DILLENIACEAE - Department of Land Resource Management ...

DILLENIACEAE 

R.A. Kerrigan, L.A. Craven & C.R. Dunlop

National Library of Australia 

Cataloguing-in-publication entry (PDF): 

Flora of the Darwin Region Volume 1 

ISBN: 9781921519949 (PDF) 

Series: Northern Territory Botanical Bulletin No. 37 

Notes: Includes bibliographical references and 

index. 

Subjects: Botany – Northern Territory – Darwin 

region – Plants – Identification 

Other Authors/Contributors: Short, P.S., 

Cowie, I.D., Northern Territory Department 

of Natural Resources, Environment, the Arts 

and Sport. 

Dewey Number: 581.994295 

ISSN: 0314-1810 

Date of Publication: March 2011 

Cover: Helicteres procumbens (Benth.) Cowie, ined. 

Cover Artist: R. Walter 

Editors: P.S. Short and I.D. Cowie 

Illustrations: M. Osterkamp 

Typesetting: D. Bisa and M. Voukalis 

Photographic Editor: B.M. Stuckey 

Authors contributing to this publication: 

D.E. Albrecht 

Northern Territory Herbarium, Department of 

Natural Resources, Environment, the Arts and 

Sport, P.O. Box 1120, Alice Springs, N.T. 0871, 

Australia 

R.M. Barker 

State Herbarium of South Australia, Plant 

Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 2732, Kent Town, 

S.A. 5071, Australia 

I.D. Cowie; B. Crase * ; D.J. Dixon *; C.R. Dunlop *; 

R.K. Harwood *; R.A. Kerrigan *; G.J. Leach *; 

C. Mangion *; P.S. Short; G.M. Wightman * 

Northern Territory Herbarium, Department of 

Natural Resources, Environment the Arts and 

This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing 

for the purpose of private study, research, criticism 

or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no 

part of this publication may be produced by any 

process whatsoever without the written permission 

of the publisher. 

© Northern Territory Government 

Publisher: 

Northern Territory Herbarium 

Department of Natural Resources, 

Environment, the Arts and Sport 

P.O. Box 496 

Palmerston, N.T. 0831, Australia 

Sport, P.O. Box 496, Palmerston, N.T. 0831, 

Australia 

L.A. Craven 

Australian National Herbarium, Centre for 

Plant, Biodiversity Research, G.P.O. Box 1600, 

Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia 

L.L. Forman† (deceased) 

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, 

Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK 

B. Jackes 

James Cook University Herbarium, School of 

Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook 

University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia 

L. Jessup 

Queensland Herbarium Mt Coot-tha Road, 

Toowong, Qld 4066, Australia 

J. Palmer 

Australian National Herbarium, G.P.O. Box 

1600, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia 

*Former employee NT Herbarium 

Suggested citation for this article: 

Kerrigan, R.A., Craven, L.A. & Dunlop, C.R. 

(2011). Dilleniaceae. In Short, P.S. & Cowie, I.D. 

(eds), Flora of the Darwin Region. (Northern 

Territory Herbarium, Department of Natural 

Resources, Environment, the Arts and Sport). 

Vol. 1, pp. 1–19. 

http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/plants_ 

herbarium/index.html


R.A. Kerrigan, L.A. Craven & C.R. Dunlop 

Evergreen trees, shrubs, subshrubs and lianes. Stipules present or absent. Leaves simple, usually alternate, 

rarely much reduced and scale-like. Inflorescences various, terminal, axillary or ramiflorous, solitary or 

cymose, paniculate, racemose or in fascicles or thyrses. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, hypogynous, 

perianth actinomorphic. Sepals (3–) 5 (–20), imbricate, persistent; petals (2–) 5, imbricate, often crumpled 

in bud, deciduous, rarely persistent. Stamens often numerous or as few as 1, sometimes asymmetrically 

placed; anthers tetrasporangiate and dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits or distal pores. Gynoecium of 

1–several (–5) distinct carpels in 1 or 2 whorls or rarely connate to form a plurilocular ovary with 

distinct styles; styles often capitate; ovules 1–many per carpel. Fruit dry and dehiscent or sometimes 

(Dillenia) indehiscent and enclosed in the more or less fleshy calyx. Seeds often arillate. 

Consists of perhaps ten genera and c. 500 species and has a mostly Gondwanic distribution. Three 

genera are accepted as occurring in Australia, i.e. Dillenia, Hibbertia and Tetracera (two species, tropical 

Qld), with species previously placed in Pachynema recently transferred to Hibbertia. 

Taxonomic references: Hoogland (1949); Cronquist (1981); Wheeler (1992); Kubitzki (2004); Horn 

(2007, 2009). 

1 Leaves mostly 8 cm long or longer; tree or large leafy shrub................................. Dillenia 

1: Leaves mostly less than 8 cm long or absent; shrub or subshrub ......................... Hibbertia 

DILLENIA L. 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves, simple and spirally arranged. Petiole usually with broad wings, amplexicaul in the 

young leaf and then enclosing and protecting the terminal bud. Inflorescence a raceme or solitary, 

terminal, leaf-opposed, or axillary, in some species cauline or ramiflorous. Bracts and bracteoles present. 

Flowers actinomorphic. Sepals (4) 5 (6), in a few species more. Petals (4) 5 (6), in some species absent, 

usually obovate with rounded apex, yellow or white, rarely reddish. Stamens numerous, staminodes 

sometimes present. Carpels 4–20, connate along central part of the receptacle; styles filamentous or 

linear, more or less spreading; stigma indistinct in most species; ovules 6 to c. 60. Fruit either dehiscent 

or indehiscent, enclosed by the enlarged sepals. Seeds arillate or exarillate. 

A genus of c. 110 species, recorded from Madagascar, the slopes of the Himalayas, Malesia, Australia 

and Fiji. One species, D. alata, is native to Australia and one, D. suffruticosa, appears to be occasionally 

naturalised in the D.R. 

Some species are used for their edible fruits and medicinal applications or are cultivated as ornamentals. 

Dillenia indica (Elephant Apple), not treated here, is also grown in Darwin gardens. It is an evergreen 

with distinctive, finely serrate, penniveined leaves; the flowers are white and the large fruit are enclosed 

in enlarged, slightly fleshy persistent sepals which are c. 12 cm long and 10 cm wide. 

Taxonomic references: Hoogland (1952); Hyland et al. (2002). 

