Code
CVTMU
Growth form
broadleaf
Biological cycle
annual
Habitat
terrestrial
CVTMU
Growth form
broadleaf
Biological cycle
annual
Habitat
terrestrial
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Crotalaria brownei DC. |
| synonym | Crotalaria falcata DC. |
| synonym | Crotalaria fertilis Delile |
| synonym | Crotalaria hookeri Arn. |
| synonym | Crotalaria javanica Jungh. |
| synonym | Crotalaria latifolia Wight & Arn. |
| synonym | Crotalaria mucronata Desv. |
| synonym | Crotalaria pallida Klotzsch |
| synonym | Crotalaria pisiformis Guill. & Perr. |
| synonym | Crotalaria saltiana Prain ex King |
| synonym | Crotalaria siamica F.N.Williams |
| synonym | Crotalaria striata DC. |
| synonym | Crotalaria striata var. acutifolia Trin. |
| synonym | Crotalaria tinctoria Baill. |
| synonym | Crotalaria zuccarininana D.Dietr. |
| synonym | Lebeckia rostrata Fenzl |
🗒 Common Names
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📚 Overview
Description
Global description
Crotalaria pallida is a terrestrial herbaceous plant, annual, erect, up to 2 m high. Taproot white or brown. Stem fluted, solid, glabrous. Stipules present. Leaves trifoliate, alternate spiral, stalked; elliptic or obovate leaflets, more than 2 cm long / wide, hairy upper surface, margin entire, apex obtuse or rounded, pointed base, pinnately veined. Flowers hermaphrodites, grouped in terminal raceme, stalked, with 5 yellow petals. The fruit is a rounded pod.
Cotyledons
Cotyledons slightly stalked, kidney-shaped, more or less erect at the stem, lamina 11 to 14 mm long and 3.5 to 5 mm wide.
First leaves
First sheets are simple, alternate, with petiole 8 to 10 mm long, lamina 13 to 20 mm long and 7 to 11.5 mm wide; the following leaves are trifoliate.
General habit
Plant erect 1-1.5 m high, becoming woody.
Underground system
The plant has a taproot system.
Stem
Erect and branched stem up to 2 m in height; the branches are covered with hairs appressed more or less dense.
Leaf
Leaves alternate, trifoliate compound; filiform stipules or absent; petiole more or less as long as the leaflets; leaflets elliptical to obovate, 3 to 13 cm long and 2.5 to 7 cm wide, appressed puberulent on the underside.
Inflorescence
Inflorescence composed of terminal racemes 15-30 cm long, with short peduncle, with numerous tight flowers; linear bracts falling before anthesis; bracteoles inserted at the base of the calyx.
Flower
Papilionaceous flower with a calyx truncated at the base and deflected against the pedicel, 6 to 7.5 mm long, appressed pubescence; narrowly triangular-acuminate lobes. Standard elliptical, yellow, usually streaked with reddish brown; keel much longer than the wings, narrow spout, more or less exserted, 12 to 15 mm long, often striated with dark venations..
Fruit
The fruit is a shortly stalked pod, sub-cylindrical, sometimes slightly curved, 3.8 to 5 cm long and 0.6 to 0.8 cm wide, puberulous, usually glabrescent, with 10-15 seeds.
Seed
Oblique-heart-shaped seed, about 3.5 mm long, smooth to finely papillose, streaked with ocher and dark grayish green or brown.
Crotalaria pallida is a terrestrial herbaceous plant, annual, erect, up to 2 m high. Taproot white or brown. Stem fluted, solid, glabrous. Stipules present. Leaves trifoliate, alternate spiral, stalked; elliptic or obovate leaflets, more than 2 cm long / wide, hairy upper surface, margin entire, apex obtuse or rounded, pointed base, pinnately veined. Flowers hermaphrodites, grouped in terminal raceme, stalked, with 5 yellow petals. The fruit is a rounded pod.
Cotyledons
Cotyledons slightly stalked, kidney-shaped, more or less erect at the stem, lamina 11 to 14 mm long and 3.5 to 5 mm wide.
First leaves
First sheets are simple, alternate, with petiole 8 to 10 mm long, lamina 13 to 20 mm long and 7 to 11.5 mm wide; the following leaves are trifoliate.
General habit
Plant erect 1-1.5 m high, becoming woody.
Underground system
The plant has a taproot system.
Stem
Erect and branched stem up to 2 m in height; the branches are covered with hairs appressed more or less dense.
Leaf
Leaves alternate, trifoliate compound; filiform stipules or absent; petiole more or less as long as the leaflets; leaflets elliptical to obovate, 3 to 13 cm long and 2.5 to 7 cm wide, appressed puberulent on the underside.
Inflorescence
Inflorescence composed of terminal racemes 15-30 cm long, with short peduncle, with numerous tight flowers; linear bracts falling before anthesis; bracteoles inserted at the base of the calyx.
Flower
Papilionaceous flower with a calyx truncated at the base and deflected against the pedicel, 6 to 7.5 mm long, appressed pubescence; narrowly triangular-acuminate lobes. Standard elliptical, yellow, usually streaked with reddish brown; keel much longer than the wings, narrow spout, more or less exserted, 12 to 15 mm long, often striated with dark venations..
Fruit
The fruit is a shortly stalked pod, sub-cylindrical, sometimes slightly curved, 3.8 to 5 cm long and 0.6 to 0.8 cm wide, puberulous, usually glabrescent, with 10-15 seeds.
Seed
Oblique-heart-shaped seed, about 3.5 mm long, smooth to finely papillose, streaked with ocher and dark grayish green or brown.
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No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
No Data
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
Life cycle
Annual
Perenial
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Mayotte: Crotalaria pallida flowers from September to February and fruits from October to March.
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Cyclicity
Madagascar: Crotalaria pallida flowers from April, May to September.
New Caledonia: Flowering occurs in the rainy season followed by fruiting at the beginning of the fresh season in June.
New Caledonia: Flowering occurs in the rainy season followed by fruiting at the beginning of the fresh season in June.
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Reproduction
Annual to shortly perennial species. Reproduction and dissemination of Crotalaria pallida is done by seeds. The seeds are transported by runoff and in the mud present on animals, vehicles. Fresh seeds of C. pallida has a higher germination power than older seeds. It has been shown that the germination rate is improved by a treatment in hot water.
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Morphology
Growth form
Erected
Leaf arrangement
Alternate
Leaf type
Compound
Type of prefoliation
Broad leaves
Compound leaf type
Trifoliate leaf
Latex
Without latex
Stem section
Round
Root type
Taproot
Hollow or solid stem
Solid stem
Stipule type
Lanceolate stipule
Leaf attachment type
with petiole
Fruit type
Pod
Pod type
Cylindrical pod in section
Cotyledon type
reniform
Lamina base
acute
Lamina margin
entire
Lamina apex
obtuse
rounded
mucronate
Upperface pilosity
Glabrous
Lowerface pilosity
Dense hairy
Lamina section
flat
Lamina Veination
pennate
Flower color
Yellow
Inflorescence type
Raceme with alternate sessile flowers
Stem pilosity
Dense hairy
Stem hair type
Short and long hairs mixed
Life form
Broadleaf plant
Shrub
Look Alikes
Identification key of Crotalaria
(Crotalaria species have kidney-shaped seeds contained in large cylindrical pods)
| Prostrate plant | C. ononoides | ||||
| Erect plant | leaf simple | C. retusa | |||
| leaf digitate | C. grahamiana | ||||
| leaf trifoliolate | stipules large and falciform | C. goreensis | |||
| stipules filiform or absents | petiole longer than the leaf | C. incana | |||
| petiole shorter than the leaf | fleaflets elliptic to oboval | C. pallida | |||
| leaflets lanceolate to filiform | C. ochroleuca | ||||
Thomas Le Bourgeois
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Ecology
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Crotalaria pallida is frequently found in the abandoned lands and along roadsides.
Madagascar: Crotalaria pallida is a weed of rainfed crops on ferrallitic soils more or less degraded down hills and on terraces around the lowlands, low to medium fertility, under sub-humid climate, in the Central highlands, Middle West, Northwest and eastern side of Madagascar, up to an altitude of 1500 m. It is found on the edge of cultures and channels, in fallows, pastures and annual crops like cassava, taro and voandzou in well sunlit areas or low shading, in semi-intensive culture systems of corn, cassava, taro or voandzou, with or without addition of organic manure. It is often associated with other species, the species with almost linear leaves C. ochroleuca, and C. uncinella.
Mauritius: local herb in tea production areas.
Mayotte: C. pallida is a fairly common cryptogenic species in disturbed environment from the sandy coast to the crops and villages of the hygrophilic area.
New Caledonia: It is found throughout the territory in secondary vegetation, wasteland and pastures up to an altitude of 600 to 700 m.
Reunion: Absent
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Miscellaneous Details
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Toxicity
Crotalaria pallida is toxic and liable to cause photosensitivity problems, liver, skin and neuromuscular reactions. The plant is rarely consumed by livestock, except by inexperienced animals, but its presence in a mowed plot can contaminate a crop.
