The Apocynaceae of Namibia

S T R E L I T Z I A 34
The Apocynaceae
of Namibia
P.V. Bruyns
Bolus Herbarium
Department of Biological Sciences
University of Cape Town
Rondebosch
7701
Pretoria
2014
S TRELITZIA
This series has replaced Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa and Annals of the Kirstenbosch Botanic
Gardens, which the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) inherited from its predecessor organisa-
tions.
The plant genus Strelitzia occurs naturally in the eastern parts of southern Africa. It comprises three arbores-
cent species, known as wild bananas, and two acaulescent species, known as crane flowers or bird-of-paradise
flowers. The logo of SANBI is partly based on the striking inflorescence of Strelitzia reginae, a native of the Eastern
Cape and KwaZulu-Natal that has become a garden favourite worldwide. It symbolises the commitment of SANBI
to champion the exploration, conservation, sustainable use, appreciation and enjoyment of South Africas excep-
tionally rich biodiversity for all people.
EDITOR: Alicia Grobler

PROOFREADER: Yolande Steenkamp
COVER DESIGN & LAYOUT: Elizma Fouch
FRONT COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Peter Bruyns
BACK COVER PHOTOGRAPHS: Colleen Mannheimer (top)
Peter Bruyns (bottom)
Citing this publication

BRUYNS, P.V. 2014. The Apocynaceae of Namibia. Strelitzia 34. South African National Biodiversity Institute,
Pretoria.
ISBN: 978-1-919976-98-3
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The views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of SANBI. The author and publisher have made their best efforts
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of this publication. Every effort has been made to ensure that the credits accurately comply with the information supplied by the
author.
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) iii
Contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Taxonomic account. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Apocynaceae Juss.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
RAUVOLFIOIDEAE Kostel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
CARISSEAE Dumort.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Carissa L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
MELODINEAE G.Don . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Diplorhynchus Welw. ex Ficalho & Hiern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
APOCYNOIDEAE Burnett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
BAISSEEAE M.E.Endress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Baissea A.DC.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
NERIEAE Baill.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Adenium Roem. & Schult.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Strophanthus DC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
MALOUETIEAE Mll.Arg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Pachypodium Lindl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
PERIPLOCOIDEAE R.Br. ex Endl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Cryptolepis R.Br. (incl. Curroria Planch. ex Benth.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Ectadium E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Raphionacme Harv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Tacazzea Decne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
SECAMONOIDEAE Endl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Secamone R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
ASCLEPIADOIDEAE R.Br. ex Burnett. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
FOCKEEAE H.Kunze, Meve & Liede. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Fockea Endl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
MARSDENIEAE Benth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Gymnema R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Marsdenia R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Rhyssolobium E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Stigmatorhynchus Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
ASCLEPIADEAE (R.Br.) Duby. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Asclepias L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Cynanchum L. (incl. Sarcostemma R.Br.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Gomphocarpus R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Microloma R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
iv S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Pachycarpus E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Pentarrhinum E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Pergularia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Periglossum Decne.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Schizoglossum E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Schizostephanus Hochst.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Sphaerocodon Benth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Tylophora R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Xysmalobium R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
CEROPEGIEAE Decne. ex Orb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Australluma Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Baynesia Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Brachystelma R.Br. ex Sims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Ceropegia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Duvalia Haw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Hoodia Sweet ex Decne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Huernia R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Larryleachia Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Lavrania Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Orbea Haw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Orthanthera Wight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Piaranthus R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Quaqua N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Stapelia L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Stapeliopsis Pillans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Tavaresia Welw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Tridentea Haw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Tromotriche Haw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
S TRELITZIA 34 (2014) 1
Abstract
The Flora of Namibia is dominated by the most diverse in the extreme south of the country,
families Poaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae. in the Rosh Pinah and in the Karasburg districts.
Here, an account of the Apocynaceae, the sixth The distribution of each species is mapped and,
largest family in Namibia, is presented. A total of for many genera, one species is illustrated with
153 species belonging to 46 genera are recorded line drawings. Lectotypes are selected for several
as occurring naturally for the country and 19 of species.
these species are endemic to Namibia, with two
endemic genera. More than half of these 153 Keywords: Apocynaceae, Apocynoideae,
species belong to the tribe Ceropegieae, with Asclepiadoideae, endemics, largest families, Na-
the highly succulent group, the stapeliads, repre- mibian Flora, Periplocoideae, Rauvolfioideae,
sented by 58 species. It is shown that the family is Secamonoideae.
2 S TRELITZIA 34 (2014)
Introduction
The only account of the Flora of Namibia & Bruyns (2000) and APG III (2009) these now
remains the Prodromus einer Flora von Sdwest- fall into a single family, which is the sixth largest
Afrika (Merxmller 19661972). Much new infor- in Namibia (Table 1).
mation has become available since the comple-
tion of this work and revision of the Prodromus Namibia is bounded on the west alongside
is becoming ever more necessary. In an attempt the Atlantic Ocean by the Namib Desert, one of
to initiate a Flora of Namibia, an account of the the most arid regions on Earth, and on the east
family Apocynaceae for Namibia is presented by the semi-arid Kalahari Desert (Simmons et al.
here. 1998). Consequently the country is mostly arid to
semi-arid. Over its surface area of 824292km2,
The Apocynaceae is a medium-sized, cos- a total of 3729 angiosperms have been record-
mopolitan family of some 5000 species with a ed. This is made up of 938 monocotyledons and
preponderance of species in the tropics (En- 2791 dicotyledons (Craven 1999), correspond-
dress & Bruyns 2000). The family is well repre- ing to the widely known ratio of three dicotyle-
sented in southern Africa generally, where over donous species to one monocotyledonous spe-
650 species are known (Germishuizen & Meyer cies (Goldblatt & Manning 2000). In contrast to
2003). the Cape Flora where petaloid monocotyledons
dominate (Goldblatt & Manning 2000), in Na-
In Huber (1967) the three families Apocyn- mibia the 938 monocotyledons are mainly non-
aceae (6 genera, 10 species), Asclepiadaceae petaloid, with 551 species in the Cyperaceae
(32 genera, 101 species) and Periplocaceae (5 and Poaceae alone and with the petaloid fami-
genera, 9 species) were listed for Namibia (i.e. a lies Amaryllidaceae (43), Asphodelaceae (50),
total of 43 genera with 120 species in the greater Hyacinthaceae (88), Iridaceae (36) and Orchi-
Apocynaceae). With the arrangement of Endress daceae (20) contributing only 237 species (25%
of the total number of monocots). Since Namibia
is generally dry, it is not surprising that the flora is
TABLE 1.The ten largest families of Angiosperms in Na-
mibia (data from Craven 1999)
dominated by the three families Asteraceae, Fa-
baceae and Poaceae (Table 1). Also, the largest
Family Number Number of genera are mainly drought-tolerant plants, with
of species endemics Crassula and Euphorbia providing the largest
(%) numbers of succulents (Table 2).
1. Poaceae 401 27 (7)
Of the 3729 species recorded, 589 (16%)
2. Asteraceae 360 61 (17)
are endemic to Namibia. In comparison to the is-
3. Fabaceae 312 34 (11) land-like level of endemism of nearly 78% for the
4. Aizoaceae 226 70 (31) 11423 species found in the 189629km2 of the
5. Scrophulariaceae 156 32 (21) Greater Cape Floristic Region (Snijman 2013),
6. Apocynaceae 153 19 (12) the level of endemism in the flora of Namibia
7. Cyperaceae 151 2 (1) is low. This is clearly a consequence of the flora
8. Acanthaceae 139 38 (27)
of Namibia consisting primarily of extensions of
other, more widely distributed floras. For exam-
9. Euphorbiaceae 91 16 (18)
ple, the Succulent Karoo of the western side of
10. Chenopodiaceae 91 39 (43) South Africa extends northwards into the winter-
TABLE 2.The ten largest genera of Angiosperms in Namibia (data from Craven 1999)
Genus Family Number of species Number of endemics (%)

1. Salsola L. Chenopodiaceae 61 36 (59)
2. Eragrostis Wolf Poaceae 56 8 (14)
3. Euphorbia L. Euphorbiaceae 51 12 (24)
4. Hermannia L. Sterculiaceae 48 9 (19)
5. Indigofera L. Fabaceae 48 7 (15)
6. Crassula L. Crassulaceae 41 3 (7)
7. Cyperus L. Cyperaceae 35 1 (3)
8. Jamesbrittenia Kuntze Scrophulariaceae 34 15 (44)
9. Ipomoea L. Convolvulaceae 33 0 (0)
10. Crotalaria L. Fabaceae 28 4 (14)
rainfall region of the extreme south of Namibia, westwards into the eastern flank of Namibia,
the Nama-Karoo extends from central South Af- and many elements of the Angolan flora extend
rica into the southeast of Namibia, the flora of southwards into the Kaokoveld and Ovambo-
the Kalahari Desert continues from Botswana land in the north of Namibia.
Materials and methods
Specimens of Apocynaceae in the herbaria among the syntypes listed by the author in the
BOL, M, NBG, PRE, SAM and WIND were ex- protologue. For the line drawings, all vouchers
amined and determined, from which a database are at BOL unless otherwise indicated. All pho-
of specimens was built up (herbarium acronyms tographs are from the authors collection unless
according to Holmgren et al. 1990). These were otherwise indicated in the captions. Collections
used to draw up the descriptions, to determine where the collector did not give a number are
flowering times, and they also provided the raw left without number. Certain species such as Ca-
data for the maps. Where types are from Na- tharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don and Cryptostegia
mibia, they are cited in full; when from other grandiflora R.Br. are common in cultivation and
countries, only the country is given. Holotypes have even occasionally spread as weeds but do
and isotypes have been located as far as pos- not occur naturally in Namibia. Craven (1999)
sible and were either seen or were viewed on also recorded Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.)
the JSTOR Plant Science website (http://plants. Codd [De Winter 6044 (PRE)] and Periploca grae-
jstor.org/). A specimen is taken as the holotype ca L. [Range 1196 (SAM)] for Namibia. However,
if it was indicated as such by the author or if it is the first specimen was made from a plant in cul-
clear from where it is located relative to where tivation in Windhoek, and the second (of very
the author worked that it must be the holotype. doubtful identity, but too fragmentary for clear
In some cases it is impossible to be sure which identification) came from a garden at Kuibis and
specimen is the holotype and then a lectotype so neither occurs naturally in Namibia. All four
is selected from among the duplicates of the species are not considered further in this ac-
type number given in the protologue or from count.
Results
The Apocynaceae is represented in Namibia With 19 out of 153 (12%) endemic spe-
by 153 species distributed among 46 genera (Ta- cies, the Apocynaceae exhibits endemism that
ble 3). Taxonomic changes at generic level since is close to the level for the flora as a whole. Al-
1967 have led to several genera in the Brachy- most all of these endemics are amongst species
stelma alliance being abandoned (Dyer 1980). from the Namib and its edges and so fit roughly
On the other hand, many more genera are now the patterns identified by Simmons et al. (1998)
recognised among the stapeliads, though many and Craven & Vorster (2006), except for Brachy-
of these were informally recognised by Huber stelma codonanthum Bruyns from the Northern
(1967) and so the number of genera in the fam- Kalahari and four endemic species (Hoodia jut-
ily in Namibia has only risen from 43 to 46 since tae Dinter, Orbea albocastanea (Marloth) Bruyns,
1967. Huber had a relatively broad concept of Raphionacme namibiana Venter & R.L.Verh.,
species, so that very few species that he recog- Stapelia pearsonii N.E.Br.) from the arid south,
nised in 1967 have been sunk in the interim. mainly around the Great Karas Mountains, a re-
More importantly, the last 50 years have seen the gion that has not been considered important for
discovery of nearly 30 species that had not been endemic plants in Namibia before (Simmons et
recorded in Namibia by 1967. al. (1998); Craven & Vorster (2006)).
TABLE 3.Distribution of the Namibian species among the subfamilies and tribes of the Apocynaceae
Subfamily Tribe Number of Number of Stem- Geophytes

species endemics succulents
Rauvolfioideae 3 0 0 0
Carisseae 2 0 0 0
Melodineae 1 0 0 0
Apocynoideae 7 0 2 0
Baisseeae 1 0 0 0
Malouetieae 2 0 2 0
Nerieae 4 0 1 0
Periplocoideae 11 3 0 6
Secamonoideae 1 0 0 0
Asclepiadoideae 131 16 71 35
Asclepiadeae 33 3 4 11
Asclepias alliance 14 0 0 10
Ceropegieae 90 12 67 20
Brachystelma + Ceropegia 29 2 9 20
stapeliads 59 11 59 0
Fockeeae 4 0 0 4
Marsdenieae 4 1 0 0
TOTAL 153 19 73 41
With the relatively dry climate in Namibia, sands. In the same tribe, the distinctive group of
plants well suited to seasonally dry savanna stem-succulents collectively known as the stape-
and semi-arid scrubland predominate. Conse- liads has 59 species in Namibia (which makes up
quently, as Table 3 shows, 86% of the 153 spe- 38% of the Namibian Apocynaceae). However,
cies known in Namibia belong to the subfam- although proportionately well-represented (and
ily Asclepiadoideae. Also, the large cohort of providing 58% of the endemic Apocynaceae),
species in the Asclepias-alliance, particularly the species mostly belong to different genera.
prevalent in the moist grasslands of the eastern Results from molecular data (Bruyns et al. 2014)
flank of southern Africa (Fishbein et al. 2011), show that no lineages in the stapeliads have
has only 14 species in Namibia, making up 9% of diversified significantly in Namibia and unpub-
the Apocynaceae in Namibia, with no endemic lished results (Bruyns et al., in press) show that
species known. These species are mainly found the same is true in the closely related genera
in the moister Bergsavanna und Karstveld and Brachystelma and Ceropegia.
Hochlandsavanna of Giess (1971), around the
towns of Grootfontein-Tsumeb and Windhoek Three of the most widely distributed mem-
respectively. Unsurprisingly, the best-repre bers of the Apocynaceae in the Old World
sented group in the family in Namibia is the (Carissa spinarum L., Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.)
Ceropegieae, to which more than half (59%) of R.Br. ex Schult. and Cynanchum viminale (L.)
the species found in the country belong. The Bassi ex L.) occur in Namibia. Many other spe-
largest genera in the Apocynaceae in Namibia cies found in Namibia are widely distributed
belong to this tribe and are Brachystelma R.Br. in Africa. Some Namibian species have been
ex Sims (14 species) and Ceropegia L. (15 spe- speculated to have their closest relatives in
cies) and they are only about a quarter of the northeastern Africa (De Winter 1971) and many
size of the largest genera in Namibia (Table 2). genera have representatives in both these areas
For both these genera, their greatest diversity in (Thulin 1994). In the Apocynaceae this includes
Namibia is on the moister, eastern side of the genera such as Adenium Roem. & Schult., Caris-
country. Brachystelma is especially associated sa L., Ceropegia L., Duvalia Haw., Huernia R.Br.,
with areas covered by Kalahari sands and forms Orbea Haw., Stigmatorhynchus Schltr. and Ty-
part of the relatively rich geophytic flora of these lophora R.Br. However, many of the examples
FIGURE 1.Diversity of species of

Apocynaceae in Namibia.
originally cited of closely related species occur- Diversity in the Apocynaceae in Namibia is
ring in the two areas have, on closer examina- clearly higher in mountainous areas (Figure 1),
tion, proved to be relatively distantly related where rainfall is higher and more reliable and
within their respective genera. In other cases where the variety of geological and ecologi-
the species in these areas are closely related, cal niches is greatest. Greater collecting activity
though are not sisters. This is the case in Turn- around centres of population such as Windhoek
era (Turneraceae), with a single species in each (2217C) and Grootfontein (1918A) clearly plays
of southwestern Africa and northeastern Africa a significant role in the accumulation of data and
and over 135 species in the Americas (Thulin et makes the data for these areas more reliable, in
al. 2012a). Another example is Tribulocarpus di- contrast possibly to that from the more poorly-
morphanthus (Pax) S.Moore (Aizoaceae), which researched Kaokoveld. It is remarkable that the
occurs in both Namibia and northeastern Africa most diverse places for Apocynaceae are in the
and has been found to vary very little morpho- relatively remote parts of southern Namibia in
logically between the two areas, although dif- the Rosh Pinah district (2716D), where 29 spe-
ferences in certain DNA-regions were detected cies are known and in the Karasburg district in
(Thulin et al. 2012b); again representatives from the Great Karas Mountains (2718B), where 30
the two areas are closely related but are not species have been recorded, the highest number
sisters. For the Apocynaceae the primary exam- in the entire country. The diversity in the Great
ple is Tylophora fleckii (Schltr.) N.E.Br., which Karas Mountains much exceeds that of the Ka-
is also reported from northern Kenya, Somalia okoveld and of the Khomas Hochland around
and northern Tanzania (Goyder 2006a) but this Windhoek and is only approached in the moun-
seems more likely to be a case of morphological tains of the Grootfontein district (1918A) in the
convergence and needs to be examined more northeast and in the Tiras Mountains (2516C, D),
carefully. also in the south of the country.
Taxonomic account
In this account the subfamilies are listed the Periplocoideae sister to Baisseeae + Seca-
in their systematic order: Rauvolfioideae, Apo monoideae + Asclepiadoideae. The Baisseeae
cynoideae, Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae and were placed in the Apocynoideae (Endress
Asclepiadoideae (Endress & Bruyns 2000). Re- & Bruyns 2000; Endress et al. 2007; Endress et
cent results (Livschultz et al. 2007) have shown al. 2014) and are kept there in this treatment,
that the Baisseeae are sister to the clade consist- though this does not reflect the most recent
ing of Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae with results.
Apocynaceae Juss.
Erect, climbing or twining, sometimes thorny base of tube and then filaments usually absent.
shrubs, trees or shrubby to small fleshy nearly Anthers mostly modified, with lignified guide-rails
leafless succulents, often containing milky latex. and mostly with apical appendage, frequently at-
Leaves opposite, rarely alternate or whorled, al- tached to style head and forming gynostegium
ways entire. Flowers in terminal cymes or next to (free from style head and without guide-rails in
axils of leaves, sometimes solitary, with calyx and Rauvolfioideae). Ovary superior, usually of two
corolla, bisexual, radially symmetric, 5-merous carpels, in Carissa globose to ovoid, two-locular
except for paired ovaries. Corolla often with well-
and berry-like when mature, in all other genera
developed tube, lobes in bud dextrorse (overlap-
ping to right) or sinistrorse (overlapping to left). carpels free except apically where united just be-
Corona corolline and inserted in throat of corolla neath common style head, when mature forming
tube or staminal (usually then in two series) and a pair of dry follicles each dehiscing by a longitu-
attached to staminal column and usually closely dinal ventral split, sometimes single by abortion.
surrounding very reduced anthers, rarely ab- Seeds often with tuft of hairs at micropylar end,
sent. Stamens 5, in one whorl, attached to co- mostly dorsiventrally flattened and often with
rolla tube or fused into cylinder around style at raised margins, with sparse endosperm.
Key to subfamilies
1a Pollen grains loose in anthers and sometimes falling from ripe anthers onto translator (if pre-
sent) alongside them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b Pollen grains gathered into and enclosed in waxy masses (pollinia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
2a Style head without well-developed translators between anthers, pollen removed directly
from sides of anthers by adhering to part of pollinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2b Style head with well-developed translators in grooves between anthers, translators consisting
of sticky flattened end on outside (which adheres to pollinator for removal) and spoon- to
cornet-shaped receptacle into which pollen grains fall from anthers, with short neck joining
the two parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Periplocoideae
3a Anthers without hardened horny margins, not fused to style head; fruit an indehiscent berry
or a pair of dry hard dehiscent follicles with at most 4 seeds; seeds sometimes winged but
without hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rauvolfioideae
3b Anthers with hardened horny margins, fused to style head; fruit a pair of dry follicles with
many seeds; seeds with tuft of hairs at one or both ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apocynoideae
4a Each anther with 4 chambers and producing 4 pollinia; pollinaria each with 4 minute pollinia
attached directly to corpuscle which is much larger than pollinia . . . . . . . . . . . Secamonoideae
4b Each anther with 2 chambers and producing 2 pollinia; pollinaria each with 2 pollinia at-
tached directly or with intervening caudicle to corpuscle, pollinia at least as large as corpus-
cle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepiadoideae
anthers; lobes spreading, to half as long as tube,

RAUVOLFIOIDEAE Kostel. dextrorse or sinistrorse in bud, mostly glabrous;
anthers included in tube, inserted above mid-
Key to the tribes dle of tube and not fused to style head, without
horny margins, thecae filled to rounded base
1a Fruit a fleshy indehiscent berry; seeds without with pollen. Fruit a 14-seeded fleshy indehiscent
wings; branches repeatedly dichotomously plum-shaped berry; seeds without hairs or wings.
branched, with paired and often branched
thorns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carisseae (Carissa) 7 species (Leeuwenberg & Van Dilst 2001),
1b Fruit a hard, thick-walled pair of laterally com- Cape in South Africa to South Asia, Australia and
pressed dehiscent follicles; seeds winged on New Caledonia.
one side; branching not dichotomous, thorns
absent . . . . . . . . . . . . Melodineae (Diplorhynchus) Key to species
1a Spines mostly forked; corolla lobes in bud over-

lapping to left; young branches and leaves gla-
CARISSEAE Dumort. brous or puberulous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. bispinosa
1b Spines mostly simple; corolla lobes in bud over-
lapping to right; young branches and leaves
Carissa L. pubescent to puberulous . . . . . . . . . . C. spinarum
Spiny erect to sprawling hard-stemmed pu-

bescent to glabrous shrubs to small trees, stems Carissa bispinosa (L.) Merxm., Mitt. Bot. Staats-
branching dichotomously from axils of leaves samml. Mnchen 2: 399 (1957). Arduina bi
subtending terminating pairs of often forked spinosa L. Mant. Pl. 1: 52 (1767). Type: from
spines, sap milky. Leaves persistent, firmly leath- Africa (lecto., Codd 1961).
ery, opposite, shortly petiolate, ovate, elliptic or Carissa dinteri Markgr., Notizb. Bot. Gart. Berlin
circular, acute to obtuse, without obvious veins. 15: 758 (1942). Type: Namibia, Otavifontein, Jan.
Inflorescence a sessile or shortly pedunculate false 1925, Dinter 5359 (Z, holo.; A, G, GH, K, SAM, iso.).
umbel of 15 flowers. Corolla pale pink to white,
salver-shaped, 625mm long, 610mm diam., Much-branched often sprawling shrub to
fragrant; tube slender, cylindrical and slightly 3m, with young branches glabrous to minutely
constricted near mouth, hairy within, including puberulous bearing pairs of forked (rarely sim-
FIGURE 2.Carissa bispinosa, flowering specimen with FIGURE 3.Carissa bispinosa, specimen with unripe fruit
immature fruit and large, forked spines, Namuskluft, and the characteristic large forked spines, Jericho,
near Rosh Pinah. Photo: Coleen Mannheimer. southeast of Warmbad. Photo: Coleen Mannheimer.
Azima pubescens Suess., Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml.

Mnchen 1: 334 (1953). Type: Namibia, Otjirakuku,
31 Dec. 1952, E. & H. Walter 810 (M, lecto., Leeuwen-
berg & Van Dilst 2001).
Much-branched shrub to 5m, with young

branches densely pubescent to puberulous
bearing pairs of simple (rarely forked) spines
470mm long. Leaves ovate to elliptic or nearly
circular, acute to obtuse, 20701250mm,
often glabrous above. Inflorescence a lax termi-
nal few- to many-flowered nearly sessile cyme.
Corolla; tube 920mm long; lobes overlapping
to right in bud, lanceolate. Fruit 511mm long,
green later turning red to black, with 24 seeds.
Figures 5 & 6.
FIGURE 4.Distribution of Carissa bispinosa. Habitat: Rocky hillsides to open woodland

and seasonally flooded plains, sometimes on ter-
mitaria, 10001300m.
ple) spines 2080mm long. Leaves ovate to
nearly circular, obtuse, 13601035mm, gla- Flowering time: Sep.Dec.
brous above. Inflorescence a lax terminal few to
many-flowered nearly sessile cyme. Corolla; tube Distribution: Widespread in Africa from
59mm long; lobes overlapping to right in bud, South Africa to Senegal and Sudan, in Arabia
ovate-acuminate. Fruit 1113mm long, red later and eastwards to India to Australia and New Cal-
turning black, with 12 seeds. Figures 2 & 3. edonia. One of the most widely distributed of all
Apocynaceae along with Gymnema sylvestre and
Habitat: Stony slopes or gravelly flats to open Cynanchum viminale. Figure 7.
woodland, 8001600m. Plants in southern Na-
mibia are especially heavily spined. Voucher: Mueller 1855 (WIND).
Flowering time: Sep.Mar.
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia,

northwards to Kenya. Figure 4.
Voucher: Dinter 5359 (A, G, GH, K, SAM, Z).
Note: This name is often cited as C. bispi-

nosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan, Mem. New York Bot.
Gard. 8: 502 (1954). However, no new combina-
tion was made by Brenan in this publication and
Merxmller was the first to combine Linneaus
name under the genus Carissa.
Carissa spinarum L., Mant. Pl. 1: 52 (1767) (=

C. edulis Vahl). Type: from India (lecto., Hu-
ber 1973).
Carissa pilosa Schinz, Verh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Bran- FIGURE 5.Carissa spinarum, slightly pubescent leaves
denb. 30: 258 (1888). Type: Namibia, Grootfontein, with undivided spines, west of Grootfontein. Photo:
Schinz 223 (Z, holo.). Coleen Mannheimer.
FIGURE 7.Distribution of Carissa spinarum.
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Mll.Arg.)

FIGURE 6.Carissa spinarum, flowering specimen with
Pichon, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Sr. 2, 19:
the characteristically undivided spines, west of
368 (1947). Type: probably from Angola.
Grootfontein. Photo: Coleen Mannheimer.
Figures 8 & 9.
MELODINEAE G.Don
Diplorhynchus Welw. ex Ficalho & Hiern

Unarmed glabrous or puberulent shrub or
tree, 115m tall, with drooping branches, trunk
to 0.5m thick with longitudinally or reticulately
fissured bark, sap milky. Leaves persistent, thinly
leathery, opposite, borne on petiole 725mm
long, obovate to nearly circular, acute to mu-
cronate, 301001560mm, glabrescent to
pubescent. Inflorescence lax to dense, termi-
nal or in axils of upper leaves. Corolla white,
salver-shaped, 68mm long; tube cylindrical,
231.01.5mm long, narrowing towards
mouth, including anthers; lobes almost rectan-
gular, obtuse or acute, 5mm long, sinistrorse
in bud; anthers not fused to style head, without
horny margins, thecae filled to rounded base
with pollen. Fruit a pair of oblong fairly hard
and thick-walled laterally compressed dehis-
cent follicles dotted outside with pale lenti-
cels, spreading at about 180, 24-seeded, 30
601020mm broad; seeds 3545mm long,
winged on one side.
1 species (Plaizier 1980), Africa, subtropical FIGURE 8.Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, leaves. Photo:
South Africa to Congo and Tanzania. Barbara Curtis.
APOCYNOIDEAE Burnett
Key to the tribes
1a Stems and branches succulent; leaves alternate

and spirally arranged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b Stems and branches non-succulent; leaves in
opposite pairs or whorled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2a Stem and branches with thorns . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Malouetieae (Pachypodium)
2b Stem and branches without thorns . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nerieae (Adenium)
3a Flowers with 10 small corolline corona lobes at
mouth of corolla tube below sinuses of lobes,
corolla lobes 25160mm long, tuft of hairs on
seeds borne on stalk . . . . . . Nerieae (Strophanthus)
3b Flowers without corona at mouth of corolla
FIGURE 9.Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, leaves and a tube below sinuses of lobes, corolla lobes
fruit placed on the trunk. Photo: Chris Hines. 730mm long, tuft of hairs on seeds sessile .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baisseeae (Baissea)
BAISSEEAE M.E.Endress
Baissea A.DC.
Unarmed small rhizomatous subshrub to
twiner to 6m, young shoots, inflorescences and
fruits shortly red-brown tomentose, sap milky.
Leaves persistent, opposite, on short pubescent
petioles 0.46.0mm long, oblong-ovate to lan-
ceolate or narrowly elliptic, acute to slightly mu-
cronate, pubescent to glabrescent, with incon-
spicuous veins, 647415mm. Inflorescence
FIGURE 10.Distribution of Diplorhynchus condylocar- shortly pedunculate, 1- to 3-flowered in small
pon. cymes alongside axils of leaves or in terminal
panicles of up to 15 flowers. Corolla white with
red longitudinal lines inside, broadly campanu-
Habitat: Rocky hillsides to open often decid-
late to nearly rotate, sparsely pubescent outside;
uous woodland, 10001300m.
tube 35mm long, including anthers, cupular,
Flowering time: Oct.Dec. with short stiff hairs near base; lobes linear, taper-
ing to slender tips, longer than tube, 730mm
Distribution: As for genus. In Namibia only in long, dextrorse in bud; anthers tilting conically to-
northern parts from Kaokoveld to Caprivi. Fig- gether and firmly connected to style head, with
ure 10. horny margins, tapering sagittately at bases into
sterile tails. Fruit a pair of dehiscent many-seeded
Voucher: Merxmller & Giess 1815 (M, thin-walled very slenderly fusiform pendulous fol-
WIND). licles spreading at about 60, 8050038mm,
FIGURE 11.Baissea wulfhorstii. Photo: Andy Moore. FIGURE 12.Distribution of Baissea wulfhorstii.
somewhat constricted between seeds; seeds dor- Adenium Roem. & Schult.
siventrally flattened, with sessile tuft of hairs at
micropylar end. Unarmed dwarf succulent shrub with swol-
len underground stem to small tree with bottle-
18 species (Van Dilst 1995), Namibia to West shaped to cylindrical fleshy stem and branches,
Africa. sap clear. Leaves deciduous, alternate to spirally
arranged near tips of branches, sessile, broad-
ly elliptical to linear, with short sparse to dense
Baissea wulfhorstii Schinz, Bull. Herb. Boissier
pubescence. Inflorescence shortly pedunculate
4: 816 (1896). Type: Namibia, Amboland,
to sessile, with several flowers in short, terminal
Omupanda in Uukuanyama, 15 Sept. 1894, cymes. Corolla crimson to pink, rarely white,
Wulfhorst 2 (Z, holo.; K, iso). Figure 11. salver-shaped; tube 2040mm long, including
Habitat: Flat, open woodland in deep Kala- anthers, with short cylindrical basal portion and
hari sand among trees and often growing within bell-shaped to funnel-shaped upper portion;
shrubs, 9001300m. lobes obovate, shorter than tube, dextrorse in
bud; anthers tilting conically together and firmly
Flowering time: Feb.Nov. connected to style head, with horny margins,
tapering sagittately at bases into sterile tails, tips
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, elongated into slender subulate hairy append-
Zambia. Figure 12. ages. Fruit a pair of dehiscent many-seeded fairly
thin-walled fusiform follicles spreading at 180,
Voucher: De Winter 3735 (PRE, WIND). 80200812mm; seeds fusiform and slightly
flattened, with sessile tuft of hairs at each end.
5 species (Plaizier 1980), mainly in tropical

NERIEAE Baill. Africa, southern Arabia and Socotra.
Key to the genera Key to species
1a Stems and branches succulent; leaves alternate 1a Shrub to small tree to 2m high, with bottle-
and spirally arranged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adenium shaped stem above ground; leaves obovate to
1b Stems and branches non-succulent; leaves in broadly elliptic with conspicuous veins, usually
opposite pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strophanthus more than 15mm broad . . . . . . . A. boehmianum
1b Dwarf shrub to 0.25m high with swollen subter- Distribution: Angola, Namibia. Figure 15.
ranean stem; leaves linear with inconspicuous
veins, 415mm broad . . . . . . . . . . . . A. oleifolium Voucher: De Winter & Leistner 5406 (PRE,
WIND).
Adenium boehmianum Schinz, Verh. Bot. Ver-
eins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 259 (1888). A. Adenium oleifolium Stapf, Bull. Misc. Inform.
obesum subsp. boehmianum (Schinz) Row- 1907: 53 (1907). Type: from South Africa.
ley, Repert. Pl. Succ. 29: 3 (1980). Type: Na-
mibia, Ovamboland, Olukonda, Schinz 216 Dwarf shrub to 0.25m high with slen-
(K, lecto., Plaizier 1980). der branches arising from swollen subterra-
nean stem. Leaves linear, 40150415mm,
Shrub to small tree to 2m high, with bottle- glaucous, pubescent, acute. Corolla tube up
shaped swollen stem to 0.5m thick around base. to 30mm long, inside almost evenly farinose-
Leaves obovate to broadly elliptic, 6020015 papillate above stamens.
100mm, coriaceous, finely pubescent, obtuse or
mucronate. Corolla tube ca. 40mm long, com- Habitat: Flat semi-arid terrain, usually in firm
pletely glabrous inside above stamens. Figures but fairly deep sand or loam among scattered
13 & 14.
Habitat: Rocky slopes to sandy flat areas, arid

to semi-arid, often with sparse covering of other
trees and shrubs, 3001300m.
Flowering time: Dec.Jun.
FIGURE 14.Adenium boehmianum. Photo: Coleen Mann

heimer.
FIGURE 13.Adenium boehmianum, large shrub about

2m tall. Photo: Coleen Mannheimer. FIGURE 15.Distribution of Adenium boehmianum.
38 species (Beentje 1982), sub-Saharan Af-

rica, Madagascar, south Asia.
Key to species
1a Corolla lobes 2575mm long, gradually narrow-

ing into spreading tails, tube 2.06.5 times as
long as sepals, lower narrow part occupying a
third of length of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . S. amboensis
1b Corolla lobes 100160mm long, narrowing (often
abruptly after 316mm) into pendulous tails,
tube 1.01.7 times as long as sepals, lower nar-
row part occupying half of length of tube . . S. kombe
Strophanthus amboensis (Schinz) Engl. &

Pax, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 15: 376 (1892). S. peter-
FIGURE 16.Distribution of Adenium oleifolium. sianus var. amboensis Schinz, Verh. Bot. Ver-
eins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 259 (1888). Type:
trees and shrubs, occasionally with surface lime- Namibia, Ovamboland, Cunene R., Schinz
stone, 7001300m. 222 (Z, holo.; K, ZT, iso.).
Flowering time: Dec.Mar. Shrub 14m tall (rarely climbing to 10m),

branches brown and lenticillate. Leaves on peti-
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Af- ole 219mm long, ovate, 201201260mm,
rica. Figure 16. thinly coriaceous, glabrous to pubescent. In-
florescences several, terminal on shoots, 1- to
Voucher: Kolberg & Tholkes 1426 (WIND). 12-flowered usually with several flowers open at
once, glabrous to pubescent. Corolla usually pu-
Strophanthus DC. bescent, orange-yellow turning dark purple out-
side, inside with white streaks, tube 1527mm
Unarmed, glabrous shrub to liane, sap clear long, widening after a third into cylindrical to
or white. Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate,
broadly ovate, glabrous to hispid, with several
colleters in axils. Inflorescences terminal (often in
forks between 2 leaves), usually many, several-
flowered. Corolla campanulate with short tube
and long slender lobes; tube 1525mm long,
with cylindric basal part widening abruptly into
funnel-shaped upper part, with 10 short erect
coronal teeth at mouth in pairs below sinuses of
lobes, anthers included; lobes linear and spread-
ing or abruptly narrowing into long pendulous
tails, dextrorse in bud; anthers tilting conically to-
gether and firmly connected to style head, with
horny margins at least near base, tapering sagit-
tately at base into sterile tails, tips acuminate but
not elongated. Fruit a pair of dehiscent many-
seeded firmly woody fusiform follicles spreading
at 180 or more, up to 47030mm; seeds
fusiform and slightly flattened, with tuft of hairs FIGURE 17.Strophanthus amboensis, plant in flower.
on a long stalk on one end. Photo: Chris Hines.
FIGURE 18.Strophanthus amboensis, plant with fruit de- FIGURE 19.Distribution of Strophanthus amboensis.
hiscing. Photo: Willy Giess.
long, spreading then pendulous, 48mm broad

slightly funnel-shaped upper part, coronal teeth at base narrowing abruptly into slender pendu-
27mm long; lobes 2575mm long, spreading, lous tails. Follicles densely hispid when young
37mm broad at base narrowing gradually into and glabrescent later, 1504701525mm,
slender spreading tails. Follicles glabrous to pu- spreading at 180.
bescent, 1202701525mm, spreading at
180270. Figures 17 & 18. Habitat: Woodland, 9001100m.
Habitat: Rocky hillsides in woodland, 800 Flowering time: Oct.Nov.
1600m.
Distribution: Kenya to South Africa and Bot-
Flowering time: Sep.Feb. swana. In Namibia only known in Caprivi. Figure
20.
Distribution: Namibia to the Democratic Re-
public of the Congo. Figure 19. Voucher: Curtis 1335 (WIND).
Voucher: Giess 11516 (WIND).
Strophanthus kombe Oliv., Hookers Icon. Pl.

11: 79, t. 1098 (1871). Type: from Malawi.
Shrub 14 m tall or climbing to 10m,

branches dark brown scabrous and lenticil-
late, roots swollen and fleshy. Leaves on petiole
1.55.0mm long, ovate to elliptic, 8023050
160mm, thinly coriaceous, hispid when young
becoming glabrescent. Inflorescences several,
terminal on shoots, 1- to 12-flowered usually
with several flowers open at once, densely his-
pid. Corolla densely pubescent outside, white
turning yellow outside and inside, inside with red
spots and streaks, tube 1324mm long, widen-
ing around middle into cup-shaped upper part,
coronal teeth 13mm long; lobes 100160mm FIGURE 20.Distribution of Strophanthus kombe.
MALOUETIEAE Mll.Arg.
Pachypodium Lindl.
Spiny shrubs to trees with thick columnar
trunks, simple or with few ascending to spread-
ing branches, sap clear. Leaves deciduous, thinly
leathery, stiffly pubescent to almost glabrous, spi-
rally arranged, sessile, seated on short tubercle
and subtended by 2 strong spines laterally in stip-
ular position and often with smaller spine slightly
above in axillary position. Inflorescences many, in
terminal or axillary cymes near tips of stems and
branches, few-flowered, sessile. Corolla crimson
with white or red, red-brown and yellow, salver-
shaped to cylindrical; tube with short cylindrical
basal part and bell- or funnel-shaped upper part,
2550mm long, including anthers; lobes obovate
or elliptic, shorter than tube, twisted to right in
bud; anthers tilting conically together and firmly
connected to style head, with horny margins,
tapering sagittately at bases into sterile tails, tips
without hairy appendages. Fruit a pair of dehis-
cent many-seeded fairly thin-walled slender to
short and stumpy fusiform follicles, 50150mm
long; seeds dorsiventrally flattened, with sessile
tuft of hairs at micropylar end.
15 species, southern Africa, Angola and FIGURE 21.Pachypodium lealii, tree about 5m tall, Otjihipa
most diverse in Madagascar. Mountains, Kaokoveld, PVB.
Key to species obovate, 201001040mm, finely pubescent

to glabrous, glossy, subtended laterally by 2 stout
1a Trunk with slender spiny spreading branches in stipular thorns 540mm long, sometimes with
upper half; inflorescence sparsely hairy to further spine 510mm long in axil. Inflorescences
glabrous, corolla crimson and white, glabrous with sparse short hairs to glabrous. Corolla
outside; follicles glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. lealii salver-shaped, 2540mm long, crimson and
1b Trunk simple or with few thick spiny erect branch- white, glabrous outside; tube slender, 25
es near apex; inflorescence densely pubescent,
4046mm; lobes 1525mm long, spreading,
corolla greenish yellow to brown and pubescent
narrowly deltate, one margin slightly crisped.
outside; follicles pubescent . . . . . . . . P. namaquanum
Follicles glabrous, 70150610mm, spreading
Pachypodium lealii Welw., Trans. Linn. Soc. at 180. Figures 21 & 22.
London 27: 43 (1869). Type: from Angola.
Habitat: Rocky hillsides in semi-arid sparse
Pachypodium giganteum Engl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst, deciduous woodland, 7001400m.
19: 147 (1894). Type: Namibia, Otjitambi, 27 Nov.
1888, Grich 15 (missing). Flowering time: Jul.Oct.
Tree (rarely shrub to 1m) to 8m tall, trunk Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia
usually spineless and somewhat swollen below, only in northwestern parts. Figure 23.
with many spreading spiny branches towards
the top, with silvery grey bark. Leaves oblong- Voucher: De Winter 3690 (PRE, WIND).
Pachypodium namaquanum (Wyley ex Harv.)

Welw., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 45
(1869). Type: from South Africa.
Tree to 3m tall, usually with single swollen

spiny trunk sometimes with few thick branches
near apex, to 0.3m diam. at base and tapering
above, with shiny silvery grey bark. Leaves in api-
cal rosette, elliptic to oblanceolate, 3012010
40mm, soft, stiffly pubescent, subtended laterally
by 2 stout stipular thorns 2070mm long, with
further spine 1070mm long in axil of other two.
Inflorescences densely and shortly pubescent. Co-
rolla cylindrical, pubescent and greenish yellow
to brown outside, inside purple to red-brown on
lobes to yellow in tube; tube 2560610mm,
lobes 510mm long, erect, broadly ovate, ob-
tuse. Follicles pubescent, 25401015mm,
spreading at 3060. Figures 24 & 25.
FIGURE 22.Pachypodium lealii, dwarf plant about 1m

tall, north of Palmwag, PVB.
FIGURE 24.Pachypodium namaquanum, south of Sebra-

fontein, steep stony slope with many other succu-
FIGURE 23.Distribution of Pachypodium lealii. lents, PVB.
PERIPLOCOIDEAE R.Br. ex Endl.
Key to the genera
1a Flowers large, with tube 5080mm long . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cryptostegia*
1b Flowers small, with tube 212mm long or with-
out tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
2a Anthers arising on inside of raised swollen stam-
inal foot, each with a corona lobe immedi-
ately behind it arising on same foot . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2b Anthers not arising on raised staminal foot,
without corona lobe immediately behind
each anther (anthers arising alone in base of
cylindrical corolla tube with small corolline
corona lobes inserted at mouth of tube well
above anthers and just below sinuses of co-
FIGURE 25.Pachypodium namaquanum, quartzitic out-
rolla lobes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ectadium
crop near Umdaus, north of Steinkopf, South Af-
3a Corolla with 5 or 10 small corolline corona lobes
rica, PVB.
consisting of single flap or two small lobules at
mouth of tube beneath sinuses of lobes, with
another series of 5 corona lobes immediately
behind anthers lower down in tube . . . Cryptolepis
3b Corolla without corolline corona lobes, only
with series of 5 variously divided corona lobes
immediately behind anthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
4a Corona inserted in base of campanulate corolla,
corolla lobed nearly right to base but laterally
touching for lower 0.51mm to form false
tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tacazzea
4b Corona inserted at mouth of distinct corolla tube
212mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Raphionacme
Cryptolepis R.Br. (incl. Curroria Planch.

ex Benth.)
Stiff erect to somewhat twining entirely gla-
FIGURE 26.Distribution of Pachypodium namaquanum. brous shrub with smooth or papillate branches,
sap milky. Leaves opposite or in tufts on short
shoots, shortly or indistinctly petiolate, linear to
Habitat: Rocky hillsides in arid succulent lanceolate or spathulate, 1570220mm, pal-
scrub, 2001100m. er green below. Inflorescences sessile or shortly
pedunculate, often crowded, 1- to several-flow-
Flowering time: Aug.Nov. ered. Corolla rotate, greenish white to purple,
412mm broad; tube much shorter than lobes,
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- including anthers, with 10 short erect corolline
mibia only in and near the Orange River Valley coronal teeth or flaps at mouth in pairs just be-
from Rosh Pinah to near Onseepkans (Jankowitz low sinuses of lobes; lobes spreading, obtuse; co-
1979). Figure 26. rona with 5 simple connivent club-shaped lobes
opposite sepals, arising in corolla tube near mid-
Voucher: De Winter & Giess 6341 (PRE, dle immediately behind anthers and reaching
WIND). near its mouth; anthers joined to corolla tube
just below middle, tilting conically together and

firmly connected to style head, without horny
margins, tips acuminate. Fruit mostly a pair of de-
hiscent many-seeded fusiform follicles spreading
at 60180, 3510059mm; seeds dorsiven-
trally flattened, smooth, with sessile tuft of hairs
at micropylar end.
32 species, South Africa to southern Arabian

Peninsula.
Key to species
1a Leaves in small tufts on short shoots to opposite,

linear to spathulate, 27mm broad, same col-
our below as above; inflorescence 1- to 3-flow-
ered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. decidua FIGURE 27.Distribution of Cryptolepis decidua.
1b Leaves strictly opposite, lanceolate, 520mm
broad, paler below than above; inflorescence
several-flowered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. oblongifolia Note: Both Curroria and C. decidua are usu-
ally given as published by Hook.f. & Benth..
However, Hooker & Bentham (1849: 333) stated:
Cryptolepis decidua (Planch. ex Benth.) This and the succeeding Orders have been en-
N.E.Br., Fl. Trop. Afr. 4 (1): 243 (1902). (= tirely worked up by Mr Bentham.... Since Cur-
Curroria decidua Planch. ex Benth.). Type: roria and C. decidua appeared on p. 457, they
from Angola. fall among the succeeding Orders and so their
authorship is Planch. ex Benth..
Stiff, erect shrub, branches smooth. Leaves
mostly tufted on short shoots or some opposite,
linear to narrowly spathulate, blunt or somewhat Cryptolepis oblongifolia (Meisn.) Schltr., J.
acute, 156027mm, grey-green on both Bot. 34: 315 (1896). Type: from South Africa.
sides. Inflorescences solitary, 1- to 3-flowered;
Cryptolepis arenicola Schltr. ex Dinter, Feddes
pedicels 315mm long. Corolla white or pale
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 364 (1920). Type:
purple, 1012mm broad; tube 2mm long,
Namibia, Heisib Oms bei Gaub, Jan. 1912, Dinter
cup-shaped; lobes 67mm long, spreading; co- 2430 (SAM).
rona with 5 simple connivent filiform to subulate
lobes opposite sepals, arising in corolla tube near Erect or somewhat twining shrub with
middle and reaching near its mouth. Follicles red-brown papillate branches. Leaves oppo-
spreading at 90180, 359056mm. site, shortly or indistinctly petiolate, lanceolate,
acute, 2070520mm, paler green below.
Habitat: Arid stony hillsides to rocky flats,
Inflorescences sessile or shortly pedunculate, of-
3001200m.
ten crowded, several-flowered. Corolla greenish
Flowering time: Dec.Apr. white, 410mm broad, tube 1.01.5mm long,
cup-shaped; lobes 23mm long; corona with 5
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, simple connivent club-shaped lobes opposite
South Africa. In Namibia mainly associated with sepals, arising in corolla tube near middle and
the edges of the Namib but also extending east- reaching near its mouth. Follicles spreading at
wards along the Cunene River to Ruacana and 6090, 7010569mm.
eastwards along the Orange River to the Great
Karas Mountains. Figure 27. Habitat: Woodland, 10001200m.
Voucher: De Winter & Giess 7105 (PRE, WIND). Flowering time: Nov.Feb.
FIGURE 28.Distribution of Cryptolepis oblongifolia. FIGURE 29.Distribution of Ectadium rotundifolium.
Distribution: South Africa to tropical Africa. Key to species

In Namibia in extreme north, from Kaokoveld to
Caprivi. Figure 28. 1a Plant spreading to decumbent; leaves obovate
to almost circular, 2032mm long, narrowing
Voucher: De Winter & Marais 4742 (PRE, abruptly into petiole . . . . . . . . . . E. rotundifolium
WIND). 1b Plant spreading to erect; leaves linear to nar-
rowly ovate or obovate, 4080mm long . . . .
Ectadium E.Mey.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. virgatum
Stiff, erect to decumbent shrub, branches
and leaves shortly grey-haired when young, Ectadium rotundifolium (H.Huber) Venter &
sap milky. Leaves opposite, shortly and indis-
Kotze, S. African J. Bot. 56: 120 (1990). E.
tinctly petiolate, linear to obovate and to almost
virgatum var. rotundifolium H.Huber, Mitt.
circular, 2090320mm, pale green, firmly
leathery and often pitted beneath, soon glabres- Bot. Staatssamml. Mnchen 4: 295 (1962).
cent. Inflorescences with grey hairs, shorter than Type: Namibia, c. 21 km east of Torra Bay,
leaves, axillary. Corolla cream or pale green to Giess 3865 (M, holo.; PRE, iso.).
yellow, salver-shaped; tube 35mm long, cylin-
drical to slightly constricted at mouth, includ- Spreading to decumbent often hemispheri-
ing anthers, with 5 short erect subulate coronal cal shrub 0.51.0m tall often with prostrate
teeth inserted on broader base at mouth just be- branches, which may root adventitiously at
low sinuses of lobes and giving rise to 5 ridges nodes. Leaves on petiole 12mm long, obovate
running down tube inside to near middle; lobes to almost circular, 20321520mm.
linear, 35mm long, somewhat twisted along
length; anthers connected to corolla tube only Habitat: Rocky outcrops to gravelly flats or
near base, connivent and extended into subu- sandy river beds, 50300m.
late hairy appendages to exceed middle of tube,
enclosed in tube; staminal corona absent. Fruit a Flowering time: Oct.May.
pair of dehiscent many-seeded fusiform follicles
spreading at 180, 60140510mm; seeds Distribution: Namibia. Associated with the
dorsiventrally flattened, with sessile tuft of hairs central Namib from Cape Cross northwards to
at micropylar end. near the Khumib River. Figure 29.
2 species, Namibia and South Africa. Voucher: Giess 9078 (M, WIND).
FIGURE 30.Ectadium virgatum, flowers and fruit, Lore- FIGURE 32.Distribution of Ectadium virgatum.
lei, near Orange River. Photo: Coleen Mannheimer.
Flowering time: mainly Sep.Mar.

Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In
Namibia mainly associated with the southern
Namib from Spencer Bay and Uri Hauchab to
Oranjemund and extending eastwards along the
Orange River valley to the mouth of the Fish
River. Figure 32.
Voucher: Giess & Van Vuuren 736 (WIND).
Note: Several collections from the distribu-
tion area of latifolium [Seely & Robinson 270
(WIND), Kolberg & Maggs 181 (WIND)] have
the narrow leaves of virgatum and cannot reli-
FIGURE 31.Ectadium virgatum, plant, Lorelei, near Or- ably be placed under either species. Therefore E.
ange River. Photo: Coleen Mannheimer. latifolium and E. virgatum are regarded here as a
single species.
Ectadium virgatum E.Mey., Comm. Pl. Afr. The lectotypification by Venter & Verhoeven
Austr.: 188 (1838). Type: from South Africa. (1990b) is set aside. On the sheet of Schenck 11
Ectadium latifolium (Schinz) N.E.Br., Fl. Cap. at K, N.E. Brown wrote from the type in Prof.
4 (1): 532 (1907). E. virgatum var. latifolium Schinz. Schinzs herbarium, Oct. 1894. Therefore, the
Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 261 (1888). specimen of this collection used by Schinz was
Type: Namibia, Lderitz, 25 Jul. 1885, Schenck 11 (Z, in Z and this is selected as the lectotype, rather
lecto., designated here; duplicates in K, PRE). than the sheet at PRE, designated by Venter &
Verhoeven (1990b) as the lectotype.
Erect to spreading shrub 13m tall with
hard and rigid to somewhat weeping branches.
Leaves on petiole 15mm long, linear to narrow- Raphionacme Harv.
ly ovate or obovate, 4080314mm. Figures (including Chlorocyathus Oliv.)
30 & 31.
Geophytes with few erect, spreading to twin-
Habitat: Rocky outcrops to gravelly flats or ing stems becoming slightly woody only at base,
sandy river beds, 50300m. with large subterranean tuber, sap milky (clear
in R. namibiana), above-ground parts deciduous, Raphionacme haeneliae Venter & R.L.Verh.,

mostly shortly downy to felty. Leaves opposite, S. African J. Bot. 62: 316 (1996). Type: Na-
with a short or indistinct petiole, linear-lanceolate mibia, Namib Naukluft Park, 4 Mar. 1994, C.
to elliptic, spathulate or obovate, usually pubes- Hnel (WIND, holo.).
cent. Inflorescences usually few near or at apex of
stem, usually with 520 flowers opening in quick Stems few, erect to 400mm from rosette
succession, pedunculate, flowers pedicellate. of several tubers to 250mm beneath ground.
Corolla green, yellow-green to violet, campanu- Leaves ovate, 4060610mm, grey-green,
late, 812mm long, mostly pubescent outside;
slightly fleshy, glabrous with slight waxy cover-
tube cupular, with corona and anthers inserted at
mouth and 10 nectarial ridges extending below ing. Inflorescence terminal, glabrous, with sev-
to base of tube; lobes spreading from mouth of eral flowers opening in quick succession before
tube, 25 as long as tube. Corona in throat of leaves develop, on peduncle 35mm long, pedi-
corolla tube, with 2- or 3-partite segments. Sta- cels 23mm long. Corolla pale green and gla-
mens fused up to halfway or higher with corolla brous outside; tube 2mm long, cup-shaped;
tube, anthers exserted. Fruit a pair of dehiscent lobes 42mm, spreading, glabrous inside, pale
many-seeded fusiform follicles spreading at 60 green to cream marked with purple along centre
150 or solitary by abortion, 35100520mm; inside; corona with slender almost filiform middle
seeds dorsiventrally flattened, smooth, with ses- tooth 45mm long incurved towards tip, with
sile tuft of hairs at micropylar end or with hairs broad base, yellow-white. Follicles mostly paired,
all round margin (R. namibiana).
erect, spreading at 120, 607056mm,
36 species (Venter 2009), widespread in sub- glabrous.
Saharan Africa, also in Oman in Arabian Peninsula.
Habitat: Around bases of granitic outcrops
Key to species or in gravelly plains of Namib with no other veg-
etation, 400600m.
1a Corona consisting of 5 slender and tapering to fil-
iform lobes each flanked laterally by 2 shorter Flowering time: Jan.Feb.
lobules, 2 teeth or 2 truncate swellings, access
to anthers not restricted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Distribution: Namibia. In Namib Desert east
1b Corona consisting of 5 linear lobes with truncate and southeast of Walvis Bay. Figure 33.
to bifid tips, without lateral lobules and with
narrow openings between them to anthers . . Voucher: Seely & Robinson 10 (WIND).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. lanceolata
2a Corolla lobes 815mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2b Corolla lobes 26mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
3a Stem twining; corolla nodding and facing down-
wards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. monteiroae
3b Stem erect to slightly spreading but not twining;
corolla facing upwards . . . . . . . . . . . R. namibiana
4a Leaves pubescent (at least on midrib and lower
surface); flowers opening after development
of leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
4b Leaves glabrous with slight waxy covering; flow-
ers opening before leaves develop . . . R. haeneliae
5a Corona consisting of slender almost filiform (usu-
ally green) central lobe 57mm long with 2
minute spreading lateral lobules on swollen
base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. inconspicua
5b Corona with slender (usually purple) central
lobe 23mm long with 2 erect lateral lobules
rising alongside it and tapering into base . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. velutina FIGURE 33.Distribution of Raphionacme haeneliae.
Raphionacme inconspicua H.Huber, Mitt. Bot. green or marked with purple inside; corona
Staatssamml. Mnchen 2: 73 (1955). Type: with slender erect almost filiform middle lobe
Namibia, Outjo, Volk 2718 (M, holo.). 57mm long slightly incurved towards tip, with
2 minute subulate lateral lobules on swollen
Stems few, erect to 300mm from solitary base, pale green to nearly white near base. Fol-
tuber just beneath ground. Leaves obovate, licles mostly paired, erect, spreading at 90120,
3050715mm, pale green, pubescent. Inflo- 609056mm, pubescent. Figure 34.
rescence terminal, pubescent, with several flow-
ers opening in quick succession, on peduncle
715mm long, pedicels 210mm long. Corolla Habitat: Among rocky outcrops often in
pale green and pubescent outside; tube 2mm open deciduous woodland, 8001800m.
long, cup-shaped; lobes 561.52.5mm,
spreading, finely and sparsely pubescent inside, Flowering time: Nov.Feb.
C
B
E A
FIGURE 34.Raphionacme inconspicua, Bruyns 5552. A, plant; B, side view of flower; C, enlarged view of centre of
flower; D, longitudinal section of flower; E, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 10mm; BD, 1mm; E, 0.25mm.
FIGURE 35.Distribution of Raphionacme inconspicua. FIGURE 36.Distribution of Raphionacme lanceolata.
Distribution: Angola, Botswana?, Namibia. Habitat: Sandy soil in open woodland, oc-
In Namibia only known in the northwest from casionally among rocks, 11001600m.
Outjo to the Kaokoveld. Figure 35.
Flowering time: Nov.Feb.
Voucher: Bruyns 7994 (WIND).
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Mozam-
bique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe. In
Raphionacme lanceolata Schinz, Verh. Bot. Namibia mainly in the parts covered by Kalahari
Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 263 (1888). sands from Gobabis and the Auas Mountains
Type: Namibia, Omandongo, Schinz 167 (Z, northwards. Figure 36.
lecto., designated here; duplicate at K).
Voucher: Strohbach 1256 (WIND).
Stem usually solitary but branching above
ground to form small clump to 200(400)mm
tall, from perennial subterranean stem and often Raphionacme monteiroae (Oliv.) N.E.Br., Fl.
large solitary tuber 0.10.3m beneath surface. Cap. 4 (1): 533 (1907). Type: from Mozam-
bique. (= Chlorocyathus monteiroae Oliv.).
Leaves lanceolate to elliptic or obovate (circu-
lar), 2090750mm, grey-green, sparsely Stems few, twining to 0.52.0m, annual
pubescent. Inflorescences next to axils of leaves, above ground, from short subterranean stem
1- to 5-flowered opening in quick succession arising from solitary tuber to 0.1m below sur-
usually before leaves fully developed, pubescent, face. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate,
sessile or on peduncles up to 20mm long, pedi- 2060720mm, grey-green, pubescent. Inflo-
cels 29mm long. Corolla pale green and pu- rescence terminal or next to axils of leaves, with
bescent outside; tube 23mm long, cup-shaped; several flowers often opening in quick succession,
lobes 5623mm, spreading, puberulous to pubescent, on peduncle 410mm long, pedicels
glabrous inside, pale green becoming purplish 36mm long bending downwards so flowers
towards tips inside; corona with 5 linear to nodding. Corolla green outside; tube 46mm
subulate truncate to shallowly bifid yellow-green long, slightly urceolate; lobes 81245mm,
to faintly purple lobes 46mm long without lat- ascending, sparsely puberulous within, green;
eral teeth, connivent around style head with nar- corona with slender subulate middle tooth 1.5
row openings between them. Follicles paired or 2.5mm long strongly incurved over style head,
solitary, erect, 4011057mm, sparsely pu- subtended by very short obtusely triangular lat-
bescent. eral lobules. Follicles not recorded. Figure 37.
FIGURE 39.Distribution of Raphionacme namibiana.
FIGURE 37.Raphionacme monteiroae, Mambone, Mo

zambique, PVB 7678. Raphionacme namibiana Venter & R.L.Verh.,
S. African J. Bot. 52: 332 (1986). Type: Na-
mibia, Helmeringhausen, Kleinfontein, Mar-
loth 5017 (PRE, holo.).
Stems few, erect and annual above ground
to 120mm from perennial subterranean stem
and large solitary tuber 0.500.75m beneath sur-
face. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 40
1501030mm, grey-green with purple veins,
puberulous and soon glabrous. Inflorescence ter-
minal, with few flowers opening in quick succes-
sion, slightly puberulous, on peduncle 15mm
long, pedicels 68mm long. Corolla pale green
outside; tube 812mm long, cylindrical; lobes
101536mm, spreading, glabrous above,
slightly puberulous below, purple with pale yel-
low to green patch on lower central area inside;
corona with slender erect filiform middle tooth
FIGURE 38.Distribution of Raphionacme monteiroae.
49mm long slightly incurved towards tip, with
2 truncate lateral bulges at base, purple around
base becoming white above. Follicles solitary,
Habitat: Among rocky outcrops in open de- pendulous, 40601820mm, glabrous.
ciduous woodland, 8001800m.
Habitat: Among rocks at base of hills and on
Flowering time: Nov.Feb. plateaux, with very little other vegetation, 1000
1600m.
South Africa to Tanzania. In Namibia mainly in Flowering time: Nov.Jan.
moister parts of the west, from Erongo Moun- Distribution: Namibia. Known from the east-
tains to Kaokoveld and Otjiwarongo to Outjo. ern base of the Naukluft Mountains to the Great
Figure 38. Karas Mountains. Figure 39.
Voucher: Von Koenen 451 (WIND). Voucher: Strohbach & al. 2935 (WIND).
Raphionacme velutina Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. covered by Kalahari sands from Gobabis and the
20, Beibl. 51: 12 (1895). Type: from South Auas Mountains northwards. Figure 40.
Africa. (= R. burkei N.E.Br.).
Raphionacme dinteri Schltr. ex Schinz, Viertel- Voucher: De Winter 3764 (PRE, WIND).
jahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zrich 55: 245 (1910). Type:
Namibia, 10km east of Orumbo, Dinter 1326 (Z, Note: Venter (2009) did not designate a lec-
lecto., designated here). totype properly, rendering his lectotypification
invalid. This is rectified here.
Stem usually solitary but branching above
ground to form small clump to 120(400)mm
tall, from perennial subterranean stem and Tacazzea Decne.
solitary tuber 0.10.2m beneath surface.
Leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly obovate, Erect shrub to liane twining to 5m, young
1550312mm, grey-green, pubescent. In- stems somewhat tomentose, sap milky. Leaves
florescences next to axils of leaves, dense and opposite, on petioles 1030mm long, broadly
5- to 15-flowered, flowers opening in quick suc- lanceolate to elliptic and obtuse to slightly cor-
cession, pubescent, sessile or on peduncles up date at base, 401102050mm, often dark
to 2mm long, pedicels 24mm long. Corolla green and nearly glabrous above, pale green
pale green and pubescent outside; tube 23mm and tomentose below. Inflorescences on long
long, cup-shaped; lobes 242mm, spreading, slender branched peduncles, mostly longer than
puberulous to glabrous inside, yellow-green in- subtending leaf, whitish tomentose. Corolla gla-
side; corona with subulate usually purple middle brous, dull red, campanulate and lobed nearly
lobe 23mm long subtended by 2 shorter pale to base, to 10mm broad; tube absent; lobes
yellow-green lateral lobules tapering to base. 57mm long, laterally touching and erect for
Follicles paired, erect, 407057mm, pubes- lower 0.51.0mm to form short cupular false
cent. tube above which lobes spread strongly; corona
of 5 erect often apically intertwined filiform seg-
Habitat: Sandy soil in open woodland, oc-
casionally among rocks, 12001600m. ments fused with corolla only at base; anthers
connivent over style head and arising from in-
Flowering time: Nov.Jan.(May). side of corona lobes. Fruit a pair of dehiscent
many-seeded fusiform follicles spreading at 180,
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, 5070512mm, grey-tomentose; seeds dor-
South Africa. In Namibia mainly in the parts siventrally flattened, with sessile tuft of hairs at
micropylar end.
4 species (Venter & Verhoeven 1990a), wide

spread in and endemic to sub-Saharan Africa.
Tacazzea apiculata Oliv., Trans. Linn. Soc. Lon-

don 29: 108 (1875). Type: from Uganda.
Habitat: Rocky outcrops or dense bush near

rivers, 5001000m.
Flowering time: Oct.May.
Distribution: West Africa to South Africa. Asso-

ciated with the Cunene, Cuando, Okavango and
Zambezi Rivers in northern Namibia. Figure 41.
FIGURE 40.Distribution of Raphionacme velutina. Voucher: Giess 8951 (PRE, WIND).

margins below, without sterile appendages; pol-

linaria extremely small, each with 4 minute pol-
linia attached directly to corpuscle; style head
extended into clavate apex above anthers. Fruit
a pair of dehiscent many-seeded thin-walled
slender fusiform follicles spreading at about 180,
406045mm; seeds dorsiventrally flattened,
with sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end.
80 species (Goyder 1992), Africa with great-
est diversity in Madagascar.
Secamone punctulata Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8:

502 (1844). Type: from Tanzania.
Habitat: Steep rocky slopes with Aloe coral-
lina I.Verd. and Euphorbia eduardoi L.C.Leach
FIGURE 41.Distribution of Tacazzea apiculata. west of Baynes Mountains, 1200m.
Flowering time: Dec.Feb.
Note: Periploca graeca L. was included by
Craven (1999) on the basis of the specimen Distribution: Angola to West Africa. In Na-
Range 1196 (SAM), which Range identified as mibia only known from two collections in the
this species. He mentioned as well that it was an Kaokoveld. Figure 42.
Adventivschlingpflanze im Garten at Kuibis, so
Voucher: Bruyns 8023 (BOL, K, WIND).
this was from a cultivated plant in a private gar-
den. The specimen is fragmentary and the iden-
tity is doubtful.
ASCLEPIADOIDEAE R.Br. ex Burnett
SECAMONOIDEAE Endl. Key to the tribes
1a Corona in 2 series, outer series tubular below

Secamone R.Br. then divided into 20 small spreading to erect
Unarmed wiry shrub or twiner to 4m,

young shoots, inflorescences and fruits green
and glabrous, sap milky. Leaves persistent, oppo-
site, on short petiole 0.23.0mm long, linear to
lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, acute, glabrous,
with inconspicuous veins, 1250110mm.
Inflorescences shortly pedunculate, 1- to 10-flow-
ered, in small mostly terminal cymes, pedicels
0.52.0mm long. Corolla orange or yellow,
broadly campanulate, glabrous outside; tube
0.5mm long, not quite including anthers, broad-
ly bowl-shaped, with 5 pairs of fleshy corolline
coronal ridges running from sinuses of lobes to
base; lobes obovate, longer than tube, 2mm
long; corona of 5 short obtuse ascending peg-
like lobes opposite sepals attached to gynoste-
gium; anthers connivent and firmly connected
to style head, truncate and with minute horny FIGURE 42.Distribution of Secamone punctulata.
slender lobules around mouth of this tube; an- cylindical tube divided at its mouth into 20 lob-
thers extended into erect inflated translucent ules; inner series of 5 erect lobules partly fused
white sterile appendages filling up coronal to outer coronal tube lower down, pressed to
tube; pollinarium with 2 small flattened pol- backs of anther-appendages and exceeding
linia joined directly to corpuscle . . . . . . . . Fockeeae
them; anthers connivent quadrangular fertile
1b Corona in 1 or 2 series but not as above; anthers
part firmly connected to style head, truncate
often with appendages but not filling up coro-
nal tube (if present); pollinarium with 2 swol-
and with minute horny margins below, above
len to flattened pollinia attached to corpuscle
extended into inflated erect transparent-white
by often slender caudicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. sterile appendages 23mm long filling inside of
2a Pollinia developing in part of anther above posi- coronal tube; pollinaria 2 per anther, small flat
tion of corpuscle (horizontal or ascending in and elliptical, erect, sessile on corpuscle. Follicles
anthers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. pendulous, broadly fusiform and narrowing into
2b Pollinia developing in part of anther below posi- slender beak, glabrous, single by abortion; seeds
tion of corpuscle (pendulous in anthers) . . . . dorsiventrally flattened, slightly papillate, with
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepiadeae sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end or with hairs
(except Sphaerocodon and Tylophora) all round margin (F. sinuata).
3a Pollinia with insertion crest along outer margin
(relative to anther); corolline corona absent; 6 species (Bruyns & Klak 2006), southern
gynostegial corona in 2 series; anthers without Kenya to South Africa.
sterile apical appendages . . . . . . . . . . Ceropegieae
3b Pollinia without insertion crest; corolline corona
sometimes present as 5 segments fused with Key to species
tube and reaching its mouth; staminal corona
in one series opposite anthers or absent; an- 1a Leaves rarely more than 30mm long and not
thers often with small sterile membranous ap- more than 20mm broad; stems short and
pendages around tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. erect or climbing to 12 m, arising via narrow
4a Ovaries narrowing gradually into slender neck neck from subterranean tuber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
below style head; appendages of anthers with 1b Leaves usually more than 3025mm; stems
basal horizontal slits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepiadeae usually massive and often climbing on trees to
(Sphaerocodon and Tylophora) 15m, not arising from tuber . . . . . . . . F. multiflora
4b Style head sessile on ovaries that lack slender 2a Margins of leaves revolute, leaves with dense ad-
neck; appendages of anthers without basal pressed pubescence; outer corona without
horizontal slits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marsdenieae spreading flap behind each longest terete lobule . . . . 3.
2b Margins of leaves not revolute, leaves with
sparse pubescence; outer corona usually with
spreading flap behind each longest terete lob-
FOCKEEAE H.Kunze, Meve & Liede ule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. angustifolia
3a Margins of leaves strongly undulate; corpuscle
relatively massive and nearly half as broad as
Fockea Endl. pollinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. sinuata
3b Margins of leaves not undulate; corpuscle very
Erect to twining herb with underground slender and much less than half as broad as
napiform tuber or massive thick-stemmed liane pollinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. comaru
without tuber, sap milky. Stems slightly fleshy,
finely pubescent when young. Leaves opposite,
subcoriaceous, pubescent to glabrous, often Fockea angustifolia K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
sessile, linear to elliptic, apiculate, deciduous. 17: 146 (1893). Type: from South Africa.
Inflorescences extra-axillary, 1- to 20-flowered, Fockea dammarana Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 38:
umbellate, pubescent, often sessile. Corolla ro- 56 (1905). Type: Namibia. Damaraland, 1879, T.J.G.
tate with short tube; outside pubescent; inside Een (BM, holo.).
puberulous to glabrous, green to brown; tube
cupular, shorter than lobes; lobes linear, obtuse, Small geophytic herb or climber with tuber,
spreading, usually spiralling to left; corona of 2 stems erect to twining to 2m, young growth
series of lobes, white, glabrous; outer series a finely tomentose. Leaves with petiole 13mm
FIGURE 43.Fockea angustifolia, Lobatse, Bayer 1431 (NBG). A, part of flowering branch; B, side view of dissected
gynostegium; C, side view of anthers; D, pollinarium. Scale bar: A, 3mm; B, 1mm (at A); C, 0.5mm (at A); D,
0.25mm (at A).
long, greyish to brownish green, linear to elliptic, Habitat: Stony slopes or flats sometimes with
13651.515.0mm, obtuse to acute, glabrous surface limestone or calcrete, 10001700m.
to sparsely pubescent, margins usually neither
revolute nor undulate. Inflorescence 1- to 6-flow- Flowering time: Oct.May.
ered, flowers opening in succession, sessile; pedi- Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Ma-
cels 1mm long. Corolla 1040mm diam.; out- lawi, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanza-
side pubescent; inside green to brown, sparsely nia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Very widespread in Na-
pubescent; tube 1.52.02.5mm, cupular; mibia. Figure 44.
lobes 41812mm, linear, obtuse, spreading,
with margins reflexed; outer corona 46mm long, Voucher: Seydel 1419 (M, PRE).
then divided into 20 slender lobules up to 5mm
long, longest outer lobes each usually with an- Fockea comaru (E.Mey.) N.E.Br., Fl. Cap. 4 (1):
other spreading lanceolate lobule behind them; 781 (1908). Type: from South Africa.
inner corona of 5 terete linear lobes 3mm long
adpressed to backs of anthers then erect. Follicles Small geophytic herb with tuber, stems usu-
70200812mm, smooth. Figure 43. ally erect to 200mm, young growth finely tomen-
FIGURE 44.Distribution of Fockea angustifolia. FIGURE 45.Distribution of Fockea comaru.
tose. Leaves with petiole to 1mm long, green to shrub-like; stems fleshy, young stems tomentose,
bluish green, linear, 25651.54.0mm, ob- later covered with grey, shiny bark. Leaves with
tuse, upper surface darker than lower, margins petiole 825mm long, oblong to broadly elliptic,
strongly revolute, sometimes weakly undulate. 3015025100mm, tomentose to glabrous
Inflorescence 1- to 6-flowered, flowers opening above, below tomentose, margins not revolute
in succession, sessile; pedicels 12mm long. Co- or undulate. Inflorescence 10- to 30-flowered,
rolla 827mm diam.; outside finely pubescent; flowers opening simultaneously, on pedun-
inside grey-green to brown-green, sparsely pu- cle 515mm long; pedicels 513mm long. Co-
bescent; tube 1.532mm, cupular; lobes rolla 1015mm diam.; outside pubescent; inside
41212mm, linear, obtuse, spreading, mar- yellowish green to brown, glabrous to sparsely
gins strongly reflexed; outer corona 46mm long, pubescent; tube 1.52.03mm, shallowly
then divided into 20 slender spreading lobules cupular; lobes 5102mm, broadly linear, ob-
2.02.5mm long; inner corona of 5 terete linear tuse, spreading, with margins slightly reflexed;
lobes adpressed to backs of anthers then erect. outer corona 23mm long, then divided into
Follicles 501001012mm, smooth. 20 slender lobules; inner corona of 5 flattened
linear lobes adpressed to backs of anthers then
Habitat: Stony slopes, 14002000m. intertwined above them. Follicles 10022015
30mm, smooth. Figures 46 & 47.
Habitat: On low hills or among rocks around
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- the base of hills, in dry deciduous woodland, espe-
mibia only in south, from Tiras Mountains to cially mopane (Colophospermum mopane (J.Kirk
Rosh Pinah and in Great Karas Mountains. Fig- ex Benth.) J.Kirk ex J.Lonard) 11001400m.
ure 45.
Flowering time: Aug.Dec.
Voucher: Strohbach & Dauth 3800 (WIND).
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Malawi,
Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zim-
Fockea multiflora K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. babwe. In Namibia only in northern edge in Ka-
17: 145 (1893). Type: from Tanzania. okoveld, also in hills between Otavi and Groot-
fontein and in Caprivi. Figure 48.
Large climber to 15m without tuber, with
stout trunk to 300mm thick sprawling on ground Voucher: De Winter & Wiss 4430 (PRE,
or twisting around trees for support, rarely WIND).
FIGURE 48.Distribution of Fockea multiflora.
Fockea sinuata (E.Mey.) Druce, Bot. Soc. Exch.

Club Brit. Isles: 623 (1917). Type: from South
Africa.
Small geophytic herb with tuber, stems erect

to 100 mm or twining to 450mm. Leaves sessile,
brown- to grey-green, linear, 256524mm,
obtuse, lower surface pubescent mainly on mid-
rib, margins strongly undulate and revolute. In-
florescence 1- to 10-flowered, flowers opening in
succession, sessile; pedicels 13mm long. Co-
rolla 812mm diam.; outside sparsely pubescent;
FIGURE 46.Fockea multiflora, climbing in other trees, inside green to brown, sparsely pubescent; tube
west of Outjo, PVB. 1.52.5mm deep, 3mm broad at mouth, cupu-
lar; lobes 3.04.52mm, linear, obtuse, spread-
ing, with margins strongly reflexed; outer corona
46mm long, divided at mouth of tube into 20
slender terete or flattened spreading lobules 1.5
2.5mm long; inner corona of 5 terete linear lobes
adpressed to backs of anthers then erect in column.
Follicles 50801012mm, often warty. Figure 49.
Habitat: Flat, pan-like areas or in gravelly

flats with various species of Salsola and Zygo-
phyllum, sometimes with Rhigozum trichotomum,
9001500m.
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-

mibia known from Maltahhe to Grnau and
southeast of Warmbad. Figure 50.
FIGURE 47.Fockea multiflora, flowers, Gulwe, Tanzania,
PVB 9651. Voucher: Giess, Volk & Bleissner 5300 (WIND).
pals about half as long as corolla lobes; corolla

lobes 34mm long . . . . . . . . . Stigmatorhynchus
3b. Style head broad and low, just exceeding ap-
pendages of anthers; sepals nearly as long as
corolla lobes; corolla lobes 610mm long . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marsdenia
Gymnema R.Br.
Shrubby non-succulent climber to 3m with
woody, young stems pubescent, later grey with
many lenticels, sap clear. Leaves shortly petiolate,
obovate to elliptic, 15801020mm, rounded
or shortly cuneate at base, acute, shortly hairy to
FIGURE 49.Fockea sinuata, plant in flower, near Warm-
bad. Photo: Silke Bartsch.
glabrescent. Inflorescence a shortly pedunculate
umbel often arising in pairs at nodes, pubescent,
pedicels 24mm long. Corolla pale yellow or
cream inside, shortly campanulate, inside finely
pubescent on lobes and with patches of short
hairs on sides of corona lobes; tube 1.52.0mm
long, cupular, with 5 truncate corolline corona
lobes inserted below sinuses of lobes, fused to
sides of tube to base and filling space around
gynostegium (pressed on inner side to gynoste-
gium); lobes 1.52.0mm long, spreading and
recurved, ovate to deltate, glabrous; gynostegial
corona absent; anthers with short membranous
apical appendage; pollinia erect, without hya-
line insertion crest; style head protruding and
conical-obtuse beyond anthers. Follicles solitary,
fusiform and beaked, 508068mm, smooth
and glabrous; seeds dorsiventrally flattened, with
sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end.
FIGURE 50.Distribution of Fockea sinuata.
20 species, Africa to Asia, South Africa to
China.
MARSDENIEAE Benth.
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Schult.,
Key to the genera Syst. Veg. 6: 57 (1820). Type: from India.
(=Marsdenia sylvestre (Retz.) P.I.Forst.).
1a. Staminal corona absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Staminal corona present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Habitat: Among rocks in hilly areas or in
2a. Corolline corona of 5 truncate segments filling bushveld, 10001900m.
tube around gynostegium, fused with tube to
base and reaching its mouth; style head pro- Flowering time: Dec.Apr.
jecting beyond anthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gymnema
2b. Corolline corona absent (corolla without coro- Distribution: South Africa to Arabia, India to
nal segments fused to sides of tube); style head China. In Namibia in the north, from Kaokoveld
entirely covered by anthers and their append- to Grootfontein and to Caprivi. Figure 51.
ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhyssolobium
3a. Style head extended as slender cylinder well be- Voucher: De Winter & Leistner 5327 (PRE,
yond anthers and beyond mouth of tube; se- WIND).
FIGURE 51.Distribution of Gymnema sylvestre. FIGURE 52.Marsdenia macrantha, Shoshong, Botswana,

PVB 6430.
Marsdenia R.Br. Habitat: Among scrub to deciduous bush-

land, 10001500m.
Non-succulent shrub or twiner to 510m,
branches initially densely short-haired, later gla- Flowering time: Nov.Mar.
brescent and slightly woody with many lenticels,
sap clear. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with Distribution: Namibia to Tanzania. In Nami
petiole 1030mm long, 20901560mm, bia widespread north of Okahandja. Figure 54.
rounded or shallowly cordate at base, acute,
Voucher: De Winter & Leistner 5340 (PRE,
soon glabrescent. Inflorescence a many-flowered
WIND).
pedunculate extra-axillary umbel, rusty-pubes-
cent, pedicels 1020mm long, with prominent
sepals nearly as long as lobes. Corolla cream, Rhyssolobium E.Mey.
rotate-campanulate, inside covered with white
hairs except in tube; tube 23mm deep, cupu- Densely branched dwarf non-succulent
lar; lobes 610mm long, broadly linear, blunt or shrub 150300mm tall with stiff erect to spread-
emarginate; gynostegial corona in 1 series of 5 ing hard and woody branches with spinescent
simple erect lanceolate to oblong lobes behind tips, stems with short adpressed hairs, later gla-
and slightly shorter than anthers; anthers with brescent, sap clear. Leaves sessile or with petiole
short membranous apical appendage; pollinia 12mm long, narrowly elliptic to oblong-elliptic,
erect, without hyaline insertion crest; style head 5151.53.0mm, cuneate at base, blunt, mar-
broadly truncate and just exceeding tube. Fol- gins folded back, fleshy becoming firmly leathery,
licles fusiform and beaked, 50802035mm, above pubescent to glabrescent, below densely
smooth and glabrous; seeds dorsiventrally flat- pubescent. Inflorescence a sessile 1- to 3-flow-
tened, with sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end. ered extra-axillary fascicle, pubescent. Corolla
campanulate, inside purple to yellow or white
110 species, Old and New World but most and densely pubescent especially in tube; tube
diverse in Australasia. 2mm long, broader than deep; lobes 23mm
long; gynostegial corona absent; anthers with
short membranous apical appendage; pollinia
Marsdenia macrantha (Klotzsch) Schltr., Bot. erect, without hyaline insertion crest; style head
Jahrb. Syst. 51: 143 (1913). Type: from Mo- not protruding beyond anthers. Follicles broadly
zambique. Figures 52 & 53. ovate to nearly spherical, 25351525mm,
C
B
FIGURE 53.Marsdenia macrantha, Okonguati, Namibia, Bruyns 4091. A, portion of plant; B, bud; C, face view of flower;
D, side view of dissected flower with sepals removed; E, side view of gynostegium; F, half-flower; G, pollinarium.
Scale bar: A, 10mm; BD, 3mm (at C); E, 1mm; F, 1mm; G, 0.25mm (at C).
FIGURE 56.Rhyssolobium dumosum, fruit, South Africa,

south bank of Orange River near Alexander Bay,
FIGURE 54.Distribution of Marsdenia macrantha. PVB 3948.
smooth and glabrous; seeds dorsiventrally flat- Flowering time: Jun.Sep.

tened, with sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end.
1 species, Namibia, South Africa. mibia only in coastal parts of southern Namib
south of Lderitz. Figure 57.
Rhyssolobium dumosum E.Mey., Comm. Pl. Voucher: Dinter 6350 (BOL).
Afr. Austr.: 217 (1838). Type: from South Af-
rica. Figures 55 & 56.
Stigmatorhynchus Schltr.
Habitat: Gravelly to rocky flat very arid areas
receiving rain in winter, often with some wind- Erect somewhat rigid non-succulent shrub
blown sand, 10150m. 0.53.0m tall, initially with short hairs later gla-
brescent with many lenticels, sap milky. Leaves
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, elliptic or spathulate,
FIGURE 55.Rhyssolobium dumosum, flowers, South Af-

rica, south bank of Orange River near Alexander
Bay, PVB 3948. FIGURE 57.Distribution of Rhyssolobium dumosum.
B
C
F
D E
FIGURE 58.Stigmatorhynchus hereroensis, Bruyns 5833. A, portion of plant; B, flower; C, dissected flower; D, gynoste-
gium; E, half-flower; F, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 10mm; B, 2mm; C, 1mm; D, 0.5mm; E, 0.5mm; F, 0.25mm.
with petiole 15mm long, 1030612mm, with short membranous apical appendage; pol-
acute, soon glabrescent. Inflorescence a 1- to linia erect, without hyaline insertion crest; style
4-flowered sessile extra-axillary fascicle, finely head extended into cylindrical apically bifid
pubescent, pedicels 1.01.5mm long. Corolla beak 2mm long and exceeding tube. Follicles
white, narrowly campanulate, inside with dense fusiform and beaked, 253545mm, smooth
white hairs near bases of lobes and in tube; tube and glabrous, with 12 seeds; seeds dorsiven-
1.5mm long, cupular; lobes 34mm long, lin- trally flattened, with sessile tuft of hairs at micro-
ear, erect and spreading near tips; gynostegial pylar end.
corona in one series of 5 simple incurved lobes
behind and slightly shorter than anthers; anthers 2 or 3 species, Namibia, Somalia, Tanzania.
FIGURE 59.Stigmatorhynchus hereroensis, near Kaoko FIGURE 60.Distribution of Stigmatorhynchus hereroen-

Otavi, PVB. sis.
Stigmatorhynchus hereroensis Schltr., Bot. Distribution: Namibia. In Namibia from Rua-

Jahrb. Syst. 51: 142 (1913). Type: Namibia, cana to east of Grootfontein. Figure 60.
Okawakuatjivi, 3 Dec. 1908, Dinter 917 (SAM,
lecto., designated here). Figures 58 & 59. Voucher: Merxmller & Giess 1307 (PRE,
WIND).
Habitat: Flat areas with short bushes and
scattered trees with much broken limestone on
surface, 11001600m. Note: There is no evidence that Schlechter
saw the specimen Dinter 917 (SAM) and so this is
Flowering time: Nov.Mar. designated as the lectotype.
ASCLEPIADEAE (R.Br.) Duby
Key to the genera
1a. Pollinia developing in part of anther above position of corpuscle (horizontal or ascending in anthers) . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Pollinia developing in part of anther below position of corpuscle (pendulous in anthers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2a. Corolla rotate; corona not raised above base of corolla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tylophora
2b. Corolla cupular; corona raised above base of corolla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sphaerocodon
3a. Sap clear and usually sparse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
3b. Sap milky and usually copious . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
4a. Corolla urceolate to cylindrical with lobes at most half as long as tube; corolline corona often present as tuber-
cles on inside of corolla tube near bases of anthers; gynostegial corona absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Microloma
4b. Corolla rotate without tube and with spreading lobes; corolline corona absent; gynostegial corona present in 2
series, outer series fused into urceolate to bowl-shaped cup around gynostegium and equalling it . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schizostephanus
5a. Outer series of corona fused into urceolate to bowl-shaped cup around gynostegium and equalling or ex-
ceeding it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cynanchum
5b. Outer series of corona not fused into urceolate to bowl-shaped cup around gynostegium and less than half as tall
as it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
6a. Succulent with erect to twining green or grey-green cylindrical stems, leaves absent or as minute sessile scales
on young growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cynanchum
6b. Non-succulent herb to shrub or twiner with well-developed leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
7a. Stem twining; leaves cordate, with long petiole; inflorescence with long peduncle elongating with development
of flowers into raceme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.
7b. Stems erect and not twining; leaves much narrower than broad, with short petiole or sessile; inflorescence with
short peduncle not elongating into raceme as flowers develop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.
8a. Corolla red-brown, green or whitish, glabrous inside, without distinct tube, lobes mostly recurved; pollinia
without fine insertion crest on inner edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pentarrhinum
8b. Corolla white to cream, white-bearded inside, with distinct tube (with corona joined to corolla at mouth of
tube), lobes spreading; pollinia with fine insertion crest on inner edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pergularia
9a. Margins of inner corona lobes folded inwards to form ascending hollow cavity; margins sometimes extended
into conspicuous keels touching backs of anthers and occasionally with tongue protruding from inside cavity . 12.
9b. Inner corona lobes solid or flat; margins not folded inwards to form cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.
10a. Corolla lobes glabrous inside; pollinium attached to corpuscle by caudicle much longer than pollinium . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Periglossum
10b. Corolla lobes densely pubescent to finely papillate inside; pollinium attached to corpuscle by caudicle much
shorter than pollinium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.
11a. Inner corona lobes fleshy and broadly wedge-shaped, obovate or transversely elliptic, without any append-
ages on inner face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xysmalobium
11b. Inner corona swollen with small subapical horn projecting towards style head, or erect and cross-shaped or
flat with ascending projection on inner face. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schizoglossum
12a. Margins of inner corona lobes extended into conspicuous keels near base, keels nearly half as tall as lobes . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pachycarpus
12b. Margins of inner corona lobes with small and insignificant keels less than one quarter as tall as lobes . . . . . . . . . 13.
13a. Rootstock fibrous or woody, not forming napiform tuber; either short-lived perennial shrubs with stems
branching and rebranching above ground, or perennial herbs with simple annual stems; inflorescences many,
extra-axillary and terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gomphocarpus
13b. Rootstock a slender to stout tuberous taproot; perennial herbs with annual mostly simple stems; inflorescences
mostly terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asclepias
Asclepias L. single line along each internode. Leaves ses-

sile, linear, up to 70.01.1mm, scantily pubes-
Spreading non-succulent herb 0.150.30m cent on both sides. Inflorescence 3- to 7-flowered,
tall, with simple erect or spreading annual stems peduncle to 20mm long, finely pubescent in a
arising from apex of tuberous taproot, pubes- single line, pedicels 1012mm long, sparsely pu-
cent, sap milky. Leaves narrowly linear, scantily bescent. Corolla yellow to brown, rotate, 8mm
pubescent. Inflorescence a many-flowered pe- diam., sparsely pubescent outside, glabrous
dunculate extra-axillary umbel alongside up- inside; tube absent; lobes 2.54.52mm,
per leaves, finely pubescent. Corolla yellow to spreading with ascending tips; gynostegial co-
brown, campanulate, very deeply lobed, lobes rona usually raised above corolla on very short
oblong-ovate, recurved, 2.54.52.02.5mm, column, bright yellow, lobes 2.5mm long,
finely hairy outside, glabrous inside; gynostegial channelled part tapering into slender spreading-
corona in 2 series, outer series of 5 minute lob- ascending beak, papillate inside cavity.
ules beneath bases of guide-rails, inner series of
5 prominent lobes arising behind anthers with Habitat: Stony slopes among grass, 1600m.
margins folded inwards to form cup-like struc-
ture (sometimes with tooth inside cup); anthers Flowering time: Jan.
with short apical appendages pressed against
but not covering style head; pollinia pendent in Distribution: Botswana, Lesotho, South Af-
anthers, flattened, without translucent insertion rica, Swaziland, Zimbabwe. In Namibia only
crest, longer than broad; style head nearly flat on known from a single gathering in Auas Moun-
top and depressed in centre. Follicles narrowly tains near Windhoek. Figure 61.
fusiform, beaked, usually single by abortion,
erect, 3068mm, smooth and thinly pubes- Voucher: Seydel 4109 (WIND).
cent to glabrous, with many seeds; seeds ovate,
dorsiventrally flattened, papillate, with sessile tuft
of hairs at micropylar end.
Over 200 species, Africa and America.
Key to species
1a. Leaves 34mm broad; plant branching profuse-

ly from base with spreading stems . . . . . . A. randii
1b. Leaves 11.5 mm broad; plant usually single-
stemmed and erect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. aurea
Asclepias aurea (Schltr.) Schltr., J. Bot. 34: 455

Slender herb 100250mm tall, with few
erect stems 1mm thick, finely pubescent in a FIGURE 61.Distribution of Asclepias aurea.
Asclepias randii S.Moore, J. Bot. 40: 255 (1902). gynostegial corona raised above corolla on very
Type: from Zimbabwe. short column, brown in cavity, white near base,
lobes 3.5mm long, 1.5mm broad, channelled
Spreading herb 80200mm in diam., with part erect and exceeding style head, papillate in-
few sprawling stems 2mm thick, finely pubes- side cavity. Figure 62.
cent. Leaves with very short petiole 13mm long,
linear, up to 407024mm, acute, pubescent Habitat: Loamy gentle slopes among grass,
above and glabrous below except on midrib, 1800m.
with margins recurved. Inflorescence 3- to 6-flow-
ered, flowers opening simultaneously, facing Flowering time: Jan.Feb.
upwards on peduncle 1020mm long, finely
pubescent; pedicels 911mm long, ascending, Distribution: Namibia, Zimbabwe. In Namib-
pubescent. Corolla white suffused with brown, ia only known from a single gathering from the
rotate, 10mm diam., pubescent outside, gla- Otavi Mountains near Grootfontein. Figure 63.
brous inside; tube absent; lobes 4.02.5mm,
ovate, obtuse, spreading with ascending tips; Voucher: Bruyns 5487 (BOL).
E
C
FIGURE 62.Asclepias randii, Bruyns 5487. A, portion of plant; B, flower; C, gynostegium with one corona lobe re-
moved; D, half-flower; E, pollinarium; F, cross-section of leaf near middle. Scale bars: A, 10mm; B, 2mm; C, F,
1mm; D, 1mm; E, 0.25mm.
Key to species
1a. Outer series of corona not fused into urceolate

to bowl-shaped cup around gynostegium and
less than half as tall as it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Outer series of corona fused into urceolate to
bowl-shaped cup around gynostegium and
equalling or exceeding it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2a. Corolla lobes twisted, with medial groove to-
wards base, outer corona consisting of erect
truncate to bifid or apically finely toothed lob-
ules between inner lobes, inner lobes without
dorsal projections . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pearsonianum
2b. Corolla lobes straight, without medial groove
towards base, outer corona forming continu-
ous ring around bases of anthers with dorsal
projections of inner lobes, limb of outer co-
FIGURE 63.Distribution of Asclepias randii. rona bent horizontally inwards . . . . . . C. viminale
3a. Succulent leafless trailer to climber . . . . C. gerrardii
3b. Non-succulent leafy climber, rigid shrub or
Cynanchum L. small herb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
(incl. Sarcostemma R.Br.) 4a. Slender-stemmed leafy climber with inflores-
cences on slender peduncles 520mm long .
Small non-succulent herb, rigid shrub to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. schistoglossum
herbaceous or leafless succulent climber, pu- 4b. Plant not climbing, peduncles 14 mm long . . . . . . . 5.
bescent to glabrescent, sap milky. Leaves peti- 5a. Rigid shrub with spreading to weeping initially
olate, ovate to lanceolate or linear, sometimes almost tomentose branches; leaves circular,
reduced to minute sessile caducous scale-like ovate or elliptic, 410mm broad, with petiole
rudiments pressed to branch. Inflorescences usu- 14mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. meyeri
ally several, few- to many-flowered extra-axillary 5b. Slender herb with fine ascending glabrescent
branches; leaves linear and 1mm broad,
umbels, flowers opening in succession to simul-
sessile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. orangeanum
taneously, sessile or shortly pedunculate, pu-
bescent. Corolla white to yellow or greenish in-
side, rotate to campanulate, deeply lobed; tube Cynanchum gerrardii (Harv.) Liede, Taxon 40:
absent; lobes oblong or ovate, ascending then 117 (1991). Type: from South Africa.
spreading to reflexed, glabrous to finely pubes-
cent outside, inside glabrous; gynostegial corona Succulent trailer to climber to 3m, with grey-
in 1 or 2 series, not raised above corolla on col- green cylindrical slightly roughened branches
umn, usually white, outer series fused into cup arising from fibrous roots, glabrescent. Leaves re-
with 5 lobules opposite anthers at mouth, inner duced to minute lanceolate sessile scale-like rudi-
series absent or present as 5 lobes adpressed to ments 1.01.50.71.0mm pressed to branch,
backs of anthers and fused into outer coronal caducous. Inflorescence 1- to 5-flowered, flowers
cup; anthers with membranous apical append- opening in close succession, sessile to shortly
age covering style head except at apex; pollinia knobbly-pedunculate; pedicels 35mm long,
pendent, swollen, without translucent insertion spreading, glabrous. Corolla 36mm diam., ro-
crest. Follicles fusiform, often with lateral ridges, tate with lobes reflexed and divided to near bas-
usually solitary by abortion, 30120512mm, es; outside glabrous; inside glabrous, green; tube
pendulous, smooth, glabrous; seeds ovate, dor- absent; lobes 1.52.5mm long, ovate-deltate,
siventrally flattened, papillate, with sessile tuft of acute; gynostegial corona in 2 series, white; outer
hairs at micropylar end. lobes fused into pentagonal cup slightly shorter
than style head; inner lobes 5, pressed to backs
250 species, cosmopolitan, tropics and of anthers and fused dorsally to outer coronal
temperate regions. cup, obtuse, shorter than style head. Follicles 60
panulate with lobes fused into tube near bases;

outside finely pubescent; inside glabrous, white
to cream; tube very shallow; lobes 1.52.0mm
long, ovate-deltate, obtuse; gynostegial coro-
na apparently in 1 series fused into pentagonal
cup with obtuse apically slightly spreading lobes
opposite anthers, slightly exceeding style head.
Follicles 304058mm, pendulous, slightly
inflated, sparsely pubescent, smooth and with
slight lateral wings. Figures 65 & 66.
Habitat: Rocky gneissic slopes and stony

flats, 50700m.
Flowering time: Jun.Sep.
FIGURE 64.Distribution of Cynanchum gerrardii.
12058mm, pendulous, fusiform, glabrous,

smooth and without lateral wings.
Habitat: Loamy flats among deciduous bush,

1200m.
Flowering time: Jan.Mar.
Distribution: South Africa to Arabia. In Na-

mibia only known from a single collection from
eastern Caprivi around Lake Liambesi. Figure
64.

FIGURE 65.Cynanchum meyeri, plant about 1m in dia
Cynanchum meyeri (Decne.) Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. meter, Orange River, PVB 3949.
Syst. 20, Beibl. 51: 2 (1895). Type: from South
Africa.
Cynanchum pearsonii N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. Inform.
1914: 18 (1914). Type: Namibia, north of Rotkuppe
Station, Pearson 4466 (K, holo. BOL, iso.).
Rigid perennial non-succulent densely

branched shrub 150400mm tall, with grey-
green branches arising from fibrous roots, densely
short-pubescent. Leaves with petiole 14mm long,
grey-green, circular to elliptic or ovate-deltate,
720410mm, acute, coriaceous and per-
sistent, pubescent, margins not recurved. In-
florescence 5- to 15-flowered, flowers opening
in gradual succession, on spreading peduncle
24mm long; pedicels 24mm long, spreading, FIGURE 66.Cynanchum meyeri, flowers, Orange River,
pubescent. Corolla 35mm diam., rotate to cam- PVB 3949.
FIGURE 68.Cynanchum orangeanum, flowers, foot of

Great Karas Mountains, PVB 5793.
FIGURE 67.Distribution of Cynanchum meyeri.

mibia only known from southwest in hills of
coastal plain from Lderitz to Obib Mountains
and Skilpad along Orange River. Figure 67.
Voucher: Merxmller & Giess 3072 (M, WIND).
Cynanchum orangeanum (Schltr.) N.E.Br., Fl.

