Code
LEONE
Growth form
broadleaf
Biological cycle
annual
Habitat
terrestrial
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Leonotis kwebensis N.E.Br. |
| synonym | Leonotis nepetifolia var. nepetifolia |
| synonym | Leonotis ovata Bojer |
| synonym | Leonurus globosus Moench [Illegitimate] |
| synonym | Leonurus globosus Moench, nom. illeg. |
| synonym | Leonurus marrubiastrum Lour. |
| synonym | Leonurus nepetifolius (L.) Mill. |
| synonym | Phlomis nepetifolia L. |
| synonym | Stachys mediterranea Vell. |
🗒 Common Names
| Malagasy |
|
📚 Overview
Description
Global description
Leonotis nepetifolia is a large herbaceous plant reaching 2m high, with a square stem with concave sides. Emitting a strong odor. The leaves are simple, opposite, stalked with oval serrated lamina. The inflorescences are large clusters in the axils of leaves, forming prickly balls, 4 to 6 cm in diameter (corresponding to the assembly of tubular calyx with spiny tines). From these glomeruli, are tubular corolla of bright orange, sometimes cream, 15 to 20 mm long, ending with an upper lip two times longer than the lower lip. The fruit is an achene, 3 to 3.5 mm.
Cotyledons
The cotyledons are petiolate, with a rectangular to oblong lamina, 2 cm long and 1 cm wide.
First leaves
The first leaves are opposite, decussate, simple, stalked, with ovate lamina and serrated margin.
General habit
Robust herbaceous plant, erect, reaching up to 2 m high.
Underground system
Tap root
Stem
The stem is solid, of quadrangular section with scabrous edges and concave sides. It can reach 15 mm in diameter.
Leaf
The leaves are simple, opposite, decussate. They are carried by a petiole, 5 to 10 cm. The lamina is oval with truncate or sub-cordate base, acute apex and serrated to crenated margin. It measures 7 to 11 cm long and 3 to 6 cm wide. Both sides are puberulous. The terminal leaves are smaller and more or less elliptical with a wedged base.
Inflorescence
Inflorescences are formed of large axillary glomerules, 4 to 6 cm in diameter, surrounding the stem. At the base are spinous bracts, 10 mm long.
Flower
The tabulate calyx are of 11 to 20 mm long, pubescent wall, and are surmounted by two spiny tine. The tow upper tines are 4 to 5 mm long and the three lower tines1.5 to 2 mm long. The corolla consists of a tube 15 to 20 mm long, villous of dark orange to cream. The tube is surmounted by a long upper lip of 5 to 7 mm, two times longer than the lower lip.
Fruit
The fruit is an achene, 3 to 3.5 mm, which remains included in the tube of calyx.
Leonotis nepetifolia is a large herbaceous plant reaching 2m high, with a square stem with concave sides. Emitting a strong odor. The leaves are simple, opposite, stalked with oval serrated lamina. The inflorescences are large clusters in the axils of leaves, forming prickly balls, 4 to 6 cm in diameter (corresponding to the assembly of tubular calyx with spiny tines). From these glomeruli, are tubular corolla of bright orange, sometimes cream, 15 to 20 mm long, ending with an upper lip two times longer than the lower lip. The fruit is an achene, 3 to 3.5 mm.
Cotyledons
The cotyledons are petiolate, with a rectangular to oblong lamina, 2 cm long and 1 cm wide.
First leaves
The first leaves are opposite, decussate, simple, stalked, with ovate lamina and serrated margin.
General habit
Robust herbaceous plant, erect, reaching up to 2 m high.
Underground system
Tap root
Stem
The stem is solid, of quadrangular section with scabrous edges and concave sides. It can reach 15 mm in diameter.
Leaf
The leaves are simple, opposite, decussate. They are carried by a petiole, 5 to 10 cm. The lamina is oval with truncate or sub-cordate base, acute apex and serrated to crenated margin. It measures 7 to 11 cm long and 3 to 6 cm wide. Both sides are puberulous. The terminal leaves are smaller and more or less elliptical with a wedged base.
Inflorescence
Inflorescences are formed of large axillary glomerules, 4 to 6 cm in diameter, surrounding the stem. At the base are spinous bracts, 10 mm long.