1 Wings on petiole 2–6 mm wide, constricting rather than dilating 

towards apex ................................................................................................................. D. alata 

1: Wings on petiole to 15 mm wide, dilating towards the apex ................................ *D. suffruticosa 

D. alata (R. Br. ex DC.) Martelli 

Tree to 20 m tall, trunk to 60 cm diam., with 

reddish-brown bark peeling off in thin papery 

flakes. Petiole (1.6) 2.5–4 cm long, with 2–6 mm 

wide wings; wings of about even width 

throughout their length, constricting rather than 

dilating towards apex. Lamina ovate to elliptic, 

occasionally oblong to obovate, (5) 8–28 cm long, 

(3) 5–15 cm wide, glabrous, slightly recurved 

margin, apex rounded. Inflorescence a terminal or 

leaf-opposed raceme, 2–4-flowered. Sepals 5, outer 

2 orbicular, 1.3 cm diam., inner 3 elliptic to ovate, 

to 2 cm long, to 1.5 cm wide. Petals 5, obovate, 

25–40 mm long, 19–25 mm wide, yellow. Stamens 

FDRV1 March 2011

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in 2 distinct groups, the outer ones c. 100, 7– 

8 mm long, straight in bud, the inner ones c. 18, 

11–13 mm long, with their apices reflexed in bud. 

Carpels 6–8, c. 10 mm long, 4 mm wide, deep 

crimson, with red styles, c. 14 mm long; ovules 

c. 8 per carpel. Fruit dehiscent, carpels 1–3-seeded. 

Seeds obovoid, c. 4 mm long, 3 mm wide, black, 

with reticulate surface, enclosed by waxy-white 

membranous aril. Flowering: June–Feb. Fruiting: 

Sept.–Oct. 

Fig. 1. (Dunlop 7431); Pl. 1 (unvouchered). 

Australia (N.T., Qld) and New Guinea. In the 

N.T. found in central and north-east Arnhem 

Land. Grows in rainforest but frequently occurs 

in wet situations in other types of forest, 

particularly on the coastal lowlands. 

*D. suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli 

Shrub or tree to 10 m tall. Petiole 2–6 cm long, 

1.5 cm wide, the wings dilating upwards. Lamina 

elliptic to obovate, 13–25 cm long, 8–12 cm wide, 

margin entire to toothed, upper surface glabrous 


HIBBERTIA Andrews 

or sometimes slightly woolly on young leaves, 

lower surface slightly to densely woolly on the 

lateral nerves and on both sides of the central 

nerve. Inflorescence a terminal raceme or leafopposed, 

c. 5–12-flowered. Sepals 5, 15–22 mm 

long, 8–12 mm wide. Petals 5, obovate, 40–50 mm 

long, 25–30 mm wide, bright yellow. Stamens 

c. 175, the outer ones 8 mm long and straight in 

bud, the inner ones 13 mm long and with their 

apices reflexed in bud. Staminodes c. 100, 6 mm 

long. Carpels 5–8, usually 7, c. 5 mm long, 2 mm 

wide; styles yellowish-white, c. 1 cm long. Ovules 

7–10 per carpel. Fruit dehiscent. Seeds obovoid, 

c. 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, brown or black, with a 

membranaceous scarlet aril. Flowering & fruiting: 

probably throughout the year. 

Fig. 1 (Risler 2512). 

Native to Malesia and commonly cultivated 

elsewhere as an ornamental. In the D.R. there 

is some evidence that the species is naturalised 

in the rural area in wet situations. 

Shrubs, subshrubs or rarely vines, sometimes rhizomatous; stems in some species photosynthetic and 

these often flattened and sometimes dimorphic. Leaves spirally arranged, simple, entire or toothed, 

sometimes readily dehiscent or reduced to scales; stipules absent. Inflorescence usually solitary and axillary, 

or terminal. Sepals 5, often dimorphic, with an outer whorl of 2 sepals, an inner whorl of 2 sepals and a 

variable intermediate sepal. Petals 4 or 5, free, often bilobed, deciduous or persistent, yellow, pink, white 

or red. Stamens free or variously connate, all on one side of the carpels or surrounding the carpels and 

sometimes (with or without staminodes) in distinct whorls; filaments terete or manifestly flattened and 

sometimes with a bulbous base; anthers dehiscing via longitudinal slits or apical pores. Carpels (1) 2 

(–10), free or shortly connate on their inner edge; ovules 1–8 (25) per carpel; style filiform with minute 

terminal stigma. Fruit enclosed in the sepals, style and stamens persistent, usually 1 seed per carpel. 

Seeds reniform to globular, with or without an aril. 

A genus of c. 250 species, with most diversity in Australia, but also known from Madagascar, New 

Guinea, New Caledonia and Fiji. There are about 50 species in the N.T., with 28 species newly 

described by Toelken (2010) and an additional five species added to the genus following the placement 

of Pachynema R. Br. in synonymy (Horn 2009). There is a high degree of endemism in the N.T., with 

many species restricted to the western margin of the Arnhem Land Plateau. 

Variations in leaf hairs and scales are illustrated in Fig. 1. 

Taxonomic references: Hoogland (1952, 1983); Hyland et al. (2002); Horn (2007, 2009); Toelken (2010). 

1 Plant with distinct leaves throughout; stems neither photosynthetic 

or flattened .................................................................................................................... subgenus Hemistema 

1: Plant leafless or mostly so, any leaves present at or near the base of 

the plant; stems photosynthetic and often flattened ............................................... subgenus Pachynema 

FDRV1 March 2011

Fig. 1 


FDRV1 March 2011 

3

4 


Subgenus HEMISTEMA (Thouars) J.W. Horn 

Horn (2009) estimated 160 species for the subgenus and recorded it as having a distribution equivalent 

to that for the whole genus. 

Taxonomic references: Horn (2007, 2009); Toelken (2010). 

1 Leaves with an indumentum of simple hairs only ................................................... H. tasmanica 

1: Leaves with an indumentum of stellate hairs or scales ........................................... 2 

2 Leaves with an indumentum of stellate hairs only .................................................. 3 

2: Leaves with an indumentum of stellate hairs and scales or scales only ............... 7 

3 Plant decumbent, if erect only shortly before spreading ........................................ 4 

3: Plant erect ...................................................................................................................... 5 

4 Outer sepals 2–5 mm long, bracts ovate .................................................................. H. caudice 

4: Outer sepals 6–12 mm long, bracts linear ................................................................ H. cistifolia 

5 Outer sepals lanceolate, leaf margins strongly revolute almost appearing 

terete, petals to 7 mm long ......................................................................................... H. angulata 

5: Outer sepals elliptic, ovate or obovate, leaf margins revolute to flat, 

toothed or sinuate, petals more than 7 mm long .................................................... 6 

6 Peduncle less than 9 mm long; leaf width 1–10 mm; leaf margin always 

entire to revolute .......................................................................................................... H. brevipedunculata 

6: Peduncle more than 9 mm long; leaf width 4–27 mm long; leaf margin 

entire, sinuate or toothed ............................................................................................ H. caudice 

7 Leaf indumentum of stellate hairs only (with rays in 1 plane or 

multi-angled) or with stellate hairs and scales (rarely ciliate) ................................. 8 

7: Leaf indumentum of scales only (rarely with lacerate margins) ............................ 9 

8 Upper and lower leaf surfaces with stellate hairs rarely with ciliate scales .......... H. brevipedunculata 

8: Upper leaf surface with stellate hairs, lower surface with scales ........................... H. ciliolata 

9 Plant decumbent; leaves usually more than 2 mm wide ......................... H. fractiflexa subsp. serotina 

9: Plant usually erect, fine forms often become trailing; leaves usually 

less than 2 mm wide, rarely some leaves to 4 mm wide ......................................... H. lepidota 

H. angulata Toelken 

H. sp. Cox Peninsula (K.M. Manning 386) 

Erect subshrub to 50 cm tall, with perennial rootstock. 

