Code
PTNHY
broadleaf
Biological cycle
annual
Habitat
terrestrial
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Argyrochaeta bipinnatifida Cav. |
| synonym | Argyrochaeta parviflora Cav. |
| synonym | Echetrosis pentasperma Phil. |
| synonym | Parthenium bipinnatifidum (Ortega) Rollins |
| synonym | Parthenium glomeratum Rollins |
| synonym | Parthenium hysterophorus var. hysterophorus |
| synonym | Parthenium lobatum Buckley |
| synonym | Parthenium pinnatifidum Stokes |
| synonym | Villanova bipinnatifida Ortega |
🗒 Common Names
| Amharic |
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| Anglais / English |
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| Chinese |
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| Creoles and pidgins; French-based |
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| Créole Maurice |
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| Créole Réunion |
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| Créole Seychelles |
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| English |
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| French |
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| Hindi |
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| Italian |
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| Malagasy |
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| Other |
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| Portuguese |
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| Spanish; Castilian |
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📚 Overview
Description
Global description
Parthenium hysterophorus is an erect plant, whitish green in color and branched. Its stems are loosely hairy. It is 30 to 40 cm high, but can reach up to 2 m. The leaves are alternate, deeply divided into narrow segments. The inflorescence is grouped by 4 or 5, in small globular capitulum. The flowers of the periphery are white, those of the center are ivory white. Each capitulum is carried by a peduncle. The whole forms a large, loose inflorescence, of small white capitulum. The fruit is a black obovoid achene, 2 mm long and 1.5 mm wide, hairy on top.
Cotyledons
The cotyledons are sessile, oval to rounded, 3 to 4 mm long. They are quickly deciduous.
First leaves
The first leaves are simple and arranged in rosette. They are stalked, with a deeply lobed lamina, serrated, slightly decurrent along the petiole. Petiole and leaf blade with mixed short and long hispid hairs.
General habit
Erect aromatic grass, whitish in colour, branched and 30 to 75 cm high.
Underground system
The plant has a deep and thick taproot, from which emerges fine lateral roots
Stem
The stem is cylindrical, solid, more or less grooved with projecting longitudinal lines corresponding to the extension of the central rib of the leaves. At first it is hairy pubescent with short and long hairs then becomes glabrescent, rough, simple at base, branched in the region of the inflorescence in a large loose panicle.
Leaf
The leaves are alternate, simple and deeply divided (bipinnatifid), 11 to 15 cm long and 6 to 10 cm wide. They are held by a short petiole, corresponding to the attenuation of the base of the blade around the first 3 ribs. The apex of the leaf blade is acute, the base is attenuated then into petiole. The margin is deeply lobed, with linear to lanceolate lobes and with large irregular tines. The upper leaves are entire or almost entire, decreasing in size towards the top of the stems, through the simple bracts of inflorescences. The upper side is smooth, the lower surface with a whitish pubescence. Pinnate veins, prominent on the underside.
Inflorescence
Inflorescence in loose terminal panicle, with many hemispherical and pentagonal capitulums, 3 to 5 mm in diameter and with short slender pedicel, 3 to 20 mm long. The bracts of the involucre are arranged in two rows, oval and long, 1 to 3 mm long,,The lower face covered with glandular clavate hairs or glabrous.
Flower
The 5 external flowers are ligulate, female, arranged in pentagon. The ligule is white, with 5 tines, 0.5 to 0.7 mm long and 0.5 to 1 mm wide. The internal flowers are numerous, male, tubulate, ivory white to yellow in color.
Fruit
The fruit is a black obovoid achene, 2 mm long and 1.5 mm wide, hairy on top with a pappus of 3 or 4 membranous curved scales, 0.5 mm long.
Parthenium hysterophorus is an erect plant, whitish green in color and branched. Its stems are loosely hairy. It is 30 to 40 cm high, but can reach up to 2 m. The leaves are alternate, deeply divided into narrow segments. The inflorescence is grouped by 4 or 5, in small globular capitulum. The flowers of the periphery are white, those of the center are ivory white. Each capitulum is carried by a peduncle. The whole forms a large, loose inflorescence, of small white capitulum. The fruit is a black obovoid achene, 2 mm long and 1.5 mm wide, hairy on top.
Cotyledons
The cotyledons are sessile, oval to rounded, 3 to 4 mm long. They are quickly deciduous.