Crotalaria pallida is toxic and liable to cause photosensitivity problems, liver, skin and neuromuscular reactions. The plant is rarely consumed by livestock, except by inexperienced animals, but its presence in a mowed plot can contaminate a crop.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
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No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Terrestrial
Description
Geographical distibution
Madagascar
Mauritius
Origine
Crotalaria pallida is a native to tropical Africa, India and South-East Asia.Worldwide distribution
Its natural distribution is obscured by widespread cultivation and subsequent pan tropical naturalization. In Asia it is common in India and Sri Lanka and throughout South-Earth Asia. Introduced in several countries in the Pacific, Australia, Indonesia, and also Central and South America..
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📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Risk Statement
Overall harmfulness
Crotalaria pallida is considered invasive in Hawaii, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Samoa
Local harmfulness
Madagascar: This species is not abundant but is quite common in cassava, voandzou, rainfed rice and fallow crops.
New Caledonia: Introduced in New Caledonia since the 1850s. Among the Crotalaria species, Crotalaria pallida is the most harmful for the pasturelands of New Caledonia and the most frequent. However, it remains a secondary weed of pastures in place, but its toxicity to livestock makes it a species to be controled. Large infestations are rarely observed, but this may be the case after tillage for the establishment of forage crops.
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Threats
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Crotalaria pallida is one of the alternative hosts of Maruca testulalis, which is a pest in cowpea. It also acts as a vector for the 'kette' virus affecting cardamom.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
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📚 Uses and Management
Uses
Food: young seeds of Crotalaria pallida are used as food, roasted ripe seeds can be substituted for coffee. In west Java, a fermented product was formerly made from the seeds. Seeds were boiled for two hours, wrapped in banana leaves and left to ferment for several days to remove poisonous components. In Cambodia the flowers are used as a vegetable. In indo-china a kind of coffee is prepared from roasted seed. In Vietnam, the roots are sometimes chewed with betel-nut.
Agriculture: C. pallida is used as a ground cover and a green manure crop throughout the humid tropics, through on a limited scale. In tea, rubber and coconut plantation in Sri Lanka and South-Earth Asia, and in cocoa plantations in West Africa, it is used as a green manure and planted in the interrows to reduce erosion. It is one of the oldest green manure crops in Indonesia, but lost popularity because of its susceptibility to diseases and pests. C. pallida replaced the more toxic Crotalaria spectabilis Roth in the south-earth United States and was grown extensively for soil sanitation and as a green manure crop until the 1960s.
Foder: It also has some value as a forage crop. However, its use is no longer recommended as the seed occasionally gets mixed into fodder grains, causing poisoning.
Medicinal: In traditional medicine, C. pallida is used to treat urinary problems. A poultice made of the roots is applied to painful swelling of joints, and an extract of the leaves is taken as a vermifuge. In Laos the plant is used to reduce fever.
Other: stem fiber is used as a material for thread, etc.
Agriculture: C. pallida is used as a ground cover and a green manure crop throughout the humid tropics, through on a limited scale. In tea, rubber and coconut plantation in Sri Lanka and South-Earth Asia, and in cocoa plantations in West Africa, it is used as a green manure and planted in the interrows to reduce erosion. It is one of the oldest green manure crops in Indonesia, but lost popularity because of its susceptibility to diseases and pests. C. pallida replaced the more toxic Crotalaria spectabilis Roth in the south-earth United States and was grown extensively for soil sanitation and as a green manure crop until the 1960s.
Foder: It also has some value as a forage crop. However, its use is no longer recommended as the seed occasionally gets mixed into fodder grains, causing poisoning.
Medicinal: In traditional medicine, C. pallida is used to treat urinary problems. A poultice made of the roots is applied to painful swelling of joints, and an extract of the leaves is taken as a vermifuge. In Laos the plant is used to reduce fever.
Other: stem fiber is used as a material for thread, etc.
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Management
Global control
Biological control: Crotalaria pallida is susceptible to nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica causing galls. It is a secondary host of Maruca testulalis, a plague for the black-eyed cowpea. It is also a vector for the 'kette' virus that attacks cardamom. During the dry season, beetles (Chrysomelidae) can cause severe defoliation. Ragnus importunatas bug causes leaf fall at the beginning of the rainy season. Other insects that can cause damage are beetles of the genus Longitarsus and carterpillars of Utetheisa lotrix.
Chemical control: According to weed crops before planting, treat with atrazine and after germination, with diuron added surfactant or ametryn or 2,4-D.
Local control
Madagascar: Control of Crotalaria pallida is made by manual weeding with the angady or hand pulling in cassava, potato and Bambara groundnut crops.
New Caledonia: Chemical treatment may be considered on early-stage of growth. Herbicides based on picloram are preferred. On existing pasture, isolated individuals must be destroyed manually. In case of a more extensive infestation, chemical treatment with picloram on regrowths after a gyro grinding carried out during the active period and before fruiting will be applied.
Reunion: Absent.
Biological control: Crotalaria pallida is susceptible to nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica causing galls. It is a secondary host of Maruca testulalis, a plague for the black-eyed cowpea. It is also a vector for the 'kette' virus that attacks cardamom. During the dry season, beetles (Chrysomelidae) can cause severe defoliation. Ragnus importunatas bug causes leaf fall at the beginning of the rainy season. Other insects that can cause damage are beetles of the genus Longitarsus and carterpillars of Utetheisa lotrix.
Chemical control: According to weed crops before planting, treat with atrazine and after germination, with diuron added surfactant or ametryn or 2,4-D.
Local control
Madagascar: Control of Crotalaria pallida is made by manual weeding with the angady or hand pulling in cassava, potato and Bambara groundnut crops.
New Caledonia: Chemical treatment may be considered on early-stage of growth. Herbicides based on picloram are preferred. On existing pasture, isolated individuals must be destroyed manually. In case of a more extensive infestation, chemical treatment with picloram on regrowths after a gyro grinding carried out during the active period and before fruiting will be applied.
Reunion: Absent.
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📚 Information Listing
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
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References
- Henty E.E. and G.S. Pritchard. 1973. Weeds of New Guinea and their control. Botany bulletin No 7.
- Faridah Hamem and L.J.G Vander Macsen, 1997. Plant resources of south-east Asia, 11 auxiliary plants.
- Tavatchai Radanachaless, J.F.Maxwell. 1994. Weeds of soybean fields in Thailand. Multiple Cropping Center Publications. Thailand.
- -Henty E.E. and G.S. Pritchard. 1973. Weeds of New Guinea and their control. Botany bulletin No 7.
- -Tavatchai Radanachaless, J.F.Maxwell. 1994. Weeds of soybean fields in Thailand. Multiple Cropping Center Publications. Thailand.
- -Faridah Hamem and L.J.G Vander Macsen, 1997. Plant resources of south-east Asia, 11 auxiliary plants.
- DU PUY DAVID, LABAT J. N., LEGUMINOSAE OF MADAGASCAR, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2002 - 737 pages, p. 693
- MOODY K. 1989. Weeds reported in Rice in South and Southeast Asia. IRRI Manila Phillippines 442p.
- ANTOINE R., BOSSER J., FERGUSSON I.K., 1993. FLORE DES MASCAREIGNES : La Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues. 80 Légumineuses. MSIRI, ORSTOM, KEW. p.198.
- Barthelat, F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Meze, Paris, France, Collection Inventaires et Biodiversité, Biotope – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 487 p.
- Blanfort, V., F. Desmoulins, J. Prosperi, T. Le Bourgeois, R. Guiglion and P. Grard (2010). AdvenPaC V.1.0 : Adventices et plantes à conflit d'intérêt des Pâturages de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Montpellier, France, IAC, Cirad.http://idao.cirad.fr/applications
Information Listing > References
- Henty E.E. and G.S. Pritchard. 1973. Weeds of New Guinea and their control. Botany bulletin No 7.
- Faridah Hamem and L.J.G Vander Macsen, 1997. Plant resources of south-east Asia, 11 auxiliary plants.
- Tavatchai Radanachaless, J.F.Maxwell. 1994. Weeds of soybean fields in Thailand. Multiple Cropping Center Publications. Thailand.
- -Henty E.E. and G.S. Pritchard. 1973. Weeds of New Guinea and their control. Botany bulletin No 7.
- -Tavatchai Radanachaless, J.F.Maxwell. 1994. Weeds of soybean fields in Thailand. Multiple Cropping Center Publications. Thailand.
- -Faridah Hamem and L.J.G Vander Macsen, 1997. Plant resources of south-east Asia, 11 auxiliary plants.
- DU PUY DAVID, LABAT J. N., LEGUMINOSAE OF MADAGASCAR, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2002 - 737 pages, p. 693
- MOODY K. 1989. Weeds reported in Rice in South and Southeast Asia. IRRI Manila Phillippines 442p.
- ANTOINE R., BOSSER J., FERGUSSON I.K., 1993. FLORE DES MASCAREIGNES : La Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues. 80 Légumineuses. MSIRI, ORSTOM, KEW. p.198.
- Barthelat, F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Meze, Paris, France, Collection Inventaires et Biodiversité, Biotope – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 487 p.
- Blanfort, V., F. Desmoulins, J. Prosperi, T. Le Bourgeois, R. Guiglion and P. Grard (2010). AdvenPaC V.1.0 : Adventices et plantes à conflit d'intérêt des Pâturages de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Montpellier, France, IAC, Cirad.http://idao.cirad.fr/applications
Images
Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=crotalaria%2520pallida
WIKWIO Portal Admin
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🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Fabales |
| Family | Fabaceae |
| Genus | Crotalaria |
| Species | Crotalaria pallida Aiton |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