Cap. 4 (1): 745 (1908). Type: from South Af-
rica.
Small non-succulent herb 50200mm tall,

with slender branched annual stems arising from
slightly swollen carrot-like perennial rootstock,
FIGURE 69.Cynanchum orangeanum, plant in fruit, foot
sparsely pubescent with denser patch of hairs in
of Great Karas Mountains, PVB 5793.
vertical line on internodes. Leaves sessile, grey-
green to brown, linear, 20501mm, acute,
herbaceous, glabrous, margins recurved. Inflo- Habitat: Gravelly to sandy flats, 10001300m.
rescence 1- to 5-flowered, flowers opening in grad-
ual succession, on ascending peduncle 13mm Flowering time: Nov.Apr.
long; pedicels 37mm long, ascending, sparsely
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Afri-
pubescent. Corolla 57mm diam., rotate to short-
ca, Zimbabwe. In Namibia from Ojtiwarongo to
ly campanulate with lobes free to bases; outside
Great Karas Mountains. Figure 70.
glabrous; inside glabrous, grey to brown; tube ab-
sent; lobes 23mm long, lanceolate, obtuse; gy- Voucher: Giess & Van Vuuren 956 (WIND).
nostegial corona in 2 series each of 5 lobes joined
near base, slightly exceeding style head; outer
lobes lanceolate, bending inwards and pressed Cynanchum pearsonianum Liede & Meve,
close to guide rails; inner lobes broadly subulate, Kew Bull. 67: 753 (2012). Sarcostemma pear-
slightly spreading then incurved and pressed to sonii N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. Inform. 1913: 301
tops of anthers. Follicles 406057mm, pen- (1913). Type: Namibia, Great Karas Moun-
dulous, slightly inflated, glabrous, smooth and tains, stony plains SW of Kraikluft, 1600m,
without lateral ridges. Figures 68 & 69. Pearson 8460 (K, holo.; BOL, iso.).
Cynanchum schistoglossum Schltr., J. Bot.

33: 271 (1895). Type: from South Africa.
Non-succulent climber to 3m, with slen-

der stems, glabrescent. Leaves with petiole 10
25mm long, 35601535mm, softly herba-
ceous, sparsely pubescent, usually with several
tiny leaflets in axils, margins flat. Inflorescence
5- to 20-flowered, flowers opening simulta-
neously on ascending peduncle 520mm long;
pedicels 310mm long, ascending, pubescent
in narrow row. Corolla 35mm diam., rotate
to slightly campanulate, lobes divided to near
bases; outside glabrous; inside glabrous, pale
green; tube absent; lobes 1.52.0mm long,
ovate-deltate, obtuse; gynostegial corona in 1
FIGURE 70.Distribution of Cynanchum orangeanum.
series fused into shallow pentagonal cup with 5
deltate obtuse teeth opposite anthers and about
as long as style head. Follicles 506556mm,
Rigid succulent shrub to 0.51.5m; stems pendulous, fusiform, glabrous, slightly warty and
35mm thick, mostly erect with occasionally without lateral wings.
spreading stems around perimeter rooting readily
where touching ground, initially finely pubescent Habitat: Loamy flats in woodland, 1200m.
but soon glabrous, grey-green to purplish green.
Leaves reduced to minute ovate-lanceolate ses- Flowering time: Jan.Mar.
sile scale-like rudiments 1.01.50.71.0mm
Distribution: South Africa to Rwanda and
pressed to branch, caducous. Inflorescence a 3- to
Uganda. In Namibia only known in Caprivi near
7-flowered mostly terminal umbel, flowers open-
Andara. Figure 74.
ing simultaneously, sessile, finely pubescent,
pedicels 27mm long. Corolla pale yellow and Voucher: Giess 11436 (WIND).
glabrous outside; glabrous and yellow inside, ro-
tate; tube absent; lobes linear, obtuse, spreading
but with basal third erect and pressed to gynoste- Cynanchum viminale (L.) Bassi ex L., Mant.
gium, slightly twisted, 5.06.50.71.0mm, Pl., ed. 2: 392 (1771). (Sarcostemma viminale
with medial groove at least in lower half; outer (L.) R.Br.). Type: from Africa.
corona lobes erect, truncate and bifid to finely
toothed, joined to sides of inner lobes, inner lobes Rigid succulent shrub to 0.51.5m or
0.71.0mm long, with nearly spherical base and scrambler covering many square metres to
twiner; stems 38mm thick, erect to sprawl-
deltoid-acute limb pressed to anthers and slightly
ing or twining, rooting readily where touching
shorter than fertile part of anther, without dorsal
ground, initially finely pubescent but soon gla-
projections. Figures 71 & 72.
brous, grey- to yellow-green to purplish green.
Habitat: Rocky flats and gentle slopes, 900 Leaves reduced to minute ovate-lanceolate ses-
1700m. sile scale-like rudiments 1.01.50.71.0mm
pressed to branch, caducous. Inflorescence a
Flowering time: Oct.Apr. 3- to 15-flowered mostly terminal umbel, flow-
ers opening simultaneously, sessile or with
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- much scarred peduncle to 15mm long, finely
mibia from Nauchas to Tiras Mountains and to pubescent, pedicels 512mm long. Corolla pale
Great Karas Mountains. Figure 73. yellow and glabrous outside; glabrous, yellow
to yellow-green or pinkish white inside, rotate;
Voucher: Bruyns 5684 (WIND). tube absent; lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, spread-
F
D
E
J N
A
I
C
H
K M
B
FIGURE 71.Cynanchum pearsonianum, Great Karas Mountains, Namibia, Bruyns 3534; E, I Upington, South Africa,
Bruyns 3479. A, young stem; B, leaves (pubescence over entire surface not shown); C, inflorescence; D, side view
of flower; E, F, face view of flower; G, side view of dissected flower; H, I, side view of gynostegium; J, enlarged
view of gynostegium; K, face view of gynostegium; L, side view of gynostegium with inner corona cut away; M,
style-apex with appendages of anthers removed; N, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, C, D, E, F, 2mm (at D); B, G, H, I,
1mm (at G); J, L, M, 0.5mm (at G); K, 0.5mm; N, 0.25mm (at G).
FIGURE 72.Cynanchum pearsonianum, flowers, near

Witptz, PVB 7192. FIGURE 74.Distribution of Cynanchum schistoglossum.
FIGURE 73.Distribution of Cynanchum pearsonianum. FIGURE 75.Distribution of Cynanchum viminale.
ing from base, not twisted, 4824mm, with- Distribution: South Africa to Arabia, to India
out medial groove; outer corona lobes bulging and to Australia. Widespread in Namibia. Figure
at base and with rounded entire apex spreading 75.
horizontally inwards, joined to dorsal append-
ages of inner lobes, inner lobes 1.52.0mm long, Voucher: De Winter 4040 (PRE, WIND).
with ovoid base and ovate-acute limb pressed to
anthers and exceeding fertile part of anther (but Note: The various subspecific names recog-
not sterile appendages), with somewhat spread- nised by Meve & Liede-Schumann (2012) and
ing cupular dorsal projections at level of and earlier have proved to be difficult to apply to
joined to outer lobes. Namibian material with any certainty or consist-
ency, so they are not recognised here.
Habitat: Rocky flats and gentle slopes to de-
ciduous bush on Kalahari sands, 3001900m. According to Mossetti (2007: 59), Linnaeus
made the new combination Cynanchum viminale
Flowering time: Sep.May. on the basis of a letter dated 13 December 1767
from Ferdinando Bassi. In this letter, Bassi sug- 2a. Stems produced annually, simple, glabrous in all
gested this name for Euphorbia viminalis L., after parts and slightly glaucous on leaves; leaves at
having grown this species in the Botanic Garden least 25mm broad . . . . . . . . . . . G. semiamplectens
at the Academy of Sciences in Bologne and hav- 2b. Stems perennial, extensively branched, pubes-
ing realised that it had been placed in the wrong cent or puberulous at least on young shoots
family and the wrong genus. Bassis account of and leaves; leaves at most 20 mm broad . . . . . . . 3.
this species was presented before the Academy 3a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, truncate or
cordate to rounded at base, coriaceous . . . . .
in Bologne on the same day but only appeared in
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. cancellatus
print in 1783, nine years after Bassis death. Lin-
3b. Leaves linear, tapering gradually into petiole, thin . 4.
neaus (1771) mentioned a letter from Bassi under
4a. Young stems, pedicels and follicles thinly pu-
this species as well and consequently the name is bescent; corona slightly laterally compressed
cited as Cynanchum viminale (L.) Bassi ex L. with sides not close to one another at top and
leaving broad entrance to cavity, upper ends
next to anther appendages extended into teeth
Gomphocarpus R.Br. pointing back into cavity . . . . . . . . . . G. fruticosus
4b. Young stems, pedicels and follicles tomentose;
Erect non-succulent herb or shrub 0.53.0m
corona strongly laterally compressed with
tall, with simple or branched erect to spread-
sides close to one another at top and leav-
ing stems, pubescent to glabrescent, sap milky.
ing narrow slits to cavity, upper ends next to
Leaves sessile to shortly petiolate, lanceolate to anther appendages not extended into teeth
linear, 30150120mm. Inflorescence a many- pointing back into cavity . . . . . . . . G. tomentosus
flowered pedunculate extra-axillary umbel, finely
pubescent. Corolla greenish white or pale yellow,
rotate and lobed nearly right to base, inside gla- Gomphocarpus cancellatus (Burm.f.) Bruyns,
brous or minutely papillate; tube absent; lobes Bothalia 25: 165 (1995). Type: from South
5835mm, oblong-ovate, spreading to re- Africa.
flexed; gynostegial corona in 2 series, outer series
of 5 minute lobules beneath bases of guide-rails, Robust perennial shrub to 1.5m tall with
inner series of 5 prominent lobes arising behind stout erect perennial stems arising from fibrous
anthers with margins folded inwards to form cup- roots, densely covered with short hairs. Leaves
like structure (sometimes with tooth inside cup); sessile, grey-green, oblong-lanceolate to ellip-
anthers with short apical appendages pressed tic, 20501020mm, acute to obtuse, trun-
against but not covering style head; pollinia pen- cate or cordate to rounded at base, coriaceous,
dent in anthers, flattened, without translucent in- pubescent, margins not recurved. Inflorescence
sertion crest, longer than broad; style head near- 10- to 25-flowered, flowers opening simulta-
ly flat on top and depressed in centre. Follicles neously, nodding on peduncle 520mm long;
fusiform or inflated and ovoid, beaked, usu- pedicels 1525mm long, slender, spreading, pu-
ally single by abortion, erect, 2070530mm, bescent. Corolla 1012mm diam., rotate with
smooth and glabrous to ornamented with pu- lobes strongly reflexed; outside pubescent; inside
bescent slender bristle-like processes, with many glabrous to finely setulose, white to cream; lobes
seeds; seeds ovate, dorsiventrally flattened, papil- 57mm long, ovate to elliptic, acute; gynoste-
late, with sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end. gial corona not raised above corolla on column,
lobes of inner series 32mm, equalling
20 species (Goyder & Nicholas 2001), Africa style head, not laterally compressed, upper ends
and Arabia to Dead Sea. next to anther appendages extended into spread-
ing teeth pressed to anther appendages, without
Key to species tooth in cavity. Follicles 40602030mm,
erect, inflated, pubescent, covered with slender
1a. Leaves 12mm broad; follicles slender, 57mm bristles up to 6mm long.
broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. filiformis
1b. Leaves more than 3mm broad; follicles swol- Habitat: Rocky gneissic slopes, 1400m.
len and usually more than 15mm broad when
mature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Flowering time: Jul.Sep.
FIGURE 76.Distribution of Gomphocarpus cancellatus. FIGURE 77.Distribution of Gomphocarpus filiformis.
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- inside finely setulose, greenish yellow; lobes 3.5
mibia only known in southwest from gneissic 5.0mm long, ovate to elliptic, acute; gynostegial
hills north of Rosh Pinah. The specimen Na- corona raised above corolla on short column 0.5
mibia, Bushmanland, Nieuwfontein, Pearson 1.0mm long, lobes of inner series 32mm,
3432 (K), listed in Goyder & Nicholas (2001) slightly exceeding style head, only very slightly
is from Kliprand (= Nieuwfontein) in southern laterally compressed leaving broad entrance to
Bushmanland in South Africa and the species is cavity, upper ends next to anther appendages ex-
restricted to the area receiving winter-rainfall. tended into erect teeth, with obtuse tooth arising
Figure 76. in base of cavity and usually projecting slightly.
Follicles 203057mm, pendulous, pubescent
Voucher: Bruyns 8309 (K, WIND). when young and later glabrous, smooth.
Habitat: Gravelly flats among scattered bush-

Gomphocarpus filiformis (E.Mey.) D.Dietr.,
es or stones, often along roadsides, 2001500m.
Syn. Pl. 2: 900 (1840). Type: from South Af-
rica. Flowering time: recorded throughout year.
Asclepias buchenaviana Schinz, Verh. Bot. Ver-
eins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 261 (1888). A. filiformis Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
var. buchenaviana (Schinz) N.E.Br., Fl. Trop. Afr. 4(1): mibia from near Brandberg West to Aus, Keet-
336 (1902). Type: Namibia, Hereroland, Aug. 1886, manshoop and Warmbad. Figure 77.
Schinz 166 (Z, lecto., Goyder & Nicholas 2001).
Voucher: Merxmller & Giess 1753 (WIND).
Slender perennial shrub 1.02.5m tall with
slender erect often slightly spreading perennial
stems arising from fibrous roots, younger stems Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) W.T.Aiton,
grey-green with pale waxy bloom, glabrous ex- Hort. Kew., ed. 2,2: 80 (1811). Epitype (Goy-
cept in inflorescence. Leaves sessile, grey-green, der & Nicholas 2001): from South Africa.
linear to filiform, 408012mm, acute, short-
lived, glabrous, margins revolute. Inflorescence 6- Perennial shrub to 1.5m tall with erect
to 12-flowered, flowers opening simultaneous- perennial stems arising from fibrous roots, pu-
ly, nodding on peduncle 520mm long; pedicels bescent on young shoots. Leaves with peti-
1020mm long, filiform, spreading, tomentose. ole 18mm long, yellow-green, linear, 40
Corolla 1012mm diam., rotate with lobes strong- 8037mm, acute, thin and persistent, finely
ly reflexed; outside finely pubescent to glabrous; pubescent, margins only slightly recurved. Inflo-
rescence 3- to 10-flowered, flowers opening si- Gomphocarpus semiamplectens K.Schum.,

multaneously, nodding on peduncle 1030mm Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 128 (1893). Type: from
long; pedicels 1025mm long, slender, spread- Angola.
ing, pubescent. Corolla 1215mm diam., rotate
with lobes spreading or reflexed; outside pubes- Perennial herb to 1m tall with simple annual
cent; inside glabrous to finely setulose, yellow- erect stems arising from swollen perennial root-
green; lobes 58mm long, ovate to elliptic, stock, glabrous. Leaves sessile, green or glau-
acute; gynostegial corona raised above corolla cous, broadly ovate, 50802550mm, acute to
on short distinctly fluted column 1.01.5mm obtuse, firm and persistent, glabrous, margins not
tall, lobes of inner series 33mm, slightly ex- recurved. Inflorescence 10- to 30-flowered, flow-
ceeding style head, slightly laterally compressed ers opening simultaneously, nodding on pe-
with sides not close to one another at top and duncle 4080mm long; pedicels 1530mm long,
leaving broad entrance to cavity, upper ends slender, spreading, glabrous. Corolla 2025mm
next to anther appendages extended into teeth diam., rotate with lobes strongly reflexed; outside
pointing back into cavity, without tooth arising glabrous; inside glabrous, yellow-green; lobes
in cavity. Follicles 40801520mm, erect, in- 58mm long, ovate to elliptic, acute; gynostegial
flated, pubescent, covered with slender bristles corona raised above corolla on short column
up to 10mm long. 1mm tall, lobes of inner series 232.53.5 mm,
equalling style head, not laterally compressed,
Habitat: Widespread weed of disturbed without tooth in cavity. Follicles 408015
places, 10002200m. 25mm, erect, inflated, glabrous, smooth.
Flowering time: Feb.May. Habitat: Seasonally moist sandy areas in

woodland, 1200m.
Distribution: South Africa to Arabia. Wide-
spread in Namibia. Of the five subspecies recog- Flowering time: Dec.
nised, subsp. fruticosus (widespread) and subsp.
rostratus (N.E.Br.) Goyder & Nicholas (Caprivi Distribution: Angola, Cabinda, Congo, Na-
only) occur in Namibia. Figure 78. mibia, Zambia. In Namibia only known in Ka-
vango along road to Tsintsabis. Figure 79.
Voucher: Merxmller & Giess 1774 (PRE,
WIND). Voucher: De Winter 3881 (WIND).
FIGURE 78.Distribution of Gomphocarpus fruticosus. FIGURE 79.Distribution of Gomphocarpus semiamplectens.

Gomphocarpus tomentosus Burch., Trav. S. sides close to one another at top and leaving nar-
Africa 1: 543 (1822). Type: from South Africa. row slits to cavity, upper ends next to anther ap-
pendages not extended into teeth pointing back
Perennial shrub to 1.5m tall with erect into cavity, without tooth arising in cavity. Folli-
perennial stems arising from fibrous roots, cles 40801520mm, erect, inflated, pubes-
grey-tomentose on young shoots. Leaves with cent, covered with slender bristles up to 10mm
petiole 18mm long, grey-green, linear, 50 long. Figure 80.
8037mm, acute, thin and persistent, finely
pubescent above and tomentose below, margins Habitat: Rocky flats and disturbed patches in
only slightly recurved. Inflorescence 3- to 10-flow- grassland, 10002200m.
ered, flowers opening simultaneously, nodding
on peduncle 1020mm long; pedicels 1015mm Flowering time: Feb.May.
long, slender, spreading, pubescent. Corolla
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Mozam-
1215mm diam., rotate with lobes spreading or
bique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe. Of the
reflexed; outside pubescent; inside glabrous to
two subspecies recognised, only subsp. tomento-
finely setulose, yellow-green; lobes 57mm long,
sus is found in Namibia, where it is widespread.
ovate to elliptic, acute; gynostegial corona raised Figure 81.
above corolla on short column 0.51.0mm tall,
lobes of inner series 33mm, slightly exceed- Voucher: De Winter 2483 (PRE, WIND).
ing style head, strongly laterally compressed with
Microloma R.Br.
Erect somewhat rigid non-succulent of-
ten dwarf shrub 0.11.0m tall sometimes with
branches twining above, pubescent to glabrous,
sometimes spinescent, sap clear. Leaves linear to
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, petiole 0.55.0mm
long, 25517mm, acute to obtuse, pubes-
cent to glabrous. Inflorescence a 1- to 15-flowered
sessile extra-axillary fascicle with flowers open-
ing simultaneously, finely pubescent, pedicels
19mm long. Corolla green to yellow or pink to
FIGURE 80.Gomphocarpus tomentosus, Orapa, Botswa-

na, PVB. FIGURE 81.Distribution of Gomphocarpus tomentosus.
red and sometimes with several bright colours, cy- 5a. Sepals broader towards middle, glabrous ex-
lindrical mostly with lobes connivent over mouth cept for few scattered hairs near base, almost
of tube and closing it completely, inside glabrous equalling corolla tube; corolla tube about
except for 5 patches of hairs or ring of hairs in twice as long as corolla lobes . . . . . . M. calycinum
5b. Sepals narrowing from base, pubescent under-
tube below middle; tube 29mm long, cylindrical
neath, much shorter than corolla tube; corolla
and usually strongly pentagonal, sometimes with
tube 4 as long as corolla lobes . . . M. hereroense
corolline corona of 5 rounded tubercles project- 6a. Leaves sagittate with widened base; plant a
ing inside from walls opposite anthers and alter- shrub 0.31.5m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
nating with patches of hairs; lobes 0.53.5mm 6b. Leaves tapering into petiole, not sagittate with
long, deltoid, acute, erect or remaining con- widened base; plant a dwarf, usually heavily
nivent over tube and closing mouth of tube com- grazed shrublet usually <150mm tall . . . . . .
pletely; gynostegial corona absent; anthers with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. calycinum
membranous apical appendage pressed to style 7a. Stems green, glabrous, rigid, branches straight
head and mostly exceeding it; pollinia pendent in and not twining above; sepals glabrous within .
anthers, without translucent insertion crest, often . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. penicillatum
flat, longer than broad; style head conical above 7b. Stems densely whitish tomentose, branches of-
anthers. Follicles fusiform and beaked, single by ten twining around each other above; sepals
abortion, pendulous, 207035mm, smooth pubescent within . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. incanum
and glabrous to pubescent, with many seeds;
seeds ovate, dorsiventrally flattened, papillate, Microloma armatum (Thunb.) Schltr. ex Gilg
with sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end. & Benedict, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 53: 167 (1915).
Type: from South Africa.
10 species (Bruyns & Linder 1991), Namibia,
South Africa. Microloma spinosum N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. Inform.
1909: 307 (1909). Type: Namibia, near Aus, 1200m,
Marloth 4662 (K, holo.).
Key to species
Microloma spinosum subsp. dinteri (Schltr.)
Wanntorp, Opera Bot. 98: 62 (1989). Microloma din-
1a. Corolla tube white, lobes bright green and
teri Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 130 (1913). Type: Na-
glabrous, erect to spreading and not closing
mibia, Naukluft, Dinter 8333 (B, holo.; BM, BOL, K,
mouth of tube at anthesis . . . . . . M. poicilanthum M, PRE, S, W, Z, iso.).
1b. Corolla tube greenish yellow to pink or red,
lobes at least finely pubescent (sometimes dull Microloma spinosum subsp. velutinum
green), connivent or pressed into tube, closing Wanntorp, Opera Bot. 98: 62 (1989). Type: Namibia,
Witptz, between Inachab and Lderitz, Dinter 2 (Z,
mouth of tube at anthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
holo.).
2a. Corolla 5.510.0mm long; gynostegium at least
3.5mm tall; corolline corona present as series
Small rigid shrub 0.10.3m tall, younger stems
of 5 tubercles projecting from walls of tube
green or grey-green soon becoming rigid and often
near level of bases of anthers; pollinia >1mm
somewhat spiny, pubescent to tomentose. Leaves
long, conspicuously flattened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
2b. Corolla mostly 24mm long (except M. lon-
with petiole 0.51.0mm long, green or grey-green,
gitubum); gynostegium <2.3mm tall; corol-
deltate, 2814mm, acute, pubescent. Inflo-
line corona absent; pollinia <0.5 mm long, rescence 1- to 6-flowered, flowers opening si-
not conspicuously flattened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. multaneously, sessile; pedicels 24mm long, erect
3a. Corolla tube 6.09.5mm long; pollinarium to spreading. Corolla 24mm long, cylindrical to
with caudicles nearly as long as pollinia . urceolate; outside finely pubescent and greenish
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. longitubum yellow (often changing to red-brown after anthe-
3b. Corolla tube 24mm long, caudicles of pol- sis); inside with ring of deflexed hairs below middle
linarium less than half length of pollinia . of tube, otherwise glabrous; tube 241.5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. armatum 3.0mm, cupular to urceolate, corolline corona
4a. Plant a climber with stems twining around sur- absent; lobes 0.51.0mm long, deltate, acute, bent
rounding vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. at right angles to mouth of tube, connivent over it
4b. Plant not a climber, forming erect, free-standing to depressed into it, closing off entrance to tube,
shrub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. slightly folded inwards along midrib.
FIGURE 83.Microloma calycinum, Schwarzekuppe, west

of Witptz, PVB.
FIGURE 82.Distribution of Microloma armatum. 582.5mm, cylindrical, bright pink-red

changing to green near base outside, corolline
Habitat: Stony gneissic or quartzitic slopes, corona present as 5 tubercles a little below mid-
dle of tube; lobes 23mm long, deltate, acute,
7002100m.
spirally twisted towards apices, ascending and
Flowering time: Sep.Mar. connivent over tube to close off entrance to
tube, grey-green with red margins, folded in-
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- wards along midrib. Figure 83.
mibia from near Nauchas to Rosh Pinah and
Great Karas Mountains. Of the two varieties rec- Habitat: Stony gneissic to quartzitic slopes
ognised, both var. armatum and var. burchellii sometimes climbing in other shrubs, 200
(N.E.Br.) Bruyns occur in Namibia, with the lat- 1500m.
ter only known around Aus. Figure 82. Flowering time: Apr.Nov.
Voucher: Dinter 8333 (B, BM, BOL, K, M, Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
PRE, S, WIND, Z) for var. armatum. mibia in winter-rainfall area from Aus to Rosh
Pinah. Figure 84.
Microloma calycinum E.Mey., Comm. Pl. Afr.
Voucher: Merxmller & Giess 2945 (WIND).
Aust.: 223 (1838). Type: from South Africa.
Small slender climber, stems green and Microloma hereroense Wanntorp, Svensk Bot.
twining to 1m or eaten back to small dense al- Tidskr. 63: 337 (1969). Type: Namibia, table
most spiky shrublet, young growth very sparsely mountain near Ozondati, 90km from Omar-
pubescent to glabrous and covered with slight uru to Fransfontein, 11 Apr. 1968, Wanntorp
waxy bloom. Leaves with petiole 1.52.0mm 839 (S, holo.; K, WIND, iso.).
long, grey-green, linear to narrowly lanceolate,
61824mm, acute, often decurrent, gla- Small slender climber, stems green and twin-
brous. Inflorescence 3- to 10-flowered, flowers ing to 1m, young growth very sparsely pubescent
opening simultaneously, on short peduncle to glabrous and covered with slight waxy bloom.
17mm long; pedicels 39mm long, ascending Leaves with petiole 12mm long, grey-green,
(sepals bright red and equalling tube). Corolla linear to filiform, 205013mm, acute, often
610mm long, cylindrical and slightly widening pendent, glabrous. Inflorescence 5- to 15-flow-
towards mouth; outside setulose; inside with 5 ered, flowers opening simultaneously, on short
patches of deflexed hairs below middle of tube peduncle 13mm long; pedicels 39mm long,
between corona lobes, otherwise glabrous; tube ascending. Corolla 5.510.0mm long, cylindrical;
Distribution: Namibia. In high places along

eastern edge of Namib from Gamsberg north-
wards via higher parts of Brandberg to near
Ozondati. Figure 85.
Voucher: Bruyns 2693 (NBG, WIND).
Microloma incanum Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8:

511 (1844). Type: from South Africa.
Erect somewhat tangled free-standing shrub
0.31.0m tall, stems whitish grey with upper
young stems twining on each other, covered with
dense indumentum of adpressed white hairs.
Leaves with petiole 15mm long, grey-green,
linear, shortly sagittate to conspicuously auricu-
FIGURE 84.Distribution of Microloma calycinum. late at base, 43517mm, obtuse, spread-
ing, pubescent. Inflorescence 1- to 6-flowered,
flowers opening simultaneously, sessile or on
short peduncle to 2mm long; pedicels 13mm
long, erect. Corolla 710mm long, cylindrical;
outside pubescent; inside with 5 patches of de-
flexed hairs below middle of tube between co-
rona lobes, otherwise glabrous; tube 792.5
3.0mm, cylindrical, whitish in upper half to pink
in lower half outside (sometimes all pink), corol-
line corona present as 5 tubercles a little below
middle of tube; lobes 2.53.5mm long, deltate,
acute, spirally twisted towards apices, ascending
and connivent over tube to close off entrance
to tube, white at base and grey-green with red
margins, folded inwards along midrib. Figure 86.
Habitat: Stony gneissic to shaly slopes or

rocky flat areas, 9001800m.
FIGURE 85.Distribution of Microloma hereroense.
Flowering time: recorded throughout year.
outside setulose; inside with 5 patches of deflexed Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
hairs below middle of tube between corona mibia in south, mainly east of winter-rainfall
lobes, otherwise glabrous; tube 592.5mm, area, from Duwisib to Keetmanshoop and Ari-
cylindrical, pale pink to greenish outside, corol- amsvlei. Figure 87.
line corona present as 5 low tubercles a little be-
Voucher: De Winter 3279 (WIND).
low middle of tube; lobes 2.02.5mm long, del-
tate, acute, ascending and connivent over tube
to close off entrance to tube, pale green with red Microloma longitubum Schltr., Bull. Herb.
margins, folded inwards along midrib. Boissier 4: 445 (1896), as longituba. Type:
Namibia, among rocks near Keetmanshoop,
Habitat: Stony granitic to shaly slopes climb- 1892, Fleck 264a (Z, holo.).
ing in other shrubs, 12002500m.
Small shrub 0.30.5m tall, younger stems
Flowering time: Jul.Feb. grey-green becoming slightly rigid (occasion-
C
G
D
FIGURE 87.Distribution of Microloma incanum.
ally slightly spiny), finely pubescent. Leaves with

petiole 0.51.0mm long, grey-green, lanceolate
to deltate, 4823mm, acute, pubescent. In-
florescence 1- to 6-flowered, flowers opening in
succession, sessile; pedicels 12mm long, erect
B to spreading. Corolla 6.09.5mm long, cylindri-
cal; outside finely pubescent and greenish yellow
F (often changing to red-brown after anthesis); in-
side with ring of deflexed hairs below middle of
tube, otherwise glabrous; tube 691.7
E 2.0mm, cylindrical, corolline corona absent;
lobes 1.01.5mm long, deltate, acute, bent at
right angles to mouth of tube, connivent over
it, closing off entrance to tube, slightly folded in-
wards along midrib.
Habitat: Stony gneissic or shaly slopes, 900

1700m.
H
Flowering time: Nov.Apr.

I
A mibia from near Nauchas to foot of Tiras Moun-
tains and Warmbad-Karasburg district. Figure 88.

FIGURE 86.Microloma incanum, A, Bruyns 3158; B, E,
G, Bruyns 2680; C, F, H, I, Bruyns 3296; D 30 km
north of Karasburg, Namibia, Bruyns. A, B, por- Microloma penicillatum Schltr., Bot. Jahrb.
tion of plant; C, D, flower; E, side view of dissected
Syst. 51: 129 (1913). Type: Namibia, Rot-
flower; F, cross-section of corolla tube; G, side view
of gynostegium; H, apex of style; I, pollinarium.
kuppe, Dinter 1027 (SAM).
Scale bars: A, 3mm; BE, 2mm (at B); F, 1mm (at Microloma incanum var. glabra L.Bol. in Ann. S.
A); H, I, 0.25mm (at A). African Mus. 9: 179 (1912). Type: Namibia, mountains
rolla 79mm long, cylindrical; outside setulose;

inside with 5 patches of deflexed hairs below
middle of tube between corona lobes, otherwise
glabrous; tube 6.57.02.54.0mm, cylindrical
and widening towards mouth, red between an-
gles in upper half to pink or green in lower half
outside, corolline corona present as 5 tubercles
a little below middle of tube; lobes 2.53.5mm
long, deltate, acute, ascending and connivent
over tube to close off entrance to tube, green
with red margins, folded inwards along midrib.
Habitat: Stony gneissic to quartzitic slopes,

200700m.
Flowering time: Jul.Sep.

FIGURE 88.Distribution of Microloma longitubum. Distribution: Namibia. In southern Namib
in coastal winter-rainfall area, from Sturmhaube
(northeast of Lderitz) to Klinghardt Mountains.
Figure 89.
Voucher: Dinter 6678 (B, BM, BOL, K, M,

PRE, S, SAM, Z).
Microloma poicilanthum H.Huber, Mitt. Bot.

Staatssamml. Mnchen 4: 34 (1961). Type:
Namibia, around Aus, Dinter 3613 (PRE,
holo.; BOL, iso.).
Small slender climber, stems green and

erect to twining to 0.5m, becoming rigid, young
growth finely pubescent. Leaves with petiole
12mm long, green, narrowly elliptic to broadly
linear, 4171.54.0mm, acute, glabrescent.
FIGURE 89.Distribution of Microloma penicillatum. Inflorescence 1- to 8-flowered, flowers opening
simultaneously, on short dependent peduncle
near Rotkuppe, Pearson 4462 (BOL, holo.; BM, K, 12mm long; pedicels 23mm long, depend-
SAM, iso.). ent so flower nodding. Corolla 4.55.0mm long,
cylindrical to campanulate; outside glabrous;
Microloma rotkuppense N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. In-
form. 1914: 19 (1914). Type: Namibia, mountains
inside with 5 patches of deflexed hairs below
near Rotkuppe, Pearson 4192 (K, holo.).
middle of tube, otherwise glabrous; tube 2.5
3.02.5mm, cupular, white (fading to yel-
Erect untidy spiky free-standing shrub 0.3 low and brown after anthesis), corolline corona
1.5m tall, stems rigid and brittle, green, without absent; lobes 1.52.0mm long, deltate, acute,
any twining tendency, glabrescent. Leaves with erect to slightly spreading, bright green, folded
petiole 13mm long, green, lanceolate, sagittate inwards along midrib.
with auriculate base, 4221.57.0mm, obtuse, Habitat: Stony gneissic slopes or flats usually
spreading, glabrescent to glabrous. Inflorescence climbing in other shrubs, 10001900m.
2- to 6-flowered, flowers opening simultane-
ously, sessile; pedicels 1.53.0mm long, erect. Co- Flowering time: Jul.Feb.
FIGURE 91.Pachycarpus lineolatus, west of Grootfontein,

FIGURE 90.Distribution of Microloma poicilanthum. PVB 5484.
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- column 1mm tall, outer series of 5 small lobes
mibia from the Tiras Mountains to Aus and Rosh beneath guide-rails; inner series of 5 large lobes
Pinah. Figure 90. 78mm long alongside anthers, with margins
folded inwards into two deltate plates touching
Voucher: Bruyns 8102 (WIND). anthers and equalling style head, exceeding style
head, not laterally compressed, without tooth in
(Microloma lanatum Wanntorp is only cavity; anthers with membranous apical append-
known from collections of Dinter from around age covering sides of style head; pollinia pen-
Pomona in Lderitz district [Rheinpfalz, Pomona,
dent in anthers, without insertion crest, attached
Dinter 6337 (B, BM, BOL, K, L, M, PRE, S, SAM);
to corpuscle with slender caudicle. Follicles to
Dinter 6357 (B); Dinter 6487 (B)] and is likely to
12070mm, ovoid to fusiform, erect, inflated,
be conspecific with one of the above. Huber
pubescent, smooth; seeds ovate, dorsiventrally
(1967) included Dinter 6337 and 6357 under M.
flattened, papillate, with sessile tuft of hairs at
armatum.)
micropylar end.
Pachycarpus E.Mey. 37 species (Goyder 1998), subtropical to

tropical, sub-Saharan Africa and temperate
Perennial herb to 0.5m tall with 1several South Africa.
simple annual erect stems arising from swollen
perennial rootstock, densely pubescent. Leaves
Pachycarpus lineolatus (Decne.) Bullock, Kew
with petiole 410mm long, slightly grey-green,
Bull. 1953: 333 (1953). Type: from Angola.
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 30702050mm,
Figures 91 & 92.
obtuse, firm, coarsely pubescent, with margins
not recurved. Inflorescence 4- to 10-flowered, Habitat: Stony slopes or flats in grassland,
flowers opening simultaneously, nodding on 10001800m.
peduncle 2055mm long; pedicels 1518mm
long, spreading, pubescent. Corolla 3035mm Flowering time: Jan.Mar.
diam., rotate-campanulate; outside pubescent,
white suffused with red; inside glabrous ex- Distribution: Namibia to West Africa. In Na-
cept towards one margin of each lobe, white mibia in hills west of Grootfontein and in season-
with greyish red veining; tube absent; lobes 10 ally moist sandy flats north of Tsumkwe. Figure 93.
1589mm, ovate to elliptic, acute; gynostegial
corona in 2 series, raised above corolla on short Voucher: Bruyns 5484 (BOL, K).
FIGURE 92.Pachycarpus lineolatus, Bruyns 5484. A, flower; B, gynostegium; C, gynostegium with one corona lobe re-
moved; D, half-flower; E, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 6mm; B, 3mm; C, D, 2mm (at C); E, 0.25mm.
Pentarrhinum E.Mey.
Non-succulent twiner to 3m, glabrous,
sap clear. Leaves cordate, 20801050mm,
petiole 1050mm long. Inflorescence a many-
flowered extra-axillary fascicle initially umbellate
and later elongating into raceme. Corolla red-
brown or greenish, rotate and lobed nearly to
base, glabrous; tube absent; lobes 4523mm,
oblong or oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute,
spreading or reflexed, margins with fine cilia; gy-
nostegial corona in 2 series, outer series of 5 small
lobules beneath guide rails confluent with bases
of inner series; inner series of 5 free lobes equal-
ling to twice as high as style head, obcuneate or
slipper-shaped, obliquely truncate or rounded
FIGURE 93.Distribution of Pachycarpus lineolatus. at tip, bearing a horn projecting inwards from
slightly concave apex; anthers with membranous

apical appendage not covering style head; pollin-
ia pendent in anthers, without translucent inser-
tion crest, somewhat swollen and joined by short
caudicle to corpuscle. Follicles spindle-shaped,
usually paired, erect, 30701520mm, prick-
ly-warty or smooth, sometimes glabrous; seeds
ovate, dorsiventrally flattened, papillate, with
sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end.
2 species (Liede & Nicholas 1992), sub-

Saharan Africa.
Note: the distribution of the two species as

given for Namibia in Liede & Nicholas (1992)
is not correct. Specimens from the south (NBG,
WIND) and from near the mouth of the Orange FIGURE 94.Distribution of Pentarrhinum abyssinicum.
River in South Africa, determined by Liede as P.
abyssinicum have all been found to be of Pergu-
laria daemia. Pentarrhinum insipidum E.Mey., Comm. Pl.
The two species are so similar that separate rica.
descriptions are not provided here.
Habitat: Stony slopes or flats in woodland,
usually climbing in shrubs and trees, 900
Key to species 2100m.
1a. Corona lobes thin, slipper-shaped, not papillate,
almost twice as high as style head, apical horn
mostly bent slightly inwards and usually not Distribution: South Africa to West Africa.
reaching over style head; corolla greenish yel- Widespread in Namibia. Figure 95.
low or white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. abyssinicum
1b. Corona lobes thick and fleshy, papillate, usu- Voucher: Merxmller & Giess 1326 (PRE,
ally as high as style head, apical horn straight WIND).
and usually reaching over style head; corolla
greenish yellow mostly strongly suffused with
red-brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. insipidum
Pentarrhinum abyssinicum Decne. in DC.,

Prodr. 8: 553 (1844). Type: from Africa.
Habitat: Stony slopes or flats in woodland,

usually climbing in shrubs and trees, 1000
1300m.
Flowering time: Dec.Mar.
Distribution: Namibia to West Africa. In Na-

mibia in the north from Kaokoveld to Caprivi.
Figure 94.

WIND). FIGURE 95.Distribution of Pentarrhinum insipidum.
Pergularia L. Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov., Res. Scient.

Miss. Stef.-Paoli Som. Ital 1: 115 (1916). Neo-
Non-succulent twiner to 3m, coarsely pubes- type (Goyder 2006b): from Arabia.
cent to glabrous, sap milky. Leaves cordate, petiole
1080mm long, 1512010100mm, acute, pu- Habitat: Among rocks and bushes, often
bescent to glabrous. Inflorescence a many-flowered climbing on fences, 2001600m.
extra-axillary fascicle initially umbellate and later
elongating into raceme on long peduncle, pubes- Flowering time: Recorded throughout year
cent to glabrous, pedicels 1540mm long and but mostly in summer, flowers open only at night
slender. Corolla white or yellowish white, cam- and close next morning, pollinated by moths.
panulate, inside bearded towards edges of lobes, Distribution: South Africa to Arabia and Indian
outside glabrous; tube 34mm long with corona subcontinent. Widespread in Namibia. Figure 96.
fused to corolla at mouth; lobes 6834mm,
oblong-ovate, acute to obtuse, spreading; gynoste- Voucher: De Winter & Leistner 5456 (PRE,
gial corona in 2 series, outer series of 5 short trun- WIND).
cate lobes beneath guide-rails attached at mouth
of tube, inner series of 5 prominent lobes behind
anthers extended into subulate, inwards-curved Periglossum Decne.
tips connivent over style head and with rounded
spreading ridge at rear near base; anthers with Non-succulent herb, 50600mm tall, with
membranous apical appendage covering most of ascending, simple annual stem arising from small
style head; pollinia pendent in anthers, with fine subterranean tuber, sparsely pubescent on up-
translucent insertion crest on inner edge (relative per part, sap milky. Leaves linear, 601101.5
to anther), somewhat swollen and almost direct- 2.0mm, glabrous above and very scantily pu-
ly joined to corpuscle. Follicles fusiform, usually bescent below. Inflorescences several, each a
6- to 15-flowered globose extra-axillary fascicle,
paired, erect, 50801015mm, firmly bristly or
peduncle 1050mm long, finely pubescent along
sometimes smooth, pubescent to glabrous, with
one side only, pedicels 0.61.0mm long, slightly
many seeds; seeds ovate, dorsiventrally flattened,
pubescent. Corolla campanulate and lobed al-
velvety-papillate, with sessile tuft of hairs at micro-
most to base; tube absent; lobes ovate-lanceolate,
pylar end. glabrous outside and inside; gynostegial corona in
2 species (Goyder 2006b), South Africa to 2 series, outer series of 5 minute lobes beneath
guide-rails, inner series of 5 spathulate lobes
Arabia and eastwards to Bangladesh.
longer than style head; anthers with truncate
membranous apical appendages covering small
style head; pollinia pendent in anthers, without
insertion crest, attached to corpuscle with fairly
stout caudicle about twice as long as pollinia; style
head small with apical knob. Follicles unknown.
3 species, mainly in southern Africa.
Periglossum mackenii Harv., Thes. Cap. 2: 7, t.

Habitat: Swampy flats in grassland, 1200m.
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Af-

rica. In Namibia only in Omuramba Kaudom,
FIGURE 96.Distribution of Pergularia daemia. south of Rundu. Figure 97.
zontally above style head; anthers with truncate

membranous apical appendages covering sides
of style head only to much exceeding style head
and hiding it; pollinia pendent in anthers, with-
out insertion crest or with faint crest, attached to
corpuscle with fairly broad- to slender-based but
slender caudicle; style head conical to flat on top
with slightly depressed centre. Follicles slender,
solitary by abortion, erect, usually pubescent.
110 species, Africa mainly south of equa-

tor.
Note: the system of three genera, Aspidoglos-

sum, Miraglossum and Schizoglossum of Kupicha
(1984), does not appear to work for Namibia
and is unlikely to work elsewhere. From this ac-
FIGURE 97.Distribution of Periglossum mackenii.
count (Kupicha 1984), an attempt was made to
produce a key to the genera Aspidoglossum, Mi-
Voucher: De Winter & Marais 4690a (PRE). raglossum, Schizoglossum and Stenostelma that
would work for the Namibian taxa (Bruyns 1995)
Note: Huber (1967) listed the name Cordy- but, according to it, S. saccatum belongs to Mira-
logyne argillicola Dinter (Dinter 1919), which he glossum, which is highly unlikely considering its
believed was a nom. nud. and expressed doubt distribution. Furthermore, this key does not ap-
that this genus occurred in Namibia. However, pear to work. Therefore, all species have been
Dinter (1919) explained how this differed from treated here in Schizoglossum, a sub-Saharan
C. globosa E.Mey. and so it was validly described. African genus of about 110 species.
Dinter mentioned two specimens (Aris, Dinter
2254; Farm Hoffnung, Dinter), but these have
Key to species
not been traced. Since these specimens have
not been located, it is unclear whether this name 1a. Style head broadly conical; anther append-
also referred to P. mackenii. ages much exceeding style head, connivent in
centre and hiding it completely; corolla lobes
incurved above base then erect and finally
Schizoglossum E.Mey. spreading, inner corona lobes inverted cross-
shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. (Stenostelma) capense
Non-succulent herb, 50150mm tall, with 1b. Style head flattened on top and slightly de-
ascending, simple or branched annual stems pressed in centre; anther appendages pressed
arising from small subterranean tuber, pubes- to and covering its sides but not hiding it; co-
cent, sap milky. Leaves linear, 20701.5 rolla lobes spreading from base; inner corona
3.0mm, glabrous above and pubescent below. lobes not inverted cross-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
Inflorescence a 4- to 5-flowered extra-axillary 2a. Inner corona lobes consisting of dorsiventrally
flattened erect part with conspicuous process
fascicle, flowers opening simultaneously, pe-
on inner surface projecting over style head;
duncle 020mm long, often pubescent along
pollinia with slight insertion crest on inner side
one side only, pedicels 19mm long, pubescent.
(relative to anthers), joined to corpuscle with
Corolla green, rotate to campanulate and lobed slender caudicle with slender base . . . . . . . . .
almost to base; tube absent to very short; lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. (Aspidoglossum)
ovate-lanceolate, glabrous outside, densely pu- 2b. Inner corona lobes inflated and ovoid with
bescent to finely papillate inside; gynostegial co- small apical process projecting horizontally
rona in 2 series, outer series of 5 minute lobes towards style head; pollinia without insertion
beneath guide-rails, inner series of 5 variously crest, joined to corpuscle with slender caudi-
shaped lobes often with process projecting hori- cle with broad base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. saccatum
3a. Dorsiventrally flattened part of inner corona at-

tenuated into deltoid apex . . . . . . . . . . S. biflorum
3b. Dorsiventrally flattened part of inner corona
without deltoid apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. masaicum
Schizoglossum biflorum (E.Mey.) Schltr., J.

