 

tuba root –see– Paraderris elliptica (Wall.) Adema 

tuba tuba –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

tuber root –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

tuber water hemlock –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. 

Coult. & Rose 

tuber yam –see– Dioscorea convolvulacea Schltdl. & Cham. 

tuca –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

tufted fishtail palm –see– Caryota mitis Lour. 

tula-de-mate –see– Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. 

tulip –see– Moraea polystachya (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.; Tulipa 

gesneriana L. 

tulip onion –see– Tulipa gesneriana L. 

Tu l i p a g e s n e r i a n a L. [Liliaceae] 

Common Names: 

tulip; tulip onion; tulpe 

Citations: 

Wolf P, Blanke HJ, Wohlsein P, et al. (2003) Tulpenzwiebeln 

mit Blatt (Tulipa gesneriana) - Eine sehr 

ungewöhnliche und risikoreiche Komponente in 

einer Ration für Rinder. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 

110(7):302-305. 

Note: 

There are many reports of adverse effects such as “tulip 

fingers” where only the genus name is stated. 

tullidora –see– Karwinskia calderonii Standl.; Karwinskia 

humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc. 

tulp –see– Moraea miniata Andrews; Moraea pallida (Baker) 

Goldblatt; Moraea setacea Ker Gawl.; Moraea thomsonii 

Baker 

tulpe –see– Tulipa gesneriana L. 

tumbleweed –see– Salsola tragus L. 

tumin –see– Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. 

tung nut –see– Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw 

tung tree –see– Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw 

tupakiki –see– Coriaria arborea Linds. 

turbina –see– Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. 

Tu r b i n a c o r d a Ta (Choisy) D.F. Austin & 

Staples [Convolvulaceae] 

Citations: 

Dantas AF, Riet-Correa F, Gardner DR, et al. (2007) 

Swainsonine-induced lysosomal storage disease in goats 

caused by the ingestion of Turbina cordata in northeastern 

Brazil. Toxicon 49(1):111-116. 

Tu r b i n a c o r y Mb o s a (L.) Raf. 


Synonyms: 

r ivea corymbosa (L.) Hallier f. 

Common Names: 

badoh; morning-glory; ololiuqui; turbina

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Tylecodon wallichii - 411 

Citations: 

Fink PJ, Goldman MJ, Lyons I (1966) Morning glory seed 

psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 15:209-213. 

Osmond H (1955) Ololiuqui: The ancient Aztec narcotic. J 

Ment Sci 101:526-537. 

Turkestan thistle –see– Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. 

Turkey boxwood –see– Buxus sempervirens L. 

turkey bush –see– Eremophila deserti (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) 

Chinnock 

turkey corn –see– Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. 

turkey oak –see– Quercus incana W. Bartram 

turkey pea –see– Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. 

turkeyberry –see– Solanum torvum Sw. 

Turkische Bohne –see– Phaseolus coccineus L. 

Turk’s-cap –see– Aconitum napellus L.; Gloriosa superba L. 

turmeric –see– Curcuma longa L. 

turmus –see– Lupinus albus L. var. albus 

turnip –see– Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa 

turnip rape –see– Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) A. 

R. Clapham 

turpentine broomweed –see– Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) 


turpentine weed –see– Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) A. 

Gray; Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby 

Tu r r a e a n Th u s a f r ic a n u s (Welw. ex C. 

DC.) Pellegr. [Meliaceae] 

Common Names: 

avordiré; Westafrikanisches Satinholz 

Citations: 

Calnan CD (1970) Avordiré wood sensitivity. Contact Dermatol 

Newsl 8(Aug):190. 



1(5):315-316. 

tussilage –see– Tussilago farfara L. 

Tu s s i l ag o f a r f a r a L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

colt’s-foot; farfara; Huflattich; kan-to-ka; Knospen; 

pas-d’Ane-commun; tussilage 

Citations: 

Hirono I, Mori H, Culvenor CC (1976) Carcinogenic activity 

of coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara L. Gann 67(Feb):125-129. 

tutu –see– Coriaria arborea Linds.; Coriaria ruscifolia L. 

twin-leaf –see– Roepera ammophila (F. Muell.) Beier & 

Thulin 

twin-leaf senna –see– Senna roemeriana (Scheele) H. S. 

Irwin & Barneby 

two-groove locoweed –see– Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) A. 

Gray 

two-groove milk vetch –see– Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) 

A. Gray 

two-groove poison vetch –see– Astragalus bisulcatus (Hook.) 

A. Gray 

two-leaf Cape-tulip –see– Moraea miniata Andrews 

two-leaf senna –see– Senna roemeriana (Scheele) H. S. Irwin 

& Barneby 

Ty l e c o d o n g r a n d i f l o r u s (Burm. f.) 

Toelken [Crassulaceae] 

Common Names: 

rooisuikerblom 

Citations: 

Anderson LA, Joubert JP, Prozesky L, et al. (1983) The 

experimental production of krimpsiekte in sheep with 

Tylecodon grandiflorus (Burm. f.) Toelken and some of its 

bufadienolides. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 50(4):301-307. 

Ty l e c o d o n v e n Tr ic o s a (Burm. f.) Toelken 


Common Names: 

c’nenta; plakkies 

Citations: 

Botha CJ, Kellerman TS, Schultz RA, et al. (1998) Krimpsiekte 

in a sheep following a single dose of Tylecodon 

ventricosus (Burm. f.) Toelken and the isolation of tylecoside 

D from this plant species. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

65(1):17-23. 

Botha CJ, Van der Lugt JJ, Erasmus GL, et al. (1998) 

Krimpsiekte, a paretic condition of small stock poisoned 

by bufadienolide-containing plants of the Crassulaceae 

in South Africa. In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic 


407-412. 





Ty l e c o d o n w a l l ic h i i (Harv.) Toelken 


Common Names: 

bandjiebos; kandlaarbos; krimpsiektebos; nenta; 

plakkies 

Citations: 

Botha CJ, Van der Lugt JJ, Erasmus GL, et al. (1998) 

Krimpsiekte, a paretic condition of small stock poisoned 

by bufadienolide-containing plants of the Crassulaceae 

in South Africa. In: Garland T, Barr AC (eds.) Toxic 


407-412. 




in South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 72(3):189-201.

ubi kayu –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

ui –see– Allium cepa L. 

uie –see– Allium cepa L. 

uien –see– Allium cepa L. 

ukola –see– Tieghemella africana Pierre 

ukorro –see– Tieghemella africana Pierre 

ulcardo melon –see– Cucumis melo L. subsp. agrestis 

(Naudin) Pamgalo 

ului –see– Anacardium occidentale L. 

um-tovane –see– Smodingium argutum E. Mey. ex Sond. 

um-tovane-tovanna –see– Smodingium argutum E. Mey. ex 

Sond. 

umbellate aster –see– Doellingeria umbellata (Mill.) Nees 

umbrella arum –see– Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch 

umbrella leaf –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

umbrella plant –see– Podophyllum peltatum L.; Schefflera 

actinophylla (Endl.) Harms 

umbrella tree –see– Melia azedarach L.; Schefflera actinophylla 

(Endl.) Harms 

umbu –see– Phytolacca dioica L. 

umkoko –see– Embelia ribes Burm. f. 

umutambasha–see– Dichapetalum michelsonii Hauman 

unicorn root –see– Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray 

upas radja –see– Strychnos ignatii P. J. Bergius 

upas teute –see– Strychnos ignatii P. J. Bergius 

upas tree –see– Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. 

upland cotton –see– Gossypium hirsutum L. 

upland larkspur –see– Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. 

upland willow oak –see– Quercus incana W. Bartram 

upright meadow crowfoot –see– Ranunculus acris L. 

Urechites luteus (L.) Britton = Pentalinon luteum (L.) B. F. 

Hansen & Wunderlin 

Urginea altissima (L. f.) Baker = Drimia altissima (L. f.) Ker 

Gawl. 

Urginea burkei Baker = Drimia sanguinea (Schinz) Jessop 

Urginea capitata (Hook.) Baker = Drimia depressa (Baker) 

Jessop 

Urginea macrocentra Baker = Drimia macrocentra (Baker) 

Jessop 

Urginea maritima (L.) Baker = Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

Urginea physodes (Jacq.) Baker = Drimia physodes (Jacq.) 

Jessop 

U 

Urginea sanguinea Schinz = Drimia sanguinea (Schinz) 

Jessop 

u r o c h l o a a r r e c Ta (Hack. ex T. Durand & 

Schinz) Morrone & Zuloaga [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b rachiaria radicans Napper 

Common Names: 

tannergrass 

Citations: 

Andrade SO, Cosentino JR, Scott WN (1972) Estudos sobre 

novilhas alimentadas diariamente com milho ou melaço 

e Brachiaria sp. (Tanner grass). Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 

39(4):329-333. 

Andrade SO, Figueiredo AL, Nothenberg MS (1972) Estudos 

sobre a Brachiaria sp. (Tanner grass). 4. Investigação 

sobre o efeito da gramínea, apresentando teor baixo de 

nitrato, em ovinos, bovinos e eqüinos. Arq Inst Biol (Sao 

Paulo) 39(4):257-261. 

Andrade SO, Nothenberg MS, Retz L, et al. (1975) Estudos 

sobre cobaias alimentadas com Brachiaria sp. (Tanner 

grass). Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 42:243-246. 

Andrade SO, Peregrino CJ, Aguiar AA (1971) Estudos sôbre 

Brachiaria sp. (Tanner grass). I. Efeito nocivo para bovinos. 

Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 38(3):135-150. 

Andrade SO, Retz L, Marmo O (1971) Estudos sôbre Brachiaria 

sp. (Tanner grass). 3. Ocorrências de intoxicações 

de bovinos durante um ano (1970-1971) e níveis de nitrato 

em amostras da gramínea. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 

38(4):239-252. 

Andrade SO, Retz L, Velloso CA (1971) Estudos sôbre Brachiaria 

sp. (Tanner grass). 2. Dosagem de nitrato em sôro 

de bovinos. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 38(3):151-161. 

Oschita M, Andrade SO, Bueno P (1972) Intoxicação de 

búfalos alimentados com Brachiaria sp; (Tanner grass). 

Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 39(3):209-211. 

u r o c h l o a b r i z a n Th a (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) 

R. D. Webster [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b rachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf 

Common Names: 

signalgrass; St. Lucia’sgrass 

Citations: 

Costa EO, Górniak SL, Benites NR, et al. (1998) Fungi 

microbiota and oxalate formation on Brachiaria brizantha 

and their possible toxic effects on calves kept at pasture 

without supplementation of calcium and magnesium. In: 


toxicants. CABI. New York. pp. 174-178.

414 - Urochloa decumbens D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Gomar MS, Driemeier D, Colodel EM, et al. (2005) Lectin 

histochemistry of foam cells in tissues of cattle grazing 

Brachiaria spp. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 

52(1):18-21. 

Torres MB, Coelho KI (2003) Foamy macrophages in the 

liver of cattle fed Brachiaria brizantha hay. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 45(3):163-164. 

u r o c h l o a d e c u Mb e n s (Stapf) R. D. Webster 

[Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b rachiaria decumbens Stapf 

Common Names: 

signalgrass; Surinamgrass 

Citations: 

Abdullah AS, Nordin MM, Rajion MA (1988) Signal grass 

(Brachiaria decumbens) toxicity in sheep: Changes in 

motility and pH of reticulo-rumen. Vet Hum Toxicol 

30(3):256-258. 

Abdullah AS, Nordin MM, Rajion MA (1989) Neurological 

disorders in sheep during signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) 

toxicity. Vet Hum Toxicol 31(2):128-129. 

Abdullah AS, Rajion MA (1990) Signal grass (Brachiaria 

decumbens) toxicity in sheep: Changes in rumen microbial 

populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations. 


Barrera J, Ochoa R (1977) Brachiaria decumbens y fotosensibizacion. 

Rev Inst Colombiano Agr 12(3):231-240. 

Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH, Monteiro MC, et al. (1976) 

Intoxicação de bovinos e ovinos em pastos de Brachiaria 

decumbens contaminados por Pithomyces chartarum. 

Pesq Agropec Bras Ser Vet 11:87-94. 

Driemeier D, Colodel EM, Seitz AL, et al. (2002) Study of 

experimentally induced lesions in sheep by grazing Brachiaria 

decumbens. Toxicon 40(7):1027-1031. 

Gomar MS, Driemeier D, Colodel EM, et al. (2005) Lectin 

histochemistry of foam cells in tissues of cattle grazing 

Brachiaria spp. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 

52(1):18-21. 

Graydon RJ, Hamid H, Zahari P, et al. (1991) Photosensitisation 

and crystal-associated cholangiohepatopathy 

in sheep grazing Brachiaria decumbens. Aust Vet J 

68(7):234-236. 

Hasiah AH, Elsheikh HA, Abdullah AS, et al. (2000) 

Effect of phenobarbitone treatment against signal 

grass (Brachiaria decumbens) toxicity in sheep. Vet J 

160(3):267-272. 

Hasiah AH, Elsheikh HA, Khairi HM, et al. (2003) Effect 

of griseofulvin on the toxicity of signal grass (Brachiaria 

decumbens) in sheep. Vet Hum Toxicol 45(2):68-71. 

Lemos RA Salvador SC, Nakazato L (1997) Photosensitization 

and crystal-association cholangiohepatopathy in 

cattle grazing Brachiaria decumbens in Brazil. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 39(6):376-377. 

Noordin MM, Salam Abdullah A, Rajion MA (1989) 

Experimental Brachiaria decumbens toxicity in cattle. 

Vet Res Commun 13(6):491-494. 

Opasina BA (1985) Photosensitization jaundice syndrome in 

West African dwarf sheep and goats grazed on Brachiaria 

decumbens. Trop Grasslands 19(3):120-123. 

Othman AM, Haron S, Yusuff MK, et al. (1983) Hepatogenous 

photosensitivity in indigenous sheep of Malaysia 

grazing on pure stand of leafy regrowth of Brachiaria 

decumbens. Malaysian Vet J 7(4):271. 

Riet-Correa G, Riet-Correa F, Schild AL, et al. (2002) Wasting 

and death in cattle associated with chronic grazing of 

Brachiaria decumbens. Vet Hum Toxicol 44(3):179-180. 

Zhang SS, Noordin MM, Rahman SO, et al. (2001) The 

effect of zinc supplementation on antioxidant and lipid 

peroxidation status during Brachiaria decumbens intoxication 

in sheep. Vet Hum Toxicol 43(2):83-87. 

u r o c h l o a h u Mi d ic o l a (Rendle) Morrone & 

Zuloaga [Poaceae] 

Citations: 

Barbosa JD, Oliveira CM, Tokarnia CH, et al. (2006) Fotossensibilização 

hepatógena em eqüinos pela ingestão de 

Brachiaria humidicola (Gramineae) no Estado do Pará. 