Flower
The tabulate calyx are of 11 to 20 mm long, pubescent wall, and are surmounted by two spiny tine. The tow upper tines are 4 to 5 mm long and the three lower tines1.5 to 2 mm long. The corolla consists of a tube 15 to 20 mm long, villous of dark orange to cream. The tube is surmounted by a long upper lip of 5 to 7 mm, two times longer than the lower lip.
Fruit
The fruit is an achene, 3 to 3.5 mm, which remains included in the tube of calyx.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
No Data
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
Life cycle
Annual
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Leonotis nepetifolia blooms late in the rainy season and rises above almost all annual crops.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Cyclicity
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Leonotis nepetifolia is an annual or a short lifespan perennial grass; It is propagated by seed. The seeds released at maturity are dispersed by water and the soil working tools.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Morphology
Growth form
Erected
Leaf arrangement
Opposite
Leaf type
Simple
Type of prefoliation
Leaf ratio medium
Equality of opposite leaves
Opposite leaves equal
Latex
Without latex
Stem section
Square
Root type
Taproot
Hollow or solid stem
Hollow stem
Stipule type
No stipule
Leaf attachment type
with petiole
Lamina base
rounded
acute
truncate
attenuate
cordate
Lamina margin
dentate-crenate
Lamina apex
acute
Upperface pilosity
Glabrous
Less hairy
Upperface hair type
Pubescent
Lowerface pilosity
Less hairy
Glabrous
Simple leaf type
Lamina elliptic
Lamina section
embossed
Lamina Veination
in arc
Flower color
Orange
Inflorescence type
Glomerulate
Stem pilosity
Glabrous
Less hairy
Stem hair type
Scabrous
Pubescent
Life form
Broadleaf plant
Look Alikes
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| Prostrate growth habit | Lamium amplexicaule | |||
| Erect growth habit | Stem with four clear edge | Stem with concave faces | Leonotis nepetifolia | |
| Light grooves on the stem | Hyptis pectinata | |||
| Stem with four rounded angles | Longitudinal furrow marked on the faces of the stem | Palmate lobed leaf | Leonurus sibiricus | |
| Elliptic leaf | Leucas lavandulifolia | |||
| Stem with depressed faces and oval lanceolate leaf | Lamina finely serrated towards the top | Hyptis spicigera | ||
| Lamina with strongly serrated margin | Leucas martinicensis | |||
| Teeth slightly marked | Ocimum americanum | |||
| Plant of 1 to 2 m | Inflorescence in panicle | Hyptis pectinata | |
| Inflorescence in axillary glomerulus | Leonotis nepetifolia | ||
| Plant of 1 m (or less) | Palmate lobed leaves | Leonurus sibiricus | |
| Elliptic leaves | Leucas lavandulifolia | ||
| Oval leaves | Lamina with strongly serrated margin | Leucas martinicensis | |
| Lamina finely serrated towards the top | Hyptis spicigera | ||
| Plant of 20 to 40 cm | Erect growth habit | Ocimum americanum | |
| Prostrate growth habit | Lamium amplexicaule | ||
| Inflorescence in panicle | Hyptis pectinata | ||
| Inflorescence in terminal spike | Dense spike | Hyptis spicigera | |
| Loose spike | Ocimum americanum | ||
| Inflorescence in axillary glomerulus | Large orange flower | Leonotis nepetifolia | |
| White flower | Glabrous petals | Leucas martinicensis | |
| Petals covered with white hairs | Leucas lavandulifolia | ||
| Inflorescence in whorls | White flower | Leucas lavandulifolia | |
| Pink to purple flower | 10 to 25 flowers per whorl | Leonurus sibiricus | |
| 5 to 10 flowers per whorl | Lamium amplexicaule | ||
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Ecology
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Madagascar: Leonotis nepetifolia grows on rich enough soil of ferralitic type, along roadsides and waterways, embankments, in the sub humid zone of the island, from 800 m altitude. It is a weed of rainfed crops (based cropping systems of maize or cassava more or less intensive) and fallow.
Mauritius: This is an occasional weed of cultivated fields, fallow and waste land, especially in the lower regions of the island.
Reunion: ruderal species present in fallow on the west coast of the island. Is very rarely found in crops.
Mauritius: This is an occasional weed of cultivated fields, fallow and waste land, especially in the lower regions of the island.
