Code
ALZRU
Growth form
broadleaf
Biological cycle
annual
Habitat
terrestrial
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Alysicarpus longifolius "sensu Span., non Wight & Arn." |
| synonym | Alysicarpus longifolius Sensu Span., non Wight & Arn. |
| synonym | Alysicarpus rugosus subsp. rugosus |
| synonym | Alysicarpus violaceus (ensu (Forssk.) "Schindl., p.p." |
| synonym | Alysicarpus violaceus Schindl. |
| synonym | Alysicarpus violaceus Sensu (Forssk.)Schindl., p.p. |
| synonym | Alysicarpus wallichii Wight & Arn. |
| synonym | Fabricia rugosa (Willd.) Kuntze |
| synonym | Hedysarum rugosum Willd. |
🗒 Common Names
| Malagasy |
|
📚 Overview
Description
Cotyledons
The cotyledons are elliptical and sub sessile. The leaf blade is 5 mm long and 2 mm wide.
First leaves
The first leaves are alternate and simple. They are elliptical to lanceolate. They are held by a petiole, 3 to 10 mm long, framed at the base by two papery lanceolate stipules, 5 mm long, marked with numerous longitudinal veins. The underside of the blade is finely reticulate.
General habit
The growth habit is spread on the soil or erect. The main axis is branched at the base and can measure 60 cm to over one meter in height for upright plants or 40 cm in diameter for spreading plants.
Underground system
The plant has a taproot system.
Stem
The stem is cylindrical and solid. It is pubescent, sparsely covered with rigid white hairs and marked with longitudinal striations.
Leaf
The leaves are alternate and simple. The lamina is quite polymorphic, can be oblong, lanceolate to linear and measures 5 to 12 cm long and 8 to 20 mm wide. The base is rounded, sometimes slightly cordate. The apex is broad with a short mucro or acute according to the shape of the lamina. The margin is fully lined with a few lashes. The blade is marked with 5 to 7 pairs of slightly arched veins. The underside is crisscrossed by a network of fine reticulations. The upper side is glabrous, while the lower face is covered with a shaved pubescence. The leaf is held by a long-petiole, 3 to 9 mm, whose base is bordered by two linear papery stipules, 6 mm long and strongly ribbed lengthwise. At the base of the blade are two filiform stipels, barely visible, 0.5 mm long.
Inflorescence
The flowers are assembled into many pairs, forming long terminal clusters, 10 to 25 cm. The internodes between flowers are as long as the flowers themselves.
Flower
The flowers are 5 mm long. The calyx is divided into 5 nested peaks, base rounded and 6 mm long. It is finely pubescent. The corolla consists of an upper orange yellow petal (standard), a lower petal (keel) and 2 lateral orange-red petals (wings). There are 10 stamens, of which 9 have their filaments folded, the tenth being free.
Fruit
The fruits are pods, 8 to 12 mm long, consisting of 3-5 articulated and strongly strangled segments at the level of their articulation. 3 or 4 segments are included in the calyx where only the last exceeds. They are suborbicular in shape; the last is surmounted by a spout. They measure 2.5 mm in diameter. The outer wall is highly crisscrossed with numerous transverse wrinkles. Each segment contains one seed.
Seed
Seeds are oblong, 1.2 mm long.
Global description
Alysicarpus rugosus is an erect plant or spread on the ground, with simple oblong to lanceolate alternate leaves. The base of the petiole is framed by two lanceolate, papery and longitudinally strongly striated stipules, Inflorescences occur as clusters, composed of numerous pairs of orange and red flowers near each other. The sepals are interwoven and rounded at the base. Of the 10 stamens, 9 have their filaments fused in groove. The fruit is a pod, highly constricted between each of the 3-5 articles. These are suborbicular and have a highly transversely striated wall.Cotyledons
The cotyledons are elliptical and sub sessile. The leaf blade is 5 mm long and 2 mm wide.
