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Ver. 19.2
April 17th, 2024

464.0000 Family Linderniaceae Borsch, K.Müll. & Eb.Fisch.; Pl. Biol (Stuttgart) 7: 76 (2005)
ca. 20 genera, ca. 300 spp. Systematics following Fischer et al. (2013)
Species listed in database: 333
= Lindernieae Rchb.; Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1(3): 385 (1831)
= Linderniinae Benth.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 10: 343, 407 (1846)
= Ilysantheae Conzatti; L. C. Smith, Fl. Sinop. Mex., ed. 2: 170 (1910)
= Vandelliinae Benth. & Hook.f.; Gen. Pl. 2: 920 (1876)
464.0021 Genus Torenia L.; Sp. Pl. 2: 619 (1753)
Distribution: Tropical Old World (many in Indochina), naturalized in America
Species listed in database: 68
= Caela Adans.; Fam. 2: 209 (1763)
= Hornemannia Link & Otto; Icon. Pl. Select.: 9 (1820), nom. illeg.
= Nortenia Thouars; Gen. Nov. Madagascar. 9 (1806)
= Pentsteira Griff.; Notul. 4: 11 (1854)
= Ucnopsolen Raf.; Autik. Bot.: 155 (1840), nom. nud.
species :
Torenia anagallis (Burm.f.) Wannan, W.R.Barker & Y.S.Liang; Austral. Syst. Bot. 31(3): 250 (2018)
Distribution: Madagascar; China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan); Japan (Yakushima Isl.); Ryukyu Isl.; Bonin Isl. (Chichijima); Taiwan; Pakistan (Sind, Hazara, Pakistani Punjab); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (South Andamans, Little Andaman Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Yangon, Shan); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Kedah, Trengganu, Perak, Pahan, Selangor, Melaka, Johor); Singapore; Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao, Babuyan Isl.); Java; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
29 MDG 36 CHI 38 JAP NNS OGA TAI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP PAK SRL 41 AND CBD LAO MYA NCB THA VIE 42 JAW MLY NWG PHI SNG
Synonyms: hidden
= Bonnaya cordifolia (Colsm.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg. ed. 16, 1: 42 (1824)
= Gratiola cordifolia Colsm.; Prod. Desc. Grat. 15 (1793)
= Ilysanthes anagallis (Burm.f.) Hochr.; Candollea 5: 208 (1934)
= Lindernia anagallis (Burm.f.) Pennell; J. Arnold Arbor. 24(3): 252 (1943)
= Lindernia cordifolia (Colsm.) Hochr.; Candollea 5: 205 (1934), isonym
= Lindernia cordifolia (Colsm.) Merr.; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 3: 437 (1923)
= Lindernia emarginata (T.Yamaz.) Philcox; Taxon 19: 649 (1970)
= Lindernia pedunculata (Benth.) Wettst.; Engl. & Prantl, Natürl. Pflanzenfam. 4: 3b 80 (1891)
= Pyxidaria arridens (Hance) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 464 (1891)
= Pyxidaria cordifolia (Colsm.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 464 (1891)
= Ruellia anagallis Burm.f.; Fl. Indica 135 (1768)
= Tittmannia grandiflora Benth.; Wall., Numer. List no. 3949 (1831), nom. inval.
= Torenia cordifolia (Colsm.) Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Wall., Numer. List no. 3949 D (1831), nom. illeg.
= Torenia diffusa Roxb.; Fl. Ind. ed. 1832. 3: 95 (1832), nom. illeg.
= Torenia varians Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 125 (1854), nom. illeg.
= Vandellia anagallis (Burm.f.) T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 30(6): 176 (1955)
= Vandellia arridens Hance; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 15: 226 (1861)
= Vandellia callitrichifolia H.Lév.; Bull. Soc. Agric. Sarthe repr. 10 (1904)
= Vandellia cordifolia (Colsm.) G.Don; Gen. Hist. 4: 549 (1838)
= Vandellia diffusa Willd.; Sp. Pl. ed. 4. 3: 343 (1800), nom. illeg., non L.
= Vandellia emarginata T.Yamaz.; Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus., Tokyo 6: 370 (1963)
= Vandellia laotica T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 37: 268 (1962), nom. illeg., non Bonati
= Vandellia pedunculata Benth.; Scroph. Ind. 37 (1835)
= Vandellia roxburghii G.Don; Gen. Syst. 4: 549 (1837)
species :
Torenia asiatica L.; Sp. Pl. 2: 619 (1753)
Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; Japan (Kyushu); Nepal; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Taninthayi); Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia; Sulawesi; Java; Moluccas; Hawaii [I] (Hawaii Isl. [I], Oahu [I]); Cuba [I]; Hispaniola [I]; Trinidad & Tobago [I]; Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]
36 CHI TIB 38 JAP 40 BAN IND NEP 41 MYA VIE 42 JAW MLY MOL SUL 63 haw 81 cub his trt 82 clm ven
Synonyms: hidden
= Bonnaya alata (Roxb.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg. ed. 16. 1: 41 (1824)
= Torenia alata (Roxb.) Benth.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 10: 411 (1846)
= Torenia asiatica Wight ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 278 (1884)
= Torenia glabra Osbeck; Dagb. Ostind. Resa 210 (1757)
= Torenia intermedia Pradelle; Cat. Jard. Montsauve 2: 6 (1875-1876 publ. 1875)
= Torenia kiusiana Ohwi; Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 36: 55 (1934)
= Torenia obtusifolia Sm.; Rees, Cycl. 36: no. 5 (1817)
species :
Torenia benthamiana Hance; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 18: 226 (1862)
Distribution: China (S-Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan); Taiwan; Laos; Vietnam
36 CHI 38 TAI 41 LAO VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Torenia nantoensis Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 81 (1920)
= Torenia tonkinensis Bonati; Lecomte & al., Fl. Indo-Chine 4: 399 (1927)
species :
Torenia bicolor Dalzell; Hooker´s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 38 (1851)
Distribution: India (Bihar, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
species :
Torenia bimaculata Ridl.; J. Fed. Mal. States Mus. 10: 149 (1920)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (Sg Chaning, Kelantan)
42 MLY
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Torenia biniflora T.L.Chin & D.Y.Hong; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 399, f. 43 (1979)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan)
36 CHI
species :
Torenia blancoi Merr.; Sp. Blancoanae, 346 (1918)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon); Mexico [I]
42 PHI 79 mex
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia blancoi (Merr.) Philcox; Kew Bull. 22: 23 (1968)
= Vandellia multiflora Blanco; Fl. Filip. ed. I. 505 (1837)
species :
Torenia burttiana R.R.Mill; Edinburgh J. Bot. 50(2): 211 (1993)
Distribution: Bhutan
40 BHU
species :
Torenia caelestis Ridl.; J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 46: 23 (1908)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (Kota Tinggi, Johor)
42 MLY
species :
Torenia cambodgiana Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 513 (1908)
Distribution: Cambodia
41 CBD
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia cerastioides T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 53(4): 97 (1978), nom. nov.
species :
Torenia celebica T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 65(9): 262 (1990)
Distribution: Sulawesi
42 SUL
species :
Torenia chevalieri Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 1095 (1924 publ. 1925)
Distribution: Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD VIE
species :
Torenia ciliaris Sm.; Rees, Cycl. 36: n. 3 (1817)
Distribution: peninsular Malaysia (Perlis, Kedah, Penang Isl., Kelantan, Perak)
42 MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Torenia ciliata Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India 4: 278 (1884)
= Torenia coerulea Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv.: 562 (1861)
= Torenia racemosa Benth.; Scroph. Ind. 38 (1835)
species :
Torenia concolor Lindl.; Bot. Reg. 32: t. 62 (1846)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Laos; Vietnam; Philippines [c]
36 CHI 38 NNS TAI 41 LAO VIE 42 phi
Synonyms: hidden
= Torenia albomarginata Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 1096 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Torenia alboviolacea Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 1094 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Torenia annamitica Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 1094 (1924 publ. 1925)
= Torenia arracanensis Paxton; Paxton´s Mag. Bot. 15: 198 (1849)
= Torenia asiatica var. concolor (Lindl.) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India 4: 277 (1884)
= Torenia colorans C.Morren; Ann. Soc. Roy. Agric. Gand 2: t. 94 (1846)
= Torenia concolor f. chingshuiana S.S.Ying; Mem. Coll. Agric. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 28(2): 41 (1988)
= Torenia concolor var. formosana T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 30: 363 (1955)
= Torenia longiflora C.Morren; Ann. Soc. Bot. Gand 2: 441, 471 (1846)
= Torenia radicans Vaniot; Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 15: 88 (1905)
= Torenia rubens Benth.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 10: 410 (1846)
species :
Torenia cordata (Griff.) N.M.Dutta; Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 19: 25 (1965)
Distribution: Nepal; India (Assam, West Bengal); Myanmar
40 IND NEP 41 MYA
Synonyms: hidden
= Treisteria cordata Griff.; Notul. 4: 109 (1854)
= Treisteria lanceolata Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 111 (1854)
species :
Torenia cordifolia Roxb.; Pl. Coromandel 2: 52, t. 161 (1798)
Distribution: China (Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan); NE-Pakistan (Kotli, Mirpur); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand); Nicobar Isl. (Central Nicobars); Myanmar; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; peninsular Malaysia; Lesser Sunda Isl.
36 CHI 40 BHU IND NEP PAK 41 CBD LAO MYA NCB THA 42 LSI MLY
species :
Torenia courtallensis Gamble; Fl. Madras, 956 (1922)
Distribution: India (Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
species :
Torenia crenata (Pennell) Pennell; J. Arnold Arbor. 24: 254 (1943)
Distribution: Sulawesi; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia crenata Pennell; J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 79 (1939)
species :
Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl.; Linnaea 2: 570 (1827)
Name: Malaysian false pimpernel
Distribution: Senegal; Guinea-Bissau; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Nigeria; Cameroon; Annobon Isl.; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Burundi; Madagascar; Mauritius [I]; Seychelles [I]; China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Tibet; South Korea; Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu); Ryukyu Isl.; Taiwan; Pakistan (Hazara); Nepal; India (throughout); Lakshadweep Isl. [Laccadives]; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (South Andamans, Barren Isl.); Nicobar Isl. (Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Bago, Taninthayi, Yangon); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; peninsular Malaysia (throughout); Sumatra; Borneo; Sulawesi; Philippines (throughout); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); Moluccas; Christmas Isl. [Austr.]; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea); Australia (Queensland); New Caledonia [I]; Vanuatu; Tonga (Kao, Vava´u, Late Isl.); Fiji; Wallis & Futuna (Futuna Isl., ´Uvea Isl. [Wallis]); American Samoa (Tutuila, Aunu´u, Ofu, Olosega, Ta´u); [Western] Samoa (Savai´i, ´Upolu); Cook Isl. (Rarotonga, Mangaia, Aitutaki, Atiu); Marquesas Isl. (Hiva Oa, Fatu Hiva); Society Isl. [I] (Tahiti [I], Raiatea [I]); Austral Isl. (Tubuai); Palau; Northern Marianas (Pagan); Fed. States of Micronesia (Yap, Truk, Moen, Namoluk, Pohnpei, Kosrae); Hawaii [I] (Oahu [I], W-Maui [I], Hawaii Isl. [I]); USA [I] (Alabama [I], Arkansas [I], Florida [I], Georgia [I], Louisiana [I], Mississippi [I], North Carolina [I], South Carolina [I], Texas [I]); Mexico [I]; Guatemala [I]; Belize [I]; El Salvador [I]; Honduras [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Panama [I]; Cuba [I]; Jamaica [I]; Puerto Rico [I]; Montserrat [I]; Guadeloupe [I]; Dominica [I]; Martinique [I]; St. Lucia [I]; St. Vincent [I]; Grenada [I]; Tobago [I]; Trinidad [I]; Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Guyana [I]; Surinam [I]; French Guiana [I]; Ecuador [I]; Ecuador [I]; Peru; Bolivia [I]; N-Brazil [I]; NE-Brazil [I]; WC-Brazil [I]; SE-Brazil [I]
22 GHA GNB GUI IVO NGA SEN SIE 23 ANN BUR CAF CMN CON GAB ZAI 29 mau MDG sey 36 CHI TIB 38 JAP KOR NNS TAI 40 BAN IND LDV NEP PAK SRL 41 AND CBD LAO MYA NCB THA 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY MOL NWG PHI SUL SUM XMS 50 AUS 60 ASA FIJ nwc SAM TON VAN WAL 61 AUI COO MRQ sci 62 MIC MRN PLU 63 haw 77 usa 78 usa 79 mex 80 blz cos els gua hon nic pan 81 cub dom gdl gre jam mar mts pue stl stv trt 82 clm frg guy sur ven 83 bol ecu PER 84 bra
Synonyms: hidden
= Antirrhinum hexandrum Forssk.; Fl. Aegypt.-Arab.: 43 (1775)
= Antirrhinum hexandrum G.Forst.; Fl. Ins. Austr.: 43 (1786)
= Buchnera capillaris Ham.; Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. [Ham.] 46 (1825)
= Capraria crustacea L.; Mant. Pl. 87 (1767)
= Gratiola aspera Roth; Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15[bis]. 1: 137 (1817)
= Gratiola lucida Willd.; Sp. Pl. ed. 4. 1: 103 (1797)
= Hornemannia ovata Link & Otto; Icon. Pl. Sel. 9. t. 3 (1820)
= Linaria hexandra (R.Br.) F.Dietr.; Nachtr. Vollst. Lex. Gärtn. 4: 394 (1818)
= Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell.; Syst. Census Austral. Pl. 97 (1882)
= Lindernia crustacea var. clarkei G.S.Giri & Majumdar; J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 3(1): 253 (1982)
= Lindernia crustacea var. smithii Degen & Rühle
= Lindernia crustacea var. verticillata (Haines) K.K.Khanna; Fl. Bihar, Analysis 357 (2001)
= Lindernia gracilis (Bonati) Bonati; Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 416 (1927)
= Lindernia minuta (Blume) Koord.; Exkurs.-Fl. Java 3: 178 (1912)
= Lindernia obtusa (Blume) Koord.; Exkurs.-Fl. Java 3: 178 (1912)
= Lindernia racemosa Bonati; Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 413 (1927)
= Mimulus javanicus Blume; Catalogus: 83 (1823)
= Morgania aspera (Roth) Spreng.; Syst. Veg. ed. 16, 2: 803 (1825)
= Morgania lucida Spreng.; Syst. Veg. ed. 16. 2: 802 (1825)
= Pentsteira paniculata Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 119 (1854)
= Pyxidaria crustacea (L.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 464 (1891)
= Pyxidaria minuta (Blume) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 464 (1891)
= Pyxidaria obtusa (Blume) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 465 (1891)
= Tittmannia ovata (Link & Otto) Rchb.; Ic. Bot. Exot. 1: 27 (1824)
= Tittmannia scabra (R.Br.) Spreng.; Syst. Veg. ed. 16, 2: 800 (1825)
= Torenia flaccida R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 440 (1810)
= Torenia hexandra R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 440 (1810)
= Torenia lucida Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Numer. List no. 3962 (1831), nomen
= Torenia minuta Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 755 (1826)
= Torenia obtusa Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 754 (1826)
= Torenia ovata (Link & Otto) Sweet; Hort. Brit. ed. I. 306 (1827)
= Torenia rubella Buch.-Ham.; Numer. List no. 3962 A (1831)
= Torenia scabra R.Br.; Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 440 (1810)
= Torenia varians Roxb.; Hort. Beng. 45 (1814), Fl. Ind. 3: 96 (1832)
= Ucnopsolen cordatum Raf.; Autik. Bot.: 155 (1840), nom. inval.
= Vandellia alba Benth.; Scroph. Ind. 35 (1835)
= Vandellia bodinieri H.Lév.; Bull. Soc. Agric. Sarthe, reimpr., sér. 2, 39: 9 (1904)
= Vandellia brownii Benth.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 10: 413 (1846)
= Vandellia crustacea (L.) Benth.; Scroph. Ind. 35 (1835)
= Vandellia crustacea var. verticillata Haines; Bot. Bihar Odisha: 631 (1922)
= Vandellia gracilis Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 539 (1908)
= Vandellia irosinensis Elmer ex Merr.; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 3: 438 (1923), pro syn.
= Vandellia minuta (Blume) Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 691 (1857)
= Vandellia obtusa (Blume) Miq.; Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 691 (1857)
= Vandellia racemosa Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 537 (1908), nom. illeg.
= Vandellia racemosa Spreng.; Neue Entdeck. Pflanzenk. 1: 262 (1820)
= Vandellia varians G.Don; Gen. Syst. 4: 549 (1837)
species :
Torenia cyanea Alston; Trimen, Hand-Book Fl. Ceylon 6: Suppl., 212 (1931)
Distribution: Sri Lanka
40 SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Torenia aerinea Alston; Trim., Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6(Suppl.): 212 (1931)
= Torenia rubens Thwaites; Enum. Pl. Zeyl.: 219 (1860), nom. illeg., non Benth.
species :
Torenia cyrtandriflora B.L.Burtt; Rheedea, 1(1-2): 3 (1991)
Distribution: Borneo (Sarawak, Kalimantan)
42 BOR
species :
Torenia daubyi Eb.Fisch. & O.Lachenaud; Phytotaxa 125(1): 42 (2013)
Distribution: Gabon
23 GAB
species :
Torenia davidii Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 232 (2013)
Distribution: Sulawesi; New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
42 NWG SUL
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia celebica Philcox; Kew Bull. 22: 15 (1968)
species :
Torenia dictyophora (P.C.Tsoong) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 232 (2013)
Distribution: China (Yunnan); N-Thailand
36 CHI 41 THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia dictyophora P.C.Tsoong; Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 67(2): 397-398, t. 12, f. 3-4 (1979)
species :
Torenia diffusa D.Don; Prod. Fl. Nep. 86 (1825)
Distribution: Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bangladesh
40 BAN BHU IND NEP
Synonyms: hidden
= Pentsteira grandiflora Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 118 (1854)
= Torenia hians Roxb.; Hort. Beng. 45 (1814), Fl. Ind. 3: 96 (1832)
= Torenia hirtella Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India 4: 277 (1884)
= Torenia vagans Roxb.; Hort. Beng. 95 (1814), Fl. Ind. 3: 96 (1832)
species :
Torenia dinklagei Engl.; Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 610 (1922)
Distribution: Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Gabon; D.R.Congo [Zaire]
22 GHA IVO LBR NGA SIE TOG 23 BIO CMN GAB ZAI
species :
Torenia flava Buch.-Ham. ex Benth.; Scroph. Ind. 38 (1835)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan); Taiwan; India (Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Myanmar (Taninthayi, Yangon); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Perak); Java
36 CHI 38 TAI 40 BAN IND 41 CBD LAO MYA THA VIE 42 JAW MLY
Synonyms: hidden
= Mimulus hirsutus Blume; Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 756 (1826)
= Pentsteira racemosa Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 120 (1854)
= Torenia baillonii God.-Leb. ex André; Ill. Hort. 25: 136, t. 324 (1878)
= Torenia flava Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Numer. List no. 3957 A, B (1831), nom. nud.
= Torenia hokutensis Hayata; Icon. Pl. Formosan. 9: 80-81 (1920)
species :
Torenia fordii Hook.f.; Bot. Mag. 111: t. 6797B (1885)
Distribution: China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi)
36 CHI
species :
Torenia fournieri Linden ex E.Fourn.; Ill. Hort. 23: 129, t. 249 (1876)
Name: Bluewings; Pensamiento del pobre (Dominican Republic)
Distribution: Congo [Brazzaville] [I]; China [I] (Fujian [I], Guangdong [I], Guangxi [I], Yunnan [I], Zhejiang [I]); Taiwan [I]; India (Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Sri Lanka [I]; Bangladesh; Myanmar [I]; Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; Java [I]; Australia (Queensland); Fiji [I]; Society Isl. [I] (Raiatea [I]); Tuamotu Arch. [I] (Makatea Isl. [I]); Guam [I]; USA [I] (Florida [I], Louisiana [I]); Mexico [I]; Belize [I]; Honduras [I]; Nicaragua [I]; Costa Rica [I]; Panama [I]; Hispaniola [I]; Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Guyana [I]
23 con 36 chi 38 tai 40 BAN IND srl 41 CBD LAO mya THA VIE 42 jaw 50 AUS 60 fij 61 sci tua 62 gum 78 usa 79 mex 80 blz cos hon nic pan 81 his 82 clm guy ven
species :
Torenia godefroyi Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 514 (1908)
Distribution: S-India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia crustacea var. godefroyi (Bonati) T.Yamaz.; J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 13: 37 (1981)
= Torenia lindernioides C.J.Saldanha; Bull. Bot. Surv. Ind. 8: 130 (1967)
species :
Torenia grandiflora (Merr.) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 232 (2013)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro); New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia grandiflora (Merr.) Merr.; Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 3: 438 (1923), nom. illeg.
= Lindernia philippinensis Philcox; Kew Bull. 22: 13 (1968)
= Vandellia grandiflora Merr.; Philipp. J. Sci. 1: Suppl. 237 (1906)
species :
Torenia hayatae Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 1096 (1924 publ. 1925)
Distribution: Vietnam
41 VIE
species :
Torenia hirsuta Willd.; Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 3: 266 (1800)
Distribution: S-India (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
40 IND
Synonyms: hidden
= Torenia asiatica var. hirsuta (Willd.) Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India 4: 277 (1884)
species :
Torenia hirsutissima Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 512 (1908)
Distribution: N- & E-Thailand; Laos; Cambodia
41 CBD LAO THA
species :
Torenia hookeri (C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.) A.Pal & M.Chowdhury; Phytotaxa 549(2): 230, fig. 1 (2022)
Distribution: Nepal; India (Jharkhand, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttarakhand); Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam
40 BAN IND NEP 41 MYA THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Vandellia hookeri C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 280 (1884)
= Lindernia hookeri (C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.) Wettst.; Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(3b): 80 (1891)
= Lindernia hookeri var. cochinchinensis Bonati; Fl. Gen. Indoch. 4: 415 (1927)
= Pyxidaria hookeri (C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 464 (1891)
species :
Torenia indica C.J.Saldanha; Bull. Bot. Surv. India 8: 127 (1967)
Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Odisha, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal)
40 IND
species :
Torenia javanica T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 65(9): 261 (1990)
Distribution: Java
42 JAW
Remarks: provisionally accepted name
species :
Torenia kinmenensis (Y.S.Liang, Chih H.Chen & J.L.Tsai) Y.S.Liang & J.C.Wang; Phytotaxa 247(2): 149 (2016)
Distribution: Taiwan
38 TAI
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia kinmenensis Y.S.Liang, Chih H.Chen & J.L.Tsai; Nordic J. Bot. 29(4): 435 (2011)
species :
Torenia laotica Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 512 (1908)
Distribution: Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD LAO VIE
species :
Torenia leucosiphon Alston; Trimen, Hand-Book Fl. Ceylon 6: Suppl., 212 (1931)
Distribution: S-India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka
40 IND SRL
Synonyms: hidden
= Torenia asiatica var. parvifolia Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India 4: 276 (1884)
species :
Torenia maculata (Bonati) Y.F.Deng; Phytotaxa 438: 156 (2020)
Distribution: Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD LAO VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia ligulata (T.Yamaz.) Philcox; Taxon 19: 649 (1970)
= Lindernia maculata Bonati; Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 414 (1927)
= Lindernia pierreana (Bonati) Bonati; Leomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 415 (1927)
= Torenia bonatii Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43: 231 (2013), nom. nov. superfl.
= Vandellia ligulata T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 28: 37 (1953)
= Vandellia pierreana Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 538 (1908)
species :
Torenia mannii Skan; Oliv. et al. (eds.), Fl. Trop. Africa 4: II. 336 (1906)
Distribution: Equatorial Guinea; Gabon
23 EQG GAB
species :
Torenia molluginoides (Benth.) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 232 (2013)
Distribution: India (Odisha); Myanmar; Thailand
40 IND 41 MYA THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia molluginoides (Benth.) Wettst.; Engl. & Prantl, Natürl. Pflanzenfam. 4: 3b 80 (1891)
= Pyxidaria molluginodes (Benth.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 464 (1891)
= Torenia molluginoides Benth.; Wall. Cat. n. 3960 (1832)
= Vandellia molluginoides (Benth.) Benth.; Scroph. Ind. 35 (1835)
species :
Torenia oblonga (Benth.) Hance; Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 4, 15: 227 (1861)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Hainan); Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam
36 CHI 41 CBD LAO VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia oblonga (Benth.) Merr. & Chun; Sunyatsenia 5(1-3): 180 (1940)
= Lindernia subcrenulata (Miq.) Merr.; Sunyatsenia 1(1): 33 (1930)
= Pyxidaria oblonga (Benth.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 465 (1891)
= Pyxidaria subcrenulata (Miq.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 465 (1891)
= Torenia lobelioides Hook. & Arn.; Bot. Beech. Voy. 202 (1837)
= Torenia oblonga (Benth.) Steud.; Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 692 (1861), isonym
= Vandellia oblonga Benth.; Scroph. Ind. 35 (1835)
= Vandellia subcrenulata Miq.; J. Bot. Neerl. 1: 113 (1861)
species :
Torenia patens Pennell; Kew Bull. 23: 463 (1969)
Distribution: India (Meghalaya)
40 IND
species :
Torenia perennans (T.Yamaz.) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 232 (2013)
Distribution: Laos; Vietnam
41 LAO VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia perennans (T.Yamaz.) Philcox; Taxon 19: 649 (1970)
= Vandellia perennans T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 28: 39 (1953)
species :
Torenia philcoxii Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 232 (2013)
Distribution: New Guinea (Irian Jaya)
42 NWG
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia glabra Philcox; Kew Bull. 22: 23 (1968), nom. illeg.
species :
Torenia pierreana Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 513 (1908)
Distribution: Thailand (widespread); Laos; Cambodia
41 CBD LAO THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Torenia reptans Kerr ex Barnett; Kew Bull. 16: 487 (1962 publ. 1963)
species :
Torenia pierreanoides (T.Yamaz.) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 232 (2013)
Distribution: Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD THA VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia pierreanoides T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 53(1): 2(1978)
species :
Torenia poilanei Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 1093 (1924 publ. 1925)
Distribution: Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Torenia rupestris Bonati; Lecomte & al., Fl. Indo-Chine 4: 402 (1927)
species :
Torenia pterogona (T.Yamaz.) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 232 (2013)
Distribution: Laos
41 LAO
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia pterogona T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot., 55(11): 328 (1980)
species :
Torenia ranongensis T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 58(1): 14 (1983)
Distribution: peninsular Thailand
41 THA
species :
Torenia scandens Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 71: 1095 (1924 publ. 1925)
Distribution: Vietnam
41 VIE
species :
Torenia siamensis T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 53(4): 103 (1978)
Distribution: N- & E-Thailand
41 THA
species :
Torenia siliguriensis A.Pal & M.Chowdhury; Ann. Bot. Fenn. 58: 237, figs. 1-3 (2021)
Distribution: India (West Bengal)
40 IND
species :
Torenia silvicola A.Raynal; Adansonia, n. s. 5: 522 (1965)
Distribution: Cameroon; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]
23 CMN CON GAB
Synonyms: hidden
= Torenia pterocalyx Mildbr.; Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Zentr.-Afr.-Exped. 1910-11 2: 63 (1922), nomen
species :
Torenia spathacea (Bonati) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 232 (2013)
Distribution: Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD LAO VIE
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia spathacea (Bonati) Bonati; Leomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 4: 414 (1927)
= Vandellia spathacea Bonati; Leconte, Not. Syst. 1: 333 (1911)
species :
Torenia stolonifera Bojer ex Benth.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 10: 410 (1846)
Distribution: Madagascar
29 MDG
species :
Torenia subconnivens (Philcox) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 232 (2013)
Distribution: Philippines (Luzon)
42 PHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia subconnivens Philcox; Kew Bull. 22: 13 (1968)
species :
Torenia taishanensis (F.Z.Li) Y.S.Liang & J.C.Wang; Phytotaxa 247(2): 149 (2016)
Distribution: China (Shandong)
36 CHI
Synonyms: hidden
= Vandellia taishanensis (F.Z.Li) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 235 (2013)
= Lindernia taishanensis F.Z.Li; Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 6(1): 169-170 (1986)
species :
Torenia thailandica T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 65(9): 265 (1990)
Distribution: SE-Thailand
41 THA
species :
Torenia thorelii Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 514 (1908)
Distribution: Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam
41 CBD LAO VIE
species :
Torenia thouarsii (Cham. & Schltdl.) Kuntze; Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 468 (1891)
Distribution: Senegal; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Mali; Ivory Coast; Ghana; Togo; Benin; Nigeria; Cameroon; Bioko Isl. [Fernando Poo]; Principe Isl.; São Tomé; Gabon; Congo [Brazzaville]; Central African Republic; D.R.Congo [Zaire]; Rwanda; Burundi; S-Chad; South Sudan; Ethiopia; Uganda; Kenya; Tanzania; Angola; Zambia; Malawi; Zimbabwe; Mozambique; Botswana; South Africa (Gauteng, Mpulamanga, KwaZulu-Natal); Madagascar; Mauritius; China (Guangxi); India (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal); Bangladesh [I]; Myanmar; Costa Rica [I]; Panama [I]; Trinidad [I]; Colombia [I]; Venezuela [I]; Guyana [I]; Surinam [I]; Ecuador [I]; Peru [I]; Bolivia [I]; N-Brazil [I]; NE-Brazil [I]; WC-Brazil [I]; SE-Brazil [I]; S-Brazil [I]
22 BEN GHA GUI IVO LBR MLI NGA SEN SIE TOG 23 BIO BUR CAF CMN CON GAB PRI RWA SAO ZAI 24 CHA ETH SSU 25 KEN TAN UGA 26 ANG MLW MOZ ZAM ZIM 27 BOT SAF 29 MAU MDG 36 CHI 40 ban IND 41 MYA 80 cos pan 81 trt 82 clm guy sur ven 83 bol ecu per 84 bra
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia thouarsii (Cham. & Schltdl.) Edwin; Phytologia 19: 361 (1970), et Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. (Chicago), Bot. Ser., 13 (Fl. Peru. 5B: 3): 688 (1971)
= Nortenia thouarsii Cham. & Schltdl.; Linnaea 3: 18 (1828)
= Nortenia thouarsii var. nivea Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 72: 164 (1920)
= Pentsteira dichotoma Griff.; Not. Pl. Asiat. 4: 119 (1854)
= Torenia chamaedrys Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve, Ser. II. 18: 30 (1926)
= Torenia gavottiana Buscal.; Ann. Bot. (Rome) 9: 106 (1911)
= Torenia nana Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve, Ser. II. 18: 32 (1926), nom. illeg.
= Torenia nortenia Steud.; Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 692 (1840)
= Torenia parviflora Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Numer. List [Wall.] n. 3958 (1831) et ex Benth., Scroph. Ind. 39 (1835), descr. (1835)
= Torenia parviflora var. brevipedicellata De Wild.; Ann. Mus. Congo Belge, Bot., sér. 5, 1: 73 (1903)
= Torenia pedunculariformis Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve 18: 33-35, f. VIII(4-7). (1926)
= Torenia pedunculata Willd. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 692 (1841), nom. inval.
= Torenia ramosissima Vatke; Oesterr. Bot. Z. 25: 10 (1875)
= Torenia thouarsii var. nivea Pennell; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 72: 164 (1920)
= Torenia veronicifolia Willd. ex Steud.; Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 2: 692 (1841), nom. inval.
= Torenia viguieri Bonati; Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve, Ser. II. 18: 30 (1926)
= Vandellia diffusa Blanco; Fl. Filip.: 505 (1837), nom. illeg.
species :
Torenia travancorica Gamble; Fl. Madras, 957 (1923)
Distribution: India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka
40 IND SRL
species :
Torenia udawnensis (T.Yamaz.) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 232 (2013)
Distribution: NE-Thailand
41 THA
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia udawnensis T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 53(1): 9 (1978)
species :
Torenia umbellata (T.Yamaz.) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Müll.; Willdenowia 43(2): 232 (2013)
Distribution: Cambodia
41 CBD
Synonyms: hidden
= Lindernia umbellata T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 53(1): 10 (1978)
species :
Torenia vientianica T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot., 55(11): 328 (1980)
Distribution: Laos; Vietnam
41 LAO VIE
species :
Torenia violacea (Azaola ex Blanco) Pennell; J. Arnold Arbor. 24(3): 255 (1943)
Distribution: China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); Taiwan; Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Bangladesh; Andaman Isl. (South Andamans); Nicobar Isl. (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobars, Central Nicobars, Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.); Myanmar (Chin, Kachin); Thailand; Laos; Cambodia; Vietnam; peninsular Malaysia (Kedah, Penang Isl., Kelantan, Perak, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka); Sumatra; Borneo; Sulawesi; Palawan; Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao); Java; Lesser Sunda Isl. (Bali, etc.); New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea)
36 CHI 38 TAI 40 BAN BHU IND NEP 41 AND CBD LAO MYA NCB THA VIE 42 BOR JAW LSI MLY NWG PHI PLW SUL SUM
Synonyms: hidden
= Mimulus violaceus Azaola ex Blanco; Fl. Filip. (ed. 2) 357 (1845)
= Torenia alba Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; Numer. List no. 3961 (1831), nom. inval.
= Torenia edentula Benth.; Prodr. [A. DC.] 10: 410 (1846), nom. illeg.
= Torenia exappendiculata Regel; Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 271 (1877)
= Torenia paniculata Blanco; Fl. Filip. ed. I. 486 (1837)
= Torenia peduncularis Benth. ex Hook.f.; Fl. Brit. India 4: 276 (1884)
= Torenia violacea var. chinensis T.Yamaz.; J. Jap. Bot. 30(12): 362 (1955)
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A complete, synonymic checklist of the Higher Plants of the World

Version 19.2 (April 17th, 2024)

Covering 354,696 accepted species,
8,644 hybrids, 47,758 accepted infraspecific taxa and 996,379 synonyms,
in total 1,407,477* names

[*about 25,000 dubious, "unplaced" names and about 4,000 invalid names (Art. 24.3) like "typicus" are deliberately omitted]

With complete, detailed distribution data (countries and regions) and literature references

Arranged in linear phylogenetic sequence reflecting true relationships

Fully searchable and continously updated

With 38,290 pictures of 15,532 species

Assembled through 40 years independently from other databases

In cooperation with Catalogue of Life