Stachytarpheta species are pubescent, glabrous shrubs, undershrubs and herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple, petiolate, margin entire to serrate. Inflorescence axillary, terminal spicate, pedunculate, bracts appressed. Flowers solitary in axils, bracts sessile, Calyx narrow tubular, 5 or 4 toothed, membranous, Corolla hypocrateriform, 5 lobed, red, purple, white or blue. Stamens 2, didynamous, anthers divergent. Ovary 2-loculed, 1 ovule in each locule, Style filiform, Stigma capitate or subcapitate. Fruit schizocarp, enclosed by fruiting calyx, seeds nonendospermous.
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Cymburus mutabilis (Jacq.) Salisb. |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta cayennensis var. schiedeana Loes. |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta mutabilis var. violacea Moldenke |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta purpurea Greenm. |
| synonym | Stachytarpheta zuccagnii Roem. & Schult. |
| synonym | Valerianoides mutabilis (Jacq.) Kuntze |
| synonym | Verbena mutabilis Jacq. |
| synonym | Zappania mutabilis (Jacq.) Lam. |
🗒 Common Names
| English |
|
| Kannada |
|
| Other |
|
📚 Overview
Summary
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
| Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
| References |
Description
Habit: Shrub
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
| Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
References
Enum. Pl. [Vahl] 1: 206. 1804
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
| Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
| References |
No Data
📚 Natural History
Reproduction
Stachytarpheta species flowers are bisexual, i.e., with functional male (androecium) and female (gynoecium), including stamens, carpels and ovary. Pollination is entomophilous i.e., by insects. Flowering/Fruiting: Almost throughout the year.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
| Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
| References |
Dispersal
Seeds dispersed anemochory i.e., wind dispersal, zoochory i.e., dispersal by birds and animals, anthropochory i.e., dispersal by humans.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
| Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
| References |
Morphology
Shrub about 5-10 ft tall. Stem and branches 4 angular, scabrous, young branches pubescent, nodes annulate, hairy, internode 2-3 cm long. Leaves ovate 3-12 x 2.5 x 7 cm across, base obtuse, decurrent into the petiole, margin serrate-crenate, apex acute, chartaceous, scabrous villous above and pubescent beneath, lateral nerves 5-8 on either side of the midvein, veins impressed above and more prominent beneath, petiole canaliculated, 0.5-3 cm long, bordered by leaf lamina, exstipulate. Inflorescence terminal spikes 30-60 cm long, bracts oblong-ovate, margin hyaline, apex caudate, Flowers sessile, Calyx tubular 4 toothed, teeth acute, ciliate along margins, Corolla hypocrateriform, 4 lobed two lipped, pink, red, violet, upper 3 lobed, midlobe larger, subrotund, Corolla tube, narrow curved, basally grabrous, hairy at throat, Stamens 2, didynamous, oblong, divergent, staminodes 2, Ovary about 2 mm long, creamish white, style slender about 1.5 cm long, glabrous, stigma capitates. Fruit schizocarp, linear oblong, about 6-9 mm long.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
| Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
| References |
Diseases
Susceptible to insect pests and bug infestations.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
| Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
| References |
Miscellaneous Details
Notes: Cultivated/Escape, Native of Tropical America
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
| Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Thickets, degraded forests and moist places.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
| Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
| References |
Description
Karnataka: Hassan, Mysore, Shimoga
Kerala: Kannur, Kasaragod, Kollam, Kozhikode, Palakkad, Thiruvananthapuram
Tamil Nadu: Salem, Theni
G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram
| Attributions | G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Global Distribution
India: Assam, Odisha, Tamil Nadu; America
Local Distribution
Assam
Local Distribution: Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh.
Global Distribution: Asia: India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka; Africa; Australasia; North America: Cuba, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Mexico; South America: Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
| Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
| References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
📚 Uses and Management
Uses
System of Medicines Used In
Folk medicine
System Of Medicines Used In
Folk medicine
FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4765
| Attributions | FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4765 |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Leaf decoction with Aerva sanguinolenta Blume used to treat painful menstruation. Leaves used as an abortifacient.
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
| Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
| References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN)
Not evaluated (IUCN).
Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India.
| Attributions | Ganeshaiah, K. N., UAS, Bangalore, India. Kailash, B. R., UAS & ATREE, Bangalore, India. |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_NC_SA |
| References |
References
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987; Gamble 1957, Matthew 1983, Matthew 1999
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4765
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/33700526 ;The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Stachytarpheta+mutabilis++&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html ;The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-195949 ;Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. ;Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. ;Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. ;Hooker, J. D., (1885) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 4: 560. ;Rajendran, A. & Daniel, P. (2002) The Indian Verbenaceae. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 312-315. ;Yoganarasimhan, S. N. (2000) Medicinal Plants of India. Printed by V. Srinivasan and N. Kosal Ram of Cyber Media, Bangalore. Vol. 2: 515. ;ENVIS centre for medicinal plants (FRLHT) URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4765&parname=0 ;Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012. ;IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 21 May 2013. ;Plant sexual morphology. (2013, February 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:31, February 21, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400 ;
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/33700526 ;The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Stachytarpheta+mutabilis++&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html ;The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-195949 ;Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. ;Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. ;Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. ;Hooker, J. D., (1885) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 4: 560. ;Rajendran, A. & Daniel, P. (2002) The Indian Verbenaceae. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 312-315. ;Yoganarasimhan, S. N. (2000) Medicinal Plants of India. Printed by V. Srinivasan and N. Kosal Ram of Cyber Media, Bangalore. Vol. 2: 515. ;ENVIS centre for medicinal plants (FRLHT) URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4765&parname=0 ;Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012. ;IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 21 May 2013. ;Plant sexual morphology. (2013, February 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:31, February 21, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400 ;
Information Listing > References
- Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987; Gamble 1957, Matthew 1983, Matthew 1999
- D K Ved, Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, Vijay Barve, Vijay Srinivas, Sathya Sangeetha, K. Ravikumar, Kartikeyan R., Vaibhav Kulkarni, Ajith S. Kumar, S.N. Venugopal, B. S. Somashekhar, M.V. Sumanth, Noorunissa Begum, Sugandhi Rani, Surekha K.V., and Nikhil Desale. 2016. (envis.frlht.org / frlhtenvis.nic.in). FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants, Bengaluru. http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4765
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/33700526 ;The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Stachytarpheta+mutabilis++&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html ;The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-195949 ;Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. ;Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. ;Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. ;Hooker, J. D., (1885) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 4: 560. ;Rajendran, A. & Daniel, P. (2002) The Indian Verbenaceae. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 312-315. ;Yoganarasimhan, S. N. (2000) Medicinal Plants of India. Printed by V. Srinivasan and N. Kosal Ram of Cyber Media, Bangalore. Vol. 2: 515. ;ENVIS centre for medicinal plants (FRLHT) URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4765&parname=0 ;Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012. ;IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 21 May 2013. ;Plant sexual morphology. (2013, February 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:31, February 21, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400 ;
- Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden - www.tropicos.org. URL: http://www.tropicos.org/Name/33700526 ;The International Plant Names Index (2012). Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org. URL: http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Stachytarpheta+mutabilis++&output_format=normal&query_type=by_query&back_page=query_ipni.html ;The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ URL: http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-195949 ;Harvard University Herbaria, Publication and Botanist databases (HUH) © 2001 - 2013 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. ;Birgitta Bremer et. al. (2009): An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 105-121. ;Mark W. chase and James L. Reveal (2009): A Phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. From Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 122-127. ;Hooker, J. D., (1885) Flora of British India. Reprint by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 4: 560. ;Rajendran, A. & Daniel, P. (2002) The Indian Verbenaceae. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publishers, Dehra Dun. 312-315. ;Yoganarasimhan, S. N. (2000) Medicinal Plants of India. Printed by V. Srinivasan and N. Kosal Ram of Cyber Media, Bangalore. Vol. 2: 515. ;ENVIS centre for medicinal plants (FRLHT) URL: http://envis.frlht.org/plant_details.php?disp_id=4765&parname=0 ;Encyclopedia of Life. Available from http://www.eol.org. Accessed 15 Jan 2012. ;IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. . Downloaded on 21 May 2013. ;Plant sexual morphology. (2013, February 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:31, February 21, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plant_sexual_morphology&oldid=539322400 ;
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Lamiales |
| Family | Verbenaceae |
| Genus | Stachytarpheta |
| Species | Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
👥 Groups