Pesq Vet Bras 26(3):147-153. 

u r o c h l o a Mu Tic a (Forssk.) T. Q. Nguyen 

[Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b rachiaria purpurescens (Raddi) Henry 

Common Names: 

giant panicum; Paragrass 

Citations: 

Pereira J (1952) Transient oxytocic depression of immature 

guinea pigs fed on grass Brachiaria purpurescens. Endocrinology 

50:124-133. 

u r o c h l o a r u z i z i e n s is (R. Germ. & C. M. 

Evrard) Crins [Poaceae] 

Synonyms: 

b rachiaria ruziziensis R. Germ. & C. M. Evrard 

Citations: 

Pierre F (1984) Dermatose de photosensibilisation sur des 

moutons dans le Centre de la Côte d’Ivoire. Rev Elev 

Med Vet Pays Trop 37(3):277-285. 

urtica –see– Urtica dioica L. 

u r Tic a c h a Ma e d r y o i d e s Pursh [Urticaceae] 

Common Names: 

heart-leaf nettle; nettle; ortiguilla; stinging nettle; 

weak nettle 

Citations: 

Edwards WC, Remer JC (1983) Nettle poisoning in dogs. 

Vet Med Small Anim Clin 78(3):347,350. 

Greene JE (1958) “Bull-nettle syndrome” in hunting dogs. 

Mod Vet Pract 39(Dec 1):50-51. 

Peterson DR (1968) Nettle poisoning in the dog. Oklahoma 

Vet 20(2):4-6.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Urtica ferox - 415 

u r Tic a d io ic a L. [Urticaceae] 

Common Names: 

American stinging nettle; Brennessel; British nettle; 

dwarf nettle; grande ortie; great nettle; Große Brennessel; 

hoary nettle; nettle; perennial nettle; slim nettle; 

stinging nettle; tall nettle 

Citations: 

Bathe AP (1994) An unusual manifestation of nettle rash in 

three horses. Vet Rec 134(1):11-12. 

Cauna N (1977) Fine morphological changes in the penicillate 

nerve endings of human hairy skin during prolonged 

itching. Anat Rec 188(1):1-11. 

Hughes RE, Ellery P, Harry T, et al. (1980) The dietary 

potential of the common nettle. J Sci Food Agric 

31:1279-1286. 

Krauskopf J, Fadrhoncová A (1979) Fytodermatózy 

způsobené rostlinami kopřivovitými (Urticaceae). Cesk 

Dermatol 54(5):274-279. 

Oliver F, Amon EU, Breathnach A, et al. (1991) Contact 

urticaria due to the common stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) 

- Histological ultrastructural and pharmacological 

studies. Clin Exp Dermatol 16(1):1-7. 

u r Tic a f e r o x G. Forst. [Urticaceae] 

Common Names: 

giant nettle; nettle tree; New Zealand stinging nettle; 

ongaonga; tree nettle 

Citations: 

Aston BC (1909) Researches on poisonous and other plants. 

N Z Dep Agric Annu Rep 17:178-184. 

Clark FP (1993) Tree nettle (Urtica ferox) poisoning. N Z 

Med J 106(957):234. 

Urticastrum divaricatum (L.) Kuntze = Laportea canadensis 

(L.) Wedd. 

uta –see– Strophanthus gratus (Wall. & Hook.) Baill. 

Utah juniper –see– Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little 

Utah white oak –see– Quercus gambelii Nutt. 

utupa –see– Euphorbia tirucalli L.

Vaalbos –see– Hertia pallens (DC.) Kuntze 

Vaalstorm–see– Thesium lineatum L. f. 

va c c a r i a h is p a n ic a (Mill.) Rauschert 


Synonyms: 

g ypsophila vaccaria Sibth. & Sm. 

Common Names: 

bladder soapwort; China cockle; cockle; corn cockle; 

cow cockle; cowherb; dairy pink; field soapwort; Nancy; 

pink cockle; spring cockle; wheat cockle 

Citations: 

Orozco Piñán LR (1965) Caso de intoxicación en pollos de 

carne por ingestión de semillas de Gypsophila vaccaria. 

Rev Nutr Anim 3:166-168. 

va c c i n i u M u l ig i n o s u M L. [Ericaceae] 

Common Names: 

Moorbeere; Rauschbeere; Sumpfheidelbeere; 

Trunkelbeere 

Citations: 

Kreuder F (1937) Vergiftungserscheinungen nach reichlichem 

Genuß von Rauschbeeren (Vaccinium uliginosum, 

Sumpfheidelbeere, Trunkelbeere). Sammlung Vergiftungsfallen 

8(A663):33-34. 



Zipf K (1943-1944) Vergiftungen durch Rauschbeeren. Sammlung 


valerian –see– Valeriana officinalis L. 

va l e r i a n a o f f ic i n a l is L. [Valerianaceae] 

Common Names: 

all heal; cat’s-valerian; cut finger; garden heliotrope; 

herb bennett; medicinal valerian; St. George’s-herb; 

valerian 

Citations: 

Caldwell SH, Feeley JW, Wieboldt TF, et al. (1994) Acute 

hepatitis with use of over-the-counter herbal remedies. Va 

Med Q 121(1):31-33. 

Chan TY (1998) An assessment of the delayed effects associated 

with valerian overdose. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 

36(10):569. 

Chan TY, Tang CH, Critchley JA (1995) Poisoning due to an 

over-the-counter hypnotic, Sleep-Qik (hyoscine, cyproheptadine, 

valerian). Postgrad Med J 71(834):227-228. 

Mady WL, Cobaugh S, Wax D (1994) Valerian overdose: A 

case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 36(4):360. 

V 

Willey LB, Mady SP, Cobaugh DJ, et al. (1995) Valerian 

overdose: A case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 37(4):364-365. 

valley oak –see– Quercus lobata Nee 

Van Zyl sugar bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

Van Zyl suikerboontjie –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

va n g u e r i a p y g Ma e Schltr. [Rubiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p achystigma pygmaeaum (Schltr.) Robyns 

Common Names: 

gifappel; gousiektebossie 

Citations: 

Adelaar TF, Terblanche M, Smit JD (1966) A report on negative 

experiments with ferric chloride as a prophylactic 

agent against gousiekte. J S Afr Vet Assoc 37(2):199-201. 

Fourie N, Schultz RA, Prozesky L, et al. (1989) Clinical 

pathological changes in gousiekte, a plant-induced 

cardiotoxicosis of ruminants. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 

56(1):73-80. 

Pretorius PJ, Terblanche M (1967) A preliminary study on 

the symptomatology and cardiodynamics of gousiekte in 

sheep and goats. J S Afr Vet Assoc 38(1):29-53. 

Pretorius PJ, Terblanche M, Van der Walt JD, et al. (1973) 

Cardiac failure in ruminants caused by gousiekte. Recent 

Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab 2:385-397. 

Pretorius PJ, Van Rooyen JM, Van Ryssen JC, et al. (1988) 

Experimental gallop rhythm in sheep with gousiekte: 

Correlation of changes in amplitude with haemodyamic 

parameters. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 55(4):221-225. 





Prozesky L, Fourie N, Neser JA, et al. (1988) A field outbreak 

in Ile-de-France sheep of a cardiotoxicosis caused 

by the plant Pachystigma pygmaeum (Schltr) Robyns 

(Rubiaceae). Onderstepoort J Vet Res 55(4):193-196. 

Schutte PJ, Els HJ, Booyens J, et al. (1984) Ultrastructure 

of myocardial cells in sheep with congestive heart 

failure induced by Pachystigma pygmaeum. S Afr J Sci 

80(8):378-380. 

Van der Walt JJ, Van Rooyen JM, Lotter AP, et al. (1990) 

A comparison of haemodynamic and vasoconstrictory 

responses in sheep with a toxic fraction from Pachystigma 

pygmaeum and with the plant material. Onderstepoort J 

Vet Res 57(3):157-161. 

Visser JH (1964) Iron supplementation as a means of preventing 

poisoning in livestock by Pachystigma pygmaeum. 

South African J Agric Sci 7(1):173-175.

418 - vangueria thamnus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

va n g u e r i a Th a Mn u s (Robyns) Lantz 

[Rubiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

p achystigma thamnus Robyns 

Citations: 

Adelaar TF, Terblanche M (1967) A note on the toxicity 

of the plant Pachystigma thamnus Robyns. J S Afr Vet 

Assoc 38(1):25-26. 

vanilla –see– Vanilla planifolia Andrews 

va n i l l a pl a n i f o l i a Andrews [Orchidaceae] 

Common Names: 

vanilla; Vanille 

Citations: 

Hutchinson J (1892) An eruption caused by vanilla. Arch 

Surg 4:49-50. 



Sincke GE (1934) Überempfindlichkeit gegen vanille. Dermatol 

Wochenschr 99(45):1480-1481. 

Vanille –see– Vanilla planifolia Andrews 

varaire –see– Veratrum album L. 

variegated ivy –see– Hedera helix L. subsp. canariensis 


variegated laurel –see– Aucuba japonica Thunb. 

variegated philodendron –see– Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) 

Engl. 

variegated spurge –see– Euphorbia marginata Pursh 

variegated thistle –see– Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 

varnish bush –see– Flourensia cernua DC. 

varnish lacquer tree –see– Toxicodendron vernicifluum 


varnish tree –see– Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd.; 

Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. Barkley 

Vasey’s-stipa grass –see– Achnatherum robustum (Vasey) 

Barkworth 

vegetable calomel –see– Acorus calamus L.; Podophyllum 

peltatum L. 

vegetable hummingbird –see– Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. 

vegetable mercury –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

vegetable tallow tree –see– Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 

Veilchenwurzel –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

veined dock –see– Rumex venosus Pursh 

velvet bean –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.; Mucuna 

pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex 

Burck 

velvet brittle-stem –see– Psathyrotes annua (Nutt.) A. Gray 

velvet lupine –see– Lupinus leucophyllus Douglas ex Lindl. 

velvet rosettes –see– Psathyrotes annua (Nutt.) A. Gray 

velvet sumach –see– Rhus typhina L. 

velvet weed –see– Abutilon theophrasti Medik. 

velvetleaf –see– Abutilon theophrasti Medik. 

venijnboom –see– Taxus baccata L. 

venoplant –see– Aesculus hippocastanum L. 

ve n Ti l ag o v i Mi n a l is Hook. [Rhamnaceae] 

Common Names: 

supplejack; vine tree 

Citations: 

Pryor WJ, McDonald WJ, Seawright AA (1972) Supplejack 

(Ventilago viminalis) feeding of sheep. Nutritional and 

toxicological investigations. Aust Vet J 48(6):339-344. 

Venus’-chariot –see– Aconitum napellus L. 

veratro –see– Veratrum album L. 

veratrum –see– Veratrum album L.; Veratrum californicum 

Durand; Veratrum viride Aiton 

ve r a Tr u M a l b u M L. [Melanthiaceae] 

Common Names: 

Champagnerwurz; elléboro blanco; European white 

hellebore; false hellebore; fehér zászpa; Germer; green 

hellebore; hellebore; hellebore blanc; hierba ballestera; 

langwort; lyngwort; Niespulver; Nieswurz; varaire; 

veratro; veratrum; Weißer Germer; Weißer Nieswurz; 

white false hellebore; white hellebore 

Citations: 

Azzarone G, Ciammitti B, Mariani L, et al. (1984) Intossicazione 

da ingestione di infuso acquoso di radici di veratro. 

Rass Med Sper 31(12):441-447. 

Berezhnitskii MN, Parashchak AP (1969) [Two cases of 

poisoning with veratrum album tincture.] Sov Med 

32(2):141. 

Carlier P, Efthymiou ML, Garnier R, et al. (1983) Poisoning 

with veratrum-containing sneezing powders. Hum Toxicol 

2(2):321-325. 

Fogh A, Kulling P, Wickstrom E (1983) Veratrum alkaloids 

in sneezing-powder - A potential danger. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 20(2):175-179. 

Gaillard Y, Pepin G (2001) LC-EI-MS determination of 

veratridine and cevadine in two fatal cases of Veratrum 

album poisoning. J Anal Toxicol 25(6):481-485. 

Garnier R, Carlier P, Hoffelt J, et al. (1985) Intoxication 

aiguë alimentaire par l’ellebore blanc (Veratrum album 

L.) - Données cliniques et analytiques. A propos de 5 cas. 

Ann Med Interne (Paris) 136(2):125-128. 

Garnier R, Hoffelt J, Carlier P, et al. (1982) Veratrum poisoning 

with home-made gentian-wine: Clinical and analytical 

findings. Vet Hum Toxicol 24(Suppl):138-141. 

Hruby K, Lenz K, Krausler J (1981) Vergiftung mit Veratrum 

album (weißer Germer). Wien Klin Wochenschr 

93(16):517-519. 

Marinov A, Koev P, Mirchev N (1987) [Electrocardiographic 

studies in patients with acute hellebore (Veratrum album) 

intoxication.] Vutr Boles 26(6):36-39. 

Philippe JM, Béraud P, Delort P (1996) Two cases of white 

hellebore poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol 38(6):466.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Veratrum viride - 419 

Quatrehomme G, Bertrand F, Chauvet C, et al. (1993) 

Intoxication from Veratrum album. Hum Exp Toxicol 

12(2):111-115. 

Richter HE (1966) Schadensfälle durch den Weißen 

Germer, Veratrum album L. Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr 

53:547-549. 

Rottinghaus D, Kurta D, Krenzelok EP, et al. (2003) Pontine 

stroke after acute hellebore poisoning. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 41(5):721. 

Seeliger J (1956-1957) Über eine seltene Vergiftung mit 

weißer Nieswurz. Arch Toxikol 16(1):16-18. 

Sieben P, Rørdam AM, Thomsen ES (1982) Forgiftning med 

nysepulver. Ugeskr Laeger 144(24):1780. 

ve r a Tr u M c a l i f o r n ic u M Durand 


Common Names: 

California false hellebore; California hellebore; California 

swamp hellebore; corn lily; cow cabbage; Durand’s-false 

hellebore; false hellebore; false white hellebore; hellebore; 

Indian corn; showy false hellebore; skunk cabbage; veratrum; 

western corn lily; western false hellebore; western 

hellebore; white hellebore; wild corn; wild hellebore 

Citations: 

Allen S (1970) A cyclopian fetus resulting from oral ingestion 

of Veratrum californicum. Iowa State Univ Vet 

32(2):62-65. 







Babbott FL, Binns W, Ingalls TH (1962) Field studies of 

cyclopian malformations in sheep. Arch Environ Health 

5(Aug):109-113. 

Binns W, James LF, Keeler RF, et al. (1968) Effects of teratogenic 

agents in range plants. Cancer Res 28(11):2323-2326. 

Binns W, James LF, Shupe JL (1964) Congenital malformations 

in lambs reproduced by feeding a poisonous range 

plant. Southwestern Vet 17(3):221-224. 

Binns W, James LF, Shupe JL (1964) Toxicosis of Veratrum 

californicum in ewes and its relationship to a congenital 

deformity in lambs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 111(2):571-576. 