First leaves
The first leaves are alternate and simple. They are elliptical to lanceolate. They are held by a petiole, 3 to 10 mm long, framed at the base by two papery lanceolate stipules, 5 mm long, marked with numerous longitudinal veins. The underside of the blade is finely reticulate.
General habit
The growth habit is spread on the soil or erect. The main axis is branched at the base and can measure 60 cm to over one meter in height for upright plants or 40 cm in diameter for spreading plants.
Underground system
The plant has a taproot system.
Stem
The stem is cylindrical and solid. It is pubescent, sparsely covered with rigid white hairs and marked with longitudinal striations.
Leaf
The leaves are alternate and simple. The lamina is quite polymorphic, can be oblong, lanceolate to linear and measures 5 to 12 cm long and 8 to 20 mm wide. The base is rounded, sometimes slightly cordate. The apex is broad with a short mucro or acute according to the shape of the lamina. The margin is fully lined with a few lashes. The blade is marked with 5 to 7 pairs of slightly arched veins. The underside is crisscrossed by a network of fine reticulations. The upper side is glabrous, while the lower face is covered with a shaved pubescence. The leaf is held by a long-petiole, 3 to 9 mm, whose base is bordered by two linear papery stipules, 6 mm long and strongly ribbed lengthwise. At the base of the blade are two filiform stipels, barely visible, 0.5 mm long.
Inflorescence
The flowers are assembled into many pairs, forming long terminal clusters, 10 to 25 cm. The internodes between flowers are as long as the flowers themselves.
Flower
The flowers are 5 mm long. The calyx is divided into 5 nested peaks, base rounded and 6 mm long. It is finely pubescent. The corolla consists of an upper orange yellow petal (standard), a lower petal (keel) and 2 lateral orange-red petals (wings). There are 10 stamens, of which 9 have their filaments folded, the tenth being free.
Fruit
The fruits are pods, 8 to 12 mm long, consisting of 3-5 articulated and strongly strangled segments at the level of their articulation. 3 or 4 segments are included in the calyx where only the last exceeds. They are suborbicular in shape; the last is surmounted by a spout. They measure 2.5 mm in diameter. The outer wall is highly crisscrossed with numerous transverse wrinkles. Each segment contains one seed.
Seed
Seeds are oblong, 1.2 mm long.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
No Data
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
Life cycle
Annual
Cyclicity
Northern Cameroon: Alysicarpus rugosus occurs throughout the crop cycle, but germination begins in June. Beyond this period, new emergences would occur after cultural operations (weeding and ridging) but remain very small. Flowering occurs from August to October and fruiting is staggered from September to November until the plant dries out at the beginning of the dry season. The complete development cycle is done in three months.
Madagascar : A. rugosus flowers during the rainy season from December to April.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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Reproduction
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A. rugosus is an annual species. It only propagate by seed. The seeds remain included in the articles of the pods and are spread by water, animals and wind.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Morphology
Growth form
Erected
Prostrated
Leaf arrangement
Alternate
Leaf type
Simple
Type of prefoliation
Leaf ratio medium
Broad leaves
Narrow leaf
Linear leaves
Latex
Without latex
Stem section
Round
Root type
Taproot
Hollow or solid stem
Solid stem
Stipule type
Lanceolate stipule
Leaf attachment type
with petiole
Fruit type
Pod
Pod type
Articulated pod
Cotyledon type
linear
elliptic
Lamina base
acute
cordate
Lamina margin
hairy
entire
Lamina apex
attenuate
acute
rounded
Upperface pilosity
Glabrous
Lowerface pilosity
Less hairy
Simple leaf type
Lamina linear
Lamina elliptic
Lamina section
flat
Lamina Veination
pennate
Flower color
Purple
Red flowers
Orange
Inflorescence type
Raceme
Stem pilosity
Dense hairy
Stem hair type
Pubescent
Life form
Broadleaf plant
Look Alikes
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Distinctive characters of Alysicarpus spp. at vegetative stage
