Phytochem Rev
DOI 10.1007/s11101-017-9493-5
Trianthema portulacastrum L. (giant pigweed):
phytochemistry and pharmacological properties
Kumeshini Sukalingam . Kumar Ganesan . Baojun Xu
Received: 18 November 2016 / Accepted: 3 February 2017
Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017
Abstract Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae)
commonly called as black pigweed or giant pigweed,
which is a yearly herb, utilized as purgative, pain
relieving, stomachic and provide as alternative heal for
lung disease, cardiovascular disease, anemia and
edema. In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, the plant
is used in the treatment of inflammation in the
peripheral organs, uteralgia and cough. Taking into
account exploratory study, the present review aims to
provide up-to date data about the routine uses,
phytochemistry, and pharmacological actions of T.
portulacastrum to explore their therapeutic value for
future clinical settings. All data of T. portulacastrum
were collected from library database and electronic
search (ScienceDirect, Pubmed, and GoogleScholar).
The different pharmacological information was gathered and orchestrated in a suitable spot on the paper.
The genus Trianthema comprises of 64 species.
Among them, the species of T. portulacastrum has
been easily known for their customary uses. Phyto-
Kumeshini Sukalingam and Kumar Ganesan they have
contributed equally to the article as the first authors.
K. Sukalingam K. Ganesan B. Xu (&)
Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal
University–Hong Kong Baptist University United
International College, 28, Jinfeng Road, Tangjiawan,
Zhuhai 519085, Guangdong, China
e-mail: baojunxu@uic.edu.hk
chemical studies showed that T. portulacastrum
included trianthamine, ecdysterone, flavonoid (5,2
dihydroxy-7methoxy-6,8 dimethyl flavone), leptorumol (5,7 dihydroxy-6,8 dimethyl chromone), and other
intermediary bioactive compounds such as b-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and their b-glucopyranosides, bcyanin, 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid, 5-hydroxy-2methoxy benzaldehyde, 3-acetyl aleuritolic acid,
pmethoxy benzoic acid, and p-propoxy benzoic acid.
The plant extracts showed significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, antihyperglycemic,
antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. The toxicity
study conducted in animals and no noteworthy mortality found till 4 g/kg b.w. Taking into account on
animal studies, T. portulacastrum have different
bioactivities including antihyperglycemic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antimicrobial and modulate different cellular signals related to control of oxidative stress
and inflammation. The phytoconstituents of T. portulacastrum have a various potential to exact pharmacological benefits and possible chemotherapeutic
mediator. Nevertheless, more support for such properties/dynamic constituents have been obtained from
cellular and molecular studies, while clinical studies
are as yet deficient. Since animal research do not
constantly interpret to human conditions, additional
clinical studies are also warranted to infer the full
interpretation impact of T. portulacastrum for prevention of human diseases. Hence, future comprehensive
clinical studies are required to warrant the therapeutic
usefulness of the T. portulacastrum.
123
Phytochem Rev
Graphical Abstract
Keywords Trianthema portulacastrum
Phytochemistry Pharmacology Toxicity
Therapeutic uses
Abbreviations
T. portulacastrum
NMR
H2O2
DPPH
ROS
123
Trianthema portulacastrum
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Hydrogen peroxide
Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl
Reactive oxygen species
GSH
GST
SOD
CAT
GPx
ALP
DMBA
NF-jB
HDL
WHO
Glutathione
Glutathione s-transferase
Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Gluathione peroxidase
Alkaline phosphatase
7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
Nuclear factor
High density lipoprotein
World Health Organization
Phytochem Rev
Introduction
Plants have been used as primary sources of medicine
all over the world for more than 5000 years. It
however, remains to lodge in an important position in
traditional as well as modern systems of medicine.
There are around 2000 flora species, which found to
possess the medicinal properties in all these four
indigenous systems of medicine, namely Siddha,
Homeopathy, Ayurveda, and Unani. As shown by the
report of the WHO, more than 80% of the world
population depends on conventional systems of ethical
dosage, generally plant based, to meet primary health
care needs (Farnsworth et al. 1985; Bora et al. 2012).
More than 7500 types of plants are judged to be utilized
by different communities in veterinary and human
health care. Approximately 1000 plants have been
utilized in the Indian system of medicines. Efforts have
been taken to evaluate the medicinal plants all through
the nations, but a complete inventory is not available so
far (Henry et al. 1987). These herbs are a noteworthy
source of unknown dynamic substances with possible
therapeutic effects. At present, thousands of plant
metabolites are being effectively employed in the
treatment of a diversity of diseases.
The greater part of the supply of medication is
found from wild plants. The therapeutic worth is
dictated by the vicinity of phytochemical substances
(secondary metabolites), which create a particular
physiological potential of the human body. The
medicinal plants are acquired from assorted sources,
cultivated, wild state or of exotic origin. Their habit
forma may be bushes, herbs, weeds or trees. The aim
of this review is to give comprehensive information on
the phytochemistry and pharmacological actions of T.
portulacastrum to investigate their therapeutic value
for potential clinical scenarios. Figure 1: a whole plant
of T. portulacastrum L.
Botanical description
Trianthema portulacastrum L. is a flowering plant
species in the ice plant family grown mostly in the
wastelands, grows up to 30–60 cm long weed. It is
yearly or fleeting indigenous weed of South Africa and
commonly distributed in throughout Africa, Southeast
Fig. 1 Whole plant of Trianthema portulacastrum L.
and West Asia, India, Southern China, and tropical
America. Nevertheless, the plant has no known centre
of starting point. In India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and
Sri Lanka, the weed is developed amid summer season
along with the most important agricultural crops such
as cotton, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, rice, maize, and
wheat (Asghar et al. 2013) and causing a significant
yield reduction in the crop production (Nayyar et al.