Binns W, James LF, Shupe JL, et al. (1962) Cyclopiantype 

malformation in lambs. Arch Environ Health 

5(Aug):106-108. 

Binns W, James LF, Shupe JL, et al. (1963) A congenital 

cyclopian-type malformation in lambs induced by maternal 

ingestion of a range plant, Veratrum californicum. 

Am J Vet Res 24(103):1164-1175. 

Binns W, Keeler RF, Balls LD (1972) Congenital deformities 

in lambs, calves and goats resulting from maternal 

ingestion of Veratrum californicum: Hare lip, cleft palate, 

ataxia and hypoplasia of metacarpal and metatarsal 

bones. Clin Toxicol 5(2):245-261. 

Binns W, Shupe JL, Keeler RF, et al. (1965) Chronologic 

evaluation of teratogenicity in sheep fed Veratrum californicum. 


Keeler RF (1990) Early embryonic death in lambs induced by 

Veratrum californicum. Cornell Vet 80(2):203-207. 

Keeler RF, Stuart LD (1987) The nature of congenital limb 

defects in lambs by maternal ingestion of Veratrum californicum. 


Keeler RF, Young S, Smart R (1985) Congenital tracheal 

stenosis in lambs induced by maternal ingestion of Veratrum 

californicum. Teratology 31(1):83-88. 

Keeler RF, Young S, Stuart LD (1986) Characteristics of 

congenital limb and tracheal defects and of embryonic 

death induced in lambs by Veratrum californicum. Teratology 

33(3):33C-34C. 

Van Kampen KR, Binns W, James LF, et al. (1969) Early 

embryonic death in ewes given Veratrum californicum. 

Am J Vet Res 30(4):517-519. 

Van Kampen KR, Ellis LC (1972) Prolonged gestation in 

ewes ingesting Veratrum californicum: Morphological 

changes and steroid biosynthesis in the endocrine organs 

of cyclopic lambs. J Endocrinol 52(3):549-560. 

ve r a Tr u M j a p o n ic u M (Baker) Loes. 


Common Names: 

false hellebore 

Citations: 

Nelson DA (1954) Accidental poisoning by Veratrum japonicum. 

JAMA 156(1):33-35. 

ve r a Tr u M vi r i d e Aiton [Melanthiaceae] 

Common Names: 

American false hellebore; American hellebore; American 

white hellebore; bear corn; bugbane; crow poison; 

devil’s-bite; duckretter; earth gall; false hellebore; 

green hellebore; hellebore; Indian hellebore; Indian 

poke; Indian uncus; itchweed; meadow poke; poison 

lily; puppet root; skunk cabbage; swamp hellebore; 

tickle weed; veratrum; white hellebore 

Citations: 

Courtemanche LA, Gephardt D, Jaffe AM (1989) Poisoning 

due to Veratrum viride (false hellebore) ingestion. Vet 


Crummett D, Bronstein D, Weaver Z 3rd (1985) Accidental 

Veratrum viride poisoning in three “ramp” foragers. N C 

Med J 46(9):469-471. 

Jaffe AM, Gephardt D, Courtemanche L (1990) Poisoning 

due to ingestion of Veratrum viride (false hellebore). J 

Emerg Med 8(2):161-167. 

Kauntze R, Trounce J (1951) The hypotensive action of veriloid 

(Veratrum viride), a clinical investigation. Lancet 

260(Mar 10):549-555. 

Petropoulos PS, Stork CM, O’Neil N, et al. (1999) Prolonged 

cardiotoxicity from poison lily (Veratrum viride). J 


Prince LA, Stork CM (2000) Prolonged cardiotoxicity 

from poison lily (Veratrum viride). Vet Hum Toxicol 

42(5):282-285. 

Schuetz E, Adams J (1998) Multi-system toxicity from 

intentional hellebore ingestion. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

36(5):454. 

Underhill JE (1959) A case of hellebore poisoning. Can Field 

Nat 73:128-129.

420 - Verbascum thapsus D. Jesse Wagstaff 

verbasco –see– Verbascum thapsus L. 

ve r b a s c u M Th a p s u s L. [Scrophulariaceae] 

Common Names: 

barbasco; candelaria; flannel mullein; gordolobo; gordolobo 

yerba; great mullein; moth mullein; mullein; 

punchon; tobacco cimarron; verbasco 

Citations: 

Romaguera C, Grimwalt F, Vilaplana J (1985) Occupational 

dermatitis from gordolobo (mullein). Contact Dermatitis 

12(3):176. 

verbena –see– Verbena officinalis L. 

Verbena elegans Kunth = Glandularia elegans (Kunth) 

Umber 

Verbena ×hydrida hort. ex Groenl. & Rümpler = 

Glandularia ×hydrida (hort. ex Groenl. & Rümpler) G. 

L. Nesom & Pruski 

ve r b e n a o f f ic i n a l is L. [Verbenaceae] 

Common Names: 

blue vervain; enchanter’s-herb; European vervain; herbof-grace; 

herb-of-the-cross; holy herb; Juno’s-tears; pigeon 

grass; simpler’s-joy; verbena; vervain; wild verbena 

Citations: 

Del Pozo MD, Gastaminza G, Navarro JA, et al. (1994) 

Allergic contact dermatitis from Verbena officinalis L. 


ve r b e s i n a e n c e l io i d e s (Cav.) Benth. & 

Hook. f. ex A. Gray [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

American dogweed; butter daisy; cowpen daisy; crownbeard; 

golden crownbeard; South African daisy; wild 

sunflower; yellow daisy 

Citations: 

Keeler RF, Baker DC, Panter KE (1992) Concentration of 

galegine in Verbesina encelioides and Galega officinalis 

and the toxic and pathologic effects induced by the plants. 

J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 11(2):75-81. 

King RO (1937) “Crown beard” (Verbesina encelioides). A 

plant causing pneumonia in sheep. Agric Gaz New South 

Wales 48:364-366. 

King RO (1938) Verbesina encelioides (crown beard). A plant 

toxic to sheep. New South Wales Dep Agric Vet Res Rep 

#7(1937):89-94. 

Legg J (1938) Wild sunflower. A plant poisonous to stock. 

Queensland Agric J 49:113-114. 

Lopez TA, Campero CM, Chayer R, et al. (1996) Experimental 

toxicity of Verbesina encelioides in sheep and isolation 

of galegine. Vet Hum Toxicol 38(6):417-419. 

verdolaga blanca –see– Trianthema portulacastrum L. 

vermeerbos –see– Geigeria aspera Harv.; Geigeria filifolia 

Mattf. 

vermeerbossie –see– Geigeria aspera Harv. 

ve r n ic i a f o r d i i (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw 


Synonyms: 

a leurites fordii Hemsl. 

Common Names: 

Chinawood oil tree; Chinese tung oil tree; Chinesewood-oil 

tree; kalo nut; tung; tung nut; tung tree 

Citations: 



Anonymous (1965) Tung nuts don’t agree with visitors. 

Gainesville Sun. Nov 2 

Balthrop E (1952) Tung nut poisoning. South Med J 

45(9):864-865. 

Balthrop E, Gallagher WB, McDonald TF, et al. (1954) 

Tung nut poisoning. J Fla Med Assoc 40(11):813-820. 

Davis GK, Mehrhof NR, McKinney RS (1946) Effect 

of tung meal in rations for growing chicks. Poult Sci 

25:74-79. 





Edwards HM Jr (1964) Observations on feeding tung oil to 

chickens. J Nutr 83(Aug):365-368. 

Edwards HM Jr, Suso FA, Mason J (1967) Observations on 

feeding tung oil to laying hens with a note on identification 

of elaeostearic by GLC. Poult Sci 46:564-569. 



Emmel MW, Sanders DA, Swanson LE (1943) The toxicity 

of foliage of Aleurites fordi for cattle. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 101:136-137. 

Erickson JL, Brown JH Jr (1942) A study of the toxic properties 

of tung nuts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 74:114-117. 

Holmes RL, Crovetto AJ, Browning CB (1967) Effect of 

detoxified tung meal on ration acceptability and growth 

in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 50(3):390-391. 

Jacobziner H, Raybin HW (1960) Nitroglycerin, thallium, 

antifreeze, and tung seed poisonings. N Y State J Med 

60(2):2587-2590. 

Lin TJ, Hsu CI, Lee KH, et al. (1996) Two outbreaks of 

acute tung nut (Aleurites fordii) poisoning. J Toxicol Clin 

Toxicol 34(1):87-92. 

Sanders DA, Emmel MW, Swanson LE (1942) Tung tree 

(Aleurites fordii Hemsl.) foliage poisoning of cattle. Florida 


ve r n ic i a Mo n Ta n a Lour. [Euphorbiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

a leurites montanus (Lour.) E. H. Wilson 

Common Names: 

candlenut tree; mu-oil tree; wood-oil tree 

Citations: 




Florida Agric Exp Sta Bull #431:35 pp.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Vicia ervilia - 421 

Vernonia ampla O. Hoffm. = vernonia myriantha Hook. f. 

ve r n o n i a Mo l l is s i Ma D. Don ex Hook. & 

Arn. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 

Döbereiner J, Tokarnia CH, Purisco E (1976) Vernonia 

mollissima, planta tóxica responsável por mortandades 

de bovinos no sul de Mato Grasso. Pesq Agric Bras Vet 

11(9):49-58. 

Gava A, Peixoto PV, Tokarnia CH (1987) Intoxicação experimental 

por Vernonia mollissima (Compositae) em ovinos 

e bovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 7(2):33-41. 

Stolf L, Gava A, Tokarnia CH (1987) Intoxicação experimental 

por Vernonia mollissima (Compositae) em caprinos. 


Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Amorim PR, et al. (1986) 

Intoxi cação experimental por Vernonia mollissima (Compositae) 


ve r n o n i a My r i a n Th a Hook. f. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

vernonia ampla O. Hoffm. 

Common Names: 

Zimbabwe pride 

Citations: 



ve r n o n i a n ov e b o r a c e n s is (L.) Michx. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

New York ironweed 

Citations: 

Fortina AB, Magno FM, Cappelletti EM, et al. (2002) Contact 

dermatitis from Vernonia noveboracensis. Contact 

Dermatitis 46(6):357-358. 

ve r n o n i a n u d i f l o r a Less. [Asteraceae] 

Citations: 


por Vernonia nudiflora (Compositae) em bovinos e ovinos. 


ve r n o n i a s q u a r r o s a (D. Don) Less. 

[Asteraceae] 

Citations: 


por Vernonia squarrosa (Compositae) em ovinos e bovinos. 


vervain –see– Verbena officinalis L. 

vervions –see– Rosmarinus officinalis L. 

vesce cultivée –see– Vicia sativa L. 

ve s Ti a f o e Ti d a (Ruiz & Pav.) Hoffmanns. 


Common names: 

huevil 

Citations: 

Brevis C, Quezada M, Bustamante P, et al. (2005) Huevil 

(Vestia foetida) poisoning of cattle in Chile. Vet Rec 

156(14):452-453. 

McKeough VL, Collett MG, Parton KH (2005) Suspected 

Vestia foetida poisoning in young goats. N Z Vet J 

53(5):352-355. 

ve s Ti a l y c io i d e s Willd. [Solanaceae] 

Common names: 

huevil 

Citations: 

Araya O, Hitschfeld M, Cubillos V (1982) Lesiones histológicas 

y cambios plasmáticos en ovinos intoxicados 

experimentalmente con huevil (Vestia lycioides). Zentralbl 

Veterinarmed A 29(9):694-703. 

vetch –see– Lathyrus sylvestris L.; Vicia benghalensis L.; Vicia 

ervilia (L.) Willd.; Vicia sativa L. 

vetchling –see– Lathyrus hirsutus L.; Lathyrus pusillus 

Elliott; Lathyrus sativus L. 

vi vi –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

vi b u r n u M r h i Ti d o p h y l l u M Hemsl. 

[Adoxaceae] 

Common Names: 

Schneeball 

Citations: 

Dambra P, Nettis E, Loria MP, et al. (2000) Hypersensitivity 

to Viburnum rhytidophyllum. Allergy 

55(5):512-513. 

vic i a b e n g h a l e n s is L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

vetch 

Citations: 

Green JR, Kleynhans JE (1989) Suspected vetch (Vicia 

benghalensis L) poisoning in a Friesland cow in 

the Republic of South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 

60(2):109-110. 

Harper PA, Cook RW, Gill PA, et al. (1993) Vetch toxicosis 

in cattle grazing Vicia villosa spp dasycarpa and V. benghalensis. 

Aust Vet J 70(4):140-144. 

vic i a e rv i l i a (L.) Willd. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

e rvum ervilia L. 

Common Names: 

bastard lentil; bitter vetch; ers; ers ervillier; lentille 

bâtarde; lentille ers; vetch; yeros

422 - Vicia faba D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 

Almazán Gil F (1974) Aportaciones al estudio sobre la toxicidad 

experimental del yero (Ervum ervilia). Rev Nutr 

Anim 12(3):143-162. 

Almazán Gil FF (1974) Aportaciones al estudio sobre la toxicidad 

experimental del yero (Ervum ervilia). Rev Nutr 

Anim 12(2):65-74. 

Palacios J, de Lemus C (1982) Algunos efectos fisiológicos de 

la ingestión de Vicia ervilia W. (yeros) en pollos. Rev Esp 

Fisiol 38(3):311-316. 

vic i a f a b a L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

broad bean; double bean; English bean; faba bean; 

fabismo; fava; fava bean; Favabohne; favismo; fèves; 

field bean; horse bean; Italian bean; Pferdebohne; 

Saubohne; Windsor bean; yewdow 

Citations: 

Abbey BW, Neale RJ, Norton G (1979) Nutritional effects of 

field bean (Vicia faba L) proteinase inhibitors fed to rats. 

Br J Nutr 41(1):31-38. 

Abbey BW, Norton G, Neale RJ (1979) Effects of dietary 

proteinase inhibitors from field bean (Vicia faba L.) and 

field-bean meal on pancreatic function in the rat. Br J 

Nutr 41(1):39-45. 

Aherne FX, Lewis AJ, Hardin RT (1977) An evaluation of 

faba beans (Vicia faba) as a protein supplement for swine. 

Can J Anim Sci 57(2):321-328. 

Andersson PO, Jacobsson S, Wadenvik H (1998) Bortglömd 

bedräglig böna - Ett fall av favism. Bondbönan kan 

orsaka livshotande hemolys hos disponerade. Lakartidningen 

95(23):2712-2714. 

Bertoni G (1967) Il fondo oculare nel favismo. Ann Ottalmol 

Clin Ocul 93(11):1235-1244. 

Boon WH (1972) Favism in Singapore. J Singapore Paediat 

Soc 14(1):17-25. 

Brodribb HS (1966) Favism from pollen. Br Med J 

5514:642. 

