Abstract
Trianthema portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae) commonly called as black pigweed or giant pigweed, which is a yearly herb, utilized as purgative, pain relieving, stomachic and provide as alternative heal for lung disease, cardiovascular disease, anemia and edema. In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, the plant is used in the treatment of inflammation in the peripheral organs, uteralgia and cough. Taking into account exploratory study, the present review aims to provide up-to date data about the routine uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological actions of T. portulacastrum to explore their therapeutic value for future clinical settings. All data of T. portulacastrum were collected from library database and electronic search (ScienceDirect, Pubmed, and GoogleScholar). The different pharmacological information was gathered and orchestrated in a suitable spot on the paper. The genus Trianthema comprises of 64 species. Among them, the species of T. portulacastrum has been easily known for their customary uses. Phytochemical studies showed that T. portulacastrum included trianthamine, ecdysterone, flavonoid (5,2 dihydroxy-7methoxy-6,8 dimethyl flavone), leptorumol (5,7 dihydroxy-6,8 dimethyl chromone), and other intermediary bioactive compounds such as β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and their β-glucopyranosides, β-cyanin, 3,4-dimethoxy cinnamic acid, 5-hydroxy-2-methoxy benzaldehyde, 3-acetyl aleuritolic acid, pmethoxy benzoic acid, and p-propoxy benzoic acid. The plant extracts showed significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. The toxicity study conducted in animals and no noteworthy mortality found till 4 g/kg b.w. Taking into account on animal studies, T. portulacastrum have different bioactivities including antihyperglycemic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antimicrobial and modulate different cellular signals related to control of oxidative stress and inflammation. The phytoconstituents of T. portulacastrum have a various potential to exact pharmacological benefits and possible chemotherapeutic mediator. Nevertheless, more support for such properties/dynamic constituents have been obtained from cellular and molecular studies, while clinical studies are as yet deficient. Since animal research do not constantly interpret to human conditions, additional clinical studies are also warranted to infer the full interpretation impact of T. portulacastrum for prevention of human diseases. Hence, future comprehensive clinical studies are required to warrant the therapeutic usefulness of the T. portulacastrum.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- T. portulacastrum :
-
Trianthema portulacastrum
- NMR:
-
Nuclear magnetic resonance
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- DPPH:
-
Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- GST:
-
Glutathione s-transferase
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- GPx:
-
Gluathione peroxidase
- ALP:
-
Alkaline phosphatase
- DMBA:
-
7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor
- HDL:
-
High density lipoprotein
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
References
Al Sherif EA, Gharieb HR (2011) Allelochemical effect of Trianthema portulacastrum L. on Amaranthus viridis L. supports the ecological importance of allelopathy. Afr. J Agric Res 6(32):6690–6697
Anreddy RNR, Porika M, Yellu NR et al (2010) Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. plant in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharmacol 6:129–133
Asghar M, Tanveer M, Nadeem MA et al (2013) Comparative allelopathic potential of two aizoaceae weeds against germination of different crops. Pak J Weed Sci Res 19:377–391
Ashraf CM, Riaz M (1996) Lipid fractions and fatty acid composition of seed oil of Trianthema portulacastrum L. Pak J Sci Ind Res 39:175–177
Asif M, Atif M, Abdul Malik AS et al (2013) Diuretic activity of Trianthema portulacastrum crude extract in albino rats. Trop J Pharma Res 12:967–972
Badmanaban R, Milan GP, Patel CN et al (2010) Studies on leaf extracts of drug Punarnava by comparing its antioxidant potential by spectrophotometric method. Res J Pharma Technol 3:566–569
Banerji A, Chintalwar GJ, Joshi NK et al (1971) Isolation of ecdysterone from Indian plants. Phytochemistry 10:2225–2226
Banu GS, Kumar G, Murugesan AG (2009a) Effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Trianthema portulacastrum L. on aflatoxin induced hepatic damage in rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 24:414–418
Banu GS, Kumar G, Murugesan AG (2009b) Ethanolic leaves extract of Trianthema portulacastrum L. ameliorates aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic damage in rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 24:250–256
Bharathidhasan S, Ganesh Babu NS, Balakrishnan V (2007) In vitro evaluation of the nutritive value of Trianthema portulacastrum as a source of fodder for ruminants. Malays J Nutr 13:179–187
Bhattacharya S, Chatterjee M (1998a) Trianthema portulacastrum restores the antioxidant defense enzyme levels and hepatic biotransformation patterns in experimental rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Ital J Biochem 47:225–232
Bhattacharya S, Chatterjee M (1998b) Protective role of Trianthema portulacastrum against diethylnitrosamine-induced experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 129:7–13