Stems more or less terete with indumentum 

of spreading stellate hairs. Leaves sessile or almost 

so; lamina tapering to stem, linear, 8–35 mm long, 

0.8–2 mm wide, margin strongly revolute, upper 

surface with an indumentum of moderately dense 

spreading stellate hairs, lower surface with an 

indumentum of dense spreading stellate hairs, 

midrib prominently raised. Inflorescence a solitary 

flower, terminal, becoming leaf-opposed. Peduncle 

3.5–14 mm long, bract linear triangular to almost 

terete, 4–6 mm long; peduncle and bract with a 

dense indumentum of spreading stellate hairs. 

Sepals dimorphic; outer sepals lanceolate, 4.4– 

7 mm long, 1.2–3 mm wide, with a dense 

indumentum of stellate spreading hairs and entire 

scales; inner sepals lanceolate or ovate to elliptic, 

3–5 mm long, 1–2.5 mm wide, with a dense 

indumentum of stellate spreading hairs and entire 

scales, margin ciliate. Petals more or less equal, 

obovate, 3.5–7 mm long, 2–5 mm wide. Stamens 

10–19 surrounding the carpels, filaments 1.2– 

1.4 mm long, anthers 1.3–1.5 mm long. Carpels 2, 

with an indumentum of entire scales. Seed more 

or less globular, 2–3 mm in diam., light yellowbrown, 

glabrous. Flowering & fruiting: Nov.–Jan. 

Fig. 1 (Forster 6058; Kerrigan 849; Manning 386). 

Endemic to the N.T. Known only from the Cox 

Peninsula area where it grows in sandy soil in 

Eucalyptus miniata and E. tetrodonta woodland. 

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H. brevipedunculata Toelken 

H. sp. Mt Finniss (S.T. Blake 16747) 

Subshrub to 70 cm with perennial rootstock. Stems 

mostly irregular terete, rarely slightly angled, 

with moderately dense indumentum of spreading 

stellate hairs, persistent or glabrescent. Leaves 

sessile or almost so; lamina tapering to stem, 

linear-oblanceolate, 8.3–64 mm long, 1–10 mm 

wide, conduplicate and incurved in transverse 

section or straight and flat, margins entire, upper 

surface with a moderately dense indumentum of 

spreading stellate hairs or rarely appressed ciliatepeltate/peltate 

scales, lower surface with a dense 

indumentum of spreading stellate hairs or rarely 

appressed ciliate-peltate/peltate scales, midrib 

prominent, intramarginal vein visible in some 

specimens. Inflorescence a solitary flower, leafopposed, 

terminal or axillary. Peduncle 0.5–8 mm 

long; bract triangular, rarely ovate, commonly 

recurved, 1.5–4 mm long; peduncle and bract with 

an indumentum of entire scales. Sepals dimorphic; 

outer sepals elliptic, 3–5 mm long, 2.5–4.5 mm 

wide, apex acute to rounded, indumentum of 

entire scales and flat stellate hairs, margins with 

stellate hairs; inner sepals widely obovate, 6– 

7 mm long, 5–7 mm wide. Petals obovate, 7– 

15.7 mm long, 6–13 mm wide. Stamens c. 30+ 

surrounding the carpels; filaments 1–2 mm long, 

anthers 1.5–2 mm long. Carpels 2, with an 

indumentum of entire scales. Fruit apparently 

readily caducous, pedicel persistent and strongly 

recurved. Seed globular to reniform, c. 3 mm 

diam., pale brown. 

Fig. 2 (Clark 729; Egan 415; Harwood 1330; Liddle 

2685; van Kirckhof 2); Pl. 2 (Harwood 1330). 

Australia (N.T., W.A.). Widespread throughout 

the D.R. from Mt Finniss and Fog Bay east to 

Sleisbeck (Kakadu N.P.) and south to Hayes 

Creek. Collected from woodland on sand, laterite 

and rocky scree. 

An extremely variable species with many local 

forms. Specimens from Mt Bundey, Humpty Doo 

and Batchelor seem to be an intergrade between 

H. lepidota and H. brevipedunculata as they exhibit 

irregular stellate hairs that are partially rayless or 

ciliate scales, features which are seemingly juvenile 

characters forming part of the annual growth. 

They are included in H. brevipedunculata because 

of flower size and position, caducous fruit and 

recurved pedicels. 

DILLENIACEAE 5 

H. caudice Toelken 

H. sp. Darwin (C.R. Dunlop 3120) 

H. sp. Finniss River 

Subshrub with perennial rootstock; branches 

prostrate to erect, to 0.5 m or rarely 1 m long. 

Stems mostly irregular terete; young stems slightly 

angled with an indumentum of spreading stellate 

hairs of moderate density. Leaves sessile or with 

petioles to 3 mm long; lamina oblanceolate or 

oblong to elliptic, 8–76 mm long, (2) 4–27 mm 

wide, margins entire, sinuate or irregularly toothed, 

upper surface with moderately dense indumentum 

of spreading scabrid stellate hairs with long and 

short arms or reduced occasionally to hair base or 

boss, lower surface with a sparse to mediumdense 

indumentum of spreading stellate hairs. 

Inflorescence a solitary flower or clustered on short 

lateral shoots with reduced leaves, axillary. Peduncle 

9–19 mm long, indumentum of entire scales, 

occasionally stellate or with boss only; bract very 

widely ovate to triangular lanceolate, 2.5 mm long, 

indumentum of entire scales, margin ciliate, apex 

acute and commonly recurved. Sepals dimorphic; 

outer sepals ovate to obovate, 2.8–4.6 mm long, 

2.2–3.5 mm wide; inner sepals ovate to widely 

obovate, 4.3–6.3 mm long, 3.4–4.9 mm wide, with 

an indumentum of entire scales rarely frayed or 

ciliate, margins ciliate. Petals obovate, 3–13.7 mm 

long, 6–10 mm wide. Stamens 24–26 (30) surrounding 

the carpels, filaments 0.6–1.5 mm long, 

anthers c. 0.75–1.4 mm long; staminodes few or 

absent. Carpels 2, ovary with an indumentum of 

entire scales. Seed broadly obovoid, 2.8–3.1 mm 

long, 2.6–2.9 mm diam., black or brown, 

glabrous. Flowering & fruiting: Nov.–Apr. 