Brodribb HS, Worssam AR (1961) Favism in an Englishwoman. 

Br Med J 1(May 13):1367-1368. 

Brooks EA, James GA, Stubber LA (1958) Favism in Western 

Australia. Med J Aust 2(14):455-458. 

Busse K (1967) Zur klinik des Favismus. Med Klin 

62(40):1539-1541. 

Casper J, Shulman J (1956) Bilateral cortical necrosis of 

the kidneys in an infant with favism. Am J Clin Pathol 

26(1):42-47. 






Chung SF (1965) Studies on favism in Kwangtung Province. 

Paediatr Indones 5(3 Suppl):880-885. 

Collombel C, Kissin C, Cotte J (1970) A propos de quatre 

cas d’anémie hémolytique après ingestion de fèves. Eur J 

Toxicol 3:36-41. 

Discombe G, Mestitz W (1956) Favism in an English-born 

child. Br Med J 1(4974):1023. 

Gower ND, Frommer E (1960) Favism in a Cypriot child. 

Lancet 1(Mar 19):628-629. 

Hodge JV, Nye ER, Emerson GW (1964) Monoamine-oxidase 

inhibitors, broad beans, and hypertension. Lancet 

1(May 16):1108. 

Holt JM, Sladden RA (1965) Favism in England - Two more 

cases. Arch Dis Child 40(211):271-273. 





Hutton JE (1937) Favism. An unusually observed type of 

hemolytic anemia. JAMA 109(20):1618-1620. 

Jablonska-Skwiecinska E, Lewandowska I, Plochocka D, et 

al. (1999) Several mutations including two novel mutations 

of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in 

Polish G6PD deficient subjects with chronic nonspherocytic 

hemolytic anemia, acute hemolytic anemia, and 

favism. Hum Mutat 14(6):477-484. 

Jacobs AH (1950) Favism in two children in California. 

Pediatrics 6:51-54. 

Josephs HW (1944) Favism. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 

74:295-298. 

Kahn A, Marie J, Desbois JC, et al. (1976) Favism in a Portuguese 

family due to a deficient glucose-phosphate dehydrogenase 

variant of ‘Canton’ or ‘Canton-like’ type. Acta 

Haematol 56(1):58-64. 

Kanter SZ, Pinkhas J, Djaldetti M, et al. (1962) Immunologic 

studies in a case of favism. J Allergy 33:390-396. 

Kattamis CA (1969) Some clinical and biochemical aspects 

of favism in childhood. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 

49(3):298-302. 

Kattamis CA, Kyriazakou M, Chaidas S (1969) Favism: 

Clinical and biochemical data. J Med Genet 6(1):34-41. 

Larkin VD (1953) Favism. Report of a case and brief review 

of the literature. J Pediatr 42(4):453-456. 

Larralde J (1982) Estudio de algunos trastornos que se presentan 

en los animales por la ingestión de semillas de 

Vicia faba L. Rev Esp Fisiol 38(Suppl):345-347. 

Lecks HI (1949) Favism. Report of a case in a child. J Pediatr 

34:309-314. 

Lim F, Vulliamy T, Abdalla SH (2005) An Ashkenazi 

Jewish woman presenting with favism. J Clin Pathol 

58(3):317-319. 

Mansoor S (1955) Two cases of favism in Israel. Br Med J 

1(4906):149-150. 

Marquardt RR, Campbell LD (1973) Raw and autoclaved faba 

beans in chick diets. Can J Anim Sci 53(Dec):741-746. 

Marquardt RR, Campbell LD, Stothers SC, et al. (1974) 

Growth responses of chicks and rats fed diets containing 

four cultivars of raw or autoclaved faba beans. Can J 

Anim Sci 54(Jun):177-182. 

Marquardt RR, Campbell LD, Ward T (1975) Studies with 

chicks on the growth depressing factor(s) in faba beans 

(Vicia faba L. var. minor). J Nutr 106(2):275-284. 

Marquardt RR, Ward AT, Campbell LD, et al. (1977) Purification, 

identification and characterization of a growth 

inhibitor in faba beans (Vicia faba L. var minor). J Nutr 

107(7):1313-1324. 

Martin-Tanguy J, Guillaume J, Kossa A (1977) Condensed 

tannins in horse bean seeds: Chemical structure and apparent 

effects on poultry. J Sci Food Agric 28(8):757-765. 

McCarthy OR (1955) A case of favism. Lancet 1(Apr 

9):748-749. 

McCrae T, Ullery JC (1933) Favism. Report of a case. JAMA 

101(18):1389-1391.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Vicia villosa - 423 

McPhee WR (1956) Acquired hemolytic anemia caused by 

ingestion of fava beans. Report of a case and review of 

cases reported in American literature. Am J Clin Pathol 

26(11):1287-1302. 

Meloni T, Forteleoni G, Dore A, et al. (1983) Favism and 

hemolytic anemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient 

subjects in North Sardinia. Acta Haematol 

70(2):83-90. 

Mentzer WC, Collier E (1975) Hydrops fetalis associated 

with erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency and maternal 

ingestion of fava beans and ascorbic acid. J Pediatr 

86(4):565-567. 

Nik-Akhtar B, Khakpour M, Rashed MA (1972) Recovery 

from acute renal failure from favism by means of dialysis. 

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 66(5):801-802. 

Plass R, Schneider C, Lewerenz HJ, et al. (1990) Studies 

on estrogenic effects of faba bean (Vicia faba L. minor) 

products using the mouse uterine bioassay. Nahrung 

34(6):571-573. 

Ramadan TZ, Sexauer CL, Wenzl JE (1978) Favism in 

Oklahoma. J Oklahoma Med Assoc 71(3):91-94. 

Rodríguez-Cuartero A, Navas A, Cerezo S (1999) Insuficiencia 

renal aguda complicación de fabismo. An Med 

Interna 16(9):491-492. 

Rosen AP, Scanlan JJ (1948) Favism. N Engl J Med 

239(10):367-368. 

Rubio LA, Brenes A, Castaño M (1989) Histological alterations 

to the pancreas and the intestinal tract produced 

by raw faba bean (Vicia faba L. minor) diets in growing 

chicks. Br Poult Sci 30(1):101-114. 

Russo G, Mollica F, Pavone L, et al. (1972) Hemolytic crises 

of favism in Sicilian females heterozygous for G-6-PD 

deficiency. Pediatrics 49(6):854-859. 

Shibuya A, Hirono A, Ishii S, et al. (1999) Hemolytic crisis 

after excessive ingestion of fava beans in a male infant 

with G6PD Canton. Int J Hematol 70(4):233-235. 

Sorcinelli R, Guiso G (1979) Vitreoretinal hemorrhages after 

ingestion of fava beans in a G-6-PD-deficient subject. 

Ophthalmologica 178(5):259-262. 

Stewart AG, Koenigsloew EV, Pabst H (1966) Favism in a 

4-yr-old-boy. Can Med Assoc J 94(6):292-294. 

Taj-Eldin S (1971) Favism in breast-fed infants. Arch Dis 

Child 46(245):121-123. 

Tolmas HC (1957) Favism: Case report showing heredofamilial 

tendency. J Pediatr 51(4):445-447. 

Wharton HJ, Duiesselmann W (1947) Favism. A short 

review and report of a case. N Engl J Med 236(Jun 

26):974-977. 

Wong WY, Powars D, Williams WD (1989) ‘Yewdow’induced 

anemia. West J Med 151:459-460. 

vic i a Mo n a n Th a Retz. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

algarroba; spur vetch 

Citations: 

Franco-Vicario R, Gamboa P, Escalante M, et al. (1997) 

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by exposure to the 

legume algarroba. Allergy 52(4):478-479. 

vic i a s a Ti va L. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Ackerwicke; ervilhaca; Futterwicke; Saatwicke; Sommerwicken; 

spring vetch; vesce cultivée; vetch; wilde 

wicke 

Citations: 

Arscott GH, Harper JA (1963) Relationship of 2,5-diamino- 

4,6-diketopyrimidine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and a 

crude preparation of β-cyano-L-alanine to the toxicity 

of common and hairy vetch seed fed to chicks. J Nutr 

80:251-254. 

Arscott GH, Harper JA (1964) Evidence for a difference in 

toxicity between common and hairy vetch seed for chicks. 

Poult Sci 43(1):271-273. 

Barros CS, Fighera RA, Rozza DB, et al. (2001) Doença 

granulomatosa sistêmica em bovinos no Rio Grande do 

Sul associado ao pastoreio de ervilhaca (Vicia spp). Pesq 

Vet Bras 21(4):162-171. 






Darre MJ, Minior DN, Tatake JG, et al. (1998) Nutritional 

evaluation of detoxified and raw common vetch seed 

(Vicia sativa L.) using diets of broilers. J Agric Food 

Chem 46:4675-4679. 

Fighera RA, Barros CS (2004) Systematic granulomatous 

disease in Brazilian cattle grazing pasture containing 

vetch (Vicia spp). Vet Hum Toxicol 46(2):62-66. 

Harper JA, Arscott GH (1962) Toxicity of common and hairy 

vetch seed for poults and chicks. Poult Sci 41:1968-1974. 

Pandey JN, Pal AK (1965) A study on growth rate of albino 

rats fed with ‘akra’ (Vicia villosa and V. sativa). Indian J 

Physiol Allied Sci 19:65-72. 

Picon SJ, Blanco Carmona JG, Garces Sotillos MD (1991) 

Occupational asthma caused by vetch (Vicia sativa). J 

Allergy Clin Immunol 88(1):135-136. 

Suter RJ (2002) Suspected cyanide poisoning in cows fed 

vetch (Vicia sativa) hay. Aust Vet J 80(5):282. 

vic i a Te Tr a s p e r Ma (L.) Schreb. [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

four-seed vetch 

Citations: 

Wine HA, Johnson PN (1993) Vicia tetrasperma (fourseeded 

vetch) ingestion by a 3-year-old child. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 35(5):436-437. 

vic i a v i l l o s a Roth [Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

hairy vetch; Roth vetch; Zottelwicke 

Citations: 

Anderson CA, Divers TJ (1983) Systemic granulomatous 

inflammation in a horse grazing hairy vetch. J Am Vet 

Med Assoc 183(5):569-570. 

Arscott GH, Harper JA (1963) Relationship of 2,5-diamino- 

4,6-diketopyrimidine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid and a crude 

preparation of β-cyano-L-alanine to the toxicity of common 

and hairy vetch seed fed to chicks. J Nutr 80:251-254.

424 - Vicia villosa D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Arscott GH, Harper JA (1964) Evidence for a difference in 

toxicity between common and hairy vetch seed for chicks. 

Poult Sci 43(1):271-273. 

Barros CS, Fighera RA, Rozza DB, et al. (2001) Doença 

granulomatosa sistêmica em bovinos no Rio Grande do 

Sul ao pastoreio de ervilhaca (Vicia spp). Pesq Vet Bras 

21(4):162-171. 

Claughton WP, Claughton HD (1954) Vetch seed poisoning. 

Auburn Vet 10(Winter):125-126. 

Fighera RA, Barros CS (2004) Systematic granulomatous 

disease in Brazilian cattle grazing pasture containing 

vetch (Vicia spp). Vet Hum Toxicol 46(2):62-66. 

Harper JA, Arscott GH (1962) Toxicity of common and hairy 

vetch seed for poults and chicks. Poult Sci 41:1968-1974. 

Johnson B, Moore J, Woods LW, et al. (1992) Systemic granulomatous 

disease in cattle in California associated with 

grazing hairy vetch (Vicia villosa). J Vet Diagn Invest 

4(3):360-362. 

Kerr LA, Edwards WC (1982) Hairy vetch poisoning of 

cattle. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 77(2):257-258. 



41:367-371. 

Odriozola E, Paloma E, Lopez T, et al. (1991) An outbreak 

of Vicia villosa (hairy vetch) poisoning in grazing 

Aberdeen Angus bulls in Argentina. Vet Hum Toxicol 

33(3):278-280. 

Panciera RJ (1978) Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) poisoning 

in cattle. In: Keeler RF, Van Kampen KR, James LF, 



Panciera RJ, Johnson L, Osburn BI (1966) A disease of 

cattle grazing hairy vetch pasture. J Am Vet Med Assoc 

148(7):804-808. 

Panciera RJ, Mosier DA, Ritchey JW (1992) Hairy vetch 

(Vicia villosa Roth) poisoning in cattle: Update and 

experimental induction of disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 

4(3):318-325. 

Pandey JN, Pal AK (1965) A study on growth rate of albino 

rats fed with ‘akra’ (Vicia villosa and V. sativa). Indian J 

Physiol Allied Sci 19:65-72. 

Vicia villosa Roth subsp. dasycarpa (Ten.) Cavill. = vicia 

villosa Roth subsp. varia (Host) Corb. 

vic i a v i l l o s a Roth subsp. varia (Host) Corb. 

[Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

vicia villosa Roth subsp. dasycarpa (Ten.) Cavill. 

Common Names: 

hybrid vetch; woolly-pod vetch 

Citations: 

Burroughs GW, Neser JA, Kellerman TS, et al. (1983) 

Suspected hybrid vetch (Vicia villosa crossed with Vicia 

dasycarpa) poisoning of cattle in the Republic of South 

Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 54(2):75-79. 

Harper PA, Cook RW, Gill PA, et al. (1993) Vetch toxicosis 

in cattle grazing Vicia villosa spp dasycarpa and V. benghalensis. 

Aust Vet J 70(4):140-144. 

Peet RL, Gardner JJ (1986) Poisoning of cattle by hairy or 

woolly pod vetch, Vicia villosa subspecies dasycarpa. Aust 

Vet J 63(11):381-382. 

vidanga –see– Embelia ribes Burm. f. 

Vielblütige Weißwurz –see– Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) 

All. 

Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi ex Hassk. = Vigna unguiculata (L.) 

Walp. 

vig n a u n g u ic u l a Ta (L.) Walp. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

vigna sinensis (L.) Savi ex Hassk. 

Common Names: 

black-eye pea; cowpea; kunde; southern pea 

Citations: 






J Nutr 73(1):17-29. 






J Nutr 123(12):2207-2205. 



13(1):1-11. 

vigne-de-Bakel –see– Cissus quadrangularis L. 

vigne-de-Judée –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

vignette –see– Mercurialis annua L. 

vinagrera –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

vinca –see– Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don; Vinca major L. 

vi n c a Ma jo r L. [Apocynaceae] 

Common Names: 

blue periwinkle; greater periwinkle; periwinkle; running-myrtle; 

vinca 

Citations: 



Anim Indus 21(1):45-55. 

Vinca pusilla Murray = Catharanthus pusillus (Murray) G. 

Don 

vine gungo pea –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

vine tree –see– Ventilago viminalis Hook. 

vinette –see– Rumex acetosa L. 

violet bloom –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

violet heliotrope –see– Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl 

viooltje –see– Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq. 

viper’s-bugloss –see– Echium plantagineum L.; Echium 

vulgare L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Vitis vinifera - 425 

Virginia creeper –see– Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) 


Virginia ivy –see– Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. 