2001). T. portulacastrum is a prostrate, glabrous,
succulent diffusely branched weed. Leaves are fleshy,
scale like opposite, alternate, extipulate with membranous stipules. Flowers are regularly bisexual stamens vary from five to many and filaments are free or
basically connate. Fruits are berry and loculicidal
capsule.
Taxonomy
Regional name
Kingdom: Plantae
English-Horse Purslane
Subkingdom:
Tracheobionta
Tamil-Sharunnai, Shavalai
Super division:
Spermatophyta
Telugu: Galijeru
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Kannada: Ambatimadu; Tella-galijeru
Class:
Magnoliopsida
Hindi: Lalsabuni
Subclass:
Caryophyllidae
Sanskrit: Punarnavi, Shvetapunarnava,
Chiratika, Dhanapatra, Shvetamula,
Upothaki
Order:
Caryophyllales
Urdu: Narma
123
Phytochem Rev
Taxonomy
Regional name
Traditional uses
Family: Aizoaceae
Pujabi: It sit
Genus: Trianthema
Marathi: Pundharighentuli
Species:
portulacastrum
Arabic: Zaleya pentandra
Trianthema portulacastrum has been practiced in the
indigenous system of medicine for the obstruction of
liver, asthma, amenorrhoea, dropsy, and beriberi
(Chatterjee and Prakashi 1994). The infusion of the
roots has cathartic and irritant properties and is
employed as an abortifacient. But it indicates practically no activity on the confined uterus. The plant is
acrid, hot, pain relieving, stomachic, and purgative,
cures bronchitis, cardiovascular diseases, and various
inflammations (Krithikar and Basu 1991). The leaves
are diuretic and used in dropsy, edema, and ascities
(Javed et al. 2000). A decoction of the plant is
employed as a vermifuge and for the treatment of
rheumatic arthritis. It is also an antidote to the
alcoholic toxin. The plant is lithotropic for the kidney
and bladder (Chopra et al. 1996).
Indonesian: Subang-subang
Thai: Phak bia hin
Chinese: Shu mo shi ma chi xian
Spanish: Verdolaga, Verdolaga blanca,
Verdolaga de cochi, Verdolaga de hoja
ancha
Vietnamese: Sam bien, Co tam khoi, Rau
sam gia
The genus Trianthema comprises of 64 species.
Among them, the species of T. portulacastrum has
been easily known for their customary uses.
The genus Trianthema and its species (IPNI 2017)
1. T. americana Gillies ex Arn.
20. T. galericulata Melville
2. T. anceps Thunb.
21. T. glandulosum Peter
3. T. argentina Hunz. & Cocucci
22. T. glaucifolium F. Muell.
42. T. pakistanense H. E. K. Hartmann &
Liede
43. T. parvifolia E. Mey.
4. T. australe Melville
23. T. glinoides Pers.
44. T. patellitecta A. M. Prescott
5. T. camillei Cordem.
6. T. ceratosepala Volkens & Irmsch.
24. T. glossostigma F. Muell.
25. T. govindia Buch.-Ham.
45. T. pentandra L.
7. T. clavatum H. E. K. Hartmann &
Liede
26. T. griseum O. Deg. & I. Deg.
47. T. polyandra Blume
27. T. hecatandra Wingf. & M.
F. Newman
48. T. polysperma Hochst. ex Oliv.
9. T. corallicola H. E. K. Hartmann &
Liede
28. T. hereroense Schinz
50. T. Procumbens Mill.
29. T. humifusum Thunb.
51. T. redimita Melville
10. T. corymbosum E. Mey.
30. T. humillimum F. Muell.
52. T. rhynchocalyptra F. Muell.
11. T. crystallinum (Forssk.) Vahl
31. T. hydaspicum Edgew.
53. T. rubens E. Mey.
12. T. cussackianum F. Muell.
13. T. cypseleoides (Fenzl) Benth.
32. T. kimberleyi Bittrich & Jenssen
54. T. salarium Bremek.
33. T. littorale Cordem.
55. T. salsoloides Fenzl ex Oliv
14. T. decandra L.
34. T. maidenii S. Moore
56. T. sanguinea Volkens & Irmsch.
15. T. diffusa Mill.
35. T. megaspermum A. M. Prescott
57. T. sedifolia Vis.
16. T. dinteri Engl.
17. T. dubium Spreng. ex Turcz.
36. T. monogyna L.
37. T. multiflorum Peter
58. T. sennii Chiov.
59. T. sheilae A. G. Mill. & J. A. Nyberg
18. T. flexuosum Schumach. & Thonn.
38. T. nigricans Peter
60. T. transvaalensis Schinz
19. T. fruticosum Vahl
39. T. nyasica Baker
61. T. triandra Wettst.
40. T. obcordata Wall.
62. T. triquetra Rottler & Willd.
41. T. oxycalyptra F. Muell.
63. T. turgidifolia F. Muell.
8. T. compactum C. T. White
46. T. pilosa F. Muell.
49. T. portulacastrum L.
64. T. ufoense H. E. K. Hartmann & Liede
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Phytochem Rev
The plant has impacted on blood pressure in the
ileum of guinea pigs. An aqueous infusion of the
whole plant was found to be a toxic for American
cockroaches when infused into the circulatory system.
The seeds were found harmful contaminants in food
grains and other agricultural sources (The Wealth of
India 1995). The nutritional study showed that the
edible wild plant has excellent sources of fiber,
proteins, thiamine, riboflavin, potassium, sodium,
magnesium and iron (Khan et al. 2013).
In light of exploratory assessment, the different
concentrates of T. portulacastrum have been found to
possess a various pharmacological activities such as
analgesic (Shanmugan et al. 2007; Shivhare et al.
2012), antibacterial (Kavitha et al. 2014), antifungal
(Nawaz et al. 2001), anticancer (Bhattacharya and
Chatterjee 1999), anti-inflammatory (Vohora et al.
