FAMILY APIACEAE
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Characters of Apiaceae: Stem fistular, leaves alternate, much dissected mostly decompound, sheathing leaf base; inflorescence umbel or compound umbel occasionally simple; flowers epigynous, pentamerous, regular rarely zygomorphic, hermaphrodite; calyx superior, pentafid or 0; corolla five, polypetalous, often inflexed; stamens 5; carpels 2; syncarpous, bicarpellary with 2 pendulous ovules; honey-disc surrounding the stigmas – stylopodium is present; fruit cremocarp; seeds endospermic and oily. A. Vegetative characters: Habit: Plants are mostly herbs which may be annual, biennial or perennial, the herbs may be large (Bupleurum, Heracleum, Agelica) rarely shrubs with aromatic odour due to the presence of oil ducts. Pseudocarum climbs by means of its petioles which are very sensitive to contact.
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FAMILY APIACEAE
- 3. ‘’ ▣ The family is commonly called carrot family/parsley family. ▣ It was also named as Umbelliferae. ▣ It includes 295 genera and 2,850 species according to Willis. ▣ In India the family is represented by 180 species and 30 genera. ▣ The plants are distributed almost throughout the world except the arctic regions. ▣ The chief centres of the distribution are north temperate and sub-tropical regions 3
- 4. VEGETATIVE CHARACTERSTICS Habit: Majority of the plants are annual, biennial or perennial herbs. Sometimes shrubs and undershrub’s are also found. Bupleurum falcatum is an undershrub and Pseudocarum is a climbing plant. 4
- 5. VEGETATIVE CHARACTERSTICS Root: Tap, branched sometimes swollen for the storage of food material e.g., Carrot (Daucus carota). 5
- 6. VEGETATIVE CHARACTERSTICS Stem: Erect or prostrate; climbing in Pseudocarum; swollen nodes, sometimes ridged, usually fistular, glaucous or glabrous. 6
- 7. VEGETATIVE CHARACTERSTICS Leaves: ❑ Leaves are alternate, exstipulate, pinnately compound or palmately lobed with reticulate venation. ❑ Leaf petiole is broadened with sheath surrounding stem or base of leaf. 7
- 8. Floral Characterstics: 8 Inflorescence: ❑ Inflorescence is the characteristic feature of this family. ❑ The flowering head is usually a simple or compound ‘umbel’, but it can be reduced to a single flower in some species. ❑ This flat-topped umbel resembles a flattened umbrella structure and thus the alternate name for this family is Umbelliferae. ❑ The primary umbel is surrounded by an involucre of bracts and secondary umbel is subtended by an involucre of bractlets. UMBEL
- 9. Floral Characterstics: 9 Flower: ❖ Flowers are small, bracteate/ebracteate, pedicillate or sessile, complete, regular, pentamerous, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, epigynous, cyclic usually bisexual and rarely unisexual. ❖ Flowers are arranged in umbels or double umbels, Flowers are many, small, white or yellow in color.
- 10. Floral Characterstics: 10 Calyx: Sepals 5, gamosepalous, small teeth or scales or absent (Foeniculum), adnate to the ovary, valvate aestivation, green.
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- 12. Floral Characterstics: 12 Corolla: ➢ It consists of five petals, polypetalous, i.e., the petals are free. ➢ They are usually white or yellow in colour. ➢ The petals vary in size. In many cases two of the petals being larger than the other three. ➢ The tips of the petals are usually reflexed. Sometimes the petals are bifid, e.g., Coriandrum sativum. ➢ The aestivation is either valvate or imbricate.
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- 14. Floral Characterstics: 14 Androecium: Stamens 5, polyandrous, inserted under the disc, anthers dithecous, versatile, introrse, filament long, equal in length, bent in the bud but ultimately spreading out.
- 15. Floral Characterstics: 15 Gynoecium: ➢ The Gynoecium is bicarpellary and syncarpous with an inferior bilocular ovary. ➢ Each carpel has a single pendulous and anatropus ovule. ➢ The placentation is axile. ➢ An epigynous disc called as stylopodium, is present on the top of the ovary. ➢ Stylopodium surrounds the two styles. ➢ Stigmas are capitates and distinct. ➢ The carpels are ribbed and have parallel resinous canals called vittae.
