TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae Molecular phylogeny and character evolution of Anemiaceae (Schizaeales) Paulo H. Labiak,1 John T. Mickel2 & Judith G. Hanks3 1 Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Botânica, Caixa Postal 19031, 81531-980, Curitiba-PR, Brazil 2 The New York Botanical Garden, Institute of Systematic Botany, 200th Street and Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York 10458-5126, U.S.A. 3 Marymount Manhattan College, 221 East 71st Street, New York, New York 10021, U.S.A. Author for correspondence: Paulo H. Labiak, plabiak@ufpr.br ORCID: PHL, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5239-2048 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12705/646.3 Abstract Anemiaceae is one of the most ancient extant fern families, with fossils known since the Jurassic. Nowadays it has about 115 species, distributed in the Neotropics, Africa, Madagascar, and India. We analyzed the relationships among 81 species of Anemiaceae, based on four cpDNA regions, rbcL, rps4-trnS, trnG-trnR, and trnL-trnF. This sampling corresponds to approximately 70% of the family diversity, includes taxa from the main biogeographic areas, and represents all of the genera, subgenera and sections traditionally recognized in the family. Our results support the monophyly of Anemiaceae, and the recognition of a single genus, Anemia, which can be further subdivided in three subgroups: subg. Anemia, subg. Anemiorrhiza and the Mohria clade. In general, most of the sections that are recognized in Anemia are supported as natural groups, but some of them will need to have their circumscriptions altered in order to preserve monophyly. We also explored the evolution of morphological characters by optimizing them on the phylogenetic tree. Our results show that characters that have been traditionally used in the taxonomy of both extant and ancient groups, such as leaf dimorphism, and perispore morphology, are homoplastic within Anemiaceae. Keywords Anemia; Anemiorrhiza; fern phylogeny; Mohria; molecular systematics; Schizaeales Supplementary Material DNA sequence alignment files are available from TreeBase, study no. 18600 (http://purl.org/phylo/ treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S18600). INTRODUCTION Anemiaceae Sw. comprises about 115 living species, of which 98 are neotropical, 16 African/Madagascan, and 1 Indian (Mickel, in press). Generic circumscription within the family has varied, with one (Smith & al., 2006) to five genera being recognized by different authors (Bernhardi, 1806; Gardner, 1842a, b; Smith, 1842; Presl, 1845; Prantl, 1881; Reed, 1948). In recent decades, however, most authors have agreed upon recognizing a single genus, Anemia Sw. (Skog & al., 2002; Wikström & al., 2002; Smith & al., 2006). Morphologically, Anemiaceae is often characterized by having sporangia with a subapical annulus and striate tetrahedral spores. The sporangia are distributed on the back of an unmodified lamina (Mohria Sw.; Fig. 1A, B) or limited to the basal pair of pinnae (Anemia subg. Anemiorrhiza Prantl and subg. Anemia; Fig. 1C–F). The fertile pinnae are generally held erect in subg. Anemiorrhiza and subg. Anemia (Fig. 1E, J), but in some species they are horizontal (Fig. 1F, H, I). The fertile pinnae usually have greatly reduced lamina, often totally absent, but in certain species (e.g., A. colimensis Mickel) the fertile pinnae are virtually unmodified (Mickel, in press; Fig. 1C). The shape and dissection of the lamina vary greatly in the family, from simple to 4-pinnate (Fig. 1A–O). Most species are terrestrial, but many of them are epipetric. The first molecular phylogenetic study to include Anemia was that by Pryer & al. (1995), providing the first phylogenetic evidence of the close relationship between Anemia and the other genera in the Schizaeales. Additional support for this relationship was presented by Skog & al. (2002) and Wikström & al. (2002), whose studies provided further evidence on the relationships to the other families, as well as on the phylogenetic position of Mohria and Coptophyllum Gardner, both nested within Anemia. These studies were the first to discuss the evolution of some morphological characters and their relationships with the fossils. To date, however, only a limited number of species have been included in analyses, limiting our understanding about character evolution within the family. In this study we present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Anemiaceae that covers approximately 70% of the family diversity, and includes taxa from the main biogeographic areas where it occurs representing all genera, subgenera and sections traditionally recognized in the family. In addition to providing a phylogenetic basis for classification within the family, we also investigate the evolution of morphological characters and their utility in the taxonomy of both extant and extinct groups. Received: 11 May 2015 | returned for (first) revision: 19 Jul 2015 | (last) revision received: 28 Sep 2015 | accepted: 28 Sep 2015 || publication date(s): online fast track, 11 Dec 2015; in print and online issues, 31 Dec 2015 || © International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) 2015 Version of Record 1141 TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae Fig. 1. Species representing the main clades of Anemia. A–B, Anemia (Mohria clade) (both from South Africa): A, A. rigida; B, A. caffrorum. C, Anemia subg. Anemiorrhiza: A. colimensis (Mexico). D–O, Anemia subg. Anemia (all from Brazil): D, A. elaphoglossoides; E, A. gardneri; F, Anemia sp. nov. 1; G, A patens; H, A. trichorhiza; I, A. eximia; J, A. lancea; K, A. ferruginea var. ferruginea; L, A. millefolia; M, A. glareosa and A. millefolia; N, Anemia sp. nov. 2; O, A. oblongifolia. — Photos: A by A.W. Klopper; B by N.R. Crouch; C by J.T. Mickel; D–O by P.H. Labiak. 1142 Version of Record TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae MATERIALS AND METHODS Taxon sampling. — Outgroup selection included the genera Osmundastrum C.Presl, Sticherus C.Presl, Matonia R.Br. ex Wall., and Dipteris Reinw. (one species each). We chose these genera as outgroups because they have been recovered as the closest relatives of the Schizaeales in previous analyses (Skog & al., 2002; Wikström & al., 2002; Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007). We included representatives of the three families of Schizaeales: Schizaeaceae (2 genera, 6 species), Lygodiaceae (1 genus, 4 species) and Anemiaceae (1 genus, 78 species). Within Anemiaceae, we were able to sample species corresponding to all the genera recognized by Reed (1948), all the subgenera of Anemia recognized by Mickel (1962, 1981), and all the sections proposed by Mickel (1962). In total, 77 species (148 accessions) were included, representing 7 species and 10 accessions of subg. Anemiorrhiza, 4 species and 6 accessions of Mohria, and 66 species and 132 accessions of subg. Anemia and Coptophyllum. We also included samples from all major geographic regions where Anemiaceae occur except India, particularly from central and southern Brazil, Mexico and the Antilles, as well as from Africa and Madagascar. We collected most samples in the field, and the remaining species were either obtained from herbarium specimens, or sent by collaborators (see Acknowledgments). Voucher information and GenBank accession numbers are listed in Appendix 1. DNA extraction. — Total genomic DNA was extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California, U.S.A.). For herbarium collections we changed one of the steps suggested in the manufacturer’s protocol, incubating the samples at 42°C for 12 hours with the lysis buffer. The subsequent steps were the same as the Qiagen DNeasy Kit protocol. Amplifications and sequencing. — Amplifications were made by PCR in 15 μl reactions using 0.4 μl of non-diluted genomic DNA, 7.5 µl GoTaq Green Master Mix (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.), 0.8 μl of 5 M betaine solution (Q-solution), 2.5 μl of 2.5 μg/μl BSA solution, and 2 μl of each primer at 3 μM. For rbcL we used the primers ESRBCL1F and ESRBCL1361R (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), for rps4-trnS the primers rps4-3r.f (Skog & al. 2004) and trnSr (Souza-Chies & al., 1997), for trnG-trnR the primers TRNG1F and TRNR22R (Nagalingum & al., 2007), and for trnL-trnF the primers e and f, designed by Taberlet & al. (1991). For rbcL and trnG-trnR we used a PCR program with an initial denaturation step of 5 min at 94°C, followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 50°C, 2.5 min at 72°C, and a final extension period of 10 min at 72°C. For rps4-trnS and trnLtrnF, we used one initial denaturation step of 5 min at 94°C, followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 30 s at 50°C, 1 min at 72°C, and a final extension period of 7 min at 72°C. The PCR products were checked on a 1% agarose gel with ethidium bromide. We used the same amplification primers for the sequencing process, adding the internal primers ESRBCL628F and ESRBCL654R for rbcL (Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007), and 43F1 and 63R for trnG-trnR (Nagalingum & al., 2007). All PCR products were sequenced by the High-Throughput Genomics Unit, in the University of Washington (Seattle, WA). Our efforts to amplify single- or low-copy nuclear markers (pgiC, gapCp) using primers that have been already tested for ferns (Ishikawa & al., 2002; Ebihara & al. 2005; Schuettpelz & al., 2008) were not successful for Anemiaceae. Therefore, only chloroplast markers were used. The resulting sequences were assembled using Geneious v.5.0.4 (Biomatters, Auckland, New Zealand). Newly obtained consensus sequences were submitted to GenBank (Appendix 1). Alignment and phylogenetic analyses. — Consensus sequences were automatically aligned using Muscle v.3.6 (Edgar, 2004), and manually checked and revised when necessary. The best evolutionary model was calculated using the program jModeltest v.3.1.3 (Guindon & Gascuel, 2003; Darriba & al., 2012), under the Akaike information criterion (AIC). We used Mesquite v.2.75 (Maddison & Maddison, 2015) to construct the data matrices. In order to check possible incongruences among the markers, each of the five data matrices (four markers and the combined dataset) were analyzed