Reunion: ruderal species present in fallow on the west coast of the island. Is very rarely found in crops.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Terrestrial
Description
Geographical distibution
Madagascar
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Origin
Leonotis nepetifolia is native from India and tropical Africa.
Worldwide distribution
It is present in various tropical regions (tropical America, Southern USA, tropical Africa, Madagascar, India, Indonesia, Australia and the Pacific Islands).
Leonotis nepetifolia is native from India and tropical Africa.
Worldwide distribution
It is present in various tropical regions (tropical America, Southern USA, tropical Africa, Madagascar, India, Indonesia, Australia and the Pacific Islands).
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Threats
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Local harmfulness
Madagascar: Leonotis nepetifolia is a weed relatively infrequent and rarely abundant in crops. It remains essentially a weed along the edge of crop fields, on embankments, along roadsides and fallow. It can invade the maize and rice crops on slash and burn or after fallow (roughly prepared field).
Mauritius: It is rarely seen in cultures, so it is minimally invasive.
Reunion: It is rarely seen in cultures, so it is minimally invasive.
Madagascar: Leonotis nepetifolia is a weed relatively infrequent and rarely abundant in crops. It remains essentially a weed along the edge of crop fields, on embankments, along roadsides and fallow. It can invade the maize and rice crops on slash and burn or after fallow (roughly prepared field).
Mauritius: It is rarely seen in cultures, so it is minimally invasive.
Reunion: It is rarely seen in cultures, so it is minimally invasive.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
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Medicinal: Leonotis nepetifolia is used in traditional medicine to treat asthma, diarrhea and symptoms of fever or flu. An infusion of the leaves of L. nepetifolia is commonly used by herbalists to calm nerves, heal burns and relieve symptoms of fever. The plant extracts exhibit anti-microbial, and liver-protective properties.
Ornamental: L. nepetifolia is used as an ornamental.
Ornamental: L. nepetifolia is used as an ornamental.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Management
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Local control
Madagascar: The manual weeding against Leonotis nepetifolia remains the most used in Madagascar.
Mauritius: The control can be done manually or with herbicides.
Madagascar: The manual weeding against Leonotis nepetifolia remains the most used in Madagascar.
Mauritius: The control can be done manually or with herbicides.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
References
- NIDHI GAUBA DHAWAN, AMBRINA SARDAR KHAN and PRATEEK SRIVASTAVA. 2013. A General Appraisal of Leonotis nepetifolia (L) R. Br: an essential medicinal plant. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., Vol 2 (8) July 2013 p : 118-121
- Scott A.J. et Bosser J. 1994. Labiées n°139 In Bosser et al. 1994, Flore des Mascareignes, La Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues. MSIRI, ORSTOM, Kew.
- SYED IMRAN, S. S. SURADKAR and D. K. KOCHE. 2012 : Phytochemical analysis of Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. BR. A wild medicinal plant of Lamiaceae. Bioscience Discovery3(2):197- 196, June 2012.
- HEDGE I.C., CLEMENT R.A., PATON A. J. et PHILLIPSON P.B. 1998. – Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. 175è Famille LABIATAE M. N. H.N. Laboratoire de Phanérogamie. Paris p. 18-19.
Information Listing > References
- NIDHI GAUBA DHAWAN, AMBRINA SARDAR KHAN and PRATEEK SRIVASTAVA. 2013. A General Appraisal of Leonotis nepetifolia (L) R. Br: an essential medicinal plant. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci., Vol 2 (8) July 2013 p : 118-121
- Scott A.J. et Bosser J. 1994. Labiées n°139 In Bosser et al. 1994, Flore des Mascareignes, La Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues. MSIRI, ORSTOM, Kew.
- SYED IMRAN, S. S. SURADKAR and D. K. KOCHE. 2012 : Phytochemical analysis of Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. BR. A wild medicinal plant of Lamiaceae. Bioscience Discovery3(2):197- 196, June 2012.
- HEDGE I.C., CLEMENT R.A., PATON A. J. et PHILLIPSON P.B. 1998. – Flore de Madagascar et des Comores. 175è Famille LABIATAE M. N. H.N. Laboratoire de Phanérogamie. Paris p. 18-19.
Images
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Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Leonotis%2520nepetifolia
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Lamiales |
| Family | Lamiaceae |
| Genus | Leonotis |
| Species | Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