First leaves
The first leaves are simple and arranged in rosette. They are stalked, with a deeply lobed lamina, serrated, slightly decurrent along the petiole. Petiole and leaf blade with mixed short and long hispid hairs.
General habit
Erect aromatic grass, whitish in colour, branched and 30 to 75 cm high.
Underground system
The plant has a deep and thick taproot, from which emerges fine lateral roots
Stem
The stem is cylindrical, solid, more or less grooved with projecting longitudinal lines corresponding to the extension of the central rib of the leaves. At first it is hairy pubescent with short and long hairs then becomes glabrescent, rough, simple at base, branched in the region of the inflorescence in a large loose panicle.
Leaf
The leaves are alternate, simple and deeply divided (bipinnatifid), 11 to 15 cm long and 6 to 10 cm wide. They are held by a short petiole, corresponding to the attenuation of the base of the blade around the first 3 ribs. The apex of the leaf blade is acute, the base is attenuated then into petiole. The margin is deeply lobed, with linear to lanceolate lobes and with large irregular tines. The upper leaves are entire or almost entire, decreasing in size towards the top of the stems, through the simple bracts of inflorescences. The upper side is smooth, the lower surface with a whitish pubescence. Pinnate veins, prominent on the underside.
Inflorescence
Inflorescence in loose terminal panicle, with many hemispherical and pentagonal capitulums, 3 to 5 mm in diameter and with short slender pedicel, 3 to 20 mm long. The bracts of the involucre are arranged in two rows, oval and long, 1 to 3 mm long,,The lower face covered with glandular clavate hairs or glabrous.
Flower
The 5 external flowers are ligulate, female, arranged in pentagon. The ligule is white, with 5 tines, 0.5 to 0.7 mm long and 0.5 to 1 mm wide. The internal flowers are numerous, male, tubulate, ivory white to yellow in color.
Fruit
The fruit is a black obovoid achene, 2 mm long and 1.5 mm wide, hairy on top with a pappus of 3 or 4 membranous curved scales, 0.5 mm long.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
No Data
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
Life cycle
Annual
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Brazil: in regions without harsh winters, Parthenium hysterophorus is present and flowers almost all year round.
China: Parthenium hysterophorus flowers from April to August.
Mayotte: Parthenium hysterophorus flowers and fruits all the yezr round.
New Caledonia: Germination of Parthenium hysterophorus takes place throughout the year if moisture and heat conditions allows it, usually early in the rainy season. The plant first develops in rosette and starts flowering 1 to 2 weeks after and during a long period of more than 6 months.
West Indies: Parthenium hysterophorus flowers almost all year round.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Reproduction
Parthenium hysterophorus is an annual or biennial that multiplies by the seeds that have many opportunities for dissemination, wind, water, vehicles, animals, crops, hay and mud. Its potential for invasiveness is high; each tree can produce over 15,000 seeds and can survive up to 7 years.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
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Morphology
Growth form
Erected
Leaf arrangement
Alternate
Leaf type
Simple
Type of prefoliation
Leaf ratio medium
Broad leaves
Latex
Without latex
Stem section
Round
Root type
Taproot
Hollow or solid stem
Solid stem
Stipule type
No stipule
Leaf attachment type
sessile
with petiole
Fruit type
Achene
Achene type
Achene with scales
Cotyledon type
elliptic
Lamina base
attenuate
Lamina margin
irregular
Lamina apex
attenuate
acute
Upperface pilosity
Glabrous
Less hairy
Upperface hair type
Pubescent
Lowerface pilosity
Dense hairy
Simple leaf type
Lamina filiform
Lamina divided
Lamina section
flat
Lamina Veination
in arc
pennate
Flower color
White
Inflorescence type
Capitule with tubular and ligulate flowers
Stem pilosity
Glabrous
Less hairy
Stem hair type
Short and long hairs mixed
Life form
Broadleaf plant
Ecology
Parthenium hysterophorus is a very common species, a weed of pastures and industrial crops. This species has large water requirements. It prefers soils with neutral or basic pH.
Brazil: Parthenium hysterophorus is a native species that thrives at altitudes of between 100 and 1,600 m, with rainfall ranging from 200 to 1,400 mm per year. It prefers worked, clayey soils rich in organic matter, with neutral or slightly alkaline pH, but can also thrive on slightly acidic soils, as in Brazil.