separately, using maximum lilelihood and Bayesian inference. Maximum likelihood analyses (ML) were performed using the raxmlGUI (Michalak, 2012). We used the option ML + thorough bootstrap, the GTR + G model of sequence evolution, and performed 1000 bootstrap replicates. For the Bayesian inference (BI) we used MrBayes v.3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist, 2001; Ronquist & Huelsenbeck, 2003), through the Cipres Portal (http://www.phylo.org). The analyses were performed using three runs, with 20 million generations each, and sampling every 1000th generations. We examined the log-likelihood (lnL) plots using Tracer v.1.5 (Rambaut & Drummond, 2009) to identify the “burn-in” and to assess if MCMC reached stationarity. The convergence between the three runs was also examined using AWTY (Wilgenbusch & al., 2004). Branch support represents the posterior probability (PP) values from the MCMC analysis. Morphological data. — Fifty-three characters were scored for all taxa included in this study (Appendix 2). Among these, 51 represent morphological characters, and 2 represent habit and habitat preferences. All character data were generated from original observation of living material or herbarium specimens. Images of the spores were generated using a JEOL JSM-5410LV SEM equipped with a JEOL Orion 5410 software interface, at the New York Botanical Garden. Additional spore images are available at http://www.plantsystematics.org. Character states were then optimized onto the BI trees under a maximum parsimony criterion using Mesquite (Maddison & Maddison, 2015). The most relevant characters are discussed in the text. RESULTS Taxon sampling and sequencing. — A total of 162 specimens were sampled, representing 4 species of Lygodiaceae (~20% of the family diversity), 5 species of Schizaeaceae (~20% of the family diversity), and 77 species of Anemiaceae (~70% of the family diversity). Version of Record 1143 TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae Table 1. Number of sequences obtained for each marker, character statistics, and evolutionary models obtained under the Akaike information criterion (AIC). rbcL rps4-trnS trnG-trnR trnL-trnF Coded gaps Combined Sequences obtained 154 129 143 144 207 162 Sequence length (aligned) 1262 428 1194 469 207 3560 Parsimony-informative characters 365 (28%) 154 (39%) 476 (40%) 200 (40%) 139 (67%) 1334 (59%) Evolutionary models (AIC) GTR + I + G TPM1uf + G GTR + I + G GTR + I + G — — Statistics, including number of characters and taxa, percentages of parsimony-informative characters, and substitution models used in BI and ML analyses are summarized in Table 1. Phylogenetic analyses. — We found no significantly supported conflicts among the four markers. Therefore, we used the combined dataset in all analyses. In the BI, convergence among the three runs was satisfactorily achieved according to the analysis performed using AWTY, and the log-likelihoods analysis in Tracer. In the ML analysis (phylogram not shown), the log-likelihood obtained for the best tree was −lnL = 13,133.77185. Both analyses produced trees of similar topologies, and slight differences were observed in some clades that had low branch support in both analyses. The cladogram from the BI analysis and the phylogram from the ML analysis are presented in Fig. 2. The results support the monophyly of the Schizaeales, with maximum likelihood bootstrap support (ML-BS) of 100%, and Bayesian posterior probability (PP) of 1.0. Among the Schizaeales Lygodiaceae (Lygodium Sw.) is the first divergent lineage, and sister to Schizaeaceae (Actinostachys Wall. and Schizaea Sm.) + Anemiaceae (Anemia). Schizaeaceae was also supported as monophyletic (ML-BS = 100%; PP = 1.0), being the closest relative to Anemiaceae (ML-BS = 100%; PP = 1.0) (Fig. 2). Within Anemiaceae, subg. Anemiorrhiza was recovered as monophyletic (ML-BS = 100%; PP = 1.0), and sister to the remaining species of Anemia (Fig. 2). Mohria was also recovered as monophyletic, with high support values (ML-BS = 100%; PP = 1.0), and sister to subg. Anemia that, in turn, was also well supported as monophyletic (ML-BS = 100%; PP = 1.0) (Fig. 2). The Malagasy species Anemia lanipes C.Chr. was recovered as the first divergent lineage within subg. Anemia (MLBS = 100%; PP = 1.0), and the remaining species formed at least three main clades, as follow: (1) The Anemia rutifolia clade (ML-BS = 100%; PP = 1.0), which is represented by six species in our analyses (A. buniifolia (Gardner) T.Moore, Anemia sp. nov. 3, A. elaphoglossoides Mickel, A. marginata Mickel, A. pyrenaea Taub., A. rutifolia Mart.), all of them endemic to the central plateau of Brazil. (2) The Anemia gardneri clade (ML-BS = 100%; PP = 1.0), a small group composed of the two Brazilian endemics A. gardneri Hook., and A. lanuginosa Bongard ex Sturm. (3) The core Anemia clade (ML-BS = 100%; PP = 1.0), which contains the majority of the species of Anemia, and can be further divided into two clades, here named as the Tomentosae (ML-BS = 100%; PP = 0.99) and the Phyllitidis clades (ML-BS = 100%; PP = 1.0) (Fig. 2). Morphological character analyses. — Most of the morphological characters used in this study were homoplastic within the Anemiaceae. Some characters, however, were useful for defining some of the larger clades, and are discussed in the text (Figs. 4, 5). DISCUSSION The relationship between Anemiaceae and the other two families of the Schizaeales were well resolved with high clade support values. Our results find that Lygodiaceae is the first divergent lineage among the extant species of the Schizaeaceous ferns, and that Anemiaceae is sister to the Schizaeaceae (Fig. 2). These results agree with previous studies by Skog & al. (2002), Wikström & al. (2002), and Schuettpelz & Pryer (2007). In addition to the molecular evidence, trilete and striate spores further support the monophyly of Anemiaceae. In Lygodiaceae the ridges are absent in most of the species, and the spores are either tuberculate, papillate or pitted in Lygodiaceae (Fig. 3A–D). In extant Schizaeaceae the spores are monolete and reticulate (Fig. 3E–H). Useful characters to define Anemiaceae also include dictyostelic or solenostelic rhizomes, and sporangiophores usually formed by the modification of the basal pinnae (Fig. 1D–F, H, J, L, O). In contrast, both Lygodiaceae and Schizaeaceae have a protostelic rhizome anatomy, and the sporangiophores are formed at the margin or apex of the leaves. Three main clades within Anemiaceae recovered correspond to the main genera traditionally recognized in the family: Anemia, Ornithopteris Bernh. (= subg. Anemiorrhiza) and Mohria (Fig. 2). Because no morphological synapomorphy distinguishes them, we find it more convenient to recognize a single genus, Anemia, with three subgroups: subg. Anemiorrhiza, subg. Anemia, and the Mohria clade. This was also Fig. 2. Fifty percent majority-rule cladogram from the Bayesian analysis (left) and phylogram showing the best maximum likelihood tree (right) of the combined dataset of the cpDNA markers rbcL, rps4-trnS, trnG-trnR, and trnL-trnF. Numbers below branches represent posterior probability (PP) values. Thickened lines are clades with full support in both analyses. Clades corresponding to subgenera and main groups that are discussed in the text are indicated at the left. 1144 Version of Record TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 Lygodiaceae 1.0 1.0 0.995 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Schizaeaceae 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Anemiaceae 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.68 0.5 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 A. lanipes 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 A. rutifolia 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.99 A. gardneri 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 A. simii 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 A. flexuosa 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 A. elegans 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.99 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.99 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 A. aspera 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 Tomentosae 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.98 0.57 0.57 A. tomentosa 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.99 A. patens 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 A. millefolia 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.995 1.0 1.0 0.99 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 A. organensis 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.99 0.996 0.99 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.78 0.99 0.99 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 A. mandiocana 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 A. rotundifolia A. phyllitidis-1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 Phyllitidis 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 A. phyllitidis-2 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.70 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.99 A. salvadorensis 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 A. dentata 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.99 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 A. multiplex 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 A. hispida 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 A. oblongifolia 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Osmundastrum cinnamomeum Sticherus palmatus Matonia pectinata Dipteris conjugata Lygodium palmatum (Showman sn) Lygodium articulatum (Streimann 80071) Lygodium microphyllum Lygodium reticulatum (Smith 8578) Actinostachys pennula Schizaea pectinata Schizaea pectinata Schizaea dichotoma Schizaea elegans Schizaea incurvata Anemia colimensis (Tejero-Diez 6421) Anemia mexicana (Calzada 18242) Anemia mexicana (Moran 6309) Anemia cicutaria (Correl 49361) Subg. Anemia wrightii (Evans 4078) Anemia abbottii (Mejia 23945) Anemiorrhiza Anemia portoricensis (Alain 33232) Anemia adiantifolia (Feid 03-070) Anemia adiantifolia (Hall 768) Anemia adiantifolia (Tejero-Diez 6429) Anemia marginalis (Roux 4472) Anemia mohriana (Roux 4423) Anemia nudiuscula (Roux 4425) Anemia mohriana (Roux 4471) Mohria clade Anemia nudiuscula (Roux 4470) Anemia vestita (Roux 4466) Anemia lanipes (Clement 2091) Anemia rutifolia (Almeida 1482) Anemia rutifolia (Salino 5096) Anemia sp. nov. 3 (Nakajima 2220) Anemia buniifolia (Labiak & Mickel 5269) Anemia elaphoglossoides (Labiak & Mickel 5293) Anemia marginata (Labiak & Mickel 5266) Anemia buniifolia (Labiak & Mickel 5290) Anemia marginata (Labiak & Mickel 5283) Anemia buniifolia (Labiak & Mickel 5334) Anemia pyrenaea (Labiak & Mickel 5284) Anemia gardneri (Labiak 4108) Anemia lanuginosa (Almeida 1475) Anemia lanuginosa (Salino sn) Anemia schimperiana (Thulin 3515) Anemia simii (Roux 1651) Anemia myriophylla (Nee 43083) Anemia guatemalensis (Seiler 562) Anemia karwinskyana (Tejero-Diez 6433) Anemia australis (Nee 49185) Anemia flexuosa (McClellnd 406) Anemia sp. nov. 1 (Labiak & Mickel 5303) Anemia clinata (Anderson 9960) Anemia smithii (Pietrobom 831) Anemia trichorrhiza (Labiak & Mickel 5324) Anemia trichorrhiza (Labiak & Mickel 5339) Anemia trichorrhiza (Labiak & Mickel 5343) Anemia eximia (Labiak & Mickel 5326) Anemia eximia (Labiak & Mickel 5340) Anemia eximia (Labiak & Mickel 5345) Anemia sp. nov. 5 (Michelon 738) Anemia sp. nov. 5 (Windisch 6330) Anemia elegans (Labiak & Mickel 5325) Anemia elegans (Labiak & Mickel 5253) Anemia elegans (Labiak & Mickel 5344) Anemia aspera (Mynssen 1344) Anemia sp. nov. 4 (Labiak 4032) Anemia ferruginea var. ferruginea (Jansen-Jacobs 3660) Anemia tomentosa var. mexicana (Tejero-Diez 6434) Anemia ferruginea var. ferruginea (Schwartsburd 1909) Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia (Abbott 16308) Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia (Almeida 1542) Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia (Sundue 675) Anemia tomentosa var. tomentosa (Michelon 1260) Anemia ferruginea var. ahenobarba (Salino 7914) Anemia ferruginea var. ahenobarba (Labiak & Mickel 5308) Anemia ferruginea var. ferruginea (Labiak & Mickel 5309) Anemia patens (Labiak 5064) Anemia retroflexa (Labiak 4139) Anemia millefolia (Labiak & Mickel 5300) Anemia millefolia (Labiak & Mickel 5346) Anemia glareosa (Labiak & Mickel 5254) Anemia glareosa (Labiak & Mickel 5276) Anemia glareosa (Labiak & Mickel 5320) Anemia imbricata (Almeida 1477) Anemia imbricata (Almeida 1481) Anemia imbricata (Labiak 5031) Anemia raddiana (Labiak 5025) Anemia raddiana (Labiak sn) Anemia raddiana (Schwartsburd 1915) Anemia raddiana (Schwartsburd 1919) Subg. Anemia organensis (Labiak 4055) Anemia organensis (Labiak 4121) Anemia Anemia organensis (Labiak 5110) Anemia spicantoides (Labiak 4226) Anemia spicantoides (Labiak 4976) Anemia villosa (Labiak 4150) Anemia villosa (Labiak 4177) Anemia villosa (Labiak 5158) Anemia mandiocana (Salino 4936) Anemia mandiocana (Labiak 3999) Anemia mandiocana (Labiak 5136) Anemia warmingii (Melo 160) Anemia dregeana (Roux 3526) Anemia hirta (Amorim 832) Anemia rotundifolia (Fiaschi 3570) Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis (Forzza 7384) Anemia herzogii (Jimenez 2464) Anemia phyllitidis var. tweediana (Guaglioanone 2826) Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis (Labiak 5035) Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis (Sundue 594) Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis (Teixeira 15) Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis (Tejero-Diez 6431) Anemia repens (Batalha 397) Anemia wettsteinii (Silva 142) Anemia lancea (Anderson 9445) Anemia lancea (Labiak & Mickel 5355) Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis (Velasco 5) Anemia underwoodiana (Maarten 3047) Anemia phyllitidis var. pluripinnae (Schwartsburd 82) Anemia phyllitidis var. fraxinifolia (Labiak 5164) Anemia luetzelburgii (Labiak 4107) Anemia luetzelburgii (Labiak 5144) Anemia luetzelburgii (Mynssen 898) Anemia nervosa (Labiak & Mickel 5272) Anemia collina (Labiak 5067) Anemia nervosa (Salino 5107) Anemia sp. nov. 6 (Stevens 26815) Anemia collina (Labiak 5154) Anemia collina (Mynssen 897) Anemia salvadorensis (Seiler 947) Anemia dentata (Salino 5124) Anemia dentata (Sobel 2115) Anemia rosulata (Harley 15342) Anemia hirsuta (Labiak 5033) Anemia hirsuta (Labiak 5075) Anemia hirsuta (Salino 4472) Anemia tenera (Fonseca 729) Anemia tenera (Labiak & Mickel 5302) Anemia affinis (Breedlove 17953) Anemia jaliscana (Diez 3015) Anemia jaliscana (Tejero-Diez & Mickel 6435) Anemia multiplex (Mickel 1709) Anemia hispida (Labiak & Mickel 5256) Anemia hispida (Labiak & Mickel 5315) Anemia hispida (Labiak & Mickel 5342) Anemia presliana (Labiak & Mickel 5258) Anemia presliana (Labiak & Mickel 5312) Anemia presliana (Labiak & Mickel 5350) Anemia sp. nov. 7 (Labiak & Mickel 5351) Anemia mynsseniana (Labiak & Mickel 5257) Anemia mynsseniana (Labiak & Mickel 5313) Anemia mynsseniana (Labiak & Mickel 5329) Anemia oblongifolia (Labiak & Mickel 5275) Anemia oblongifolia (Labiak & Mickel 5328) Anemia oblongifolia (Labiak & Mickel 5347) Anemia sp. nov. 7 (Labiak & Mickel 5327) Anemia humilis (Labiak & Mickel 5349) Anemia humilis (Labiak & Mickel 5250) Anemia humilis (Labiak & Mickel 5288) Anemia sp. nov. 8 (Labiak & Mickel 5299) Anemia sp. nov. 2 (Labiak & Mickel 5297) Anemia mohriana Anemia gardneri Anemia tomentosa var. tomentosa Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis 0.07 Version of Record 1145 TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae endorsed by previous studies (e.g., Mickel, 1962; Skog, 1992; Skog & al., 2002; Wikström & al., 2002; Smith & al., 2006; Schuettpelz & Pryer, 2007). This classification also fosters nomenclatural stability since all of the species have previously been treated in Anemia (e.g., Mickel, 1981; Christenhusz, 2011). In the following text we discuss the main clades we recovered in Anemiaceae and their significance in a taxonomic context, and emphasize the evolution of the main characters that we found relevant for each clade. Anemia subg. Anemiorrhiza. — Within Anemiaceae, the first divergent lineage is subg. Anemiorrhiza of Prantl (1881), which comprises 13 species (7 of which are included in our analyses; Fig. 2). Morphological characters that define this clade include solenostelic rhizomes (Fig. 4), short, dark rhizome hairs (except for A. colimensis Mickel, which has long and castaneous hairs), distichous fronds, and pluricellular hairs that are not translucent. Most species in this group also have undulating spore ridges, with ridges about the same width as Fig. 3. Spores of Lygodiaceae, Schizaeaceae and Anemiaceae. A–D, Lygodium: A, L. articulatum; B, L. japonicum; C, L. microphyllum; D, L. reticulatum. E, Actinostachys pennula. F–H, Schizaea: F, S. pectinata; G, S. dichotoma; H, S. elegans. I–L, Anemia subg. Anemiorrhiza: I, A. colimensis; J, A. mexicana; K, A. cicutaria; L, A. portoricensis. M–P, Anemia (Mohria clade): M, A. marginalis; N, A. nudiuscula; O, A. vestita; P, A. mohriana. 1146 Version of Record TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae the striae except A. colimensis, where the ridges are straight and broader than the striae (Fig. 3I–L) The ridges are solid in A. colimensis and A. mexicana Klotzsch, and hollow in the remaining species included in our analysis (Fig. 5). Most of the species in this group have very limited ranges, restricted to limestone substrates in the Caribbean basin (Mickel, 1981). The only widespread species in the clade is Anemia adiantifolia, which is distributed from southern North America (Florida), to Central America, northern South America, and the Antilles. Mickel (1981) informally recognized four groups of species within subg. Anemiorrhiza, which are all corroborated by our analysis: (1) The first is composed of a single species, Anemia colimensis, which is the first divergent lineage among all extant species of subg. Anemiorrhiza (Fig. 2). Its basal position within subg. Anemiorrhiza was already suggested by Mickel (1967), who based his hypothesis on the undifferentiated fertile pinnae and multiple spore ridges present in this species. (2) The second group is the A. mexicana clade, characterized by having 1-pinnate laminae. Based on morphology, A. speciosa C.Presl, which was not included in our molecular analysis, belongs to this clade. (3) The Third group is the A. cicutaria clade, which is composed of this species and A. wrightii Baker, both included in our analysis. Plants of this group are small, with dimorphic fronds, and spore ridges that are anastomosing to pitted (Fig. 3K). (4) The last group corresponds to A. coriacea Griseb. and its relatives, which are represented in our analysis by A. abbottii Maxon, A. adiantifolia, and A. portoricensis Maxon. Widely hollow undulate spore ridges characterize this group (Fig. 3L). Other species that might belong to this group are A. cuneata Kunze ex Spreng., A. alternifolia Mickel, A. aurita (Sw.) Sw., A. coriacea Griseb., and A. voerkeliana Duek. Although this clade has been traditionally recognized as a distinct taxonomic group within Anemiaceae (Prantl, 1881; Mickel, 1962, 1981; Skog & al., 2002), opinions about its taxonomic rank have varied. Bernhardi (1806) established the genus Ornithopteris to accommodate the species in this group (type: Ornithopteris adiantifolia (L.) Bernh.), a concept that was subsequently followed by Underwood (1902), and Reed (1948). However, most authors have treated it as part of Anemia, as subg. Anemiorrhiza (e.g., Prantl, 1881; Mickel, 1962, 1967, 1981; Skog & al. 2002; Wikström & al., 2002). According to the results presented here, both scenarios are possible, depending, however, on whether or not Mohria is recognized as a distinct genus within the Anemiacae. Mohria clade. — The second major clade is the Mohria clade (Fig. 2), a group of seven species (four included in our analyses) that is restricted to continental Africa, Madagascar and Reunion (Roux, 2001; Mickel, in press). This group is characterized by bearing scales on the rhizome and fronds, instead of the hairs that are characteristic of other groups of Anemiaceae. Another remarkable feature of this clade is the isomorphic sterile and fertile pinnae, with sporangia evenly distributed over the laminar tissue (Fig. 1A, B). These characters are unique within Anemiaceae, where most species usually have hemidimorphic pinnae, and oblong sporangia that are restricted to the lowermost pair of pinnae. Outside the Mohria clade, isomorphic pinnae are only found in one species of