Bot. 32: 259 (1894). (=Aspidoglossum
biflorum E.Mey.). Type: from South Africa
(lecto., Kupicha 1984).
Non-succulent herb, 50200mm tall, with

erect, simple annual stems arising from small
subterranean turnip-shaped tuber, pubescent,
sap milky. Leaves linear, 20701.53.0mm,
pubescent. Inflorescence a 4- to 5-flowered extra-
axillary fascicle, flowers opening simultane-
ously, sessile, pedicels 13mm long, pubes- FIGURE 98.Distribution of Schizoglossum biflorum.
cent. Corolla green, rotate and lobed nearly to
base; tube absent; lobes ovate-deltate, 2.5
3.01.5mm, glabrous outside, densely pubes- Namibia. The specimen Bruyns 5488 keys out
cent inside; gynostegial corona in 2 series, inner as S. pentheri in Huber (1967) and as A. carina-
series of 5 dorsiventrally flattened lobes with rec- tum in Kupicha (1984), rather than A. erubescens
tangular base 11.5mm extended into deltoid (Schltr.) Bullock, which is where Kupicha tenta-
apex, with additional slender tapering process tively placed S. pentheri. Consequently it was list-
1.52.0mm long on inner surface projecting ed as Aspidoglossum carinatum in Bruyns (1995).
over style head and meeting in centre above it; Kupicha (1984: 641) mentioned that A. biflorum
anthers with truncate membranous apical ap- and A. carinatum were difficult to separate ab-
pendage covering sides of style head only; pol- solutely. According to Kupicha, A. carinatum is
linia pendent in anthers, with very slight insertion restricted to NE Cape Prov., and coastal Natal,
crest, attached to corpuscle with slender-based while A. biflorum is more widespread. Here, I
and slender caudicle; style head flat on top with therefore place these collections from Namibia
slightly depressed centre. Follicles fusiform, erect, under A. biflorum and so S. carinatum (A. cari-
solitary by abortion, 306056mm, pubes- natum) is not known in Namibia. Huber (1967)
cent, with many seeds. listed Dinter 4414 and 5626 but these specimens
have not been seen.
Habitat: Gentle stony slopes in grassland,
1800m.
Schizoglossum capense (Schltr.) H.Huber,
Flowering time: Dec.Feb. Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Mnchen 4: 35 (1961).
Type: from South Africa. (=Stenostelma
Distribution: South Africa, Namibia. In Na- capense Schltr.).
mibia only in mountains between Otavi and
Grootfontein. Figure 98. Non-succulent herb, 50150mm tall, with
ascending, simple or branched annual stems
Voucher: Dinter 844 (SAM). arising from small subterranean tuber, pu-
bescent, sap milky. Leaves linear, sessile, 20
Note: The specimen Dinter 844 (SAM) from 701.52.0mm, pubescent. Inflorescence a
Bubus (assumed to be the same as Bobos, near 3- to 5-flowered extra-axillary fascicle, flowers
Tsumeb) is the same species as Bruyns 5488. It opening simultaneously, peduncle 420mm
was identified as S. pentheri by Dinter, Schizo- long, pubescent along one side only, pedicels
glossum sp. nov. by P.J. Greenway, and Aspi- 79mm long, pubescent. Corolla dirty white or
doglossum biflorum by F. Kupicha. Consequently greyish, campanulate and lobed nearly to base;
Kupicha (1984) listed A. biflorum (S. biflorum) for tube 0.5mm long, shallowly bowl-shaped;
lobes narrowly lanceolate, 451mm, bent in-

wards near base then erect and pressed to each
other laterally for nearly 2mm to form apparent
tube and then spreading-recurved towards tips,
glabrous outside, finely papillate inside towards
tips; gynostegial corona in 2 series, outer series
of 5 minute acute lobules beneath guide-rails,
inner series of 5 tall inverted cross-shaped very
slender lobes slightly exceeding corolla lobes;
anthers with ascending membranous apical ap-
pendage covering style head completely and ex-
ceeding it; pollinia pendent in anthers, without
insertion crest, attached to corpuscle with fairly
broad-based but slender caudicle; style head
bluntly conical above. Follicles fusiform, solitary
by abortion, 40606mm, glabrous?, with FIGURE 99.Schizoglossum capense, east of Tsumkwe,
many seeds. Figures 99 & 100. PVB.
E G H I
FIGURE 100.Schizoglossum capense, Bruyns 5834. A, portion of plant; B, C, flower; D, flower with sepals removed; E,
flower with two corolla lobes removed; F, gynostegium; G, gynostegium with two corona lobes removed; H, half-
flower; I, pollinarium; J, cross-section of leaf near middle. Scale bars: A, 2mm; BE, J, 1mm (at B); FH, 0.5mm
(at G); I, 0.25mm.
FIGURE 101.Distribution of Schizoglossum capense. FIGURE 102.Distribution of Schizoglossum masaicum.
Habitat: Stony flats and gentle slopes in placed under Schizoglossum baumii Schltr. by
woodland, 11001400m. Huber (1967), which was included in Aspidoglos-
sum masaicum by Kupicha (1984).
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- Schizoglossum saccatum Bruyns, Bothalia 25:
mibia known from west of Grootfontein to near 169 (1995). Type: Namibia, south of Kaoko
Tsumkwe. Figure 101. Otavi, 1400m, Bruyns 5558 (BOL, holo.; K,
WIND, iso.).
Voucher: Giess & Smook 10614 (WIND).
Non-succulent herb, 50150mm tall, with
ascending, simple or branched annual stems aris-
Schizoglossum masaicum N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. ing from small subterranean tuber, pubescent,
Inform. 1895: 252 (1895). Type: from Kenya. sap milky. Leaves linear, 20701.53.0mm, gla-
(= Aspidoglossum masaicum (N.E.Br.) brous above and pubescent below. Inflorescence
Kupicha). a 4- to 5-flowered extra-axillary fascicle, flowers
opening simultaneously, peduncle 720mm
Like Schizoglossum biflorum but leaves
long, pubescent along one side only, pedicels
only 12mm broad, inner series of corona lack-
79mm long, pubescent. Corolla green with
ing deltoid apex to dorsiventrally flattened lobes,
faint purple veins, rotate and lobed to base; tube
pollinia with more obvious insertion crest.
absent; lobes ovate-lanceolate, 562.5mm,
Habitat: Swampy flats in grassland, 1200m. glabrous outside, densely white-pilose inside; gy-
nostegial corona in 2 series, inner series of 5 inflat-
Flowering time: Feb. ed ovoid lobes with small apical process project-
ing horizontally onto anther appendage; anthers
Distribution: Namibia to Ethiopia. In Namib- with truncate membranous apical appendage
ia only known in Omuramba Khaudum, south of covering sides of style head only; pollinia pen-
Rundu. Figure 102. dent in anthers, without insertion crest, attached
to corpuscle with fairly broad-based but slender
Voucher: De Winter & Marais 4686 (PRE, caudicle; style head flat on top with slightly de-
WIND). pressed centre. Follicles unknown. Figure 103.
Note: The collections De Winter & Marais Habitat: Stony flats and gentle slopes among
4686 (PRE, WIND) and Strey 2661 (PRE), were trees, 12001400m.
Schizostephanus Hochst.
Spreading deciduous shrub with succulent
stems to 1.5 m or climber to 34(10)m; stems
515 mm thick, initially finely pubescent and
bright green later with grey-brown bark, sap
clear. Leaves ovate-cordate, petioles 2040mm
long, 30602550mm, acute, glabrescent,
flat, deciduous. Inflorescences many alongside
nodes on younger stems, racemose with pe-
duncle 30801.52.0mm, finely pubescent,
flowers in groups of 12 and opening in gradual
succession; pedicels 46mm long. Corolla yellow
becoming maroon in lower third of lobes inside,
rotate and lobed nearly to base, 78mm diam.,
inside with fine scattered hairs up to 0.25mm
long near bases of lobes; tube absent; lobes
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 2.5
FIGURE 103.Schizoglossum saccatum, south of Kaoko
Otavi, PVB 5558. 3.51.5mm, spreading and slightly twisted;
gynostegial corona in 2 series, outer series fused
into urceolate to bowl-shaped tube 23mm
Flowering time: Dec.Feb. long, usually with 10 small lobules around
mouth, inner series of 5 fleshy keeled lobules to
Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia
1mm long, arising behind anthers and touching
only known in Kaokoveld. Figure 104.
their bases; anthers with membranous apical ap-
Voucher: Bruyns 5558 (BOL, K, WIND). pendage covering style head except at apex; pol-
linia pendent in anthers, with fine insertion crest
Note: Craven (1999) mentioned two speci- along inner edge (relative to anther), attached
mens (Curson 1247 and 1251) of Schizoglossum to corpuscle with slender caudicle. Follicles fusi-
periglossoides Schltr. at PRE, but neither has form and flattened, paired, spreading at 180,
been located and the species is unlikely to occur 60901220mm, glabrous, with many seeds;
in Namibia. seeds ovate, dorsiventrally flattened, with sessile
tuft of hairs at micropylar end.
2 species (Bruyns & Klak 2009), Africa, from

Ethiopia to South Africa.
Schizostephanus gossweileri (S.Moore) Liede,

J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 114: 92 (1994). Type: from
Angola. Figures 105107.
Habitat: Rocky slopes, sprawling over rocks,

1900m.

only in high mountains of Kaokoveld. Figure 108.
FIGURE 104.Distribution of Schizoglossum saccatum. Voucher: Van Jaarsveld & Ems 18876 (BOL).
C
E
B F H
FIGURE 105.Schizostephanus gossweileri, A, B, C, E, F, H, Bruyns 10677; D, G, Van Jaarsveld & Ems 18876. A, piece of
young stem with leaf; B, upper part of inflorescence; C, D, side view of flower; E, face view of flower; F, G, side
view of centre of dissected flower; H, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 15mm (at B); B, 3mm; C, D, E, 1mm (at B); F,
G, 1mm (at F); H, 0.25mm (at B).
FIGURE 107.Schizostephanus gossweileri, west of On-

cocua, Angola, PVB 10677.
Sphaerocodon Benth.
Non-succulent herb 150500mm tall with
erect branched annual stems from small subter-
ranean stem and series of slightly swollen roots,
pubescent, sap clear. Leaves oblong-elliptic,
FIGURE 106.Schizostephanus gossweileri, with Dan Cra- with short indistinct petiole, 1830715mm,
ven, west of Oncocua, Angola, PVB 10677. rounded at base, glabrous above, pubescent
FIGURE 108.Distribution of Schizostephanus gossweileri. FIGURE 109.Distribution of Sphaerocodon melananthus.
on nerves below. Inflorescences several along- Tylophora R.Br.

side nodes near apex of stems, 1- to 3-flowered,
flowers opening in succession, with slender Non-succulent slightly rigid shrub 150
peduncle 1020mm long, pubescent. Corolla 600mm tall with erect branched stems, pubescent,
dark red-brown to blackish violet, cupular and sap clear. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, peti-
ole 26mm long, 1030415mm, finely pubes-
lobed half to two-thirds of way to base, 68mm
cent. Inflorescences several alongside nodes near
diam., glabrous; tube broadly bowl-shaped; lobes
apex of stems, 1- to 7-flowered, flowers opening in
32mm, ovate, twice as long as tube,
succession, with slender peduncle 515mm long.
obtuse; gynostegial corona of 5 lobes in 1 se- Corolla cream, rotate and lobed nearly to base,
ries, lobes opposite anthers, ovoid and obtuse, glabrous; tube plate-like with slightly thickened
spreading beneath anthers at top of cylindrical ring around gynostegium; lobes 2.54.02.0
column 1mm tall (raised well above base of 2.5mm, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; gynostegial co-
tube); anthers with very short membranous api- rona of 5 lobes in 1 series, lobes opposite anthers,
cal appendage; pollinia erect, without insertion ovoid and obtuse to rectangular and slightly api-
crest, attached by slender caudicles to very small cally notched, spreading beneath anthers on base
corpuscle. Follicles unknown. of tube (not raised above base of tube); anthers
with membranous apical appendage pressed to
2 species, South to southern tropical Africa. sides of style head; pollinia erect, very small, al-
most spherical, without insertion crest, attached
by slender caudicles to very small corpuscle. Fol-
Sphaerocodon melananthus N.E.Br., Fl. Trop. licles acutely ovate, about 2560815mm,
Afr. 4 (1): 412 (1903). Type: from Angola. smooth, glabrous; seeds ovate, flattened with one
flat and one convex face, papillate, with sessile tuft
Habitat: Sandy flats among bushland, 1200
of hairs at micropylar end.
1300m.
50 species, Old World, South Africa to
Flowering time: Jan.Feb. Australia.
from Ovamboland to Caprivi. Figure 109. Tylophora fleckii (Schltr.) N.E.Br., Fl. Cap. 4
(1): 766 (1908). Tylophoropsis fleckii Schltr.,
Voucher: De Winter 4097 (PRE, WIND). Bull. Herb. Boissier 7: 39 (1899). Type: Na-
mibia, Gamsberg, 18889, Fleck 431 (miss-

ing). Figures 110 & 111.
Habitat: On slopes, often among large rocks,

12002500m.
Flowering time: Dec.Apr.
Distribution: Namibia. Widespread but

poorly recorded, from Kaokoveld via Brandberg
to Tiras, Huns and Great Karas Mountains. It is
stated (Goyder 2006a) that this species occurs in
Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania, but this is very un-
likely. Figure 112.
FIGURE 110.Tylophora fleckii, Tiras Mountains, PVB Voucher: Merxmller & Giess 944 (PRE,
5738. WIND).
C E
A
F
G
FIGURE 111.Tylophora fleckii, Brandberg, Namibia, Bruyns 3319. A, portion of stem; B, side view of inflorescence; C,
face view of flower; D, side view of centre of dissected flower; E, face view of gynostegium; F, centre of half-flower;
G, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 5mm; B, C, 2mm (at C); D, E, 1mm (at C); F, 0.5mm (at A); G, 0.25mm (at A).
FIGURE 112.Distribution of Tylophora fleckii. FIGURE 113.Distribution of Xysmalobium undulatum.
Xysmalobium R.Br. itary, 701203540mm, finely pubescent and

covered with many long bristle-like outgrowths;
Robust, non-succulent shrub to 1.5m tall seeds ovate, dorsiventrally flattened, papillate,
with few erect, simple stems with short hairs, sap with sessile tuft of hairs at micropylar end.
milky. Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
petiole 1.55.0mm long, 802003080mm, 40 species, Africa south of Sahara.
rounded to cordate at base, acute, sparsely
pubescent, rough on flat margins. Inflorescences
many alongside nodes near apex of stem, many- Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) Aiton f., Hort.
flowered globose umbels, with peduncle 12 Kew., ed. 2,2: 79 (1811). Type: from South
40mm long. Corolla green to brown, globose- Africa (lecto., Wijnands 1983).
campanulate and lobed nearly to base; tube
absent; lobes oblong-elliptic, 91256mm, Habitat: Rocky slopes and gravelly grassy
inside pubescent towards apices; gynostegial co- plains, 1300m.
rona in 2 series; outer series of 5 minute lobules
beneath bases of guide rails; inner series shorter Flowering time: Jan.Mar.
than anthers, of 5 almost free fleshy and broadly
wedge-shaped, obovate or transversely elliptic Distribution: Widespread in Africa from South
lobes inserted at base of staminal column; anthers Africa to Ethiopia. In Namibia only known in the
with membranous apical appendage covering hills between Otavi and Grootfontein. Figure 113.
style head; pollinia pendent in anthers, without
insertion crest, attached to corpuscle with slen- Voucher: Merxmller & Giess 2171 (PRE,
der caudicle. Follicles obliquely ovoid, usually sol- WIND).
CEROPEGIEAE Decne. ex Orb.
Key to the genera
1a Stems thin, occasionally fleshy but then cylindrical and without tubercles joined or arranged into rows along
stems; leaves conspicuous (rarely rudimentary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b Stem fleshy, not cylindrical but with (usually conspicuous) tubercles joined or arranged into rows along stems;
leaves reduced to spines, subulate rudiments or minute scales on tips of tubercles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 [stapeliads].
2a. Staminal corona consisting of one series of lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orthanthera
2b. Staminal corona consisting of two series of lobes, outer series alternating with anthers and inner opposite an-
thers and adpressed to backs of anthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
3a. Corolla tube 570mm long, cylindrical or bottle-shaped, basally inflated around corona then narrowing into
slender neck and usually funnel-shaped at mouth, longer than corolla lobes, outer corona lobes forming cup-
like structure around level of anthers with inner lobes rising from this structure to meet in centre and rise in
column above apex of style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceropegia
3b. Corolla tube 045mm long, mostly 03mm long and much shorter than lobes (when longer than lobes then
outer corona urceolate and inner lobes reduced to cushions touching backs of anthers and much shorter than
anthers: B. gymnopodum) and without basal inflation, slender neck and funnel-shaped mouth, corona variable
but inner lobes mostly much shorter than anthers (though cf. B. blepharanthera and B. schultzei) . . . . Brachystelma
4a. Outer and inner series of corona lobes vertically well separated on staminal tube and neither partly nor wholly
fused to one another (outer corona often disc-like) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
4b. Outer and inner series of corona lobes not vertically separated on staminal tube and partly or wholly fused to
one another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
5a. Leaf-rudiments with small stipular denticles; corona raised above base of tube on stipe, outer series resting on
rim or sides of small cupular tube formed entirely by annulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duvalia
5b. Leaf-rudiments without stipular denticles; corona very rarely raised above base of tube on stipe (though cf. H.
oculata), outer series spreading on base of tube and often partly fused to it, tube often with annular thickening
around mouth but not formed entirely by annulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Huernia
6a. Tubercles on stem arranged into 6 or more rows or angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
6b. Tubercles on stem arranged into 45 rows or angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.
7a. Inflorescence usually only 1 per stem near base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.
7b. Inflorescences several per stem, mainly towards apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.
8a. Leaf-rudiment slightly sunken into apex of obtuse tubercle and <1mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lavrania
8b. Tubercle tapering into leaf-rudiment which is not at all sunken into apex of tubercle, leaf-rudiment consisting of
3 sharp spines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavaresia
9a. Each tubercle on stem armed at apex (at least when young) with a spine (1.5)315mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hoodia
9b. Each tubercle on stem with small persistent and not spine-like leaf-rudiment <1mm long usually sunken into
apex of tubercle or leaf-rudiment absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Larryleachia
10a. Stems, pedicels, sepals and outside of corolla at least finely pubescent (stems sometimes nearly glabrous); leaf-
rudiments deciduous, erect; corolla often covered inside with fine slender hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stapelia
10b. Stems, pedicels, sepals and outside of corolla glabrous (or finely papillate); leaf-rudiments spreading or absent;
corolla inside papillate or with short, thickened hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.
11a. Inflorescences produced mainly in upper half of stem, usually several per stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.
11b. Inflorescences arising in lower half of stem, usually only 1 per stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.
12a. Outer corona much reduced to absent (as spreading lobe beneath guide-rails), deep nectarial cavity present
beneath guide-rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piaranthus
12b. Outer corona not much reduced, nectarial cavity shallow or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.
13a. Young tubercle tipped with leaf-rudiment constricted slightly at base above tubercle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.
13b. Young tubercle either without leaf-rudiment or with tubercle continuing (without constriction) into hard, often
spike-like leaf-rudiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quaqua
14a. Surface of stem smooth; corolla inside covered with papillae, corolla lobes not crested along middle . Australluma
14b. Surface of stem rugulose; corolla inside without papillae, corolla lobes crested along middle . . . . . . . . . . Baynesia
15a. Inner corona lobes laterally flattened, rising above anthers and connate in centre well above style head . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stapeliopsis
15b. Inner corona lobes dorsiventrally flattened and adpressed to backs of anthers for most of their length . . . . . . . . 16.
16a. Surface of stems micro-papillate (dull and not shiny); tubercles obtuse and not tapering to tip; leaf-rudiments
absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tromotriche
16b. Surface of stems smooth (shiny); tubercles not obtuse but tapering into leaf-rudiment; leaf-rudiments present .17.
17a. Leaf-rudiment deltoid to subulate, slightly constricted at base, caducous, with small multicellular hairs in stipu-
lar position and along margin but lacking stipular denticles; corolla inside usually covered with multicellular
papillae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tridentea
17b. Tubercle tapering uniformly to tip and leaf-rudiment without basal constriction, without small hairs in
stipular position but frequently with small stipular denticles; corolla inside from deeply rugulose to smooth but
rarely with multicellular papillae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orbea
Australluma Plowes anthers horizontal on top of style head, semi-

circular; pollinia D-shaped, with translucent
Dwarf spineless highly rhizomatous succu- insertion crest on outer margin. Follicles paired,
lent to 80mm diam. Stems 4015035mm, erect, terete-fusiform, slender, glabrous, smooth.
obtusely 4-angled, erect from underground
rhizomes (to 200mm long), glabrous, silvery 2 species, Angola, Mozambique, Namibia,
grey-green, obscurely tuberculate, each tuber- South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe.
cle tipped with small deltoid leaf-rudiment.
Inflorescences glabrous, 110 per stem in upper
half, 1- to 3-flowered, sessile, pedicel 171.0 Australluma peschii (Nel) Plowes, Haseltonia
1.5mm, descending with flower nodding. Corol- 3: 54 (1995). Caralluma peschii Nel, Jahrb.
la 717mm diam., rotate, deeply lobed; outside Deutsch. Kakteen-Ges. 1: 41 (1935). Type:
glabrous; inside yellow-green, without annulus, Namibia, Omaruru, Pesch sub STE 7082
papillate; tube 0.51.0mm deep, shallowly bowl- (BOL, holo.). Figures 114 & 115.
shaped; lobes 3724mm, spreading, ovate-
deltate, acute, upper surface convex from re- Habitat: Stony or gravelly flats among trees
curved eciliate margins; gynostegial corona of 2 and low bushes, 10001400m.
closely intergrown series of lobes, 24mm, Flowering time: Nov.Apr.
glabrous, sessile; outer series continuous
around gynostegium, shallowly cupular, bifid Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia
in middle and shortest opposite guide-rails and from Okahandja northwards to Kaokoveld. Fig-
longest behind anthers; inner series of 5 lobes ure 116.
0.51.0mm long, dorsiventrally flattened, ad-
pressed to backs of and shorter than anthers; Voucher: Bruyns 2349 (WIND).
E
G
B
A
C
F
FIGURE 114.Australluma peschii, Omaruru townlands, Namibia, Bruyns 2345. A, apex of stem with several buds; B,
face view of flower; C, side view of flower; D, side view of dissected flower; E, face view of gynostegium; F, side
view of gynostegium; G, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 3mm; BD, 1mm (at C); E, F, 1mm (at E); G, 0.25mm (at E).
FIGURE 115.Australluma peschii, south of Grootfontein, FIGURE 117.Baynesia lophophora, Baynes Mountains,
PVB 10311. PVB 8000.
ovate-acute, folded along midrib so that inside

crested towards apex, margins eciliate; gynoste-
gial corona of 2 series of lobes partly intergrown,
12mm, glabrous, on very short stipe; outer
series of 5 lobes 0.50.5mm, deltoid, acute,
spreading; inner series of 5 lobes 0.5mm long,
dorsiventrally flattened, adpressed to backs of
anthers and mostly equalling them, with obtuse
swollen dorsal projection between outer lobes,
cream; anthers horizontal on top of style head,
rectangular; pollinium ellipsoidal, broader than
long, with insertion-crest exactly along outer
edge. Follicles paired, 25352.53.5mm,
erect, terete-fusiform, slender, glabrous, smooth.
1 species, Namibia.
FIGURE 116.Distribution of Australluma peschii.
Baynesia Bruyns Baynesia lophophora Bruyns, Novon 10: 354

(2000). Type: Namibia, Kaokoveld, Baynes
Dwarf spineless non-rhizomatous succu- Mountains, Bruyns 8000 (BOL, holo.; K, MO,
lent to 80mm diam. Stems 3080612mm, PRE, WIND, iso.). Figures 117 & 118.
obtusely 4-angled, erect, glabrous, somewhat
transversely rugulose and finely papillate, green Habitat: Stony ground among low bushes
to suffused with brownish, obscurely tubercu- and tufts of grass above sandstone cliffs, 1500
late, each tubercle with small cordate-acute 1600m.
leaf-rudiment. Inflorescences glabrous, 310 per Flowering time: Nov.Mar.
stem towards apex, 1- to 3-flowered, sessile, pedi-
cel 1.52.5<1mm, descending with flower Distribution: Namibia. Only known from type
nodding. Corolla 3468mm, campanulate, collection from Baynes Mountains of Kaokoveld.
shallowly lobed; outside glabrous; inside deep Figure 119.
maroon, cream in base, without annulus, gla-
brous, sparsely papillate; tube 1.5mm deep, Voucher: Bruyns 8000 (BOL, K, MO, PRE,
hemispherical; lobes 22mm broad, erect, WIND).
F G B
FIGURE 118.Baynesia lophophora, Baynes Mountains, Namibia, Bruyns 8000. A, apex of stem with several buds; B,
leaf-rudiment; C, D, side view of flower; E, side view of dissected flower; F, side view of gynostegium; G, face view
of gynostegium; H, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 2mm; B, F, G, 0.5mm (at B); C, D, 1mm (at C); E, 1mm (at B); H,
0.25mm (at A).
Brachystelma R.Br. ex Sims several in mostly sessile cymes, 1- to 20-flowered,

flowers usually opening in succession. Corolla ro-
Erect often very small herb arising from flat- tate to tubular usually with lobes free (occasion-
tened and disc-like to elongated top-shaped sub- ally remaining united at tips), outside finely pu-
terranean tuber, pubescent, sap clear, stems de- bescent, inside glabrous to finely pubescent; tube
ciduous. Leaves narrowly linear to broadly ovate
045mm long, shallowly plate-like to cylindrical,
or circular, petioles often short. Inflorescences
straight or decurved and without swollen basal
inflation around corona; lobes filiform to linear
to deltate, gynostegial corona of 2 series slightly
intergrown, often raised on short stout stipe; out-
er series of 5 free, bifid or undivided segments or
fused into cup-like structure around or beneath
anthers; inner series of 5 lobes, simple, cushion-
like and touching anthers only at base to linear
and adpressed to backs of anthers and exceeding
them to rise up sometimes in column in centre;
anthers horizontal on top of style head, margins
shrinking back to expose pollinia, rectangular;
pollinium D-shaped, with insertion-crest along
outer edge. Follicles paired, erect, terete, usually
pubescent, smooth.
100 species, sub-Saharan Africa and India

FIGURE 119.Distribution of Baynesia lophophora. to Australia.
Key to species
1a. Outer corona lobes united into entire or 5-lobed cup with inner lobes cushion-like and only reaching bases of
anthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Outer corona not fused into cup, inner corona lobes not cushion-like and nearly equalling anthers or longer
than them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
2a. Corolla tube more than twice as long as lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. gymnopodum
2b. Corolla tube shorter than lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
3a. Corolla lobes ovate-lanceolate to deltate at base becoming linear above, erect over mouth of tube and remain-
ing fused at apices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. stenophyllum
3b. Corolla lobes deltate to oblong and not becoming linear above, free at apices and widely spreading beyond
mouth of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
4a. Cup formed by outer corona neither containing anthers nor containing inner corona lobes (both anthers and
inner corona lobes projecting beyond its mouth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. discoideum
4b. Cup formed by outer corona much exceeding height of anthers and inner corona lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
5a. Corolla lobes oblong and 4.56.0mm long; cup formed by outer corona with five small notches in margin . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. cupulatum
5b. Corolla lobes deltate and 34mm long; cup formed by outer corona deeply 5-lobed with each lobe bifid and
narrowing towards apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. codonanthum
6a. Inner corona lobes meeting in centre and then either rising up in column above style head or widely diverging
above it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
6b. Inner corona lobes shorter than anthers or just meeting in centre, neither rising in column above style head nor
widely diverging above it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.
7a. Corolla tube 46mm long, urceolate, lobes dark maroon-black; flowers in simultaneously opening evil-smelling
clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. mafekingense
7b. Corolla tube not more than 1.5mm long, shallowly plate-like to cupular, lobes not dark maroon-black; flowers
few and opening in gradual succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.
8a. Corolla lobes lanceolate-oblong to narrowly deltate, 24 times as long as broad at base; inner corona lobes
usually swollen towards tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. blepharanthera
8b. Corolla lobes filiform, about 10 times as long as broad at base or more; inner corona lobes not swollen to-
wards tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. schultzei
9a. Pedicel 1035mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.
9b. Pedicel 14mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.
10a. Corolla lobes not recurved, with subclavate pendulous cilia along margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. schinzii
10b. Corolla lobes recurved, without cilia along margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.
11a. Corolla lobes 23mm long, deltate to ovate-lanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.
11b. Corolla lobes 68mm long, with deltoid base then becoming linear and recurved above . . . . . . . . B. recurvatum
12a. Corolla glabrous within . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. arnotii
12b. Corolla pubescent within, with slender crinkled hairs adhering to corona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. pruinosum
13a. Corolla faintly rugulose inside, lobes deltate (1.01.5 times as long as broad at base) and free at tips . . . B. dinteri
13b. Corolla smooth within, lobes linear to filiform (at least 4 times as long as broad at base) and remaining joined
at tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. circinatum
Brachystelma arnotii Baker, Refug. Bot. 1: t. 9 Inflorescences sessile, of few successively open-
(1869). Type: from South Africa. ing flowers, pedicels 10350.5mm, descend-
B. grossartii Dinter, Neue Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.: 16, t. ing. Corolla rotate, 610mm diam.; outside pale
8 (as grossarthii) (1914). Type: Namibia, Okakuja, green and finely pubescent, inside purple-brown
Grossart sub Dinter 2698 (SAM, holo.). with green tips to lobes, glabrous, smooth; tube
absent; lobes 2312mm, ovate-lanceolate
Small finely pubescent herb 30100mm tall, to deltate, spreading to reflexed. Corona raised
from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly soli- on small stipe, green, glabrous and finely papil-
tary and simple, 1.5mm thick. Leaves ovate to late on outer lobes; outer lobes 1mm long, lin-
linear, 1040515mm, with entire margins. ear and truncate or apically notched, ascending
and with longitudinal groove along upper sur- carrot-shaped tuber. Stem usually solitary, 1.5mm
face; inner lobes <0.5mm long, touching backs thick. Leaves narrowly elliptic, 102237mm,
of anthers at bases of anthers, reduced to small with entire undulating margins. Inflorescences
cushion-like swellings, dorsally confluent with sessile, of few successively opening flowers, ped-
outer lobes. icels 8110.5mm, ascending to descending.
Corolla campanulate, 410410mm; outside
Habitat: Widespread on Kalahari sand among pale green to pink and finely pubescent, inside
trees and bushes, 12001600m. pale green to pink and white in tube, glabrous,
finely papillate towards bases of lobes (each papil-
Flowering time: Dec.Mar. la tipped with a hair) otherwise smooth; tube
1.01.5mm deep, broadly cupular; lobes 25mm
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Af- long, lanceolate-oblong to narrowly deltate, as-
rica. In Namibia known from Otjiwarongo to cending. Corona 3436mm, sessile,
Gobabis. Figure 120. white with green inner lobes, glabrous; outer lobes
0.5mm long, spreading, truncate; inner lobes
Voucher: Woortman 221 (WIND).
24mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers near
bases then rising in centre and then connivent or
Brachystelma blepharanthera H.Huber, Mitt. diverging, linear and usually swollen towards tips.
Bot. Staatssamml. Mnchen 4: 33 (1961).
Type: Namibia, Otjihua, Okahandja, flow. Habitat: Flat gravelly patches or among rocks
Jan. 1909, Dinter 410 (SAM, lecto., desig- and driedoring (Rhigozum trichotomum Burch.)
nated here). shrubs in flats, sometimes on gentle slopes,
12001900m.
Blepharanthera dinteri Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
51: 146 (1913). Brachystelma dinteri (Schltr.) E.Phillips, Flowering time: Dec.Apr.
Bothalia 4: 38 (1941), nom. illegit., non Schltr. (1913).
Type: Namibia, Otjihua, Okahandja, flow. Jan. 1909, Distribution: Angola, Namibia. Known from
Dinter 410 (SAM, lecto., designated here). Etosha to Gobabis and south to Helmeringhaus-
Blepharanthera edulis Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. en. Figure 121.
51: 147 (1913). Type: Namibia, Brakwater, Dinter
1514 (missing). Voucher: Bruyns 5818 (BOL, WIND).
Small very sparsely pubescent herb 20 Note: Schlechter (1913) cited two specimens:
300mm tall, from elongated irregularly top- to Namibia, Otjihua, Okahandja, flow. Jan. 1909,
FIGURE 120.Distribution of Brachystelma arnotii. FIGURE 121.Distribution of Brachystelma blepharanthera.

Dinter 410; Neitsas, flow. Dec. 1910, Dinter 680. Distribution: Botswana, Mozambique, Na-
Both are present in SAM and one is selected as mibia, Swaziland, Zimbabwe. In Namibia known
lectotype. from Kombat to Gobabis and near Windhoek.
Figure 122.
Brachystelma circinatum E.Mey., Comm. Pl. Voucher: Braine sub Giess 9054 (NBG, WIND).
rica.
Brachystelma codonanthum Bruyns, Bothalia
Small finely pubescent erect herb 50100mm 25: 157 (1995). Type: Namibia, northeast of
tall, from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem often Grootfontein, Bruyns 5518 (BOL, holo.).
branched, 1.5mm thick. Leaves ovate-lanceolate
to linear-lanceolate, 103038mm, with entire Small finely pubescent herb 20150mm tall,
often undulating margins. Inflorescences sessile, from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem usually solitary,
of several successively opening flowers, pedi- 1.5mm thick. Leaves elliptic, 1122915mm,
cels 130.5mm, spreading. Corolla divided with entire margins. Inflorescences sessile, of
nearly to base and lobes remaining fused at tips several successively opening flowers, pedicels
in cage-like structure, 81235 mm; outside 230.5mm, spreading. Corolla campanulate,
pale green and finely pubescent, inside green- 5910mm; outside pale green to brown and
yellow to cream, finely pubescent, smooth; tube finely pubescent, inside green to brown with
0.51.02.5mm, shallowly bowl-like; lobes greenish tips to lobes, glabrous, obscurely trans-
6812mm, linear tapering slightly from broad- versely rugulose; tube 2.5mm deep, broadly
er base. Corona 22mm, sessile, cream, gla- conical; lobes 34mm long, deltate, spread-
brous; outer lobes 0.5mm long, erect, deeply ing. Corona 1.53mm, sessile, dark brown,
bifid into narrow erect lobules; inner lobes <1mm glabrous; outer lobes erect and fused into cup
long, adpressed to backs of anthers and exceeding 1.5mm tall containing anthers, deltate and
them to meet in centre, linear, obtuse. notched near apex; inner lobes 0.5mm long,
adpressed to backs of anthers near bases of an-
Habitat: Widespread on Kalahari sand thers and much shorter than them, swollen and
among trees and bushes in flats, also on stony cushion-like, dorsally confluent with outer lobes.
hills around Windhoek and east of Tsumeb,
11001800m. Habitat: Deep white sand in open forest,
1200m.
Distribution: Namibia. Known only from two

collections from northeast of Grootfontein. Fig-
ure 123.
Voucher: Bruyns 5990 (BOL).
Brachystelma cupulatum R.A.Dyer, Bothalia

10: 375 (1971). Type: Namibia, 5 miles west
of Aha Hills, Story 6400 (PRE, holo.).
Small finely pubescent erect herb 50500mm

tall, from flattened-discoid tuber. Stems often
several and branched, 1.52mm thick. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate to elliptic or linear-lanceolate,
2080415mm, with entire often undulating
FIGURE 122.Distribution of Brachystelma circinatum. margins. Inflorescences sessile, of several succes-
or rounded in cross-section, with fine notches

in middle of lobes; inner lobes <0.5mm long,
touching backs of anthers at bases of anthers, re-
duced to cushion-like swellings dorsally conflu-
ent with outer lobes. Figure 124.
Habitat: Widespread on Kalahari sand among

trees and bushes in flats, 12001600m.
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia. In Namibia

known from east of Waterberg to Aha Hills, Gob-
abis and near Rehoboth. Figure 125.
Voucher: Dinter 2699 (PRE, SAM).
FIGURE 123.Distribution of Brachystelma codonanthum.

Brachystelma dinteri Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
51: 144 (1913). Type: Namibia, foothills of
sively opening flowers, pedicels 230.5mm, Auasberge, flow. Mar. 1911, Dinter 1890
spreading. Corolla rotate, 1018mm diam.; (SAM, lecto., designated here).
outside pale green and finely pubescent, inside
green below usually changing to yellow around Small finely pubescent erect herb 50
middle of lobes, glabrous, smooth to transversely 500mm tall, from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem
rugulose; tube 1.53.02.5mm, cupular and solitary and simple, 1.54.0mm thick. Leaves
closely surrounding corona; lobes 4.56.02.5 ovate to elliptic, 1050620mm, with en-
4.0mm, oblong, broadly spreading. Corona tire margins. Inflorescences sessile, of several
1.52.02.5mm, slightly raised on very short flowers opening in quick succession, pedi-
stipe, green, glabrous; outer lobes fused into cup cels 140.5mm, spreading. Corolla rotate,
1.5 mm tall with incurved margins, pentagonal 811mm diam.; outside pale green and finely
C
E
B D
FIGURE 124.Brachystelma cupulatum, A, B, near Witvlei, Namibia, Bruyns 1953; CE, Botswana, Cole 425. A, plant; B,
bud; C, face view of flower; D, side view of dissected flower; E, face view of gynostegium. Scale bars: A, 10mm;
B, C, D, 2mm (at C); E, 1mm.
FIGURE 125.Distribution of Brachystelma cupulatum. FIGURE 126.Distribution of Brachystelma dinteri.
pubescent, inside green to speckled with brown, cences sessile, of several successively opening
glabrous, smooth to finely transversely rugulose; flowers, pedicels 8300.5mm, spreading.
tube 0.5mm long; lobes 2323mm, ovate- Corolla rotate, 1522mm diam.; outside pale
deltate, spreading. Corona 1.52.04mm, green and finely pubescent, inside purple-black,
sessile, brownish green, glabrous; outer lobes glabrous, transversely rugulose; tube 1mm
0.5mm long, almost square and truncate or long, cupular; lobes 81212mm, linear-
apically notched, erect and incurved towards lanceolate, ascending to spreading. Corona
tips; inner lobes <0.5mm long, touching backs 1.52mm, sessile, white below, purple on
of anthers at bases of anthers, reduced to rec- lobes, glabrous; outer lobes 1mm long, trun-
tangular cushion-like swellings dorsally confluent cate, erect and forming deep cup below anthers,
with outer lobes. slightly notched at tips; inner lobes <0.5mm
long, adpressed to backs of anthers near bases
Habitat: Widespread, usually on stony slopes
of anthers and much shorter than them, slightly
among trees and bushes but also in flats in sand
swollen and cushion-like, dorsally confluent
among trees, 11001600m.
with cup of outer lobes.
Habitat: Widespread but rare on Kalahari
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, sand among trees and bushes, 1200m.
Zimbabwe. In Namibia known from Kaokoveld
to Grootfontein and southwards to Windhoek. Flowering time: Dec.Mar.
Figure 126. Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Af-
Voucher: Giess & al. 11075 (M, PRE, WIND). rica, Zimbabwe. In Namibia known from a single
collection from northeast of Grootfontein. Figure
127.
Brachystelma discoideum R.A.Dyer, Flow. Pl.
Afr. 42: t. 1668 (1973). Type: from South Af- Voucher: Bruyns 10337 (BOL).
rica.
Note: The plant photographed in Leffers
Small finely pubescent herb 50100mm (2003) and represented in WIND by the speci-
tall, from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly mens Hines 350 and Firestone N-5-2 is not B.
solitary and simple, 2mm thick. Leaves elliptic, discoideum and appears to be an undescribed
1025815mm, with entire margins. Inflores- species.
FIGURE 127.Distribution of Brachystelma discoideum. FIGURE 128.Distribution of Brachystelma gymnopodum.
Brachystelma gymnopodum (Schltr.) Bruyns, Flowering time: Dec.Apr.

Bothalia 25: 161 (1995). Ceropegia gymno
poda Schltr., Bull. Herb. Boissier 4: 450 Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia,
(1896). Type: Namibia, Uukuambi, 22 Feb. South Africa, Zimbabwe. In Namibia known
1894, Rautanen 82 (Z, holo.). from Ondangua to Grootfontein and near Aha
Hills. Figure 128.
Ceropegia pygmaea Schinz, Verh. Bot. Vereins
Prov. Brandenburg 30: 265 (1888). Type: Namibia,
Voucher: Giess & al. 11080 (PRE, WIND).
Olukonda, Jan. 1886, Schinz 147 (Z, holo.).
Small finely pubescent herb 50120mm tall, Brachystelma mafekingense N.E.Br., Fl. Cap.
from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly solitary, 4 (1): 854 (1908). (=Ceropegia mafeking-
1.5mm thick. Leaves linear to spathulate-obovate, ensis (N.E.Br.) R.A.Dyer). Type: from South
25100520mm, with entire margins. Inflores- Africa.
cences on decurved peduncle 41012mm,
of few successively opening flowers, pedicels Small finely pubescent herb 30150mm tall,
3150.5mm, ascending to descending. Corolla from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly solitary,
cylindrical, 155048mm; outside pale green often much branched, 1.52.0mm thick. Leaves
and finely pubescent, inside deep maroon in base oblong-lanceolate to elliptical, 730510mm,
becoming red above, with hairs often with swollen with entire often undulating margins. Inflores-
apex; tube 1545mm long, cylindrical, often bent cences sessile, of many simultaneously open-
downwards below middle; lobes 23mm long, ing flowers, pedicels 3120.5mm, ascending.
broadly deltate, erect around mouth of tube, longi- Corolla campanulate, 1012mm long; outside
tudinally folded. Corona 2.53.53.03.5mm, cream spotted with dark purple and very sparsely
sessile, dark maroon, glabrous; outer lobes fused pubescent, inside dark maroon-black becoming
into urceolate tube 2.53.5mm long, with 5 small paler in tube, glabrous; tube 463.03.5mm,
spreading deltate-obtuse lobules around mouth; urceolate and pentagonal in cross-section; lobes
inner lobes 0.5mm long, adpressed to backs of 57mm long, broadly linear from deltate base,
anthers near bases of anthers and much shorter spreading from mouth of tube and slightly in-
than them, swollen and cushion-like, dorsally con- curved near tips. Corona 2.52mm, raised
fluent with cup of outer lobes. on short stipe, dark purple, glabrous; outer lobes
fused into short cup <1mm tall below anthers
Habitat: Widespread on Kalahari sand and behind inner lobes, deeply divided opposite
among trees and bushes in flats, 11001450m. guide-rails; inner lobes 12mm long, adpressed
to backs of anthers then rising in column in cen- brown with paler patch near tips of lobes, pubes-
tre, linear, dorsally confluent with cup of outer cent with fine white crinkled hairs; tube 0.5mm
lobes. long, shallowly cupular; lobes 231.52.0mm,
deltate to ovate-deltate, reflexed. Corona
Habitat: Widespread on Kalahari sand 1.752.00mm, sessile, white below, black on
among trees and bushes in flats but also in hills lobes, glabrous; outer lobes 1mm long, deltate,
around Windhoek, 15001900m. erect and slightly incurved, bifid to near middle;
inner lobes <0.5mm long, adpressed to backs of
Flowering time: Dec.Apr. anthers and shorter than them, deltoid.
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- Habitat: Stony ground among scattered trees
mibia known from Kombat to near Gobabis and and bushes, 12001800m.
near Windhoek. Figure 129.
Voucher: Dinter 2701 (SAM, WIND).
Note: This species is unusual for its dense known from single collection from the Otjihipa
clusters of simultaneously opening, foul-smelling, Mountains in the Kaokoveld. Figure 130.
almost black flowers.
Voucher: Bruyns 8021 (BOL, K, WIND).
Brachystelma pruinosum Bruyns, Novon 19:
18 (2009). Type: Namibia, Otjihipa above Brachystelma recurvatum Bruyns, Bothalia
Okombambi, Bruyns 8021 (BOL, holo.; K, 25: 156 (1995). Type: Namibia, Otavi Moun-
WIND, iso.). tains, Bruyns 5486 (BOL, holo.; WIND, iso.).
Small finely pubescent herb 50100mm tall, Slender finely pubescent herb 60300mm
from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly solitary tall, from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem often soli-
and simple, 1.5mm thick. Leaves narrowly ellip- tary, 12mm thick. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 30
tic, 152538mm, with entire margins. Inflo- 90313mm, with entire margins. Inflorescenc-
rescences almost sessile, of several successively es almost sessile, of several successively opening
opening flowers, pedicels 10150.5mm, de- flowers, pedicels 10160.25mm, spreading.
scending. Corolla rotate, 58mm diam.; outside Corolla rotate-reflexed, 78mm diam.; outside
dark green and finely pubescent, inside purple- pale green and finely pubescent, inside green-
FIGURE 129.Distribution of Brachystelma mafekingense. FIGURE 130.Distribution of Brachystelma pruinosum.

black blotched with yellow, pubescent, smooth; Corolla rotate, 810mm diam.; outside pale
tube 0.5mm long, shallowly plate-like; lobes green and finely pubescent, inside purple-brown
68mm long, deltate and erect for lower 1.5mm with white centre, pubescent with fine hairs to
then becoming slender, linear and recurved glabrous, smooth; tube 0.5mm long, shallowly
above, inside brown-green and pubescent. Coro- cupular; lobes 4624mm, ovate to lanceo-
na 11.5mm, sessile, pale yellow, glabrous; late, spreading and not recurved, with pendu-
outer lobes 0.5mm long, erect, truncate and lous subclavate cilia along margins. Corona ses-
notched near apex; inner lobes 0.5mm long, sile, white with purple-brown margins, glabrous;
adpressed to backs of anthers and almost equal- outer lobes <1mm long, truncate, annular or
ling them, slender and linear, with broad dorsal cup-like around anthers, slightly notched around
projection confluent with outer lobes. margins; inner lobes <0.5mm long, adpressed to
backs of anthers near bases of anthers and much
Habitat: Stony sloping ground among grass- shorter than them, slightly swollen and cushion-
es and trees, 12001800m. like, dorsally confluent with cup of outer lobes.
Flowering time: Jan.Mar. Habitat: Flat areas with white sand among
trees, 1100m.
known from Grootfontein to Outjo. Figure 131. Flowering time: Dec.Mar.
Voucher: Bruyns 5486 (BOL, WIND). Distribution: Namibia, Zimbabwe. In Na-
mibia known from near Ondangua. Figure 132.
Brachystelma schinzii (K.Schum.) N.E.Br., Fl. Voucher: Sheuyanga 1295 (WIND).
Trop. Afr. 4 (1): 471 (1903). Craterostemma
schinzii K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 17: 154
(1893). Type: Namibia, Ovamboland, near Brachystelma schultzei (Schltr.) Bruyns,
Olukonda, Jan. 1886, Schinz 163 (Z, holo.). Bothalia 25: 162 (1995). Tenaris schultzei
(Schltr.) E.Phill., Bothalia 4: 41 (1941). Kine-
Small finely pubescent herb 50100mm tall, petalum schultzei Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51:
from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly solitary 150 (1913). Type: Namibia, Okakuja, Dinter
and sparsely branched, 1.5mm thick. Leaves lin- 2528 (SAM, lecto., Bruyns 1995).
ear, 105025mm, with entire margins. Inflo-
rescences sessile, of several successively opening Small finely pubescent herb 50200mm tall,
flowers, pedicels 12160.5mm, ascending. from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly solitary
FIGURE 131.Distribution of Brachystelma recurvatum. FIGURE 132.Distribution of Brachystelma schinzii.

and branched above, 1.5mm thick. Leaves lin-

ear, 255013mm, with entire margins. In-
florescences sessile, of few successively opening
flowers, pedicels 5120.5mm, spreading.
Corolla rotate, 60100mm diam.; outside pale
green and finely pubescent, inside pale green
with fine darker spots near centre, pubescent,
with clavate hairs near centre; tube <0.5mm
long, plate-like; lobes 305012mm, linear
from slightly deltate base, spreading. Corona
3.52.5mm, sessile, glabrous; outer lobes
0.5mm long, deltate, ascending, deeply
notched near apex; inner lobes 2mm long,
adpressed to backs of anthers near bases then
rising in centre and connivent, linear, with finely
papillate tips.
FIGURE 133.Distribution of Brachystelma schultzei.
Habitat: Widespread but rare on Kalahari
sand among trees and bushes in flats, 1100
1300m. around mouth; inner lobes 0.5mm long, ad-
pressed to backs of anthers near bases of anthers
Flowering time: Dec.Apr. and about half their length, swollen and cushion-
like near base becoming narrower above, dor-
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Af- sally confluent with cup of outer lobes.
rica. In Namibia known from near Gobabis. Fig-
ure 133. Habitat: Widespread on Kalahari sand
among trees and bushes in flats, 14001600m.
Voucher: Grabow 8 (WIND).
Flowering time: Dec.Apr.
Brachystelma stenophyllum (Schltr.) R.A. Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
Dyer, Bothalia 10: 376 (1971). Siphonostelma mibia known from Kombat to near Gobabis. Fig-
stenophyllum Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: 148 ure 134.
(1913). Type: Namibia, near Grootfontein,
flow. Jan. 1912, Dinter 2361 (SAM, lecto., Voucher: Braine sub Giess 9055 (M, NBG,
designated here). WIND).
Small finely pubescent herb 30150mm tall, Note: There is no evidence that Schlechter
from flattened-discoid tuber. Stem mostly soli- saw the specimen Dinter 2361 (SAM) and so this
tary, sometimes branched, 1.5mm thick. Leaves is designated as the lectotype.
narrowly linear, 205025mm, with entire
margins. Inflorescences sessile, of few succes- Ceropegia L.
sively opening flowers, pedicels 380.5mm,
ascending. Corolla narrowly campanulate, Sometimes slightly succulent climber to
12203.04.5mm; outside pale green and erect herb with swollen fusiform roots or sub-
finely pubescent, inside maroon, glabrous; tube terranean tuber, often pubescent, sap clear to
38mm long, cupular and slightly pentagonal in slightly milky. Leaves narrowly linear to broadly
cross-section; lobes 414mm long, linear from ovate or circular, petioles often short and in-
ovate-lanceolate to deltate base, erect around distinct. Inflorescences several in pedunculate
mouth of tube and remaining joined at tips. Co- or sessile cymes, 1- to 20-flowered, flowers
rona 1.52.02.5mm, sessile, yellow, glabrous; usually opening in succession. Corolla tubular
outer lobes fused into urceolate tube 1.52.0mm with lobes free or remaining united at tips; tube
long, with 5 small erect deltate-obtuse lobules 1070mm long, bottle-shaped or cylindrical,
sometimes papillate; lobes often slender and

brightly coloured inside; gynostegial corona
of 2 series slightly fused, often raised on short
stout stipe; outer series of 5 lobes, as free, bifid
or undivided segments or fused into cup-like
structure around or beneath anthers; inner se-
ries of 5 lobes, simple, adpressed to backs of an-
thers and mostly far exceeding them to rise up
in column in centre, linear and often becoming
broader above base; anthers horizontal on top
of style head, margins shrinking back to expose
pollinia, rectangular; pollinium D-shaped,
with insertion-crest along outer edge. Follicles
paired, erect to spreading at 180, terete, usually
glabrous, smooth.
FIGURE 134.Distribution of Brachystelma stenophyllum.
160 species, South Africa to India, China
straight or mostly with slender curved cylindri- and northern Australia. C. filiformis and C. flori-
cal part above swollen basal inflation (around bunda have been discovered in Namibia since
corona) becoming broader and often funnel- the account of Bruyns (1984), making this the
like at mouth, sometimes pilose, basal inflation largest genus in the Apocynaceae in Namibia.
Key to species
1a. Plant with one or more flattened, discoid, fleshy or hard tubers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Plant without a tuber, rootstock a cluster of swollen, fusiform roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.
2a. Leaves succulent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2b. Leaves not at all succulent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
3a. Plant a dwarf succulent to 120mm tall; basal inflation of corolla tube without scattered wart-like papillae in-
side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. occidentalis
3b. Plant a climber to 13 m; basal inflation of corolla tube with scattered wart-like papillae inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
4a. Flowers sessile, corolla glabrous outside, corolla lobes linear-attenuate and remaining fused at tips or tapering
to filiform usually free and widely spreading tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
4b. Flowers borne on distinct peduncle 1020mm long, corolla finely pubescent outside, corolla lobes remaining
fused at apices into cage over tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. pachystelma
5a. Corolla lobes tapering to filiform usually free and widely spreading tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. multiflora
5b. Corolla lobes linear-attenuate but not becoming filiform and remaining joined at tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. floribunda
6a. Plant an erect non-climbing herb to 0.4m tall with linear leaves; flowers solitary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. dinteri
6b. Plant a climber to 13m with ovate-lanceolate to elliptic leaves; flowers several per inflorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
7a. Peduncles 1535mm long; tuber usually more than one per plant, fleshy with smooth soft epidermis; corolla
tube bent at right angle above basal inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. purpurascens
7b. Peduncles not exceeding 10mm long or absent; tuber solitary, hard with rough exterior; corolla tube straight
from base or scarcely bent above basal inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.
8a. Tuber covered with elliptic protuberances; corolla 1015mm long; outer corona lobes recurved and spreading
towards base of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. stenoloba
8b. Tuber without elliptic protuberances; corolla 16mm long or more; outer corona lobes ascending or broadly
spreading but not recurved towards base of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.
9a. Corolla 1622mm long; sepals 23mm long; outer corona lobes broadly spreading and deeply bifid . C. paricyma
9b. Corolla 4060mm long; sepals 512mm long; outer corona lobes ascending to spreading near tips only and
entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. meyeri
10a. Stems with slight ridges originating at base of each leaf-pair, giving stem slightly angular cross-section . . . . . . . . 11.
10b. Stems without ridges originating at base of each leaf-pair, stem with circular cross-section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.
11a. Inflorescence sessile; leaves with entire margin; corolla uniformly pale yellow to cream outside . . . . . C. stenantha
11b. Inflorescence borne on distinct peduncle 1030mm long; leaves with finely denticulate margins; corolla mot-
tled on pale background outside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.
12a. Basal inflation of corolla tube constricted around middle then broader and becoming narrow again; corolla
lobes slender and attenuated or forming triangular cage over tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. nilotica
12b. Basal inflation of corolla tube not constricted around middle; corolla lobes forming circular cage over
tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. crassifolia
13a. Leaves linear and 36mm broad; corolla tube with longitudinal ridges of papillae in basal inflation . . . C. filiformis
13b. Leaves ovate to lanceolate or elliptic and at least 7mm broad; corolla tube without papillae in basal inflation . . . 14.
14a. Stems 38mm thick, slightly succulent; basal inflation of corolla with hairs; corona sessile but outer lobes not
fused to base of tube, outer lobes bifid near tips only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. lugardiae
14b. Stems 12mm thick, wiry; basal inflation of corolla glabrous; outer corona fused to base of tube and outer
lobes bifid right to point of fusion to corolla tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. carnosa
Ceropegia carnosa E.Mey., Comm. Pl. Afr. Flowering time: Dec.Apr.

