Sida acuta Burm.f.
synonym | Malvastrum carpinifolium (L. f.) A. Gray |
synonym | Malvinda carpinifolia (L.f.) Medik. |
synonym | Sida acuta subsp. acuta |
synonym | Sida acuta var. carpinifolia (L.f.) K.Schum. |
synonym | Sida acuta var. intermedia S.Y. Hu |
synonym | Sida acuta var. madagascariensis Hochr. |
synonym | Sida arrudiana Monteiro |
synonym | Sida artensis Montrouz. ex Guillaumin & Beauvis. |
synonym | Sida balbisiana DC. |
synonym | Sida berlandieri Turcz. |
synonym | Sida berteriana Spreng. |
synonym | Sida betulina Lag. ex Spreng. |
synonym | Sida bodinieri Gand. |
synonym | Sida brachypetala DC. |
synonym | Sida bradei Ulbr. |
synonym | Sida brasila Schrank ex Link |
synonym | Sida capensis Cav. |
synonym | Sida carpinifolia f. acuta (Burm.f.) Millsp. |
synonym | Sida carpinifolia f. spiraeifolia (Link) Millsp. |
synonym | Sida carpinifolia L.f. |
synonym | Sida carpinifolia var. brevicuspidata Griseb. |
synonym | Sida chanetii Gand. |
synonym | Sida commixta Gand. |
synonym | Sida disticha Sessé & Moc. |
synonym | Sida disticha Sessé & Moc. [Illegitimate] |
synonym | Sida foliosa Splitg. ex de Vriese |
synonym | Sida frutescens Cav. |
synonym | Sida garckeana Pol. |
synonym | Sida garckeana Polak. |
synonym | Sida glabra Nutt. |
synonym | Sida jamaicensis Vell. |
synonym | Sida lancea Gand. |
synonym | Sida lanceolata Retz. |
synonym | Sida martinicensis Gand. |
synonym | Sida obtusa A.Rich. |
synonym | Sida orientalis DC. |
synonym | Sida ovata G. Don |
synonym | Sida planicaulis Cav. |
synonym | Sida planicaulis DC. |
synonym | Sida prostrata G. Don |
synonym | Sida repanda Roth |
synonym | Sida rugosa Thunn. |
synonym | Sida schrankii DC. |
synonym | Sida scoparia Lour. |
synonym | Sida spiraeifolia Link |
synonym | Sida spiraeifolia Willd. |
synonym | Sida spireifolia Willd. |
synonym | Sida stauntoniana DC. |
synonym | Sida stipulata Cav. |
synonym | Sida trivialis Macfad. |
synonym | Sida vogelii Hook. |
synonym | Sida vogelii Hook. f. |
Comorian |
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Creoles and pidgins; French-based |
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Créole Maurice |
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Créole Réunion |
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Créole Seychelles |
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English |
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French |
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Malagasy |
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Other |
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Sida acuta is an upright herbaceous sub-woody plant, quickly branched. The stem bears stellate hairs. The root is a sturdy taproot. The leaves are alternately disposed on the stem. They are rhombic to oval, with pointed ends. The leaf margin is regularly and finely serrated. The underside is dotted with stellate hairs, which distinguishes it from Malvastrum coromandelianum L. Garcke with flattened hairs grouped by four. The flowers are solitary or grouped at the base of the leaves. They are yellow or white. The fruits are dry, straw-colored separating at maturity in 7 to 14 seeds in the shape of a quarter of an orange. They are surmounted by two thorny tips.
Cotyledons
Cotyledons subsessile, with ovate blade, slightly cordate base and rounded emarginate apex. Palmate venation with 3 veins. Petiole and margin of leaf blade ciliated.
First leaves
First leaves alternate, simple and distichous. Carried by a short stipulated and ciliated petiole. Lamina oval-rhomboid, with rounded base and acute apex, serrated and ciliated margin. The ribs are pinnate, depressed on the upper face. A few scattered hairs on the upper surface, stellate hairs on the underside.