the Anemiorrhiza clade (A. colimensis; Fig. 1C). In that species, the sporangia are oblong. The spores of Mohria clade are striate, with straight, smooth and narrowly hollow ridges (Figs. 3M–P, 5). In general they do not differ significantly from the remaining species of Anemiaceae, except for the presence of hollow ridges, a character that has been used to assign fossil spores as belonging to the Mohria clade and its relatives (e.g., Archangelsky, 2009). However, we found hollow ridges to be homoplastic within Anemiaceae, also occurring in some species of subg. Anemiorrhiza (Fig. 5). Anemia subg. Anemia. — Most of the extant species of Anemia belong to this clade. It comprises about 95 species (67 in our analysis), and it is distributed in the Neotropics, Africa, Madagascar, and southern India (Mickel, in press). Brazil is considered the center of diversity for this clade, where about 50 species are found (Mickel & al., 2014). The monophyly of subg. Anemia is strongly supported by molecular data. In general, most of the species in this clade have dictyostelic rhizomes (Fig. 4), dimorphism between fertile and sterile pinnae (Fig. 4), spore ridges that are solid or spongy medullate (Fig. 5), and sporangia restricted to the basal pair of pinnae, which are skeletonized with laminar tissue greatly reduced to completely absent. These modified basal pinnae are usually erect (Fig. 1E, J), but in some species they can be held horizontally, as seen in A. eximia Taubert, or inclined as in A. clinata Mickel, Anemia sp. nov. 1 (Fig. 1F), and A. trichorhiza Gardner (Fig. 1H). In some species (e.g., A. elaphoglossoides and A. millefolia Gardner ex C.Presl) the frond can be holodimorphic (Fig. 1D, L), a condition that is also found in subg. Anemiorrhiza (Fig. 1C)—suggesting that holodimorphic fronds is the plesiomorphic condition within Anemiaceae (Fig. 4). The spores of subg. Anemia are all striate, with ridges that can be either solid or spongy-medullate. The Anemiorrhiza clade has similar spores, which, however, have ridges that are hollow in most of its species. The spores vary greatly in other characteristics within and among the main clades, having smooth, baculate, spiculate or undulate surfaces, and angles that are either rounded or projecting (Figs. 6–9). Other distinctive characters for this clade are rhizomes with axillary pockets, and laminar hairs that are pluricellular and glandular, with translucent cell walls. The subclades of subgenus Anemia. — The first three divergent lineages contain a small number of species. In general, these clades are defined by a set of unique characters, when compared to the remaining clades of the genus, which makes them easier to diagnose. The first lineage is composed of a single Madagascan species, Anemia lanipes, which is characterized by having large rhizomes, flattened stipes, coriaceous laminae, and spores with a finely spiculate perine (Fig. 6A). Based on this set of characters, Mickel (1962) considered it as part of his sect. Pachypoda along with A. gardneri and A. lanuginosa, but this relationship is not corroborated in our analysis. The second clade, the Anemia rutifolia clade, is endemic to the central plateau of Brazil. The species in this clade are Version of Record 1147 TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae Axillary pockets absent present Frond dimorphism monomorphic hemidimorphic holodimorphic Fertile pinna orientation horizontal erect Anemia protostelic dictyostelic solenostelic siphonostelic Anemiorrhiza Mohria Rhizome anatomy Osmundastrum cinnamomeum Sticherus palmatus Matonia pectinata Dipteris conjugata Lygodium palmatum Lygodium articulatum Lygodium microphyllum Lygodium reticulatum Actinostachys pennula Schizaea pectinata Schizaea dichotoma Schizaea elegans Schizaea incurvata Anemia colimensis Anemia mexicana Anemia cicutaria Anemia wrightii Anemia adiantifolia Anemia abbottii Anemia portoricensis Anemia marginalis Anemia mohriana Anemia nudiuscula Anemia vestita Anemia lanipes Anemia rutifolia Anemia sp. nov. 3 Anemia marginata Anemia elaphoglossoides Anemia buniifolia Anemia pyrenaea Anemia gardneri Anemia lanuginosa Anemia guatemalensis Anemia karwinskyana Anemia myriophylla Anemia australis Anemia flexuosa Anemia sp. nov. 1 Anemia clinata Anemia smithii Anemia trichorrhiza Anemia eximia Anemia elegans Anemia sp. nov. 5 Anemia schimperiana Anemia simii Anemia aspera Anemia sp. nov. 4 Anemia tomentosa var. mexicana Anemia tomentosa var. tomentosa Anemia ferruginea var. ahenobarba Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia Anemia ferruginea var. ferruginea Anemia patens Anemia retroflexa Anemia glareosa Anemia millefolia Anemia spicantoides Anemia villosa Anemia organensis Anemia imbricata Anemia raddiana Anemia rotundifolia Anemia hirta Anemia warmingii Anemia dregeana Anemia mandiocana Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis Anemia herzogii Anemia phyllitidis var. tweediana Anemia underwoodiana Anemia lancea Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis Anemia wettsteinii Anemia repens Anemia salvadorensis Anemia dentata Anemia rosulata Anemia hirsuta Anemia tenera Anemia nervosa Anemia collina Anemia sp. nov. 6 Anemia luetzelburgii Anemia phyllitidis var. fraxinifolia Anemia phyllitidis var. pluripinnae Anemia affinis Anemia jaliscana Anemia multiplex Anemia hispida Anemia presliana Anemia humilis Anemia oblongifolia Anemia mynsseniana Anemia sp. nov. 7 Anemia sp. nov. 8 Anemia sp. nov. 2 Fig. 4. Maximum parsimony optimizations of rhizome anatomy, presence of axillary pockets in the rhizome, frond dimorphism, and fertile pinnae orientation. The three main clades of Anemia are noted at the right. 1148 Version of Record TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae desmocytic [attached type] pericytic [floating type] dyacytic [Lygodium type] hypocytic [Schizaea type] anomocytic [Matonia type] Spore surface smooth baculate granulate spiculate Spore angles rounded projecting Anemia Stomata type Anemiorrhiza Mohria Osmundastrum cinnamomeum Sticherus palmatus Matonia pectinata Dipteris conjugata Lygodium palmatum Lygodium articulatum Lygodium microphyllum Lygodium reticulatum Actinostachys pennula Schizaea pectinata Schizaea dichotoma Schizaea elegans Schizaea incurvata Anemia colimensis Anemia mexicana Anemia cicutaria Anemia wrightii Anemia adiantifolia Anemia abbottii Anemia portoricensis Anemia marginalis Anemia mohriana Anemia nudiuscula Anemia vestita Anemia lanipes Anemia rutifolia Anemia sp. nov. 3 Anemia marginata Anemia elaphoglossoides Anemia buniifolia Anemia pyrenaea Anemia gardneri Anemia lanuginosa Anemia guatemalensis Anemia karwinskyana Anemia myriophylla Anemia australis Anemia flexuosa Anemia sp. nov. 1 Anemia clinata Anemia smithii Anemia trichorrhiza Anemia eximia Anemia elegans Anemia sp. nov. 5 Anemia schimperiana Anemia simii Anemia aspera Anemia sp. nov. 4 Anemia tomentosa var. mexicana Anemia tomentosa var. tomentosa Anemia ferruginea var. ahenobarba Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia Anemia ferruginea var. ferruginea Anemia patens Anemia retroflexa Anemia glareosa Anemia millefolia Anemia spicantoides Anemia villosa Anemia organensis Anemia imbricata Anemia raddiana Anemia rotundifolia Anemia hirta Anemia warmingii Anemia dregeana Anemia mandiocana Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis Anemia herzogii Anemia phyllitidis var. tweediana Anemia underwoodiana Anemia lancea Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis Anemia wettsteinii Anemia repens Anemia salvadorensis Anemia dentata Anemia rosulata Anemia hirsuta Anemia tenera Anemia nervosa Anemia collina Anemia sp. nov. 6 Anemia luetzelburgii Anemia phyllitidis var. fraxinifolia Anemia phyllitidis var. pluripinnae Anemia affinis Anemia jaliscana Anemia multiplex Anemia hispida Anemia presliana Anemia humilis Anemia oblongifolia Anemia mynsseniana Anemia sp. nov. 7 Anemia sp. nov. 8 Anemia sp. nov. 2 Spore ridges hollow solid spongy medullate Fig. 5. Maximum parsimony optimizations for the stomata type, spore surface, spore angles, and spore ridges. The three main clades of Anemia are noted at the right. Version of Record 1149 TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae usually small (fronds up to 20 cm long), growing epipetrically in sandstone areas. In general, the species in this group have holodimorphic fronds (except for Anemia sp. nov. 3 which has hemidimorphic fronds), coriaceous laminae, and veins that are mostly prominulous abaxially (i.e., veins that are prominent in relation to the laminar surface). This clade corresponds, in part, to sect. Coptophyllum proposed by Mickel (1962), who had also included A. millefolia and A. glareosa Gardner in it—two species that are not related to this clade according to our results. The Anemia gardneri clade is also composed of species that are endemic to the central regions of Brazil. Both species included in our analysis (A. gardneri, A. lanuginosa) possess once-pinnate and oblong laminae, conform to subconform apical pinnae (Fig. 1E), flabellate veins, and spiculate spore surface (Fig. 6B, C). Although its sister relationship to the remaining species of Anemia was recovered in all analyses, support values were not high (PP = 0.84, Fig. 2). This clade corresponds to sect. Pachypoda of Mickel (1962). The following clades are equally diverse, containing most of the species of Anemia. The sister relationship of these two clades is highly supported by all analyses (Fig. 2), but no morphological characters clearly distinguish them. Fig. 6. Spores of Anemia. A, A. lanipes; B, A. gardneri; C, A. lanuginosa; D, A. rutifolia; E, A. elaphoglossoides; F, A. buniifolia; G, A. retroflexa; H, A. schimperiana; I, A. simii; J, A. guatemalensis; K, A. karwinskiana; L, A. flexuosa; M, A. clinata; N, A. smithii; O, A. trichorhiza; P, A. elegans. 