Austr.: 193 (1838). Type: from South Africa
(incl. Ceropegia racemosa N.E.Br.). Distribution: South Africa to West Africa,
Madagascar. In Namibia recorded from Kaoko-
Ceropegia cynanchioides Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
51: 153 (1913). Type: Namibia, Gaub, flow. Jan. 1912,
veld to Omaruru and Otavi Mountains. Figure
Dinter 2410 (SAM, lecto., designated here). 135.
Finely pubescent climber to scrambler to Voucher: Giess 12471 (PRE, WIND).

13m with scarcely succulent stems and herba-
ceous leaves, from cluster of swollen fleshy roots. Ceropegia crassifolia Schltr., J. Bot. 33: 273
Stems 12mm thick, circular in cross-section, (1895). Type: from South Africa.
mostly deciduous. Leaves elliptic to ovate or cir-
cular, 1030(60)720mm, with entire mar- Ceropegia tuberculata Dinter, Feddes Repert.
Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 178 (1923). Type: Namibia,
gins. Inflorescences with slender spreading or de-
Auas Mountains, 19002000m, 4 Feb. 1923, Dinter
scending peduncle 203012mm, pedicels 4423 (missing).
101512mm, ascending. Corolla 2030mm
long; outside pale pink-green to yellow and shortly Glabrous climber to 2m with succulent
pubescent from mouth of tube to middle, inside stems and leaves, from cluster of swollen fleshy
pink becoming deep maroon in lower half of tube;
tube 122078mm, basal inflation almost ovate
then strongly constricted into tube, funnel-like to-
wards mouth, pubescent except above basal infla-
tion below funnel; lobes 512mm long, ovate near
base then tapering to linear near tips, inside grey
with reticulation of purple-grey veins and white
hairs with uniformly maroon upper half. Corona
4534mm, dark maroon with pale yellow in-
ner lobes, sessile and fused to base of tube, pubes-
cent with hairs 1mm long on outer lobes and
bases of inner; outer lobes broadly cupular slightly
below anthers, deeply bifid right to base, tips con-
nivent; inner lobes 3.03.5mm long, adpressed to
backs of anthers then ascending in column in cen-
tre and slightly recurved near tips, linear.
Habitat: Among trees on stony hillsides, 900

1600m. FIGURE 135.Distribution of Ceropegia carnosa.
roots. Stems 36mm thick, slightly 4-angled Ceropegia dinteri Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51:
in cross-section, deciduous. Leaves elliptic or 153 (1913). Type: Namibia, Rehoboth, flow.
ovate-lanceolate to linear, 30100540mm, Jan. 1912, Dinter 2527 (SAM, lecto., desig-
with finely denticulate margins. Inflorescences nated here).
with ascending peduncle 101523mm,
Dwarf slender erect herb to 0.4m tall, from
pedicels 102023mm, ascending. Corolla flattened-discoid tuber. Stem usually solitary,
2550mm long; outside white with purple 1.52.0mm thick, circular in cross-section, de-
blotches and glabrous, inside white with maroon ciduous. Leaves linear, 5015034mm, with
lines; tube 20401015mm, basal inflation al- entire margins. Inflorescences sessile, single-
most spherical then constricted into narrow tube flowered, pedicels 10251mm, ascending.
widening slightly towards mouth, pubescent Corolla 60120mm long; outside white with
except in basal inflation where longitudinally green-purple spots and glabrous, inside brown
ridged; lobes 516mm long, ovate but folded between green lines above basal inflation; tube
and linear, inside pale green with reticulation 205056mm, basal inflation ellipsoidal then
of purple-grey veins and maroon hairs. Corona constricted slightly into narrow tube widening
2345mm, white with maroon patches, slightly to mouth, glabrous; lobes 3050mm
long, slightly ovate near base then folded above
sessile, glabrous; outer lobes broadly cupular
into slender linear tails usually twisted together
containing anthers, slightly spreading above; in- above mouth of tube, inside green and purple
ner lobes 0.8mm long, adpressed to backs of above paler base, with marginal cilia. Corona
anthers then just meeting in centre, very slender 65mm, yellow with red spots, on short
from broad base. stipe, glabrous; outer lobes broadly cupular well
below anthers, erect; inner lobes 2.5mm long,
Habitat: Among trees on stony hillsides to adpressed to backs of anthers then rising in col-
sandy flats, 12002000m. umn in centre, linear becoming slightly broader
above base.
Habitat: Among stones on rocky slopes and
Distribution: Namibia and South Africa to in sandy flats among trees, 10001650m.
Kenya. In Namibia sparsely recorded from Wind-
hoek and Gobabis to near Kombat. Figure 136. Flowering time: Nov.Feb.
Voucher: Toelken 175 (WIND). Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia

recorded from Rehoboth to mountains of Kaoko-
veld. Figure 137.
Voucher: Kolberg 1443 (WIND).
Note: There is no evidence that Schlechter

saw the specimen Dinter 2527 (SAM) and so this
is designated as the lectotype.
Ceropegia filiformis (Burch.) Schltr., Bot.

Jahrb. Syst. 21, Beibl. 54: 13 (1896). Type:
from South Africa.
Glabrous climber or scrambler to 1m with

herbaceous stems and leaves, from cluster of swol-
len fleshy roots. Stems 12mm thick, circular in
cross-section, deciduous. Leaves linear-lanceolate
to linear, 205036mm, with entire margins.
FIGURE 136.Distribution of Ceropegia crassifolia. Inflorescences with spreading peduncle 610mm
pubescent on outer and bases of inner lobes; outer

lobes cupular containing anthers, deeply bifid with
spherical apices; inner lobes 3mm long, ad-
pressed to backs of anthers then erect in column
in centre, linear.
Habitat: In flat, stony areas among short

bushes, 16001700m.

mibia only known on the flat plateaux of the
Great Karas Mountains. Figure 138.
Voucher: Bruyns 3523 (BOL, WIND).

FIGURE 137.Distribution of Ceropegia dinteri.
Ceropegia floribunda N.E.Br., Fl. Trop. Afr. 4

(1): 460 (1903). Type: from Botswana.
Glabrous climber to 2m with wiry-fleshy

stems and fleshy leaves, from fleshy tuber with
fibrous roots. Stems 1.52.0mm thick, circular
in cross-section, often deciduous. Leaves el-
liptic, 1525815mm, with entire margins.
Inflorescences sessile, pedicels 4101mm,
ascending. Corolla 2030mm long (in bud with
slender apex); outside green and glabrous, inside
sparsely pubescent with white hairs, with white
papillae in basal inflation; tube 101246mm,
basal inflation ellipsoidal then constricted into
narrow tube hardly widening at all towards
mouth; lobes 68mm long, slender and linear,
remaining joined at tips. Corona 33mm,
FIGURE 138.Distribution of Ceropegia filiformis.
white with few maroon patches, on short stipe,
glabrous; outer lobes broadly cupular just reach-
long, pedicels 6121mm, ascending. Co- ing height of anthers, slightly spreading above;
rolla 3050mm long; outside faintly white with inner lobes 1mm long, adpressed to backs of
green lines on basal inflation becoming maroon- anthers then rising in column in centre, linear
blotched above on white and glabrous, inside becoming slightly broader above base.
white with green lines and scattered green papillae
in basal inflation (mouth of tube with black edges), Habitat: Among bushes and trees in sand,
glabrous; tube 253569mm, spherical to el- 10001100m.
lipsoidal base constricted strongly after 12mm,
broadening slightly near funnel-like mouth; lobes Flowering time: Nov.Mar.
1217mm long, narrowly linear from narrowly
deltate base and twisted together apically, inside Distribution: Botswana, Namibia. In Namibia
with black margins and white midrib area, gla- known near Tsumkwe. Figure 139.
brous. Corona 53.55.0mm, purple-red and
yellow flecked with red, raised on very slight stipe, Voucher: Story 6483 (PRE).
Habitat: Among trees on stony hillsides to

sandy flats, 12001600m.

Zimbabwe. In Namibia recorded from Otji-
warongo to Ondangua and Rundu and in Capri-
vi. Figure 141.
Voucher: De Winter & Giess 6847 (PRE,

WIND).
Note: Plants from eastern Caprivi lack the

narrower apical portion of the lobes so that the
top of the corolla is more or less circular in out-
line.
FIGURE 139.Distribution of Ceropegia floribunda.
Ceropegia meyeri Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8: 645

Ceropegia lugardiae N.E.Br., Gard. Chron. Ser.
3, 30: 302 (1901). Type: from Botswana.
Ceropegia apiculata Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51: Slender finely pubescent climber to 2m,
152 (1913). Type: Namibia, Aitsas, flow. Dec. 1908, from small, slightly flattened, hard tuber with
Dinter 703 (SAM, lecto., designated here). fibrous and thickened roots. Stem usually soli-
tary, 13mm thick, circular in cross-section, de-
Glabrous climber to 13(10)m with slight- ciduous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2512010
ly succulent stems and herbaceous leaves, from 45mm, with entire margins. Inflorescences
cluster of swollen fleshy roots. Stems 38mm sessile, pedicels 5201mm, ascending. Co-
thick, with slight waxy bloom, circular in rolla 4060mm long; outside cream finely lined
cross-section, perennial. Leaves elliptic to ovate, with brown and glabrous, inside glabrous; tube
20601045mm, with entire margins. Inflores- 458mm, bottle-shaped with long basal in-
cences with spreading peduncle 20302mm, flation gradually constricted into narrow neck
pedicels 152012mm, ascending. Corolla widening slightly at mouth; lobes 610mm long,
2550mm long; outside pale green with purple ovate near base then folded and linear above,
blotches and glabrous or very shortly pubescent, inside black and green, pubescent especially to-
inside grey-yellow becoming deep maroon in wards margins. Corona 2.53mm, raised on
lower half of tube; tube 15301012mm, bas- short stipe, finely pubescent; outer lobes ascend-
al inflation almost rectangular then slightly con- ing, much exceeding height of anthers, linear,
stricted into tube, broadly funnel-like towards obtuse; inner lobes 1.5mm long, adpressed
mouth, pubescent except above basal inflation to backs of anthers then rising and connivent in
below funnel; lobes 1020mm long, ovate near centre, linear with broadened obtuse tips.
base then tapering to linear and slightly broader
near tips (tapering portion sometimes absent), Habitat: Stony ground among bushes and
inside grey with reticulation of purple-grey veins trees, 1000m.
and white hairs with uniformly beige to maroon
upper half. Corona 5634mm, yellow with Flowering time: Jan.Mar.
maroon patches, sessile, pubescent on outer Distribution: South Africa to Zambia. In Na-
lobes and bases of inner lobes; outer lobes broad- mibia only known on Impalela Island in the Zam-
ly cupular containing anthers, deeply bifid, erect; bezi River and south of Rundu. Figure 142.
inner lobes 3.03.5mm long, adpressed to backs
of anthers then ascending in column in centre Voucher: De Winter & Marais 4633 (BOL,
and recurved near tips, linear. Figure 140. PRE).
B
C
L D
F
H
FIGURE 140.Ceropegia lugardiae, A, B, near Witvlei, Namibia, Bruyns 2276; C, Rundu, Namibia, Bruyns 2312; D, G,
I, K, near Otavi, Namibia, Bruyns 1943; E, H, J, L, Katima Mulilo, Namibia, Bruyns 2286; F, NW of Molepolole,
Botswana, Bruyns. A, B, part of plant; C, bud; D, E, F, side view of flower; G, H, side view of centre of dissected
flower; I, J gynostegium; K, L, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, B, 10mm (at A); CH, 3mm (at D); I, J, 2mm (at I); K,
L, 0.25mm (at D).
FIGURE 141.Distribution of Ceropegia lugardiae. FIGURE 142.Distribution of Ceropegia meyeri.
Note: Plants from Namibia have been re- Flowering time: Nov.Mar.
ferred to C. bonafouxii K.Schum. (e.g. Dyer
1980), but it is impossible to separate these from Distribution: Widespread in southern Africa.
C. meyeri, under which they are included here. In Namibia from Kaokoveld to Caprivi and south
to Okahandja and Gobabis. Figure 143.
Ceropegia multiflora Baker, Refug. Bot. 1: t. 10 Voucher: Abner 79 (PRE, WIND).

Note: Material in Namibia is usually referred
Glabrous climber to 3m with wiry-fleshy to subsp. tentaculata (N.E.Br.) H.Huber.
stems and fleshy leaves, from fleshy tuber with
fibrous roots. Stems 1.52.0mm thick, circular
in cross-section, often deciduous. Leaves linear Ceropegia nilotica Kotschy, Sitzungsber. Kai-
near base of plant becoming ovate or circular serl. Akad. Wiss. Math.-Naturwiss. Cl., Abt. 1,
above, 2070430mm, with entire margins. 51: 356 (1865). Type: from Sudan.
Inflorescences sessile, pedicels 4101mm, Ceropegia boussingaultifolia Dinter, Neue Pfl.
ascending. Corolla 2045mm long (in bud Sdw.-Afr.: 21 (1914). Type: Namibia, Grootfontein,
with filiform apex); outside green suffused with Jan. 1912, Dinter 2780 (SAM, lecto., designated
brown and glabrous, inside pale pink, pubescent here).
and with white papillae in basal inflation; tube
163046mm, basal inflation ellipsoidal then Glabrous climber to 5m with slightly suc-
constricted into narrow tube widening slightly culent stems and leaves, from cluster of swollen
towards mouth; lobes 1016mm long, linear be- fleshy roots. Stems 35mm thick, slightly 4-angled
coming filiform towards tips, inside olive-green in cross-section, deciduous. Leaves ovate-lan-
with short white hairs. Corona 33mm, ceolate, 2570530mm, with finely denticu-
white with few maroon patches, on short stipe, late margins. Inflorescences with spreading or
glabrous; outer lobes broadly cupular just reach- descending peduncle 103012mm, pedicels
ing height of anthers, slightly spreading above; 10202mm, ascending. Corolla 2555mm
inner lobes 2mm long, adpressed to backs of long; outside green- to yellow-white with purple
anthers then rising in column in centre, linear blotches and glabrous, inside white to yellow
becoming slightly broader above base. becoming maroon in basal inflation, pubescent
except above and in lowest inflation where lon-
Habitat: Among stones and bushes or in gitudinally ridged; tube 20401012mm,
sand among trees, 10001600m. swollen base constricted after 8mm then
Distribution: Namibia and South Africa to

Ethiopia. In Namibia widespread in north from
Kaokoveld to Caprivi. Figure 144.

WIND).
Note: Plants with long, slender corolla lobes

and others with short, broad lobes are found in
Namibia.
Ceropegia occidentalis R.A.Dyer, Bothalia 12:

Dwarf glabrous creeping to scandent suc-

culent to 120mm tall with fleshy stems and
FIGURE 143.Distribution of Ceropegia multiflora.
leaves, from 1several fleshy tubers with fibrous
roots. Stems 1.52.0mm thick, circular in cross-
section, persistent. Leaves lanceolate to linear,
71526mm, with entire margins. Inflores-
cences sessile, pedicels 5101mm, ascend-
ing. Corolla 2533mm long; outside green with
faint purple stripes and glabrous, inside green
with raised maroon spots and lines in basal infla-
tion and pubescent only around mouth of basal
inflation; tube 162468mm, basal inflation el-
lipsoidal then constricted into narrow tube wid-
ening to funnel-shaped mouth; lobes 810mm
long, ovate near base then folded above to lin-
ear, inside green with reticulation of purple-grey
veins and maroon hairs. Corona 32mm,
white with maroon patches, on short stipe, pu-
bescent around edges of outer lobes; outer lobes
FIGURE 144.Distribution of Ceropegia nilotica. broadly cupular well below anthers, slightly
spreading above; inner lobes 2mm long, ad-
abruptly swollen again, broadly funnel-like to- pressed to backs of anthers then rising in col-
wards mouth; lobes 725mm long, deltate-ovate umn in centre, linear becoming slightly broader
or linear from ovate base, inside with successive above base.
horizontal bands of white, green and black,
pubescent. Corona 452.5mm, yellow, Habitat: Among stones on rocky hilltop,
raised on stipe, glabrous; outer lobes cupular be- 1300m.
low anthers, slightly spreading above; inner lobes
2.5mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers Flowering time: Nov.Dec.
then erect in column in centre, slightly broader
beyond anthers. Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
mibia recorded only in mountains north of Rosh
Habitat: Among trees on stony hillsides to Pinah. Figure 145.
Voucher: Lavranos & Pehlemann 20134
Flowering time: Dec.Mar. (WIND).
Ceropegia pachystelma Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. height of anthers, slightly spreading above; inner
Syst. 20, Beibl. 51: 47 (1895). Type: from lobes 2mm long, adpressed to backs of an-
South Africa. thers then rising in column and diverging above,
Ceropegia acacietorum Schltr. ex Dinter, Neue
linear becoming distinctly broader above base.
Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.: 20 (1914). Type: Namibia, Okasewa,
Dinter 2723 (SAM, lecto., designated here).
Habitat: Among stones and bushes or in
sand among trees, 10001600m.
Ceropegia boerhaavifolia Schinz, Vierteljahrsschr.
Naturf. Ges. Zrich 71: 139 (1926), nom. illegit., non Flowering time: Nov.Mar.
Deflers (1896). Type: Namibia, Auasberge, Dinter 292
(Z, holo.). Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, Mozam-
Ceropegia schinziana Bullock, Kew Bull. 1955: bique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe. In
626 (1956). Type: Namibia, Auasberge, Dinter 292 (Z, Namibia from Auas Mountains to Okahandja
holo.). and Gobabis. Figure 146.
Sparsely pubescent climber to 3m with Voucher: Giess 7667 (WIND).

wiry-fleshy stems and fleshy leaves, from fleshy
tuber with fibrous roots. Stems 1.53.0mm
Ceropegia paricyma N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. In-
thick, circular in cross-section, often deciduous. form. 1898: 309 (1898). Type: from Malawi.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 20601245mm,
with entire often undulating margins. Inflores- Slender finely pubescent climber to 1m, from
cences with spreading or descending peduncle flattened-discoid hard tuber. Stem usually soli-
10251mm, pedicels 10251mm, ascend- tary, 1.53.0mm thick, circular in cross-section,
ing. Corolla 2035mm long; outside grey-green deciduous. Leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate
and finely pubescent, inside pale green or pink, (much larger near base of plant), sometimes
pubescent except in basal inflation where with lobed at base, 201001540mm, with entire
maroon papillae; tube 152545mm, basal margins. Inflorescences with short descending pe-
inflation broadly ellipsoidal then constricted into duncle 3101mm, pedicels 10151mm,
narrow tube widening slightly towards mouth; ascending. Corolla 1622mm long; outside pink-
lobes 510mm long, linear with distinct fold ish purple and glabrous, inside glabrous in tube;
above base, inside purple-brown to green near tube 10155mm, basal inflation almost spheri-
base and pubescent. Corona 23mm, white, cal then constricted into narrow tube not wid-
raised on short stipe, sparsely pubescent on out- ening towards mouth; lobes 57mm long, ovate
er lobes; outer lobes broadly cupular well below near base then folded and widening slightly to-
FIGURE 145.Distribution of Ceropegia occidentalis. FIGURE 146.Distribution of Ceropegia pachystelma.

wards apices, inside green and pubescent. Co- then constricted slightly into narrow tube wid-
rona 44mm, sessile, pubescent inside outer ening to funnel-shaped mouth; lobes 1217mm
lobes; outer lobes plate-like not reaching height long, ovate near base then folded and slender
of anthers, widely spreading and deeply bifid above usually slightly spiralling, inside pale yel-
into slender teeth; inner lobes 2.5mm long, low and pubescent. Corona 43mm, on short
adpressed to backs of anthers then rising in cen- stipe, pubescent on outer lobes and bases of in-
tre and diverging, slender and linear. ner; outer lobes broadly cupular containing an-
thers, erect and deeply bifid; inner lobes 2mm
Habitat: Among dense bushes and trees, long, adpressed to backs of anthers then rising in
1000m. column in centre, linear becoming laterally flat-
tened above base.
Habitat: Among dense bushes and trees in
Distribution: Namibia to Tanzania. In Namib- sandy ground, 10001100m.
ia only known on Impalela Island in the Zambezi
River. Figure 147. Flowering time: Jan.Mar.
Voucher: Killick & Leistner 3349 (PRE). Distribution: Botswana and Namibia to Con-
go. In Namibia only known in Caprivi. Figure 148.
Ceropegia purpurascens K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb. Voucher: Bruyns 2281 (NBG, WIND).
Syst. 17: 152 (1893). Type: from Angola.
Slender finely pubescent climber to 2m, from Ceropegia stenantha K.Schum., Bot. Jahrb.
1several flattened-discoid slightly fleshy tubers. Syst. 17: 152 (1893). Type: from Sudan.
Stem usually solitary, 1.52.0mm thick, circular
in cross-section, partly deciduous. Leaves broadly Glabrous climber or scrambler to 3m with
ovate-lanceolate to elliptical, 20801535mm, slightly succulent stems and leaves, from clus-
with entire margins. Inflorescences with slender ter of swollen fleshy roots. Stems 24mm thick,
descending peduncle 15351mm, pedicels slightly 4-angled in cross-section, deciduous.
10201mm, ascending. Corolla 2030mm Leaves lanceolate to linear, 2080320mm,
long; outside green suffused with red and gla- with entire margins. Inflorescences sessile,
brous, inside pubescent except in basal inflation; pedicels 101512mm, ascending. Corolla
tube 101556mm, basal inflation ellipsoidal 2030mm long; outside pale yellow to cream
FIGURE 147.Distribution of Ceropegia paricyma. FIGURE 148.Distribution of Ceropegia purpurascens.

and glabrous, inside cream with scattered pink

spots, pubescent mainly around mouth of basal
inflation; tube 101423mm, slightly swollen
ellipsoidal base constricted slightly after 6mm,
broadening slightly near funnel-like mouth; lobes
715mm long, narrowly linear from narrow
deltate base, inside cream, glabrous. Corona
32mm, white except for maroon outer
corona and bases of inner, raised on very slight
stipe, glabrous; outer lobes cupular well below
anthers, slightly spreading above; inner lobes
2mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers then
erect in column in centre and diverging above,
slightly broader beyond anthers.
Habitat: Among trees on stony hillsides to
FIGURE 149.Distribution of Ceropegia stenantha.
Flowering time: Feb.Apr.
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia and South above, inside brown-green and pubescent. Coro-
Africa to Ethiopia. In Namibia in Caprivi only. na 2.52mm, raised on short stipe, glabrous;
Figure 149. outer lobes spreading horizontally or recurved,
entire and truncate; inner lobes 1.8mm long,
Voucher: Hilbert 135 (WIND). adpressed to backs of anthers then rising and
meeting in centre, slender and linear.
Note: The flowers are unusual in being
sweetly scented. Habitat: Stony ground among bushes and
trees, 10001300m.
Ceropegia stenoloba Hochst. ex Chiov., Ann. Flowering time: Jan.Mar.

Bot. (Rome) 10: 395 (1912). Type: from Ethi-
opia. Distribution: Namibia to Ethiopia. In Namib-
ia known from Grootfontein to east of Tsumkwe.
Ceropegia stenoloba var. australis H.Huber,
Mem. Soc. Brot. 12: 164 (1957). Type: Namibia, Nama Figure 150.
Pan, Story 5309 (PRE, holo.).
Ceropegia aberrans Schltr., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51:
151 (1913). Type: Namibia, limestone ridges at Aukas,
flow. Dec. 1908, Dinter 843 (missing).
Slender finely pubescent climber to 2m,

from small slightly flattened hard tuber with thick
roots arising in ring underneath. Stem usually soli-
tary, 1.01.5mm thick, circular in cross-section,
deciduous. Leaves ovate-deltate, 153510
25mm, with entire margins. Inflorescences with
very short descending peduncle 351mm,
pedicels 5101mm, ascending. Corolla 10
15mm long; outside pale green flecked with
brown and glabrous, inside glabrous in tube; tube
683mm, basal inflation almost spherical then
slightly constricted into short tube widening only
very slightly at mouth; lobes 2.02.5mm long,
narrowly ovate near base then folded and linear FIGURE 150.Distribution of Ceropegia stenoloba.
Voucher: Giess 12458 (WIND). 1b. Annulus with conspicuous hair-like papillae
0.51.5mm long, corolla with hair-like papil-
Note: Plants in Namibia are usually referred lae over most of inner surface . . . . . D. caespitosa
to var. australis H.Huber. 2a. Outer corona within tube formed by annulus;
corolla lobes tightly folded longitudinally
Ceropegia ampliata E.Mey. was considered along midrib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. maculata
to occur in Namibia by Sssenguth & Merxml- 2b. Outer corona level with or slightly above top
ler (1952) and Huber (1957) but later Huber of annulus; corolla lobes convex above and
(1967) considered this unlikely. No specimens only laxly folded along midrib . . . . . . . . . . D. polita
exist from Namibia, though the species is known
to occur in Botswana.
Duvalia caespitosa (Masson) Haw., Syn. Pl.
Succ.: 45 (1812). Type: from South Africa.
Duvalia Haw.
Dwarf succulent forming mat 30200mm
Dwarf spineless sometimes rhizomatous diam. Stems 1050622mm, not rhizoma-
mat-forming succulent 40300mm diam. Stems tous, 4- to 5-angled. Corolla 1832mm diam.; in-
8100625mm, 4- to 6-angled, glabrous, side pink-brown to purplish, covered at least on
green to purplish, tuberculate, each tubercle annulus and bases of lobes with hair-like papillae
tipped with small non-persistent leaf-rudiment. 0.51.5mm long; annulus 1.53.0612mm,
Inflorescence glabrous, 1 per stem in lower half, ring-like, with corona resting on its upper sur-
few-flowered, sessile, pedicel 8251.5 face; lobes 912mm long, 35mm broad at
2.0mm, holding flower facing upwards close to base, folded tightly along midrib for at least half
ground. Corolla 1530mm diam., rotate, deeply of length and there narrowly linear-acute, mar-
lobed; outside glabrous, flat near centre; inside gins not ciliate. Corona 4.57.0mm diam., red-
with central part thickened into fleshy circular to dish to purplish brown; outer lobes at mouth
pentagonal annulus, papillate to hairy on annu- of tube and completely closing it; inner lobes
lus and around bases of lobes; tube 14mm long, 0.51.0mm long.
shallowly conical to bowl-shaped, formed entire-
ly by annulus; lobes 3.516.01.58.0mm, lon- Habitat: Stony slopes or flats under small
gitudinally folded tightly along midrib so mostly shrubs, 10001600m.
narrowly linear-acute to -acuminate, spreading,
margins often ciliate; gynostegial corona of 2 se- Flowering time: Nov.May.
ries of lobes arising on staminal tube and and well Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
separated from one another, 2.54.525mm; mibia only known in the winter-rainfall region of
outer lobes forming pentagonal to circular spread- the southwest, from Aus to Rosh Pinah. Of the
ing disc, included in tube to spreading on top of three subspecies recognised (Bruyns 2005) only
and covering annulus; inner lobes 0.51.0mm subsp. pubescens (N.E.Br.) Bruyns occurs in Na-
long, adpressed to backs of anthers, dorsiventral- mibia. Figure 151.
ly flattened, at base with rounded obtuse ascend-
ing to spreading dorsal projection 0.81.5mm Voucher: Bruyns 3909 (BOL).
long; anthers horizontal on top of style head, rec-
tangular; pollinium ellipsoidal, longer than broad,
with insertion-crest along outer edge. Follicles Duvalia maculata N.E.Br., Fl. Cap. 4 (1): 1033
paired, erect, terete-fusiform, 6012047mm, (1909). Type: from South Africa.
glabrous and smooth. Duvalia minuta Nel in A.C. White & B. Sloane,
Stap., ed. 2, 3: 1168 (1937). Type: Namibia, Great Karas
14 species, southern Africa, Arabia and Mountains, Mickberg, E.F.T. Rusch (missing). Type:
northeast Africa. White & Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 3: fig. 1218 (lecto., Meve
1997).
Key to species
Dwarf succulent forming mat 30150mm
1a. Annulus glabrous, with fine papillae <0.5mm diam. Stems 1040612mm, rarely slightly
long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. rhizomatous, 4- to 5-angled. Corolla 1525mm
510mm long, 35mm broad at base, tightly

folded along midrib so linear-acute, margins not
ciliate. Corona 3.03.6mm diam., bright to dull
yellow to pale orange; outer lobes at middle of
tube and completely contained in it; inner lobes
0.5mm long. Figures 152 & 153.
Habitat: Stony slopes or flats under small

shrubs, 10002100m.
Flowering time: Nov.Mar.

mibia only known in the higher parts of the Tiras
Mountains, southwest of Helmeringhausen, also
in and around the Great Karas Mountains. Fig-
ure 154.
FIGURE 151.Distribution of Duvalia caespitosa.
Voucher: Bruyns 8095 (K, MO, WIND).
diam.; inside purplish, reddish to yellowish
brown, somewhat shiny on lobes; annulus 1.5 Duvalia polita N.E.Br., Gard. Chron. N.S. 6:
2.558mm, often pentagonal, often heavily 130 (1876). Type: from South Africa.
indented around rim, somewhat constricted to-
wards base, almost completely containing co- Small succulent forming clump to 150mm
rona, cream to white speckled with pale brown, diam., often rhizomatous. Stems 20100
covered with fine papillae <0.5mm long; lobes 715mm, often spreading horizontally under-
C
D
FIGURE 152.Duvalia maculata, South Africa, Bruyns 3045. A, face view of flower; B, side view of dissected flower; C,
face view of gynostegium; D, side view of gynostegium; E, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 3mm; B, 2mm; CD, 1mm
(at B); E, 0.25mm (at B).
Habitat: Flats among trees usually in sandy

soil, 10001300m.
Flowering time: Nov.Mar.
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mo-

zambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland,
Zimbabwe. In Namibia from Windhoek north-
eastwards. Figure 155.
Voucher: Giess 12590 (M, WIND).
Hoodia Sweet ex Decne.

Spiny non-rhizomatous succulent shrub to
FIGURE 153.Duvalia maculata, Tiras Mountains, PVB
2m tall. Stems 0.052m2560(110)mm,
5737. 11- to 34-angled, erect (rarely prostrate), cylin-
drical, glabrous, grey-green to brown, tubercles
tipped with a spine 312mm long. Inflorescences
ground for up to 300mm, cylindrical, 6-angled. glabrous, 130 per stem mainly towards apex, 1-
Corolla 2035mm diam.; inside shiny to dull to 12-flowered, sessile, pedicel 16016mm,
reddish to dark purplish brown becoming paler spreading. Corolla 8180mm diam., rotate to
around centre, sometimes spotted on pale back- campanulate, small and deeply lobed to large
ground on lobes with darker non-spotted centre; and plate-like; outside glabrous; inside without
annulus 2.55.0812mm, ring-like, widening annulus, glabrous to finely hairy or papillate; tube
slightly towards base, covered with fine papillae 18mm deep, 2.510.0mm broad at mouth,
<0.5mm long; lobes 1015mm long, 710mm cupular, often thickened around mouth; lobes
broad at base, ascending to spreading, convex spreading, convex above, without marginal cilia;
above from lax longitudinal fold along midrib, gynostegial corona of 2 series of lobes partly in-
ovate, acuminate, margins with vibratile clavate tergrown, glabrous, 132.26.0mm, sessile
cilia 0.52.5mm long. Corona 4.56.5mm diam., or raised on short stipe; outer lobes emarginate
reddish brown; outer lobes at mouth of tube and or bifid towards apex, erect, laterally fused with
completely closing it; inner lobes <1mm long. bases of inner lobes into small pouch or cup-like,
FIGURE 154.Distribution of Duvalia maculata. FIGURE 155.Distribution of Duvalia polita.

dorsiventrally flattened; inner lobes adpressed Follicles paired, erect, terete-fusiform, slender,
to backs of anthers and mostly shorter than glabrous, smooth.
them, dorsiventrally flattened; anthers horizontal
on top of style head, rectangular; pollinium D- 14 species, Angola, Botswana, Namibia,
shaped, with insertion-crest along outer edge. South Africa.
Key to species
1a. Pedicel 26mm thick; flowers (20)25170mm diam., never dark red-brown to purple-black, mostly saucer-
shaped with broad flat to bowl-shaped united part (rarely funnel-shaped), with small tube just enclosing
gynostegium, lobes much less than half as long as broad (excluding narrow tip) and shorter than breadth of
united part of corolla outside corolla-tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Pedicel 0.51.5 (2.0)mm thick; flowers 820mm diam., if larger (2040mm) then dark red-brown to purple-
black, if saucer-like then without small tube enclosing gynostegium, lobes more than half as long as broad and
much longer than breadth of united part of corolla outside tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
2a. Corolla glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2b. Corolla covered with fine hair-like bristles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
3a. Corolla 2055mm diam., limb of outer corona adpressed to corolla just outside tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. juttae
3b. Corolla (40)50100mm diam., outer corona just touching side of corolla tube near mouth, not adpressed to
corolla outside tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. gordonii
4a. Outer corona lobes not exceeding height of inner lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. gordonii
4b. Outer corona lobes exceeding height of inner lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
5a. Corolla funnel-shaped, usually yellow or orange; stems matt bluish green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. parviflora
5b. Corolla bowl-shaped to flat, brick-red to flesh-pink; stems grey-green to brownish green . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. currorii
6a. Horns of outer corona lobes adherent laterally to dorsal part of inner lobes for entire length of outer lobes . . . . . . 7.
6b. Horns of outer corona lobes not adherent laterally to dorsal part of inner lobes for more than half of length of
outer lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.
7a. Corona 2.02.2mm broad across top; corolla tube conical with sides of tube touching sides of gynostegium . . . . . 8.
7b. Corona 34mm broad across top; corolla tube saucer-shaped, sides of tube not touching sides of gynoste-
gium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. officinalis
8a. Stems 2228-angled; corolla 2040mm diam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. ruschii
8b. Stems 1214(16)-angled, corolla 1115mm diam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. triebneri
9a. Stems usually sprawling, spines only present on young growth; pedicel 415mm long, flowers never yellow
inside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. pedicellata
9b. Stems erect with persistent spines; pedicel 2mm long or shorter (if slightly longer then flowers bright yellow
inside) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.
10a. Corolla tube 24mm deep and completely containing gynostegium (except sometimes for tips of outer corona
lobes), united part of corolla funnel-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. alstonii
10b. Corolla tube <1mm deep and containing only basal stipe of gynostegium, united part of corolla flat to slightly
saucer-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. flava
Hoodia alstonii (N.E.Br.) Plowes, Asklepios 56: broadly conical; lobes (4)6845mm, ovate-
7 (1992). Type: from South Africa. deltate, acute, spreading to ascending, convex
above from reflexed margins. Corona 22.5
Many-stemmed often dense shrub to
3.0mm, raised on short stipe, pale yellow; outer
10.5m. Stems 0.11.04080mm, 20- to
22-angled, erect, whitish grey-green, tuber- lobes 1.01.5mm long, erect, bifid at least to level
cles tipped by a stout sharp pale brown spine of base of inner lobes into erect tapering obtuse
610mm long. Corolla 1018mm diam., cam- lobules; inner lobes 0.5mm long, adpressed
panulate; inside bright yellow becoming whitish to backs of anthers and usually exceeding them,
towards base, smooth; tube 23(4)mm deep, oblong, obtuse. Figure 156.
70 miles east of Swakopmund, Boss sub SUG 6921

(NBG, holo.).
Hoodia montana Nel in A.C. White & B. Sloane,
Stap., ed. 2, 3: 1063 (1937). Type: Namibia, Brand-
berg, Nov. 1935, Nel sub SUG 6916 (missing).
Hoodia currorii var. minor R.A.Dyer, Fl. Pl. Africa
37: t. 1474 (1966). Type: Namibia, 26 miles northeast
of Hentjies Bay, Hardy & De Winter 1508 (PRE, holo.).
Shrub 0.151.000.151.00m. Stems 0.1

1.0m4060(80)mm, 11- to 16(24-) -angled,
erect to ascending, pale grey- to brown-green,
tubercles each tipped with spine 610mm long.
FIGURE 156.Hoodia alstonii, near Ai-Ais, PVB 7246. Corolla 40180mm diam., rotate, circular to
shallowly 5-lobed; inside brick-red to flesh-pink or
yellowish pink, with livid-shiny area around mouth
Habitat: Stony slopes, 3001300m.
and inside tube, with bristles 0.53.5mm long each
Flowering time: Nov.Apr. arising from a low papilla; tube 2.86.059mm,
cupular, pentagonal, with corolla thickened to
mibia in arid southwest from northeast of Lder-
itz to near Ai-Ais. Figure 157.
Voucher: Dinter 8151 (BOL, WIND).
Hoodia currorii (Hook.) Decne. in DC., Prodr.

8: 665 (1844). Type: from Angola.
Hoodia macrantha Dinter, Neue Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.:
35, fig. 52, 53 (1914). Type: Namibia, Onguati am
Fusse der Erongoberge, Dinter 1648 (SAM, holo.).
Hoodia gibbosa Nel in A.C. White & B. Sloane,
Stap., ed. 2, 3: 1061 (1937). Type: Namibia, Sphinx,
FIGURE 158.Hoodia currorii subsp. currorii, near Oru-

FIGURE 157.Distribution of Hoodia alstonii. pembe, PVB 8063.
D
E
FIGURE 159.Hoodia currorii, west of Kamanjab, Namibia, Bruyns 4060. A, face view of flower; B, face view of gynoste-
gium; C, side view of centre of dissected flower; D, papillae inside corolla beyond mouth of tube; E, pollinarium.
Scale bars: A, 15mm; B, 1mm (at A); C, 1mm; D, 0.5mm (at A); E, 0.25mm (at A).
form mouth, containing whole of gynostegium; Voucher: Giess 9417 (M, PRE, WIND).
lobes 525mm long (excluding narrow tip), 20
75mm broad at base, broadly ovate to broadly Note: Of the two subspecies recognised
deltate, abruptly narrowing into narrow subulate (Bruyns 1993), only subsp. currorii occurs in Na-
point 620mm long, spreading. Corona 233.8 mibia.
5.0mm, sessile, deep red-purple or red-brown,
shiny, well separated from sides of corolla tube;
outer lobes erect, forming 5-lobed cup from slightly
taller than style head to nearly twice as tall as style
head, bifid for less than half of length into erect
obtuse-truncate to deltoid teeth, fused laterally for
most of length to bases of inner lobes; inner lobes
0.5mm long, mostly exceeding anthers, rec-
tangular, obtuse. Figures 158 & 159.
Habitat: Gravelly flats among trees and rocks

to rocky slopes, 5001800m.

South Africa, Zimbabwe. In Namibia from Usa-
kos and Karibib northwards to Skeleton Coast.
Figure 160. FIGURE 160.Distribution of Hoodia currorii.
Hoodia flava (N.E.Br.) Plowes, Asklepios 56: 8 Hoodia gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne. in
(1992). Type: from South Africa. DC., Prodr. 8: 665 (1844). Type: from South
Africa.
Shrub to 0.5m tall but mostly much smaller. Hoodia husabensis Nel in A.C. White & B.
Stems 753003570mm, 18- to 31-angled, Sloane, Stap. 3: 1069 (1937). Type: Namibia, Hus-
erect, tubercles tipped with a weak brown spine ab gorge, June 1935, Boss sub SUG 6920 (missing).
46mm long. Corolla 1015mm diam., rotate, Type: White & Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 3: fig. 1145 (lecto.,
lobed to halfway; inside greenish yellow some- Bruyns 1993).
times with brown tips to lobes or wholly brown, Hoodia longispina Plowes, Brit. Cact. Succ. J. 11:
minutely papillate to smooth; tube <1mm deep, 57 (1993). Type: Namibia, 45km south of Witptz,
Plowes 5321 (SRGH, holo.).
formed by distinct thickening around base of gy-
nostegium; lobes 2.54.03.55.0mm, broadly Shrub to 1.00.6m. Stems 0.11.0m25
ovate-deltate, acuminate, spreading. Corona 50mm, 11- to 17-angled, erect, grey-green to
2356mm, raised on short stipe, slightly grey-brown, tubercles each tipped with a stiff
translucent yellow; outer lobes 1.62.2mm long, spine 612mm long. Corolla (40)50100mm
spreading, bifid below middle into dorsiventrally diam., rotate, circular to 5-lobed; inside
flattened linear obtuse lobules (those of adjacent flesh-coloured to deep purple-red usually with
lobes usually connivent); inner lobes 0.51.0mm darker veins, smooth to with small conical papil-
long, adpressed to backs of anthers and usually lae each tipped with a bristle up to 2.5mm long;
exceeding them, linear, obtuse, with narrow dor- tube 1.01.54.56.0mm, cupular, containing
sal ridge near base joined to outer lobes. most of gynostegium, formed entirely by annular
thickening near base in otherwise flat corol-
Habitat: Gravelly flats under bushes or stony la; lobes to 15mm long (excluding narrow tip),
slopes, 8001300m. 50mm broad, broadly ovate, abruptly narrowing
to subulate point 36mm long, spreading. Co-
Flowering time: Nov.Apr. rona 1.52.046mm, purple-black, raised on
very short stipe, usually just touching side of tube
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- at mouth; outer lobes erect, entire and truncate
mibia only recorded from eastern flank of Great or emarginate to bifid to halfway into ascending
Karas Mountains. Figure 161. obtuse lobules <1mm long, laterally fused for
most of length to bases of inner lobes; inner lobes
Voucher: Bruyns 3494 (BOL). 1mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers and
FIGURE 162.Hoodia gordonii, north of Karasburg, PVB

FIGURE 161.Distribution of Hoodia flava. 3507.
slightly exceeding them, linear to square, ob- dark purple-black; outer lobes 1.0l.5mm,
tuse to truncate, with broad dorsal ridge near erect then spreading so that tips touch corolla
base connected to outer lobes. Figure 162. outside tube, transversely oblong to shortly bifid,
truncate-emarginate to obtuse, laterally fused
Habitat: Stony flats to slopes, 5001600m. near base to bases of inner lobes; inner lobes
0.5mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers
Flowering time: Nov.Apr. and slightly exceeding them, linear to square,
obtuse to truncate, with obtuse dorsal projection
fused to outer lobes.
mibia widespread in southern half from slopes
of Brandberg to near Rosh Pinah and Warmbad. Habitat: Stony flats among shrubs, 1200
Figure 163. 1700m.
Voucher: Giess 9128 (M, PRE, WIND). Flowering time: Nov.Apr.
Distribution: Namibia. From Klein Karas to
Hoodia juttae Dinter, Neue Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.: 34, fig. Great Karas Mountains. Figure 164.
25 (1914). Hoodia bainii var. juttae (Dinter) H.
Huber, Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. Mnchen 4: 33 Voucher: Bruyns 3508 (BOL, WIND).
(1961). Type: Namibia, Klein Karas, J. Dinter
3203 (SAM, holo.; S, iso.).
Hoodia officinalis (N.E.Br.) Plowes, Asklepios
Shrub to 0.30.5m. Stems 6030030 56: 9 (1992). Type: from South Africa.
50mm, 15- to 17-angled, erect, grey-green, tu- Trichocaulon pubiflorum Dinter, Feddes Repert.
bercles each tipped with a stiff spine 811mm Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 30: 192 (1932). Type: Namibia,
long. Corolla 2055mm diam., rotate, flat to Velloor, east of Warmbad, 29 Mar. 1924, Dinter (miss-
very shallowly saucer-shaped, slightly 5-lobed; ing).
inside pale yellow-brown to dark flesh-pink with
darker veins, smooth; tube 12.53.5mm, cu- Hoodia officinalis subsp. delaetiana (Dinter)
pular, formed by annular thickening near base Bruyns, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 115: 216 (1993).
in otherwise flat corolla; lobes 48mm long Trichocaulon delaetianum Dinter, Feddes
(excluding narrow tip), 1525mm broad at Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 155 (1923).
base, broadly ovate obtuse, abruptly narrowing H. delaetiana (Dinter) Plowes, Asklepios 56:
to subulate point 25mm long, spreading. Co- 8 (1992) as delaetii. Type: Namibia, Kling-
rona 23.04.5mm, raised on short stipe, hardt Mountains, Dinter 4735 (missing).
FIGURE 163.Distribution of Hoodia gordonii. FIGURE 164.Distribution of Hoodia juttae.

Neotype (Bruyns 1993): Namibia, Kling-

hardt Mountains, Merxmller & Giess 32150
(WIND, neo.; duplicate in M).
Shrub to 0.30.4m tall but mostly smaller.