China: Parthenium hysterophorus is an exotic species, thriving in crops and roadsides at altitudes of up to 1,500 m.
Comoros: Species present in regions of slow to medium elevation up to 500 m, in the newly cleared fields.
India: Found in arable land, permanent crops and orchards, pastures, banks of inland waters, riverbanks and canals, roadsides, waste ground and railroads.
Madagascar: Weed of rainfed flood recession crops (West and Southwest) and alluvial land, developing into cool and dry season, in lowland areas. It is uncommon, it grows on disturbed areas, shaded and slightly moist.
Mauritius: Weed of rainfed crops, fallow land and roadsides.
Mayotte: P. hysterophorus is widely naturalized in a wide range of open and secondarized environments, but generally under conditions of sufficient moisture. It is found from the coast to clearings and along streams in the central area of the island.
Reunion: It is an aromatic plant, delighting in cool places, shaded and slightly moist. Its presence is noted in Reunion in the northern and southern parts of the island, on the coast and average altitude. It is also found in the western and southwestern regions, but only at medium elevation (400-800 m), in abandoned and open places, especially on clay soils.
Seychelles: Species of clearings and abandoned places, it is rarely abundant.
South Africa: Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive exotic species, a weed of crops (particularly coffee) and disturbed environments, up to 1600 m altitude.
West Indies: Parthenium hysterophorus is a ruderal species and a weed of crops in dry or fairly dry areas, from 0 to 500 m altitude.
Brazil: Parthenium hysterophorus is a native species that thrives at altitudes of between 100 and 1,600 m, with rainfall ranging from 200 to 1,400 mm per year. It prefers worked, clayey soils rich in organic matter, with neutral or slightly alkaline pH, but can also thrive on slightly acidic soils, as in Brazil.
China: Parthenium hysterophorus is an exotic species, thriving in crops and roadsides at altitudes of up to 1,500 m.
Comoros: Species present in regions of slow to medium elevation up to 500 m, in the newly cleared fields.
India: Found in arable land, permanent crops and orchards, pastures, banks of inland waters, riverbanks and canals, roadsides, waste ground and railroads.
Madagascar: Weed of rainfed flood recession crops (West and Southwest) and alluvial land, developing into cool and dry season, in lowland areas. It is uncommon, it grows on disturbed areas, shaded and slightly moist.
Mauritius: Weed of rainfed crops, fallow land and roadsides.
Mayotte: P. hysterophorus is widely naturalized in a wide range of open and secondarized environments, but generally under conditions of sufficient moisture. It is found from the coast to clearings and along streams in the central area of the island.
Reunion: It is an aromatic plant, delighting in cool places, shaded and slightly moist. Its presence is noted in Reunion in the northern and southern parts of the island, on the coast and average altitude. It is also found in the western and southwestern regions, but only at medium elevation (400-800 m), in abandoned and open places, especially on clay soils.
Seychelles: Species of clearings and abandoned places, it is rarely abundant.
South Africa: Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive exotic species, a weed of crops (particularly coffee) and disturbed environments, up to 1600 m altitude.
West Indies: Parthenium hysterophorus is a ruderal species and a weed of crops in dry or fairly dry areas, from 0 to 500 m altitude.
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| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
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Miscellaneous Details
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Toxicity
In India, Parthenium hysterophorus is considered toxic to livestock, ingested by hungry animals, it makes the meat not consumable. Cows can also be affected and pass the toxic principle into their milk. For the man prolonged contact causes allergic reactions (dermatitis, asthma). The entire plant contains allelopathic components (sesquiterpenes) limiting germination of other species and seedling growth.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
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| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Terrestrial
Description
Geographical distibution
Madagascar
Reunion Island
Comoros
Mauritius
Seychelles
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Origin
Parthenium hysterophorus is native to Central America and the Caribbean and South America.
Worldwide distribution
The species is widespread in all tropical and subtropical regions. USA, Caribbean, Eastern and Southern Africa, India, Asia, Australia and the Pacific and Indian Ocean islands. It is absent from Central and West Africa.
