Papilio demodocus (citrus swallowtail)
Identity
- Preferred Scientific Name
- Papilio demodocus Esper, 1798
- Preferred Common Name
- citrus swallowtail
- International Common Names
- EnglishAfrican lime swallowtailchristmas butterflycitrus gazerorange dogorange tree butterfly
- Local Common Names
- papillon de vinsonvoilier des citronniers
- South Africalemoenskoenlapperlemoenvlinder
Pictures
Distribution
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Host | Family | Host status | References |
---|---|---|---|
Angelica archangelica (Angelica) | Apiaceae | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) |
Calodendrum capense (cape chestnut) | Rutaceae | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) |
Choisya ternata (mexican orange-blossom) | Rutaceae | Other | Heath (2000) |
Citropsis daweana | Wild host | Williams (2022) | |
Citrus | Rutaceae | Main | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) |
Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) | Rutaceae | Main | Bandeira (2000) |
Citrus x limon | Main | Burger et al. (1985) | |
Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit) | Rutaceae | Main | Bandeira (2000) |
Clausena anisata (horsewood) | Rutaceae | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) |
Deverra burchellii | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) | |
Deverra denudata subsp. aphylla | Wild host | Williams (2022) | |
Fagaropsis angolensis | Rutaceae | Wild host | Williams (2022) |
Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) | Apiaceae | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) |
Haplophyllum | Rutaceae | Wild host | Williams (2022) |
Hippobromus pauciflorus | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) | |
Notobubon galbanum | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) | |
Notobubon gummiferum | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) | |
Pseudospondias | Wild host | Williams (2022) | |
Pseudospondias microcarpa | Anacardiaceae | Wild host | Williams (2022) |
Ptaeroxylon obliquum | Ptaeroxylaceae | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) |
Ruta (rue) | Rutaceae | Other | Williams (2022) |
Ruta chalepensis | Rutaceae | Other | Mück (1985) |
Vepris bachmannii | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) | |
Vepris glomerata | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) | |
Vepris lanceolata | Rutaceae | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) |
Vepris natalensis | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) | |
Vepris nobilis | Wild host | Schabel (2006) | |
Zanthoxylum asiaticum | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) | |
Zanthoxylum capense | Rutaceae | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) |
Zanthoxylum delagoense | Wild host | Woodhall (2020), Williams (2022) |
Symptoms
Caterpillars are foliage feeders. They eat the edges of leaves and may defoliate young shoots. Damage is usually more serious in saplings and trees up to 2 years old (Howard, 1906; Hodgson, 1970; Schabel, 2006).
List of Symptoms/Signs
Symptom or sign | Life stages | Sign or diagnosis | Disease stage |
---|---|---|---|
Plants/Leaves/external feeding |
Prevention and Control
Prevention
To prevent the introduction of pests and diseases into the USA, federal regulations require that most imported plants and plant products be inspected at specific ports of entry. Additionally, APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine has established several certification programs designed to produce plant material that meet the phytosanitary requirements at offshore facilities before they are exported to the USA (APHIS, 2022).
Control
Hand collection of caterpillars is usually sufficient for control of P. demodocus. Chemical control is generally unnecessary and should only be resorted to in nurseries or on newly planted young trees when natural enemies are unable to contain the infestation (Hodgson, 1970; Annecke and Moran, 1982). Some insecticides recommended against this species include malathion, fenthion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos and prothiofos (Hodgson, 1970; Brink and Steyn, 1993; Hill, 2008). Bacterial insecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis and plant-based preparations containing azadirachtin are also effective and are safer alternatives to traditional pesticides (Bandeira, 2000; Mardi et al., 2009).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © CABI. CABI is a registered EU trademark. This article is published under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
History
Published online: 15 December 2022
Language
English
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
SCITE_
Citations
Export citation
Select the format you want to export the citations of this publication.
EXPORT CITATIONSExport Citation
View Options
View options
Get Access
Login Options
Check if you access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.