Virginia poke –see– Phytolacca americana L. 

Virginia sumach –see– Rhus typhina L. 

virgin’s-bower –see– Clematis vitalba L. 

vi r o l a c a l o p h y l l o i d e a Markgr. 

[Myristicaceae] 

Common Names: 

Epéna 

Citations: 

Seitz GJ (1965) Einige Bemerkungen zur Anwendung und 

Wirkungsweise des Epena-Schnupfpulvers der Waika- 

Indianer. Etnol Stud 28:117-132. 

Seitz GJ (1967) Epéna, the intoxicating snuff powder of the 

Waika Indians and the Tucano medicine man, Agostino. 

Efron DH et al. (eds.) Ethnopharmacologic search for 

psychoactive drugs. PHS #1645:315-338. 

virvi –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

viscum –see– Viscum album L. 

vis c u M a l b u M L. [Santalaceae] 

Common Names: 

European mistletoe; Mistel; misteltee; mistletoe; 

viscum 

Citations: 

Dixin J (1874) Case of poisoning by berries of the mistletoe: 

Recovery. Br Med J 1:224. 



Harvey J, Colin-Jones DG (1981) Mistletoe hepatitis. Br 

Med J 282(6259):186-187. 

O’Farrell NM (1943) Dermatitis venenata due to mistletoe. 

Arch Derm Syphilol 43:416. 



41(4):514. 

Seidemann W (1984) Allergische Rhinitis durch Misteltee 

(Viscum album). Allergologie 7(12):461-463. 

vi Te x ag n u s -c a s Tu s L. [Lamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

agnus castus; chaste tree 

Citations: 

Cahill DJ, Fox R, Wardle PG, et al. (1994) Multiple follicular 

development associated with herbal medicine. Hum 

Reprod 9(8):1469-1470. 

vi Tis l a b r u s c a L. [Vitaceae] 

Common Names: 

grape 

Citations: 

Quinby GE (1979) Grape pressers dermatitis. Clin Toxicol 

15(4):478. 

vi Tis v i n i f e r a L. [Vitaceae] 

Common Names: 

currant; grape; raisin 

Citations: 

Campbell A, Bates N (2003) Raisin poisoning in dogs. Vet 

Rec 152:376. 

Eubig PA, Brady MS, Gwaltney-Brant SM, et al. (2005) 

Acute renal failure in dogs after the ingestion of grapes or 

raisins: A retrospective evaluation of 43 dogs (1992-2002). 

J Vet Intern Med 19(5):663-674. 

Giannoccaro F, Munno G, Riva G, et al. (1998) Oral allergy 

syndrome to grapes. Allergy 53(4):451-452. 

Gwaltney-Brant S, Holding JK, Donaldson CW, et al. (2001) 

Renal failure associated with ingestion of grapes or raisins 

in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1555-1556. 

Mazzaferro EM, Eubig PA, Hackett TB, et al. (2004) Acute 

renal failure associated with raisin or grape ingestion in 4 

dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 14:203-212. 

Penny D, Henderson SM, Brown PJ (2003) Raisin poisoning 

in a dog. Vet Rec 152:308. 

Portway B (1957) The characteristic syndrome following 

excessive consumption of grapes by cows. Aust Vet J 

33:210-212. 

Rodríguez A, Matheu V, Trujillo MJ, et al. (2004) Grape 

allergy in paediatric population. Allergy 59(3):364. 

Senna G, Mistrello G, Roncarolo D, et al. (2001) Exerciseinduced 

anaphylaxis to grape. Allergy 56(12):1235-1236. 

vizi harmatkása –see– Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. 

Vogelleimdistel –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

voinicel –see– Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl 

vomiting bush –see– Geigeria aspera Harv. 

voodoo bean –see– Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 

vuiboom –see– Frangula alnus Mill. 

vulgaire –see– Juniperus communis L. 

vulgarmente ruda –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

vuudoorn –see– Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. 

vuursiektebos –see– Asaemia minuta (L. f.) K. Bremer 

vygie –see– Drosanthemum floribundum (Haw.) Schwantes; 

Malephora smithii (L. Bolus) H. E. K. Hartmann

wabaio –see– Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd; 

Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Oliv. 

Wacholder –see– Juniperus communis L. 

Wahweap milk vetch –see– Astragalus lentiginosus Douglas 

ex Hook. var. wahweapensis S. L. Welsh 

wake robin –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott; Arum 

maculatum L. 

Waldbingelkraut –see– Mercurialis perennis L. 

Walddistelstrauch –see– Ilex aquifolium L. 

Waldknoblauch –see– Allium ursinum L. 

Waldmeister –see– Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. 

Waldnachtschatten –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

Waldschelle –see– Digitalis purpurea L. 

wall germander –see– Teucrium chamaedrys L. 

wallflower poison –see– Gastrolobium grandiflorum F. Muell. 

Wallia nigra Alef. = Juglans nigra L. 

Walnuß –see– Juglans regia L. 

walnut –see– Juglans nigra L. 

wandary curse –see– Heliotropium europaeum L. 

wandering Jew –see– Tradescantia fluminensis Vell. 

wannakai –see– Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa Benth. 

warabi –see– Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. 

latiusculum (Desf.) Underw. ex A. Heller 

warmot –see– Artemisia absinthium L. 

wartweed –see– Euphorbia peplus L. 

wartwort –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L.; Chelidonium majus 

L. 

warty caltrop –see– Kallstroemia parviflora Norton 

Warzengraß –see– Euphorbia cyparissias L. 

Warzenkraut –see– Chelidonium majus L. 

Wasatch milk vetch –see– Astragalus miser Douglas ex 

Hook. var. oblongifolius (Rydb.) Cronquist 

Wasserchierling –see– Cicuta maculata L. 

Wasserpfeffer–see– Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 

Wasserschierling –see– Cicuta virosa L. 

Wasserschwertlilie –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

water arum –see– Calla palustris L. 

water betony –see– Scrophularia auriculata L. 

water bush –see– Myoporum acuminatum R. Br. 

water crowfoot –see– Ranunculus sceleratus L. 

water dragon –see– Calla palustris L. 

W 

water dropwort –see– Oenanthe crocata L. 

water dropwort hemlock –see– Oenanthe crocata L. 

water fern –see– Histiopteris incisa (Thunb.) J. Sm. 

water figwort –see– Scrophularia auriculata L. 

water flag –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

water gromwells –see– Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. 

water hemlock –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. 


angustifolia Hook.; Cicuta virosa L. 

water horsetail –see– Equisetum fluviatile L. 

water hyacinth –see– Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms 

water kerwal –see– Matricaria nigellifolia DC. 

water lily –see– Nymphaea odorata Aiton subsp. tuberosa 

(Paine) Wiersema & Hellq. 

water maple –see– Acer rubrum L. 

water nerve root –see– Asclepias incarnata L. 

water parsnip –see– Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville; Cicuta 

douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. & Rose; Cicuta maculata L. 

var. angustifolia Hook.; Sium suave Walter 

water pepper –see– Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach 

water plant –see– Rheum ×hybridum Murray 

water scrophularia –see– Scrophularia auriculata L. 

water shamrock –see– Menyanthes trifoliata L. 

water smartweed –see– Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach; 

Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small 

watermelon –see– Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & 

Nakai 

Waterscheerling –see– Cicuta virosa L. 

wawa –see– Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. 

wax bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

wax flower –see– Hoya australis R. Br. ex J. Traill; Hoya 

carnosa (L. f.) R. Br. 

wax-leaf privet –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

wax tree –see– Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze 

waxberry –see– Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S. F. Blake 

waxplant –see– Hoya carnosa (L. f.) R. Br. 

waxy larkspur –see– Delphinium glaucum S. Watson 

way thorn –see– Rhamnus cathartica L. 

weak nettle –see– Urtica chamaedryoides Pursh 

weather plant –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

wedding bells –see– Ipomoea tricolor Cav.; Ipomoea violacea L. 

wedelia –see– Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski

428 - Wedelia asperrima D. Jesse Wagstaff 

w e d e l i a a s p e r r i Ma (Decne.) Benth. 

[Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

sunflower daisy; yellow daisy 

Citations: 

Mulhearn CR (1939) Yellow daisy (Wedelia asperrima) 

- A Plant toxic to sheep. Queensland Agric J 52(Oct 

1):397-400. 

Wedelia glauca (Ortega) O. Hoffm. ex Hicken = Pascalia 

glauca Ortega 

Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. = Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) 

Pruski 

wedge-leaf rattlepod –see– Crotalaria retusa L. 

weed –see– Cannabis sativa L. 

weedy milk vetch –see– Astragalus miser Douglas ex Hook. 

weedy rattlebox –see– Crotalaria sagittalis L. 

weeping ficus –see– Ficus benjamina L. 

weeping fig –see– Ficus benjamina L. 

Wegdorn –see– Frangula alnus Mill. 

Wegwarte –see– Cichorium intybus L. 

Weihnachtsstern –see– Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 

Klotzsch 

Weinkraut –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

Weinraute –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

Weißdorn –see– Crataegus laevigata (Poir) DC.; Crataegus 

monogyna Jacq. 

Weiße Bohne –see– Vicia faba L. 

Weiße Nieswurz –see– Veratrum album L. 

Weiße Robinie –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

Weißer Germer –see– Veratrum album L. 

Weißer Maulbeerbaum –see– Morus alba L. 

Weißer Nieswurz –see– Veratrum album L. 

Weißer Stechapfel –see– Datura stramonium L. 

Weißer Steinklee –see– Melilotus albus Medik. 

Weißklee –see– Trifolium repens L. 

Weißkraut –see– Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. 

Weizen –see– Triticum aestivum L. 

Welches Weidelgras –see– Lolium multiflorum Lam. 

wengé –see– Millettia laurentii De Wild. 

Wermut –see– Artemisia absinthium L. 

wermuth –see– Artemisia absinthium L. 

west African boxwood –see– Sarcocephalus diderrichii De 

Wild. 

West Australian blue lupin –see– Lupinus cosentinii Guss. 

West Indian lead tree –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de 

Wit 

West Indian pink root –see– Spigelia anthelmia L. 

West Indian sandbox tree –see– Hura crepitans L. 

West Indian satinwood –see– Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl 

Westafrikanisches Satinholz –see– Turraeanthus africanus 

(Welw. ex C. DC.) Pellegr. 

Western Australian blue lupin –see– Lupinus angustifolius 

L.; Lupinus digitatus Forssk. 

western baneberry –see– Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. 

western bitterweed –see– Hymenoxys odorata DC. 

western buckeye –see– Aesculus glabra Willd. 

western chokecherry –see– Prunus virginiana L. 

western corn lily –see– Veratrum californicum Durand 

western false hellebore –see– Veratrum californicum 


western goldenrod –see– Solidago spectabilis (D. C. Eaton) 

A. Gray 

western groundsel –see– Senecio integerrimus Nutt. 

western hellebore –see– Veratrum californicum Durand 

western herb germander –see– Teucrium chamaedrys L. 

western horse nettle –see– Solanum dimidiatum Raf.; 

Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. 

western larkspur –see– Delphinium barbeyi (Huth) Huth; 

Delphinium glaucum S. Watson 

western laurel –see– Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) A. Heller 

western locoweed –see– Astragalus wootonii E. Sheld. 

western lupine –see– Lupinus leucophyllus Douglas ex 

Lindl. 

western mountain laurel –see– Calia secundiflora (Ortega) 

Yakovlev 

western mugwort –see– Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 

western nightshade –see– Solanum triflorum Nutt. 

western poison ivy –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. 

& A. Gray) Greene; Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex 

Rydb.) Greene 

western poison oak –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. 

& A. Gray) Greene 

western purple larkspur –see– Delphinium menziesii DC. 

western ragweed –see– Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.; Ambrosia 

psilostachya DC. 

western red cedar –see– Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don 

western rhododendron –see– Rhododendron macrophyllum D. 

Don ex G. Don 

western rosewood –see– Alectryon oleifolius (Desf.) S. T. 

Reynolds 

western serviceberry –see– Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) 

Nutt. ex M. Roem. 

western sneezeweed –see– Hymenoxys hoopesii (A. Gray) 

Bierner 

western swamp kalmia –see– Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) A. 

Heller

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Wedelia asperrima - 429 

western swamp laurel –see– Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) A. 

Heller 

western virgin’s-bower –see– Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. 

western water hemlock –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. 

Coult. & Rose; Cicuta maculata L. var. angustifolia 

Hook. 

western white oak –see– Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook. 

western whorled milkweed –see– Asclepias subverticillata (A. 

Gray) Vail 

western wild cherry –see– Prunus virginiana L. 

western yellow pine –see– Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson 

western yew –see– Taxus brevifolia Nutt. 

Westindische Atlasholz –see– Chloroxylon swietenia DC. 

Westindische Satinholz –see– Chloroxylon swietenia DC. 

Westindische Seidenholz –see– Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl 

wet-the-bed –see– Senecio integerrimus Nutt. 

wheat –see– Triticum aestivum L. 

wheat cockle –see– Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert 

wheel mallow –see– Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don 

whip-poor-will-shoes –see– Cypripedium reginae Walter 

whiskey cherry –see– Prunus serotina Ehrh. 

white amaranth –see– Amaranthus viridis L. 

white arum lily –see– Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. 

white back –see– Crotalaria berteroana DC. 

white bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

white broomweed –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

white bryony –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

white buckeye –see– Aesculus glabra Willd. 

white camas –see– Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. 

white cedar –see– Melia azedarach L.; Thuja occidentalis L. 

white chameleon –see– Chamaeleon gummifera (L.) Cass. 

white charlock –see– Raphanus raphanistrum L. 

white clover –see– Trifolium repens L. 

white death camas –see– Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. 

white eye –see– Gomphrena celosioides Mart. 

white false hellebore –see– Veratrum album L. 

white foxglove –see– Digitalis lanata Ehrh. 

white goosefoot –see– Chenopodium album L. 

white hairare –see– Deguelia utilis (A. C. Sm.) A. M. G. 