Fig. 2 (Cowie 1358 & 5189; Dunlop 3120; Kerrigan 

853); Pl. 3 (Crase 1302). 

Australia (N.T., Qld). In the N.T. predominantly 

from south of Darwin to the Tiwi Islands and 

north-east Arnhem Land. Grows on sand or 

sandy-clay soils often above creek banks in open 

eucalypt woodland. Specimens from north-east 

Arnhem Land and Qld have leaves which are 

normally entire to faintly sinuate, while plants 

from Darwin and the Tiwi Islands develop 

somewhat distinct teeth which appear to 

represent juvenile characters. Entire leaf forms 

can appear similar to H. oblongata but are 

distinguished by the common occurrence of 

appressed hairs and stellate hairs with highly 

reduced arms (cactiform hairs, sensu Toelken 

2010) on leaves and wiry branches. 

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Fig. 2 


FDRV1 March 2011

H. ciliolata Toelken 

H. sp. Woolaning (L.A. Craven 6657) 

Erect, perennial shrub to 1.5 m tall, with perennial 

rootstock. Stems angular and prominently flattened 

in new growth to form narrow wings in some 

cases, less so in older growth, with an indumentum 

of sparse to moderately dense entire scales on 

new growth. Leaves sessile or almost so; lamina 

tapering to stem, linear to narrowly obovate, 18– 

74 mm long, 2–10 mm wide, margins entire, in 

some specimens leaves are folded with upper 

surfaces touching, upper surface with an indumentum 

of moderately dense to dense stellate hairs, 

lower surface obscured by a dense indumentum 

of entire scales. Inflorescence a solitary flower or 

apparently grouped in fascicles, axillary. Peduncle 

2.2–9.5 (12.6) mm long, flower with articulation 

to peduncle; bract narrowly triangular to lanceolate 

c. 3–5 mm long; peduncle and bract with an 

indumentum of entire scales. Sepals dimorphic; outer 

sepals ovate, 4–6 mm long, 2.5–3 mm wide, apex 

acute and distinctly recurved, with an indumentum 

of entire scales; inner sepals obovate, 4.1– 

5 mm long, 2.2–4 mm wide, with an indumentum 

of entire scales. Petals widely obovate to spathulate, 

4.5–6 mm long, 3.5–4.5 mm wide. Stamens c. 20 

surrounding the carpels, filaments 0.7–1.4 mm, 

anther 1.2–1.6 mm. Carpels 2, with an indumentum 

of entire scales. Fruit pedicels strongly recurved 

in fruit. Seed globular, 2.5–2.65 mm long, 2.4– 

2.5 mm diam., dark brown to red-brown, smooth. 

Flowering & fruiting: Nov.–June. 

Fig. 2 (Craven 6657); Pl. 4 (Kerrigan 790). 

Endemic to the N.T. Recorded from Nitmiluk, 

Gregory, Litchfield and Kakadu national parks. 

Common in open woodland and sandstone heath 

on sandy soil, sandstone rubble and sandstone 

outcrops. 

H. cistifolia R. Br. ex DC. 

Prostrate subshrub with perennial rootstock up 

to 0.3 m high, branches trailing. Stems angular, 

procumbent, with an indumentum of stellate 

hairs. Leaves with petioles c. 0.5–2 mm long; 

lamina oblong to elliptic or rarely narrowly obovate 

or linear, 10–57 mm long, (2) 5–15.5 (21) mm 

wide, margins mostly entire or occasionally wavy, 

upper surface moderately dense with stellate hairs, 

lower surface dense to very dense with stellate 

hairs, intramarginal vein rarely visible. Inflorescence a 

solitary flower, axillary, or terminal on short 

axillary branches, leaf-opposed. Peduncle 12.6– 

56 mm long, deep red in some specimens; bract 


linear to narrowly ovate, 1–4 mm long; peduncle 

and bract with an indumentum of entire scales, 

some with ciliate margins. Sepals dimorphic; outer 

sepals narrowly elliptic, 6–12 long, 3–6 mm wide, 

apex acuminate to acute, margins deep red in 

some specimens, indumentum of entire scales, 

some with ciliate margins; inner sepals oblong or 

oblong-ovate, 8–11 mm long, 4.2–4.5 mm wide, 

apex acute to rounded, indumentum of entire 

scales and stellate hairs, with ciliate hyaline 

margin. Petals obovate to spathulate, 10–16 mm 

long, 7–11 mm wide. Stamens c. 50 or more 

surrounding the carpels, dimorphic; small stamens 

with filaments 1.5–2.6 mm long, anthers 1.3– 

1.6 mm long; large stamens with filaments 3.2– 

4.3 mm long, anthers 2.6–3.6 mm. Carpels 2, with 

an indumentum of entire scales. Seed globular, 

c. 2 mm long, c. 2 mm diam., red-brown, smooth 

and glabrous. Flowering: Dec.–June. Fruiting: c. July. 

Fig. 2 (Brennan 973); Pl. 5 (Cowie 10434). 

Endemic to the N.T., extending from the D.R. and 

Katherine to eastern Arnhem Land. Recorded in open 

woodlands on sandy soils, sandstone and laterite. 

H. fractiflexa subsp. serotina Toelken 

Scrambling subshrub with perennial rootstock, 

branches trailing. Stems with an indumentum of 

entire scales, angled. Leaves sessile or almost so; 

lamina oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic to 

narrowly oblong, (8) 15–50 mm long, (2) 2–5.7 mm 

wide, margins entire and occasionally slightly 

infolded, upper surface moderately dense with 

entire scales, lower surface dense with overlapping 

scales and with the scales becoming ciliate 

on older leaves and towards margins. Inflorescence a 

solitary flower, axillary, leaf-opposed. Peduncle 5– 

12 mm long; bract narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 

c. 3–4 mm long, recurved; peduncle and bract 

with an indumentum of entire scales, some with 

ciliate margins. Sepals dimorphic; outer sepals 

ovate, c. 5 mm long, c. 2.5–3.5 mm wide, apex 

acute, indumentum of entire scales, some with 

ciliate margins; inner sepals elliptic, very widely 

ovate to obovate, c. 5 mm long, c. 5 mm wide, 

apex rounded, indumentum of entire scales, with 

hyaline margin. Petals obovate to spathulate, c. 9– 

10 mm long, c. 7–10 mm wide. Stamens c. 22– 

26 surrounding the carpels, filaments c. 1 mm 

long, anthers c. 2 mm long. Carpels 2, with an 

indumentum of entire scales. Seed globular, c. 4 mm 

diam., red-brown, smooth and glabrous. Flowering: 

c. Dec. Fruiting: not seen. 