General habit
Plant erect with a short main stem rapidly branched into ascending branches, then horizontal. Up to 1 m high.
Underground system
The root is a deep taproot and very resistant to weeding.
Stem
Cylindrical, full stem, quickly becoming lignified, with sparse or dense stellate hairs mixed with simple long and deciduous hairs.
Leaf
Leaves are simple, alternate, distichous. The petiole is short, 4 to 7 mm, with stellate pubescence on the upper side. At the base of the petiole are 2 linear stipules of which 1 is longer and wider than the other (4-12 mm) with ciliated edges. The lamina is lanceolate to elliptic, 4 to 10 cm long and 1 to 4 cm wide, pointed at the apex, wedged or rounded at the base. The margin is serrated, except at the base. The upper side is glabrous, the underside has some stellate hairs along the veins. Both sides are green in colour. Venation is pinnate, oblique deeply marked.
Inflorescence
Flowers first solitary and axillary, then in clusters of 3 to 5 flowers at the ends of branches.
Flower
Flowers carried by a peduncle of 1 to 3 cm, articulate in the middle. The calyx is campanulate, barely accrescent, with stellate hairs on the ribs, with 5 sepals of 6 mm long, fused in the bottom half, acuminate, ciliated, with the ribs becoming very prominent on the fruit. The yellow, cream or white corolla, 15 mm in diameter is formed of five petals fused at the base tube, with obliquely lanceolate end. The stamens are fused in tube at the base, but the filaments and anthers are free. The ovary is superior with 5-8 carpels.
Fruit
The fruit is a globular capsule comprising of 5 to 8 mericarps of the shape of a quarter of an orange, nearly glabrous, 2.5 mm long and 1.75 mm wide, straw-colored at the top surmounted by two peaks of 1 mm long. The back and sides are highly striated transversely.
Seed
Seed kidney-shaped orbicular, 2 to 2.25 mm long, light brown, pubescent around the hilum. It remains included in the mericarp.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Life cycle
Mayotte : Sida acuta flowers and fruits all year round.
New Caledonia: The stem and leaves of Sida acuta may die in the dry season but its root remain alive (rooting depth is 0.6 to 1 m) to produce new stems in the rainy season. The seeds, extremely numerous (more than 3 million / ha), is dormant for 1-3 years and germinate rather early in the rainy season. The plant quickly established in the absence of competition and blooms during the rainy season. The fruits mature during the dry season. Seeds remain viable after ingestion and excretion.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Reproduces vby seeds.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Growth form
Leaf arrangement
Leaf type
Type of prefoliation
Latex
Stem section
Root type
Hollow or solid stem
Stipule type
Leaf attachment type
Fruit type
Cotyledon type
Lamina base
Lamina margin
Lamina apex
Upperface pilosity
Lowerface pilosity
Lowerface hair type
Simple leaf type
Lamina section
Lamina Veination
Flower color
Inflorescence type
Stem pilosity
Stem hair type
Life form
Lamina with cordiform base | Pubescent stem | S. urens | ||
Stem with glandular hairs (sticky plant) | S. glabra | |||
Tomentose stem | S. cordifolia | |||
Lamina with wedged base | long petiole | lamina with flat venation, dark green | M. coromandelianum | |
lamina with venation slightly marked, pale green | S. alba | |||
short petiole | Phyllotaxy disticous, lanceolate lamina, pedicel as long as petiole | S. acuta | ||
Phyllotaxy helical, elliptic or oboval lamina pedicel longer than petiole |
Width of lamina < 1,2 cm | S. rhombifolia | ||
width of lamina : 1 to 3 cm | S. rhombifolia subsp. alnifolia |
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Sida acuta prefers dry and sandy conditions, in upland crop areas, roadsides, waste places, and pastures. It can be found at higher elevation and grows well in many soils, including some heavy clay.