| Habit | Lamina | Petiole | Base and apex of the lamina |
Biological cycle |
Species |
| prostrate | ovate rounded | 4-12 (15) mm | cordate base, emarginate apex | perennial | A. vaginalis |
| prostrate | ovate rounded | 4-7 mm | cordate base, obtuse apex +- mucronate | annual or biannual | A. monilifer |
| erect ascending | ovate rounded | 2,5-7 mm | cordate base, obtuse apex +- mucronate | annual | A. glumaceus |
| erect ascending | ovate rounded (basal leaves) and lanceolate (upper leaves) | rounded to cordate base arrondie, obtuse to acute apex | annual (perennial) | A. ovalifolius | |
| prostrate or erect | lanceolate membranous | 3-9 mm | rounded base, acute apex +- mucronate | annual (perennial) | A. rugosus |
| erect or prostrate | lanceolate coriaceous | 2-9 mm | cordate base, acute apex +- mucronate | perennial | A. Zeyheri |
Distinctiive characters of Alysicarpus spp. at fruiting stage
| Pod shape |
Pod length |
Pod articles | Calyx | Lamina | Species |
| no constriction between articles | 12-25 mm | smooth, 4-6 (8) highly exceeding the calyx | teeth = first article | ovate rounded | A. vaginalis |
| no constriction between articles | 12-25 mm | slightly reticulate, 4-7 highly exceeding the calyx | teeth = first article | ovate at base, lanceolate at apex | A. ovalifolius |
| strong constriction between articles | 5-15 mm | well reticulate, 4-7 highly exceeding the calyx | teeth > first article | ovate rounded | A. glumaceus |
| strong constriction between articles | 5-15 mm | horizontally wrinkled, 3-4 (6) | teeth > first article | ovate rounded | A. monilifer |
| strong constriction between articles | 5-15 mm | well reticulate, 3-5 inserted in the calyx | teeth > first article | lanceolate membranous | A. rugosus |
| strong constriction between articles | 7-15 mm | slightly reticulate, 2-6 highly exceeding the calyx | teeth > first article | lanceolate coriaceous | A. Zeyheri |
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
This species is very difficult to differentiate from other Alysicarpus (A. ovalifolius, A. glumaceus) at the vegetative stage. Only the shape of the calyx, color of the flower and especially the shape of the fruit are used to identify with certainty.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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Ecology
Northern Cameroon: Alysicarpus rugosus occurs as a ruderal species and as a weed of crops. It grows mainly in the Sudanese region, where annual rainfall is between 1,200 and 1,500 mm. In this region, it is present in 30% of cultivated land. It grows on soil that retain moisture such as well-structured ferruginous soils and the planosols. It also appears, purposefully, in the driest regions on high water retention soil such as fersialitic soil or the vertisols. It can then be found in association with A. ovalifolius.
Madagascar: A. rugosus grows on alluvial soils, humiferous ferruginous soil, quite fertile, in sunny places or lightly shaded. It is a weed of crops in semi-intensive cropping systems based on corn and cotton. It grows in fallow, in degraded savannahs, on the edges of crops and roads in semi-arid and sub-humid until 1000 m of elevation, in the Southwest , West and Middle West regions of Madagascar.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Terrestrial
Origine
Alysicarpus rugosus originates from Africa.
Worldwide distribution
Tropical and Austral Africa, Madagascar, India, China, South East Asia, Indonésia, Australia.
Alysicarpus rugosus originates from Africa.
Worldwide distribution
Tropical and Austral Africa, Madagascar, India, China, South East Asia, Indonésia, Australia.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
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Description
Geographical distibution
Madagascar
Mauritius
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Risk Statement
Burkina Faso: A. rugosus is a common and little abundant species.
Northern Cameroon: A. rugosus is a regional weed.
Ivory Coast: A. rugosus is a rare and scarce species.
Madagascar: A. rugosus is a weed not frequent and rarely abundant in crops. It does not present any particular difficulty. It is quite common but often scarce in lowlands with fertile soils in dry areas. It can sometimes be locally abundant in the fertile alluvial soils, devoted to cotton or maize crops.
Senegal: A. rugosus is a rare and scarce species.