1983), antifertility (Pare et al. 2013), antioxidant
(Kumar et al. 2005), antipyretic and hepatoprotective
(Bishayee et al. 1996; Mandal et al. 1997a, b),
nephroprotective (Karim et al. 2011), hypoglycaemic
and hypolipidemic (Anreddy et al. 2010), diuretic
(Asif et al. 2013), and mosquito larvicidal actions
(Singh et al. 2011). Likewise, the study has affirmed
that the T. portulacastrum has an antihepatotoxic
effect based on the regulation of erythropoiesis and
general unsusceptibility (Mandal et al. 1998), antioxidant enzymes (Mandal et al. 1997a, b), regulated
hepatic oxidative DNA damage and chromosomal
aberrations (Sarkar et al. 1999). The ethanolic extract
of T. portulacastrum leaves has a potential of hepatoprotective against hepatic damage caused by paracetamol and thioacetamide (Kumar et al. 2004),
rifampicin (Mehta et al. 2003), aflatoxin B1 (Banu
et al. 2009a, 2009b) and high fat diet (Sunder et al.
2010a, b, c) in animal models.
Phytochemistry
The methanolic extract of T. portulacastrum leaves
contains carbohydrates, protein, volatile oils, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids (Verma 2011).
Trianthamine and punarnavine have been reported
from this plant extracts (Wealth of India 1976). It also
contains ecdysterone, which is potential chemosterilant (Banerji et al. 1971; Tripathi 2004) and moulting
hormone activity, gives a full pupation response for
larvae of house fly (Kumar et al. 2004). T.
portulacastrum contains mostly vitamins (B3 and C),
carotenes (0.23%) and various concentrations of
minerals [calcium (0.3%), phosphorus (0.13%), magnesium (0.2%), iron (50 ppm), copper (8 ppm), zinc
(30.0 ppm), manganese (50 ppm) and crude protein
(1.5%)] (Bharathidhasan et al. 2007; Khare 2006).
Fresh plant leaves contains branched chain hydrocarbon, which has been isolated and characterized from
the surface wax through gas liquid chromatography
(Singh et al. 1982). The lipid fractions and fatty acid
composition of seed oil of T. portulacastrum (Ashraf
and Riaz 1996) has listed in the Table 1.
Total phenolic compounds were isolated at various
concentrations in root (6–10%), shoot (5–7%), and
leaf (5–9%) portions of crude hydrolysates of T.
portulacastrum (Yaqoob et al. 2014). Kokpol et al.
(1997) isolated flavonoid (5,2 dihydroxy-7methoxy6,8 dimethyl flavone), leptorumol (5,7 dihydroxy-6,8
dimethyl chromone), and other active compounds
such as b-sitosterol, stigmasterol and their b-glucopyranosides, 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid, b-cyanin,
3-acetyl aleuritolic acid, 5-hydroxy-2-methoxy benzaldehyde, p-propoxy benzoic acid, and p-methoxy
benzoic acid. Al Sherif and Gharieb (2011) isolated
quercetin and other numerous benzoic and cinnamic
acid derivatives, such as p-hydroxy benzoic acid,
protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic
acid, 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid, o-coumaric acid
and pyrogallol. Beta cyanin, the predominant widespread red coloured flavonoid occur in several plant
species, has also been accounted in T. portulacastrum
(Sunder et al. 2009).
Nawaz et al. (2001) isolated four terpenoids from
the chloroform extract of T. portulacastrum, which
employs as antifungal agents. Based on twoTable 1 The lipid fractions and fatty acid composition of seed
oil of T. portulacastrum L.
Lipids
Composition
Percentage
Total lipids
Neutral lipids
95.2
Polar lipids
Neutral lipids
4.8
Sterol esters
4.0
Triglycerides
84.5
Free fatty acids
1.8
Diglycerides
2.5
Monoglycerides
1.6
Hydrocarbons
0.3
123
Phytochem Rev
dimensional NMR techniques, the plant has found an
antifungal substance, namely trinthenol (15-hydroxymethyl-2, 6, 10, 18, 22, 26, 30-heptamethyl-14methylene-17-hentriacontene), benzaldehyde, benzoic acid derivatives, and pentacyclic terpenoids.
Trianthenol comprises 40-carbonated compounds
with 8 isoprene units and a trans-double bond, which
is accountable for its E-configuration. In addition, bcarotene has also been identified from the organic
solvents (Khare 2007). The chemical structure of
typical phytochemical constituents present in T.
portulacastrum was listed in the Table 2.
Pharmacological uses
Trianthema portulacastrum has various phytochemical compositions, which recuperate or control many
metabolic diseases like diabetes, jaundice, inflammation, nephrological disorders, asthma, anemia,
Table 2 Major phytochemical constituents isolated from T. portulacastrum L.
Beta-ecdysterone
Leptorumol
3-Acetyl aleuritolic acid
Beta sitosterol
Stigmasterol
p-Methoxy benzoic acid
5-Hydroxy-2-methoxy benzaldehyde
3,4-Dimethoxy cinnamic acid
p-Propoxy benzoic acid
7-Hydroxy-3-methylflavone
Pyridine-3-carboxyli c acid
Ascorbic acid
123
Phytochem Rev
ascities, and malignancy. T. portulacastrum has
potential pharmacological properties as complementary medicine and utilized in various formulations
implied for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, hypoglycaemic, anticancer, and antimicrobial agents. The detailed
information about dose range, type of extract used,
route of administration, the model used, positive and
negative controls, study duration and other pharmacological results have made based on the experimental
research study in vivo and in vitro according to the
appropriate title.
Antioxidant potential
Oxidative stress plays a crucial part in the pathogenesis of numerous degenerative diseases like diabetes,
atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis,
Parkinsonism, Huntington, Alzheimer, muscular dystrophy and cancer (Kaneto et al. 2010; Moura et al.