Comoros: Sida acuta is a ruderal species of low and medium altitude, between 0 and 800 m, present in fallow, rubble and on roadsides.
French Guiana: Erect or spreading sub-shrub, frequently found in ruderal areas and in orchards with permanent vegetation cover.
Madagascar: ruderal grass species and weed that grows in fallow or in rainfed cultures located around the villages especially at medium altitude (Middle East).
Mauritius: Uncommon Species on the island, it is an occasional weed of crop.
Mayotte: Sida acuta is an exotic species widely naturalized in secondarized environments of mesophilic and hygrophilic regions. It is found in crops, wastelands, pastures and in villages.
New Caledonia: Sida acuta is reported in New Caledonia since the 18th century (used to sweep the deck of ships, it has settled around the landing stages from the early days of colonization). It is widely spread on the territory at the edge roads, crops, overexploited pastures and degraded dry forests. A plant of light, from low to medium altitude (0 to 800 m), it prefers light to medium-heavy soils in humid to subhumid zones.
Reunion: This plant is found at low and medium altitudes between 0 and 1000 m, in abandoned places like ruins and roadsides and in cultivated land, mostly on the west coast of the island.
Seychelles: Common species.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Habitat
Geographical distibution
Origin
Sida acuta is native to tropical America.
Worldwide distribution
This species is widely distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics.
Attributions | dummy |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
References |
Global harmfulness
Sida acuta is one of 300 major invasive species in tropical Australia, the Indian Ocean and Oceania including New Caledonia. This species is very woody and is very little consumed by livestock and deer
Local harmfulness
Benin: Rare but abundant when present.
Burkina Faso: Rare and scarce.
Comoros: Sida acuta is a weed present in cassava and banana plantations, very difficult to weed, it poses a lot of problems for farmers when clearing or preparation of the plots.
Ivory Coast: Frequent and scarce.
French Guiana: This species is infrequent and not very abundant in orchards in French Guiana, except when they are under permanent plant cover.
Madagascar: Species of medium frequency and generally scarce in crops. In some situations (case of the Middle West) it can be harmful to food crops that follows fallow or those located around the villages (maize, upland rice, cassava, groundnuts). In the Middle East, its frequency is high (57% of rainfed plots).
Mali: Frequent and scarce.
Mauritius: A weed with very low harmfulness, is rarely seen in cultures.
Mayotte: Sida acuta is a very infrequent weed (1% of cultivated plots), essentially found in food crops in the north of the island.
Nigeria: Rare and scarce.
New Caledonia: Reported since the 18th century (used to sweep the decks of ships, it has been grown around the docks in the early days of colonization). It is widespread in the territory along roadside, in crops, overexploit pastures and degraded dry forests. Plant of sunlight, low to medium altitude (0-800 m), it prefers light to moderately heavy soils in wetlands in sub-humid areas.
Reunion: uncommon weed in sugar cane and vegetable crops, never abundant.
Senegal: Rare and scarce.
Seychelles: A weed frequent but rarely abundant.
Tanzania: Rare and scarce.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | dummy |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
References |
Global control
Cultural control: Single plants or small patches of Sida acuta can be grubbed before flowering, taking care to cut the root well below the crown to minimize regrowth. In larger areas, satisfactory control is obtained by cultivation and sowing improved pastures.
Chemical control: 2,4-D at 0.5 to 0.8 kg ha-1 or MCPA at 0.4 kg ha-1 applied 20-30 days after emergence provides efficient control.
Biological control: Biological control for this species has been investigated in Australia. A leaf feeding chrysomelid beetle, Callingrapha pantherina, from Mexico was released in 1989.
Management recommandations for perennial broadleaf plants in rice fields: http://portal.wiktrop.org/document/show/26
Local control
Australia: Biological control of Sida acuta exists in Queensland with the use of an insect herbivore, introduced in Mexico in 1989, specific to the plant, the beetle Calligrapha pantherina which was also successfully introduced in Papua New Guinea.