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Local harmfulness
Benin: A. rugosus is a rare and scarce species.Burkina Faso: A. rugosus is a common and little abundant species.
Northern Cameroon: A. rugosus is a regional weed.
Ivory Coast: A. rugosus is a rare and scarce species.
Madagascar: A. rugosus is a weed not frequent and rarely abundant in crops. It does not present any particular difficulty. It is quite common but often scarce in lowlands with fertile soils in dry areas. It can sometimes be locally abundant in the fertile alluvial soils, devoted to cotton or maize crops.
Senegal: A. rugosus is a rare and scarce species.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Management
Local control
Madagascar: This species is controlled with manual weeding in cropping systems based on cotton or corn.
Global control
Recommandations for the control of annual broadleaf weeds in irrigated and lowland rice in Africa: http://portal.wikwio.org/document/show/20Local control
Madagascar: This species is controlled with manual weeding in cropping systems based on cotton or corn.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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No Data
📚 Information Listing
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
References
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Hutchinson J., Dalziel J. M., Keay R. W. J. & Hepper F. N., 1958. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. I part. 2. 2ème éd. The Whitefriars Press ed., London & Tonbridge, 828 p.
- Le Bourgeois Th., 1993. Les mauvaises herbes dans la rotation cotonnière au Nord-Cameroun (Afrique) - Amplitude d'habitat et degré d'infestation - Cycle de développement. Thèse USTL Montpellier II, Montpellier, France, 241 p.
- Le Bourgeois, T. and H. Merlier (1995). Adventrop - Les adventices d'Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Montpellier, France, Cirad. 640 p.
- Berhaut J., 1967. Flore du Sénégal. 2ème éd. Clairafrique éd., Dakar, Sénégal, 485p.
- DU PUY D. J., LABAT J. N., RABEVOHITRA R., VILLIERS J. F., BOSSER J. & MOAT J., 2002 – The Leguminoseae of Madagascar. ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, Kew, 2002, p 624-626.
- Braun M., Burgstaller H., Hamdoun A. M. & Walter H., 1991. Common weeds of Central Sudan. GTZ, Verlag Josef Margraf ed. Scientific Book, Weikersheim, Germany, 329p.
- Flora of China http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242302523
- Akoégninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.G. 2006. Flore analytique du Bénin. Cotonou, Bénin, Wageningen, Pays-Bas, Backhuis Publishers.
Information Listing > References
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Hutchinson J., Dalziel J. M., Keay R. W. J. & Hepper F. N., 1958. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. I part. 2. 2ème éd. The Whitefriars Press ed., London & Tonbridge, 828 p.
- Le Bourgeois Th., 1993. Les mauvaises herbes dans la rotation cotonnière au Nord-Cameroun (Afrique) - Amplitude d'habitat et degré d'infestation - Cycle de développement. Thèse USTL Montpellier II, Montpellier, France, 241 p.
- Le Bourgeois, T. and H. Merlier (1995). Adventrop - Les adventices d'Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Montpellier, France, Cirad. 640 p.
- Berhaut J., 1967. Flore du Sénégal. 2ème éd. Clairafrique éd., Dakar, Sénégal, 485p.
- DU PUY D. J., LABAT J. N., RABEVOHITRA R., VILLIERS J. F., BOSSER J. & MOAT J., 2002 – The Leguminoseae of Madagascar. ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, Kew, 2002, p 624-626.
- Braun M., Burgstaller H., Hamdoun A. M. & Walter H., 1991. Common weeds of Central Sudan. GTZ, Verlag Josef Margraf ed. Scientific Book, Weikersheim, Germany, 329p.
- Flora of China http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242302523
- Akoégninou, A., van der Burg, W.J. & van der Maesen, L.G. 2006. Flore analytique du Bénin. Cotonou, Bénin, Wageningen, Pays-Bas, Backhuis Publishers.
Images
Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Alysicarpus%2520rugosus
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Fabales |
| Family | Fabaceae |
| Genus | Alysicarpus |
| Species | Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