Fig. 3 (Kerrigan 844). 

FDRV1 March 2011

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Endemic to the N.T. Known from one population 

in Litchfield N.P., where it grows on steep rocky 

slopes with H. brevipedunculata and H. lepidota. 

The three other subspecies recognised, i.e. subsp. 

brachyblastis Toelken, subsp. fractiflexa and subsp. 

filicaulis Toelken, are found on the Arnhem Land 

plateau (N.T.), with subsp. brachyblastis also known 

from W.A. 

H. lepidota R. Br. ex DC. 

Shrub or subshrub, perennial, trailing or erect, 

0.3–1.3 m tall. Stems angular or terete, new growth 

usually angled and somewhat flattened, indumentum 

of entire scales, older growth terete and 

sparsely lepidote or glabrous. Leaves sessile; lamina 

tapering to stem, oblanceolate, lanceolate or 

linear, (0.7) 6–51 mm long, 0.5–2.2 (4) mm wide, 

margins entire, in some specimens leaves are 

folded with upper surfaces touching, upper 

surface with an indumentum of dense entire 

scales, lower surface with a dense indumentum of 

overlapping scales obscuring the surface and the 

margins of otherwise entire scales occasionally 

frayed and ciliate in some specimens. Inflorescence a 

solitary flower, occasionally 2 or 3, axillary. 

Peduncle 3.2–10 mm long, lepidote, bract lineartriangular 

to lanceolate, 1.4–4 mm long, lepidote. 

Sepals dimorphic; outer sepals ovate to elliptic, 

2.5–4.5 mm long, 1.2–2.5 mm wide, apex acute, 

lepidote to margin; inner sepals widely obovate, 

3.5–5 mm long, 2.5–5 mm wide, apex rounded, 

dense indumentum of entire scales but with 

glabrous hyaline margin. Petals obovate, 4.5–7.5 mm 

long, 4–6 mm wide. Stamens c. 20+, arranged 

around carpels, filaments 1–2 mm, anthers 0.8– 

1.5 mm long; staminodes rare. Carpels 2, with an 

indumentum of entire scales. Seeds globular or 

obovoid, 2.4–2.6 mm long, 2.4–2.5 mm diam., 

dark brown to light reddish-brown, glabrous. 

Flowering & fruiting: throughout the year. 

Fig. 3 (Cowie 5734). 

Australia (W.A., N.T., Qld). In the N.T. widespread 

across the Top End and collected from 

sandstone heath and woodland on sand, sandy 

loam, loam, laterite and from rocky sandstone 

slopes, gullies and outcrops. 

Hibbertia lepidota is a variable species throughout 

its wide distribution, with H. lepidota s. str. only 

known in the D.R. from a population in Litchfield 

N.P. This description is based on all N.T. 

specimens housed in DNA and includes a fineleaf, 

trailing form from Nitmiluk N.P. Through- 


out the range of the species some specimens have 

ciliolate scales. 

H. tasmanica Baill. 

Prostrate subshrub with perennial rootstock; roots 

shallow and woody with red underbark. Stems 

often red with an indumentum of simple hairs, 

sparsely to moderately pubescent. Leaves petiolate 

c. 1.6–6 mm long; lamina ovate to elliptic, rarely 

oblong to obovate, 28–76 mm long, 10–50 mm 

wide, margin entire, irregularly crenate or serrate, 

rarely shallowly lobed, the upper surface sparse to 

moderately pubescent with erect, hooked or 

curved hairs, the lower surface with prominently 

raised veins and sparsely (along veins only) to 

moderately pubescent, short and long hairs 

occasionally present. Inflorescence axillary, supraaxillary 

or leaf-opposed, in spikes or a solitary 

flower, flowers zygomorphic. Peduncles 18–55 mm 

long, pedicels c. 1 mm, bracts lanceolate to linear, 

3–9 mm long. Sepals dimorphic; outer sepals 

ovate, 5.5–9 mm long, 3–6 mm wide, with curved 

puberulous hairs; inner sepals ovate, 7–9 mm 

long, 4.5–6 mm wide appressed hairs covering 

surface, villous on midrib, margins hyaline. Petals 

spathulate, 10–20 mm long, 7–12 mm wide. 

Stamens 10–25, situated on one side of carpel; 

filaments c. 1.5 mm long, apparently free (connate 

at very base); anthers 2–2.5 mm long; staminodes 

10–25, situated on one side of carpel, apparently 

free (connate at very base). Carpels 2, villous. 

Seeds globular, 5 mm diam., yellowish. Flowering & 

fruiting: Nov.–Apr. 

Fig. 3 (Dixon 1074; Byrnes 1359); Pl. 6 (Cowie 10360). 

Endemic to the N.T., known from southern 

Melville Island, Cox Peninsula, Litchfield N.P., 

Gunn Point and Darwin. Grows in eucalypt 

woodland on lateritic and sandy soil. 

This species was first named by the French 

botanist Henri E. Baillon in 1866. He based his 

description on a specimen collected during the 

voyage of the Astrolabe and Zélée (1837–1840) to 

Australian shores, when visits were made to just 

two areas, the Raffles Bay region near Van 

Diemen Gulf in the N.T., and Tasmania, 

originally known as Van Diemen’s Land. The 

printed locality label accompanying the type 

specimen held in Paris, records it as having been 

collected at Raffles Bay but, when describing 

it, Baillon believed it came from Tasmania, 

presumably confusing Van Diemen Gulf with 

Van Diemen’s Land (Hoogland 1983). 

FDRV1 March 2011

Fig. 3 



9

10 


Subgenus PACHYNEMA (R. Br. ex DC.) J.W. Horn 

Endemic Australian subgenus of nine species, with seven restricted to the Top End of the N.T., 

H. sphenandra occurring in the Top End and the Kimberley region, W.A., and another in south-west 

W.A. All N.T. species are described here, although H. cravenii and H. praestans are confined to the 

Alligator rivers region. 

Taxonomic references: Craven & Dunlop (1992); Horn (2007, 2009). 