1150 Version of Record TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae Tomentosae clade. — The Tomentosae clade is strongly supported by molecular data, but we did not identify a morphological synapomorphy. Some characters, however, are present in most of the species in this clade, and are useful diagnostically. These characters include highly divided laminae (1-pinnate-pinnatifid to 3-pinnate or more divided), large spores (usually more than 85 µm diam.), spore ridges broader than the striae, and desmocytic stomata (i.e., guard cells are surrounded by a single subsidiary cell, and linked to it by an anticlinal wall). Additionally, all species in this clade have partially differentiated fertile pinnae (i.e., up to 2 mm of green tissue is still present on the fertile segments), a condition that is also found in subg. Anemiorrhiza and Mohria. Several subclades can be identified within the Tomentosae clade, even though deeper nodes were not well resolved. The first clade is composed of A. schimperiana C.Presl and A. simii Tardieu, two African endemics for which we found no morphological synapomorphy. The second represents the A. flexuosa clade, which includes species that have spores with spongymedullate ridges, all of them restricted to the Neotropics. Within this clade, three species with bipinnate laminae and horizontal or inclined fertile pinnae, Anemia sp. nov. 1 (Fig. 1F), A. smithii Brade, and A. clinata Mickel, were recovered as monophyletic. This fertile pinnae orientation, though, is also found in Anemia sp. nov. 4, and A. aspera (Fée) Baker, two species that were recovered as sister to the clade of A. tomentosa (Sav.) Sw. The Anemia elegans clade is composed of four species in our analysis: Anemia elegans (Gardner) C.Presl, A. eximia, Anemia sp. nov. 5 and A. trichorhiza (Fig. 1H, I). Characters that define this clade are lanose laminae, fertile pinnae held horizontally or inclined, and fronds usually disposed in rosettes (Fig. 1H, I). This clade corresponds to sect. Trochopteris described by Mickel (1962). Anemia trichorhiza, which was treated as part of sect. Pachypoda by Mickel (1962), also belongs to this clade. All the species in this clade are endemic to the sandstone rock formations of central and southeastern Brazil. The Anemia tomentosa clade is entirely neotropical comprising two species (A. tomentosa, A. ferruginea Kunth) with several varieties. Characters that define this clade are the 2(3)-pinnate and deltate laminae, and the erect fertile pinnae that usually exceed the sterile lamina. According to Mickel (1962), the varieties usually have intermediate morphologies Fig. 7. Spores of Anemia. A, A. aspera; B, Anemia sp. nov. 4; C, A. tomentosa var. tomentosa; D, A. tomentosa var. mexicana; E, A. ferruginea var. ferruginea; F, A. ferruginea var. ahenobarba; G, A. millefolia; H, A. glareosa; I, A. imbricata; J, A. raddiana; K, A. organensis; L, A. spicantoides. Version of Record 1151 TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae between the two species, and most of them are polyploids with irregular and abortive spores. Our analysis failed to resolve the relationships between the two species, and it may be that some of the specimens used here represent undetected hybrids and/ or polyploids. The Anemia patens clade and the A. aspera clade are also comprised of Brazilian endemics. Although they are well supported as clades, their sister relationship to the remaining species in the Tomentosae clade is still not resolved. Two species form the Anemia millefolia clade—Anemia glareosa and A. millefolia (Fig. 1L, M). Because they are so distinct in their morphology, this is one of the most intriguing relationships recovered in our phylogeny. Despite the fact that they share some morphological characters, such as small size, orange rhizome hairs, pericytic (floating) stomata (i.e., guard cells are surrounded by one epidermal cell, with no attachment to lateral [anticlinal] walls of adjacent epidermal cells), and the presence of marginal spicules, they differ greatly from each Fig. 8. Spores of Anemia. A, A. mandiocana; B, A. warmingii; C, A. dregeana; D, A. hirta; E, A. rotundifolia; F, A. herzogii; G, A. phyllitidis var. phyllitidis; H, A. phyllitidis var. fraxinifolia; I, A. phyllitidis var. pluripinnae; J, A. wettsteinii; K, A. lancea; L, A. underwoodiana; M, A. luetzelburgii; N, A. nervosa; O, A. collina; P, Anemia sp. nov. 6. 1152 Version of Record TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae other in their general morphology. Anemia glareosa is characterized by having hemidimorphic laminae (only the lowermost basal pair of pinnae becomes fertile), and the lamina is oblong and once-pinnate to pinnate-pinnatifid. In contrast, in A. millefolia the fertile and the sterile fronds are completely dimorphic (the whole frond becomes fertile), and the lamina is lanceolate and up to 4-pinnate (Fig. 1L). Although with some hesitation, Mickel (1962) included both species in sect. Coptophyllum, along with other species having dimorphic to sub-isomorphic fronds, coriaceous laminae, floating stomata, marginal spicules often present, and smooth perispore. According to our analysis, however, A. glareosa is not related to other species in sect. Coptophyllum (e.g., A. buniifolia and A. rutifolia Mart.), as first thought by Mickel (1962). In Brazil both species are sympatric, and can even be found growing side by side on road banks (Fig. 1M). The last sub-clade within the Tomentosae clade is the Anemia organensis clade. The species in this clade are also Fig. 9. Spores of Anemia. A, A. salvadorensis; B, A. dentata; C, A. hirsuta; D, A. tenera; E, A. affinis; F, A. multiplex; G, A. jaliscana; H, A. presliana; I, A. humilis; J, A. mynsseniana; K, A. mynsseniana; L, A. oblongifolia; M, A. oblongifolia (denticulate form); N, Anemia sp. nov. 7; O, Anemia sp. nov. 8; P, Anemia sp. nov. 2. Version of Record 1153 TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae endemic to Brazil but, differently from most of the clades discussed above, which are restricted to central Brazil, they have diversified along the coastal mountains of southeastern Brazil. It is well supported by molecular data, but, again, it lacks morphological support in our analysis. In general, the species in this clade have hemidimorphic pinnae, oblong to oblong-lanceolate laminae, and spores with conspicuous angle protuberances (Fig. 7K–L). Phyllitidis clade. — The second large clade within Anemia, the Phyllitidis clade, is strongly supported by molecular evidence, and at least one morphological character defines this group: the complete differentiation of the fertile pinnae. In this group the fertile pinnae have no green tissue at all, whereas in the other clades there are at least a few millimeters of green lamina still remaining. Furthermore, almost all species in this clade have 1-pinnate and deltate to oblong laminae, with rare exceptions, and pericytic (floating) stomata. Deep relationships within this clade were not resolved in our analysis, and the Anemia mandiocana and A. rotundifolia clades formed a polytomy with a clade containing the remaining species. The first two clades are very similar morphologically, and share linear-oblong laminae that are gradually reduced towards the apex, and veins that are equally prominulous on both sides. In some species (A. blechnoides Smith, A. rotundifolia Schrad. and A. warmingii Gardner), the apex of the rachis is radicant (elongated and bearing a bud at the apex), a condition that is unique to these three species. Sister to the A. mandiocana and A. rotundifolia clades are several subclades whose relationships were not well resolved. The first one is the Anemia phyllitidis-1 clade, which is composed of varieties of the species, as well as A. herzogii Rosenst., A. underwoodiana Maxon, A. repens Raddi, A. wettsteinii H.Christ, and A. lancea H.Christ. This clade is entirely Neotropical, and most of its species are characterized by having glabrescent laminar surfaces, conform to subconform apical pinna, and anastomosing veins (except for A. herzogii, A. repens and A. wettsteinii, which have free veins). The large size and the reduced number of pinnae (more than 10 cm long and about 4–8 pairs) are also diagnostic for this clade. The spores in this clade are conspicuously baculate (Fig. 8A–P), a characteristic that is also present in the A. phyllitidis-2 clade. Sister to the Anemia phyllitidis-1 clade is a polytomy composed of A. salvadorensis Mickel & Sailer plus three other clades that are well supported by molecular data: the A. phyllitidis-2, A. dentata, A. multiplex, A. hispida, and A. oblongifolia clades. We found no morphological characters that unite the entire clade. The Anemia phyllitidis-2 clade is composed of four species (A. luetzelburgii Rosenst., Anemia sp. nov. 6, A. collina Raddi, and A. nervosa Pohl ex Sturm), plus two of the four varieties recognized in A. phyllitidis L. Except for Anemia sp. nov. 6, all remaining taxa in this clade are endemic to Brazil, occurring in the central plateaus or along the range of the Atlantic Rain Forest. The placement of the two varieties of A. phyllitidis in this clade is unexpected, and it is possible that they have a hybrid origin involving A. phyllitidis and other species of this complex. 1154 The sister relationship of Anemia salvadorensis was not resolved in our phylogeny and, apparently, no morphological character distinguishes it from its closest relatives. The Anemia dentata clade is composed of four species in our analysis. Within this clade, A. tenera Pohl ex Sturm (endemic to Brazil) and A. hirsuta (L.) Sw. (widespread in the Neotropics) have the highest degree of lamina division, sometimes varying from 1-pinnate-pinnatifid to 3-pinnate (Labiak & Mickel, pers. obs.). It is well known that A. hirsuta hybridizes with several species in Mexico, including A. affinis Baker, A. jaliscana Maxon var. jaliscana, A. karwinskyana (C.Presl) Prantl, A. hispida Kunze, A. phyllitidis, A. semihirsuta Mickel, A. tomentosa var. mexicana (C.Presl) Mickel (Mickel, 1982), and in the Dominican Republic with A. underwoodiana (A. × zanonii) (Mickel, 1984). In Brazil, several specimens have been found to be intermediate between A. hirsuta and A. tenera, suggesting that hybridization is also common between these two species. Noteworthy is the close relationship of A. dentata Gardner and A. rosulata, the only two species of Anemia that have a single fertile pinna per frond. The last two clades reflect, in part, their geographical distribution. The A. multiplex clade is composed of only Mexican endemics—Anemia affinis, A. jaliscana, and A. multiplex Mickel. The A. hispida clade, on the other hand, has some widely distributed species (A. hispida, A. humilis, A. oblongifolia (Cav.) Sw., A. presliana Prantl), and a group of species that are endemic to the central plateaus of Brazil (Anemia sp. nov. 8, A. mynsseniana Mickel, Anemia sp. nov. 7, and Anemia sp. nov. 2). The species in these two last clades are well adapted to rocky and dry environments of Mexico and central Brazil, and several species are known to hybridize with each other (J.T. Mickel, pers. obs.). Although we found no morphological synapomorphy for each of these clades, most of their species can be diagnosed by having short petioles, coriaceous laminae, and fertile pinnae as long as the sterile lamina. Evolution of leaf dimorphism in Anemiaceae. — Our results suggest that the leaf dimorphism has evolved several times within Anemiaceae (Fig. 4). For instance, holodimorphic fronds can be found in four species of subg. Anemiorrhiza, in the Anemia rutifolia clade, and also in Anemia millefolia (Fig. 4). These groups are not closely related to each other according to our results, and therefore this character is homoplastic within Anemiaceae. Despite this homoplasy, the degree of reduction of the laminar tissue of the fertile pinnae is a useful diagnostic character for some clades: Monomorphic fronds occur in members of the Mohria clade and in one species of the Anemiorrhiza clade (A. colimensis) (Fig. 4). Partially differentiated fertile pinnae is homoplastic among the clades in Anemia, occurring in subg.Anemiorrhiza and several clades of subg. Anemia (Fig. 4). Furthermore, completely differentiated fertile pinnae (when no green tissue is present) is a synapomorphy for the A. phyllitidis clade. Mickel (1967) considered monomorphic fronds to be the plesiomorphic condition within the Anemiaceae. He further hypothesized a sequence of evolutionary events leading to hemidimorphic laminae found in most species of Anemia, where the sporangia are first restricted to the lowermost pair of Version of Record TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae pinnae, and finally to the completely dimorphic fronds of some species. This hypothesis was not corroborated by our analysis, and hemidimorphic laminae seem to be a plesiomorphic condition in Anemiaceae (Fig. 4). This had also been suggested by Wikström & al. (2002). Anemia colimensis is noteworthy because it has an intermediate condition between the monomorphic laminae, as in the Mohria clade, and the completely differentiated fertile and sterile pinnae of the remaining species of Anemia. This species was recovered as sister to the remaining species of subg. Anemiorrhiza, suggesting that this character state would be better interpreted as an apomorphy of this species, instead of representing the most plesiomorphic condition within Anemiaceae. Perispore ornamentation. — Perispore ornamentation has been relied upon heavily in taxonomy of both extant and extinct groups of the Schizaeales (e.g., Hill, 1977, 1979; Mickel, 1962, 1981; Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, 1991; Skog, 1992; Archangelsky, 2009). Although there is a tendency of conservatism in some clades, most of the perispore characters used in our study show some degree of homoplasy. For instance, hollow ridges have been often associated with members of the Mohria clade, and fossil spores have been assigned to this genus based on this characteristic (e.g., Archangelsky, 2009). Our analyses suggest that this character is homoplastic in Anemiaceae, occurring in both Mohria and Anemiorrhiza clades (Fig. 5), as previously noted by Skog & al. (2002) and Wikström & al. (2002). Perispore surface also varies in type of ornamentation, being smooth, baculate, granulate or spiculate (Figs. 3, 6–9). All these character states are also homoplastic within Anemia, though some remain useful for distinguishing some clades. A smooth perispore is the plesiomorphic condition in Anemia, being present in most species in Mohria and Anemiorrhiza clades. In most species of subg. Anemia, however, it is replaced by more elaborated perispores, with reversions in at least five species (Fig. 5). The remaining species of Mohria and Anemiorrhiza clades have granulate spores, a character that is only present in the A. rutifolia clade. Spiculate perispores are widely distributed among the several clades of subg. Anemia but, again, with a high level of homoplasy. As for baculate perispore, this is only present in the species of the Phyllitidis clade, but with some reversions to the spiculate form in several species. In some species the perispore ridges are confluent towards the spore angles, appearing as a projection that forms a keellike structure. Because this character is also found in the spores of the fossil Pelletixia valdensis (Seward) Watson & Hill (Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, 1991), it was considered by Wikström & al. (2002) as an indication that diversification in Anemia may have begun in the Early Cretaceous. We found that this character is also homoplastic in Anemiaceae, and a possible relationship between this fossil and extant species should be evaluated with caution. Finally, our results have interesting implications for the evolution of ploidy level in Anemiaceae. On the one hand, an estimated one-quarter of extant species has been found to be diploid (Mickel, 1962, 1982). Most of the remaining species are tetraploid or hexaploid, with some being octaploid, decaploid, or even tetrakaidecaploid (A. multiplex from Mexico) (Mickel & al., 1966; Mickel, 1982). Diploid species are mainly found in the Anemiorrhiza clade, which is the most basal lineage according to our results. On the other hand, several hybrids have been reported in the literature (e.g., Mickel, 1962, 1981, 1982), and dozens have been seen in herbarium collections but have not been formally described yet (pers. obs. of the authors). Therefore, it seems possible that hybridization and polyploidy have been responsible for the evolution of the majority of extant species in Anemiaceae. However, this remains to be tested, for which a nuclear phylogeny would be necessary. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was partially funded by a grant to P.H.L. from CNPq (no. 301997/2010-1), and to J.T.M. by the The New York Botanical Garden (Living Fern Studies Program). The Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses were performed using CIPRES portal. We thank the late Jacobus P. Roux, Michael Sundue, Germinal Rouhan, Pedro Fiaschi, Claudine Mynssen, Thais Almeida, and Rafaela Forzza for silica-dried samples. We are also grateful to A.W. Kopler and N.R. Crouch, who provided the photos of Mohria used in Fig. 1. LITERATURE CITED Archangelsky, S. 2009. Biogeographic implications of Albian Mohrialike spores (family Anemiaceae) in SW Gondwana (Patagonia). Rev. Paleobot. Palynol. 157: 301–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.06.002 Bernhardi, J.J. 1806. Dritter Versuch einer Anordnung der Farrnkräuter. Neues J. Bot. 1: 1–50. Christenhusz, M.J.M., Zhang, X.C. & Schneider, H. 2011. A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns. Phytotaxa 19: 7–54. Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. 2012. jModelTest 2: More models, new heuristics and parallel computing. 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Phylogenetic analysis of Iridaceae with parsimony and distance methods using the plastid gene rps4. Pl. Syst. Evol. 204: 109–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982535 Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G. & Bouvert, J. 1991. Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Pl. Molec. Biol. 17: 1105–1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037152 Underwood, L.M. 1902. Flora of New Providence and Andros – Pteridophyta. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 12: 15–17. Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, J.H.A. 1991. Diversification of spores in fossil and extant Schizaeaceae. Pp. 103–118 in. Blackmore, S. & Barnes, S.H. (eds.), Pollen and spores: Patterns of diversification. Systematics Association Special Volume 44. New York: Clarendon Press. Wikström, N., Kenrick, P. & Vogel, J.C. 2002. Schizaeaceae: A phylogenetic approach. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 119: 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-6667(01)00128-2 Wilgenbush, J.C., Warren, D.L. & Swofford, D.L. 2004. AWTY: A system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetic inference. http://ceb.csit.fsu.edu/awty Appendix 1. List of the specimens sampled in this study and their GenBank accession numbers. Authority is given for the first instance of a species. The information is presented in the following order: Species, Provenance (provinces are also provided for the Brazilian specimens: BA = Bahia, ES = Espírito Santo, GO = Goiás, MG = Minas Gerais, MT = Mato Grosso, PE = Pernambuco, PR = Paraná, RJ = Rio de Janeiro, and SP = São Paulo), voucher (Herbarium), and GenBank accession numbers for rbcL, rps4-trnS, trnG-trnR, and trnL-trnF. Missing sequences are indicated by “–”, and newly generated sequences are indicated by an asterisk. The new species (sp. nov. 1 – sp. nov. 8) will be published in a forthcoming volume of Flora Neotropica Monographs, by John T. Mickel. Actinostachys pennula (Sw.) Hook., Peru, Rimachi 11069 (MO), AJ303401, –, –, –; Anemia abbottii Maxon, Dominican Republic, Mejia 23945 (NY), *KT423808, –, –, *KT423411; Anemia adiantifolia (L.) Sw., Mexico, Feid 03-070 (NY), *KT423809, *KT423692, *KT423553, *KT423401; Anemia adiantifolia, Mexico, Hall 768 (NY), *KT423810, *KT423695, *KT423556, *KT423404; Anemia adiantifolia, Mexico, Tejero-Diez & Mickel 6429 (NY), *KT423811, *KT423801, *KT423667, *KT423523; Anemia affinis Baker, Mexico, Breedlove 17953 (NY), *KT423812, *KT423684, *KT423546, *KT423392; Anemia aspera (Fée) Baker, Brazil (MG), Mynssen 1344 (NY), *KT423814, –, *KT423543, *KT423389; Anemia australis (Mickel) M.Kessler & A.R.Sm., Bolivia, Nee 49185 (NY), *KT423815, –, *KT423571, *KT423421; Anemia buniifolia (Gardner) T.Moore, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5269 (UPCB), *KT423816, *KT423738, *KT423604, *KT423455; Anemia buniifolia, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5290 (UPCB), *KT423817, *KT423744, *KT423611, *KT423462; Anemia buniifolia, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5334 (UPCB), *KT423818, *KT423761, *KT423630, *KT423481; Anemia cicutaria Poepp. 1156 Version of Record TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae Appendix 1. Continued. ex Spreng., Bahama Island, Correl 49361 (NY), *KT423819, *KT423686, –, *KT423396; Anemia clinata Mickel, Brazil (GO), Anderson 9960 (NY), *KT423820, –, *KT423540, *KT423386; Anemia colimensis Mickel, Mexico, Tejero-Diez & Mickel 6427 (NY), *KT423821, *KT423800, *KT423666, *KT423522; Anemia collina Sm., Brazil (MG), Mynssen 897 (NY), *KT423824, *KT423705, *KT423567, *KT423417; Anemia collina, Brazil (MG), Labiak 5067 (UPCB), *KT423822, *KT423724, *KT423587, *KT423438; Anemia collina, Brazil (MG), Labiak 5154 (UPCB), *KT423823, *KT423729, *KT423592, *KT423443; Anemia dentata Gardner, Brazil (MG), Salino 5124 (NY), *KT423826, *KT423785, *KT423653, *KT423506; Anemia dentata, Brazil (MG), Sobel 2115 (NY), *KT423827, *KT423795, *KT423662, *KT423517; Anemia dregeana Kunze, South Africa, Roux 3526 (NY), *KT423828, *KT423774, –, *KT423495; Anemia elaphoglossoides Mickel, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5293 (UPCB), *KT423829, *KT423745, *KT423612, *KT423463; Anemia elegans (Gardner) C.Presl, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5253 (UPCB), *KT423830, –, *KT423598, *KT423449; Anemia elegans, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5325 (UPCB), *KT423831, –, *KT423625, *KT423476; Anemia elegans, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5344 (UPCB), *KT423832, –, *KT423635, *KT423486; Anemia eximia Taub., Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5326 (UPCB), *KT423833, *KT423757, *KT423626, *KT423477; Anemia eximia, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5340 (UPCB), *KT423834, *KT423763, *KT423632, *KT423483; Anemia eximia, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5345 (UPCB), *KT423835, *KT423766, *KT423636, *KT423487; Anemia ferruginea var. ahenobarba (Christ) Mickel, Brazil (MG), Salino 7914 (NY), *KT423837, *KT423786, *KT423654, *KT423507; Anemia ferruginea var. ahenobarba, Guyana, Jansen-Jacobs 3660 (NY), *KT423838, *KT423697, *KT423558, *KT423407; Anemia ferruginea Kunth var. ferruginea, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5308 (UPCB), *KT423836, *KT423751, *KT423618, *KT423469; Anemia ferruginea var. ferruginea, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5309 (UPCB), *KT423839, *KT423752, *KT423619, *KT423470; Anemia ferruginea var. ferruginea, Brazil (PR), Schwartsburd 1909 (UPCB), *KT423840, *KT423788, *KT423656, *KT423509; Anemia flexuosa (Sav.) Sw., Bolivia, McClellnd 406 (NY), *KT423841, –, *KT423560, *KT423409; Anemia gardneri Hook., Brazil (ES), Labiak 4108 (UPCB), *KT423842, *KT423712, *KT423575, *KT423425; Anemia glareosa Gardner, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5254 (UPCB), *KT423843, –, *KT423599, *KT423450; Anemia glareosa, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5276 (UPCB), *KT423844, –, *KT423607, *KT423458; Anemia glareosa, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5320 (UPCB), *KT423845, –, *KT423623, *KT423474; Anemia guatemalensis Maxon, El Salvador, Seiler 562 (NY), *KT423846, –, *KT423659, *KT423512; Anemia herzogii Rosenst., Bolivia, Jimenez 2464 (NY), *KT423847, *KT423696, *KT423557, *KT423406; Anemia hirsuta (L.) Sw., Brazil (MG), Labiak 5033 (UPCB), *KT423848, *KT423721, *KT423584, *KT423435; Anemia hirsuta, Brazil (MG), Labiak 5075 (UPCB), *KT423849, *KT423725, *KT423588, *KT423439; Anemia hirsuta, Brazil (MG), Salino 4472 (NY), *KT423850, *KT423781, *KT423649, *KT423502; Anemia hirta (L.) Sw., Brazil (BA), Amorim 832 (NY), *KT423851, *KT423681, *KT423538, *KT423384; Anemia hispida Kunze, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5256 (UPCB), *KT423852, *KT423734, *KT423600, *KT423451; Anemia hispida, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5315 (UPCB), *KT423853, *KT423755, *KT423622, *KT423473; Anemia hispida, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5342 (UPCB), *KT423854, *KT423764, *KT423633, *KT423484; Anemia humilis (Cav.) Sw., Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5250 (UPCB), *KT423855, *KT423733, *KT423597, *KT423448; Anemia humilis, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5288 (UPCB), *KT423856, *KT423743, *KT423610, *KT423461; Anemia humilis, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5349 (UPCB), *KT423857, *KT423769, *KT423639, *KT423490; Anemia imbricata J.W.Sturm, Brazil (MG), Almeida 1477 (NY), *KT423858, *KT423676, *KT423533, *KT423379; Anemia imbricata, Brazil (MG), Almeida 1481 (NY), *KT423859, *KT423677, *KT423534, *KT423380; Anemia imbricata, Brazil (MG), Labiak 5031 (UPCB), *KT423860, *KT423720, *KT423583, *KT423434; Anemia jaliscana, Mexico, Tejero-Diez 3015 (NY), *KT423862, *KT423687, *KT423549, *KT423397; Anemia jaliscana Maxon, Mexico, Tejero-Diez & Mickel 6435 (NY), *KT423863, *KT423805, *KT423671, *KT423527; Anemia karwinskyana (C.Presl.) Prantl., Mexico, Tejero-Diez & Mickel 6433 (NY), *KT423864, *KT423803, *KT423669, *KT423525; Anemia lancea H.Christ, Brazil (MT), Anderson 9445 (NY), *KT423868, *KT423682, *KT423539, *KT423385; Anemia lancea, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5355 (UPCB), *KT423869, *KT423772, *KT423642, *KT423493; Anemia lanipes C.Chr., Madagascar, Clement 2091 (P), *KT423870, –, *KT423548, *KT423395; Anemia lanuginosa Bringn. ex J.W.Sturm, Brazil (MG), Almeida 1475 (NY), *KT423871, *KT423675, *KT423532, *KT423378; Anemia lanuginosa, Brazil (MG), Salino s.n. (NY), *KT423872, *KT423787, *KT423655, *KT423508; Anemia luetzelburgii Rosenst., Brazil (MG), Mynssen 898 (NY), *KT423875, *KT423706, *KT423568, *KT423418; Anemia luetzelburgii, Brazil (MG), Labiak 4107 (UPCB), *KT423873, *KT423711, *KT423574, *KT423424; Anemia luetzelburgii, Brazil (MG), Labiak 5144 (UPCB), *KT423874, *KT423728, *KT423591, *KT423442; Anemia mandiocana Raddi, Brazil (PR), Labiak 3999 (UPCB), *KT423876, *KT423709, *KT423572, *KT423422; Anemia mandiocana, Brazil (RJ), Labiak 5136 (UPCB), *KT423877, *KT423727, *KT423590, *KT423441; Anemia mandiocana, Brazil (MG), Salino 4936 (NY), *KT423878, *KT423782, *KT423650, *KT423503; Anemia marginalis (Sav.) Christenh., South Africa, Roux 4472 (NY), *KT423879, *KT423780, *KT423648, *KT423501; Anemia marginata Mickel, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5266 (UPCB), *KT423880, *KT423737, *KT423603, *KT423454; Anemia marginata, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5283 (UPCB), *KT423881, *KT423741, *KT423608, *KT423459; Anemia mexicana Klotzsch, Mexico, Calzada 18242 (NY), *KT423882, *KT423685, *KT423547, *KT423394; Anemia mexicana, Mexico, Moran 6309 (NY), *KT423883, *KT423702, *KT423564, *KT423414; Anemia millefolia (Gardner) C.Presl, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5300 (UPCB), *KT423884, *KT423748, *KT423615, *KT423466; Anemia millefolia, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5346 (UPCB), *KT423885, *KT423767, *KT423637, *KT423488; Anemia mohriana Christenh., South Africa, Roux 4423 (NY), *KT423925, *KT423775, *KT423643, *KT423496; Anemia mohriana, South Africa, Roux 4471 (NY), *KT423926, *KT423779, *KT423647, *KT423500; Anemia multiplex Mickel, Mexico, Mickel 1709 (NY), *KT423886, *KT423701, *KT423563, *KT423413; Anemia mynsseniana Mickel, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5257 (UPCB), *KT423887, *KT423735, *KT423601, *KT423452; Anemia mynsseniana, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5313 (UPCB), *KT423888, *KT423754, *KT423621, *KT423472; Anemia mynsseniana, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5329 (UPCB), *KT423889, *KT423760, *KT423629, *KT423480; Anemia myriophylla Christ, Bolivia, Nee 43083 (NY), *KT423890, *KT423708, *KT423570, *KT423420; Anemia nervosa Pohl ex J.W.Sturm, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5272 (UPCB), *KT423891, *KT423739, *KT423605, *KT423456; Anemia nervosa, Brazil (MG), Salino 5107 (NY), *KT423892, *KT423784, *KT423652, *KT423505; Anemia nudiuscula (J.P.Roux) Christenh., South Africa, Roux 4425 (NY), *KT423894, *KT423776, *KT423644, *KT423497; Anemia nudiuscula, South Africa, Roux 4470 (NY), *KT423895, *KT423778, *KT423646, *KT423499; Anemia oblongifolia (Cav.) Sw., Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5328 (UPCB), *KT423897, *KT423759, *KT423628, *KT423479; Anemia oblongifolia, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5347 (UPCB), *KT423898, *KT423768, *KT423638, *KT423489; Anemia oblongifolia, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5275 (UPCB), *KT423896, *KT423740, *KT423606, *KT423457; Anemia organensis Rosenst., Brazil (ES), Labiak 4055 (UPCB), *KT423899, *KT423710, *KT423573, *KT423423; Anemia organensis, Brazil (ES), Labiak 4121 (UPCB), *KT423900, *KT423713, *KT423576, *KT423426; Anemia organensis, Brazil (ES), Labiak 5110 (UPCB), *KT423901, *KT423726, *KT423589, *KT423440; Anemia patens Mickel & Labiak, Brazil (GO), Labiak 5064 (UPCB), *KT423902, *KT423723, *KT423586, *KT423437; Anemia phyllitidis var. fraxinifolia (Raddi) Hassl., Brazil (PR), Forzza 7384 (UPCB), *KT423904, *KT423691, *KT423541, *KT423387; Anemia phyllitidis (L.) Sw. var. phyllitidis, Brazil (ES), Labiak 5164 (UPCB), *KT423903, *KT423731, *KT423594, *KT423445; Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis, Puerto Rico, Sundue 594 (NY), *KT423906, *KT423703, *KT423565, *KT423415; Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis, Brazil (MG), Labiak 5035 (UPCB), *KT423905, *KT423722, *KT423585, *KT423436; Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis, Brazil (MG), Teixeira 15 (NY), *KT423907, *KT423799, *KT423665, *KT423521; Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis, Mexico, Tejero-Diez & Mickel 6431 (NY), *KT423908, *KT423802, *KT423668, *KT423524; Anemia phyllitidis var. phyllitidis, Mexico, Velasco 5 (NY), *KT423909, *KT423806, *KT423672, *KT423529; Anemia phyllitidis var. pluripinnae Mickel, Brazil (PR), Schwartsburd 82 (UPCB), *KT423910, *KT423794, *KT423661, *KT423516; Anemia phyllitidis var. tweediana Hassl., Brazil (MG), Guaglioanone 2826 (NY), *KT423911, *KT423693, *KT423554, *KT423402; Anemia portoricensis Maxon, Puerto Rico, Alain 33232 (NY), *KT423912, *KT423680, *KT423537, *KT423383; Anemia presliana Prantl, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5258 (UPCB), *KT423913, *KT423736, *KT423602, *KT423453; Anemia presliana, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5312 (UPCB), *KT423914, *KT423753, *KT423620, *KT423471; Anemia presliana, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5350 (UPCB), *KT423915, *KT423770, *KT423640, *KT423491; Anemia pyrenaea Taub., Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5284 (UPCB), *KT423918, *KT423742, *KT423609, *KT423460; Anemia raddiana Link, Brazil (SP), Labiak 5025 (UPCB), *KT423919, *KT423719, *KT423582, *KT423433; Anemia raddiana, Brazil (PR), Labiak s.n. (UPCB), *KT423920, –, *KT423544, *KT423390; Anemia raddiana, Brazil (PR), Version of Record 1157 TAXON 64 (6) • December 2015: 1141–1158 Labiak & al. • Phylogeny of Anemiaceae Appendix 1. Continued. Schwartsburd 1915 (UPCB), *KT423921, *KT423789, *KT423657, *KT423510; Anemia raddiana, Brazil (PR), Schwartsburd 1919 (UPCB), *KT423922, *KT423790, *KT423658, *KT423511; Anemia repens Raddi, Brazil (MG), Batalha 397 (NY), *KT423923, *KT423683, *KT423545, *KT423391; Anemia retroflexa Brade, Brazil (ES), Labiak 4139 (UPCB), *KT423924, *KT423714, *KT423577, *KT423428; Anemia rosulata Mickel, Brazil (BA), Harley 15342 (NY), *KT423927, *KT423694, *KT423555, *KT423403; Anemia rotundifolia Schrad., Brazil (ES), Fiaschi 3570 (SPF), *KT423928, *KT423689, *KT423551, *KT423399; Anemia rutifolia Mart., Brazil (MG), Almeida 1482 (NY), *KT423929, *KT423678, *KT423535, *KT423381; Anemia rutifolia, Brazil (MG), Salino 5096 (NY), *KT423930, *KT423783, *KT423651, *KT423504; Anemia salvadorensis Mickel & R.L.Seiler, El Salvador, Seiler 947 (NY), *KT423931, *KT423791, *KT423660, *KT423513; Anemia schimperiana C.Presl, Ethiopia, Thulin 3515 (NY), *KT423932, –, –, *KT423528; Anemia simii Tardieu, South Africa, Roux 1651 (NY), *KT423934, *KT423773, –, *KT423494; Anemia smithii Brade, Brazil (PE), Pietrobom 831 (NY), *KT423935, –, *KT423595, *KT423446; Anemia sp. nov. 1 (to be published as “A. irwinii”), Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5303 (UPCB), *KT423861, *KT423750, *KT423617, *KT423468; Anemia sp. nov. 2 (to be published as “A. sertaneja”), Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5297 (UPCB), *KT423933, *KT423746, *KT423613, *KT423464; Anemia sp. nov. 3 (to be published as “A. delicatula”), Brazil (MG), Nakajima 2220 (NY), *KT423825, *KT423707, *KT423569, *KT423419; Anemia sp. nov. 4 (to be published as “A. labiakii”), Brazil (ES), Labiak 4032 (UPCB), *KT423865, *KT423732, *KT423596, *KT423447; Anemia sp. nov. 5 (to be published as “A. lanata”), Brazil (PR), Michelon 738 (UPCB), *KT423866, *KT423700, *KT423562, *KT423412; Anemia sp. nov. 5, Brazil (MT), Windisch 6330 (NY), *KT423867, *KT423807, *KT423673, *KT423530; Anemia sp. nov. 6 (to be published as “A. nicaraguensis”), Nicaragua, Stevens 26815 (NY), *KT423893, *KT423797, *KT423664, *KT423519; Anemia sp. nov. 7 (to be published as “A. pubescens”), Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5327 (UPCB), *KT423916, *KT423758, *KT423627, *KT423478; Anemia sp. nov. 7, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5351 (UPCB), *KT423917, *KT423771, *KT423641, *KT423492; Anemia sp. nov. 8 (to be published as “A. andersonii”), Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5299 (UPCB), *KT423813, *KT423747, *KT423614, *KT423465; Anemia spicantoides Mabb., Brazil (ES), Labiak 4226 (UPCB), *KT423936, *KT423717, *KT423580, *KT423431; Anemia spicantoides, Brazil (ES), Labiak 4976 (UPCB), *KT423937, *KT423718, *KT423581, *KT423432; Anemia tenera Pohl, Brazil (MG), Fonseca 729 (NY), *KT423938, *KT423690, *KT423552, *KT423400; Anemia tenera, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5302 (UPCB), *KT423939, *KT423749, *KT423616, *KT423467; Anemia tomentosa (Sav.) Sw. var. tomentosa, Brazil (PR), Michelon 1260 (UPCB), *KT423944, –, *KT423542, *KT423388; Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) Mickel, Brazil (SP), Abbott 16308 (NY), *KT423940, *KT423674, *KT423531, *KT423377; Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia, Brazil (MG), Almeida 1542 (NY), *KT423941, *KT423679, *KT423536, *KT423382; Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia, Bolivia, Sundue 675 (NY), *KT423942, *KT423704, *KT423566, *KT423416; Anemia tomentosa var. mexicana (C.Presl) Mickel, Mexico, Tejero-Diez & Mickel 6434 (NY), *KT423943, *KT423804, *KT423670, *KT423526; Anemia trichorhiza Gardner ex Hook., Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5324 (UPCB), *KT423945, *KT423756, *KT423624, *KT423475; Anemia trichorhiza, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5339 (UPCB), *KT423946, *KT423762, *KT423631, *KT423482; Anemia trichorhiza, Brazil (GO), Labiak & Mickel 5343 (UPCB), *KT423947, *KT423765, *KT423634, *KT423485; Anemia underwoodiana Maxon, Jamaica, Maarten 3047 (NY), *KT423948, *KT423698, *KT423559, *KT423408; Anemia vestita (Baker) Christenh., South Africa, Roux 4466 (NY), *KT423949, *KT423777, *KT423645, *KT423498; Anemia villosa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Brazil (MG), Labiak 4150 (UPCB), *KT423950, *KT423715, *KT423578, *KT423429; Anemia villosa, Brazil (MG), Labiak 4177 (UPCB), *KT423951, *KT423716, *KT423579, *KT423430; Anemia villosa, Brazil, Labiak 5158 (UPCB), *KT423952, *KT423730, *KT423593, *KT423444; Anemia warmingii Prantl, Brazil (SP), Melo 160 (NY), *KT423953, *KT423699, *KT423561, *KT423410; Anemia wettsteinii Christ, Brazil (MG), Silva 142 (NY), *KT423954, *KT423796, *KT423663, *KT423518; Anemia wrightii Baker, U.S.A., Evans 4078 (NY), *KT423955, *KT423688, *KT423550, *KT423398; Dipteris conjugata Reinw., Fiji, J. Game 98/106 (UC), EU352303, –, –, –; Lygodium articulatum A.Rich., Australia, Streimann 80071 (NY), *KT423956, *KT423798, –, *KT423520; Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R.Br., Japan?, Yonekura 98331 (MO), AJ303416, –, –, –; Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.) Sw., U.S.A., Showman s.n. (NY), *KT423957, *KT423792, –, *KT423514; Lygodium reticulatum Schkuhr, Fiji, Smith 8578 (NY), *KT423958, *KT423793, –, *KT423515; Matonia pectinata R.Br., Malaysia, Schuettpelz 752 (DUKE), EU352307, –, –, –; Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (L.) C.Presl, U.S.A., Christenhusz 4244 (DUKE), EF588710, –, –, –; Schizaea dichotoma (L.) J.Sm., Cook Island, Game 98/07 (UC), AY612683, –, –, –; Schizaea elegans (Vahl) Sw., Brazil, Labiak 5550 (UPCB), *KT423959, –, –, *KT423427; Schizaea incurvata Schkuhr, Guyana, Henkel 2482 (NY), *KT423960, –, –, *KT423405; Schizaea pectinata (L.) Sw., South Africa, Brand 245 (NY), *KT423961, –, –, *KT423393; Schizaea pectinata, South Africa, Schweickerdt 2475 (S), AJ303409, –, –, –; Sticherus palmatus (W.Schaffn. ex E.Fourn.) Copel., Mexico, A.R. Smith 2568 (UC), AY612684, –, –, –. Appendix 2. Morphological characters used in this study and their respective states. 1. Habit: climbing, non-climbing; 2. Habitat preference: exclusive to calcareous rocks, generalist; 3. Rhizome type: erect, short-creeping, long-creeping; 4. Rhizome anatomy: protostelic, dictyostelic, solenostelic, siphonostelic; 5. Axilary pockets: absent, present; 6. Rhizome indument: scales, hairs; 7. Color of the indument in the rhizome: orange to orange tan, maroon, dark brown to blackish; 8. Rhizome hairs length; 1–2 mm, 3–5 mm, 6–10 mm, longer than 10 mm; 9. Frond arrangement: distichous, polystichous; 10. Frond habit: rosete, erect; 11. Stipe in the sterile frond: absent, present; 12. Stipe color in the medial portion: stramineous, dark brown; 13. Stipe shape in cross section: flattened, terete; 14. Lamina division: simple, pinnate, pinnate-pinnatifid or pinnate-pinnatissect, 2-pinnate or more divided, dichotomous, pinnatifid; 15. Lamina apex: conform or subconform, pinnatifid; 16. Type of segment division: dichotomous, pinnate; 17. Rachis orientation: straight, flexuous, climbing; 18. Radicant apex: absent, present; 19. Buds in the axils of the pinnae: absent, present; 20. Lamina texture: membranaceous, chartaceous, coriaceous; 21. Lamina indument type: scales only, hairs only, scales and hairs, glabrous; 22. Laminar surface hairiness: glabrous, glabrescent, pilose, tomentose, lanose; 23. Pluricellular hairs: absent, present; 24. Type of pluricellular hairs: nonglandular, glandular; 25. Pluricellular hairs cell walls: translucent, not translucent; 26. Unicellular hairs: absent, present; 27. Venation: free, anastomosing; 28. Venation pattern in the first division: pinnate, flabellate, undivided, forked; 29. Veins immersed or prominulous: immersed, mostly prominulous adaxially, mostly prominulous abaxially, equaly prominulous on both sides; 30. Stomata type: desmocytic (attached type), pericytic (floating type), dyacytic or anomocytic (Lygodium type), hypocytic (Schizaea type), anomocytic (Matonia type); 31. Frond dimorphism: monomorphic, hemidimorphic, holodimorphic; 32. Position of the fertile portion: ventral, marginal, apical, modified basal pinna, entire frond; 33. Position of the sporangiophores: marginal, apical, basal pinnae, entire frond; 34. Fertile pinna position in relation to the sterile lamina: remote, approximate; 35. Fertile pinnae stalk: sessile, short-stalked (1/5 to 1/3 of the fertile pinna length), medium-stalked (about half the length of the fertile pinna), long-stalked (3/4 to 4/5 of the fertile pinnae length); 36. Fertile pinnae differentiation: completely differentiated (loss of all lamina), partially differentiated (0.5–5 mm broad), undifferentiated; 37. Fertile pinna orientation: horizontal, erect, inclined; 38. Fertile pinna length in relation to the basal pinnae: equal or shorter, longer; 39. Fertile pinna length in relation to the lamina: equal or shorter, longer; 40. Fertile pinnae number: one per frond, two per frond; 41. Pinnae in holodimorphic fronds: sessile, stalked; 42. Indusium: absent, present; 43. Sporangium attachment: basal, lateral; 44. Spore surface: tuberculate or papillate, striate, reticulate, pitted, rugose; 45. Spore ridges: undulating, straight, absent; 46. Perispore surface: smooth, baculate, granulate, spiculate; 47. Spicules: short, long and sharply pointed, absent; 48. Spore ridges: hollow, solid, spongy medullate; 49. Spore angles: rounded, projecting; 50. Spore ridges width: broader than the striae, narrower than the striae, equal to the striae; 51. Spore ridge orientation: parallel, anastomosing; 52. Spore diameter: < 50, 50–60, 60–80, > 85 µm; 53. Spore shape: monolete, trilete. 1158 Version of Record