2010; Patten et al. 2010; Queen and Tollefsbol 2010).
T. portulacastrum possessed antioxidant activity by
reducing lipid peroxidation and promoting the scavenging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and diphenyl
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals (Badmanaban et al. 2010; Sunder et al. 2010b). In vivo experimental animal models and in vitro studies provided
that T. portulacastrum exerts potent antioxidant
activities, as summarized in Table 3.
Lipid peroxidation is one of the essential indications of oxidative damage initiated by reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and it has been connected with altered
membrane structure and inactivation of catalysts. It is
setting forth to drag of a hydrogen atom from
polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma membrane
(Shen et al. 1994). The expansion of lipid peroxides
might come from a spontaneous generation of free
radicals and which was overcome by the administration of ethanolic extract of T. portulacastrum (Kumar
et al. 2005).
GSH and GST are non-enzymatic antioxidants
involved in the enzymatic detoxification of ROS. The
amalgamation of intracellular GSH and GST activities
were upgraded by ethanolic extract of T. portulacastrum leaves and silymarin that have the key role in
mitigating toxicant incited oxidative stress and succeeding liver damage (Kumar et al. 2005). Note
worthy antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and
GPx appears the first line of defense against ROS and a
drop-off in their activities was observed with toxicanttreated animals (Banu et al. 2009a). Ethanolic extract
of T. portulacastrum leaves promotes the GSH levels,
resulting in the increase in SOD activity, thereby
preventing the deleterious effect of super oxide
radicals. Thus T. portulacastrum directly influences
the activities of SOD and CAT.
Trianthema portulacastrum was found to decrease
the generation of ROS in the liver and kidney by
restoring endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities
(Banu et al. 2009b; Karim et al. 2011). These findings
indicated that the T. portulacastrum has potent
antioxidant activity, suggesting that it can be applied
as a complementary medicine to anticipate oxidative
damage actuated various degenerative and metabolic
diseases.
Hepatoprotective potential
Administration of ethanolic extracts of T. portulacastrum in a dose-dependent manner created a decrease in
the activity of hepatic marker enzymes in serum,
which may be on the issue of stabilizing the cell
membrane and restore of hepatic tissue damage caused
by toxicants like aflatoxin, paracetamol, thioacetamide (Kumar et al. 2004). Alkaline phosphatase
(ALP) is a hepatic enzyme typically discharged
through bile. In liver injury due to hepatotoxin,
discharge of bile diminished by the liver, which is
reflected in their increased levels in serum (Kim et al.
2006; Kumar et al. 2006) and this enzyme level was
nullified by the administration of T. portulacastrum in
rats (Kumar et al. 2004).
Hyperbilirubinaemia is a sensitive test for liver
function and severity of necrosis, which improves the
binding, conjugation and discharge of liver cell that is
relative to the rate of erythrocyte degeneration (Singh
et al. 1998; Meshkibaf et al. 2006). Exhaustion of high
bilirubin level accompanying with a low level of ALP
in the serum treated with T. portulacastrum recommended the possibility of phytotherapeutic constituents of the plant extracts being able to stabilize
biliary dysfunction of rat liver. The hepatoprotective
activity of T. portulacastrum against heptotoxin may
be because of the vicinity of the dynamic metabolite in
T. portulacastrum which in turn diminished drug
metabolizing enzymes through binding with RNA
123
Phytochem Rev
Table 3 Summary of in vivo and in vitro studies of antioxidant potentials of T. portulacastrum L.
Model
TP extract
Dose/
route/duration
Negative
control
Investigation
Results
References
–
Methanolic
extract
leaf, root,
and shoot
1, 10, 100,
1000, 2000,
and 5000
(lg/ml)
–
(1) DPPH antiradical capacity
TP as potential
source of valuable
antioxidants
Yaqoob et al.
(2014)
Wistar
albino
rats
Ethanolic
extract of
leaves
100, 200 mg/
kg b.w/p.o;
2 weeks
Paracetamol
(3 g/kg bw)
and
thioacetamide
(150 mg/
kg bw)
(1) TP increased liver
glutathione, liver Na–KATPase (2) TP increased
blood GSH, SOD, CAT,
GSH-Px, GST, GSH-R
TP exerted
hepatoprotective
and antioxidant
potential
Kumar et al.
(2005)
–
Aqueous
and
ethanolic
extract of
leaves
10 ll
–
(1) DPPH antiradical capacity
TP as potential
source of valuable
antioxidants
Rattanata
et al. (2014)
Male
wistar
albino
rats
Ethanolic
extract
200 and
400 mg/kg
b.wt
Ethylene glycol
0.75% and
ammonium
chloride 1%
(1) TP significantly restored
urinary (urinary volume,
calcium, oxalate, phosphate,
magnesium, and phosphate)
and serum (calcium,
creatinine, uric acid, BUN)
and antioxidants parameters
(SOD, CAT, MDA)
TP as potential
source of valuable
antioxidants
Lakshmi
et al. (2014)
–
Methanolic
extract of
leaves
10 ll
–
(1) DPPH radical scavenging
assay
TP as potential
source of valuable
antioxidants
Badmanaban
et al.
(2010),
Sunder
et al.
(2010b)
(2) Ferric reducing antioxidant
power
(3) inhibit linoleic acid
peroxidation
(2) Ferric reducing power
(2) Hydrogen Peroxide
Scavenging assay
(3) Nitric Oxide scavenging
assay
Wistar
albino
rats
Methanolic
extract of
leaves
100, 200 mg/
kg b.w/p.o;
2 weeks
High fat diet
(1) TP increased the liver
catalase, superoxide
dismutase, glutathione (2) TP
decreased lipid peroxide
(malondialdehyde) levels
TP as potential
source of valuable
antioxidants and
antihyperlipidemic
Sunder et al.
(2010a)
–
Methanolic
extract of
leaves
10–50 ll
–
(1) DPPH radical scavenging
assay
TP has as potential
of antioxidants
Guha et al.
(2011)
(2) ABTS radical scavenging
activity
(3) Ferric reducing antioxidant
property
(4) DNA damage inhibition
efficiency
polymerases and thereby cessation of protein and
nucleic acid synthesis (Bowman and Rand 1982).
In vivo, experimental animal models provided that T.
portulacastrum exerts potential hepatoprotective
activities, as summarized in Table 4.
123
Anti-inflammatory potential
The extract also successfully suppressed the inflammation delivered by mediators namely histamine,
serotonin, and prostaglandins. T. portulacastrum
Phytochem Rev
Table 4 Summary of in vivo studies of hepatoprotective potentials of T. portulacastrum L.
Model
TP extract
Dose/
route/duration
Negative
control
Investigation
Results
References
Wistar
albino
rats
Methanolic
extract
100, 200 mg/
kg b.w/p.o;
2 weeks
4% Cholesterol,
1% cholic acid
and 0.5%
thiouracil
(CCT)
(1) TP reduced serum
LDH, AST, ALT, ALP,
Bil and creatinine
TP exerted
antihepatotoxic potential
and reduce
glomerulosclerosis
Sunder
et al.
(2010c)
Wistar
albino
rats
Ethanolic
extract of
leaves
100, 200 mg/
kg b.w/p.o;
2 weeks
Aflatoxin B1
(1 mg/kg bw,
p.o)
(1) TP reduced serum
LDH,ALP, AST, ALT,
lipid peroxide levels
TP exerted
antihepatotoxic potential
and reduced Aflatoxin
B1-induced
hepatotoxicity
Banu et al.
(2009a)
TP exerted
antihepatotoxic potential
and reduced Aflatoxin
B1-induced
hepatotoxicity
Banu et al.
(2009b)
(2) TP increased SOD,
CAT, GSH-Px, GSH-R,
G6PD, GST
(3) TP enhanced the level
of GSH, vitamin C,
vitamin E
(1) TP decreased SGOT,
SGPT, ALP and Bil
Wistar
albino
rats
Ethanolic
extract of
leaves
100, 200 mg/
kg b.w/p.o;
2 weeks
Aflatoxin B1
(1 mg/kg bw,
p.o)
Wistar
albino
rats
Ethanolic
extract of
leaves
100, 200 mg/
kg b.w/p.o;
3 weeks
Paracetamol
(3 g/kg bw)
and
thioacetamide
(150 mg/kg
bw)
(1) TP decreased SGOT,
SGPT, ALP and Bil
TP exerted
hepatoprotective and
reduced paracetamol
and thioacetamide
intoxication
Kumar
et al.
(2004)
Wistar
albino
rats
Alcoholic
extract of
aerial
parts
100 mg/kg
b.w/p.o;
2 weeks
Paracetamol
(3 g/kg bw)
and rifampicin
(1 g/kg bw)
(1) TP decreased SGOT,
SGPT, ALP and Bil
TP exerted
hepatoprotective and
reduced paracetamol
and rifampicin
intoxication
Mehta et al.
(2003)
Wistar
albino
rats
Ethanolic
extract of
leaves
100, 200 mg/
kg b.w/p.o;
2 weeks
Paracetamol
(3 g/kg bw)
and
thioacetamide
(150 mg/kg
bw)
(1) TP increased of liver
GSH, liver Na–KATPase
TP exerted
hepatoprotective and
reduced paracetamol
and thioacetamide
intoxication
Kumar
et al.
(2005)
Carbon
tetrachloride
(1) TP decreased SGOT,
SGPT, ALP, glutamate
dehydrogenase, sorbitol
dehydrogenase, Bil and
urea. (2) TP decreased in
the activities of plasma
membrane enzymes cglutamyl transpeptidase
and 50 -nucleotidase and
lysosomal enzymes acid
phosphatase and acid
ribonuclease in hepatic
tissue
TP exerted
antihepatotoxic and
cytoprotection on
carbon tetrachloride
intoxication
Mandal
et al.
(1997a, b)
Swiss
albino
mice
Ethanolic
extract of
leaves
100, 150 mg/
kg b.w/p.o;
2 weeks
(2) TP enhanced blood
GSH, SOD, GSH-Px,
GST, GSH-R
123
Phytochem Rev
Table 4 continued
Model
TP extract
Dose/
route/duration
Negative
control
Investigation
Results
References
Swiss
albino
mice
Ethanolic
extract of
leaves
100, 150 mg/
kg b.w/p.o;
2 weeks
Carbon
tetrachloride
(1) TP decreased
hepatocellular necrosis,
severe anaemia,
leucopaenia,
lymphocytopaenia,
neutrophilia, eosinophilia
and haemoglobinaemia
TP exerted
hepatoprotective and
involved in modulating
several erythropoiesis
factors and boosting
host immunity
Mandal
et al.
(1998)
(2) TP enhanced plasma
albumin and globulin
Swiss
albino
mice
Ethanolic
extract of
leaves
150 mg/kg
b.w/p.o;
13 weeks
Carbon
tetrachloride
(1) TP protects liverspecific structural-type
chromosomal anomalies
TP has the potential of
hepatoprotective and
able to counteract
oxidative injury to DNA
in the liver
Sarkar et al.
(1999)
Swiss
albino
mice
Ethanolic
extract of
leaves
50, 100,
150 mg/kg
b.w/p.o;
2 weeks
Alcohol-carbon
tetrachloride
(1) TP elevated serum
enzymatic activities of
GOT, GPT, LDH, ALP,
sorbitol and glutamate
dehydrogenase
TP has the potential of
hepatoprotective against
hepatocellular injury
Bishayee
et al.
