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Common name: Turnera Family.
Number of genera 10. Number of species 110.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple; capsule; fissuricidal capsule, or loculicidal capsule, or septicidal capsule; capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; without persistent central column; not within accessory organ(s); 1-seeded to many-seeded; (1-)3 to many; less than 1 cm long to from 1–5 cm long; 0.5–1 cm long; 3-carpellate; with carpels united; with carpels remaining united at maturity; with carpels not radiating at maturity; with carpels remaining connected at style; without sterile carpels; not sulcate; apex not beaked; dehiscent. Dehiscent unit endocarp(s). Dehiscent regularly; passively; at apex, or middle; and shedding seeds; without replum. Epicarp brown (all shades); durable; glabrous (without hairs); without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Mesocarp absent. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; smooth; without wing; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without mechanism for seedling escape; without grooves; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril present (Mathurina aril transformed in to pappus composed of long hairs); a true aril; white; well developed; adnate to hilum; fleshy, or dry (membranous); marginal, or basal; does not aid in seed explusion from fruit; fleshy, or membranous; fimbriate-laciniate, or cupshaped (Stapfiella); with straight hairlike fringe; unlobed. Seed larger than minute; 1 to less than 5 mm long; 2.4–3.3 mm long; ovate, or C-shaped; in transection terete; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without markedly different marginal tissue; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; tight; surface unsmooth; surface with depressed features, or merged raised features; surface pitted; surface reticulate; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; without wings; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades); membranous, or crustaceous; not becoming mucilaginous when wetted; surrounding food reserve. Hilum basal. Raphe conspicuous (linear); texture as testa; as long as seed; included in dehisced fruit. Endosperm development nuclear; copious, or moderate; fleshy-soft; smooth; without starch; with oils; without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); 0.9 times the length of food reserve; at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; axile and centric; foliate, or linear; with spatulate cotyledons; straight, or C-shaped; parallel to seed length; embedded in endosperm; with cotyledons abruptly connected to hypocotyl-radicle, or gradually connected to hypocotyl-radicle; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; 0.6 times length of embryo; as wide as hypocotyl-radicle, or somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 1–2.5 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; not concealing hypocotyl-radicle; foliaceous, or not foliaceous; thin; flat; smooth; with apices entire; with margins separate; basally entire; equal in size; not punctate dotted. Hypocotyl-radicle well developed; straight, or curved; not thickened.
Distribution
New World, Old World. North America, Middle America, South America, Africa (Madagascar and Rodriguez).
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
No ASOA or ISTA listed seeds.
Accepted genera
Adenoa Arbo -- Erblichia Seem. -- Hyalocalyx Rolfe -- Loewia Urb. -- Mathurina Balf. f. -- Piriqueta Aubl. -- Stapfiella Gilg -- Streptopetalum Hochst. -- Tricliceras Thonn. ex DC. -- Turnera L.
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 409. Arbo, M.M. 1985. Notes taxonómicas sobre Turneráceas Sudamericanas. Candollea 40:175–191.
General references
Baillon, H.E. 1866–95. Histoire des plantes, 13 vols. Hachette and Co., Paris, Corner, E.J.H. 1976. The seeds of Dicots, esp. vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, New York, Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Engler, A. and K. Prantl. 1924 and onward. Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilimien. W. Engelman, Leipzig, Gaertner, J. 1788–1805. De fructibus et seminibus plantarum. The Author, Stuttgart, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, LeMaout, E. and J. Decaisne. 1876. A general system of botany, 1,065 p. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, Mabberley, D.J. 1987. The plant-book, 706 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Martin, A.C. 1946. The comparative internal morphology of seeds. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 36:513–660, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
Acceptable fruit and seed illustrations. Disseminule illustration(s): fruit, or seed, or embryo. Fruit illustration(s): LeMaout & Decaisne, Cronquist, Engler & Prantl. Seed illustration(s): LeMaout & Decaisne, Cronquist, Engler & Prantl, Arbo (1985), Baillon, Karen. Embryo illustration(s): LeMaout & Decaisne, Engler & Prantl, Karen, Martin. Karen's plate number and taxon (taxa): 120: Hyalocalyx setiferus Rolfe (A-C), Mathurina penduliflora I.B. Balfour (D-F), Piriqueta integrifolia (Clav.) Capuron (G-I), Stapfiella claoxyloides Gilg (J-L), Streptopetalum serratum Hochsetter (M-O), Turnera ulmifolia L. (P-R), Tricliceras (Wormskioldia) pilosa (Willd.) R.B. Fernandes (S-U).
• Fruit. 1 of 14. Loewia glutinosa Urb.: fruits. • Seed. 2 of 14. Loewia glutinosa Urb.: seeds. • Fruit. 3 of 14. Piriqueta integrifolia (Clav.) Capuron: fruits. • Fruit and seed. 4 of 14. Piriqueta integrifolia (Clav.) Capuron: cross sectioned fruit with seeds. • Seed. 5 of 14. Piriqueta integrifolia (Clav.) Capuron: seed. • Fruit. 6 of 14. Tricliceras pilosum (Willd.) R. Fern.: fruit. • Seed. 7 of 14. Tricliceras pilosum (Willd.) R. Fern.: seeds. • Embryo. 8 of 14. Hyalocalyx setifer Rolfe: embryo. • Embryo. 9 of 14. Mathurina penduliflora Balf. F.: embryo. • Embryo. 11 of 14. Stapfiella claoxyloides Gilg.: embryo. • Embryo. 12 of 14. Streptopetalum serratum Hochst.: embryo. • Embryo. 13 of 14. Tricliceras pilosum (Willd.) R. Fern.: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