Bhattacharya S, Chatterjee M (1999) Inhibitory effect of Trianthema portulacastrum L. diethylnitroso-amine-induced phenobarbital promoted hepatocarcinogenesis. Neoplasma 46:105–111
Bishayee A, Mandal A (2014) Trianthema portulacastrum L. exerts chemoprevention of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats. Mut Res 768:107–118
Bishayee A, Mandal A, Chatterjee M (1996) Prevention of alcohol–carbon tetrachloride-induced signs of early hepatotoxicity in mice by Trianthema portulacastrum L. Phytomedicine 3:155–161
Bora A, Devi SP, Borthakur K (2012) Phyto-remedies of jaundice, a traditional approach on Majuli, Special reference to Satra culture people, Assam. Asian J Plant Sci Res 2:664–669
Bowman WC, Rand MJ (1982) Text book of pharmacology, 2nd edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London, pp 34–39
Chatterjee A, Prakashi SC (1994) The treatise on indian medicinal plants, vol I. Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi, pp 79–80
Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC (1996) Glossary of Indian medicinal plants. New Delhi, National Institute of Science Communication and Research, p 246
Farnsworth NR, Akerele O, Bingel AS et al (1985) Medicinal plants in therapy. Bull World Health Organ 63:965–981
Guha G, Rajkumar V, Mathew RL et al (2011) The antioxidant and DNA protection potential of Indian tribal medicinal plants. Turk J Biol 35:233–242
Henry AN, Kumari GR, Chithra V (1987) Flora of Tamil Nadu, India, vol 1–3. Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore, pp 88–95
Hussain A, Khan MN, Iqbal Z et al (2011) Anthelmintic activity of Trianthema portulacastrum L. and Musa paradisiaca L. against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Vet Parasitol 179:92–99
Javed A, Farooqui AH, Sageer A (2000) Trianthema portulacastrum L. an herbal drug for the cure of edema. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 7:65–70
Kaneto H, Katakami N, Matsuhisa M et al (2010) Role of reactive oxygen species in the progression of type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Mediat Inflamm Article ID 453892
Karim MDS, Ashraf N, Kalam A et al (2011) Effect of Biskhapra (Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.) leaves extract in adriamycin-induced nephritic syndrome. Int J Green Pharm 5:329–335
Kavitha D, Parvatham R, Padma PR (2014) Assessment of Trianthema portulacastrum for its antimicrobial potential and investigation of their phytochemicals using HPTLC, GC-MS, and IR. Int J Pharm Pharma Sci 6:675–686
Khan N, Sultana A, Tahir N et al (2013) Nutritional composition, vitamins, minerals and toxic heavy metals analysis of Trianthema portulacastrum L., a wild edible plant from Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pak Afr J Biotechnol 12:6079–6085
Khare CP (2006) Indian medicinal plants, an illustrated dictionary. Springer, Berlin, pp 96–668
Khare C (2007) Indian medicinal plants, an illustrated dictionary. Springer, New York, pp 668–669
Kim MK, Hyun SH, Choung SY (2006) Effect of herbal extract mixtures on serum and liver lipid metabolism in chronic ethanol administered rats. J Health Sci 52:344–351
Kokpol U, Isara NW, Tip-pyang S et al (1997) A C-methyl flavone from Trianthema portulacastrum. Phytochemistry 44:719–722
Krithikar KR, Basu BD (1991) Indian medicinal plants, vol 2, II edn. Periodical Book Experts Book Agency, New Delhi, pp 1180–1181
Kumar G, Banu GS, Vanitha Pappa P et al (2004) Hepatoprotective activity of Trianthema portulacastrum L. against paracetamol and thioacetamide intoxication in albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol 92:37–40
Kumar G, Banu GS, Pandian MR (2005) Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of Trianthema portulacastrum L. Indian J Pharmacol 37:331–333
Kumar SVS, Sujatha C, Syamala J et al (2006) Protective effect of root extract of Operculina turpethum Linn. against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Indian J Pharma Sci 68:32–35
Lakshmi KS, Prabhakaran V, Mallikarjuna G et al (2014) Antilithiatic activity of Trianthema portulacastrum L. and Gymnema sylvestre R.Br against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis. Int J Pharma Sci Rev Res 25:16–22
Mandal A, Bishayee A (2015) Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. displays anti-inflammatory responses during chemically induced rat mammary tumorigenesis through simultaneous and differential regulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways. Int J Mol Sci 16:2426–2445
Mandal A, Bandyopadhyay S, Chatterjee M (1997a) Trianthema portulacastrum L. reverses hepatic lipid peroxidation, glutathione status and activities of related antioxidant enzymes in carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver damage in mice. Phytomedicine 4:239–244
Mandal A, Bishayee A, Chatterjee M (1997b) Trianthema portulacastrum affords antihepatotoxic activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver damage in mice: Reflections in subcellular levels. Phytother Res 11:216–221
Mandal A, Karmakar R, Bandyopadhyay S et al (1998) Antihepatotoxic potential of Trianthema portulacastrum in carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic hepatocellular injury in mice: Reflection in hematological, histological and biochemical characteristics. Arch Pharma Res 21:223–230
Mehta RS, Shankar MB, Geetha M et al (2003) Preliminary evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. J Nat Remed 3:180–184
Meshkibaf MH, Ebrahimi A, Ghodsi R et al (2006) Choronic effects of lamotrigine on liver function in adult male rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 21:161–164
Mohammed R, El-Hawary SS, Abo-youssef AM (2012) Biological investigation of some wild Aizoaceae and Chenopediaceae species growing in Egypt. J Nat Prod 5:193–206
Moura MB, dos Santos LS, van Houten B (2010) Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Environ Mol Mutagen 51:391–405
Nawaz HR, Malik A, Ali MS (2001) Trianthenol: an antifungal tetraterpenoid from Trianthema portulacastrum (Aizoaceae). Phytochemistry 56:99–102
Nayyar MN, Ashiq M, Ahmad I (2001) Manual on Punjab weeds 1:52 directorate of agronomy. Ayub Agricultural Institute, Faisalabad
Pare S, Zade V, Dabhadkar D (2013) Evaluation of potential antifertility activity of plant Trianthema portulacastrum in the female albino rat. Int J Appl Pharma Sci Biomed Sci 2:7–11
Patten DA, Germain M, Kelly MA et al (2010) Reactive oxygen species: Stuck in the middle of neurodegeneration. J Alzheimer’s Dis 20:S357–S367
Queen BL, Tollefsbol TO (2010) Polyphenols and aging. Curr Aging Sci 3:34–42
Rattanata N, Daduang S, Phaetchanla S et al (2014) Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of selected Thai weed extracts. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4:890–895
Saravanan S, Sambathkumar R, Senthilkumar M et al (2004) Anti-inflammatory effect of the chloroform extract of the leaves of Trianthema decandra Linn. J Ethnopharmacol 91:47–55
Sarkar A, Pradhan S, Mukhopadhyay I et al (1999) Inhibition of early DNA-damage and chromosomal aberrations by Trianthema portulacastrum L. in carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver damage. Cell Biol Int 23:703–708
Shanmugan SK, Bama S, Kiruthiga N et al (2007) Investigation of analgesic activity of leaves of Trianthema portulacastrum L. in standard experimental animal models. Int J Green Pharm 1:39–41
Sharma SB, Nasir A, Prabhu KM et al (2003) Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Eugenia jambolana in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. J Ethanopharmacol 85:201–206
Shen HM, Shi CY, Lee HP et al (1994) Aflatoxin B1 induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 127:145–150
Shivhare MK, Singour PK, Chaurasiya PK et al (2012) Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. (Bishkhapra). Pharmacogn Rev 6:132–140
Singh BP, Singh RP, Jha OP (1982) Flavonoids of some Aizoaceae and Molluginaceae of Bhagalpur. Biol Bull India 4:157–163
Singh B, Saxena AK, Chandan BK et al (1998) Hepatoprotective activity of verbenalin on experimental liver damage in rodents. Fitoterapia 69:135–140
Singh SP, Raghavendra K, Thomas TG (2011) Mosquito larvicidal properties of aqueous and acetone extracts of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. (family: Aizoaceae) against vector species of mosquitoes. J Commun Dis 43:237–241
Sunder AS, Rajyalakshmi G, Bharath A et al (2009) Antihyperglycemic activity of Trianthema portulacastrum plant in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharmacologyonline 1:1006–1011
Sunder AS, Reddy ARN, Kiran G et al (2010a) Antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Trianthema portulacastrum in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 16:193–202
Sunder AS, Reddy ARN, Prasad DK et al (2010b) Free radical scavenging activity of methanolic whole plant extract of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn (Aizoaceae). Int J Pharma Sci 2:589–592
Sunder AS, Reddy ARN, Rajeshwar Y et al (2010c) Protective effect of methanolic extract of Trianthema portulacastrum in atherosclerotic diet-induced renal and hepatic changes in rats. Der Pharma Lett 2:540–545
The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) (2017) Genus: Trianthema http://www.ipni.org/index.html information retrieved on 21 Jan 2017
The Wealth of India (1995) Raw materials, vol X. Sp-W, Publication, and Information Directorate, New Delhi, p 282
Tripathi KD (2004) Essentials of medical pharmacology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, p 575
Verma SC (2011) Phytochemical studies on leaves of Trianthema portulacastrum L. BIOS (1) 5:67–73
Vohora SB, Shah SA, Naqvi SAH et al (1983) Studies on Trianthema portulacastrum. Planta Med 47:106–108
Wealth of India (1976) Council of industrial and scientific research. New Delhi 10:281
Yamaki J, Venkata KCN, Mandal A et al (2016) Health-promoting and disease-preventive potential of Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. (Gadabani)—an Indian medicinal and dietary plant. J Integr Med 14(2):84–99
Yaqoob S, Sultana B, Mushtaq M (2014) In vitro antioxidant activities of Trianthema portulacastrum L. Hydrolysates. Prev Nut Food Sci 2014(19):27–33
Acknowledgements
Funding was provided by Beijing Normal Unveristy-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College (Grant No. R201624).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declared that no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Kumeshini Sukalingam and Kumar Ganesan they have contributed equally to the article as the first authors.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sukalingam, K., Ganesan, K. & Xu, B. Trianthema portulacastrum L. (giant pigweed): phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. Phytochem Rev 16, 461–478 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-017-9493-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-017-9493-5