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| Attributions | dummy |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
| References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Risk Statement
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Global harmfulness
Parthenium hysterophorus is part of the IUCN list of '100 most invasive species among the world' and belongs to the A2 list of EPPO. Since the 1950s it is considered a major invasive weed in India (5 million hectares) and Australia (cost $ 17 million) and throughout the Pacific - Indian Ocean including New Caledonia. P. hysterophorus aggressively colonizes disturbed habitats, roadsides, pastures and industrial crops. It can reduce by 90% the pasture carrying capacity. It has a depressive allelopathic effect on other species. It has negative impacts on biodiversity and agricultural production worldwide.
Local harmfulness
Comoros: Parthenium hysterophorus is a species uncommon but locally abundant.
Madagascar: This species infests rainfed flood recession crops (peas Cape, corn, vegetables) and is very harmful if weeding is inadequate.
Mauritius: A weed very competitive in vegetables and sugarcane, it is known to have allelopathic properties. It has a strong harmfulness.
Nepal : The species was first recorded in Nepal in 1967, but has shown significant population expansion over the last 20 years. P. hysterophorus is dominant along roadsides, grasslands, abandoned agricultural land and natural areas – including the World Natural Heritage site, the Chitwan National Park. In Nepal, the impacts include altering the soil nutrient composition and outcompeting with native plant species. Human health impacts have been observed in Nepal, similar to other regions where the species is invasive. Skin dermatitis has been recorded in Nepalese livestock owners and farmers that come into regular contact with the invasive plant.
New Caledonia: Species widespread and sometimes invasive. It is present from the late 19th century. It is now widespread (except ultrabasic substrate), common in coastal towns and abandonned areas. It can invade freshly worked cultivated soil and disturbed pastures, degraded areas (stock yard, water points). It occurs up to an altitude of 800 m.
Reunion: Species occuring in 15% of the fields. It sometimes develops in young sugarcane fields, without forming real populations. It is often more abundant in vegetables.
Seychelles: A weed with low harmfulness.
South Africa: Widely disttributed to Mpumalanga, KwaZulu Natal and Limpopo province. It is a prohibited invasive weed, it must be eradicated. It invades sugarcane and banana fields. It is a threat to agriculture in South Africa. It inhibits the growth and germination of the seeds of other plants through allelopathy. It reduces crop yields and contaminates seeds.
Parthenium hysterophorus is part of the IUCN list of '100 most invasive species among the world' and belongs to the A2 list of EPPO. Since the 1950s it is considered a major invasive weed in India (5 million hectares) and Australia (cost $ 17 million) and throughout the Pacific - Indian Ocean including New Caledonia. P. hysterophorus aggressively colonizes disturbed habitats, roadsides, pastures and industrial crops. It can reduce by 90% the pasture carrying capacity. It has a depressive allelopathic effect on other species. It has negative impacts on biodiversity and agricultural production worldwide.
Local harmfulness
Comoros: Parthenium hysterophorus is a species uncommon but locally abundant.
Madagascar: This species infests rainfed flood recession crops (peas Cape, corn, vegetables) and is very harmful if weeding is inadequate.
Mauritius: A weed very competitive in vegetables and sugarcane, it is known to have allelopathic properties. It has a strong harmfulness.
Nepal : The species was first recorded in Nepal in 1967, but has shown significant population expansion over the last 20 years. P. hysterophorus is dominant along roadsides, grasslands, abandoned agricultural land and natural areas – including the World Natural Heritage site, the Chitwan National Park. In Nepal, the impacts include altering the soil nutrient composition and outcompeting with native plant species. Human health impacts have been observed in Nepal, similar to other regions where the species is invasive. Skin dermatitis has been recorded in Nepalese livestock owners and farmers that come into regular contact with the invasive plant.
New Caledonia: Species widespread and sometimes invasive. It is present from the late 19th century. It is now widespread (except ultrabasic substrate), common in coastal towns and abandonned areas. It can invade freshly worked cultivated soil and disturbed pastures, degraded areas (stock yard, water points). It occurs up to an altitude of 800 m.
Reunion: Species occuring in 15% of the fields. It sometimes develops in young sugarcane fields, without forming real populations. It is often more abundant in vegetables.
Seychelles: A weed with low harmfulness.
South Africa: Widely disttributed to Mpumalanga, KwaZulu Natal and Limpopo province. It is a prohibited invasive weed, it must be eradicated. It invades sugarcane and banana fields. It is a threat to agriculture in South Africa. It inhibits the growth and germination of the seeds of other plants through allelopathy. It reduces crop yields and contaminates seeds.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Management
Global control
Chemical : Glyphosate at 1.0% under non cropped area.
A number of control measures, such as cultural, physical, chemical and biological techniques, have been adopted in combination to manage P. hysterophorus in other invaded countries (Adkins & Shabbir, 2014). Biological management has included the use of suppressive plants (i.e. the planting of beneficial plants that can suppress the growth of P. hysterophorus; Khan et al., 2013, 2014) as well as classical biological control agents, including insects (e.g. Zigogramma bicolorata, Epiblema strenuana Walker) and pathogens (e.g. Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola (Jackson) Parmelee).
Local control
Australia: 9 insects and 2 pathogens selected and introduced into Australia between 1985 and 2004. All established, 5 biological control agents dispersed and showing effective action. Among the insects Zygogramma bicolorata (Chrysomelidae) whose larvae and adults cause defoliation (very effective), Smicronyx lutulentus (Curculionidae) whose larvae consume fruits and adults consume leaves (very effective), Epiblema strenuana (Tortricidae) whose larvae cause stem scab, Listronotus setosipennis (Curculionidae) stem borer, Carmenta cf. ithacea (Sesiidae) whose larvae consume the roots, Conotrachelus albocinereus (Curculionidae) causes stem galls. Among the pathogens are the winter rust Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola, which is more suitable for cold regions, and the summer rust Puccinia xanthii var. parthenii-hysterophorae. The actions of the rusts are highly variable.
Ethiopia: Introduction and release of Zygogramma bicolorata (Chrysomelidae) in 2019 and Listronotus setosipennis (Curculionidae).
India: Introduction and release of Zygogramma bicolorata in 1984. Good establishment of the chrysomelid.
Madagascar: The manual control Parthenium hysterophorus can be done by pulling. Chemically, it is controlled with 2,4-D herbicide.
Nepal : As no single measure has been effective in managing this weed, an integrated weed management approach has been recommended (Dhileepan, 2009; Adkins & Shabbir, 2014). Even though P. hysterophorus is already widespread in Nepal, with negative impacts upon biodiversity, agricultural production and health, to date no systematic effort has been made to manage this weed. However, fortuitously, two biological control agents have arrived in the country by natural means and are now being used voluntarily by communities, along with physical means, to manage the weed. Control of P. hysterophorus from the current efforts of the communities and the currently available biological control agents is unlikely to be adequate. Release of additional biological control agents, after careful quarantine screening to ensure suitability for release in Nepal, is recommended to increase the efficacy of control measures. Various biological control agents have arrived naturally in Nepal, probably from India (Zygogramma bicolorata and Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola).
New Caledonia: It is necessary to control the beginning of infestations isolated by tearing (with thick gloves because of the risks of allergy). For larger invasions, the use of chemical control is necessary in some situations with spray treatment in the rainy season to allow grazing to resume (2,4-D, 2,4-D + picloram, dicamba). Targeted treatment of regrowth should also be considered. Biological control is currently being developed in Queensland with various insects (encouraging result with the butterfly Epiblema strenuana). It is important for this species to keep livestock from infested areas in quarantine plots before re-entering the rotation.
Pakistan: Biological control agents have arrived naturally in Pakistan (Zygogramma bicolorata and Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola). One agent has been introduced Listronotus setosipennis.
South Africa: In 1995 discovery of Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola, 2010 introduction of Puccinia xanthii (being disseminated), 2013 Listronotus setosipennis (Curculionidae) attacks the stem, low dispersal. 2013 introduction of Zygogramma bicolorata (Chrysomelidae) defoliator, limited establishment. 2015 Smicronyx lutulentus (Curculionidae) seed-eating larvae, under establishment.
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| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
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No Data
📚 Information Listing
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
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References
- CABI https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.45573
- Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:236510-1
- The World Flora Online https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000065156
- Husson, O., H. Charpentier, F.-X. Chabaud, K. Naudin, Rakotondramanana et L. Séguy (2010). Flore des jachères et adventices des cultures. Annexe 1 : les principales plantes de jachères et adventices des cultures à Madagascar. In : Manuel pratique du semis direct à Madagascar. Annexe 1 - Antananarivo : GSDM/CIRAD, 2010 : 64 p.
- Shrestha BB, Shabbir A & Adkins SW (2015) Parthenium hysterophorus in Nepal: a review of its weed status and possibilities for management. Weed Research 5, 132-144.