(1996)
TP exerted
hepatoprotective activity
mediated through a
marked inhibition of
CCl4 induced hepatic
lipid peroxidation with a
concurrent modulation
of GSH status and the
activities of antioxidant
defense enzymes in
mouse liver
Mandal
et al.
(1997a, b)
(2) TP decreased of hepatic
malondialdehyde
formation and increased
GSH
Swiss
albino
mice
Ethanolic
extract of
leaves
100, 150 mg/
kg b.w/p.o;
5 weeks
Carbon
tetrachloride
(1) TP decreased lipid
peroxidation, increase
hepatic-reduced
glutathione (GSH) level
and decrease in their
oxidized glutathione
(GSSG) level; increase in
the activity of GSH-R,
CAT, GSH-Px, GST in
liver
exhibited a significant inhibition against histamine and
5-hydroxy histamine affected hind paw oedema,
which demonstrates that the extracts restrains its
anti-inflammatory action by methods of either inhibiting the synthesis, release or activity of inflammatory
mediators might be involved in inflammation and it
can be proposed that the inflammatory activity is
potentially backed by its anti-histaminic activity
(Saravanan et al. 2004). Chronic inflammation is a
response arising when the intense reaction is inadequate to eliminate proinflammatory agents. Carrageenan affects protein rich exudation containing a
huge number of neutrophils. The T. portulacastrum
extract adequately stifled the inflammation produced
by carrageenan-induced edema.
123
The dynamic constituents of T. portulacastrum
possess anti-inflammatory potential (Shivhare et al.
2012). Based on the experimental information, T.
portulacastrum exerts inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary
tumorigenesis at least, to some degree, by suppression
of inflammatory stress response. T. portulacastrum
averts DMBA induced breast neoplasia by antiinflammatory mechanisms intervened through concurrent and differential modulation of two interconnected molecular circuits, to be specific NF-jB and
Nrf2 signaling pathways (Mandal and Bishayee 2015).
In vivo, experimental animal models provided that T.
portulacastrum exerts potential antiinflammatory
activities, as summarized in Table 5.
Phytochem Rev
Antihyperglycemic potential
The experimental study recommended that the
methanolic extract of T. portulacastrum had significant hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic, hypolipidaemic activities in normal, alloxan and
streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (Sunder et al.
2009; Anreddy et al. 2010). Fasting blood glucose
level in diabetic rats is a noteworthy parameter for
observing diabetes and the outcomes demonstrated
that T. portulacastrum brought about hypoglycemia
and antihyperglycemic impact by diminishing the
fasting blood glucose level. The noteworthy reduction
of fasting blood glucose in T. portulacastrum administered diabetic rats may be due to the enhanced
secretion of insulin from b-cells of the pancreas or
incitement of the residual pancreatic mechanism,
presumably by increasing peripheral usage of glucose
(Sunder et al. 2009). Besides, the supplementation of
T. portulacastrum produced a significant, valuable
impact on the lipid profile in normal and diabetic rats
by reducing triglycerides, total cholesterol and
increasing HDL levels significantly. This impact
may be because of low activity of cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes and or low level of lipolysis, which are
under the control of insulin (Sharma et al. 2003; 2009).
The administration of T. portulacastrum may cause
the recovery of the b-cells of the pancreas and
potentiating of insulin secretion from surviving bcells or incitement of more insulin secretion and
consequently diminishes the blood glucose level may
prevent lipid peroxidation and control of lipolytic
hormones in STZ induced diabetic rats (Anreddy et al.
2010). In vivo, experimental animal studies provided
that T. portulacastrum exerts potential antihyperglycemic activities, as summarized in Table 6.
Antimicrobial potential
In vitro investigations of T. portulacastrum has an
antimicrobial impact against gram positive and gram
negative bacteria and various fungi (Kavitha et al.
2014; Mohammed et al. 2012). T. portulacastrum
Table 5 Summary of in vivo studies of anti-inflammatory potentials of T. portulacastrum L.
Model
TP extract
Dose/
route/duration
Negative control
Investigation
Results
References
Wistar albino
rats
Ethanolic
extract
50, 100 and
200 mg/kg
b.w
7,12Dimethylbenz(a)
anthracene
(DMBA)
(1) TP down
regulated the
expression of
inflammatory
enzymes such as
cyclooxygenase-2
and heat shock
protein 90, blocked
the degradation of
inhibitory kappa
B-alpha, hampered
the translocation of
nuclear factorkappa B from
cytosol to nucleus
and up regulated
the expression and
nuclear
translocation of
Nrf2 during DMBA
mammary
carcinogenesis
TP prevents DMBAinduced breast
neoplasia by antiinflammatory
mechanisms
mediated through
simultaneous and
differential
modulation of two
interconnected
molecular circuits,
namely NF-jB and
Nrf2 signaling
pathways
Mandal
and
Bishayee
(2015)
Swiss albino
mice and Swiss
Wistar albino
rats
Chloroform
extract
50, 100,
200 mg/kg
b.w/p.o; 8 h
Carrageenan
(30 mg/kg b.w)
(1) TP exhibited
significant
inhibition on the
hind paw oedema
TP exerted antiinflammatory
potential
Sunder
et al.
(2009)
123
Phytochem Rev
exerted its antibacterial effects due to its ability to
limit bacterial development by its phytochemicals and
enhance the synergistic impacts of antibiotics and
thereby decreasing the probability of resistance to
drugs (Kavitha et al. 2014). These antimicrobial
activities of T. portulacastrum have been proposed
as promising applications in wellbeing protection in
order to avoid communicable diseases (Nawaz et al.
2001; Rattanata et al. 2014). T. portulacastrum
exhibited dose and time dependent anthelmintic
effects on live worms as well as egg hatching (Hussain
et al. 2011). Summary of in vitro studies of antimicrobial potentials of T. portulacastrum demonstrated
in the Table 7. T. portulacastrum showed more
effective mosquito larvicidal action in acetone extract
compared to aqueous extract. T. portulacastrum
extracts have phytochemicals which are to be used
for the progress of larvicide against disease vectors
(Singh et al. 2011).
Anticancer potential
Three extracts (viz., aqueous, ethanolic and chloroform) of T. portulacastrum found to decrease the
incidence, multiplicity, and visible size neoplastic
nodules in the liver and altered microscopic hepatic
cell foci stimulated by potent hepatocarcinogen
(diethylnitrosamine) in rats. These three extracts
tweaked phase I and II drug metabolism in hepatic
enzymes and antioxidant protection in diethylnitrosamine induced animals (Bhattacharya and Chatterjee 1998a, b). The chloroform extract of T.
portulacastrum exhibited an inhibitory effect against
rat hepatocellular carcinogenesis induced by phenobarbital (Bhattacharya and Chatterjee 1999).
Ethanolic extract of T. portulacastrum exhibited a
prominent suppression of DMBA initiated breast
tumor incidence, entire tumor burden, and normal
tumor weight with no lethal sign in rats (Bishayee and
Mandal 2014). Further study has developed that T.
portulacastrum in a dose-dependent manner induced
apoptosis and forestalled irregular cell proliferation,
proapoptotic protein Bax, antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2
and decreased enacted Wnt/b-catenin signaling in
breast tumors (Bishayee and Mandal 2014). In light of
empowering results, the mammary tumour-inhibitory
effect of T. portulacastrum has also performed
(Bishayee and Mandal 2014). Anti-inflammatory
mechanisms of T. portulacastrum executed by observing proinflammatory and stress markers, namely
cyclooxygenase-2, heat shock protein 90, and inflammation-regulatory signaling pathways, namely
nuclear factor-jB and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in DMBA-induced mammary gland
neoplasia in rats (Mandal and Bishayee 2015). Summary of in vivo and in vitro studies of anticancer
potentials of T. portulacastrum demonstrated in the
Table 8.
Toxicity assessment
Oral acute toxicity study has been conducted in either
sex of rats and mice using different dosages of
methanolic and ethanolic extracts of T. portulacastrum. There was no noteworthy mortality originated
till 4 g/kg b.w., therefore, both extracts were found to
Table 6 Summary of in vivo studies of antihyperglycemic potentials of T. portulacastrum L.
Model
TP extract
Dose/
route/duration
Negative
control
Investigation
Results
References
Wistar
albino
male
rats
Methanolic
extract
100, 200 mg/
kg b.w/p.o;
8h
Streptozotocin
(30 mg/kg
b.w)
(1) TP reduced
blood sugar
TP exerted antihyperglycemic
potential and reduce blood glucose
within 2 h
Sunder
et al.
(2009)
Wistar
albino
male
rats
Methanolic
extract
100, 200,
300 mg/kg
b.w/p.o;
7 days
Alloxan
(120 mg/kg
b.w)
(1) TP reduced
blood sugar
TP exerted antihyperglycemic and
hyperlipidemic potential and reduce
blood glucose and lipid profile
within 7 days
Anreddy
et al.
(2010)
123
(2) TP decreased
total cholesterol,
triglycerides and
HDL
Phytochem Rev
Table 7 Summary of in vitro studies of antimicrobial potentials of T. portulacastrum L.
Microbial Strains
Methods
Dose/extract
Investigation
Results
References
Bacterial—E. coli,
Staphylococcus aureus,
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Salmonella
typhi, Shigella flexneri,
Proteus vulgaris,
Klebsiella pneumonia
Bacterial assay
20 ll/
aqueous,
methanol
and
chloroform
extracts
Antibacterial activity by
agar well and disc
diffusion methods
revealed that the zone of
inhibition was found to
be maximum in the
methanolic extract
followed by the
chloroform extract.
Aqueous extract showed
the least antibacterial
activity. The methanol
and chloroform extracts
showed less than 100%
inhibition against A.
niger, A.fumigatus,
Rhizopus and Candida
albicans
(1) Methanolic extract
has a variety of
phytochemical
compounds
Kavitha
et al.
(2014)
20 ll/
aqueous,
and ethanol
extracts
Ethanolic extracts had
20.10% inhibition
against Shigella spp
(1) The extract have
phenolic and
flavonoids
Rattanata
et al.
(2014)
20 ll/hhexane,
n-butanol,
chloroform
and ethyl
acetate
fractions
Antibacterial activity by
agar well diffusion
method revealed that the
zone of inhibition was
found to be maximum in
n-hexane fractions
against Staph. aureus, B.
Subtilis. Antifungal
activity was found in
n-hexane fractions
against Candida
Albicans,
(2) TP has a excellent
antibacterial and
activities
(1) TP has a excellent
antibacterial and
antifungal activities
Mohammed
et al.
(2012)
Fungal—Aspergillus
niger, Aspergillus
flavus, Aspergillus
fumigatus, Candida
albicans, Mucor and
Rhizopus
(1) Disc
diffusion
method
(2) Agar well
diffusion
method
(3)
Determination
of minimum
inhibitory
concentration
(4)
Determination
of minimal
bactericidal
concentration
(2) TP has a excellent
antibacterial and
antifungal properties
Fungal assay
(1) Agar plug
method
(2) Spore
germination
inhibition
assay
(3)
Determination
of minimum
fungicidal
concentration
Shigella flexneri
Bacterial Staph. aureus,
B. subtilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Salmonella
typhimurium, E.coli
Fungal
Candida albicans, A.
fumigatus
Penicillium italicum
Fusarium, Fusarium s.