Stems 0.10.43570mm, (14-)17- to 23-angled,
erect to sprawling, tubercles tipped with sharp
brown spine 412mm long. Corolla 1020mm
diam., rotate to broadly campanulate; inside red-
brown to yellow-brown often with paler tube, with
dense to scattered small conical obtuse papillae
(rarely smooth) each tipped with a fine bristle; tube
23mm deep, saucer-shaped; lobes 363.5
7.0mm, ovate-deltate, acuminate, ascending with
recurved tips. Corona 1.52.034mm, raised
on very short stipe, yellow to dark red-brown;
outer lobes 1mm long, erect, bifid nearly to base FIGURE 165.Distribution of Hoodia officinalis.
into obtuse erect teeth, laterally fused to bases of
inner lobes for most of length to form pouch; in-
ner lobes <0.5mm long, adpressed to backs of yellow to brownish orange with darker veins,
and half as long as anthers, deltoid, obtuse, with with low papillae each tipped with soft bris-
broad obtuse dorsal projection near base joined tle to 3.5mm long; tube 347mm, cu-
laterally to outer lobes. pular, with corolla thickened into 5 mounds at
mouth; lobes 10mm long (excluding narrow
Habitat: Stony lower slopes of hills some-
times with wind-blown sand or in flats among tip), 2027mm broad at base, broadly ovate,
driedoring (Rhigozum trichotomum) shrubs, 100 abruptly narrowing into subulate point 57mm
1400m. long, spreading. Corona 2.02.54.04.5mm,
raised on very short stipe, purple-black; outer
Flowering time: Nov.May. lobes erect, bifid to half-way down into erect
deltoid to truncate obtuse lobules up to 1mm
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- long, laterally fused at least in lower half to bas-
mibia widespread in arid south from south of es of inner lobes; inner lobes 0.5mm long,
Lderitz to Great Karas Mountains and south shorter than anthers, rectangular to deltoid,
of Windhoek. Both subsp. officinalis and subsp. obtuse, with low dorsal projection near base
delaetiana occur in Namibia, with the latter en- connecting to outer lobes.
demic to Namibia and the former widespread in
the Nama Karoo Region of Namibia and South Habitat: Stony flats and slopes among mo-
Africa. Figure 165. pane (Colophospermum mopane) trees and
shrubs, 11001700m.
Voucher: Merxmller & Giess 32150 (WIND)
for subsp. delaetiana; Bruyns 5621 (WIND) for Flowering time: Nov.Apr.
subsp. officinalis.
mainly in higher parts of Kaokoveld from Kaoko
Hoodia parviflora N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. Inform. Otavi northwards. Figure 166.
1895: 265 (1895). Type: from Angola.
Voucher: Giess 8972 (M, PRE, WIND).
Shrub 0.32.20.31.0m. Stems 0.5
2.035110mm, 14- to 18-angled, erect, usu-
ally matt bluish green, tubercles each tipped Hoodia pedicellata (Schinz) Plowes, Asklepios
with spine 610mm long. Corolla 3055mm 56: 9 (1992). Trichocaulon pedicellatum
diam., funnel-shaped, shallowly 5-lobed; inside Schinz., Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg
FIGURE 166.Distribution of Hoodia parviflora. FIGURE 167.Distribution of Hoodia pedicellata.
30: 266 (1888). Type: Namibia, probably Hoodia ruschii Dinter, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov.
near Hope Mine, Stapf (K, holo.). Regni Veg. 30: 192 (1932). Type: Namibia, Ti-
ras Mountains, E.F.T. Rusch sub Dinter 7976
Sprawling succulent. Stems 10050025 (B, holo.; BOL, G, PRE, S, Z, iso.).
50mm, 11- to 20-angled, tubercles tipped by
dark spine 1.53.0mm long soon weathered off. Shrub to 0.50.5m. Stems 0.10.540
Corolla rotate, 814mm diam., lobed nearly to 60mm, 22- to 28-angled, erect, brownish to
centre; inside maroon or light to dark purple- grey-green, tubercles tipped by a stiff spine
brown, smooth; tube <1mm long, formed by 5 68mm long. Corolla 2040mm diam., broadly
thickened bulges in corolla just below lobes; lobes campanulate; inside red-brown, with conical
362.53.0mm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse papillae each tipped with a slender bris-
ascending to spreading, convex inside from re- tle; tube 68810mm, broadly conical, with
corolla touching sides of gynostegium; lobes
curved margins. Corona 1.52.03.03.5mm,
814914mm, ovate-deltate, acuminate,
raised on short stipe, purple-brown or yellow;
spreading with slightly recurved tips, convex
outer lobes 0.71.5mm long, spreading, bifid
with margins folded back. Corona 12.0
nearly right to base into widely diverging lob- 2.2mm, raised on short stipe, dark purple-black;
ules; inner lobes 0.41.0mm long, adpressed outer lobes 0.5mm long, erect, bifid nearly to
to backs of anthers, sometimes exceeding them, base into erect obtuse lobules, laterally fused for
linear, obtuse, with narrow dorsal ridge near whole length to bases of inner lobes and not ex-
base joined to outer lobes. ceeding them; inner lobes half as long as an-
thers, deltoid, obtuse, with narrow dorsal ridge
Habitat: Low stony ridges often with much near base joined to outer lobes.
windblown sand, 100300m.
Habitat: Rocky slopes, 12001600m.
Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia in
coastal Namib from Swakopmund northwards to Distribution: Namibia. Eastern slopes of Tiras
Cunene River. Figure 167. Mountains. Figure 168.
Voucher: Giess 8015 (PRE, WIND). Voucher: Bruyns 1475 (BOL).

Hoodia triebneri (Nel) Bruyns, S. African J. Bot.

59: 342 (1993), non Schuldt (1933). Tricho-
caulon triebneri Nel, Kakteenkunde 1935:
117 (1935). Hoodia foetida Plowes, Asklepios
56: 9 (1992). Type: Namibia, near Okandu,
120km east of Swakopmund, W. Triebner
sub SUG 6020 (BOL, holo.).
Shrub to 0.30.5m. Stems 0.10.3m25

40mm, 12- to 16-angled, erect, tubercles tipped
with a hard pale spine 56mm long. Corolla 11
15mm diam., campanulate; inside blackish red-
purple, with conical obtuse papillae each tipped
with a spreading bristle; tube 3.54.0mm long,
conical, touching sides of gynostegium; lobes
3.04.545mm, ovate-deltate, acuminate,
spreading, convex above. Corona 12.0
FIGURE 168.Distribution of Hoodia ruschii.
2.2mm, raised on short stipe, dark purple-black;
outer lobes 0.5mm long, erect, bifid nearly
right to base into erect obtuse lobules, laterally
fused for whole length to bases of inner lobes
and not exceeding them; inner lobes adpressed
to backs of and half as long as anthers, del-
toid, obtuse, with narrow dorsal ridge near base
joined to outer lobes.
Habitat: Sandy to gravelly flats among trees,

3001300m.
Distribution: Namibia. Along Swakop River

from Otjimbingwe to near Okahandja. Figure
169.
Voucher: Bruyns 3632 (BOL, K, PRE, S).

FIGURE 169.Distribution of Hoodia triebneri.
Huernia R.Br. tube, glabrous, papillate especially around mouth

of tube to smooth; tube cupular to shallowly
Spineless not rhizomatous succulent form-
ing compact clumps or dense mats. Stems 10 bowl-shaped; lobes 618417mm, spread-
200525mm, 4- to 6-angled, decumbent, gla- ing to reflexed, deltate, usually concave above,
brous, mostly grey-green sometimes mottled with margins eciliate; gynostegial corona of 2 series of
purple, tuberculate, each tubercle with small per- lobes well separated from each other, glabrous,
sistent leaf-rudiment. Inflorescence glabrous, 1 per sessile, 393.58.0mm; outer lobes rectan-
stem in lower half, 1- to 10-flowered, sessile, gular to fused into spreading disc, spreading on
pedicel 10301.02.5mm, spreading. Corolla base of tube; inner lobes adpressed to backs of
1070mm diam., urceolate to campanulate to anthers, mostly exceeding them and meeting in
subrotate, shallowly lobed; outside glabrous, with centre, dorsiventrally flattened towards base, at
raised longitudinal veins on lobes; inside some- base with rounded spreading transverse dorsal
times reflexed and slightly thickened below bases ridge; anthers horizontal on top of style head,
of lobes into prominent annulus around mouth of rectangular; pollinium ellipsoidal, with insertion-
crest along outer edge. Follicles paired, erect,

terete-fusiform, slender, glabrous, smooth.
52 species, Africa and Arabia.
Key to species
1a. Inner corona lobes much exceeding anthers;

corolla tubular-campanulate, usually much
longer than broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. levyi
1b. Inner corona lobes usually shorter than anthers
(rarely slightly exceeding them); corolla nearly
rotate to shallowly campanulate, usually much
shorter than broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
2a. Corolla globose-urceolate, inside without pa-
pillae; inner corona lobes uniformly swelling
towards base and without transverse dorsal
projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. urceolata FIGURE 170.Distribution of Huernia hallii.
2b. Corolla not globose-urceolate, inside finely to
coarsely papillate; inner corona lobes not uni-
irregularly concentrically lined with maroon to
formly turgid, with variably prominent round-
ed transverse dorsal projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
pink, with low conical papillae at most 0.25mm
3a. Inner corona lobes with dorsal projection ex-
long often with minute apical bristle; tube
ceeding length of lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. verekeri 3557mm, shortly cupular and somewhat
3b. Inner corona lobes with dorsal projection pre- constricted at mouth; lobes 58710mm,
sent only as small transverse swelling . . . . . . . . . . 4. deltate, acute to slightly acuminate, erect to
4a. Corolla slightly thickened and strongly reflexed spreading. Corona 3.54.03.55.0mm, yel-
around mouth of tube to form prominent annulus . . 5. low to maroon, sessile; outer lobes spreading on
4b. Corolla without any annular swelling around base of tube and fused to it towards base, sub-
mouth of tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. quadrate, emarginate to deeply bifid; inner lobes
5a. Corolla lobes with broad transverse markings . 0.51.0mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. zebrina then sometimes slightly ascending and con-
5b. Corolla lobes distinctly spotted, if unmarked nivent, dorsiventrally flattened with slight dorsal
then annulus pale cream . . . . . . . . . . . . H. plowesii gibbosity at base, tapering gradually to terete
6a. Inside of corolla cream to white, variably spot- and bristly apex.
ted or lined with maroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. hallii
6b. Inside of corolla deep maroon-black (rarely
green) above, changing abruptly to contrast-
Habitat: In crevices between rocks under
ing white circular area in lower half of tube .
small bushes, 10001800m.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. oculata
Flowering time: Nov.May.
Huernia hallii E. & B.M.Lamb, Natl. Cact. & Distribution: Namibia. From near Aus to
Succ. J. 13: 57 (1958). Huernia namaquensis Great Karas Mountains. Figure 170.
subsp. hallii (E. & B.M.Lamb) Bruyns, Cact.
& Succ. J. Gr. Brit. 44: 86 (1982). Type: Na-
mibia, near Grnau, H. Hall sub NBG 511/55
(NBG, holo.). Huernia levyi Oberm., Fl. Pl. South Africa 16: t.
616 (1936). Type: from Zimbabwe.
Dwarf densely mat-forming succulent to
30300mm diam. Stems 1025610mm, 4- Dwarf loosely clump-forming succulent to
to 5-angled, decumbent, tubercles abruptly nar- 300mm diam. Stems 40100815mm, erect,
rowing to acute tooth. Corolla 2538mm diam., 4- to 5-angled, tubercles abruptly tapering into
rotate to campanulate; inside cream, spotted and short tooth. Corolla 25402025mm, tubu-
lar-campanulate; inside with maroon spots on Dwarf clump-forming succulent to 300mm

cream above changing to dark maroon in low- diam. Stems 20150815mm, erect, 5-an-
er half of tube, with prominent papillae usually gled, tubercles tapering into slender tooth. Co-
tipped with a bristle; tube 2235mm deep, wid- rolla 571824mm, shallowly bowl-shaped;
ening gradually towards mouth; lobes 5812 inside white abruptly changing at middle of tube
15mm, deltate, shortly acuminate, spreading, to deep maroon-black (rarely green) above, with
slightly concave. Corona 455mm, dark ma- minute papillae usually tipped with small bris-
roon, without basal stipe; outer lobes indistinct tle; tube 45mm deep, bowl-shaped; lobes
and fused into disc; inner lobes 3.03.5mm long, 479mm, broadly deltate, shortly acuminate,
adpressed to backs of anthers then connivent- spreading, slightly concave. Corona 3.53.5
erect above and exceeding them, below dor- 4.5mm, buff to white speckled with maroon,
siventrally flattened, with inflated dorsal gibbos- very slightly raised above base of corolla; outer
ity at base, beyond anthers rising to bristly obtuse lobes 0.5mm long, descending to surface of
and somewhat clavate apex. corolla, semicircular-emarginate in outline; in-
ner lobes 2mm long, adpressed to backs of
Habitat: Among rocks and trees, 900m.
anthers and exceeding them slightly, dorsiven-
Flowering time: Nov.Feb. trally flattened, with transverse dorsal gibbosity
1.25mm wide at base, beyond anthers rising
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, slightly to small bristly obtuse pale apex. Figures
Zimbabwe. From Namibia only known from 172 & 173.
a single collection from Impalela Island in the
Zambezi River. Figure 171. Habitat: Loamy flats under bushes and in
crevices between rocks, 1001700m.
Voucher: Killick & Leistner 3403 (PRE).
Huernia oculata Hook.f., Bot. Mag. 108: t. 6658
(1882). Type: Namibia, Damaraland, Een (K, Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia
holo.). from north of Okahandja to Skeleton coast and
Huernia rogersii R.A.Dyer, Rec. Albany Mus. 3: to near Grootfontein. Figure 174.
468 (1927). Type: Namibia, Omaruru, F.A. Rogers
(missing). Voucher: Leistner & al. 28 (K, MO, PRE).
FIGURE 172.Huernia oculata, near Grootfontein, PVB

FIGURE 171.Distribution of Huernia levyi. 10315.
A
B C
FIGURE 173.Huernia oculata, A, B, Angola, Downs s.n.; CE, Kaokoveld, Namibia, Bruyns 8034. A, side view of dis-
sected flower; B, C, side view of gynostegium; D, papillae inside corolla in mouth of tube; E, pollinarium. Scale
bars: A, 5mm; B, C, 1mm (at B); D, 0.5mm (at B); E, 0.25mm (at B).
(annulus only slightly thickened and forced up-

wards by strong reflexion of mouth below bases
of lobes); lobes 8101517mm, deltate,
acute, spreading to reflexed. Corona 32.5
4.0mm, sessile, maroon; outer lobes 0.51.0mm
long, spreading but not fused to base of tube,
subquadrate, shortly and obtusely bilobed; in-
ner lobes 0.71.0mm long, maroon to orange,
adpressed to backs of anthers, shorter than to
exceeding them, tapering from broad transverse
dorsal gibbosity to small bristly acute apex.
Habitat: Stony slopes and flats under small

bushes and in crevices between rocks, 1000
1800m.
FIGURE 174.Distribution of Huernia oculata.

Distribution: Namibia. Tiras Mountains, west

Huernia plowesii L.C.Leach, Excelsa Taxon. Ser. of Helmeringhausen. Figure 175.
4: 134 (1988). Type: Namibia, Tiras Moun-
tains, Plowes 6761 (NBG, holo.; PRE, iso.). Voucher: Bruyns 5731 (WIND).
Dwarf densely mat-forming succulent to

300mm diam. Stems 1020(40)815mm, Huernia urceolata L.C.Leach, Fl. Pl. Africa 39:
4-angled, erect, tubercles tapering to small acute t. 1550 (1969). Type: from Angola.
tooth. Corolla 2540mm diam., rotate; inside
cream coarsely speckled with red or maroon Small clump-forming succulent 100500mm
on lobes, more densely on raised slightly shiny diam. Stems 201501525mm, erect, 5-an-
annulus, with minute papillae each with shortly gled, tubercles tapering into acuminate tooth.
acute apical bristle, mouth of tube with stiff fine Corolla 9121014mm, globose-urceolate,
to slightly clavate dark maroon bristles 13mm nodding; inside deep velvety purple-red on lobes
long; tube 4568mm, cupular, strongly to broad ring of white below middle of tube
pentagonal, mouth formed by raised annulus and deep maroon around corona, smooth; tube
FIGURE 175.Distribution of Huernia plowesii. FIGURE 177.Distribution of Huernia verekeri.
Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia in

higher parts of Kaokoveld. Figure 176.
Huernia verekeri Stent, Bull. Misc. Inform. 1933:

145 (1933). Type: from Zimbabwe.
Small clump-forming succulent to 500mm

diam. Stems 30100612mm, decumbent,
6-angled, tubercles tapering into slender acumi-
nate soft tooth. Corolla 3545mm diam., rotate;
inside cream on lobes becoming maroon in tube
changing to white towards base, with low papil-
FIGURE 176.Distribution of Huernia urceolata.
lae each tipped with a fine spike-like bristle; tube
23mm deep, shallowly bowl-shaped, obscurely
812mm deep, constricted towards mouth, not pentagonal; lobes 12165mm, narrowly
pentagonal; lobes 4547mm, narrowly del- lanceolate, attenuate, spreading, convex above.
tate, narrowly acute, spreading, slightly concave. Corona 2.534mm, sessile; outer lobes
Corona 35mm, deep red with blackish rim forming obscurely pentagonal to almost perfectly
on outer lobes, slightly raised above base of co- circular disc, cream; inner lobes 0.3mm long,
rolla; outer lobes <1mm long, descending so that adpressed to backs of anthers but not exceeding
edges of disc touch base of corolla tube, fused them, with very enlarged spreading to ascending
into obtusely pentagonal disc around gynostegi- obtuse dorsal gibbosity 0.50.7mm long at base,
um; inner lobes <1mm long, adpressed to backs tapering to narrowly obtuse bristly apex.
of anthers but not exceeding them, ovate, very
fleshy and swollen dorsally behind base. Habitat: Sandy flats under trees, 1100
1300m.
Habitat: Gravelly flats and stony slopes un-
der bushes and between rocks, 10001700m. Flowering time: Nov.Apr.
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Malawi,

Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe. In
Namibia mainly from Rundu and Tsumkwe east-
wards. Figure 177.
Voucher: Bruyns 2318 (NBG).
Note: Of the three subspecies recognised

(Bruyns 2005), only subsp. verekeri occurs in Na-
mibia.
Huernia zebrina N.E.Br., Fl. Cap. 4 (1): 921

Mat-forming succulent to 500mm diam.

Stems 15120820mm, 4- to 5-angled, erect
to decumbent, tubercles narrowing abruptly into
slender tooth. Corolla 3545(50)mm diam., ro- FIGURE 178.Huernia zebrina subsp. zebrina, Great Karas
tate; inside cream irregularly lined with red to Mountains, PVB 3533
maroon on lobes changing to circular dots on
shiny annulus, with minute spike-like papillae on
lobes but without bristles and papillae in tube; tube
6768mm, cupular, mouth formed by raised
annulus (annulus only slightly thickened and forced
upwards by strong reflexion below bases of lobes);
lobes 10151520mm, deltate, shortly acumi-
nate, spreading. Corona 3.54.05.06.5mm,
sessile, red to maroon with cream to yellow mar-
gins; outer lobes 1.52.0mm long, spreading but
not fused to base of tube, subquadrate, deeply to
shallowly bilobed into obtuse to truncate lobules;
inner lobes 0.71.0mm long, adpressed to backs of
anthers, shorter than to slightly exceeding them,
tapering from broad transverse dorsal gibbosity to
narrowly obtuse smooth apex. Figure 178.
Habitat: Gravelly flats under small bushes

FIGURE 179.Distribution of Huernia zebrina.
and between rocks, 10001500m.
Flowering time: Nov.Apr. Both Huernia thuretii F.Cels and H. volkartii

Peitsch. ex Werderm. are reputed to occur in Na-
Distribution: Botswana, Mozambique, Na- mibia (Leach 1988). For H. volkartii, Leach listed
mibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe. In two specimens in PRE, both without precise lo-
Namibia around the eastern foot of the Great cality and he considered that it was extremely
Karas Mountains and also recorded from the foot doubtful that either originated from Namibia.
of the Waterberg. Figure 179. For H. thuretii, only a photograph exists of a col-
Voucher: Bruyns 3533 (BOL, WIND). lection Giess 12411 from Nabibis in the Tiras
Mountains, southern Namibia (Leach 1988) and
Note: Of the two subspecies recognised this may have come from a cultivated plant. As
(Bruyns 2005), only subsp. zebrina occurs in Na- discussed in Bruyns (2005), the natural occur-
mibia. rence of this species in Namibia is doubtful.
Larryleachia Plowes Larryleachia marlothii (N.E.Br.) Plowes, Ex-

celsa 17: 7 (1996). Type: from South Africa.
Spineless non-rhizomatous succulent with 1 to
few stems. Stems 302002065mm, obscurely Trichocaulon dinteri A.Berger, Stap. u. Klein.: 30
12- to 19-angled, erect, cylindrical clavate to nearly (1910). Leachia dinteri (A.Berger) Plowes, Asklepios
56: 12 (1992). Leachiella dinteri (A.Berger) Plowes,
spherical, glabrous, smooth, grey-green, tubercu-
Asklepios 57: 16 (1992). Larryleachia dinteri (A.Berg-
late, each tubercle with small slightly flattened per- er) Plowes, Excelsa 17: 5 (1996). Hoodia dinteri
sistent leaf-rudiment <1mm long usually sunken (A.Berger) Halda, Acta Mus. Richnov. Sect. Natur. 5:
into depression near apex. Inflorescences glabrous, 31 (1998). Type: Namibia, Kalkhgel in der Namib 82
to 30 or more per stem towards apex, 1- to 6-flow- km stlich Swakopmund, Dinter 3136a (SAM, lecto.,
ered, sessile, pedicel 0.52.01mm, spreading. designated here).
Corolla 516mm diam., shallowly campanulate, Trichocaulon keetmanshoopense Dinter, Neue
rotate or with strongly reflexed lobes, deeply lobed; Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.: 57 (1914). Type: Namibia, zwischen
outside glabrous; inside mostly without annulus, Keetmanshoop und Aroab auf Karooschiefer in der
glabrous, smooth to papillate; tube 0.53.0mm Rhigozum-Steppe, Jan. 1910, Dinter 3258 (missing).
deep, bowl-shaped; lobes 262.05.5mm, Trichocaulon sinus-lderitzii Dinter, Neue Pfl.
spreading, ovate-deltate to lanceolate, convex Sdw.-Afr.: 59 (1914). Type: Namibia, auf Strand-
above from reflexed margins, margins eciliate; felsen, nrdlich von Lderitzbucht, zuerst 1897 wied-
gynostegial corona of 2 series of lobes partly in- er Jan. 1910 gesammelt, Dinter 3163 (missing).
tergrown, glabrous, sessile, 1.53.026mm;
outer lobes emarginate to deeply bifid, erect; inner Dwarf succulent with 330 stems. Stems
lobes dorsiventrally flattened, adpressed to backs of 301502055(65)mm, erect to spreading,
anthers, sometimes exceeding them and rising in clavate. Corolla 816mm diam., campanulate
centre in small column, with dorsal process in se- to rotate; inside mottled with red to dark
ries with outer lobules; anthers horizontal on top of red-brown on cream background, sometimes
style head, rectangular; pollinium D-shaped, with nearly uniformly dark purple-brown, smooth;
insertion-crest along outer edge. Follicles paired, tube 0.53.0mm deep, shallowly saucer-like to
erect to spreading against stems, terete-fusiform, cupular; lobes 2535mm, broadly ovate-
glabrous, smooth. deltate, acute, spreading, margins slightly to not
5 species, Namibia, South Africa. recurved. Corona 233.54.5mm, sessile, ir-
regularly spotted and lined with pink to maroon
on cream; outer lobes 1.52.0mm long, ascend-
Key to species ing, bifid to below middle into slender some-
times nearly terete widely divergent spreading to
1a. Corolla lobes strongly reflexed and pressed
ascending lobules, laterally fused towards base
against stem, margins folded back; papillae
on inner surface each tipped with horizontally
with inner lobes to form pouch; inner lobes 1.5
spreading cylindrical obtuse bristle . . . . . L. perlata 2.0mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers and
1b. Corolla not as above; papillae if present without exceeding them then rising in column in centre
apical bristle or apical bristle erect and very sometimes diverging at tips, linear, obtuse, occa-
minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. sionally with small obtuse dorsal projection near
2a. Flowers entirely without papillae inside; inner base in series with outer lobes. Figure 180.
corona mostly lacking dorsal projection . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. marlothii Habitat: Gravelly flats under small bushes,
2b. Flowers papillate inside, at least in mouth of co- often with windblown sand, 501200m.
rolla tube; inner corona with conspicuous dor-
sal projection confluent with horns of outer lobes . 3. Flowering time: Nov.May.
3a. Inner corona lobes either horizontally adpressed
to anthers and scarcely exceeding them, or Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
just meeting in centre but not rising in column mibia along Namib from near Orupembe to near
in centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. tirasmontana Oranjemund, also eastwards in south to Great
3b. Inner corona lobes meeting in centre and there Karas Mountains and Warmbad. Figure 181.
rising into column taller than height of outer
corona lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. picta Voucher: Giess & al. 6883 (WIND).
E D
G
FIGURE 180.Larryleachia marlothii, A, D, E, G, west of Torra Bay, Namibia, Russell 39; B, C, F, near Brandberg West,
Namibia, Van Rensburg s.n. A, B, face view of flower; C, side view of flower; D, side view of dissected flower; E, F,
face view of gynostegium; G, pollinarium. Scale bars: AC, 1mm (at A); D, 1mm; E, F, 1mm (at E); G, 0.25mm.
ta (Dinter) Plowes, Asklepios 57: 16 (1992).

Lavrania perlata (Dinter) Bruyns, S. African J.
Bot. 59: 342 (1993). Hoodia perlata (Dinter)
Halda, Acta Mus. Richnov. Sect. Natur. 5: 32
(1998). Type: Klinghardt Mountains, Sept.
1922, Dinter (B, lecto., Bruyns 1993).
Succulent shrublet with 110 stems. Stems

503002560mm, erect, cylindrical clavate.
Corolla 510mm diam., rotate; inside grey to
greenish white to grey spotted with deep maroon
to uniformly deep maroon, densely covered
with obtuse conical papillae each tipped with a
horizontally spreading cylindrical obtuse bristle;
tube 1.01.5mm deep, shallowly cupular; lobes
3.04.52.02.5mm, narrowly ovate-deltate,
acuminate, strongly reflexed and pressed against
FIGURE 181.Distribution of Larryleachia marlothii.
stem with bases raised into annulus around
mouth of tube, convex inside from strongly fold-
Note: There is no evidence that Berger saw ed back margins. Corona 2.52.03.5mm,
the specimen Dinter 3136a (SAM) and so this is irregularly red- to maroon-spotted on yellow
designated as the lectotype. to whitish, sessile; outer lobes 1mm long,
ascending, bifid to near middle into divergent
spreading lobules or emarginate and truncate,
Larryleachia perlata (Dinter) Plowes, Excelsa laterally fused in lower half to bases of inner
17: 9 (1996). Trichocaulon perlatum Dinter, lobes to form pouch; inner lobes 0.5mm long,
Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: adpressed to backs of anthers and sometimes
155 (1923). Leachia perlata (Dinter) Plow- exceeding them, deltoid to rectangular, acute
es, Asklepios 56: 14 (1992). Leachiella perla- to truncate or emarginate, with broad truncate
with dome-shaped papillae each often with short

apical bristle; tube 2mm deep, cupular, pen-
tagonal with inward-pointing bulges opposite
anthers; lobes 2335mm, ovate-deltate,
acute, spreading with strongly reflexed tips, mar-
gins slightly recurved. Corona 2.556mm,
whitish spotted with purple-black, raised on
very short stipe; outer lobes 1.52.5mm long,
spreading, bifid almost to base into widely diver-
gent spreading lobules, laterally fused near base
to inner lobes into shallow pouch; inner lobes
2.02.5mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers
and exceeding them then connivent-erect and
rising into column in centre, linear, obtuse, with
spreading narrowly conical dorsal projection
1.5mm long near base arising inside but con-
fluent with outer lobes. Figure 183.
FIGURE 182.Distribution of Larryleachia perlata.
nearly erect dorsal projection near base in series

with outer lobes.
Habitat: Stony slopes under small bushes

and between rocks, 2001600m.

mibia in the south from Klinghardt Mountains to
Marinkas Quellen near Ai-Ais. Figure 182.

FIGURE 183.Larryleachia picta, Great Karas Mountains,
PVB 5766.
Larryleachia picta (N.E.Br.) Plowes, Excelsa
17: 9 (1996) Type: from South Africa.
Trichocaulon meloforme Marloth, Trans. Roy.
Soc. S. Afr. 2: 239 (1912). Leachia meloformis (Mar-
loth) Plowes, Asklepios 56: 12 (1992). Leachiella
meloformis (Marloth) Plowes, Asklepios 57: 16 (1992).
Larryleachia meloformis (Marloth) Plowes, Excelsa 17:
7 (1996). Hoodia meloformis (Marloth) Halda, Acta
Mus. Richnov. Sect. Natur. 5: 32 (1998). Type: Na-
mibia between granite boulders near Aus, 1400m,
Marloth 4874 (PRE, holo.).
Trichocaulon engleri Dinter, Neue Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.:
56 (1914). Type: Namibia, Us Tal, nord-stlich von
Kanus, Engler 3083 = Dinter 3136 (SAM, holo.).
Dwarf succulent with 15stems. Stems 30

2002060mm, erect, clavate or spherical.
Corolla 816mm diam., shallowly campanulate;
inside with purple to red spots on white to pale
yellow, usually with dark patch on apex of lobes, FIGURE 184.Distribution of Larryleachia picta.
Habitat: Gravelly flats and slopes under small

bushes, 8001700m.
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In

Namibia in the south from Aus to Great Karas
Mountains and near Onseepkans. Figure 184.
Voucher: Pearson 4358 (BOL).
Larryleachia tirasmontana (Plowes) Plowes,

Excelsa 17: 15 (1996). Leachiella tirasmontana
Plowes, Brit. Cact. Succ. J. 11: 58 (1993). Hoo-
dia tirasmontana (Plowes) Halda, Acta Mus.
Richnov. Sect. Natur. 5: 32 (1998). Type: Na-
mibia, Tiras Mountains, Plowes 4306 (SRGH, FIGURE 185.Distribution of Larryleachia tirasmontana.
holo.).
Lavrania picta subsp. parvipunctata Bruyns, Bot. Lavrania Plowes
Jahrb. Syst. 115: 256 (1993). Type: Namibia, Tiras
Mountains, Heunis 6 (BOL, holo.). Spineless non-rhizomatous succulent shrub-
let 3100 stems. Stems 603002030mm,
Dwarf succulent mostly with 1 stem. Stem obscurely 10- to 12-angled, erect, glabrous, cy-
301802050mm, erect, clavate. Corolla lindrical, grey-green, each tubercle tipped with
89mm diam., shallowly campanulate; inside minute conical leaf-rudiment. Inflorescences gla-
cream finely spotted with red and with dark brous, 15 per stem mainly in lower half, 3- to
red area near apex of each lobe, with dome- 15-flowered, sessile, pedicel 21212mm,
shaped papillae each with minute apical bristle; spreading. Corolla 1316mm diam., rotate;
tube 2mm deep, cupular, pentagonal; lobes outside glabrous; inside spotted with red on yel-
23mm, ovate-deltate, acute, spreading, mar- low, without annulus, papillate; tube 1.01.5mm
deep, shallowly cup-shaped; lobes 346mm,
gins slightly recurved. Corona 2mm tall, 4mm
spreading, ovate-deltate, broadly acute, eciliate
broad, pale yellow spotted with red, raised on
margins slightly folded back; gynostegial corona
very short stipe; outer lobes 1.5mm long, as-
of 2 series of lobes partly intergrown, glabrous,
cending, bifid almost to base into widely diver- sessile, 25mm; outer lobes ascending, bifid
gent terete to flattened lobules usually with re- to middle into ascending very obtuse lobes later-
curved tips; inner lobes 2mm long, adpressed ally fused for whole length to dorsal projec-
to backs of anthers and exceeding them then tion of inner lobe; inner lobes <1mm long, dor-
connivent-ascending in centre and rising togeth- siventrally flattened, adpressed to backs of and
er for 0.5mm or less, with spreading conical shorter than anthers; anthers horizontal on top
dorsal projection <1mm long. of style head, rectangular; pollinium D-shaped,
with insertion-crest along outer edge. Follicles
Habitat: Gravelly flats and stony slopes under paired, erect, slenderly terete-fusiform, glabrous,
small bushes and between rocks, 10001700m. smooth.
Flowering time: Nov.Apr. 1 species, Namibia.
Distribution: Namibia. Along margins of Na-
mib from Tiras Mountains to Skeleton Coast. Fig- Lavrania haagnerae Plowes, Cact. Succ. J. (US)
ure 185. 58: 123 (1986). Hoodia haagnerae (Plowes)
Halda, Acta Mus. Richnov. Sect. Natur. 5: 33
Voucher: Bruyns 5702 (K, BOL). (1998). Type: Namibia, east of Sesfontein,
B
A
F
E
G H
FIGURE 186.Lavrania haagnerae, A, C, D, F, G, ?Khowarib Gorge, Namibia, Haagner sub Plowes 5046; B, E, H, near
Sesfontein, Namibia, Bruyns 4069. A, B, face view of flower; C, side view of dissected flower; D, E, face view of
gynostegium; F, papillae inside corolla beyond tube; G, H, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, B, 3mm (at A); C, 1mm; D,
E, 1mm (at E); F, 0.5mm (at E); G, H, 0.25mm (at E).
FIGURE 187.Lavrania haagnerae, near Sesfontein, PVB

4069. FIGURE 188.Distribution of Lavrania haagnerae.
Haagner sub Plowes 5046 (PRE, holo.). Fig- 1b. Inflorescence with 13 flowers opening in grad-
ures 186 & 187. ual succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
2a. Inner corona lobes not produced beyond an-
Habitat: Ledges on dolomitic cliffs, 800850m. thers and not rising in centre (always dor-
siventrally flattened), without any dorsal out-
Flowering time: Nov.Mar. growths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. caudata
2b. Inner corona lobes produced much beyond
Distribution: Namibia. In Namibia only anthers to become erect and often recurved
known in the dolomitic mountains east of Ses- (if not exceeding them then not dorsiventrally
fontein. Figure 188. flattened), often with dorsal appendages . . . . . . . . 3.
3a. Corolla white to cream with maroon to brown
Voucher: Bruyns 4069 (BOL). spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. albocastanea
3b. Corolla yellow to red or blackish, or spotted
with yellow on maroon but not white to cream
Orbea Haw. with dark spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.
4a. Inner corona lobes at most equalling anthers,
Spineless often rhizomatous succulent form- with terete to strongly laterally flattened re-
ing compact to diffuse clumps to 3m diam. Stems curved horn just behind apex (apex often pre-
10300425mm, 4-angled, decumbent to sent only as slight swelling beneath this horn) .
prostrate, glabrous, mottled with purple-brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. lutea
on grey-green, tubercles each tipped with soft 4b. Inner corona lobes much exceeding anthers
acute leaf-rudiment. Inflorescences glabrous, 13 and dorsiventrally flattened to nearly terete
per stem between base and apex, 1- to 40-flow- beyond them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.
ered, peduncle rarely up to 15mm long, pedicel 5a. Corolla 3545mm diam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. valida
3501.54.0mm. Corolla 10110mm diam., ro- 5b. Corolla 55110mm diam. . . . . . . . . . . O. huillensis
tate to campanulate, mostly deeply lobed; outside 6a. Inflorescences usually several per stem ar-
glabrous; inside sometimes with annulus around ranged along sides of stem especially, towards
mouth of tube, often reticulately rugulose, smooth apex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.
or papillae; tube to 10mm deep, mostly shallowly 6b. Inflorescence 1 per stem near base . . . . O. maculata
bowl-shaped or absent; lobes 335325mm, 7a. Corolla 620mm diam. . . . . . . . . O. schweinfurthii
deltate, acute, spreading, flat above, margins of- 7b. Corolla 2545mm diam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. lugardii
ten with vibratile clavate cilia; gynostegial corona
of 2 series of lobes partly intergrown, raised on
Orbea albocastanea (Marloth) Bruyns, Aloe 37:
stipe to 3mm long, 37412mm; outer lobes
73 (2001). Stapelia albocastanea Marloth,
often consisting of 5 discrete spreading to erect
Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. 3: 124 (1913). Car-
subquadrate lobes beneath the guide-rails often
alluma albocastanea (Marloth) L.C.Leach,
spreading around gynostegium behind anthers;
J. S. African Bot. 36: 174 (1970). Orbeopsis
inner lobes adpressed to backs of anthers, often
albocastanea (Marloth) L.C.Leach, Excelsa
exceeding them and connivent in column in cen-
Taxon. Ser. 1: 65 (1978). Type: Namibia, Mal-
tre, dorsiventrally flattened towards base, often
with laterally flattened fin-like dorsal appendage; tahhe, Marloth 5110 (PRE, holo.).
anthers horizontal on top of style head, rectangu- Stapelia caroli-schmidtii Dinter & A.Berger, Bot.
lar to semicircular; pollinium D-shaped, with Jahrb. Syst. 50, Suppl.: 592 (1914). Type: Namibia,
insertion-crest along outer edge. Follicles paired, flats near Bllsport, Dinter 2105 (SAM, holo.).
50150mm long, erect, terete-fusiform, slender,
glabrous, smooth. Mat-forming, sometimes rhizomatous suc-
culent to 500mm diam. Stems 208010
56 species (Bruyns 2002), Africa and tropical 16mm, obtusely 4-angled, stout, decumbent,
Arabia. often uniformly pale green, tubercles each ta-
pering into conical tooth. Inflorescence 1 per
Key to species stem near base, 3- to 30-flowered opening in
succession, peduncle eventually 1034mm,
1a. Inflorescence with (3)440 flowers opening in pedicel 30601.52.0mm, usually spread-
quick succession to simultaneously . . . . . . . . . . 2. ing on ground. Corolla 1830mm diam., rotate,
deeply lobed; inside cream with purple-brown Clump-forming non-rhizomatous succulent

spots, without annulus, rugulose-papillate; to 500mm diam. Stems 40150611mm,
tube 1.547mm, shallowly cupular; lobes obtusely 4-angled, erect to decumbent, pale
61245mm, ovate-deltate, acute, spread- greenish grey to olive-green flecked with red-
ing, convex above, with few spathulate marginal purple, tubercles each tapering into slender
cilia. Corona 68mm, sessile, brown attenuate spreading tooth to 25mm long. In-
and cream; outer lobes 2.02.51.52.0mm, florescence usually 1 per stem above middle, 3- to 7-
flowered, opening simultaneously, sessile,
spreading, rectangular with deeply notched
pedicel 9201.52.0mm. Corolla 3595mm
apex; inner lobes 45mm long, adpressed to
diam., rotate, very deeply lobed; inside yellow to
backs of anthers for half anthers length then greenish dotted with purple-brown to brick-red,
erect and recurved, laterally flattened, linear without annulus, lightly rugulose becoming more
with obtuse apex, with spreading terete dorsal coarse around middle of lobes, finely papillate;
horn near base 2mm long, fused laterally at tube 1.52.0mm deep, shallowly bowl-shaped;
base to outer series. lobes 1835511mm, with ovate base taper-
ing to slender tip, spreading, convex from re-
Habitat: Stony to gravelly flats under bushes, flexed margins, with spathulate purple marginal
10001700m. cilia 14mm long. Corona 3468mm, raised
on stout stipe, purple-red with pale patches; outer
Flowering time: Nov.Apr. lobes 1.52.0mm long, subquadrate, slightly bi-
fid into small obtuse to deltoid diverging lobules,
Distribution: Namibia. From around Mal- ascending; inner lobes 1.01.50.71.0mm, ad-
tahhe and in Great Karas Mountains. Figure pressed to backs of anthers and usually exceeding
189. them to meet and overlap in centre, dorsiventral-
ly flattened, rectangular, obtuse, slightly gib-
Voucher: Bruyns 3528 (BOL, WIND). bous on rear and there fused laterally to outer
lobes.
Orbea caudata (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Aloe 37: 73 Habitat: Sandy raised areas under trees in
(2001). Type: from Malawi. seasonally wet areas, 11001200m.
Orbea caudata subsp. rhodesiaca (L.C.Leach) Flowering time: Nov.Apr.
Bruyns, Aloe 37: 73 (2001). Type: from Zim-
babwe. Distribution: Namibia to Tanzania.
FIGURE 189.Distribution of Orbea albocastanea. FIGURE 190.Distribution of Orbea caudata.

Voucher: Bruyns 2338 (WIND). rugulose; tube 57mm deep, cupular; lobes 20
4559mm, ovate-lanceolate, narrowly attenu-
Note: Of the two subspecies recognised ate, spreading, convex above, sometimes with
(Bruyns 2002), only subsp. rhodesiaca occurs few maroon to white spathulate marginal cilia.
in Namibia, where it is only known in eastern Corona 3.54.55.58.0mm, raised on stipe
Caprivi around Lake Liambezi. Figure 190. 1.01.5mm long, deep purple-brown to orange;
outer lobes 1.53.01.52.5mm, spreading, ob-
Orbea huillensis (Hiern) Bruyns, Aloe 37: 74 long acute to truncate-dentate or deltoid, later-
(2001) Type: from Angola. ally fused towards base to sides of inner lobes;
Orbea huillensis subsp. huillensis of anthers then ascending and recurved, linear,
dorsiventrally flattened, terete above, obtuse
Caralluma tsumebensis Oberm. in A.C. White
& B. Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 3: 1163 (1937). Orbeopsis to slightly bifid apically, base swollen dorsally
tsumebensis (Oberm.) L.C.Leach, Excelsa Taxon. Ser. above outer lobes into rounded boss or series of
1: 68 (1978). Type: Namibia, cultivated specimen spreading teeth. Figure 191.
Tsumeb, Ngelsbach sub Tvl Mus. 32820 (PRE, holo.).
Habitat: Sandy to loamy ground often be-
Orbea huillensis subsp. flava Bruyns, Aloe 37: tween trees, 11001400m.
76 (2001). Orbeopsis flava (Bruyns) Plow-
es, Asklepios 118: 7 (2014). Type: Namib- Flowering time: Nov.Apr.
ia, northeast of Grootfontein, Bruyns 5522
(BOL, holo.).
Clump-forming succulent 0.153.00m diam. Zambia, Zimbabwe. In Namibia in northeast
Stems 404001530mm, prominently 4- from Grootfontein to Rundu.
angled, decumbent, grey-green, tubercles each
a prominent deltoid acute tooth with 2 denti- Vouchers: Bruyns 10342 (BOL, K, M, UPS,
cles near tip. Inflorescences 13 per stem mainly WIND), for subsp. flava; Strohbach 1453 (WIND)
near base, 5- to 40-flowered opening simul- for subsp. huillensis.
taneously, on peduncle 15510mm thick,
pedicels 104523mm. Corolla 55110mm Note: Of the two subspecies recognised
diam., rotate, deeply lobed; inside maroon, (Bruyns 2002), both occur in Namibia, with sub-
dark purple or yellow, without annulus, papillate- sp. flava endemic to Namibia. Figure 192.
FIGURE 191.Orbea huillensis subsp. flava, north of

Grootfontein, PVB 10342. FIGURE 192.Distribution of Orbea huillensis.
Orbea lugardii (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Aloe 37: 75 1- to 3-flowered developing in succession, sessile,
(2001). Type: from Botswana. pedicel 361.01.5mm. Corolla 3045mm
Caralluma longicuspis N.E.Br., Fl. Cap. 4 (1): 884 diam., campanulate to rotate, very deeply and
(1909). Type: Namibia, sub Pillans 14 (BOL, holo.). narrowly lobed; inside yellow-green, yellow, red,
brown with red or brown centre, without annulus,
Small clump-forming rhizomatous succulent not rugulose, finely papillate; tube 3658mm,
60500mm diam. Stems 40150612mm, ob- bowl-shaped; lobes 182534mm, deltate
tusely 4-angled, erect above ground, pale green towards base then slenderly acuminate, spread-
to silvery grey flecked with purple-brown, tuber- ing, convex with minute marginal cilia. Corona
cles tapering into conical spreading acuminate 64.56.0mm, raised on stipe <0.5mm long,
tooth. Inflorescences 26 per stem in upper half, red to purple-brown; outer lobes 12mm long,
D
I
C F G
FIGURE 193.Orbea lugardii, A, CG, I, Tsumeb, Namibia, Bruyns 2328; B, H, Prieska, South Africa, Bruyns 3282. A,
apex of stem; B, apex of tubercle; C, bud; D, face view of flower; E, side view of centre of dissected flower; F, side
view of gynostegium; G, H, face view of gynostegium; I, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, 2mm; B, F, G, H, 0.5mm (at
A); C, E, 3mm (at C); D, 5mm; I, 0.25mm (at A).
ascending, bifid into narrow acute diverging lob- Caralluma nebrownii A.Berger, Notizbl. Knigl.
ules; inner lobes 45mm long, adpressed to backs Bot. Gart. Berlin 4: 249 (1906). Type: Namibia, Bar-
of anthers then connivent-erect in column, dor- men, Dinter 1502 (K, iso.).
siventrally flattened, linear above narrowly ovate Caralluma brownii Dinter & A.Berger, Deut.
base, with square emarginate spreading gibbosity sdw. Afrik.: 113 (1909). Type: unknown.
laterally fused to and in series with outer lobes. Caralluma pseudonebrownii Dinter, Neue Pfl.
Figure 193. Sdw.-Afr.: 17 (1914). Caralluma nebrownii var. pseud-
onebrownii (Dinter) A.C.White & B.Sloane, Stap., ed.
Habitat: Stony to sandy flat areas among 2, 1: 377 (1937). Orbeopsis pseudonebrownii (Dinter)
bushes or trees, 10001500m. Plowes, Asklepios 118: 13 (2014). Type: Namibia, Keet-
manshoop, Dinter 2598 (SAM, lecto., Leach 1970).
Flowering time: Nov.Apr. Caralluma hahnii Nel in A.C.White & B.Sloane,
Stap., ed. 2, 3: 1164 (1937). Type: Namibia, Ovam-
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Af- boland, Ondonga (Ondangua?), Nel sub STE 7364
rica. Very widespread in Namibia, except in win- (missing).
ter-rainfall region in southwest. Figure 194.
Caralluma nebrownii var. discolor Nel in
A.C.White & B.Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 3: 1144 (1937).
Orbeopsis pseudonebrownii var. discolor (Nel) Plow-
es, Asklepios 118: 14 (2014). Type: Namibia, Tsamap,
Orbea lutea (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Aloe 37: 75 Rusch sub STE 7366 (BOL, holo.).
(2001). Type: from South Africa (lecto.,
Leach 1970). Clump-forming succulent to 1m diam.
Stems 301201025mm, obtusely 4-angled,
Orbea lutea subsp. vaga (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Aloe decumbent, grey-green mottled with red-brown,
37: 75 (2001). Stapelia vaga N.E.Br., Bull. tubercles each tapering into conical tooth. In-
Misc. Inform. 1895: 265 (1895). Caralluma florescence 1 per stem in lower half, 3- to 30-
vaga (N.E.Br.) A.C.White & B.Sloane, Stap., flowered, opening simultaneously, sessile,
ed. 2, 1: 381 (1937). Caralluma lutea subsp. pedicel 123034mm. Corolla 3565mm
vaga (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach, J. S. African Bot. diam., rotate; inside red-brown to nearly black or
36: 169 (1970). Orbeopsis lutea subsp. vaga rarely yellow, often mottled with yellow, without
(N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach, Excelsa Taxon. Ser. 1: annulus, rugulose-papillate; tube 2mm deep,
65 (1978). Orbeopsis vaga (N.E.Br.) Plowes, shallowly cupular; lobes 1835615mm, nar-
Asklepios 118: 11 (2014). Type: Namibia, rowly lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, spreading,
Ovamboland, Olukonda, Schinz 16 (K, holo.). with clavate marginal cilia. Corona 610mm,
raised slightly on stipe <1mm long, red- to pur-
ple-brown or blackish sometimes with yellow mar-
gins; outer lobes 23mm, subquadrate, nearly
contiguous, apex truncate-emarginate to toothed;
of anthers for half anthers length, somewhat
dorsiventrally flattened towards base, with apex
pressed to anthers, with erect recurved dorsal
horn (2.53.0mm long) behind apex usually with
smaller slender horn behind it, without dorsal gib-
bosities near base.
Habitat: Sandy to loamy flat areas among

low bushes or scattered trees, 11001700m.

FIGURE 194.Distribution of Orbea lugardii. South Africa, Zimbabwe. In Namibia widespread
FIGURE 195.Distribution of Orbea lutea.
from Ovamboland to arid south near Warmbad.