Azevedo 

white hearts –see– Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 

white hellebore –see– Veratrum album L.; Veratrum 

californicum Durand; Veratrum viride Aiton 

white henbane –see– Hyoscyamus albus L. 

white holly –see– Ilex opaca Aiton 

white horehound –see– Marrubium vulgare L. 

white horse nettle –see– Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. 

white Indian bean –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

white Indian hemp –see– Asclepias incarnata L. 

white jasmine –see– Jasminum officinale L. 

white-leaf lupine –see– Lupinus leucophyllus Douglas ex 

Lindl. 

white lily –see– Diplarrhena moraea Labill. 

white locoweed –see– Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. 

spicata Hook.; Oxytropis lambertii Pursh; Oxytropis sericea 

Nutt.; Sophora nuttalliana B. L. Turner 

white locust –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

white luck –see– Crotalaria berteroana DC. 

white lupin –see– Lupinus albus L. 

white lupine –see– Lupinus albus L. 

white-man’s-plant –see– Datura stramonium L. 

white-margin spurge –see– Euphorbia marginata Pursh 

white melilot –see– Melilotus albus Medik. 

white millet –see– Panicum miliaceum L. 

white morning-glory –see– Ipomoea lacunosa L. 

white moth plant –see– Araujia sericifera Brot. 

white mustard –see– Sinapis alba L. 

white oak –see– Quercus alba L. 

white passion vine –see– Passiflora alba Link & Otto 

white pepper –see– Piper nigrum L. 

white persicary –see– Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. 

white-point locoweed –see– Oxytropis sericea Nutt. 

white popinac –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

white poppy –see– Papaver somniferum L. 

white potato –see– Solanum tuberosum L. 

white radish –see– Raphanus sativus L. 

white root –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

white saccharin –see– Hyoscyamus albus L. 

white sage –see– Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. 

white sandalwood –see– Santalum album L. 

white sanicle –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & 

H. Rob. 

white snakeroot –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King & 

H. Rob.; Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. 

white snakeweed –see– Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. King 

& H. Rob. 

white sophora –see– Sophora nuttalliana B. L. Turner 

white squill –see– Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn 

white stramonium –see– Datura stramonium L. 

white sun lily –see– Narcissus poeticus L. 

white sweet clover –see– Melilotus albus Medik. 

white tepary bean –see– Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray

430 - Wigandia urens D. Jesse Wagstaff 

white thorn –see– Crataegus laevigata (Poir) DC. 

white trifolium –see– Trifolium repens L. 

white turnip –see– Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa 

white vetch –see– Lathyrus sativus L. 

white wall rocket –see– Diplotaxis erucoides DC. 

white water lily –see– Nymphaea odorata Aiton subsp. 

tuberosa (Paine) Wiersema & Hellq. 

white wild indigo –see– Baptisia alba (L.) Vent. var. 

macrophylla (Larisey) Isely 

white wild vine –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

white willow –see– Salix alba L. 

white yam –see– Dioscorea alata L. 

whitebrush –see– Junellia ligustrina (Lag.) Moldenke 

whitehead–see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

whiteheads –see– Sphenosciadium capitellatum A. Gray 

whitetop –see– Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. 

King & H. Rob.; Ageratina altissima (L.) R. M. 

King & H. Rob.; Lepidium draba L.; Parthenium 

hysterophorus L. 

whiteweed –see– Ageratum conyzoides L.; Leucanthemum 

vulgare Lam. 

whitewood –see– Atalaya hemiglauca (F. Muell.) F. Muell. ex 

Benth. 

whitsun lily –see– Narcissus poeticus L. 

whorehouse tea –see– Ephedra viridis Coville 

whorled milkweed –see– Asclepias pumila (A. Gray) Vail; 

Asclepias subverticillata (A. Gray) Vail; Asclepias verticillata 

L. 

wicky –see– Kalmia angustifolia L.; Kalmia latifolia L. 

Wielandbeere –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

Wiesenbärenklau –see– Heracleum sphondylium L. 

Wiesenkerbel –see– Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. 

Wiesenraute –see– Ruta graveolens L. 

Wiesensafran –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

Wiesenschlüsselblume –see– Primula veris L. 

Wiesenwucherblume –see– Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. 

Wigandia caracasana Kunth = Wigandia urens (Ruiz & 

Pav.) Kunth var. caracasana (Kunth) D. N. Gibson 

w ig a n d i a u r e n s (Ruiz & Pav.) Kunth var. 

caracasana (Kunth) D. N. Gibson [Boraginaceae] 

Synonyms: 

w igandia caracasana Kunth 

Common Names: 

chocon; hoja-de-San Pablo; ortiga; palo-de-San Pablo; 

pringamoza; San Pablo; tabaquillo 

Citations: 

Anderson NP, Ayres S Jr (1931) Dermatitis venenata due to 

Wigandia caracasana. A hitherto unrecognized cause. 

Report of a case. Cal West Med 34(4):278-279. 

Reynolds GW, Gafner F, Rodriguez E (1989) Contact allergens 

of an urban shrub Wigandia caracasana. Contact 


w i k s Tr o e Mi a ov a Ta C. A. Mey. 


Common Names: 

arandon; dopnit; malasampaga; salago 

Citations: 

Garcia F (1933) The cathartic effects in man of the leaves of 

Wikstroemia ovata Meyer (salago leaves). Philippine J Sci 

51:485-494. 

wild allamanda –see– Pentalinon luteum (L.) B. F. Hansen 

& Wunderlin 

wild almond –see– Sterculia foetida L. 

wild amaranth –see– Amaranthus cruentus L. 

wild aprico –see– Prunus cocomilia Ten. 

wild artichoke –see– Cynara cardunculus L.; Helianthus 

annuus L. 

wild arum –see– Arum maculatum L. 

wild balsam apple –see– Momordica charantia L. 

wild barley –see– Hordeum jubatum L. 

wild beach cherry –see– Prunus serotina Ehrh. 

wild bean –see– Lupinus argenteus Pursh 

wild begonia –see– Rumex venosus Pursh 

wild bitter almond –see– Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb 

wild black cherry –see– Prunus serotina Ehrh. 

wild bleeding heart –see– Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. 

wild bryony –see– Bryonopsis laciniosa (L.) Naudin; 

Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey 

wild buck foot –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

wild buckwheat –see– Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 

wild calla –see– Calla palustris L. 

wild canarygrass –see– Phalaris minor Retz. 

wild caper–see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

wild carrot –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. & 

Rose; Cicuta maculata L.; Cicuta virosa L.; Conium 

maculatum L.; Cymopterus ibapensis M. E. Jones; 

Trachymene glaucifolia (F. Muell.) Benth. 

wild cassava –see– Jatropha gossypiifolia L. 

wild castor seed –see– Jatropha curcas L. 

wild celery –see– Apium graveolens L. 

wild cherry –see– Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schult.) Zucc.; 

Prunus serotina Ehrh.; Prunus virginiana L. 

wild chervil –see– Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Wikstroemia ovata - 431 

wild chicory –see– Cichorium intybus L. 

wild chokecherry –see– Prunus virginiana L. 

wild coffee –see– Senna occidentalis (L.) Link 

wild coleus –see– Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton 

wild corn –see– Veratrum californicum Durand 

wild cotton –see– Apocynum cannabinum L.; Calotropis 

procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton; Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) 

W. T. Aiton; Gossypium hirsutum L. 

wild cottonbush –see– Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. 

Aiton 

wild cucumber –see– Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.; 

Cucumis africanus L. f.; Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin; 

Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.; Marah oregonus (Torr. 

& S. Watson) J. T. Howell; Momordica charantia L. 

wild cyclamen –see– Cyclamen persicum Mill. 

wild date –see– Fadogia homblei De Wild. 

wild down–see– Calotropis procera (Aiton) W. T. Aiton 

wild feverfew –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

wild fig –see– Ficus pumila L. 

wild flax –see– Pimelea trichostachya Lindl. 

wild foxtail –see– Hordeum jubatum L. 

wild garlic –see– Allium canadense L.; Allium sativum L.; 

Allium ursinum L. 

wild gentian –see– Chironia transvaalensis Gilg 

wild germander –see– Teucrium chamaedrys L. 

wild gherkin –see– Cucumis africanus L. f. 

wild gooseberry –see– Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. 

wild grape –see– Cissus cuneifolia Eckl. & Zeyh. 

wild heliotrope –see– Heliotropium europaeum L. 

wild hellebore –see– Veratrum californicum Durand 

wild hemlock –see– Cicuta maculata L.; Conium maculatum 

L. 

wild hop –see– Bryonia dioica Jacq. 

wild hyacinth –see– Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard 

ex Rothm. 

wild hydrangea –see– Rumex venosus Pursh 

wild indigo –see– Baptisia alba (L.) Vent. var. macrophylla 

(Larisey) Isely; Indigofera australis Willd.; Indigofera 

hirsuta L. 

wild jalap –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

wild jasmin –see– Cestrum diurnum L. 

wild jasmine –see– Cestrum diurnum L. 

wild jessamine –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.-Hil. 

wild larkspur –see– Consolida regalis Gray 

wild leek –see– Toxicoscordion venenosum (S. Watson) Rydb. 

wild lemon –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

wild lettuce –see– Lactuca sativa L. 

wild licorice –see– Abrus precatorius L. 

wild lima bean –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

wild lucerne –see– Crotalaria dura J. M. Wood & M. S. 

Evans 

wild lupin –see– Lupinus angustifolius L. 

wild macaw plant –see– Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. 

wild mandrake –see– Podophyllum peltatum L. 

wild marigold –see– Tagetes minuta L. 

wild mint –see– Salvia reflexa Hornem. 

wild mustard –see– Raphanus raphanistrum L.; Sinapis 

arvensis L. 

wild nard –see– Asarum europaeum L. 

wild nightshade –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

wild onion –see– Allium canadense L.; Allium cepa L.; 

Allium validum S. Watson; Anticlea elegans (Pursh) 

Rydb.; Ornithogalum magnum (Baker) J. C. Manning 

& Goldblatt; Toxicoscordion nuttallii (A. Gray) Rydb.; 


wild parsley –see– Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. 

wild parsnip –see– Cicuta douglasii (DC.) J. M. Coult. 


angustifolia Hook.; Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier 

& Levier; Pastinaca sativa L.; Trachymene glaucifolia (F. 

Muell.) Benth.; Trachymene ochracea L. A. S. Johnson 

wild passion fruit –see– Passiflora alba Link & Otto 

wild passionvine –see– Passiflora alba Link & Otto 

wild pea –see– Crotalaria sagittalis L.; Crotalaria spectabilis 

Roth; Lupinus leucophyllus Douglas ex Lindl. 

wild peach –see– Trema cannabinum Lour. 

wild pepper –see– Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott; Capsicum 

frutescens L.; Daphne mezereum L. 

wild persimmon –see– Diospyros virginiana L. 

wild physicnut –see– Jatropha gossypiifolia L. 

wild pineapple –see– Macrozamia communis L. A. 

S. Johnson; Macrozamia lucida L. A. S. Johnson; 

Macrozamia miquelii (F. Muell.) A. DC.; Macrozamia 

spiralis (Salisb.) Miq. 

wild poinsettia –see– Euphorbia heterophylla L. 

wild potato –see– Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl.; Solanum 

triflorum Nutt. 

wild primrose –see– Primula farinosa L. 

wild radish –see– Raphanus raphanistrum L. 

wild rhubarb –see– Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & 

Levier 

wild rue –see– Peganum harmala L. 

wild saffron –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

wild sage –see– Lantana camara L. 

wild sago –see– Toxicoscordion paniculatum (Nutt.) Rydb. 

wild savages –see– Agrostemma githago L.

432 - Wisteria floribunda D. Jesse Wagstaff 

wild senna –see– Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H. S. Irwin 

& Barneby; Senna italica Mill. 

wild sieva bean –see– Phaseolus lunatus L. 

wild spinach –see– Chenopodium album L.; Mercurialis 

perennis L. 

wild strawberry –see– Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne ex 

Rozier 

wild sunflower –see– Helianthus annuus L.; Verbesina 

encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex A. Gray 

wild tamarind –see– Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit 

wild taro –see– Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 

wild tobacco –see– Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Watson; 

Nicotiana glauca Graham; Nicotiana obtusifolia M. 

Martens & Galeotti 

wild tomato –see– Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq.; Solanum 

carolinense L.; Solanum cinereum R. Br.; Solanum esuriale 

Lindl.; Solanum torvum Sw. 

wild tree tobacco –see– Nicotiana glauca Graham 

wild verbena –see– Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl; Verbena 

officinalis L. 

wild watermelon –see– Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. 

& Nakai 

wild winter pea –see– Lathyrus hirsutus L. 

wild wormwood –see– Parthenium hysterophorus L. 

wilde Christwurz –see– Helleborus foetidus L. 

wilde druif –see– Cissus cuneifolia Eckl. & Zeyh. 

wilde Kastanie –see– Aesculus hippocastanum L. 

wilde Komkommer –see– Cucumis africanus L. f. 

wilde ui –see– Ornithogalum magnum (Baker) J. C. Manning 

& Goldblatt 

wilde Wicke –see– Vicia sativa L. 

wildekapok –see– Gomphocarpus fruticosa (L.) W. T. Aiton 

wildemagriet –see– Callilepis laureola DC. 

Wildetabak –see– Nicotiana glauca Graham 

Wilder Spinat –see– Atriplex hortensis L. 

William’s-grass –see– Festuca arundinacea Schreb. 

willow –see– Salix alba L. 

willow-leaf jassamine –see– Cestrum parqui L’Her. 

willow weed –see– Persicaria maculosa Gray 

Wimmera ryegrass –see– Lolium rigidum Gaudin 

Windenknöterich –see– Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve 

windowleaf –see– Monstera deliciosa Liebm. 

windroot –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

Windsor bean –see– Vicia faba L. 

wine palm –see– Caryota urens L. 

wine plant –see– Rheum ×hybridum Murray 

wing bean –see– Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. 

wing-leaf clitoria –see– Clitoria ternatea L. 

wing milk vetch –see– Astragalus pterocarpus S. Watson 

wing sorrel –see– Rumex venosus Pursh 

wing-stalk yam –see– Dioscorea alata L. 

wingscale –see– Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. 

winter cherry –see– Solanum pseudocapsicum L.; Withania 

somnifera (L.) Dunal 

winter cress –see– Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. 

winter fern –see– Conium maculatum L. 

winter rape –see– Brassica napus L. var. napus 

winter ryegrass –see– Lolium temulentum L. 

winterberry –see– Gaultheria procumbens L.; Ilex decidua 

Walter 

wintergreen –see– Gaultheria procumbens L.; Kalmia 

angustifolia L.; Kalmia latifolia L. 

Winterhaube –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

wireweed –see– Polygonum aviculare L. 

wistaria –see– Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. 

wisteria –see– Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC.; Wisteria 

sinensis (Sims) DC. 

Wisteria chinensis Curt. = Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. 

w is Te r i a f l o r i b u n d a (Willd.) DC. 

[Fabaceae] 

Common Names: 

Japanese wisteria; Reichblütige Glyzinie; wisteria 

Citations: 

Randeau ES (1993) Wisteria toxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 

31(1):107-112. 

w is Te r i a s i n e n s is (Sims) DC. [Fabaceae] 

Synonyms: 

w isteria chinensis Curt. 

Common Names: 

Blauregen; Chinese kidney bean; Chinese wisteria; 

Chinesische Glyzinie; glicine; glycine; glycine chinensis; 

Glyzinie; wistaria; wisteria 

Citations: 

Picchioni AL (1965) Control of poisonings - Poisoning 

from wisteria seeds and pods. Am J Hosp Pharm 

22(Nov):633. 

Ventura R (1956) Su due casi di avvelenamento da glicine 

(Wistaria chinensis Curt.). Minerva Medicoleg 

76(4):180-181. 

witgatbossie –see– Pteronia pallens L. f. 

w i Th a n i a so Mn i f e r a (L.) Dunal [Solanaceae] 

Common Names: 

sim elfar; winter cherry

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Withania somnifera - 433 

Citations: 




13:323-335. 

witloof –see– Cichorium intybus L. 

witstorm –see– Thesium lineatum L. f. 

witte ganzenrooet –see– Chenopodium album L. 

wode whistle –see– Conium maculatum L. 

wolf grape –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

wolfbane –see– Arnica montana L. 

Wolfs-Eisenhut –see– Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. 


wolf’s-milk –see– Euphorbia lathyris L. 

wolfsbane –see– Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. vulparia 

(Rchb.) Nyman; Aconitum napellus L. 

Wolfsbast –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

Wolfskirsche –see– Atropa belladonna L. 

Wolfsmilch –see– Euphorbia gerardiana Jacq.; Euphorbia 

helioscopia L.; Euphorbia peplus L.; Euphorbia pilosa L.; 

Euphorbia salicifolia Host 

Wollfingerhut –see– Digitalis lanata Ehrh. 

wonder bean –see– Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. 

wonder bulb –see– Colchicum autumnale L. 

wonder flower –see– Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq. 

wonder tree –see– Ricinus communis L. 

wonderberry –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

Wonderbohne –see– Ricinus communis L. 

wonderboon –see– Ricinus communis L. 

wood laurel –see– Kalmia latifolia L. 

wood nettle –see– Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. 

wood-oil tree –see– Vernicia montana Lour. 

wood pea –see– Lathyrus sylvestris L. 

wood rose –see– Ipomoea tricolor Cav.; Merremia tuberosa (L.) 

Rendle 

wood sorrel –see– Oxalis acetosella L.; Oxalis pes-caprae L.; 

Rumex acetosella L. 

woodbine –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.-Hil.; 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. 

woodruff –see– Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. 

woody aster –see– Xylorhiza glabriuscula Nutt. 

woody nightshade –see– Solanum dulcamara L. 

woolly-everlasting daisy –see– Helichrysum blandowskianum 

Steetz ex Sond. 

woolly-groundsel –see– Senecio flaccidus Less. var. flaccidus; 

Senecio riddellii Torr. & A. Gray 

woolly-head parsnip –see– Sphenosciadium capitellatum A. 

Gray 

woolly-leaf lupine –see– Lupinus leucophyllus Douglas ex 

Lindl. 

woolly locoweed –see– Astragalus mollissimus Torr. var. 

mollissimus; Oxytropis campestris (L.) DC. var. spicata 

Hook. 

woolly lupine –see– Lupinus leucophyllus Douglas ex Lindl. 

woolly morning-glory –see– Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) 

Bojer 

woolly paper flower –see– Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) 

Greene 

woolly-pod milkweed –see– Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. 

woolly-pod vetch –see– Vicia villosa Roth subsp. varia 

(Host) Corb. 

woolmat –see– Cynoglossum officinale L. 

Wooton’s-milk vetch –see– Astragalus wootonii E. Sheld. 

worm killer –see– Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. 

wormseed goosefoot –see– Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) 


wormwood –see– Artemisia absinthium L.; Artemisia vulgaris 

L. 

wortgrass –see– Euphorbia helioscopia L. 

woundwort –see– Stachys arvensis (L.) L. 

Wright’s-datura –see– Datura wrightii Regel 

Wright’s-eupatorium –see– Ageratina wrightii (A. Gray) R. 


wu chiu –see– Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 

Wunderbaum –see– Ricinus communis L. 

Wunderstrauch –see– Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss. 

Wurmfarn –see– Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott 

Wurmkraut –see– Tanacetum vulgare L. 

Wurmsamen –see– Tanacetum vulgare L. 

Wurstkraut –see– Origanum majorana L. 

wutou –see– Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux 

Wutschierling –see– Conium maculatum L. 

Wyoming water hemlock –see– Cicuta maculata L. var. 

angustifolia Hook.

Xanthium californicum Greene = Xanthium strumarium L. 

var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray 

Xanthium cavanillesii Schouw = Xanthium strumarium L. 


Xanthium chinense Mill. = Xanthium strumarium L. var. 

glabratum (DC.) Cronquist 

Xanthium echinatum Murray = Xanthium strumarium L. 


Xanthium italicum Moretti = Xanthium strumarium L. var. 


Xanthium occidentale Bertol. = Xanthium strumarium L. 

Xanthium pungens Wallr. = Xanthium strumarium L. 

x a n Th i u M s i b e r ic u M Patrin [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

cocklebur 

Citations: 



Pathol 9(4):313-319. 

Xanthium speciosum Kearney = Xanthium strumarium L. 


x a n Th i u M s p i n o s u M L. [Asteraceae] 

Common Names: 

Bathurst bur; clotbur; cocklebur; spiny clotbur; spiny 

cocklebur 

Citations: 



Med J Aust 1(3):110-116. 

Rowe AH (1939) Contact allergy to cocklebur (Xanthium 

spinosum). Preliminary report. Arch Derm Syphilol 

39:149. 



x a n Th i u M s Tr u Ma r i u M L. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

x anthium occidentale Bertol.; x anthium pungens 

Wallr. 

Common Names: 

Bathurst bur; broad cocklebur; bur thistle; burweed; 

cat’s-eggs; clotbur; cocklebur; ditchbur; 

heart-leaf cocklebur; Noogoora bur; small burdock; 

Spitzklette 

X 

Citations: 

Broerman A (1926) Poisoning of swine by cocklebur. Vet 

Alumni Quarterly 14(2):39-41. 

Forrest GP (1938) Cocklebur poisoning. J Am Vet Med 

Assoc 93:42-43. 

Hansen AA (1924) Cocklebur sprouts are deadly. Better 

Crops 2(1):28-29, 43. 

Kenny GC, Everist SL, Sutherland AK (1950) Noogoora 

burr poisoning of cattle. Queensland Agric J 70:172-177. 

Martin T, Johnson BJ, Sangiah S, et al. (1992) Experimental 

cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) intoxication in calves. 



489-494. 

Martin T, Stair EL, Dawson L (1986) Cocklebur poisoning 

in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189(5):562-563. 

Oelkers S, Oehme F (1982) Cocklebur poisoning in swine. 

Bovine Pract 3(2):11-14. 

Pammel LH (1919) Hogs poisoned by young cockleburs. Am 

J Vet Med 14:385-386. 

Pammel LH (1922) Cockle bur. Vet Med 17(6):295. 

Witte ST, Osweiler GD, Stahr HM, et al. (1990) Cocklebur 

toxicosis in cattle associated with the consumption 

of mature Xanthium strumarium. J Vet Diagn Invest 

2(4):263-267. 

x a n Th i u M s Tr u Ma r i u M L. var. canadense 

(Mill.) Torr. & A. Gray [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

x anthium californicum Greene; x anthium cavanillesii 

Schouw; x anthium echinatum Murray; x anthium 

italicum Moretti; x anthium speciosum Kearney 

Common Names: 

American cocklebur; California bur; clot bur; cocklebur; 

duraznillo blanco; Italian cocklebur; sacha sandia; 

sheep bur 

Citations: 

Driemeier D, Irigoyen LF, Loretti AP, et al. (1999) Intoxicação 

espontânea pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii 

(Asteraceae) em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesq Vet 

Bras 19(1):12-18. 

Hansen AA (1928) Stock poisoning plants. Cocklebur. 


Horváth Z, Modor V (1970) A malacok szerbtövis okozta 

mérgezése. Magyar Allator Lapja 25:349-354. 

Kinsley AT (1909) Gastro-enteritis in hogs caused by eating 

young cockleburs (Xanthium canadense). Am Vet Rev 

35:576-578. 

Loretti AP, Bezerra PS, Ilha MR, et al. (1999) Intoxicação 

experimental pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii 

(Asteraceae) em ovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 19(2):71-78. 

Marsh CD, Roe GC, Clawson AB (1923) Livestock poisoning 

by cocklebur. U S Dep Agric Circ #283:4 pp.

436 - Xanthium strumarium D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Méndez MC, Santos RC, Riet-Correa F (1998) Intoxication 

by Xanthium cavanillesii in cattle and sheep in Southern 

Brazil. Vet Hum Toxicol 40(3):144-147. 

Mureşan G, Nan S, Peride E (1971) O intoxicaţie la porcine 

cu Xanthium italicum. Rev Zootehnie Med Vet 

21(8):63-65. 

Tudor G, Anton E, Lupa M (1971) Cercetări epizootologice 

si de laborator privind intoxicatia cu Xanthium italicum 

la animale în Delta Dunării si zonele ei exterioare. Rev 

Zoot Med Vet 21(5):49-56. 

x a n Th i u M s Tr u Ma r i u M L. var. glabratum 

(DC.) Cronquist [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

x anthium chinense Mill. 

Common Names: 

Noogoora bur 

Citations: 

Seddon HR, King RO (1938) Noogoora burr (Xanthium 

chinense). Poisonous for stock in very early stage of 

growth. New South Wales Dep Agric Vet Res Rep 

7(1937):101-108. 



x a n Th o r r h o e a a u s Tr a l is R. Br. 

[Xanthorrhoeaceae] 

Common name: 

yacca 

Citations: 

Munday BL, Mason RW, Hartley WJ (1976) Encephalopathies 

in cattle in Tasmania. Aust Vet J 52:92-96. 

x a n Th o r r h o e a h a s Ti l is Sm. 


Common Names: 

swamp grasstree 

Citations: 

Hall WT (1956) A note on Macrozamia and Xanthorrhoea 

poisoning of cattle. Aust Vet J 32:173-175. 

Hall WT (1956) Xanthorrhoea hastile poisoning of cattle. 

Queensland J Agric Sci 13:97-106. 

Hall WT (1965) Grasstree poisoning of cattle. Queensland 

Agr J 91:504-506. 

x a n Th o r r h o e a Me d i a R. Br. 


Common Names: 

forest grasstree 

Citations: 


Agric J 91:504-506. 

x a n Th o r r h o e a Mi n o r R. Br. 


Citations: 

Harrison MA, Beilby CA, Friend SC, et al. (1978) Redwater 

in cattle associated with ingestion of Xanthorrhoea 

minor. Aust Vet J 54(1):40. 

x a n Th o r r h o e a q u a d r a n g u l a Ta F. 

Muell. [Xanthorrhoeaceae] 

Common names: 

yacca 

Citations: 

Fearn JT (1961) Yacca poisoning. Aust Vet J 37:161. 

x a n Th o r r h o e a r e s i n o s a Pers. 


Common Names: 

swamp grasstree; yaca gum 

Citations: 


Agric J 91:504-506. 

x a n Th o r r h o e a s e Mi pl a n a F. Muell. 


Common names: 

yacca 

Citations: 

Fearn JT (1961) Yacca poisoning. Aust Vet J 37:161. 

x a n Th o so Ma a Tr ov i r e n s K. Koch & C. D. 

Bouché [Araceae] 

Common Names: 

cocoyam 

Citations: 




Saha BP, Hussain M (1983) A study of the irritating principle 

of aroids. Indian J Agric Sci 53: 833-836. 

x a n Th o so Ma s ag i TTi f o l i u M (L.) Schott 

[Araceae] 

Common Names: 

cocoyam; elephant’s-ear; malanga; tanier; yautia 

Citations: 

Osisiogu IU, Uzo JO, Ugochukwu EN (1974) The irritant 

effect of cocoyams. Planta Med 26(2):166-169. 

xibata –see– Arrabidaea bilabiata (Sprague) Sandwith

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Xylorhiza glabriuscula - 437 

x y l o r h i z a g l a b r i u s c u l a Nutt. [Asteraceae] 

Synonyms: 

x ylorhiza parryi (A. Gray) Greene 

Common Names: 

Parry’s-aster; woody aster 

Citations: 

Knight HG (1913) Two important western poisonous plants. 

Proc Soc Promot Agric Sci 33:51-58. 

Xylorhiza parryi (A. Gray) Greene = Xylorhiza glabriuscula 

Nutt.

yacca –see– Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata F. Muell. 

yaca gum –see– Xanthorrhoea resinifera (Sol. ex C. Kite) E. 

C. Nelson & D. J. Bedford 

yagalache –see– Toxicodendron striatum (Ruiz & Pav.) 

Kuntze 

yage –see– Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C. V. 

Morton 

yam bean –see– Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. 

yangjinhua –see– Datura metel L. 

yarloop clover –see– Trifolium subterraneum L. 

yarrow –see– Achillea millefolium L. 

yasmin –see– Jasminum officinale L. 

yautia –see– Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott 

ye huai –see– Sophora flavescens Aiton 

ye-huai-geng –see– Sophora flavescens Aiton 

yeara –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & A. Gray) 

Greene; Toxicodendron pubescens Mill. 

yedra –see– Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & A. Gray) 

Greene 

yee tho –see– Nerium oleander L. 

yellow allamanda –see– Allamanda cathartica L. 

yellow bean –see– Thermopsis montana Nutt. 

yellow bird-of-paradise –see– Caesalpinia gilliesii (Hook.) D. 

Dietr. 

yellow bristlegrass –see– Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & 

Schult. subsp. pumila 

yellow buckeye –see– Aesculus flava Sol. 

yellow bur –see– Centaurea solstitialis L. 

yellow burweed –see– Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. A. 

Mey. 

yellow cedar –see– Thuja occidentalis L.; Thuja plicata Donn 

ex D. Don 

yellow centaurea –see– Centaurea solstitialis L. 

yellow daisy –see– Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & 

Hook. f. ex A. Gray; Wedelia asperrima (Decne.) Benth. 

yellow dock –see– Rumex crispus L. 

yellow-eye cerbera –see– Cerbera odollam Gaertn. 

yellow false oat –see– Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. 

yellow flag –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

yellow flax –see– Linum rigidum Pursh 

yellow flower pea –see– Lathyrus aphaca L. 

Y 

yellow forget-me-not –see– Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & 

C. A. Mey. 

yellow foxglove –see– Digitalis lanata Ehrh. 

yellow foxtail –see– Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. 

yellow gowan–see– Ranunculus acris L. 

yellow grey box –see– Sarcocephalus diderrichii De Wild. 

yellow hat tree –see– Duranta erecta L. 

yellow heads –see– Gnidia kraussiana Meisn. 

yellow heart –see– Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl 

yellow-heart prickly ash –see– Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl 

yellow iris –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

yellow jasmine –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.-Hil. 

yellow jessamine –see– Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J. St.- 

Hil. 

yellow kowhai –see– Sophora microphylla Aiton 

yellow lady’s-slipper –see– Cypripedium reginae Walter 

yellow-leaf mother-in-law’s-tongue –see– Sansevieria 

trifasciata Prain var. laurenti (De Wild.) N. E. Br. 

yellow locust –see– Robinia pseudoacacia L. 

yellow lupin –see– Lupinus luteus L. 

yellow lupine –see– Lupinus luteus L.; Lupinus sulphureus 

Douglas ex Hook. 

yellow maple –see– Acer rubrum L. 

yellow milk vetch –see– Astragalus flavus Nutt. ex Torr. & 

A. Gray 

yellow milkweed –see– Asclepias tuberosa L. 

yellow nightshade –see– Pentalinon luteum (L.) B. F. Hansen 

& Wunderlin 

yellow oatgrass –see– Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. 

yellow oleander –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

yellow oxeye –see– Helenium autumnale L. 

yellow pine –see– Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson 

yellow pine flax –see– Linum neomexicanum Greene 

yellow prickly poppy –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

yellow riceflower –see– Pimelea flava R. Br. 

yellow rocket –see– Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. 

yellow sage –see– Lantana camara L. 

yellow sarson –see– Brassica rapa L. subsp. triocularis 

(Roxb.) Hamelt 

yellow star –see– Helenium autumnale L. 

yellow star thistle –see– Centaurea solstitialis L.

440 - Yucca aloifolia D. Jesse Wagstaff 

yellow sweet clover –see– Melilotus officinalis Lam. 

yellow tarweed –see– Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. A. 

Mey. 

yellow thistle –see– Argemone mexicana L. 

yellow tulip –see– Moraea pallida (Baker) Goldblatt 

yellow tulp –see– Moraea pallida (Baker) Goldblatt; Moraea 

spathulata (L. f.) Klatt 

yellow vetchling –see– Lathyrus aphaca L. 

yellow vine –see– Tribulus micrococcus Domin; Tribulus 

terrestris L. 

yellow water iris –see– Iris pseudoacorus L. 

yellow wax bean –see– Phaseolus vulgaris L. 

yellow weed –see– Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & 

Rusby; Hymenoxys hoopesii (A. Gray) Bierner 

Yellowstone milk vetch –see– Astragalus miser Douglas ex 

Hook. var. hylophilus (Rydb.) Barneby 

yellowtop –see– Senecio glabellus Poir. 

yellowwood –see– Terminalia bursarina F. Muell.; 

Terminalia oblongata F. Muell.; Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl 

yerba buena –see– Mentha ×piperita L. nothosubsp. piperita 

yerba-de-la-flecha –see– Sapium biloculare (S. Watson) Pax 

yerba-de-la-perdiz –see– Margyricarpus pinnatus (Lam.) 

Kuntze 

yerba-de-pasmo –see– Baccharis pteronioides DC. 

yerba-del-diablo –see– Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small 

yerba-del-lobo –see– Hymenoxys hoopesii (A. Gray) Bierner 

yerba-del-peco –see– Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. 

yerba loca –see– Astragalus bergii Hieron. 

yerba manza –see– Baccharis pteronioides DC. 

yerba mora –see– Solanum nigrum L. 

yerba picanta –see– Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small 

yerba-maté –see– Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. 

yeros –see– Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd. 

yesterday-and-today –see– Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & 

Schltdl.) Benth. 

yesterday-today-tomorrow –see– Brunfelsia australis Benth.; 

Brunfelsia latifolia (Pohl) Benth.; Brunfelsia pauciflora 

(Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth. 

yew –see– Taxus baccata L.; Taxus brevifolia Nutt.; Taxus 

cuspidata Siebold & Zucc.; Taxus ×media Rehder 

yewdow –see– Vicia faba L. 

yewwood –see– Cupressus arizonica Greene 

yo yo –see– Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex 

Beille 

yohimbé –see– Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex 

Beille 

York Road poison –see– Gastrolobium grandiflorum F. Muell. 

youth-on-age –see– Tolmiea menziesii Torr. & A. Gray 

yoyote –see– Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. 

yuca –see– Manihot esculenta Crantz 

yucca –see– Yucca aloifolia L.; Yucca filamentosa L. 

y u c c a a l o i f o l i a L. [Agavaceae] 

Common Names: 

Spanish bayonet; yucca 

Citations: 





y u c c a f i l a Me n To s a L. [Agavaceae] 

Common Names: 

yucca 

Citations: 

Munno G, Giannoccaro F, Riva G, et al. (2001) Allergy to 

yucca. Allergy 56(9):921-922. 

yucuyahui –see– Montanoa tomentosa Cerv. 

yuyo colorado –see– Amaranthus quitensis Kunth 

yuyo-da-sapo –see– Pascalia glauca Ortega

zabila –see– Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 

Zahnkraut –see– Hyoscyamus niger L. 

zakami –see– Datura metel L. 

zallouh –see– Ferula hermonis Boiss. 

zamang –see– Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. 

zamia –see– Cycas circinalis L.; Cycas media R. Br.; 

Macrozamia communis L. A. S. Johnson; Macrozamia 

lucida L. A. S. Johnson; Macrozamia miquelii (F. Muell.) 

A. DC.; Macrozamia pauli-guilielmi W. Hill & F. Muell.; 

Macrozamia riedlei (Fisch. ex Gaudich.) C. A. Gardner; 

Macrozamia spiralis (Salisb.) Miq. 

z a Mi a d e b i l is L. f. [Zamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

guayiga 

Citations: 

Mason MM, Whiting MG (1968) Caudal motor weakness 

and ataxia in cattle in the Caribbean area following ingestion 

of cycads. Cornell Vet 58(4):541-554. 

Zamia floridana A. DC. = Zamia integrifolia L. f. 

Zamia fraseri Van Houtte ex Regel = Macrozamia spiralis 

(Salisb.) Miq. 

z a Mi a i n Te g r i f o l i a L. f. [Zamiaceae] 

Synonyms: 

z amia floridana A. DC.; z amia media Jacq. 

Common Names: 

arrowroot-de-Floride; comptie; coontie; cycad; Florida 

arrowroot; Florida coontie; graines-d’arrow-root-de- 

Floride; guayiga; konti; maranguey; Seminole bread 

Citations: 



Assoc 213(1):99-101. 




Roberts GA (1941) Paraplegia (wobbles) in cattle. Vet Med 

36(Oct):507-509. 

Senior DF, Sundlof SF, Buergelt CD, et al. (1985) Cycad 

intoxication in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21(Jan- 

Feb):103-109. 

Zamia media Jacq. = Zamia integrifolia L. f. 

zamia palm –see– Cycas media R. Br.; Macrozamia miquelii 

(F. Muell.) A. DC.; Macrozamia riedlei (Fisch. ex 

Z 

Gaudich.) C. A. Gardner; Macrozamia spiralis (Salisb.) 

Miq. 

z a Mi a p o r To r ic e n s is Urb. [Zamiaceae] 

Common Names: 

maranguey 

Citations: 




Reams RY, Janovitz EB, Robinson FR, et al. (1993) Cycad 

(Zamia puertoriquensis) toxicosis in a group of diary heifers 

in Puerto Rico. J Vet Diagn Invest 5(3):488-494. 

z a n h a a f r ic a n a (Radlk.) Exell [Sapindaceae] 

Synonyms: 

d ialiopsis africana Radlk. 

Citations: 



z a n Te d e s c h i a a e Th io p ic a (L.) Spreng. 

[Araceae] 

Common Names: 

arum lily; calla lily; lily-of-the-Nile; lirio cala; lordsand-ladies; 

trumpet lily; white arum lily 

Citations: 





Miniciullo PL, Fazio E, Patafi M, et al. (2007) Allergic contact 

dermatitis due to Zantedeschia aethiopica. Contact 




Hum Toxicol 43(6):366-369. 

Zanthoxylum cribosum Spreng. = Zanthoxylum flavum 

Vahl 

z a n Th o x y l u M f l a v u M Vahl [Rutaceae] 

Synonyms: 

f agara flava (Vahl) Krug & Urb.; z anthoxylum cribosum 

Spreng. 

Common Names: 

páo blanco; satinwood; tinguaciba; West Indian satinwood; 

Westindisches Seidenholz; yellow heart; yellowheart 

prickly ash; yellowwood

442 - Zea mays D. Jesse Wagstaff 

Citations: 




Zauke –see– Convallaria majalis L. 

Zaunriegel –see– Ligustrum vulgare L. 

zavila –see– Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. 

z e a Ma y s L. [Poaceae] 

Common Names: 

corn; Grünmais; Indian corn; macca; Mais; maize; 

mays; mealie; Sara 

Citations: 

Brightwell AH (1972) “Silo gas” poisoning in cattle. Can Vet 

J 13(9):224-225. 

Davenport DF, Kerr LA (2001) Atypical rumen acidosis in a 

dairy herd from whiskey distillery by-products. Vet Hum 

Toxicol 43(3):165-167. 

Gonzalo-Garijo MA, Pérez-Calderón R, Muñoz-Rodríguez 

A, et al. (2004) Hypersensitivity to maize pollen. Allergy 

59(3):365. 

Lochkarev VA (1974) [Poisoning of cattle by sugar beet and 

maize cobs.] Veterinariia Moscow 51(9):97-99. 

Lotthammer KH, Grunert E, Elghamry MI (1970) Fruchbarkeitsstörungen 

in einem Rinderbestand nach Verfütterung 

östrogenhaltiger Mais- und Kleegrassilage. Berl 

Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 83(18):353-357. 

Lowry T, Schuman LM (1956) Silo-filler’s disease - 

A syndrome caused by nitrogen dioxide. JAMA 

162(3):153-160. 

Seligman EJ, Key MM (1968) Corn dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 

97(6):664-666. 

Note: 

Corn or maize is named Zea mays L. subsp. mays in 


Zehrwurz –see– Arum maculatum L. 

Zeller –see– Apium graveolens L. 

z e l Tn e r a b e y r ic h i i (Torr. & A. Gray) G. 

Mans. [Gentianaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c entaurium beyrichii (Torr. & A. Gray) B. L. Rob. 

Common Names: 

mountain pink; rock centaury 

Citations: 




z e l Tn e r a c a l y c o s a (Buckley) G. Mans. 

[Gentianaceae] 

Synonyms: 

c entaurium calycosum (Buckley) Fernald 

Common Names: 

Buckley’s-centaury; mountain pink; rosita 

Citations: 




zerdali –see– Prunus cocomilia Ten. 

zhi-cao-wu –see– Aconitum kusnezoffii Rchb. 

zhi-chuan-wu –see– Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux 

Ziegelbeeren –see– Daphne mezereum L. 

Zieria arborescens Sims = Zieria smithii Andrews 

z i e r i a s Mi Th i i Andrews [Rutaceae] 

Synonyms: 

z ieria arborescens Sims 

Common Names: 

lanoline bush; sandfly zieria; stinkwood 

Citations: 

Munday BL (1968) Zieria arborescens (stinkwood) intoxication 

in cattle. Aust Vet J 44(11):501-502. 

Munday BL, Cummings R, Wilson BJ (1974) Experimental 

Zieria arborescens (stinkwood) poisoning in rabbits. Res 

Vet Sci 17(2):270-272. 

Philp T (1930) Panting disease of cattle. Poisoning by Zieria 

smithii (stinkwood). Tasmanian J Agr 1:161-166. 

Stephens WH (1967) Panting disease of cattle. Tasmanian J 

Agr 38:84-86. 

Zigadenus coloradensis Rydb. = Anticlea elegans (Pursh) 

Rydb. 

Zigadenus elegans Pursh = Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. 

Zigadenus glaucus (Nutt.) Nutt. = Anticlea elegans (Pursh) 

Rydb. 

Zigadenus gramineus Rydb. = Toxicoscordion venenosum 

(S. Watson) Rydb. 

Zigadenus intermedius Rydb. = Toxicoscordion 

intermedium (Rydb.) Rydb. 

Zigadenus muscitoxicum (Walter) Regel = Amianthium 

muscitoxicum (Walter) A. Gray 

Zigadenus nuttallii A. Gray = Toxicoscordion nuttallii (A. 

Gray) Rydb. 

Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.) S. Watson = Toxicoscordion 

paniculatum (Nutt.) Rydb. 

Zigadenus venenosus S. Watson = Toxicoscordion 

venenosum (S. Watson) Rydb. 

Zigeunerlauch –see– Allium ursinum L. 

zigzag plant –see– Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 

Zimbabwe pride –see– Vernonia myriantha Hook. f. 

Zimmerlinde –see– Sparrmannia africana L. f.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist Zygophyllum morgsana - 443 

z i n g i b e r Mio g a (Thunb.) Roscoe [Zingiberaceae] 

Common Names: 

mioga 

Citations: 

Hirono I, Mori H, Kato K, et al. (1982) Carcinogenicity 

examination of inflorescence of Zingiber mioga Roscoe. 

Cancer Lett 15(3):203-208. 

z i n g i b e r o f f ic i n a l e Roscoe [Zingiberaceae] 

Synonyms: 

z ingiber zingiber (L.) H. Karst. 

Common Names: 

East Indian ginger; ginger; gingibre; luya; red ginger 

Citations: 



2(1):28-42. 





Leprol 53:325-328. 



Dermatol 113(6):776-779. 



Zimt –see– Cinnamomum verum J. Presl 

Zingiber zingiber (L.) H. Karst. = Zingiber officinale 

Roscoe 

Zitrone –see– Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. 

Zitronenholz –see– Chloroxylon swietenia DC. 

z i z i p h u s j u j u b a Mill. [Rhamnaceae] 

Common Names: 

azufaifa; dazao; jujube 

Citations: 

Alvarado MI, Moneo I, Gonzalo MA, et al. (2002) Allergy 

to azufaifa fruit and latex. Allergy 57(5):460-461. 




zoapatle –see– Montanoa tomentosa Cerv. 

zobb elkeh –see– Orobanche minor Sm. 

Zottelwicke –see– Vicia villosa Roth 

zucchini –see– Cucurbita pepo L. 

Zuckermelde –see– Atriplex hortensis L. 

Zuckerrohr –see– Saccharum officinarum L. 

Zuckerrübe –see– Beta vulgaris L. 

zuidewindlelie –see– Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq. 

zumaque venenoso –see– Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 

zurma –see– Ricinus communis L. 

Zwiebel –see– Allium cepa L. 

Zygadenus –see– Zigadenus 

Zygophyllum ammophilum F. Muell. = Roepera ammophila 

(F. Muell.) Beier & Thulin 

z y g o p h y l l u M f a b ag o L. [Zygophyllaceae] 

Common Names: 

bean caper 

Citations: 

Belchí-Hernández J, Moreno-Grau S, Sánchez-Gascón F, et 

al. (1998) Sensitization to Zygophyllum fabago pollen. A 

clinical and immunologic study. Allergy 53(3):241-248. 

Zygophyllum foetidum Schrad. & J. C. Wendl. = Roepera 

foetida (Schrad. & J. C. Wendl.) Beier & Thulin 

z y g o p h y l l u M Mo r g s a n a L. [Zygophyllaceae] 

Citations: 




Anim Indus 12:335-366. 

Zypressen-Wolfsmilch –see– Euphorbia cyparissias L.

International Poisonous Plants Checklist : an Evidence-based ...

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