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- 17. Floral Characterstics: 17 Fruit: Schizocarpic cremocarp which splits into two one seeded mericarps, which rejnain attached to a slender often forked axis – the carpophore; mericarps are longitudinally ridged, in between the ridges are the farrows having oil ducts or vittae.
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- 20. Floral Characterstics: 20 Pollination: Entomophilous due to nectar, scent and protandrous nature of flowers.
- 23. CLASSIFICATION: 2 Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Subclass: Rosidae Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Genus : Coriandrum Species : Coriandrum sativum
- 25. Habit: ◍ An annual cultivated herb. Root: ◍ Tap and branched. Stem: ◍ Erect, herbaceous, green, solid, branched, cylindrical, aromatic, ribbed, glabrous, nodes, slightly swollen. 4 Common Name: Dhaniya
- 26. Leaf: ◍ Decompound, much branched when old, cauline, petiolate, base slightly sheathing, unicostate reticulate venation. 5
- 28. Inflorescence: ◍ Compound umbel with involucre of bracts and involucel. 7
- 29. Flower: ◍ Pedicellate, bracteate, hermaphrodite, complete, epigynous, the outer flowers of the inflorescence are zygomorphic, i.e., with large and unequal petals, whereas the central flowers are actinomorphic with equal and small petals. 8
- 30. Calyx: ◍ 5 sepals, gamosepalous, green, acute, valvate aestivation, superior, calyx tube adnate to the ovary wall. 9
- 31. Corolla : ◍ 5 petals, polypetalous, in peripheral flowers two posteior petals bilobed and smallest, one anterior deeply bilobed and largest two lateral large, bilobed, one lobe very small and the other large, ◍ zygomorphic, ◍ imbricate aestivation, ◍ purplish white; the petals of central flowers are small and equal in size, each petal consists of two equal lobes. 10
- 32. Corolla : ◍ imbricate aestivation, 11
- 33. Androecium: ◍ 5 stamens polyandrous, alternating with petals, filaments long, anthers dorsifixed, introrse and yellow. 12
- 34. Gynoecium: ◍ 2 carpels, bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary inferior, ◍ bilocular, one ovule in each loculus, ◍ axile placentation, ◍ epigynous disc present at the top of ovary prolonged in two short styles, vittae present in ovary wall. 13
- 38. 17 1.Food: This family has many vegetables like carrot, parsely, parsnip and sowa. 2.Fodder: Several members of this family are important as forage plants for cattle and horses. Some of these plants are carrot, wild parsely, cow- parnip, angelicas etcs. 3.Codiments: Many members of this family are used as condiments. For example, Fercula (Hing), Carum (Ajwan), Cuminum (Zira), Foeniculum (Saunf) , coriandrum (Dhania) and peucedanum (Sowa). Volatile oils, resins etc are produced in the bark, leaves, and fruits give the plant their fragrance.
- 39. 4.Medicinal: This family has many medicinal plants. For example, Ligusticum (Lovage) Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain), Ferula (Hing), Foeniculum (Saunf), Anethum (Dill or Sowa) are used in many drugs for digestive disorders.. Hing is obtained from resinous gum produced from the roots of Ferula asafetida in Afghanistan and Iran. Centella or Hydrocotyle (Brahmin booti) is useful for brain work. 5.Poisons: Several members of this family give acrid watery juice. It has narcotic effects in animals. Among these, the most important is conium (Hemlock). Every part of this plant especially fresh leaves and fruits contain a volatile oily alkali called conine. It is much poisonous. Its few drops can kill some small animals. It acts on nervous system. Therefore, its small doze is effective for cancerous and nervous disorders.
- 40. 6.Oil: Oil is obtained from coriander (Dhania) and Centella (Brahmi). These are used as hair oil. 7.Ornamental plants: Several plants are cultivated domestically as ornamental plants like blue lac flower or didicans (Trachymene), Angeica (Angelica), sea holly (Eryngium) and cow parsnip (Heraclaeum).
- 41. THANK YOU ! 20