Madagascar: Sida acuta is not harmful in general. Manual weeding is very difficult because of very powerful root system. Chemically, Sidas are controlled by atrazine, diuron or oxadiazon preemergence, and 2,4-D or glyphosate on young plants. Adult plants are relatively tolerant to these herbicides.
New Caledonia: Slashing with rotary cutters of overgrown areas just before flowering limits the spread of the seeds but do not destroy the stands. Avoid graze cattle in infested plots during the period of fruiting. Herds from these plots still have to stay in quarantine plot for 4-5 days. Chemical control: We can rehabilitate areas invaded by spraying herbide (2,4-D) on regrowth 2 weeks after gyrobroyage beginning of the rainy season. New sprouts must be eliminated by herbicide treatments directed, localized.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
- Husson, O., H. Charpentier, F.-X. Chabaud, K. Naudin, Rakotondramanana et L. Séguy (2010). Flore des jachères et adventices des cultures. Annexe 1 : les principales plantes de jachères et adventices des cultures à Madagascar. In : Manuel pratique du semis direct à Madagascar. Annexe 1 - Antananarivo : GSDM/CIRAD, 2010 : 64 p.
- Le Bourgeois, T., Carrara, A., Dodet, M., Dogley, W., Gaungoo, A., Grard, P., Ibrahim, Y., Jeuffrault, E., Lebreton, G., Poilecot, P., Prosperi, J., Randriamampianina, J.A., Andrianaivo, A.P., Théveny, F. 2008. Advent-OI : Principales adventices des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien.V.1.0. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom.
- Blanfort V., Desmoulins F., Prosperi J., Le Bourgeois T., Guiglion R. & Grard P. 2010. AdvenPaC V.1.0 : Adventices et plantes à conflit d'intérêt des Pâturages de Nouvelle-Calédonie. IAC, Cirad, Montpellier, France, Cédérom. http://idao.cirad.fr/applications.
- O. Akobundu & C.W. Agyakwa: A handbook of West African Weeds. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria (1998), 343p.
- Troupin G. (1989). Flore du Rwanda, Spermatophyte (Volume II). Musée Royal de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. 360p
- G. W. Ivens (1989). Eastern Africa weeds control. Oxford University press, Nairobi. 200 p
- D.E. Johnson (1997). Les adventices en riziculture en Afrique de l'Ouest /Weeds of rice in West Africa. West Africa Rice Development Association, Bouaké, Côte d'ivoire. 226p
- Holm L. G., Plucknett D. L., Pancho J. V., Herberger J. P. 1991. The worlds worst weeds. Distribution and Biology. East-West Center by the University Press. Hawaii.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Marita I.G., Keith Moody, Colin M. Piggin. 1999. Upland Rice Weeds of Southeast Asia, IRRI.
- Tadulingam C., Venkatanarayna G. 1985. A Handbook of some South Indian Weeds.
- Moody K., Munroe C.E., Lubigan R.T., Paller E.C.Jr. 1984. Major Weeds of the Philippines.
- https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/49985
- Barthelat, F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Meze, Paris, France, Collection Inventaires et Biodiversité, Biotope – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 687 p.
- Marnotte, P. and A. Carrara. (2007). "Plantes des rizières de Guyane." from http://plantes-rizieres-guyane.cirad.fr/.
- Berton, A. (2020). Flore spontanée des cultures maraichères et fruitières de Guyane. Guide de reconnaissance des 140 adventices les plus communes des parcelles cultivées. Cayenne, Guyane, FREDON Guyane: 186.https://portal.wiktrop.org/document/show/173
- Huat, J., Nagy, M., Carpente, A., Schwartz, M., Le Bourgeois, T. & Marnotte, P. 2021. Guide de la flore spontanée des agrosystèmes de Mayotte. Montpellier, Cirad. 150 p.
- Husson, O., H. Charpentier, F.-X. Chabaud, K. Naudin, Rakotondramanana et L. Séguy (2010). Flore des jachères et adventices des cultures. Annexe 1 : les principales plantes de jachères et adventices des cultures à Madagascar. In : Manuel pratique du semis direct à Madagascar. Annexe 1 - Antananarivo : GSDM/CIRAD, 2010 : 64 p.
- Le Bourgeois, T., Carrara, A., Dodet, M., Dogley, W., Gaungoo, A., Grard, P., Ibrahim, Y., Jeuffrault, E., Lebreton, G., Poilecot, P., Prosperi, J., Randriamampianina, J.A., Andrianaivo, A.P., Théveny, F. 2008. Advent-OI : Principales adventices des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien.V.1.0. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom.
- Blanfort V., Desmoulins F., Prosperi J., Le Bourgeois T., Guiglion R. & Grard P. 2010. AdvenPaC V.1.0 : Adventices et plantes à conflit d'intérêt des Pâturages de Nouvelle-Calédonie. IAC, Cirad, Montpellier, France, Cédérom. http://idao.cirad.fr/applications.
- O. Akobundu & C.W. Agyakwa: A handbook of West African Weeds. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria (1998), 343p.
- Troupin G. (1989). Flore du Rwanda, Spermatophyte (Volume II). Musée Royal de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. 360p
- G. W. Ivens (1989). Eastern Africa weeds control. Oxford University press, Nairobi. 200 p
- D.E. Johnson (1997). Les adventices en riziculture en Afrique de l'Ouest /Weeds of rice in West Africa. West Africa Rice Development Association, Bouaké, Côte d'ivoire. 226p
- Holm L. G., Plucknett D. L., Pancho J. V., Herberger J. P. 1991. The worlds worst weeds. Distribution and Biology. East-West Center by the University Press. Hawaii.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Marita I.G., Keith Moody, Colin M. Piggin. 1999. Upland Rice Weeds of Southeast Asia, IRRI.
- Tadulingam C., Venkatanarayna G. 1985. A Handbook of some South Indian Weeds.
- Moody K., Munroe C.E., Lubigan R.T., Paller E.C.Jr. 1984. Major Weeds of the Philippines.
- https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/49985
- Barthelat, F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Meze, Paris, France, Collection Inventaires et Biodiversité, Biotope – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 687 p.
- Marnotte, P. and A. Carrara. (2007). "Plantes des rizières de Guyane." from http://plantes-rizieres-guyane.cirad.fr/.
- Berton, A. (2020). Flore spontanée des cultures maraichères et fruitières de Guyane. Guide de reconnaissance des 140 adventices les plus communes des parcelles cultivées. Cayenne, Guyane, FREDON Guyane: 186.https://portal.wiktrop.org/document/show/173
- Huat, J., Nagy, M., Carpente, A., Schwartz, M., Le Bourgeois, T. & Marnotte, P. 2021. Guide de la flore spontanée des agrosystèmes de Mayotte. Montpellier, Cirad. 150 p.
Etude floristique et phytoécologique des adventices des complexes sucriers de Ferké 1 et 2, de Borotou-Koro et de Zuenoula, en Côte d'Ivoire
Clé d'identification des graines des principales adventices de La Réunion. Version 1 - 55 espèces
Plantes envahissantes et dégradation des pâturages et des espaces pastoraux en Nouvelle-Calédonie
Weeds of tropical rainfed cropping systems: are there patterns at a global level of perception?
Etude de la phénologie et des traits de réponse aux pratiques culturales des espèces végétales d'intérêt pour la lutte biologique en vergers d'agrumes à la Réunion
Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Sida%2520acuta
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Order | Malvales |
Family | Malvaceae |
Genus | Sida |
Species | Sida acuta Burm.f. |