- Kissmann, K.G. & Groth, D. 1992. Plantas Infestantes e Nocivas. Sao Paulo, Brasil.
- Fournet J., 2002. Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Montpellier, France, Cirad, Gondwana éditions.
- Flora of China http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024340
- Le Bourgeois T., Jeuffrault E., Grard P., Carrara A. 2001. AdvenRun V.1.0 Les principales mauvaises herbes de La Réunion. CD-ROM. Cirad, SPV. France.
- Barthelat, F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Meze, Paris, France, Collection Inventaires et Biodiversité, Biotope – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 487 p.
- - Le Bourgeois T., Jeuffrault E., Grard P., Carrara A. 2001. AdvenRun V.1.0 Les principales mauvaises herbes de La Réunion. CD-ROM. Cirad, SPV. France.
- Le Bourgeois, T., P. Grard, L. C. Foxcroft, D. Thompson, A. Carrara, A. Guézou, R. W. Taylor and T. Marshall (2013). Pl@ntInvasive-Kruger V.1.0 : Alien plants of the Kruger National Park. Cdrom. Montpellier, France, Skukuza, South Africa, Cirad-SANparks-SAEON eds.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Invasives South Africa https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/famine-weed/
Uses and Management > Management
- Shrestha BB, Shabbir A & Adkins SW (2015) Parthenium hysterophorus in Nepal: a review of its weed status and possibilities for management. Weed Research 5, 132-144
- OEPP, Service d'Information, NO. 4, PARIS, 2015-04
Information Listing > References
- CABI https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.45573
- Plants of the World Online https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:236510-1
- The World Flora Online https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000065156
- Husson, O., H. Charpentier, F.-X. Chabaud, K. Naudin, Rakotondramanana et L. Séguy (2010). Flore des jachères et adventices des cultures. Annexe 1 : les principales plantes de jachères et adventices des cultures à Madagascar. In : Manuel pratique du semis direct à Madagascar. Annexe 1 - Antananarivo : GSDM/CIRAD, 2010 : 64 p.
- Shrestha BB, Shabbir A & Adkins SW (2015) Parthenium hysterophorus in Nepal: a review of its weed status and possibilities for management. Weed Research 5, 132-144.
- Kissmann, K.G. & Groth, D. 1992. Plantas Infestantes e Nocivas. Sao Paulo, Brasil.
- Fournet J., 2002. Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Montpellier, France, Cirad, Gondwana éditions.
- Flora of China http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024340
- Le Bourgeois T., Jeuffrault E., Grard P., Carrara A. 2001. AdvenRun V.1.0 Les principales mauvaises herbes de La Réunion. CD-ROM. Cirad, SPV. France.
- Barthelat, F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Meze, Paris, France, Collection Inventaires et Biodiversité, Biotope – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 487 p.
- - Le Bourgeois T., Jeuffrault E., Grard P., Carrara A. 2001. AdvenRun V.1.0 Les principales mauvaises herbes de La Réunion. CD-ROM. Cirad, SPV. France.
- Le Bourgeois, T., P. Grard, L. C. Foxcroft, D. Thompson, A. Carrara, A. Guézou, R. W. Taylor and T. Marshall (2013). Pl@ntInvasive-Kruger V.1.0 : Alien plants of the Kruger National Park. Cdrom. Montpellier, France, Skukuza, South Africa, Cirad-SANparks-SAEON eds.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Invasives South Africa https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/famine-weed/
Plantes envahissantes et dégradation des pâturages et des espaces pastoraux en Nouvelle-Calédonie
TL
Thomas Le BourgeoisLa flore des mauvaises herbes de la Canne à Sucre à La Réunion. Caractérisation à partir des témoins des essais d’herbicides. 2005-2016
MP
Marnotte PascalWeeds of tropical rainfed cropping systems: are there patterns at a global level of perception?
TL
Thomas Le BourgeoisEtude de la phénologie et des traits de réponse aux pratiques culturales des espèces végétales d'intérêt pour la lutte biologique en vergers d'agrumes à la Réunion
FL
Fabrice LE BELLECImages
Herbarum pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Parthenium%2520hysterophorus
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Asterales |
| Family | Asteraceae |
| Genus | Parthenium |
| Species | Parthenium hysterophorus L. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