1 Petals yellow; stamens and staminodes in 2- or 3-series, with staminodes 

in outer series ................................................................................................................ H. goyderi 

1: Petals white to pink or red; stamens only, or if staminodes present then 

not forming a distinct outer series ............................................................................. 2 

2 Petals white to pink....................................................................................................... 3 

2: Petals red ........................................................................................................................ 6 

3 Stamens with the filament smooth to subpapillate and the thecae 

(0.8–) 1.25–1.75 mm long ........................................................................................... H. cravenii 

3: Stamens with the filament papillate and the thecae 0.3–0.5 mm long ................. 4 

4 All branchlets terete to compressed, stems dimorphic .......................................... H. juncea 

4: All branchlets flattened or if stems dimorphic then branchlets of the shorter 

stems flattened and branchlets of the taller stems terete to flattened .................. 5 

5 Stems dimorphic, the shorter stems with branchlets 3–10 (15) mm wide 

and the taller stems with terete to flattened branchlets distinctly narrower 

than those of the shorter stems .................................................................................. H. complanata 

5: Stems not dimorphic, branchlets 5–20 (35) mm wide ............................................ H. dilatata 

6 Corona present ............................................................................................................. H. sphenandra 

6: Corona absent ............................................................................................................... 7 

7 Stamens 5, filaments gibbose ...................................................................................... H. haplostemona 

7: Stamens 4 (rarely 5), filaments flat ............................................................................. H. praestans 

H. complanata (R. Br. ex DC.) J.W. Horn 

Pachynema complanatum R. Br. ex DC. 

Rhizomatous subshrub, erect, to 1.5 m tall. Stems 

dimorphic, the shorter stems much-branched with 

flattened branchlets 3–10 (15) mm wide, the taller 

stems less-branched with terete to flattened 

branchlets distinctly narrower than those of the 

shorter stems. Leaves not persisting, petiolate; 

petiole 2–5 mm long; lamina elliptic and decurrent 

to the petiole base, 15–25 mm long, glabrous or 

with 1–few scabrous trichomes on the margin, the 

midrib impressed on the upper surface and 

prominent on the lower surface, the primary veins 

obscure on the upper surface and raised on the 

lower surface, the margin serrate for the distal ½– 

2⁄5 and entire for the remainder. Peduncle 1–3 mm 

long. Sepals unequal but not strongly so, ovate 

to orbicular, 3.5–5.5 mm long, the margin entire 

and minutely ciliate. Petals widely elliptic to suborbicular, 

3.75–5 mm long, pink, pinkish-white or 

cream, papillate, the margin crenulate nearly to 

the base. Stamens and staminodes in 2 series, outer 

series with 7 or 8 stamens, inner series with 

2 staminodes. Stamens 2–2.8 mm long; filaments 

papillate, elliptic with the base and apex acuminate, 

or suborbicular with the apex acuminate, 1.7– 

2.4 mm long, transversely narrowly elliptic (1:2 to 

1:3) in section; anthers ovate to oblong, the thecae 

divergent to parallel, 0.3–0.4 mm long, dehiscence 

latrorse with the slit longitudinal. Carpels 2, 

2.25–2.75 mm long; style 1–1.5 mm long. Seed 

depressed-spheroidal, c. 4.8 mm diam. Flowering & 

fruiting: predominantly Mar.–Sept. 

Fig. 4 (Egan 5171); Pl. 7 (Cowie 10442). 

Endemic to the N.T. A relatively common species 

of the savannas on a variety of well-drained soils. 

Distribution is subcoastal, from Darwin to 

Groote Eylandt. 

FDRV1 March 2011

Fig. 4 



11

12 

H. cravenii J.W. Horn 

Pachynema hooglandii Craven & Dunlop 



flattened branchlets 3–10 mm wide, the taller 

stems less-branched with terete to flattened 

branchlets distinctly narrower than those of the 

shorter stems. Leaves not recorded. Peduncle 1–4 

(6) mm long. Sepals strongly unequal; outer sepals 

elliptic to ovate, 3.5–4 mm long; inner sepals 

elliptic to orbicular, 5–6.5 mm long, the margin 

entire and minutely ciliate. Petals 4 or 5, elliptic to 

obovate to suborbicular, 6–11 mm long, pale 

pink, pink, or white, smooth to minutely papillate, 

the margin crenulate to crenate for the distal twothirds 

or nearly to the base. Stamens and staminodes 

in 2 series, outer series with 7 or 9 stamens 

(occasionally with one of these reduced to a 

staminode), inner series with 2 stamens. Stamens 

2–3 mm long; filaments suborbicular to elliptic, 

0.5–1.25 mm long, transversely narrowly elliptic 

(1:3 to 1:6) in section, smooth to subpapillate; 

anthers ovate to narrowly obovate to elliptic, the 

thecae parallel to subparallel, (0.8) 1.25–1.75 mm 

long, dehiscence latrorse with the slit longitudinal. 

Carpels 2, 3–3.75 mm long; style 1.75–2.5 mm 

long. Seed spheroidal, 3.6–3.7 mm diam. Flowering 

& fruiting: Apr.–Aug. 

Fig. 4 (Craven 5699); Pl. 8 (unvouchered). 

Endemic to the N.T. Known only from the 

Alligator rivers region where it occurs on a variety 

of soil types in open habitats. 

Hibbertia cravenii was coined as a new name for this 

species by Horn (2009), the name H. hooglandii 

J.R. Wheeler already existing for another species. 

H. dilatata (Benth.) J.W. Horn 

Pachynema dilatatum Benth. 

Rhizomatous subshrub, erect, to 1 m tall. Stems 

not dimorphic, the branchlets flattened and 5–20 

(35) mm wide. Leaves not recorded. Peduncle 1.5– 

6 mm long. Sepals unequal and often strongly so, 

4–7 mm long (when strongly unequal the outer 

sepals 4 mm long and the inner 7 mm long); outer 

sepals elliptic to widely elliptic, inner sepals elliptic 

to orbicular, the margin entire and minutely 

ciliate. Petals elliptic to obovate to orbicular, 4– 

6 mm long, pink, pinkish-white or cream, 

papillate, the margin crenulate for the distal ⅔– 4⁄5 

and entire for the remainder. Stamens and staminodes 

in 2 series, outer series with 7–10 stamens, inner 

series with 2 staminodes. Stamens 2.25–3 mm long; 


filaments papillate, elliptic with the apex 

acuminate, or suborbicular with the apex 

acuminate, 1.5–2.2 mm long, transversely elliptic 

to transversely narrowly elliptic (1:2 to 1:3) in 

section; anthers ovate, the thecae divergent, 0.3– 

0.5 mm long, dehiscence introrse to latrorse with 

the slit longitudinal. Carpels 2, 2–3 mm long; style 

1–1.5 mm long. Seed spheroidal, 4 mm diam. 

Flowering & fruiting: throughout the year. 

Fig. 4 (Dunlop 6043; Egan 511); Pl. 9 (unvouchered). 

Endemic to the N.T. Often locally common, 

usually on shallow sandy or granitic soils in 

woodland; distributed from the Victoria River 

area to western Arnhem Land. 

H. goyderi F. Muell. 

Apparently leafless subshrub to 0.5 m tall, with 

woody lower stem and perennial rootstock. Stems 

erect and angular to triangular in cross section, 

glabrous. Leaves reduced to scales; bracts narrowly 

lanceolate-triangular, 1–1.5 mm long, 0.3 mm 

wide, alternating along the stem and flowering 

branches. Inflorescence a solitary flower and 

terminal, sessile, with an articulation between 

stem and calyx. Flowering branches spreading, 

peduncle 10–35 mm long; bract as per reduced 

leaves. Sepals unequal; outer sepals lanceolate, 4– 

6 mm long, 1.5–2 mm wide, apex acuminate, 

glabrous; inner sepals ovate, 5–7 mm long, 2– 

3 mm wide, herbaceous with hyaline margin, 

glabrous. Petals spathulate, 6–10 mm long, 3– 

6.5 mm wide. Stamens and staminodes in 2 series 

around the carpels, outer series of c. 10–16 

staminodes, inner series of c. 9 or 10 stamens. 

Stamens with filaments 1 mm long, anthers 2 mm 

long. Carpels 2, glabrous. Seed globular, c. 3 mm 

diam., red-brown, seed coat reticulate. Flowering & 

fruiting: Aug.–Mar. 

Fig. 3 (Cowie 9799); Pl. 10 (unvouchered). 

Endemic to, and with a limited distribution, in 

the D.R., being known from Darwin and Cox 

Peninsula to Finniss River. Recorded in a variety 

of woodlands and on an assortment of substrates, 

but often in poorly drained soils dominated by 

Grevillea pteridifolia. 

Horn (2009, fig. 8d) published an image of a 

flower of this species showing an outer whorl 

of filamentous staminodes as described above. 

However, the fertile stamens are arranged in two 

(not one) inner whorls, with seven in the 

outermost and two in the innermost whorl. 

FDRV1 March 2011

A similar, undescribed species occurs in the 

Marrawal Plateau region in the north of Nitmiluk 

N.P. It has coarser stems, mostly axillary flowers, 

and acute to obtuse calyx lobes. 

H. haplostemona J.W. Horn 

Pachynema diffusum Craven & Dunlop 

Short-lived subshrub to 0.3 m high. Stems weak, 

prostrate or decumbent, diffuse, subterete (often 

strongly angled). Leaves not persisting, alternate or 

in pseudowhorls, the petiole to c. 25 mm long; 

lamina ovate to elliptic and decurrent, 20–50 mm 

long, 8–23 mm wide, the midrib impressed on the 

upper surface and prominent on the lower 

surface, the primary veins obscure on the upper 

surface and raised on the lower surface, the 

margin incised-serrate with scabrous trichomes on 

the margin. Flowers mostly on naked peduncles 4– 

20 mm long, without a subtending bract, or 

terminating the principal stems. Sepals about equal 

in size and shape, oblong or elliptic to slightly 

obovate, sometimes a few mucronate, c. 3 mm 

long. Petals oblong to spatula, c. 3 mm long, red, 

the margin entire, persistent. Stamens 5, in a single 

series, 1–1.2 mm long; filament ovate in outline, 

flattened towards the base, the apex sloping 

towards the carpels and depressed-obovate (1:2) 

in section; smooth to subpapillate and gibbose in 

general form; anther not differentiated and the 

thecae embedded in apex of filament, c. 0.4 mm 

long, dehiscence introrse with the slit longitudinal. 

Carpels 2, 1.1–1.6 mm long; style 0.1–0.2 mm 

long. Seed spheroidal, 2.8–3 mm diam. Flowering & 

fruiting: Feb.–May. 

Fig. 5 (Fryxell 4229; Wightman 1339); Pl. 11 (Cowie 

10364); Pl. 12 (Kerrigan 791). 

Endemic to the N.T. Known from the Alligator 

rivers region, Litchfield N.P. and Fitzmaurice 

River, where it grows on exposed sandstone; 

often with spinifex (Triodia spp.). 

Hibbertia haplostemona was coined as a new name 

for this species by Horn (2009), the name H. diffusa 

R. Br. ex DC. already existing for another species. 

H. juncea (Benth.) J.W. Horn 

Pachynema junceum Benth. 



terete to compressed branchlets, the taller stems 

less-branched, the stems up to 5 mm wide, the 

branchlets 1–2 mm wide. Leaves not recorded. 

Peduncle 1–5 (8) mm long. Sepals unequal and 

sometimes strongly so; outer sepals ovate to 


orbicular, 2.5–3.5 mm long; inner sepals ovate to 

elliptic, 3.25–5 mm long, margins entire and 

minutely ciliate. Petals elliptic to widely elliptic to 

orbicular, 3.75–5.5 mm long, white, cream, cream 

tinged pink, or deep pink, papillate, margins 

crenulate for the distal four-fifths or nearly to the 

base. Stamens and staminodes in 2 series, outer series 

with 7–10 stamens (occasionally with one of 

these reduced to a staminode), inner series with 

2 staminodes. Stamens 2–2.8 mm long; filament 

papillate, suborbicular to elliptic, the apex 

acuminate, 1.6–2.4 mm long, transversely elliptic 

to transversely narrowly elliptic (1:2 to 1:3) in 

section; anthers ovate to suborbicular, thecae 

divergent to subparallel, 0.3–0.7 mm long, 

dehiscence latrorse with the slit longitudinal. 

Carpels 2, 2.3–2.5 mm long; style 1.3–1.5 mm 

long. Seed spheroidal to slightly depressedspheroidal, 

4–4.8 mm diam. Flowering & fruiting: 

Nov.–Aug. 

Fig. 4 (Evans 3649); Pl. 13 (Kerrigan 787). 

Endemic to the N.T. The most common species 

in the immediate environs of Darwin but 

widespread from the Victoria River area to northeast 

Arnhem Land. In savanna on lateritic and 

sandy soils. 

H. praestans (Craven & Dunlop) J.W. Horn 

Pachynema praestans Craven & Dunlop 

Subshrub 1.5 to 2 m high. Stems single or several, 

much-branched and broom-like, branchlets 

pendulous; larger stems smooth, often with areas 

of flaking pale-coloured cuticle; branchlets often 

angular, sometimes terete. Leaves not recorded. 

Peduncles solitary or 2 together in axils of bracts, 

naked or with 1–3 basal bracts, narrowly clavate, 

3.5–17 mm long. Flower base constricted to form a 

thick pedicel 0.8–1.2 mm long. Sepals unequal; the 

two smallest elliptic, acute, 2.5–3 mm long; the 

three largest about equal, oblong to slightly 

obovate, 3.2–5 mm long. Petals 5, elliptic (2 or 3 

slightly conduplicately folded), 3–4 mm long, 

persistent, dark red, minutely and densely 

papillate. Stamens 4 (rarely 5), in a single series, 

1.5–2 mm long; filaments smooth, flattened, 

transversely linear (1:12) in section, 1–1.2 mm 

long; anthers not clearly differentiated, the thecae 

divergent, 0.5–0.8 mm long, dehiscence introrse 

with the slit longitudinal. Carpels 2, 2–2.1 mm 

long, the style 0.8–1 mm long. Seeds spheroidal to 

slightly depressed-spheroidal, 2.1–2.8 mm diam. 

Flowering & fruiting: Dec.–Aug. 

FDRV1 March 2011

14 

Fig. 5 


FDRV1 March 2011

Fig. 5 (Fox 2502; Wightman 1276). 

Endemic to the N.T. Associated with the western 

Arnhem Land Plateau, where it is recorded from 

the catchments of the Katherine, South Alligator, 

East Alligator and Liverpool rivers. Grows in 

crevices and clefts in sandstone, in open forest on 

sandstone scree. 

H. sphenandra (F. Muell. & Tate) J.W. Horn 

Pachynema sphenandrum F. Muell. & Tate 

Subshrub to 0.25 m high. Stems much-branched 

from the base, terete to subterete. Leaves not 

persisting (N.T.), widely spathulate or obovate, 

20–40 mm long, 8–25 mm wide, glabrous, the 

midrib very slightly impressed on the upper 

surface and raised on the lower surface, the 

primary veins obscure to raised, obtuse, the 

margin serrate to incised-serrate in the distal half, 

entire below, attenuate, decurrent to the petiole 

base. Peduncle not clearly differentiated, flowers 

terminating lateral, bracteate branchlets 0–14 cm 

long. Sepals unequal; outer two ovate, 4 mm long; 

inner three orbicular, 4 mm long, sometimes 

ciliate. Petals elliptic, 5 mm long, cerise, usually 


REFERENCES 

persistent. Corona an irregularly lobed, membranous, 

persistent sheath encircling the stamens; 

2 mm long. Stamens and staminodes in 2 series, outer 

series with 7 stamens, inner series with 2 smaller 

stamens or with 2 staminodes with vestigial 

thecae. Stamens c. 1.5 mm long; filament ovate, 

angular, the apex sloping towards the carpels, very 

widely obovate (5:6) in section, smooth to 

subpapillate; anther not differentiated, the thecae 

obscure, embedded in the filament, c. 0.3 mm 

long, dehiscence introrse with the slit short and 

porate. Carpels 2, 1.5–1.6 mm long, the style 

0.6 mm long. Seeds spheroidal, 3–4 mm diam. 

Flowering & fruiting: Dec.–June. 

Fig. 5 (Dunlop 6042; Menkhorst 265); Pl. 14 

(unvouchered). 

Northern Australia (W.A., N.T.). In the N.T. 

found on the Tiwi Islands south to the Bradshaw 

Field Training Area and eastwards to Groote 

Eylandt. Recorded as occurring on granitic debris; 

in eucalypt woodland and open forest on welldrained 

lateritic, granitic or brown sandy soils, and 

whitish sandy soils on sandstone. 

Craven, L.A. & Dunlop, C.R. (1992). A taxonomic revision of Pachynema (Dilleniaceae). Australian 

Systematic Botany 5: 477–500. 

Cronquist, A. (1981). An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. (Columbia University Press: 

New York). 

Hoogland, R.D. (1949). Dilleniaceae. In Steenis, C.G.G.J. van (ed.), Flora malesiana. (P. Noordhoff Ltd). 

Ser. I, vol. 4, pp. 141–174. 

Hoogland, R.D. (1952). A revision of the genus Dillenia. Blumea 7: 1–306. 

Hoogland, R.D. (1983). Notes on some Hibbertia species. Australian Systematic Botany Society 34: 3–4. 

Horn, J.W. (2007). Dilleniaceae. In Kubitzki, K. (ed), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. (Springer- 

Verlag: Berlin). Vol. 9, pp. 133–154. 

Horn, J.W. (2009). Phylogenetics of Dilleniaceae using sequence data from four plastid loci (rbcL, rps4, 

rpl16 intron). International Journal of Plant Sciences 170: 794–813. 

Hyland, B.P.M., Whiffin, T., Christophel, D.C., Gray, B. & Elick, R.W. (2002). Australian Tropical 

Rainforest Plants. (CDROM). (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne). 

Kubitzki, K. (2004). Dilleniaceae. In Smith, N., Mori, S.A., Henderson, A., Stevenson, D.W. & Heald, 

S.V. (eds), Flowering Plants of the Neotropics. (Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey). 

pp. 128–130. 

Toelken, H.R. (2010). Notes on Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae) 5. H. melhanioides and H. tomentosa groups from 

tropical Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 23: 1–117. 

Wheeler, J.R. (1992). Dilleniaceae. In Wheeler, J.R. (ed.), Flora of the Kimberley Region. (Dept Conservation 

& Land Management: Como). pp. 151–155. 

FDRV1 March 2011

16 

Pl. 1 Dillenia alata (Photos: J. Brock) 


Pl. 2 Hibbertia brevipedunculata 

(Photos: R.K. Harwood) 

FDRV1 March 2011

Pl. 3 Hibbertia caudice (Photo: B. Crase) 

Pl. 4 Hibbertia ciliolata (Photo: R.A. Kerrigan) 


Pl. 5 Hibbertia cistifolia (Photo: I.D. Cowie) 

Pl. 6 Hibbertia tasmanica (Photo: I.D. Cowie) 

Pl. 7 Hibbertia complanata (Photo: I.D. Cowie) 

FDRV1 March 2011

18 

Pl. 8 Hibbertia cravenii (Photos: B.M. Stuckey) 


Pl. 9 Hibbertia dilatata (Photo: B.M. Stuckey) 

Pl. 10 Hibbertia goyderi (Photo: B.M. Stuckey) 

Pl. 11 Hibbertia haplostemona (Photo: I.D. Cowie) 

FDRV1 March 2011

Pl. 12 Hibbertia haplostemona 

(Photo: R.A. Kerrigan) 

Pl. 13 Hibbertia juncea (Photo: R.A. Kerrigan) 


Pl. 14 Hibbertia sphenandra (Photos: B.M. Stuckey) 


19

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