Verbenaceae
Citharexylum

Citharexylum spinosum L.

First published in Sp. Pl.: 625 (1753)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Caribbean, Panama to N. South America. It is a shrub or tree and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome. It is used as a medicine and for food.

Distribution

Native to:

Bahamas, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Netherlands Antilles, Panamá, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Turks-Caicos Is., Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is.

Introduced into:

Andaman Is., Bermuda, Fiji, Hawaii, India, Mozambique, Tunisia

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Berry, P.E., Yatskievych, K. & Holst, B.K. (eds.) in Steyermark, J., Berry, P.E., Holts, B.K. (eds). (2005). Rutaceae-Zygophyllaceae. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 9: 1-608. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  • Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. MIM, Deurne.
  • Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P.G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E.J. & Martin, C.A. (2022). An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, sér. 3, 44: 345-903.
  • O'Leary, N. & al. (2021). Insights into the Taxonomy of Citharexylum (Verbenaceae): A Revision of the South American Taxa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 106: 167-233.
  • Smith, A.C. (1991). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 5: 1-626. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
  • von Raab-Straube, E. & Raus, T. (eds.) (2019). Euro+Med-Checklist notulae, 10. Willdenowia 49: 95-115.

Flora of the Cayman Islands

  • L. Sp. Pl. 2: 265 (1753).

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Berry, P.E., Yatskievych, K. & Holst, B.K. (eds.) in Steyermark, J., Berry, P.E., Holts, B.K. (eds). (2005). Rutaceae-Zygophyllaceae. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana 9: 1-608. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  • Correll, D.S. & Correll, H.B. (1982). Flora of the Bahama Archipelago: 1-1692. J.Cramer, Vaduz.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Kotiya, A., Solanki, Y. & Reddy, G.V. (2020). Flora of Rajasthan: 1-769. Rajasthan state biodiversity board.
  • O'Leary, N. & al. (2021). Insights into the Taxonomy of Citharexylum (Verbenaceae): A Revision of the South American Taxa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 106: 167-233.
  • Pandey, R.P. (2009). Floristic diversity of Ferrargunj forest area in South Andaman. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 33: 747-768.
  • Smith, A.C. (1991). Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora for Fiji (Spermatophytes only) 5: 1-626. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai.
  • von Raab-Straube, E. & Raus, T. (eds.) (2019). Euro+Med-Checklist notulae, 10. Willdenowia 49: 95-115.

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Oct 1, 1935 Britton, N.L.; Brace, L.J.K. [233] Bahamas, The Citharexylum fruticosum var. villosum K000487159 Isotype Yes
Aug 1, 1934 s.coll [s.n] Citharexylum fruticosum K004866777 Yes
Hamilton, M. [541] Turks and Caicos Islands Citharexylum fruticosum K000367703 Yes
Oct 1, 1935 Small, J.K.; Carter, J.J. [8583] Bahamas, The Citharexylum fruticosum var. smallii K000487160 Type Yes
Jan 1, 2009 Parcela 1; Sasaki, D.; Piva, J.H.; Santos, S.K.F.; Yamaciro, T. [438] Brazil Citharexylum macrophyllum K000579886 Yes
Jun 20, 1986 Ferreira, C.A.C. [7361] Brazil Citharexylum macrophyllum K000944241 Yes
Jan 1, 1980 Prance, G.T.; Steward, W.C.; Ramos, J.F.; Monteiro, O.P. [11160] Brazil Citharexylum macrophyllum K000944244 Yes
Jan 1, 1967 Prance, G.T.; Forero, E.; Pena, B.S.; Ramos, J.F. [4370] Brazil Citharexylum macrophyllum K000944245 Yes
Jan 1, 1965 Silva, N.T. [57802] Brazil Citharexylum macrophyllum K000944242 Yes
Balée, W.L. [2138] Brazil Citharexylum macrophyllum K000944247 Yes
Milliken, W. [M463] Brazil Citharexylum macrophyllum K000944248 Yes
Silva, M.G. [2871] Brazil Citharexylum macrophyllum K000944243 Yes
Milliken, W.; Coelho, L.F.; Lima, J.; Watson, F. [M463] Brazil Citharexylum macrophyllum K000944246 Yes

Sources

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora Zambesiaca

    • Flora Zambesiaca
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Flora of the Cayman Islands

    • Flora of the Cayman Islands
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0