Cucurbitae, Fusarium
niveum, Botrytis
cinerrea
(1) Paper disc
diffusion
method
Bacterial
Agar well
diffusion
method
Fungal
Agar well
diffusion
method
123
Phytochem Rev
Table 7 continued
Microbial Strains
Methods
Dose/extract
Investigation
Results
References
Candida Albicans, A.
fumigatus
Agar well
diffusion
method
20 ll/
chloroform
extract
(1) An antifungal
tetraterpenoid named
trianthenol 1 has been
isolated. Its structure
was established as
15-hydroxymethyl2,6,10,18,22,26,30heptamethyl-14methylene-17hentriacontene on the
basis of spectroscopy
and mass and twodimensional NMR
techniques
(1) A benzaldehyde
derivative 2, a
pentacyclic
triterpenoid 3 and
benzoic acid
derivatives 4–5 are
also reported
Nawaz et al.
(2001)
(1) TP has a excellent
antifungal activities
Sheep gastrointestinal
nematodes
(Haemonchus contortus,
Trichostronglyus spp.,
Oesophagostomum
columbianum and
Trichuris ovis)
Adult motility
assay (AMA)
and egg hatch
test
1–8 g/kg
Aqueous
and
methanolic
extracts
TP exhibited dose and
time dependent
anthelmintic effects on
live worms as well as
egg hatching
TP possess strong
anthelmintic activity
in vitro and in vivo
Hussain
et al.
(2011)
Mosquito larvicidal
properties against four
vector species
(Anopheles culicifacies,
Anopheles stephensi,
Culex quinquefasciatus
and Aedes aegypti)
Larval bioassay
test
1.0, 0.75, 0.75
and 1.0%
respectively/
aqueous and
acetone
extracts
TP exhibited more
effective mosquito
larvicidal action in
acetone extract
compared to aqueous
extract
TP possess strong
mosquito larvicidal
properties
Singh et al.
(2011)
be harmless up to the dose level of 4 g/kg b.w.
(Tripathi 2004; Anreddy et al. 2010). There is no
known unusual behavior found in either sex of albino
mice while intraperitoneal administration of ethanolic
extracts of T. portulacastrum leaves (Kumar et al.
2004; Shanmugan et al. 2007).
Conclusion
Based on the animal model investigation, T. portulacastrum has been found to regulate cell signals
involved in the control of oxidative stress and
inflammation. Furthermore, its activity on the liver
as well as kidney and significantly diminished hepatocellular necrosis, restored urinary constituents,
increased albumin, globulin values, and improved
serum antioxidant parameters. T. portulacastrum has
anticancerous impacts in normal cells and proapoptotic effects in malignancy tumors recommend
123
(1) TP extracts have
phytochemicals
which is to be used
for the development
of larvicide against
disease vectors
positive pharmacological advantages as a possible
chemotherapeutic mediator (Yamaki et al. 2016). In
any case, more support for such properties/dynamic
constituents has been acquired from cellular and
molecular studies, while clinical studies are as yet
inadequate. Since animal research doesn’t generally
interpret to human circumstances, additional clinical
studies are likewise to justify comprehending the full
interpretation effect of T. portulacastrum for human
disease prevention. Subsequently, futures far-reaching
clinical studies are required to warrant the therapeutic
convenience of the T. portulacastrum.
Acknowledgements Funding was provided by Beijing
Normal Unveristy-Hong Kong Baptist University United
International College (Grant No. R201624).
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
interest.
Authors declared that no conflicts of
Model
TP extract
Dose/
route/duration
Negative control
Investigation
Results
References
Male
Sprague—
Dawley
rats
Choloroform
extract
100 mg/kg
b.w/p.o;
22 weeks
diethylnitrosoamine (DENA)
(1) Morphometric evaluation-TP
reduced fraction of the incidence,
numerical preponderance, and
multiplicity and size distribution
of visible pre-neoplastic nodules
TP has a potential of
anticarcinogenic
Bhattacharya and
Chatterjee
(1998a, b, 1999)
(2) TP reduced liver cell foci/cm2
and focal area
(3) TP decreased the percentage of
liver parenchyma occupied by
foci
123
Male
Sprague—
Dawley
rats
Aqueous
ethanol and
Choloroform
extract
100 mg/kg
b.w/p.o;
22 weeks
diethylnitrosoamine (DENA)
(1) TP increased glutathione levels
and the levels of Phase I
(cytochrome P-450
monooxygenase) and Phase II
(UDPGT) enzymes
TP exerted as strong
anticarcinogenic compounds
Bhattacharya and
Chatterjee
(1998a, b)
Wistar
albino rats
Ethanolic
extract
50, 100 and
200 mg/kg
b.w
7,12Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
(DMBA)
(1) TP suppressed proliferating cell
nuclear antigen and cyclin D1
expression, induced apoptosis,
upregulated proapoptotic protein
Bax, downregulated antiapoptotic
protein Bcl-2 and diminished the
expression of nuclear and
cytosolic b-catenin in mammary
tumors.
TP exerted chemopreventive effect
in the classical DMBA model of
breast cancer by suppressing
abnormal cell proliferation and
inducing apoptosis mediated
through alteration of Bax/Bcl-2
ratio
Bishayee and
Mandal (2014)
Wistar
albino rats
Ethanolic
extract
50, 100 and
200 mg/kg
b.w
7,12Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
(DMBA)
(1) TP down regulated the
expression of cyclooxygenase-2
and heat shock protein 90,
blocked the degradation of
inhibitory kappa B-alpha,
hampered the translocation of
nuclear factor-kappa B from
cytosol to nucleus and up
regulated the expression and
nuclear translocation of Nrf2
during DMBA mammary
carcinogenesis
TP prevents DMBA-induced breast
neoplasia by anti-inflammatory
mechanisms mediated through
simultaneous and differential
modulation of two interconnected
molecular circuits, namely NFjB and Nrf2 signaling pathways
Mandal and
Bishayee and
(2015)
Phytochem Rev
Table 8 Summary of in vitro studies of anticancer potentials of T. portulacastrum L.
Phytochem Rev
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