Figure 195.
Voucher: De Winter & Giess 6880 (M, SRGH,

WIND).
Note: Of the two subspecies recognised FIGURE 196.Orbea maculata subsp. kaokoensis, near
(Bruyns 2002), only subsp. vaga is found in Na- Chitado, Angola, PVB 10354.
mibia.
The type has usually been cited as Schinz Orbea maculata subsp. rangeana (Dinter &
2047 (K, holo.; Z, iso.). Leach (1970) mentioned A.Berger) Bruyns, Aloe 37: 76 (2001). Caral-
that the specimen at Kew was unnumbered and luma rangeana Dinter & A.Berger, Bot. Jahrb.
that it was likely to be the same as Schinz 2047 (Z). Syst. 50, Suppl.: 591 (1914), as rangei, Neue
Brown (1895) cited no number for the new spe- Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.: t. 50 (1914). Orbea rangea-
cies Stapelia vaga. The sheet at Kew has the num- na (Dinter & A.Berger) L.C.Leach, Excelsa
ber 16 on it and was annotated by N.E. Brown Taxon. Ser. 1: 51 (1978). Stapelia rangeana
as Type. Therefore, this is the holotype. There (Dinter & A.Berger) P.V.Heath, Calyx 1: 16
is no evidence that he saw any of the specimens (1992). Type: Namibia, Kuibis, Dinter 1226
at Z, where I was only able to find the specimens (missing). Neotype (Bruyns 2005): Namibia,
Onkumbi, Ovamboland, Sept. 1885, Schinz Kanus, April 1913, Dinter 2597a (SAM).
2041 and Olukonda, 14 Oct. 1885, Schinz 2042.
Piaranthus streyianus Nel, Desert Pl. Life 21: 99
(1949). Type: Namibia, Bllsport, Strey (missing).
Orbea maculata (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach, Excelsa Type: Desert Pl. Life 21: upper fig. on page 100 (lecto.,
Taxon. Ser. 1: 49 (1978). Type: from Botswa- Bruyns 2002).
na. Caralluma maculata var. brevidens H.Huber, Mitt.
Bot. Staatssamml. Mnchen 4: 33 (1961). Type: from
Orbea maculata subsp. kaokoensis Bruyns, Botswana.
Aloe 37: 75 (2001). Orbea kaokoensis (Bruyns)
Plowes, Bradleya 31: 162 (2013). Type: Na- Small rhizomatous succulent, forming
mibia, Kaokoveld, northwest of Opuwa, clumps to 100mm diam. connected by rhizomes.
Bruyns 4083 (BOL, holo.). Figure 196. Stems 20100615mm, prominently 4-angled,
erect above ground from horizontal rhizome to

500mm long, grey-green flecked with purple-
brown, tubercles each a prominent deltoid acute
tooth. Inflorescence 1 per stem near base, 1- to
5-flowered developing in gradual succession,
sessile, pedicel 25502mm, horizon-
tally spreading. Corolla 3075mm diam., rotate,
very deeply lobed; inside pale greenish yellow
to white transversely banded with red-purple to
maroon, with small annulus, smooth to slightly
papillate; tube 0.51.0mm deep, formed by small
annulus; lobes 1232615mm, oblong, obtuse
to subacute, spreading, convex from reflexed
margins, with flattened white to purple marginal
cilia 1.53.0mm long. Corona 3.54.54.5
7.0mm, dome-shaped, raised on stipe 12mm
long, yellow to orange or maroon; outer lobes FIGURE 197.Distribution of Orbea maculata.
disc-like around gynostegium, forming horizontal
platform 0.52.0mm wide below guide-rails with
swollen rectangular ridge 1.52.0mm long erect near apex, tubercle tapering into slender
behind anthers meeting inner lobes; inner lobes conical tooth. Inflorescences 14 per stem around
<1.0mm long, adpressed to and exceeding apex, sessile, 1- to 3-flowered developing in
backs of anthers, deltoid, subacute to truncate. gradual succession, pedicels 241mm. Co-
rolla 1015mm diam., rotate; inside yellow with
Habitat: Stony ground among trees or rocks, maroon spots, not rugulose, papillate, with slight
1001700m. annular thickening; tube <0.5mm deep; lobes
3.03.53mm, ovate-deltate, acute, spreading,
Flowering time: Nov.Apr. lightly convex above from slightly reflexed ecili-
Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, ate margins. Corona 27mm, raised on stipe
South Africa, Zimbabwe. Orbea maculata is 0.5mm long, pale yellow to cream speckled
widespread in Namibia, mainly associated with with purple; outer lobes horizontally spreading
the margins of the Namib Desert. Figure 197. and fused together laterally to form continuous
flat pentagonal disc-like structure (with corners
Vouchers: Bruyns 8036 (S, WIND) for sub- opposite anthers, 1.5mm broad from bases of
sp. kaokoensis; Bruyns 5720 (WIND) for subsp. inner lobes) around gynostegium with many-
rangeana. toothed to entire margin, with broad groove be-
neath each guide-rail; inner lobes 0.5mm long,
Note: Of three subspecies recognised (Bruyns
2002), two occur in Namibia: subsp. kaokoensis adpressed to backs of anthers and about half as
occurs in the Kaokoveld, while subsp. rangeana long as them, deltoid, usually with 14 short
has been recorded in the Namib Desert from obtuse apical teeth, dorsiventrally flattened.
near Orupembe to the Tiras Mountains and east-
wards to the Great Karas Mountains. This subspe- Habitat: Sandy raised patches under trees in
cies is endemic to Namibia. seasonally wet areas, 11001200m.

Orbea schweinfurthii (A.Berger) Bruyns, Aloe
37: 76 (2001). Type: from Zaire. Distribution: Namibia to Uganda. In Namibia
only known in eastern Caprivi around Lake Li-
Small diffusely mat-forming not rhizomatous ambezi. Figure 198.
succulent to 1m diam. Stems 30150412mm,
obscurely 4-angled, prostrate in lower half then Voucher: Bruyns 2293 (NBG, WIND).
FIGURE 198.Distribution of Orbea schweinfurthii. FIGURE 199.Distribution of Orbea valida.
Orbea valida (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Aloe 37: 76 Habitat: Sandy ground among trees, 1100
(2001) Type: from Botswana. 1300m.
Orbea valida subsp. occidentalis Bruyns, Aloe Flowering time: Nov.Apr.

37: 76 (2001). Orbeopsis occidentalis (Bruyns)
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, Zimba-
Plowes, Asklepios 118: 10 (2014). Type: from
bwe. In Namibia in northeast from east of Water-
Botswana.
berg to Rundu. Figure 199.
Clump-forming sometimes rhizomatous suc- Vouchers: Bruyns 10335 (BOL, E, S) for sub-
culent 80750mm diam. Stems 4020015 sp. occidentalis; Giess 11371 (WIND) for subsp.
25mm, prominently 4-angled, decumbent, grey- valida.
green usually marbled with red-purple, tubercles
each a prominent deltoid acute tooth with 2 den- Note: Both subspecies recognised (Bruyns
ticles near tip. Inflorescences 13 per stem mainly 2002) occur in Namibia.
near base, 5- to 40-flowered opening simulta-
neously, peduncle 15510mm, pedicels
104523mm. Corolla 3545mm diam., Orthanthera Wight
rotate, deeply lobed; inside deep maroon to Erect non-succulent nearly glabrous shrub
pinkish red, without annulus, papillate-rugulose; 0.51.0m tall or extensively spreading roughly
tube 26mm deep, cupular to shallowly cupular; pubescent creeper to 5m diam., sap clear.
lobes 152059mm, spreading, ovate-lan- Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, sessile or on
ceolate, narrowly attenuate, convex above, with petioles 215mm long, caducous to persistent,
few maroon to white spathulate marginal cilia to nearly glabrous to roughly pubescent. Inflores-
3mm long. Corona 3.54.55.58.0mm, raised cence a nearly sessile or pedunculate fascicle next
on stipe 1.01.5mm long, deep purple-brown; to leaf axil, finely to roughly pubescent. Corolla
outer lobes 1.53.01.52.5mm, spreading, ob- whitish, campanulate with slender tube, shortly
long acute to truncate-dentate or deltoid, later- pubescent outside, glabrous or pubescent within
ally fused towards base to sides of inner lobes; tube; tube 518mm long, cylindrical and some-
inner lobes 1.53.5mm long, adpressed to backs what swollen at base; lobes 2.512.0mm long,
of anthers then ascending and usually recurved, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, erect or spread-
linear, dorsiventrally flattened, terete above, ing; gynostegial corona in 1 series of 5 spreading
obtuse to slightly bifid apically, base swollen dor- lobes behind anthers; anthers without apical ap-
sally above outer lobes into rounded boss or se- pendage or with erect apical hairs; pollinia erect,
ries of spreading teeth. with distinct hyaline insertion crest near tip; style
head extended into cylindrical sometimes apical- Orthanthera albida Schinz, Verh. Bot. Vereins
ly bifid beak 1mm long but hidden by anthers. Prov. Brandenburg 30: 265 (1888). Type:
Follicles solitary by abortion, pendulous, fusiform Namibia, Karakoes, Schinz (Z, lecto., desig-
and beaked, 501001025mm, smooth and nated here).
glabrous to pubescent.
Erect non-succulent nearly glabrous shrub
4 species, south tropical Africa, India, Nepal 0.51.0m tall. Leaves linear, 205012mm,
and Pakistan. sessile, caducous to persistent, nearly glabrous. In-
florescence a nearly sessile fascicle next to leaf axil,
Key to species finely pubescent. Corolla grey-white, campanulate
with slender tube, shortly pubescent outside, gla-
1a. Erect, nearly glabrous shrub with leaves 12mm brous within tube; tube 4.56.0mm long, cylindri-
broad; corolla with tube ca. 5mm long, inside cal and slightly swollen at base; lobes 2.53.0mm
glabrous, lobes erect, 2.53mm long . . . . O. albida long, ovate-lanceolate, erect; gynostegial corona
1b. Procumbent creeper with roughly hairy stems, in 1 series of 5 spreading lobes behind anthers;
leaves and inflorescences, leaves 325mm anthers with erect apical hairs. Follicles solitary
broad; corolla with tube 1018mm long, in- by abortion, pendulous, fusiform and beaked,
side hairy in upper part, lobes widely spread- 501001025mm, smooth and glabrous, cream
ing, 612mm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O. jasminiflora streaked with purple-brown. Figures 200 & 201.
A
C
I H
FIGURE 200.Orthanthera albida, near Seeheim, Namibia, Bruyns. AC, portion of plant (showing leaves, flowers and fruit
respectively); D, bud; E, side view of flower; F, side view of dissected flower; G, side view of gynostegium; H, half-
flower; I, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, B, 3mm (at A); C, 10mm; DF, 2mm (at A); G, H, 1mm (at G); I, 0.25mm (at A).
FIGURE 201.Orthanthera albida, fruit, northwest of Keet-

manshoop, PVB. FIGURE 203.Orthanthera jasminiflora, southeast of
Oshakati, PVB 4112.
Orthanthera browniana Schinz, Verh. Bot. Ver-

eins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 264 (1888). Type: Namib-
ia, Omulongo, Ovamboland, Schinz 144 (Z, holo.; K,
iso.).
Extensively spreading roughly pubescent

mostly prostrate creeper to 5m diam. Leaves ovate
or ovate-lanceolate to linear, 2060325mm,
with petiole 215mm long, persistent, roughly
pubescent. Inflorescence a pedunculate fasci-
cle next to leaf axil, peduncles 840mm long,
finely to roughly pubescent. Corolla white, cam-
panulate with slender tube, shortly pubescent
outside, pubescent within tube; tube 1018mm
long, cylindrical and distinctly swollen at base;
FIGURE 202.Distribution of Orthanthera albida. lobes 612mm long, lanceolate, widely spread-
ing; gynostegial corona in 1 series of 5 spread-
ing lobes behind anthers; anthers without apical
Habitat: Rocky slopes and gravelly plains,
appendage. Follicles solitary by abortion, pendu-
201100m.
lous, fusiform and beaked, slightly dorsiventrally
Flowering time: recorded throughout year. flattened, 501001025mm, smooth and pu-
bescent. Figure 203.
mainly in coastal Namib from Cunene River to Habitat: Sandy savanna, 10001500m.
Walvis Bay and south of this to Keetmanshoop
and lower Fish River near Ai-Ais. Figure 202. Flowering time: Nov.Mar.
Voucher: De Winter & Leistner 5862 (K, Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia,
WIND, Z). South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe. In Namibia
common on disturbed, white sands in Ovambo-
land and southwards to Windhoek and Aroab.
Orthanthera jasminiflora (Decne.) Schinz, Figure 204.
Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 30: 265
(1888). Type: from Botswana. Voucher: Rodin 8910 (K, WIND).
7 species (Bruyns 2005), Botswana, Namib-

ia, South Africa.
Key to species
1a. Corolla flat and without distinct tube . . . P. cornutus
1b. Corolla with distinct tube including gynoste-
gium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. decipiens
Piaranthus cornutus N.E.Br., Fl. Cap. 4 (1):

Piaranthus cornutus var. cornutus

Piaranthus nebrownii Dinter, Neue Pfl. Sdw.-
Afr.: 47 (1914). Piaranthus pulcher var. nebrownii
(Dinter) A.C.White & B.Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 2: 797
FIGURE 204.Distribution of Orthanthera jasminiflora. (1937). Type: Namibia, Klein Karas, 9 Oct. 1913, J.
Dinter sub Dinter 3248 (SAM, holo.).
Piaranthus R.Br. Piaranthus cornutus var. ruschii (Nel) Bruyns,

Stap. Southern Africa & Madag. 2: 365
Dwarf spineless non-rhizomatous mat- (2005). Piarathus ruschii Nel in A.C. White &
forming succulent to 300mm diam. Stems B. Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 2: 813 (1937). Type:
10150820mm, obtusely 4- to 5-angled, Namibia, Pockenbank, E. Rusch (missing).
decumbent, glabrous, green to grey-green or Type: White & Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 2: fig.
reddish, sometimes mottled with purple, tuber- 822 (lecto., Meve 1997).
culate, each tubercle tipped by small tooth-like
leaf-rudiment. Inflorescences glabrous, 13 per Dwarf, tightly mat-forming succulent. Stems
stem towards apex, 1- to 5-flowered, on gradu- 1060mm long, globose, tubercles with del-
ally lengthening knobbly peduncle 215mm toid leaf-rudiment 0.31.2mm long. Corolla 15
long, pedicel 22512mm, erect with flower 28mm diam., rotate, often with ascending lobes;
facing upwards. Corolla 645mm diam., rotate inside white to yellow, usually with fine red to red-
to campanulate, deeply lobed; outside glabrous; brown dots or transverse bands; tube absent;
inside deep maroon to cream often mottled or lobes 812mm long, 35mm broad at base, nar-
striped with maroon, without annulus, finely rowly deltate, acuminate, ascending to spread-
papillate; tube to 47510mm, nearly ab- ing, rarely with few clavate vibratile marginal
sent to cupular; lobes 518212mm, spread- cilia up to 2mm long. Corona 2.55.03.5
ing, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, acute, con- 5.0mm, sessile, yellow sometimes spotted with
vex above with margins somewhat recurved, red-brown; outer lobes forming slightly to deeply
margins rarely ciliate; gynostegial corona of rugulose-tuberculate crest to 0.81.5mm broad
2 series of lobes partly intergrown (outer se- behind inner lobes; inner lobes 12mm long, ad-
ries apparently absent), 21327mm, gla- pressed to backs of anthers and exceeding them,
brous, sessile; outer lobes much reduced to usually steeply ascending towards centre. Fig-
rounded spreading ridge beneath guide-rail, ures 205 & 206.
often with ascending crest behind each inner
Habitat: Gravelly flats under small bushes,
lobe; inner lobes 110mm long, dorsiventrally 8001600m.
flattened, adpressed to backs of anthers below,
sometimes erect above; anthers horizontal on Flowering time: Nov.Apr.
top of style head, rectangular; pollinium ellip-
soidal, with insertion-crest along outer edge. Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
Follicles paired, erect, terete-fusiform, slender, mibia in the south from Aus to Rosh Pinah, Great
3014038mm, glabrous, smooth. Karas Mountains and Warmbad. Figure 207.
D
A
B
E
FIGURE 205.Piaranthus cornutus var. ruschii, near Rosh Pinah, Namibia, Bruyns 3064. A, face view of flower; B, side
view of dissected flower; C, side view of gynostegium; D, face view of gynostegium; E, pollinarium. Scale bars: A,
B, 3mm (at A); C, 1mm; D, 1mm (at A); E, 0.25mm (at A).
Vouchers: Walter 235 (WIND) for var. cornu- mottled with yellow; tube 410710mm, cu-
tus; Hall sub NBG 784/62 (NBG) for var. ruschii. pular, pentagonal; lobes 712mm long, 68mm
broad at base, deltate-ovate, acute, ascending to
Note: Both varieties recognised (Bruyns 2005) recurved, with clavate purplish vibratile marginal
occur in Namibia. cilia 1.52.2mm long. Corona 71067mm,
nearly sessile, purple to pink or pale brown; outer
lobes <1mm long, spreading, forming shallow
Piaranthus decipiens (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Syst. pouch joining bases of inner lobes; inner lobes
Bot. 24: 396 (1999). Type: from South Africa. 36mm long, initially incumbent on backs of an-
Small laxly mat-forming succulent. Stems thers then erect and connivent above them.
20150mm long, tubercles with narrowly del- Habitat: Sandy to loamy ground among
toid caducous leaf-rudiment 36mm long. Co- bushes and trees in flats, 10001600m.
rolla 2030mm diam., shallowly campanulate;
inside brown-red or brown sometimes finely
FIGURE 206.Piaranthus cornutus var. cornutus, west of

Grnau, PVB 3650. FIGURE 207.Distribution of Piaranthus cornutus.
often with obtuse dorsal process near base near-

ly in series with outer lobes; anthers horizontal
on top of style head, rectangular; pollinium el-
lipsoidal, with insertion-crest along outer edge.
Follicles paired, erect, terete-fusiform, slender,
glabrous, smooth.
19 species, mainly winter-rainfall parts of

Namibia, South Africa.
Key to species
1a. Stems tapering to apex; corolla face lightly ru-

gulose (not raised into discrete papillae), cov-
ered with fine crinkled hairs . . . . . . . . . Q. pruinosa
1b. Stems not tapering; corolla face smooth or
papillate, glabrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
FIGURE 208.Distribution of Piaranthus decipiens. 2a. Corolla uniformly cream or white within (some
times suffused with pale pink) . . . . . . . . Q. incarnata
Flowering time: Nov.Mar. 2b. Corolla lobes purple to dark purple or mottled
with purple, brown or red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Af- 3a. Corolla lobes longitudinally folded along middle
rica. In Namibia in the central part from Nauchas so as to be keeled on upper surface; pedicel
to Gobabis. Figure 208. >1.5mm thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q. mammillaris
3b. Corolla lobes not folded longitudinally (without
Voucher: Giess 13917 (M, WIND). keel); pedicel at most 1mm thick . . . . Q. acutiloba
Quaqua N.E.Br. Quaqua acutiloba (N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Bradleya

1: 44 (1983). Type: from South Africa.
Often spiky non-rhizomatous shrub- to
clump-forming succulent to 500mm diam. Stems Clump-forming succulent 80300mm diam.
505001540mm, 4- to 5-angled, erect to Stems 401501520mm, 4- to 5-angled, de-
spreading, hard, glabrous, grey- to purplish green, cumbent, green to brown, tubercles each tipped
with sharp tooth. Inflorescences of 13 usually suc-
tubercles each tipped with a hardened conical
cessively opening flowers, pedicel 121mm.
tooth. Inflorescences glabrous, 120 per stem in
Corolla 8.513.5mm diam., campanulate to ro-
upper part, often in vertical series in grooves
tate; inside purple-black or yellow-green to mot-
on opposite sides of stem, 1- to 15-flowered,
tled with purple-black on yellow-green, glabrous
sessile; pedicel 180.52.0mm. Corolla
and smooth; tube <1.5mm deep, shallowly V-
725mm diam., rotate to campanulate, mostly
shaped; lobes 362.53.5mm, deltate, ascend-
deeply lobed; outside glabrous; inside papillate
ing to spreading. Corona 1.31.53.03.8mm,
to smooth, glabrous or with fine crinkled hairs; dark maroon to red or yellow, sessile; outer lobes
tube 05mm deep, cupular; lobes 215mm long, <1mm long, divided into 2 erect deltoid lob-
ovate-lanceolate to linear, acute, spreading, con- ules; inner lobes 1mm long, adpressed to
vex above, margins eciliate; gynostegial corona of backs of anthers and exceeding them but usually
2 series of lobes partly intergrown, glabrous, of- not meeting in centre, linear to deltoid, obtuse
ten raised on short stipe, 1.54.5mm diam.; outer to emarginate, dorsiventrally flattened, with low
lobes 0.52.0mm long, bifid into small erect teeth obtuse dorsal projection near outer lobes.
between inner corona lobes laterally fused with
bases of inner lobes, dorsiventrally flattened; in- Habitat: Stony ground among scattered low
ner lobes 0.32.0mm long, adpressed to backs of shrubs, 5001600m.
anthers, sometimes exceeding them and rising in
centre in small column, dorsiventrally flattened, Flowering time: Mar.May.
FIGURE 210.Quaqua incarnata subsp. hottentotorum,

FIGURE 209.Distribution of Quaqua acutiloba. near Witptz, PVB 7201.
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- forming pouch; inner lobes <0.5mm long, ad-
mibia from Aus to north of Rosh Pinah. Figure 209. pressed to and shorter than backs of anthers,
deltoid to rectangular, obtuse to acute, dor-
Voucher: Bruyns 3174 (NBG). siventrally flattened, without dorsal projection.
Figure 210.
Quaqua incarnata (L.f.) Bruyns, Bradleya 1: 39 Habitat: Stony often steep ground among
(1983). Type: from South Africa. scattered low shrubs, 6001600m.
Quaqua incarnata subsp. hottentotorum
Flowering time: Mar.May.
(N.E.Br.) Bruyns, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 121: 370
(1999). Type: from South Africa. Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
Caralluma ausana Dinter & A.Berger, Feddes mibia from Aus to south of Rosh Pinah. Figure 211.
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 354 (1918). Type:
Namibia, near Aus, Dinter 1145 (missing). Neotype Voucher: Bruyns 3210 (NBG).
(Bruyns 1999): Namibia, Aus, Dinter 6210 (K, neo.;
duplicates in BOL, SAM, Z).
Small clump-forming succulent 60300mm

diam. Stems 503001232mm, 4-angled,
decumbent, greyish green to brown, tubercles
each tipped by sharp tooth. Inflorescences of
310 simultaneously opening flowers, pedi-
cel 130.51.0mm. Corolla 725mm diam.,
campanulate; inside cream to pale yellow, with
stiff bristles in mouth of tube and around bases
of lobes, otherwise smooth and glabrous; tube
1.02.5mm deep, cupular; lobes 2102.0
2.5mm, ascending to spreading, narrowly del-
tate to lanceolate, longitudinally folded. Corona
1.01.62.02.3mm, yellow, raised on short
stipe; outer lobes 0.5mm long, ascending to
erect, shallowly bifid into erect deltoid teeth
joined laterally to bases of inner lobes and so FIGURE 211.Distribution of Quaqua incarnata.
Note: Of the three subspecies recognised black on lobes, purple-black mottled on cream
(Bruyns 1999), only subp. hottentotorum occurs in tube, with conical bristle-tipped papillae
in Namibia. around mouth of tube; tube 355mm, cu-
pular; lobes 10204.57.0mm, narrowly lan-
Quaqua mammillaris (L.) Bruyns, Bradleya 1: ceolate, acuminate, erect to spreading, strongly
63 (1983). Type: from South Africa (lecto., longitudinally folded back down middle. Corona
Bruyns 1983). 34.04.5mm, dark purple-brown, raised on
short stipe; outer lobes 1.52.0mm long, erect,
Sarcophagophilus winklerianus Dinter, Feddes
Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 156 (1923), as Sar-
bifid into erect deltoid teeth, laterally fused with
cophagophilus winkleri. Caralluma winkleriana (Dinter) bases of inner lobes to form deep pouch; inner
A.C.White & B.Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 1: 277 (1937), as lobes 1mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers
Caralluma winkleri. Type: Namibia, Klinghardt Moun- and exceeding them, connivent-erect into small
tains, 1922, Dinter 4722 (PRE, holo.; WIND, iso.). column in centre, linear, obtuse, dorsiventrally
Sarcophagophilus armatus Dinter, Feddes Rep- flattened, with erect dorsal projection slightly in
ert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg., Beih. 53: 107 (1928) non front of outer lobes. Figure 212.
(N.E.Br.) Dinter (1928). Type: Namibia, Vahldorn,
Dinter 5112 (PRE, lecto., Bruyns 1999; duplicates in Habitat: Stony ground among scattered low
BOL, SAM). shrubs, 3001000m.
Succulent shrub to 600mm diam., rooting Flowering time: Mar.May.
from central stem only. Stems 12050015
40mm, irregularly 4- to 5-angled, erect, green Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
to brown, tubercles each tipped with sharp mibia from Klinghardt Mountains to southeast of
tooth. Inflorescences of 315 simultaneously Ai-Ais and southeast of Warmbad. Figure 213.
opening flowers, pedicel 232mm. Corolla
2027mm diam., campanulate; inside purple- Voucher: Dinter 6537 (BOL, K).
E D
F
FIGURE 212.Quaqua mammillaris, Little Karoo, South Africa, Bruyns 2616. A, side view of flower; B, bud; C, side view
of centre of dissected flower; D, side view of gynostegium; E, papillae inside corolla in mouth of tube; F, polli-
narium. Scale bars: A, B, 3mm (at A); C, 2mm; D, 1mm; E, 0.5mm (at A); F, 0.25mm (at A).
FIGURE 213.Distribution of Quaqua mammillaris. FIGURE 214.Distribution of Quaqua pruinosa.
Quaqua pruinosa (Masson) Bruyns, Bradleya 1: Stapelia L.

74 (1983). Type: from South Africa (lecto.,
Bruyns 1983). Spineless clump-forming succulent to 1m
diam. Stems 20300425mm, 4-angled, erect
Diffuse succulent shrub branching above to decumbent, pubescent, green sometimes mot-
ground from centrally rooted stem. Stems 100 tled with purple, tubercles each with small erect
5001015(20)mm, 4-angled, erect then deltoid-lanceolate caducous leaf-rudiment. Inflo-
spreading horizontally and somewhat tapering rescences pubescent, 13per stem, from base to
towards apex, greyish green to almost black, tu- near apex, 1- to 5-flowered developing in gradual
bercles very obscure, each with minute tooth. succession, sessile, pedicel 3801.54.0mm.
Inflorescences of 13 successively opening flow- Corolla 8200mm diam., rotate, deeply lobed;
ers; pedicel 280.51.0mm. Corolla 713mm outside finely pubescent; inside transversely ru-
diam., rotate; inside dark maroon, rugulose, gulose, usually hairy; tube <5mm long, usually
with fine crinkled white hairs to 1mm long; pentagonal; lobes 8100535mm, spreading,
tube 0.5mm long, shallow to absent; lobes deltate or ovate to narrowly lanceolate, convex
252.53.0mm, deltate to ovate, acute, spread- above, margins usually finely ciliate; gynoste-
ing. Corona 22.22.5mm, black and reddish gial corona of 2 series of lobes intergrown only
towards base, sessile; outer lobes <0.5mm long, near bases, glabrous, raised on stipe 12mm
shallowly bifid into small erect deltoid teeth; in- tall, 2.519.0515mm; outer lobes ascending,
ner lobes <1mm long, adpressed to backs of an- simple, channelled on upper surface; inner lobes
thers and exceeding them, linear to deltoid with adpressed to backs of anthers, exceeding them to
notched to obtuse apex, dorsiventrally flattened, meet in centre or connivent and then diverging,
with short ridge-like dorsal projection near base. dorsiventrally flattened towards base, mostly with
conspicuous laterally flattened dorsal appendage
Habitat: Stony ground among scattered low
near base; anthers horizontal on top of style head,
shrubs, 8001000m.
rectangular to obtriangular; pollinium D-shaped,
Flowering time: Mar.May. with insertion-crest along outer edge. Follicles
paired, erect, terete-fusiform, slender, pubescent,
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- smooth.
mibia from east of Rosh Pinah to southwest of
Ai-Ais. Figure 214. 27 species (Bruyns 2005), Angola, Botswana,
Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South
Voucher: Bruyns 3153 (NBG). Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe.
Key to species
1a. Inner corona lobes not exceeding 3.5mm long,

often shorter than or only slightly longer than
anthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Inner corona lobes more than 4mm long, al-
ways much exceeding anthers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2a. Pedicel at least 30mm long (usually >50mm
long), spreading with upturned apex holding
flower facing upwards on ground . . . . . S. similis
2b. Pedicel 1030 mm long and spreading with
flowers facing outwards from stems or to
50mm long and erect with flower facing up-
wards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. kwebensis
3a. Corolla lobes with vibratile cilia along margins,
mainly towards base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. schinzii
3b. Corolla lobes without vibratile cilia along margins . . . . 4.
4a. Inside of corolla with clavate hairs on united
FIGURE 215.Distribution of Stapelia flavopurpurea.
part below lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. flavopurpurea
4b. Inside of corolla with fine hairs or glabrous . . . . . . . 5.
5a. Outer corona lobes narrowly deltoid; inner 231.01.5mm, steeply ascending, rectangu-
lobes with slender dorsal horn as broad as lar, truncate and prominently apiculate, deeply
thick; flower <50mm diam. . . . . . . . . S. pearsonii channelled; inner lobes 69mm long, adpressed
5b. Outer corona lobes parallel-sided with trun- to backs of anthers then connivent-erect then re-
cate to crenulate apex; inner lobes with broad curved, dorsiventrally flattened at base, then be-
dorsal horn much broader than thick; flower
coming slender terete with slightly swollen apex,
usually >50mm diam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. hirsuta
with ascending narrowly deltoid and laterally flat-
tened dorsal wing 45mm long.
Stapelia flavopurpurea Marloth, Trans. S. Af-
rican Philos. Soc. 18: 48, t. 5, fig. 1 (1907). Habitat: Stony ground under low shrubs,
Type: from South Africa. 8001700m.
Stapelia fleckii A.Berger & Schltr., Vierteljahrs
schr. Naturf. Ges. Zrich 53: 490 (1909). Stapelia flavo-
purpurea var. fleckii (A.Berger & Schltr.) A.C.White
& B.Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 2: 495 (1937). Gonoste- Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na-
mon flavopurpureus var. fleckii (A.Berger & Schltr.) mibia from Nauchas southwards to Witptz and
P.V.Heath, Calyx 3: 8 (1993). Type: Namibia, Reho- to Great Karas Mountains. Figure 215.
both, Fleck 248a (Z, lecto., Bruyns 2005).
Small clump-forming succulent to 200mm
diam. Stems 2060615mm, decumbent, sand-
papery-pubescent, green suffused with purple, leaf- Stapelia hirsuta L., Sp. Pl. 1: 217 (1753). Type:
rudiments 1.01.5mm long. Inflorescences 14 per from South Africa (lecto., Brown 19079:
stem near apex, 1- to 5-flowered, sessile, pedicel 939).
15301.5mm, erect with flower facing upwards.
Corolla 2550mm diam., rotate, deeply lobed; in- Stapelia hirsuta var. gariepensis (Pillans)
side green, yellow, brown or pale red on lobes to Bruyns, Stap. Southern Africa & Madag. 2:
white below, transversely rugose on lobes, in cen- 464 (2005). Type: from South Africa.
tre with translucent white to dark purple clavate Stapelia johni-lavrani J.J.Halda, Acta Mus. Rich-
hairs <0.5mm long; tube 1.52.058mm, nov. Sect. Natur. 5: 42 (1998). Type: Namibia, near
cupular; lobes 102346mm, narrowly ovate Rosh Pinah, Halda 9708416 (?).
to lanceolate, acute, spreading, convex above,
margins eciliate. Corona 91010mm, red- Clump-forming succulent 80500mm diam.
purple to white, raised on short stipe; outer lobes Stems 501201020mm, decumbent, short-
Stapelia kwebensis N.E.Br., Fl. Trop. Afr. 4 (1):

501 (1903). Type: from Botswana (lecto.,
Leach 1985).
Stapelia kwebensis var. longipedicellata A.Berger,
Stap. u. Klein.: 318 (1910). Stapelia longipedicel-
lata (A.Berger) N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. Inform. 1913:
303 (1913). Gonostemon longipedicellatus (A.Berger)
P.V.Heath, Calyx 1: 19 (1992). Type: Namibia, near
Olukonda, Sept. 1885, Schinz (Z, lecto., Bruyns 2005).

diam. Stems 60200815mm, erect to de-
cumbent, shortly pubescent, grey-green with
darker green to purple between angles, leaf-
rudiments 27mm long, lanceolate. Inflores-
cences 13 per stem at any height on stem, 1-
FIGURE 216.Distribution of Stapelia hirsuta. to 6-flowered, peduncle 540mm long, stout,
pedicel 10501.5mm, ascending to spread-
ing. Corolla 1545mm diam., rotate; inside
ly pubescent, green mottled with red, leaf-
purple- to red- to yellow-brown (or greenish),
rudiments 12mm long. Inflorescence pubescent,
faintly to boldly transversely rugulose, glabrous,
1 per stem near base, 1- to 3-flowered, peduncle
finely papillate; tube 355mm, shallowly
<5mm long, pedicel 2010024mm, spread-
bowl-shaped to cupular, rarely slightly pen-
ing with ascending apex. Corolla 50140mm
tagonal; lobes 51579mm, ovate, acumi-
diam., rotate, deeply lobed; inside purple-red,
nate, spreading, convex above. Corona 2.5
faintly transversely rugose, with fine purplish
3.53.5mm, purple-red to red, raised on
hairs towards centre; tube <5mm deep, shallow-
stipe <0.5mm long; outer lobes 0.51.0
ly bowl-shaped; lobes 2555835mm, ovate-
1.5mm, spreading, rectangular, truncate to
lanceolate, acute, spreading to reflexed. Corona
sometimes subacute; inner lobes 0.500.75mm
516612mm, purple-red, raised on stipe 1.0
long, adpressed to backs of anthers and some-
1.5mm tall; outer lobes 462mm, spread-
times slightly exceeding them, dorsiventrally flat-
ing with recurved acute to toothed apex, linear
tened, deltoid to lanceolate, acute, slightly swol-
to oblong, deeply channelled above; inner lobes
len dorsally at base. Figures 217 & 218.
2.512.0mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers
then connivent-erect and strongly recurved, dor-
siventrally flattened near base becoming laterally
flattened above, with laterally flattened spreading
deltoid to lanceolate dorsal wing in lower half.
Habitat: Stony or loamy ground among scat-

tered low shrubs, 2001300m.

mibia from east of Rosh Pinah to southwest of
Ai-Ais. Figure 216.
Note: of the five varieties recognised (Bruyns FIGURE 217.Stapelia kwebensis, north of Grootfontein,
2005), only var. gariepensis is found in Namibia. PVB 5506.
A
C
G
E
FIGURE 218.Stapelia kwebensis, A, B, C, E, Goaseb Schlucht, Brandberg, Namibia, Bruyns 2355; D, F, near Aroab, Na-
mibia, Bruyns 3574. A, side view of flower; B, face view of flower; C, D, side view of gynostegium; E, F, face view
of gynostegium; G, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, B, 3mm (at B); CF, 1mm (at E); G, 0.25mm (at B).
Habitat: Stony or loamy to sandy ground Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Mozam-

among scattered low shrubs and trees, 800 bique, Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe. Wide-
1700m. spread in Namibia except in very arid south and
southwest. Figure 219.
Voucher: Leach & Cannell 15032 (M, PRE,
WIND).
Stapelia pearsonii N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. Inform.

1913: 304 (1913). Gonostemon pearsonii
(N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath, Calyx 1: 19 (1992). Type:
Namibia, Great Karas Mountains, Pearson
8539 (K, holo.; BOL, PRE, iso.).

diam. Stems 208058mm, erect, short-
ly pubescent, grey-green, with darker green
and purple between angles, leaf-rudiments
0.51.0mm long. Inflorescence pubescent, 1
per stem near base, 1- to 6-flowered, sessile,
pedicel 30401.5mm, ascending with flower
facing upwards. Corolla 3550mm diam., ro-
FIGURE 219.Distribution of Stapelia kwebensis. tate, deeply lobed; inside pale yellow-brown to
Stapelia schinzii var. schinzii
Stapelia schinzii var. angolensis Kers, Bot.

Notiser 122: 176 (1969). Type: from Angola.
Stapelia schinzii var. bergeriana (Dinter)

L.C.Leach, Excelsa Taxon. Ser. 3: 74 (1985).
S. bergeriana Dinter, Neue Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.: 51
(1914). Gonostemon schinzii var. bergerianus
(Dinter) P.V.Heath, Calyx 1: 18 (1992). Type:
Namibia, Dinter 2697 (SAM, lecto., Leach
1985).
Clump-forming succulent 0.151.00m diam.

Stems 30100520mm, decumbent to
creeping, glabrous, purple to green or
grey mottled with purple, leaf-rudiments 1.5
FIGURE 220.Distribution of Stapelia pearsonii. 6.0mm long. Inflorescences shortly pubescent
to glabrous, 1 per stem towards base, 1- to
3-flowered, peduncle to 10mm long, pedicel
deep red-brown, finely transversely rugulose, 156036mm, spreading. Corolla 70220mm
glabrous; tube 1346mm, bowl-shaped; diam., rotate, deeply lobed; inside reddish pur-
lobes 12158mm, narrowly ovate, acute, ple to greenish yellow, finely and densely trans-
spreading, convex above, margins eciliate. Co- versely rugulose (rarely shiny and smooth),
rona 68mm, dark purple-brown to red and glabrous; tube 24mm deep; lobes 509013
somewhat shiny, raised on stipe 12mm long; 20mm, ovate-acuminate to caudate, spreading,
outer lobes 341mm, spreading, narrowly del- concave near base but convex above, margins
toid, obtuse, slightly channelled towards base; at least in lower half with dense beard of vibra-
inner lobes 34mm long, adpressed to backs of tile purple clavate cilia 34mm long. Corona
anthers then connivent-erect in column above 1112810mm, dark purple-red, raised
style apex and recurved above, dorsiventrally on stipe 1.5mm tall; outer lobes 34mm long,
flattened towards base becoming slender terete ascending and spreading, oblong to rectangular
above, with slender acuminate spreading later- or deltoid, acute to apiculate, lightly channelled
ally flattened dorsal wing near base. above; inner lobes 69mm long, adpressed to
backs of anthers then erect and divergent, dor-
Habitat: Stony often steep ground among siventrally flattened below becoming concave or
scattered low shrubs, 12002100m.
Distribution: Namibia. Great Karas Moun-

tains. Figure 220.
Voucher: Giess & Mueller 12410 (M, PRE,

WIND).
Stapelia schinzii A.Berger & Schltr., Viertel-

jahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zrich 53: 491 (1909).
Gonostemon schinzii (A.Berger & Schltr.)
P.V.Heath, Calyx 1: 18 (1992). Type: Namib-
ia, Hereroland, near Okomita, Dinter 450 (Z,
holo.; PRE, iso., photo only). FIGURE 221.Stapelia schinzii, Kaoko Otavi, PVB 5570.
FIGURE 222.Distribution of Stapelia schinzii. FIGURE 223.Distribution of Stapelia similis.
terete above, lanceolate, acute, with broad later- Stapelia noachabibensis C.A.Lckh., S.A.G. 28:
ally flattened ascending to erect ovate-acute to 228 (1938). Type: Namibia, Noachebib, E. Rusch sub
Lckhoff 257 (missing). Type: S.A.G. 28: fig. (lecto.,
oblong and truncate or dorsal horn fused to and
Bruyns 2005).
slightly shorter than lobe. Figure 221.
Small clump-forming succulent mostly
Habitat: Stony ground among scattered low <150mm diam. Stems 20120(150) 512mm,
shrubs, 8001700m. erect, shortly pubescent, pale green with purple
between angles, leaf-rudiments 1.01.5mm long.
Flowering time: Mar.May. Inflorescences pubescent, usually 1 per stem near
base, 1- to 6-flowered, peduncle to 20mm long,
Distribution: Angola, Namibia. Widespread in
pedicel 30801.52.5mm, spreading with up-
Namibia except in southwest, south of Witptz and
turned apex. Corolla 1528mm diam., rotate to
in sandy eastern flank of the country. Figure 222.
shallowly campanulate; inside yellow-brown to
Vouchers: Bruyns 7999 (WIND) for var. an- dark brown or almost black, coarsely transversely
golensis; Bruyns 1998 (NBG) for var. bergeriana; rugulose, glabrous; tube 1.54.06mm, cu-
Leach & Bayliss 13018 (K, NBG, PRE) for var. pular; lobes 61056mm, ovate-deltate, acute
schinzii. to shortly acuminate, spreading, convex above,
margins eciliate. Corona 335mm, red-
Note: All three varieties recognised (Leach brown to black, raised on stipe <1mm long; out-
1985) occur in Namibia. er lobes 12mm, spreading below middle of
tube, rectangular, truncate to rounded, some-
what channelled on upper surface towards base;
Stapelia similis N.E.Br., Bull. Misc. Inform. inner lobes 1.01.5mm long, adpressed to backs
1911: 358 (1911). Type: from South Africa. of anthers and equalling them, dorsiventrally
Stapelia juttae Dinter, Neue Pfl. Sdw.-Afr.: 53, flattened, deltoid, acute, sometimes with slight
t. 60 (1914). Gonostemon similis var. juttae (Dinter) dorsal swelling near base.
P.V.Heath, Calyx 3: 9 (1993). Type: Namibia, Kanus,
Engler sub Dinter 3252 (SAM, lecto., Bruyns 2005). Habitat: Stony ground among scattered low
shrubs, 8001700m.
Stapelia portae-taurinae Dinter & A.Berger, Bot.
Jahrb. Syst. 50, Suppl.: 592 (1914). Gonostemon simi- Flowering time: Mar.May.
lis var. portae-taurinae (Dinter & A.Berger) P.V.Heath,
Calyx 3: 9 (1993). Type: Namibia, Bllsport, Dinter Distribution: Angola, Namibia, South Africa.
2596 (SAM, holo.). In Namibia from Naukluft southwards. Figure 223.
Voucher: Bruyns 5674 (WIND). 1b. Outside of corolla glabrous and shiny; outer
corona tube enclosing lower half of column,
Note: Stapelia olivacea N.E.Br. is represented lobes bifid into small outward-pointing teeth .
for Namibia by a single specimen (Leach 1985) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. urniflora
of rather doubtful provenance and has been ex-
cluded from this account.
Stapeliopsis neronis Pillans, S. Afr. Garden. &
Stapelia remota R.A.Dyer was claimed to Country Life 18: 32 (1928). Type: from South
have been found in the valley west of the Baynes Africa.
Mountains in northern Namibia. However, as
discussed in Bruyns (2005), this species has not Small non-rhizomatous clump-forming suc-
been relocated and may have been a hybrid of culent 100300mm diam. Stems 4015020
cultivation. 35mm, decumbent, blue-green mottled with pur-
ple, minutely pubescent, tubercles each tapering
abruptly to minute conical tooth. Inflorescence
Stapeliopsis Pillans minutely pubescent, pedicel 5102mm.
Corolla 17281116mm diam., ellipsoidal;
Spineless clump-forming sometimes rhi- outside finely pubescent, deep purple; inside
zomatous succulent to 300mm diam. Stems 20 white on lobes and mouth of tube, deep purple
100435mm, 4-angled, decumbent or erect, below, papillate in tube only, each papilla with
finely papillate-pubescent, blue-green mottled apical bristle to 1.25mm long near base of tube;
with purple; tubercles tapering to small tooth. tube 12241315mm to 1.01.5mm broad
Inflorescence glabrous to minutely pubescent, 1 at mouth, ellipsoidal; lobes 453mm, nar-
per stem near base, 1- to 6-flowered develop- rowly deltate, acute, erect, convex above. Coro-
ing in gradual succession, peduncle knobbly to na 7115mm, dark purple, raised on stipe
25mm long, pedicel 210mm long, elongat- 256mm; outer lobes 711mm tall, fused
ing (with follicles) to 25mm long, spreading into erect cylinder 5mm broad hiding rest of
then erect with flower facing upwards. Corolla gynostegium, with 5 incurved obtuse flaps at
928525mm, ellipsoidal, shallowly lobed; mouth, outside finely setose towards base; inner
outside glabrous and shiny to finely papillate; in- lobes 4.56.0mm long, linear, tapering to slender
side not rugulose, papillate, papillae with apical terete apex. Figure 224.
bristle to 2mm long near base of corolla; tube
224315mm, with narrow mouth; lobes Habitat: Stony slopes among scattered low
21627mm, margins eciliate; gynostegial shrubs, 400700m.
corona of 2 series of lobes wholly intergrown,
raised on short stipe, 2.511.0l.25.0mm; Flowering time: Dec.May.
outer lobes 111mm long, fused into cup or
cylinder; inner lobes 26mm long, adpressed to
backs of anthers near base, erect then connivent
towards apices, laterally flattened, usually with
conspicuous rounded-deltoid dorsal process
around middle, anthers horizontal on top of style
head, rectangular; pollinium ellipsoidal, with
insertion-crest along outer edge. Follicles paired,
erect, terete-fusiform, slender, glabrous, smooth.
8 species, Namibia, South Africa
Key to species
1a. Outside of corolla sparsely to densely papillate

and dull; outer corona enclosing entire col-
umn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. neronis FIGURE 224.Stapeliopsis neronis, Sonberg, PVB 5207.
Stapeliopsis urniflora Lavranos, J. S. African

Bot. 32: 195 (1966), as urnaeflora. Type:
Namibia, Tiras Mountains, Lofty-Eaton sub
Lavranos 2536 (PRE, holo.).
Dwarf slightly rhizomatous clump-forming suc-

culent to 150mm diam. Stems 20100620mm,
decumbent, silvery green with dark green to pur-
plish mottling, minutely papillate, tubercles tapering
abruptly to minute conical tooth. Inflorescence gla-
brous, at level of surface of soil or beneath it, pedi-
cel 581mm thick. Corolla 918511mm,
ovoid; outside glabrous, smooth, shiny purple-red;
inside purple-red, papillate in tube only, each pa-
pilla with apical bristle to 2mm long near base of
tube; tube 616810mm to 2.02.5mm broad
at mouth, ovoid; lobes 2.03.52.02.5mm, del-
FIGURE 225.Distribution of Stapeliopsis neronis.
tate, acute, erect to spreading. Corona 34.0
4.5mm, purplish red to yellowish, raised on stipe
1.556mm, glabrous; outer lobes 1.01.5mm
tall, fused into cylindrical to bowl-shaped tube
mibia from north of Rosh Pinah to near mouth of 33.04.5mm, with pairs of erect deltate
Fish River. Figure 225. lobules 0.50.7mm long at mouth; inner lobes
2.02.3mm long, erect then connivent at broadly
Voucher: Giess 13113 (M, PRE, WIND). obtuse apices, laterally flattened. Figure 226.
C D
B
G
A
G H
FIGURE 226.Stapeliopsis urniflora, E, southwest of Helmeringhausen, Namibia, Bruyns 5733; rest, south of Helmering-
hausen, Namibia, Bruyns 1477. A, apex of stem; B, side view of flower; C, side view of dissected flower; D, E, side
view of gynostegium; F, side view of gynostegium with one inner and two outer corona lobes removed; G, papillae
inside corolla: those with long apical seta from base of tube, those with very short apical seta from just above mid-
dle of tube; H, pollinarium. Scale bars: AC, 3mm (at A); DF, 1mm (at A); G, 0.5mm (at A); H, 0.25mm (at A).
tened; anthers descending towards centre of

style head; pollinium D-shaped, with insertion-
crest along outer edge. Follicles paired, erect,
terete-fusiform, 60150810mm, glabrous
and smooth.
3 species, tropical and subtropical southern

Africa, Angola, Zimbabwe.
Key to species
1a. Corolla tubular; tube circular in cross-section,
with lobes much less than a quarter of the
length of the tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. barklyi
1b. Corolla campanulate; tube pentagonal in cross-
section, with lobes more or less equalling the
tube in length . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. thompsoniorum
FIGURE 227.Distribution of Stapeliopsis urniflora.
Tavaresia barklyi (Dyer) N.E.Br., Fl. Trop. Afr.

Habitat: Stony slopes among scattered low 4 (1): 494 (1903) Type: from South Africa.
shrubs, 10001700m.
Decabelone grandiflora Dinter, Deut. sdw. Afrik.:
113 (1909). Tavaresia grandiflora (Dinter) A.Berger,
Flowering time: Mar.May. Stap. u. Klein.: 45 (1910). Type: Namibia, Aritsas, 19
Dec. 1908, Dinter 821 (SAM, lecto., Bruyns 2005).
mibia from Tiras Mountains to near Witptz. Fig- Stems (8-)10- to 14-angled, each tubercle
ure 227. tipped with 3 bristles, central bristle horizontal,
laterals slightly shorter and descending. Corolla
Voucher: Bruyns 7190 (WIND). 251502080mm, funnel-shaped, shallowly
lobed; inside with round to longitudinally elongat-
ed maroon spots on pale yellow; tube 25150mm
Tavaresia Welw. long, widening to 2545mm at mouth, circular
in cross-section; lobes 12251020mm, con-
Spiny non-rhizomatous clump-forming suc- cave above. Corona 91858mm; segments
culent 50mm1m diam. Stems 1530010 of outer lobes 1012mm long; inner lobes streaked
25mm, 6- to 14-angled, glabrous, green to with maroon on white. Figures 228 & 229.
purplish, tuberculate, each tubercle tipped
with 3 bristles. Inflorescence glabrous, 1 per Habitat: Stony slopes to sandy flats among
stem near base of young stems, few-flowered, rocks, trees and low bushes, 5001500m.
sessile, pedicel 5151.52.0mm. Corolla
251502080mm, deeply tubular to cam- Flowering time: Nov.Mar.
panulate; outside glabrous; inside with papillae
each tipped with short bristle; tube 25150mm Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia,
long, widening from base to mouth; lobes 12 South Africa, Zimbabwe. Widespread in Namib-
25820mm, deltate, spreading, shortly acumi- ia from Ovamboland to Gobabis and Karasburg.
nate, margins eciliate; gynostegial corona of 2 se- Figure 230.
ries of lobes partly intergrown, 91858mm;
outer lobes fused towards base into tube half
as high as broad, at mouth of this each lobe di-
viding into 2 erect filiform segments each tipped Tavaresia thompsoniorum Van Jaarsv. &
with pendulous knob; inner lobes 1.5mm long, R.Nagel, Asklepios 76: 9 (1999) as Tava-
adpressed to backs of anthers, dorsiventrally flat- resia thompsonii. Type: from Angola. (= X
C
D G
FIGURE 228.Tavaresia barklyi, Victoria West, South Africa, Mullins 94. A, bud; B, side view of flower; C, side view of
centre of dissected flower; D, side view of base of gynostegium; E, side view of dissected gynostegium; F, papillae
inside corolla from base of tube; G, pollinarium. Scale bars: A, B, 5mm (at A); C, 3mm (at A); D, 1mm; E, 1mm;
F, 0.5mm (at A); G, 0.25mm (at A).
Staparesia thompsoniorum (Van Jaarsveld & rona 101256mm; segments of outer lobes
Nagel) G.D.Rowley). 8mm long; inner lobes maroon.
Stems (8-)10- to 12-angled, each tubercle Habitat: Stony slopes or flats among scat-
tipped with 3 bristles, central bristle horizontal, tered mopane (Colophospermum mopane) trees,
laterals about half the length and ascending. Co- 1000m.
rolla 20304060mm, campanulate, lobed to
at least half of length; inside maroon or often lon- Flowering time: Nov.Mar.
gitudinally flecked with cream; tube 2030mm
long, widening to 15mm at mouth, pentago- Distribution: Angola, Namibia. In Namibia
nal in cross-section; lobes 1220815mm, only known along Cunene River east of Epupa
ovate-deltate, acuminate, convex above. Co- Falls. Figure 231.
FIGURE 229.Tavaresia barklyi, south of Eenhana, PVB

10654. FIGURE 231.Distribution of Tavaresia thompsoniorum.
12.0mm long. Inflorescence glabrous, 1 per stem

near base, 1- to 5-flowered developing in gradual
succession, peduncle 5100mm long, pedicel
25802mm, spreading to ascending. Co-
rolla 20100mm diam., rotate, usually deeply
lobed; outside glabrous; inside smooth to rugose or
papillate, papillae usually with apical bristle; tube
usually shallow; lobes 835630mm, ovate-
deltate, acute, spreading to recurved, slightly
convex above, margins usually with vibratile cilia;
gynostegial corona of 2 series of lobes slightly in-
tergrown, raised on short stout pentagonal stipe,
310415mm; outer lobes 18mm long, usu-
ally spreading, simple to trifid, dorsiventrally flat-
tened and channelled down middle, laterally fused
near base with inner lobes; inner lobes 110mm
long, adpressed to backs of anthers, usually rising
FIGURE 230.Distribution of Tavaresia barklyi.
in centre in small column, dorsiventrally flattened
towards base, often with laterally flattened del-
At one stage considered to be a hybrid toid dorsal horn in lower half; anthers horizontal on
(Rowley 2003), this species is actually fairly com- top of style head, margins shrinking back to expose
mon in southwestern Angola and is known from pollinia, rectangular; pollinium D-shaped, with
a single collection from Namibia. insertion-crest along outer edge. Follicles paired,
erect, terete-fusiform, glabrous, smooth.
Voucher: Bruyns 5603a (BOL, E, MO).
8 species, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.
Tridentea Haw.
Key to species
Spineless clump-forming succulent 30 1a. Outer corona lobes trifid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
500mm diam. Stems 30150820mm, ob- 1b. Outer corona lobes bifid or simple . . . . . . T. jucunda
tusely 4-angled, decumbent, glabrous, greyish 2a. Corolla inside bright yellow to greenish yellow,
green flecked with brown, tubercles each with 2030mm diam.; lobes usually without mar-
spreading subulate caducous leaf-rudiment 1.5 ginal cilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. virescens
ing to recurved, sometimes with marginal cilia.

Corona 5757mm, purple-brown, raised
on short stipe; outer lobes 2.53.01mm, as-
cending, narrowly deltoid, acute to broadly ob-
tuse, slightly channelled on inner surface; inner
lobes 35mm long, connivent then ascending in
narrow column and often recurved, terete and
slender above, obtuse, sometimes with small dor-
sal gibbosity to laterally flattened horn near base.
Habitat: Gravelly flats among scattered low

shrubs, 10001700m.

mibia from Tiras Mountains to near Witptz and
FIGURE 232.Distribution of Tridentea jucunda. around Great Karas Mountains. Figure 232.
2b. Corolla inside with maroon, brown or purple-

Voucher: Bruyns 3908 (BOL).
black mottling on cream to pale yellow (or
pale mottling on dark), 4075mm diam.; lobes Tridentea marientalensis (Nel) L.C.Leach,
with marginal cilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Trans. Rhod. Scient. Assoc. 59: 3 (1978). Sta-
3a. Corolla lobes with margins folding upwards, pedi-
pelia marientalensis Nel, Kakteenkunde 1935:
cels 2535mm long, papillae on corolla with-
118 (1935). Type: Namibia, Haruchas, Berg-
out apical bristle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. pachyrrhiza
er sub STE 7044 (missing). Neotype (Leach
3b. Corolla lobes with margins not folding upwards,
1980): Namibia, Haruchas, Leistner 1819
pedicels 50130mm long, papillae on corolla
(PRE, neo.; duplicate in KMG).
each tipped with a long bristle . . . T. marientalensis
Tridentea marientalensis subsp. mariental-
Tridentea jucunda (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach, Trans. ensis
Rhod. Scient. Assoc. 59: 3 (1978). Type: from Stapelia auobensis Nel in A.C.White & B.Sloane,
South Africa (lecto., Leach 1980). Stap., ed. 2, 2: 472 (1937). Type: Namibia, Auob Riv-
er, Triebner sub STE 2106 (missing). Type: White &
Stapelia dinteri A.Berger in Dinter, Neue Pfl. Sloane, Stap., ed. 2, 2: fig. 411 (lecto., Bruyns 2005).
Sdw.-Afr.: 51 (1914). Tridentea jucunda var. din-
teri (A.Berger) L.C.Leach, Excelsa Taxon. Ser. 2: 34 Tridentea marientalensis subsp. albipilosa
(1980). Type: Namibia, Klein Karas, J. Dinter sub (Giess) L.C.Leach, Excelsa Taxon. Ser. 2: 22
Dinter 3247 (SAM, holo.).
(1980). Stapelia albipilosa Giess, Mitt. Bot.
Stapelia ausana Dinter & A.Berger ex Dinter, Staatssaml. Mnchen 11: 349 (1974). Type:
Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 23: 365 (1927). Namibia, Tiras Mountains, Nabibis, Giess
Type: Namibia, Aus, Dinter 1144 (SAM, lecto., Bruyns 10262 (WIND, holo; M, PRE, iso).
2005).
Clump-forming succulent to 500mm diam.
Small succulent 60150mm diam. Stems Stems 501501015mm, leaf-rudiments
30120815mm, leaf-rudiments 1.55.0mm 512mm long. Inflorescence with spreading pe-
long. Pedicels 153012mm, erect to spread- duncle 510047mm, pedicel 50130mm
ing. Corolla 2035mm diam., rotate to slightly long, often spreading with upturned apex. Co-
cupular; inside cream with purple-brown to rolla 5075mm diam., rotate to slightly cam-
red-brown spots often with continuous dark panulate; inside cream to pale yellow often
border, sometimes faintly rugulose or with low speckled with brownish maroon towards centre
papillae; tube 12mm deep, cupular; lobes becoming brownish to pinkish maroon towards
610610mm, ovate-deltate, acute, spread- tips, densely papillate towards centre, papillae
C
D*
E
D
A
B
FIGURE 233.Tridentea marientalensis, AE, Tiras, Namibia, Bruyns 4220; D*, southwest of Maltahhe, Namibia, Bruyns
4169. A, apex of stem; B, side view of centre of dissected flower, gynostegium with one outer corona lobe re-
moved; C, face view of outer corona lobe; D, papillae inside corolla; E, pollinarium (one pollinium broken off).
Scale bars: A, 3mm; B, C, 1mm (at B); D, 0.5mm; E, 0.25mm.
each with white apical bristle up to 2mm long; Mountains and Mariental to Great Karas Moun-
tube shallowly conical; lobes 182512.5mm, tains and southeast of Warmbad. Both subspe-
ovate, acute, spreading to strongly reflexed, cies recognised occur in Namibia, with subsp.
margins with vibratile cilia to 5mm long. Co- albipilosa endemic to Namibia. Figure 235.
rona 71012mm, pale yellow spotted
with brown, raised on short stipe; outer lobes Vouchers: Bruyns 5685 (PRE, WIND) for sub-
61.52.0mm, ascending, deeply trifid; sp. albipilosa; Calitz & Sheuyange 83 (WIND) for
central lobule 5mm long, narrowly deltoid, subsp. marientalensis.
acute to truncate or bifid, slightly channelled
above; lateral lobules 3.03.5mm long, slender,
often diverging; inner lobes 3.55.0mm long,
connivent becoming recurved above, terete
above, obtuse, near base with ascending later-
ally flattened narrowly deltoid dorsal horn
1.02.50.50.6mm. Figures 233 & 234.
Habitat: Gravelly or sandy flats among scat-
tered shrubs, often Rhigozum trichotomum, 1000
1700m.
Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Af- FIGURE 234.Tridentea marientalensis subsp. albipilosa,
rica. In Namibia from near Maltahhe to Tiras near Maltahhe, PVB 5685.
diam.; inside brown to purple-black irregularly

mottled with yellowish, rugulose, with dome-
shaped to cylindrical obtuse papillae fused
into ridges, each with a darker apical spot (but
no bristle); tube shallowly conical; lobes 20
252025mm, ovate-deltate, acute, spread-
ing to reflexed, slightly convex, with crenulate
erect fleshy margins bearing vibratile cilia to
3.5mm long. Corona 71315mm, yel-
low mottled with purple, raised on short stipe;
outer lobes 452.02.2mm, ascending, trifid;
central lobule 4mm long, narrowly deltoid,
acute, slightly channelled above; lateral lob-
ules 0.52.5mm long, deltoid, widely diverging;
inner lobes 56mm long, connivent becoming
recurved above, terete above, obtuse, near base
FIGURE 235.Distribution of Tridentea marientalensis. with ascending laterally flattened dorsal horn
0.72.50.51.0mm.
Tridentea pachyrrhiza (Dinter) L.C.Leach, Habitat: Stony flats among scattered low
Excelsa Taxon. Ser. 2: 14 (1980). Stapelia shrubs, often covered partly with windborne
pachyrrhiza Dinter, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. sand, 50300m.
Regni Veg. 19: 154 (1923). Type: Namibia,
Buntveldschuhplato, Dinter 4721 (missing). Flowering time: MayJun.
Neotype (Leach 1980): Namibia, Buchu-
berge, Dinter 6491 (SAM, neo.; duplicates in
mibia from Buntveldschuh to south of Buchu-
BOL, G, GRA, KMG, M, PRE). berg in coastal Namib. Figure 236.
Densely clump-forming succulent 60 Voucher: Williamson & Brooke 2743 (K, PRE).
200mm diam. Stems 30601015mm, grey-
ish green, leaf-rudiments 12mm long. Inflo-
rescence on peduncle 540mm long, pedicel Tridentea virescens (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach, Trans.
253535mm, ascending. Corolla 4075mm Rhod. Scient. Assoc. 59: 3 (1978). Type: from
South Africa.
Stapelia aurea Dinter, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg., Beih. 53: 53 (1928). Type: Namibia, Een-
dorn, Dinter 5115 (BOL, holo; G, PRE, SAM, iso).
Small succulent to 0.5m diam. Stems

30150815mm, grey-green flecked with
purple-brown; leaf-rudiments 610mm long.
Inflorescence on erect peduncle 545mm long,
pedicels 15801.52.5mm, erect. Corolla
2030mm diam., rotate, deeply lobed; inside
yellow to greenish yellow, densely papillate-
rugose, papillae fused into irregular ridges and
longitudinal rows on lobes, each papilla with
minute apical bristle; tube shallowly conical;
lobes 81278mm, ovate, acute, spread-
ing, convex above from strongly reflexed mar-
gins, rarely with white cilia. Corona 69mm,
FIGURE 236.Distribution of Tridentea pachyrrhiza. bright yellow, raised on short stipe; outer lobes
outside glabrous; inside glabrous, without annu-

lus, often reticulately to transversely rugose, with
small papillae in tube and around its mouth; tube
shallowly conical; lobes 530516mm, ovate-
deltate, acute, ascending to spreading, convex
above, margins usually ciliate; gynostegial corona
of 2 series of lobes mostly slightly intergrown,
raised on short stipe, 310411mm; outer
lobes 1.03.5mm long, ascending to spreading,
dorsiventrally flattened and usually channelled
down middle, fused to inner lobes at base only
or fused laterally to them to form cup beneath
guide-rails; inner lobes 0.76.0mm long, ad-
pressed to backs of anthers, often much exceed-
ing them in column in centre, dorsiventrally flat-
tened towards base, often cylindrical or clavate
FIGURE 237.Distribution of Tridentea virescens. above, mostly with laterally flattened deltoid to
clavate dorsal horn in lower half; anthers horizon-
tal on top of style head, margins shrinking back to
2.53.02mm, ascending, deeply trifid; cen- expose pollinia, rectangular; pollinium D-shaped,
tral lobule nearly 2mm long, deltoid, acute to with insertion-crest along outer edge. Follicles
dentate, channelled towards base above; lateral paired, erect, terete-fusiform, glabrous, smooth.
lobules 1mm long, deltoid, diverging; in-
ner lobes 34mm long, connivent becoming re- 8 species, Namibia, South Africa.
curved above, terete above, obtuse, near base
with ascending laterally flattened deltoid dor-
Key to species
sal horn 0.52.0mm long.
1a. Inner corona lobes and their dorsal horns both
Habitat: Gravelly flats among scattered low nearly equal in length and both prominently
shrubs, 800900m. clavate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
1b. Inner corona lobes at most slightly thickened
Flowering time: Dec.Mar. above and without dorsal horn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.
2a. Corolla rotate; tube 2mm long. . . . . T. pedunculata
2b. Corolla rotate-campanulate; tube 810mm
mibia only known from single collection by Dint- long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. ruschiana
er from southeast of Warmbad. Figure 237. 3a. Inner corona lobes seldom exceeding anthers,
without clavate tips . . . . . . . . . . . . T. umdausensis
Voucher: Dinter 5115 (BOL, G, PRE, SAM). 3b. Inner corona lobes much exceeding anthers,
produced above them and slightly thickened
towards tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. aperta
Tromotriche Haw.
Spineless clump-forming rarely rhizoma- Tromotriche aperta (Masson) Bruyns, S. African
tous succulent 50300mm diam. Stems 40 J. Bot. 61: 208 (1995). Type: from South Af-
120820mm, very obtusely 4-angled, decum- rica.
bent to erect, glabrous with matt surface, green
flecked with purple, tubercles rounded and with- Small compact clump-forming succulent to
out apical tooth. Inflorescences glabrous, 13 per 200mm diam. Stems 30100615mm, erect.
stem, arising between apex and base, 1- to 2-flow- Inflorescences 12 per stem mainly near base, pe-
ered developing in gradual succession, peduncle duncle to 5mm long, pedicel 6014023mm,
150mm long, pedicel 101901.54.0mm, mostly prostrate with upturned apex. Corolla
spreading to ascending. Corolla 1570mm diam., 3040mm diam., shallowly campanulate; inside
rotate to shallowly campanulate, deeply lobed; white on rugosities with red-brown between
C.A.Lckh., S. Afr. Garden. & Country Life 24:

245 (1934). Tridentea longipes (C.A.Lckh.)
L.C.Leach, Excelsa Taxon. Ser. 2: 43 (1980).
Tromotriche longipes (C.A.Lckh.) Bruyns,
S. African J. Bot. 61: 208 (1995). Type: Na-
mibia, Witptz, E. J. Rusch sub Lckhoff 194
(missing). Neotype (Leach 1980): E. J. Rusch
sub BOL 31684 (BOL).
Compact clump-forming succulent to 300mm
diam. Stems 401001015mm, erect to de-
cumbent. Inflorescences 12 per stem arising
near base, peduncle 510mm long, pedicel
301901.54.0mm, erect to prostrate with
upturned apex. Corolla 3070mm diam., rotate,
deeply lobed; inside maroon on upper two-thirds
of lobes, below whitish finely flecked with ma-
FIGURE 238.Distribution of Tromotriche aperta. roon, obscurely longitudinally rugulose towards
tips of lobes, finely reticulately rugulose around
them then usually uniformly beige or brown gynostegium; tube 2mm deep; lobes 17
or red-brown towards tips of lobes, reticulately 301116mm, narrowly ovate, acute, spread-
rugulose; tube 58mm deep, cupular; lobes 12 ing, with dark purple marginal cilia to 2.5mm
25710mm, narrowly ovate to deltate, acute, long near base. Corona 71011mm, mostly
ascending to spreading, convex above, eciliate. shiny purplish black, raised on short stipe; outer
Corona 65mm broad, yellow-brown to lobes 2mm long, ascending, rectangu-
red or blackish, raised on short stipe; outer lobes lar, with truncate to subacute apex, channelled
1mm long, closely pressed to sides of tube, lat- above; inner lobes 56mm long, adpressed to
erally fused to inner lobes to form pouch between backs of anthers in lower half of anthers, then
them, with crenulate-dentate margin; inner lobes erect and connivent, diverging towards apices,
34mm long, adpressed to backs of anthers then dorsiventrally flattened then swelling to clavate
connivent-erect in small column, dorsiventrally irregularly and acutely tuberculate or rugulose
flattened becoming slightly clavate-tuberculate apex, with nearly identical ascending then re-
towards apex, with irregularly tuberculate dorsal curving clavate dorsal horn. Figure 239.
crest near base confluent with outer lobes. Habitat: Gravelly flats among scattered low
Habitat: Stony flats among scattered low shrubs, 300900m.
shrubs, 300500m.
mibia only known west of Rosh Pinah near Obib
Mountains. Figure 238.
Voucher: Giess 13809 (M, PRE).
Tromotriche pedunculata (Masson) Bruyns,

S. African J. Bot. 61: 208 (1995). Type: from
South Africa.
Tromotriche pedunculata subsp. longipes

(C.A.Lckh.) Bruyns, Stap. Southern Afr. FIGURE 239.Tromotriche pedunculata subsp longipes,
& Madag. 2: 559 (2005). Stapelia longipes Namuskluft, near Rosh Pinah, PVB.
FIGURE 240.Distribution of Tromotriche pedunculata. FIGURE 241.Distribution of Tromotriche ruschiana.
Flowering time: Dec.Jun. purplish black, raised on short stipe; outer lobes
231.5mm, ascending, rectangular, crenulate
Distribution: Namibia, South Africa. In Na- towards obtuse to acute apex, channelled above;
mibia known from Witptz to near mouth of Fish inner lobes 5mm long, adpressed to backs of an-
River. Figure 240. thers then erect and slightly connivent, diverging
towards apices, dorsiventrally flattened then swell-
Voucher: Hardy & De Winter 1356 (PRE).
ing to clavate obscurely tuberculate apex, with
Note: Of the two subspecies recognised nearly identical ascending then recurving clavate
(Bruyns 2005), only subsp. longipes occurs in Na- dorsal horn arising near base.
mibia.
Habitat: Among stones around bases of hills
with windbown sand, 200500m.
Tromotriche ruschiana (Dinter) Bruyns, S. Af-
rican J. Bot. 61: 208 (1995). Stapelia ruschi-
ana Dinter, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Distribution: Namibia. Known around the
Veg. 19: 177 (1923). Tridentea ruschiana Klinghardt Mountains only. Figure 241.
(Dinter) L.C.Leach, Trans. Rhod. Scient. As-
soc. 59: 4 (1978). Type: Namibia, Klinghardt Voucher: Bruyns 7900 (K).
Mountains, Dinter 3963 (missing). Neotype
(Leach 1980): Klinghardt Mountains, Plowes Tromotriche umdausensis (Nel) Bruyns, S. Af-
4988 (PRE). rican J. Bot. 61: 207 (1995). Type: from South
Africa.
Usually compact clump-forming succulent
to 300mm diam. Stems 40200620mm, Compact clump-forming succulent to 200mm
erect to spreading. Inflorescences 12 per stem diam. Stems 30100615mm, erect. Inflores-
towards base, peduncle 5406mm, pedicels cences 13 arising randomly on stem, peduncle
406024mm, spreading with upturned apex. to 5mm long, pedicel 20402mm, ascend-
Corolla 3050mm diam., shallowly campanulate; ing then horizontal at apex. Corolla 1530mm
inside red-brown to dark maroon on lobes to white diam., campanulate; inside in tube usually red to
on rugosities with dark red between them in lower brown reticulately to radially marked with white
third of lobes and tube, rugulose; tube 81010 to yellow, lobes uniformly yellow to red-brown or
12mm, cupular; lobes 1425610mm, spread- brown to faintly reticulately mottled, rugulose; tube
ing, convex above, with dark purple marginal cilia 581012mm, cupular; lobes 912510mm,
1.53.0mm long. Corona 688mm, shiny ovate, acute, ascending to spreading, convex
F C B
E
G D
FIGURE 242.Tromotriche umdausensis, C, northeast of Kamieskroon, South Africa, Bruyns 6346; A, B, DG, north of
Steinkopf, South Africa, Bruyns 1337. A, apex of stem; B, side view of flower; C, side view of centre of dissected
flower; D, side view of gynostegium; E, face view of gynostegium; F, papillae inside corolla around annulus; G, pol-
linarium. Scale bars: A, 3mm; B, 5mm; C, 3mm; D, E, 1mm (at E); F, 0.5mm; G, 0.25mm (at F).
above, eciliate. Corona 35mm, purple-black

to pale brown, raised on short stipe; outer lobes
1mm long, ascending, fused to bases of inner
lobes to form pouch between them, with crenu-
late-dentate margin; inner lobes 0.71.0mm long,
adpressed to backs of anthers and seldom exceed-
ing them, dorsiventrally flattened, deltoid, obtuse,
with obtuse dorsal gibbosity near base in series
with and fused to outer lobes. Figure 242.
Habitat: Gravelly flats among scattered low
shrubs, 8001000m.
mibia known from only a single collection from
southeast of Warmbad. Figure 243.
FIGURE 243.Distribution of Tromotriche umdausensis.
Voucher: Bayer 13 (PRE).
Acknowledgements
Gillian Maggs-Klling first suggested this pro- curators of the herbaria BOL, M, NBG, PRE and
ject and I am grateful for her input. Two visits to WIND are thanked for placing their collections
WIND for gathering data and determining speci- at my disposal. S.P. Bester is thanked for his com-
mens were funded by a grant from the GEF, Small ments on an earlier version of this manuscript.
Grants Programme, Namibia, facilitated by E.G.
Kwembeya and G. Maggs-Klling. E.S. Klaassen I am very grateful to Silke Bartsch, Barbara
produced the first draft of some of the distribution- Curtis, Chris Hines, Coleen Mannheimer, Andy
maps. I wish to thank Christiane Anderson for as- Moore and the late Willy Giess for the use of their
sistance with some nomenclatural questions. The photographs.
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Index
Accepted names in roman and synonyms in italics.
Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Codd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Adenium Roem. & Schult.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 13, 14
A. boehmianum Schinz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15
A. obesum subsp. boehmianum (Schinz) Rowley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
A. oleifolium Stapf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 16
Aloe corallina I.Verd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Apocynoideae Burnett. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 5, 8, 9, 13
Arduina bispinosa L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Asclepiadeae (R.Br.) Duby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 30, 39
Asclepiadoideae R.Br. ex Burnett. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 29
Asclepias L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
A. aurea (Schltr.) Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
A. buchenaviana Schinz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
A. filiformis var. buchenaviana (Schinz) N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
A. randii S.Moore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4042
Aspidoglossum E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 62
A. biflorum E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
A. carinatum Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
A. erubescens (Schltr.) Bullock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
A. masaicum (N.E.Br.) Kupicha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Australluma Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 71
A. peschii (Nel) Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 72
Azima pubescens Suess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Baissea A.DC.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
B. wulfhorstii Schinz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Baisseeae M.E.Endress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8, 13
Baynesia Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 72
B. lophophora Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72, 73
Blepharanthera dinteri Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Blepharanthera edulis Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Brachystelma R.Br. ex Sims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6, 70, 73
B. arnotii Baker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 75
B. blepharanthera H.Huber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 74, 75
B. circinatum E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 76
B. codonanthum Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 74, 76, 77
B. cupulatum R.A.Dyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 7678
B. dinteri (Schltr.) E.Phillips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
B. dinteri Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 77, 78
B. discoideum R.A.Dyer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 78, 79
B. grossartii Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
B. gymnopodum (Schltr.) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 74, 79
B. mafekingense N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 79, 80
B. pruinosum Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 80
B. recurvatum Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 80, 81
B. schinzii (K.Schum.) N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 81
B. schultzei (Schltr.) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 74, 81, 82

B. stenophyllum (Schltr.) R.A.Dyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74, 82, 83
Caralluma albocastanea (Marloth) L.C.Leach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
C. ausana Dinter & A.Berger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
C. brownii Dinter & A.Berger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
C. hahnii Nel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
C. longicuspis N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
C. lutea subsp. vaga (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
C. maculata var. brevidens H.Huber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
C. nebrownii A.Berger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
C. nebrownii var. discolor Nel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
C. nebrownii var. pseudonebrownii (Dinter) A.C.White & B.Sloane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
C. peschii Nel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
C. pseudonebrownii Dinter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
C. rangeana Dinter & A.Berger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
C. tsumebensis Oberm.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
C. vaga (N.E.Br.) A.C.White & B.Sloane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
C. winkleriana (Dinter) A.C.White & B.Sloane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Carissa L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 9, 10
C. bispinosa (L.) Merxm.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
C. dinteri Markgr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
C. edulis Vahl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
C. pilosa Schinz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
C. spinarum L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 1012
Carisseae Dumort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Ceropegia L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6, 70, 82
C. aberrans Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
C. acacietorum Schltr. ex Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
C. ampliata E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
C. apiculata Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
C. boerhaavifolia Schinz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
C. bonafouxii K.Schum.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
C. boussingaultifolia Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
C. carnosa E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
C. crassifolia Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 85
C. cynanchioides Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
C. dinteri Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 85, 86
C. filiformis (Burch.) Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8386
C. floribunda N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 86, 87
C. gymnopoda Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
C. lugardiae N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 8789
C. mafekingensis (N.E.Br.) R.A.Dyer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
C. meyeri Decne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 87, 89
C. multiflora Baker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 89, 90
C. nilotica Kotschy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 89, 90
C. occidentalis R.A.Dyer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 90, 91
C. pachystelma Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 91
C. paricyma N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 91, 92
C. purpurascens K.Schum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 92
C. pygmaea Schinz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
C. racemosa N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
C. schinziana Bullock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
C. stenantha K.Schum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84, 92, 93
C. stenoloba Hochst. ex Chiov.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83, 93
C. stenoloba var. australis H.Huber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
C. tuberculata Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Ceropegieae Decne. ex Orb.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 5, 6, 30, 69
Chlorocyathus Oliv.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
C. monteiroae Oliv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Colophospermum mopane (J.Kirk ex Benth.) J.Kirk ex J.Lonard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 102, 139
Cordylogyne argillicola Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
C. globosa E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Crassula L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3
Craterostemma schinzii K.Schum.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Crotalaria L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Cryptolepis R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
C. arenicola Schltr. ex Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
C. decidua (Planch. ex Benth.) N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
C. oblongifolia (Meisn.) Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22
Cryptostegia grandiflora R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 20
Curroria Planch. ex Benth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
C. decidua Planch. ex Benth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Cynanchum L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 42
C. gerrardii (Harv.) Liede. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 43
C. meyeri (Decne.) Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4244
C. orangeanum (Schltr.) N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 44, 45
C. pearsonianum Liede & Meve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 44, 46, 47
C. pearsonii N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
C. schistoglossum Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 45, 47
C. viminale (L.) Bassi ex L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 11, 42, 45, 47, 48
Cyperus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Decabelone grandiflora Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Diplorhynchus Welw. ex Ficalho & Hiern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12
D. condylocarpon (Mll.Arg.) Pichon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 13
Duvalia Haw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 70, 94
D. caespitosa (Masson) Haw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 95
D. caespitosa subsp. pubescens (N.E.Br.) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
D. maculata N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9496
D. minuta Nel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
D. polita N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9496
Ectadium E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 22
E. latifolium (Schinz) N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
E. rotundifolium (H.Huber) Venter & Kotze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
E. virgatum E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 23
E. virgatum var. latifolium Schinz.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
E. virgatum var. rotundifolium H.Huber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Eragrostis Wolf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Euphorbia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3
E. eduardoi L.C.Leach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
E. viminalis L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Fockea Endl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
F. angustifolia K.Schum.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3032
F. comaru (E.Mey.) N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3032
F. dammarana Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
F. multiflora K.Schum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32, 33
F. sinuata (E.Mey.) Druce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 33, 34
Fockeeae H.Kunze, Meve & Liede. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 30
Gomphocarpus R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 48
G. cancellatus (Burm.f.) Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49
G. filiformis (E.Mey.) D.Dietr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49
G. fruticosus (L.) W.T.Aiton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4850
G. semiamplectens K.Schum.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 50
G. tomentosus Burch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 51
Gonostemon flavopurpureus var. fleckii (A.Berger & Schltr.) P.V.Heath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
G. longipedicellatus (A.Berger) P.V.Heath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
G. pearsonii (N.E.Br.) P.V.Heath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

G. schinzii (A.Berger & Schltr.) P.V.Heath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
G. schinzii var. bergerianus (Dinter) P.V.Heath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
G. similis var. juttae (Dinter) P.V.Heath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
G. similis var. portae-taurinae (Dinter & A.Berger) P.V.Heath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Gymnema R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
G. sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Schult.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 11, 34, 35
Hermannia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Hoodia Sweet ex Decne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 96
H. alstonii (N.E.Br.) Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 98
H. bainii var. juttae (Dinter) H. Huber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
H. currorii (Hook.) Decne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9799
H. currorii var. minor R.A.Dyer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
H. delaetiana (Dinter) Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
H. dinteri (A.Berger) Halda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
H. flava (N.E.Br.) Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 100
H. foetida Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
H. gibbosa Nel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
H. gordonii (Masson) Sweet ex Decne.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 100, 101
H. haagnerae (Plowes) Halda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
H. husabensis Nel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
H. juttae Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 97, 101
H. longispina Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
H. macrantha Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
H. meloformis (Marloth) Halda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
H. montana Nel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
H. officinalis (N.E.Br.) Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 101, 102
H. officinalis subsp. delaetiana (Dinter) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101, 102
H. parviflora N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 102, 103
H. pedicellata (Schinz) Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 102, 103
H. perlata (Dinter) Halda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
H. ruschii Dinter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 103, 104
H. tirasmontana (Plowes) Halda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
H. triebneri (Nel) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 104
Huernia R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 70, 104
H. hallii E. & B.M.Lamb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
H. levyi Oberm.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 106
H. namaquensis subsp. hallii (E. & B.M.Lamb) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
H. oculata Hook.f.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 105107
H. plowesii L.C.Leach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 107, 108
H. rogersii R.A.Dyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
H. thuretii F.Cels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
H. urceolata L.C.Leach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 107, 108
H. verekeri Stent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 108
H. volkartii Peitsch. ex Werderm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
H. zebrina N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 109
Indigofera L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ipomoea L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Jamesbrittenia Kuntze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Kinepetalum schultzei Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Larryleachia Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 110
L. dinteri (A.Berger) Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
L. marlothii (N.E.Br.) Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 111
L. meloformis (Marloth) Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
L. perlata (Dinter) Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110112
L. picta (N.E.Br.) Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 112
L. tirasmontana (Plowes) Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110, 113
Lavrania Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 113
L. haagnerae Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 114

L. perlata (Dinter) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
L. picta subsp. parvipunctata Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Leachia dinteri (A.Berger) Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
L. perlata (Dinter) Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Leachiella dinteri (A.Berger) Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
L. perlata (Dinter) Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
L. tirasmontana Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Malouetieae Mll.Arg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 13, 18
Marsdenia R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 35
M. macrantha (Klotzsch) Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3537
M. sylvestre (Retz.) P.I.Forst.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Marsdenieae Benth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 30, 34
Melodineae G.Don. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 10, 12
Microloma R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 51
M. armatum (Thunb.) Schltr. ex Gilg & Benedict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 53, 57
M. calycinum E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5254
M. dinteri Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
M. hereroense Wanntorp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5254
M. incanum Decne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 54, 55
M. incanum var. glabra L.Bol.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
M. lanatum Wanntorp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
M. longitubum Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 54, 56
M. penicillatum Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 55, 56
M. poicilanthum H.Huber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 56, 57
M. rotkuppense N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
M. spinosum N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
M. spinosum subsp. dinteri (Schltr.) Wanntorp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
M. spinosum subsp. velutinum Wanntorp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Miraglossum Kupicha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Nerieae Baill.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 13, 14
Orbea Haw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 71, 115
O. albocastanea (Marloth) Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 115, 116
O. caudata (N.E.Br.) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 116
O. caudata subsp. rhodesiaca (L.C.Leach) Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
O. huillensis (Hiern) Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 117
O. huillensis subsp. flava Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
O. huillensis subsp. huillensis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
O. kaokoensis (Bruyns) Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
O. lugardii (N.E.Br.) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 118, 119
O. lutea (N.E.Br.) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 119, 120
O. lutea subsp. vaga (N.E.Br.) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
O. maculata (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 120, 121
O. maculata subsp. kaokoensis Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120, 121
O. maculata subsp. rangeana (Dinter & A.Berger) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120, 121
O. rangeana (Dinter & A.Berger) L.C.Leach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
O. schweinfurthii (A.Berger) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 121, 122
O. valida (N.E.Br.) Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 122
O. valida subsp. occidentalis Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
O. valida subsp. valida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Orbeopsis albocastanea (Marloth) L.C.Leach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
O. flava (Bruyns) Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
O. lutea subsp. vaga (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
O. occidentalis (Bruyns) Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
O. pseudonebrownii (Dinter) Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
O. pseudonebrownii var. discolor (Nel) Plowes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
O. tsumebensis (Oberm.) L.C.Leach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

O. vaga (N.E.Br.) Plowes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Orthanthera Wight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 122
O. albida Schinz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123, 124
O. browniana Schinz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
O. jasminiflora (Decne.) Schinz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123125
Pachycarpus E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 57
P. lineolatus (Decne.) Bullock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57, 58
Pachypodium Lindl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 18
P. giganteum Engl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
P. lealii Welw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 19
P. namaquanum (Wyley ex Harv.) Welw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1820
Pentarrhinum E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 58
P. abyssinicum Decne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
P. insipidum E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Pergularia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 60
P. daemia (Forssk.) Chiov.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 60
Periglossum Decne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 60
P. mackenii Harv.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 61
Periploca graeca L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 29
Periplocoideae R.Br. ex Endl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 5, 8, 9, 20
Piaranthus R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 125
P. cornutus N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
P. cornutus var. cornutus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125, 126
P. cornutus var. ruschii (Nel) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125, 126
P. decipiens (N.E.Br.) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125127
P. nebrownii Dinter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
P. pulcher var. nebrownii (Dinter) A.C.White & B.Sloane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
P. streyianus Nel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
P. ruschii Nel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Quaqua N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 127
Q. acutiloba (N.E.Br.) Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 128
Q. incarnata (L.f.) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 128
Q. incarnata subsp. hottentotorum (N.E.Br.) Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Q. mammillaris (L.) Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 129, 130
Q. pruinosa (Masson) Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 130
Raphionacme Harv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 23
R. burkei N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
R. dinteri Schltr. ex Schinz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
R. haeneliae Venter & R.L.Verh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
R. inconspicua H.Huber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2426
R. lanceolata Schinz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 26
R. monteiroae (Oliv.) N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 26, 27
R. namibiana Venter & R.L.Verh.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 24, 27
R. velutina Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 28
Rauvolfioideae Kostel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 5, 810, 12
Rhigozum trichotomum Burch.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 75, 102, 142
Rhyssolobium E.Mey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 35
R. dumosum E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Salsola L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 33
Sarcophagophilus armatus Dinter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
S. winklerianus Dinter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Sarcostemma R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
S. pearsonii N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
S. viminale (L.) R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Schizoglossum E.Mey.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 61
S. baumii Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
S. biflorum (E.Mey.) Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 64
S. capense (Schltr.) H.Huber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6164

S. carinatum Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
S. masaicum N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62, 64
S. pentheri Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
S. periglossoides Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
S. saccatum Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 64, 65
Schizostephanus Hochst.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 65
S. gossweileri (S.Moore) Liede. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6567
Secamone R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
S. punctulata Decne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Secamonoideae Endl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 5, 8, 9, 29
Siphonostelma stenophyllum Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Sphaerocodon Benth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 39, 66
S. melananthus N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Stapelia L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 130
S. albipilosa Giess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
S. albocastanea Marloth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
S. auobensis Nel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
S. aurea Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
S. ausana Dinter & A.Berger ex Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
S. bergeriana Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
S. caroli-schmidtii Dinter & A.Berger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
S. dinteri A.Berger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
S. flavopurpurea Marloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
S. flavopurpurea var. fleckii (A.Berger & Schltr.) A.C.White & B.Sloane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
S. fleckii A.Berger & Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
S. hirsuta L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131, 132
S. hirsuta var. gariepensis (Pillans) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131, 132
S. johni-lavrani J.J.Halda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
S. juttae Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
S. kwebensis N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131133
S. kwebensis var. longipedicellata A.Berger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
S. longipedicellata (A.Berger) N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
S. longipes C.A.Lckh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
S. marientalensis Nel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
S. noachabibensis C.A.Lckh.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
S. olivacea N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
S. pachyrrhiza Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
S. pearsonii N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 131, 133, 134
S. portae-taurinae Dinter & A.Berger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
S. rangeana (Dinter & A.Berger) P.V.Heath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
S. remota R.A.Dyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
S. ruschiana Dinter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
S. schinzii A.Berger & Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131, 134, 135
S. schinzii var. angolensis Kers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134, 135
S. schinzii var. bergeriana (Dinter) L.C.Leach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134, 135
S. schinzii var. schinzii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134, 135
S. similis N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131, 135
S. vaga N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 120
Stapeliopsis Pillans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 136
S. neronis Pillans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 137
S. urniflora Lavranos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136138
Stenostelma Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
S. capense Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61, 62
Stigmatorhynchus Schltr.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 34, 37
S. hereroensis Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38, 39
Strophanthus DC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 14, 16
S. amboensis (Schinz) Engl. & Pax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17
S. kombe Oliv.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 17

S. petersianus var. amboensis Schinz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Tacazzea Decne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 28
T. apiculata Oliv.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 29
Tavaresia Welw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 138
T. barklyi (Dyer) N.E.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138140
T. grandiflora (Dinter) A.Berger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
T. thompsoniorum Van Jaarsv. & R.Nagel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138, 140
Tenaris schultzei (Schltr.) E.Phill.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Tribulocarpus dimorphanthus (Pax) S.Moore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Trichocaulon delaetianum Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
T. dinteri A.Berger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
T. engleri Dinter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
T. keetmanshoopense Dinter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
T. meloforme Marloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
T. pedicellatum Schinz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
T. perlatum Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
T. pubiflorum Dinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
T. sinus-lderitzii Dinter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
T. triebneri Nel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Tridentea Haw.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 140
T. jucunda (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 141
T. jucunda var. dinteri (A.Berger) L.C.Leach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
T. longipes (C.A.Lckh.) L.C.Leach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
T. marientalensis (Nel) L.C.Leach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141143
T. marientalensis subsp. albipilosa (Giess) L.C.Leach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 142
T. marientalensis subsp. marientalensis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 142
T. pachyrrhiza (Dinter) L.C.Leach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141, 143
T. ruschiana (Dinter) L.C.Leach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
T. virescens (N.E.Br.) L.C.Leach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140, 143, 144
Tromotriche Haw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 144
T. aperta (Masson) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 145
T. longipes (C.A.Lckh.) Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
T. pedunculata (Masson) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144146
T. pedunculata subsp. longipes (C.A.Lckh.) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145, 146
T. ruschiana (Dinter) Bruyns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 146
T. umdausensis (Nel) Bruyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144, 146, 147
Turnera L.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Tylophora R.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 30, 39, 67
T. fleckii (Schltr.) N.E.Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 6769
Tylophoropsis fleckii Schltr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
X Staparesia thompsoniorum (Van Jaarsveld & Nagel) G.D.Rowley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Xysmalobium R.Br.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 69
X. undulatum (L.) Aiton f.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Zygophyllum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
STRELITZIA
1. Botanical diversity in southern Africa. 1994. B.J. Huntley (ed.). ISBN 1-874907-25-0.
2. Cyperaceae in Natal. 1995. K.D. Gordon-Gray. ISBN 1-874907-04-8.
3. Cederberg vegetation and flora. 1996. H.C. Taylor. ISBN 1-874907-28-5.
4. Red Data List of southern African plants. 1996. Craig Hilton-Taylor. ISBN 1-874907-29-3.
5. Taxonomic literature of southern African plants. 1997. N.L. Meyer, M. Mssmer & G.F. Smith (eds).
ISBN 1-874907-35-8.
6. Plants of the northern provinces of South Africa: keys and diagnostic characters. 1997. E. Retief & P.P.J. Herman.
ISBN 1-874907-30-7.
7. Preparing herbarium specimens. 1999. Lyn Fish. ISBN 1-919795-38-3.
8. Bulbinella in South Africa. 1999. Pauline L. Perry. ISBN 1-919795-46-4. OUT OF PRINT.
9. Cape plants. A conspectus of the Cape flora of South Africa. 2000. P. Goldblatt & J.C. Manning. ISBN 0-620-26236-2.
10. Seed plants of southern Africa: families and genera. 2000. O.A. Leistner (ed.). ISBN 1-919795-51-0.
11. The Cape genus Lachnaea (Thymelaeaceae): a monograph. 2001. J.B.P. Beyers. ISBN 1-919795-52-9.
12. The Global Taxonomy Initiative: documenting the biodiversity of Africa/LInitiative Taxonomique Mondiale:
documenter la biodiversit en Afrique. R.R. Klopper, G.F. Smith & A.C. Chikuni (eds). 2001. ISBN 1-919795-63-4.
OUT OF PRINT.
13. Medicinal and magical plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. 2002. T.H. Arnold, C.A. Prentice, L.C.
Hawker, E.E. Snyman, M. Tomalin, N.R. Crouch & C. Pottas-Bircher. ISBN 1-919795-62-6.
14. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. 2003. G. Germishuizen & N.L. Meyer (eds). ISBN 1-919795-99-5.
15. Heyday of the gymnosperms: systematics and biodiversity of the Late Triassic Molteno fructifications. 2003. J.M.
Anderson & H.M. Anderson. ISBN 1-919795-98-7.
16. Common names of Karoo plants. 2004. Les Powrie. ISBN 1-874907-16-1.
17. National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: priorities for biodiversity conservation in South Africa. 2005. A.
Driver, K. Maze, M. Rouget, A.T. Lombard, J. Nel, J.K. Turpie, R.M. Cowling, P. Desmet, P. Goodman, J. Harris, Z.
Jonas, B. Reyers, K. Sink & T. Strauss. ISBN 1-919976-20-5.
18. A revision of the southern African genus Babiana, Iridaceae: Crocoideae. 2007. P. Goldblatt & J.C. Manning.
ISBN-10: 1-919976-32-9. ISBN-13: 978-1-919976-32-7.
19. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. 2006. L. Mucina & M.C. Rutherford (eds).
ISBN-10: 1-919976-21-3. ISBN-13: 978-1-919976-21-1.
20. Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology. 2007. J.M. Anderson,
H.M. Anderson & C.J. Cleal. ISBN 978-1-919976-39-6.
21. Molteno ferns: Late Triassic biodiversity in southern Africa. 2008. H.M. Anderson & J.M. Anderson.
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22. Plants of Angola / Plantas de Angola. 2008. E. Figueiredo & G.F. Smith. ISBN 978-1-919976-45-7.
23. Synopsis of the Lycopodiophyta and Pteridophyta of Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. 2009. J.P.
Roux. ISBN 978-1-919976-48-8.
24. Historical plant incidence in southern Africa. 2009. C.J. Skead. ISBN 978-1-919976-53-2.
25. Red List of South African plants 2009. 2009. D. Raimondo, L. von Staden, W. Foden, J.E. Victor, N.A. Helme, R.C.
Turner, D.A. Kamundi & P.A. Manyama (eds). ISBN 978-1-919976-52-5.
26. Botanical exploration of southern Africa, edn 2. 2010. H.F. Glen & G. Germishuizen. ISBN 978-1-919976-54-9.
27. Botany and horticulture of the genus Freesia (Iridaceae). 2010. J.C. Manning & P. Goldblatt (with G.D. Duncan, F.
Forest, R. Kaiser & L. Tatarenko). Paintings by Auriol Batten; line drawings by John C. Manning.
ISBN 978-1-919976-58-7.
28. The aloe names book. 2011. O.M. Grace, R.R. Klopper, E. Figueiredo & G.F. Smith. ISBN 978-1-919976-64-8.
29. Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 1: the Core Cape flora. 2012. J. Manning & P. Goldblatt.
ISBN 978-1-919976-74-7.
30. Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region 2: the Extra Cape flora. 2013. D.A. Snijman (ed.). ISBN 978-1-919976-77-8.
31. Guide to plant families of southern Africa. 2013. M. Koekemoer, H.M. Steyn & S.P. Bester. ISBN 978-1-919976-83-9.
32. Systematics and biology of the Cape genus Sparaxis (Iridaceae). 2013. P. Goldblatt & J. Manning.
ISBN 978-1-919976-89-1.
33. Vegetation Field Atlas of Continental South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. 2014. L. Mucina, M.C. Rutherford, L.W.
Powrie, A. van Niekerk & J.H. van der Merwe (eds). ISBN: 978-1-919976-97-6.
34. The Apocynaceae of Namibia. 2014. P.V. Bruyns. ISBN: 978-1-919976-98-3
ENQUIRIES:
SANBI Bookshop, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa.
Tel. +27 12 843 5000 Fax +27 12 804 3211
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S T R E L I T Z I A 34

EDITOR: Alicia Grobler

Citing this publication

Genus Family Number of species Number of endemics (%)

Materials and methods

Subfamily Tribe Number of Number of Stem- Geophytes

FIGURE 1.Diversity of species of

anthers; lobes spreading, to half as long as tube,

1a Spines mostly forked; corolla lobes in bud over-

Spiny erect to sprawling hard-stemmed pu-

Azima pubescens Suess., Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml.

Much-branched shrub to 5m, with young

FIGURE 4.Distribution of Carissa bispinosa. Habitat: Rocky hillsides to open woodland

Flowering time: Sep.Mar.

Distribution: Angola, Botswana, Namibia,

Voucher: Dinter 5359 (A, G, GH, K, SAM, Z).

Note: This name is often cited as C. bispi-

Carissa spinarum L., Mant. Pl. 1: 52 (1767) (=

FIGURE 7.Distribution of Carissa spinarum.

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Mll.Arg.)

Diplorhynchus Welw. ex Ficalho & Hiern

Key to the tribes

1a Stems and branches succulent; leaves alternate

5 species (Plaizier 1980), mainly in tropical

Key to the genera Key to species

Habitat: Rocky slopes to sandy flat areas, arid

Flowering time: Dec.Jun.

FIGURE 14.Adenium boehmianum. Photo: Coleen Mann

FIGURE 13.Adenium boehmianum, large shrub about

38 species (Beentje 1982), sub-Saharan Af-

1a Corolla lobes 2575mm long, gradually narrow-

Strophanthus amboensis (Schinz) Engl. &

Flowering time: Dec.Mar. Shrub 14m tall (rarely climbing to 10m),

long, spreading then pendulous, 48mm broad

Strophanthus kombe Oliv., Hookers Icon. Pl.

Shrub 14 m tall or climbing to 10m,

Key to species obovate, 201001040mm, finely pubescent

Pachypodium namaquanum (Wyley ex Harv.)

Tree to 3m tall, usually with single swollen

FIGURE 22.Pachypodium lealii, dwarf plant about 1m

FIGURE 24.Pachypodium namaquanum, south of Sebra-

PERIPLOCOIDEAE R.Br. ex Endl.

Key to the genera

1a Flowers large, with tube 5080mm long . . . . . .

Cryptolepis R.Br. (incl. Curroria Planch.

just below middle, tilting conically together and

32 species, South Africa to southern Arabian

1a Leaves in small tufts on short shoots to opposite,

FIGURE 28.Distribution of Cryptolepis oblongifolia. FIGURE 29.Distribution of Ectadium rotundifolium.

Distribution: South Africa to tropical Africa. Key to species

Flowering time: mainly Sep.Mar.

in R. namibiana), above-ground parts deciduous, Raphionacme haeneliae Venter & R.L.Verh.,

FIGURE 35.Distribution of Raphionacme inconspicua. FIGURE 36.Distribution of Raphionacme lanceolata.

FIGURE 39.Distribution of Raphionacme namibiana.

FIGURE 37.Raphionacme monteiroae, Mambone, Mo

4 species (Venter & Verhoeven 1990a), wide

Tacazzea apiculata Oliv., Trans. Linn. Soc. Lon-

Habitat: Rocky outcrops or dense bush near

Flowering time: Oct.May.

Distribution: West Africa to South Africa. Asso-

FIGURE 40.Distribution of Raphionacme velutina. Voucher: Giess 8951 (PRE, WIND).

margins below, without sterile appendages; pol-

Secamone punctulata Decne. in DC., Prodr. 8: