Iranian Pimpinella L. (Apiaceae): A taxonomic revision - JBES An open access research journals

J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016<br />

Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (<strong>JBES</strong>)<br />

ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)<br />

Vol. 8, No. 1, p. 139-158, 2016<br />

http://www.innspub.net<br />

RESEARCH PAPER<br />

OPEN ACCESS<br />

<strong>Iranian</strong> <strong>Pimpinella</strong> L. (<strong>Apiaceae</strong>): A <strong>taxonomic</strong> <strong>revision</strong><br />

Maryam Khajehpiri 1 , Sogol Fereidounfar 2* , Valiollah Mozaffarian 3 , Farrokh<br />

Ghahremaninejad 2<br />

1<br />

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran<br />

2<br />

Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran<br />

3<br />

Department of Botany, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran<br />

Article published on January 26, 2016<br />

Key words: Umbelliferae, <strong>Pimpinella</strong>, Taxonomy, Iran, NTSYS.<br />

Abstract<br />

In the family <strong>Apiaceae</strong> subfamily Apioideae, the genus <strong>Pimpinella</strong> L. with about 150 species is one of the largest<br />

genera. This widespread and <strong>taxonomic</strong>ally complex genus has 20 species distributed throughout Iran, of which,<br />

eight species are endemic. The resolution of relationships among these approximately 20 species remains largely<br />

obscure. In this study, Morphological analyses were conducted using NTSYS to assess relationships among<br />

<strong>Pimpinella</strong> species with emphasis on <strong>Iranian</strong> <strong>Pimpinella</strong>. Based on the most significant morphological characters,<br />

a dendrogram was sketched ending up giving the following results: In phenon line 0.54 and 0.56, two clusters are<br />

clearly distinct. In the first cluster three distinct branches could be observed: (1) annual species of genus<br />

<strong>Pimpinella</strong> L., although P. affinis shows similarity to them, (2) four species includes P. anisactis, P. khorasanica,<br />

P. khayyamii and P. tragium and (3) Reutera group (P. aurea, P. deverroides, P. tragioides, P. dichotoma and P.<br />

pastinacifolia). At 0.56 the second cluster separated P. kotschyana, P. oliverioides, P. olivieri and P. gedrosiaca<br />

from the second subcluster which includes P. peucedanifolia, P. rhodantha, and P. saxifraga. Morphologically<br />

speaking, these species exhibit blatant differences compared with others. In addition, the identification key is also<br />

provided to represent the similarities and relationships between the species. This study presents a complete<br />

description, general distribution and its distribution in Iran for each species as well as some distribution maps for<br />

all <strong>Iranian</strong> species.<br />

* Corresponding Author: Sogol Fereidounfar std_Fereidounfar@khu.ac.ir<br />

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Introduction<br />

<strong>Apiaceae</strong> Lindl. (Umbelliferae Juss.) is a family of<br />

some 455 genera and is widely distributed in Central<br />

Asia (Pimenov and Leonov, 1993). The largest and<br />

most <strong>taxonomic</strong>ally complex subfamily, Apioideae,<br />

comprises 404 genera and 2827–2935 species<br />

(Pimenov and Leonov, 1993). South-West Asia as a<br />

whole is a region of high diversity for the family; after<br />

China and Turkey, Iran is the third Asian country<br />

with the greatest biodiversity (Pimenov and Leonov,<br />

2004). Some of the endemic genera of <strong>Apiaceae</strong> in<br />

Iran are: Szovitsia Fisch. & C.A.Mey.,<br />

Rhabdosciadium Boiss., Dicyclophora Boiss.,<br />

Thecocarpus Boiss., Haussknechtia Boiss.,<br />

Polylophium Boiss., Kelussia Mozaff., Opsicarpium<br />

Mozaff., LomatopodiumFisch. & C.A.Mey.<br />

Among the genera of <strong>Apiaceae</strong>, <strong>Pimpinella</strong> L. has 150<br />

species all over the world and it is one of the largest<br />

genera of this family (Pimenov and Leonov, 1993).<br />

Taxonomically, this genus is placed in subfamily<br />

Apioideae and the major constituent of tribe<br />

Pimpinelleae Spreng.(Downie et al., 2010).<br />

<strong>Pimpinella</strong> is distributed in most part of Iran<br />

especially in the north and west. As stated in Flora of<br />

Iran (Mozaffarian, 2007) genus <strong>Pimpinella</strong> L. totally<br />

includes 22 species in Iran, with P. anisum L. as a<br />

cultivated specie; but anatomical studies confirm<br />

morphological differences between P. anthriscoides<br />

Boiss. and other species of <strong>Pimpinella</strong>. Therefore, this<br />

species is affiliated into a distinct, new genus<br />

Pseudopimpinella anthriscoides (Boiss.) F.Ghahrem.,<br />

Khajepiri & Mozaff.(Khajepiri et al., 2010). In this<br />

regard, according to Zakharova et al., 2012 new<br />

combinations of this species are published:<br />

Pseudopimpinella anthriscoides (Boiss.) F.Ghahrem.<br />

& al. is transferred to Aegopodium L., as Aegopodium<br />

tribracteolatum Schmalh.; and Pseudopimpinella<br />

anthriscoides var. cruciate (Bornm. & H.Wolff.)<br />

F.Ghahrem. & al. shows true affinity with the Balkan<br />

– Near Eastern-Caucasian genus Tamamschjanella<br />

Pimenov & Kljuykovso this variety is to be excluded<br />

from <strong>Pimpinella</strong> and transferred to Tamamschjanella<br />

as Tamamschjanella cruciata (Bornm. & H.Wolff.)<br />

Pimenov & Zakharova.<br />

Eight <strong>Iranian</strong> endemic species are as follows: P.<br />

anisactis Rech.f., P. deverroides Boiss., P. khayyamii<br />

Mozaff., P. khorasanica Engstrand, P. pastinacifolia<br />

H.Wolff., P. tragioides (Boiss.) Benth. & Hook.f., P.<br />

gedrosiaca Bornm. & P. dichotoma H.Wolff.<br />

(Mozaffarian, 2007). Some of the most important<br />

morphological characters in this genus are: duration,<br />

stem indumentum, presence of the fibrous collar,<br />

shape and division of basal and cauline leaves<br />

(pinnate or rarely simple), existence or nonexistence<br />

of sheath and petiole, presence of bracts and<br />

bracteoles and number of them, relative size of rays<br />

and pedicels and their indumentum, petal color, fruit<br />

shape and stylopodium type in maturity, presence of<br />

indumentum (include: hair, papilla, vesicle) and their<br />

distribution in mature fruit.<br />

In this paper, the most important characteristics for<br />

the separation of the species, the relationships<br />

between the species, an identification key and<br />

distribution maps (Fig. 1) for all <strong>Iranian</strong> species are<br />

presented.<br />

Materials and methods<br />

Plant material<br />

For this <strong>research</strong>, all required plant specimens of<br />

genus <strong>Pimpinella</strong> L. were provided from several<br />

herbaria. For this reason, at first, all specimens of<br />

<strong>Iranian</strong> species of this genus were studied at the<br />

department of Botany of Naturhistorisches Museum<br />

Wien (W). In addition all <strong>Pimpinella</strong> L. specimens<br />

which are deposited at TARI, FAR, T, TUH and<br />

FUMH herbaria also examined.<br />

Morphological analysis<br />

<strong>An</strong>alysis of morphological data was conducted using<br />

NTSYS-pc version 2.02e (Rohlf, 2000).<br />

Morphological data were converted into a similarity<br />

matrix, using the simple matching coefficient (Sneath<br />

and Sokal, 1973) with the SIMQUAL function. A<br />

dendrogram was generated from the similarity matrix<br />

by the unweight pair-group method using arithmetic<br />

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J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016<br />

averages (UPGMA) (Sokal and Michener, 1958) with<br />

the SAHN function.Distribution maps are sketched by<br />

means of Map Source software.<br />

A description of genus <strong>Pimpinella</strong> L. follows<br />

<strong>Pimpinella</strong> L., Spec. Plant. 263 (1753) incl. Reutera<br />

Boiss. (1838); Gen. Plant. ed. 5: 128 (1754).<br />

Lectotype: P. saxifraga L. (Britton & Brown, 1913;<br />

Hitchcoch & Green, 1929; Jarvis et al., 1993).<br />

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Fig. 1. Distribution maps. A: genus <strong>Pimpinella</strong> L. B: P. affinis. C: P. anisactis. D: P. gedrosiaca. E: P. aurea. F:<br />

P. barbata. G: P. deverroides. H: P. eriocarpa. I: P. khayyamii. J: P. khorasanica. K: P. kotschyana. L: P.<br />

olivierioides. M: P. olivieri. N: P. pastinacifolia. O: P. peucedanifolia. P: P. puberula. Q: P. rhodantha. R: P.<br />

saxifraga. S: P. tragioides. T: P. tragium. U: P. dichotoma<br />

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Plant herbaceous, annual, biennial or perennial,<br />

sometimes woody at base, pubescent, puberulous or<br />

glabrous, fibrous collar present or absent. Basal<br />

leaves ovate, oblong or triangular, simple or 1-4-<br />

pinnate, petiolate. Cauline leaves ovate or triangularovate,<br />

simple or 1(-3)-pinnate, petiolate or sometimes<br />

only with sheath.Inflorescence a compound umbel.<br />

Bracts and bracteoles absent or present. Flowers<br />

bisexual; Calyx teeth inconspicuous; Petals all equal,<br />

white, yellow or rarely pinkish or purple, ovate,<br />

obovate or cordate, with inward curved tip, glabrous<br />

or hairy on the outer side. Fruit ovate, elliptic, oblong<br />

or subglobose, slightly compressed laterally,<br />

pubescent, puberulous, glabrous or rarely<br />

tuberculate; Stylopodium conical, mamillate or<br />

depressed; Styles erect, divergent or recurved,<br />

glabrous or rarely puberulous.<br />

Geographical distribution<br />

Asia, Europe, Africa and North America.<br />

Distribution in Iran<br />

North, West, South, East, Center (Fig. 1A).<br />

Identification key<br />

1. Plant annual<br />

……………..…………………………………………………………. 2<br />

- Plant biennial or perennial …………………… 4<br />

2. Basal leaves 1-3-pinnate, all segments linearfiliform<br />

……………………..…... 5. P.barbata (DC.) Boiss.<br />

- Basal leaves simple, lamina round or<br />

ovate…………………………………………………………….… 3<br />

3. Stylopodium in ripe fruit depressed<br />

…………..……………………... 15. P.puberula (DC.) Boiss.<br />

- Stylopodium in ripe fruit elongateconical…………………….….7.<br />

P.eriocarpa Banks &<br />

Soland.<br />

4. Plant monocarpic, with corymbose branches<br />

………………………….………………...…………………………. 5<br />

- Plant perennial, not corymbosely branched<br />

………………………………………….…...……………………...….7<br />

5. Ripe fruit tuberculate or papillate,<br />

stylopodium mamillate or depressed-conical style<br />

glabrous …………………………………………………………..12.<br />

6. P.olivieri Boiss.<br />

- Ripe fruit pubescent, stylopodium<br />

depressed, style puberulous …………….….……….……... 6<br />

7. Segments of basal leaves without petiolule,<br />

lower cauline leaves 1-3-pinnate, petals hairy along<br />

the midrib on the outer side<br />

……………………………...….……. 10. P.kotschyana Boiss.<br />

- Segments of basal leaves petiolulate, lower<br />

cauline leaves 1-2-pinnate, petals hairy on the outer<br />

side…………..…………………………..……………………….…11.<br />

P.oliverioides Boiss. & Hausskn.<br />

8. Petals yellow or cream<br />

……….……...……………………..…………………………………8<br />

- Petals white, pinkish or purple<br />

……….………………….……………………………...………..… 12<br />

9. Basal leaves 2-3-pinnate, lower cauline<br />

leaves 1-2-pinnate, ripe fruit subglobose…………….<br />

……………………………………………………….. P.aurea DC.<br />

- Basal leaves 1-pinnate, lower cauline leaves<br />

simple or 1-pinnate, ripe fruit ovate-elliptic or ovateoblong………………………………………………………………<br />

9<br />

10. Ripe fruit pubescent<br />

…………………………..….................................................10<br />

- Ripe fruit puberulous or subglabrous or<br />

glabrescent ………………………………..…………………….. 11<br />

11. Lower cauline leaves 1-pinnate, fruit elliptic<br />

or ovate, stylopodium mamillate …………… ….. .<br />

………………………………….P.deverroides (Boiss.) Boiss.<br />

- Lower cauline leaves simple, fruit ovateoblonge,<br />

stylopodium conical-mamillate<br />

…………….…………………….. P.dichotoma (Boiss.) Boiss.<br />

12. Segments of basal leaves with or without<br />

petiolule, bracteole absent or present .…......……….<br />

……………………………..………………………………………. 18.<br />

P.tragioides (Boiss.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Drude<br />

- Segments of basal leaves petiolulate, without<br />

bracteole ……………………………………………………..13.<br />

P.pastinacifolia (Boiss.) Wolff<br />

13. Plant glabrous or puberulous<br />

……………….….………………………………..……..…………. 13<br />

- Plant pubescent<br />

………………………………...….…………………………………. 15<br />

14. Fruit ovate-oblong<br />

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15. ……………………………………………………………14.<br />

P.peucedanifolia Fisch. ex Ledeb.<br />

- Fruit ovate-elliptic<br />

……………….……..………………………………………………. 14<br />

16. Basal leaves 1-pinnate, segments of basal<br />

leaves without petiolule, bract and bracteole………<br />

absent or present, petals white<br />

………..…………………………………..……………………..…. 17.<br />

P.saxifraga L.<br />

- Basal leaves 1-2-pinnate, segments of basal<br />

leaves petiolulate, without bract and bracteole, petals<br />

white or pinkish ………….………………………………… 16.<br />

P.rhodantha Boiss.<br />

17. Stylopodium elongate-conical, in ripe fruit is<br />

divided in two ……………............................................. 1.<br />

P.affinis Ledeb.<br />

- Stylopodium mamillate or depressed, in ripe<br />

fruit not divided ….……………….………………………….…16<br />

18. Lower segments of lower cauline leaves with<br />

or without petiolule, bract and bracteole absent or<br />

present, rays equal or unequal<br />

……………………………………………………………….……….17<br />

- Lower segments of lower cauline leaves<br />

always with petiolule, bract and bracteole absent, rays<br />

totally<br />

unequal<br />

………………………………………………………..………………. 19<br />

19. Plant erect or sometimes prostrate,<br />

segments of basal leaves usually without petiolule,<br />

fruit<br />

pubescent<br />

………………………..……………………………………………….18<br />

- Plant erect, segments of basal leaves with<br />

petiolule, fruit glabrous …... 8. P.khayyamii Mozaff.<br />

20. Plant erect or prostrate, basal leaves ovate or<br />

ovate-oblong, Lower segments of lower cauline leaves<br />

usually without petiolule, bracts absent or rarely<br />

1…………………………………………………... P. tragium Vill.<br />

- Plant always prostrate, basal leaves<br />

triangular-ovate, Lower segments of lower cauline<br />

leaves with petiolule, bracts 4-5<br />

……………………….……………...…… P. gedrosiaca<br />

Bornm.<br />

21. Basal leaves triangular-ovate, petiolule of<br />

their segments 7-15 mm, lower cauline leaves 1-2-<br />

pinnate, upper cauline leaves simple or 1-pinnate<br />

…………...……………………………..... 2. P.anisactis Rech.f.<br />

- Basal leaves ovate or narrow ovate, petiolule<br />

of their segments 1-7 mm, lower cauline leaves 1-<br />

pinnate, upper cauline leaves simple<br />

………………….…..…….. 9. P.khorasanica Engstrand.<br />

Description of species of genus <strong>Pimpinella</strong> L. in Iran<br />

1. P. affinis Ledeb., Fl. Ross. (Ledeb.) 2(1,5): 257.<br />

1844.<br />

= P. reuteriana Boiss. (1849); P. griffithania Boiss.,<br />

(1856); P. ambigua W.D. Koch ex Wolff, (1921); P.<br />

multiradiata (Boiss.) Korov., (1949); P. korovinii<br />

R.Kamelin, (1971).<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant biennial, erect, pubescent or puberulous. Basal<br />

leaves oblong, 1-pinnate, with petiole and sheath.<br />

Cauline leaves ovate or triangular-ovate or lanceolate,<br />

simple or 1(-2)-pinnate, petiolate or sometimes<br />

petiole absent and only with sheath. Rays 6-30(-50),<br />

almost unequal; Pedicels 6-35(-46), almost unequal.<br />

Without Bracts and Bracteoles. Petals white,<br />

obcordate, hairy on the outer side. Fruits elliptic or<br />

ovate-globose, pubescent; Stylopodium elongateconical,<br />

Divided in ripe fruits; Styles glabrous.<br />

Geographical distribution: <strong>An</strong>atolia, Iraq, Iran,<br />

Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Caucasus, Transcaspia.<br />

Specimens seen in Iran<br />

Azarbaijan: Terme, Matine & Zargani 40492-E (W),<br />

Mozaffarian & Nowroozi 34901, 34891 (TARI),<br />

Rechinger 49012 (W), Sabeti 8819 (TARI), Sabeti<br />

8813 (TARI), Rechinger 43637 (W), Sabeti 2945<br />

(TARI), Sabeti 8812 (TARI); Esfahan: Jardine 794<br />

(W); Fars: Mozaffarian 47002 (TARI); Gilan: Jardine<br />

920-A (W), Wendelbo & Assadi 18366 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian & Maussoumi 6960 (TUH), Mozaffarian<br />

7117 (TUH), Wendelbo & Assadi 18358 (TARI), Saidi<br />

18625 (TUH), Naqinezhad 27693 (TUH), Wendelbo &<br />

Assadi 18566 (TARI), Jamzad 33721 (TARI), Steiner<br />

21 (W); Golestan: Rechinger 6149-a (W), Riazi 8752<br />

(TARI), Hewer 3929 (TARI), Zargani 41668 (W),<br />

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Assadi 25561 (TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian<br />

40990(TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian 41049 (TARI);<br />

Hamedan: Assadi & Mozaffarian 36707 (TARI);<br />

Kermanshah: Rechinger 14592 (W), Lashkar Bolooki<br />

& Hatami 209 (TARI), Hamzehee &Hatami 1348<br />

(TARI), Lashkar Bolooki & Hatami 164 (TARI);<br />

Khorasan: Runemark & Sardabi 23483 (TARI),<br />

Assadi & Mozaffarian 35560 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

48767 (TARI), Mozaffarian 45574<br />

(TARI),Mozaffarian 48991 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

48827 (TARI), Termeh & Tehrani 35163-E (W),<br />

Faghihian & Zangooei 22470 (FUMH), Faghihian &<br />

Zangooei 24162 (FUMH), Rafeie &Zangooei 27359<br />

(FUMH), Joharchi & Zangooei 14812 (FUMH),<br />

Joharchi & Zangooei 15640 (FUMH), Faghihian &<br />

Zangooei 18929 (FUMH), Akbarzadeh & Kharaghani<br />

13255 (FUMH), Joharchi 34199 (FUMH), Zangooei<br />

10684 (FUMH), Mozaffarian & Rezaei 10571<br />

(FUMH), Ayatollahi & Zangooei 14953 (FUMH),<br />

Rezaei & Bakhshoodeh 10502 (FUMH), Ghorashi 307<br />

(FUMH), Joharchi & Zangooei 16965 (FUMH),<br />

Zokaie 1102 (FUMH), Zangooei & Hossein-Zadeh<br />

24254 (FUMH), Faghihian & Zangooei 22154<br />

(FUMH), Joharchi & Zangooei 17697 (FUMH),<br />

Ghorashi 1765G (FUMH), Rafeie & Zangooei 25775<br />

(FUMH); Kordestan: Assadi 60380 (TARI); Lorestan:<br />

Runemark & Lazari 26407 (TARI), Veiskarami 24017<br />

(TUH); Mazandaran: Starm. 290 (W), Foroughi 8765<br />

(TARI), Termeh & Zargani 40481-E (W), Sabeti 1770<br />

(TARI), Sabeti 2247 (TARI), Barkhordari 40397-E<br />

(W), Assadi & Massoumi 51451 (TARI), Runemark &<br />

Massoumi 20744 (TARI), Runemark & Massoumi<br />

20659 (TARI), Runemark & Massoumi 21593 (TARI),<br />

Foroughi 844 (TARI), Foroughi 857 (TARI), Foroughi<br />

896 (TARI), Foroughi 921(TARI), Foroughi 910<br />

(TARI), Runemark & Mozaffarian28226 (TARI),<br />

Assadi & Mozaffarian 41066 (TARI), Matine &<br />

Termeh 41693 (W), Domanchik 31940, 31942 (TARI),<br />

Sabeti 10415 (TARI), Assadi & Massoumi 51472<br />

(TARI), Assadi & Massoumi 51684 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Massoumi 51528 (TARI), Panahi 2461 (TARI), Athari<br />

2474 (TARI), Assadi & Massoumi 51449 (TARI),<br />

Gheissari 2389 (TARI), Foroughi 473 (TARI), Sabeti<br />

8824 (TARI), Assadi 33726 (TARI), Sabeti 8766<br />

(TARI), Sabeti 2282 (TARI), Sabeti 8822 (TARI);<br />

Tehran: Aellen 1380, 1394 (W), Mozaffarian 33865<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian & Mohammadi 49222 (TARI),<br />

Gheissari 2812 (TARI), Ahmadi 2731 (TARI),<br />

Foroughi 624 (TARI), Athari 2513 (TARI), Termeh<br />

40394 (W), Furse 3085 (W), Mozaffarian 54317<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian 39835 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

32528 (TARI), Mozaffarian 32198 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Mozaffarian 33211 (TARI), Amin & Bazargan 19596<br />

(TARI), Sabeti in Gauba 893 (W), Mozaffarian 45457<br />

(TARI), Foroughi &Sanei?& Amini 12393 (TARI),<br />

Wendelbo & Foroughi & Assadi 14468 (TARI). (Fig.<br />

1B).<br />

2. P. anisactis Rech.f., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg.<br />

48: 124. 1940.<br />

This species is one of the endemic species in Iran<br />

which distributes only in a small part of the east.<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, erect, pubescent. Basal leaves<br />

triangular-ovate, 1-pinnate, petiolate. Cauline leaves<br />

ovate or triangular-ovate or linnear-lanceolate, simple<br />

or 1(-2)-pinnate, with petiole and very short sheath or<br />

sometimes only with sheath. Rays 1-6, totally<br />

unequal; Pedicels 3-11, totally unequal. Without<br />

Bracts and Bracteoles. Petals white, ovate, hairy on<br />

the outer side. Fruit ovate-globose, pubescent;<br />

Stylopodium conical-depressed; Styles glabrous.<br />

Geographical distribution: Iran (Endemic).<br />

Specimens seen in Iran<br />

Khorasan: Rechinger 1714, 1739 (W). (Fig. 1C).<br />

3. P. aurea DC., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 4: 120.<br />

1830.<br />

= P. ramosissima DC., (1831); Reutera<br />

cervariaeafolia Boiss., (1844) non. Freyn & Sint.<br />

(1895); R. flava (C.A.Mey.) Boiss., (1844); R. aurea<br />

(DC.) Boiss., (1872).<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, erect, pubescent, puberulous or in<br />

upper parts subglabrous. Basal leaves ovate, 2(-3)-<br />

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pinnate, with petiole and sheath. Cauline leaves<br />

narrow ovate or lanceolate or subulate, simple or 1(-<br />

2)-pinnate, with petiole and sheath sometimes petiole<br />

absent. Rays 2-4(-11), almost equal; Pedicels 4-12(-<br />

16), unequal. Bracts and bracteoles absent or very<br />

rarely with 1-2 linear-narrow lanceolate bracts. Petals<br />

yellow, ovate, hairy on the outer side. Fruit<br />

subglobose, pubrulous, subglabrous or sometimes<br />

glabrous; Stylopodium conical; Styles glabrous.<br />

Fig. 3. A: P. gedrosiaca, B: P. tragium, C: P. dichotoma, D: P. saxifraga, E: P. peucedanifolia.<br />

Geographical distribution: East of <strong>An</strong>atolia, Iran,<br />

Turkmenistan, Armenia, Georgia.<br />

Specimens seen in Iran<br />

Ardebil: Rajamand 8821 (TARI), Mozaffarian 64252<br />

(TARI); Azarbaijan: Rechinger 43783 [=Terme<br />

43783] (W), Mozaffarian & Mohammadi 37403<br />

(TARI), Foroughi & Assadi 13736 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian & Mohammadi 37719 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Sardabi 24431 (TARI), Sabeti 8837 (TARI), Rechinger<br />

32662, 32679 (W), Zehzad & Siami 3263 (TARI),<br />

Zehzad & Siami 3569 (TARI), Kuhafkan & Amini<br />

7446 (TARI), Rechinger 49541 (W), Assadi & Olfat<br />

68629 (TARI), Siami & Zehzad 3654 (TARI);<br />

Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari: Mozaffarian 57736 (TARI);<br />

Esfahan: Yusefi 1411 (TARI), Yusefi 1603 (TARI),<br />

Yusefi 1942 (TARI), Yusefi 1314 (TARI); Khorasan:<br />

Rechinger 53734 (W), Assadi & Massoumi 21382<br />

(TARI), Assadi & Massoumi 21371 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Massoumi 21273 (TARI); Khuzestan: Pabot 887<br />

(TARI); Kohgiluye & Boyer Ahmad: Assadi &<br />

Abouhamzeh 46069 (TARI), Riazi 8838 (TARI);<br />

Kordestan: Rechinger 42741 (W), Rechinger 49203<br />

(W); Markazi: Mozaffarian & Massoumi 48125<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian 63823 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Shirdelpur 13138 (TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian<br />

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36748 (TARI); Mazandaran: Dini & Arazm 22497<br />

(TARI); Qazvin: Foroughi & Hariri 22180 (TARI);<br />

Semnan: Wendelbo & Cobham 13665 (TARI), Assadi<br />

& Mozaffarian 40336 (TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian<br />

40483 (TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian 40763 (TARI),<br />

Wendelbo & Foroughi 12986 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Massoumi 21210 (TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian 40422<br />

(TARI); Sistan & Baluchestan: Mozaffarian 52958<br />

(TARI); Tehran: Aellen 1294 [=Manoutcheri & Aellen<br />

1294] (W), Mozaffarian 53827 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

54020 (TARI), Dini & Arazm 22119 (TARI), Dini &<br />

Arazm 22304 (TARI), Dini & Arazm 22430 (TARI),<br />

Amin 22474 (TARI), Mozaffarian 54147 (TARI),<br />

Assadi & Mozaffarian & Jamzad 33600, 33601, 33602<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian 45425 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Mozaffarian 30815 (TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian<br />

30818 (TARI), Bighdeli 78403 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

37344 (TARI). (Fig. 1E).<br />

(Fig. 3. continued) F: P. eriocarpa, G: P. rhodantha, H: P. puberula, I: P. olivieri, J: P. kotschyana.<br />

4. P. barbata Boiss., <strong>An</strong>n. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 1:<br />

129. 1844.<br />

= Ptychotis barbata DC., (1830); <strong>Pimpinella</strong><br />

glaucescens Boiss., (1830).<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant annual, erect, puberulous or subglabrous. Basal<br />

and cauline leaves triangular, simple or 1-3-pinnate,<br />

petiolate or sometimes in cauline leaves only with<br />

sheath; all segments linear-filiform. Rays 2-9, almost<br />

equal; Pedicels 6-18, almost equal. Without Bracts<br />

and Bracteoles. Petals white or pink, obcordate or<br />

obovate, glabrous or rarely hairy on the base of outer<br />

side. Fruit ovate, pubescent; Stylopodium conical;<br />

Styles glabrous.<br />

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(Fig. 3 continued) K: P. tragioides, L: P. olivieroides, M: P. khorasanica, N: P. pastinacifolia, O: P. deverroides.<br />

Geographical distribution: Iraq, West and South of<br />

Iran.<br />

Specimens seen in Iran:<br />

Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari: Koelz 15271 (W),<br />

Mozaffarian 54898 (TARI); Fars: Mozaffarian 45849<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian 45965 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

46730 (TARI), Jamzad & Taheri & Javidtash 69311<br />

(TARI), Jamzad & Taheri & Javidtash 69303 (TARI),<br />

Riazi 9316 (TARI), Riazi 8829 (TARI), Bobek 16<br />

(TARI); Hormozgan: Mozaffarian & Banihashemi &<br />

Shahinzadeh 44005 (TARI), Mozaffarian &<br />

Banihashemi & Shahinzadeh 44047 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian & Banihashemi & Shahinzadeh 39148<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian & Banihashemi & Shahinzadeh<br />

39315 (TARI), Mozaffarian & Banihashemi &<br />

Shahinzadeh 39166 (TARI), Mozaffarian &<br />

Banihashemi & Shahinzadeh 39264 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian 44388 (TARI), Mozaffarian &<br />

Banihashemi & Shahinzadeh 44183 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian 44881 (TARI), Mozaffarian &<br />

Banihashemi & Shahinzadeh 39565 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian & Banihashemi & Shahinzadeh 39502<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian & Banihashemi & Shahinzadeh<br />

39488 (TARI), Mozaffarian & Banihashemi &<br />

Shahinzadeh 43975 (TARI), Mozaffarian &<br />

Banihashemi & Shahinzadeh 39738 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian 44974 (TARI), Babakhanlou 23088<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian 59202(TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

49700 (TARI), Mozaffarian 49728 (TARI), Behboudi<br />

800 E (W), Ghahreman & Mozaffarian 5662 (TUH),<br />

Mozaffarian 52192 (TARI), Mozaffarian 49620<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian 49805 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

49868 (TARI), Mozaffarian & Banihashemi &<br />

Shahinzadeh 39652 (TARI); Kerman: Edmondson &<br />

al 1892 (TARI), Assadi & Miller 25136 (TARI), Assadi<br />

& Miller 25240 (TARI); Kermanshah: Safaeian 447<br />

(TARI); Khuzestan: Riazi 9527 (W), Dadashzadeh 753<br />

(TARI), Assadi &Abouhamzeh 38759 (TARI), Pabot<br />

29961 (TARI), Pabot 1110 (TARI); Lorestan: Pabot<br />

2004 (TARI), Veiskarami 24018 (TUH), Rechinger<br />

47872 (W), Jacobs 6789 (W); Tehran: Babakhanlou<br />

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23087 (TARI).(Fig. 1F).<br />

5. P. deverroides Boiss., Fl. Orient. [Boissier] 2:<br />

873. 1872.<br />

= Reutera deverroides Boiss., (1844).<br />

This species is one of the endemic species in Iran and<br />

it grows in west and south parts of Iran.<br />

leaves ovate, linear or lanceolate, simple or 1-pinnate,<br />

with petiole and sheath or in upper leaves only with<br />

sheath. Rays 2-6, almost equal; Pedicels 2-8,<br />

almost equal. Bracts and bracteoles absent or rarely<br />

with 1 linear bract. Petals yellow, ovate or obovate,<br />

hairy on the outer side. Fruit ovate or elliptic,<br />

pubescent; Stylopodium mamillate; Styles glabrous.<br />

Geographical distribution: Iran (Endemic).<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, erect, pubescent or in upper parts<br />

subglabrous. Stem dichotomously branched above.<br />

Basal leaves oblong, 1-pinnate, petiolate. Cauline<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Esfahan: Auch. 4634 (W), Stapf 1436 (W); Hamedan:<br />

Moussavi & Satei 40402-E (W), Mozaffarian 65092<br />

(TUH); Lorestan: Koelz 18491 (W). (Fig. 1G).<br />

(Fig. 3. continued) P: P. anisactis, Q: P. barbata, R: P. affinis, S: P. aurea, T: P. khayyamii.<br />

6. P. dichotoma H.Wolff . Pflanzenr. (Engler)<br />

Umbellif.-Apioid.-Ammin. 225. 1927.<br />

= Reutera dichotoma Boiss. & Hausskn. (1972).<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, erect, pubescent. Stem<br />

dichotomously branched above. Basal leaves<br />

pinnatisect, petiolate. Cauline leaves reduced, linear<br />

or lanceolate. Rays 2-6, almost equal. Bracts and<br />

bracteoles absent. Petals yellow, hairy on the outer<br />

side. Fruit ovate-oblong, pubescent; Stylopodium<br />

conical-mamillate.<br />

Geographical distribution: Iran (Endemic).<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Kermanshah: Mirabdollahi 2732 (TARI); Esfahan:<br />

Mozaffarian 58251 (TARI); Yazd: Foroughi 1920<br />

(TARI); Tehran: Mozafffarian 63816 (TARI); Arak:<br />

Mozaffarian 63799 (TARI). (Fig.1U).<br />

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7. P. eriocarpa Banks & Sol. Nat. Hist. Aleppo, ed. 2<br />

[A. Russell] 2: 249. 1794.<br />

= P. tenuis Sieber ex Schultes (1820) non Wolff<br />

(1972); P. moabitica Post, (1895).<br />

Kohgiluye & Boyerahmad: Bakhtiar & Iravanzadeh 3<br />

(TARI); Lorestan: Koelz 15721 (W), Veiskarami 24019<br />

(TUH), Raehani 25124 (TARI), Iranshahr & Moussavi<br />

40299-E (W). (Fig. 1H).<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant annual, erect, puberulous or in upper parts<br />

glabrous. Basal leaves simple, lamina round or ovate,<br />

with petiole and sheath. Cauline leaves ovate or<br />

triangular or triangular-ovate, 1-3-pinnate, with<br />

petiole and sheath or in upper leaves only with<br />

sheath. Rays 2-14, almost equal; Pedicels 7-19, almost<br />

equal. Without Bracts and Bracteoles. Petals white or<br />

pink, obcordate or obovate, hairy on base of the outer<br />

side. Fruit ovate, pubescent; Stylopodium elongateconical;<br />

Styles glabrous.<br />

Geographical distribution: Southeast of <strong>An</strong>atolia,<br />

Palestine, North of Syria, Iraq, West and South of<br />

Iran.<br />

8. P. gedrosiaca Bornm. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. lix. E.<br />

294. 1939.<br />

= Trachyspermum gedrosiacum (Bornm.) Hedge,<br />

(1987).<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, prostrate, pubescent. Basal leaves<br />

triangular-ovate, 3-4-pinnate, petiolate. Cauline<br />

leaves similar to basal leaves but reduced, 1-4-<br />

pinnate. Rays 5-8, unequal; Pedicels 10-20. Bracts 5,<br />

linear-lanceolate; Bracteoles 5-8, linear-lanceolate.<br />

Petals white or red, ovate, hairy on the outer side.<br />

Fruit ovate, pubescent; Stylopodium conical.<br />

Geographical distribution: Iran (Endemic).<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Bushehr: Runemark & Mozaffarian 26825 (TARI),<br />

Runemark & Mozaffarian 26889 (TARI), Runemark<br />

& Mozaffarian 27104 (TARI); Chaharmahal &<br />

Bakhtiari: Mozaffarian 54668 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

54902 (TARI), Mozaffarian 59903 (TARI), Nowroozi<br />

2636 (TARI), Mozaffarian 54480 (TARI); Fars: Kasi<br />

413 (W), Mozaffarian 45839 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

45877 (TARI), Wendelbo & Foroughi 17778 (TARI),<br />

Assadi & Sardabi 41798 (TARI), Riazi 9285(TARI),<br />

Riazi 9305 (TARI); Hormozgan: Mozaffarian 44369<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian 44686 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

44817 (TARI), Foroughi 16154 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

59163 (TARI), Ghahreman & Mozaffarian 5598<br />

(TUH), Mozaffarian & Banihashemi & Shahinzadeh<br />

39780 (TARI), Foroughi 16122 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

44957 (TARI), Mozaffarian & Banihashemi &<br />

Shahinzadeh 39472 (TARI), Foroughi 1174 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian 49944 (TARI); Ilam: Jacobs 6838 (W);<br />

Khuzestan: Riazi 9501 (TARI), Assadi & Abouhamzeh<br />

38767 (TARI), Assadi & Abouhamzeh 38745 (TARI),<br />

Assadi & Abouhamzeh 38728 (TARI), Riazi 9421<br />

(TARI), Assadi & Abouhamzeh 39033 (TARI);<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Baluchestan: Mozaffarian 53039 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

53087 (TARI), Mozaffarian 22844 (TARI). (Fig.1D).<br />

9. P. khayyamii Mozaff. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow &<br />

Leningrad) 88(4): 122 (-123; fig. 7). 2003.<br />

P. khayyamii is also one of the endemic species in<br />

Iran and its distribution is limited to a small part in<br />

east of Iran.<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, erect, pubescent. Basal leaves 1-<br />

pinnate, ovate or narrow ovate, with petiole and<br />

sheath. Cauline leaves absent or reduced, lanceolate<br />

or narrow ovate or linear, simple or 1-pinnate, with<br />

petiole and sheath or in upper leaves without petiole.<br />

Rays 3-12, unequal; Pedicels up to 8, unequal. Bracts<br />

rarely 1(-2), lanceolate; bracteoles rarely 1, linear.<br />

Petals white, obcordate or ovate, glabrous or<br />

puberulous. Fruit ovate, glabrous; Stylopodium<br />

depressed; Styles glabrous.<br />

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Geographical distribution: Iran (Endemic).<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Khorasan: Mozaffarian 48943 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

48910 (TARI), Mozaffarian 48633 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian 48672 (TARI). (Fig. 1I).<br />

10. P. khorasanica Engstrand, Fl. Iranica [Rechinger]<br />

162: 328. 1987.<br />

Cauline leaves ovate or triangular-ovate or lanceolatesubulate,<br />

simple or 1-3-pinnate, with petiole and<br />

sheath or in upper leaves only with sheath. Rays 5-21,<br />

almost equal; Pedicels 7-21, unequal. Bracts (0-)1-5(-<br />

7), lanceolate or pinnate; Bracteoles 1-5(-9), linear or<br />

lanceolate. Petals white, obcordate, hairy along the<br />

midrib on the outer side. Fruit ovate or globose,<br />

pubescent; Stylopodium depressed; Styles<br />

puberulous.<br />

This species is endemic in Iran and distributes only in<br />

the east.<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, erect, pubescent or sometimes in<br />

upper parts subglabrous. Basal leaves ovate or narrow<br />

ovate, 1-pinnate with petiole and sheath. Cauline<br />

leaves triangular, lanceolate, narrow ovate, subulate<br />

or linear, simple or 1-pinnate, with petiole and sheath<br />

or upper leaves only with sheath. Rays 2-7, totally<br />

unequal; pedicels 3-15, unequal. Without Bracts and<br />

Bracteoles. Petals white, obcordate or obovate, hairy<br />

on the outer side. Fruit ovate, pubescent;<br />

Stylopodium mamillate; Styles glabrous.<br />

Geographical distribution: Iran (Endemic).<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Khorasan: Iranshahr & Zargani 15356-E (W), Termeh<br />

& Moussavi & Tehrani 41506-E (W), Iranshahr &<br />

Zargani 40398-E (W), Iranshahr 15348-E (W), Assadi<br />

& Masoumi 21371 (TARI), Assadi & Masoumi<br />

21382(TARI). (Fig. 1J).<br />

11. P. kotschyana Boiss., <strong>An</strong>n. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3,1:<br />

133. 1844.<br />

= P. apiifolia Boiss., (1849); P. corymbosa Boiss. var.<br />

kotschyana (Boiss.) Post, (1896); Athamantha<br />

hemisphaerica Stapf & Wettst., (1886), (1905); P.<br />

haussknechtii Rech.f. & H.Riedl, (1961).<br />

Geographical distribution: <strong>An</strong>atolia, North of Iraq,<br />

Iran.<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Azarbaijan: Lamond & Iranshahr 40841 (W),<br />

Rechinger 42130 (W), Mozaffarian 70047 (TARI),<br />

Zehzad & Siami 3448 (TARI), Mozaffarian 87417<br />

(TARI), Rechinger 42110 (W), Mozaffarian<br />

70043(TARI), without collector 3011(TARI);<br />

Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari: Mozaffarian 57358 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian 57866 (TARI), Mozaffarian 57499<br />

(TARI); Hamedan: Mozaffarian 65066 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian 64580 (TARI); Kermanshah: Assadi<br />

60698 (TARI), Hamzehee 1180 (TARI), Attar &<br />

Mirtajadini & Sheikholeslami 19878 (TUH),<br />

Hamzehee & Hatami 1347 (TARI); Kordestan:<br />

Rechinger 49135 (W), Fattahi & Tavakoly & Hatami<br />

2409 (TARI), Rechinger 42748 (W), Fattahi &<br />

Khaledian 219 (TARI), Assadi 60515 (TARI), Assadi<br />

75263 (TARI), Ghahreman & Mozaffarian 18287<br />

(TARI), Rechinger 42893 (W), Rechinger 42509 (W),<br />

Rechinger 42993 (W), Babakhanlou 31032 (TARI),<br />

Rechinger 43118 (W); Markazi: Mozaffarian 64081<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian 63861 (TARI); Tehran: Assadi &<br />

Jamzad 55262 (TARI), Rechinger 53815 (W); Zanjan:<br />

Sabeti 22068 (TARI). (Fig. 1K).<br />

12. P. oliverioides Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. Fl.<br />

Orient. [Boissier] 2: 871. 1872.<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, monocarpic, erect, pubescent, stem<br />

corymbosely branched. Basal leaves oblong, ovate or<br />

triangular, 1-3-pinnate, with petiole and sheath.<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, monocarpic, erect, pubescent, stem<br />

corymbose- branched. Basal leaves ovate-oblong,<br />

ovate or triangular-ovate, 1-3-pinnate, with petiole<br />

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and sheath. Cauline leaves ovate, triangular-ovate or<br />

lanceolate, simple or 1-2-pinnate, with petiole and<br />

sheath, sometimes petiole absent. Rays 5-13(-16),<br />

almost equal; Pedicels 8-26, almost equal. Bracts 2-9,<br />

linear, lanceolate or sometimes pinnate; Bracteoles 5-<br />

15, linear or narrow lanceolate. Petals white,<br />

obcordate, hairy on the outer side. Fruit ovate or<br />

subglobose, pubescent; Stylopodium depressed;<br />

Styles puberulous.<br />

Geographical distribution: Iran, Iraq.<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Kermanshah: Attar & Mirtajadini & Sheikholeslami<br />

19928 (TUH); Kohgiluye & Boyerahmad: Behboudi<br />

1191-E (W), Assadi & Mozaffarian 31146 (TARI);<br />

Kordestan: Rechinger 43084 (W), Attar & Dadjou &<br />

Mehdigholi & Okhovat 14278 (TUH), Mozaffarian<br />

87376 (TARI); Lorestan: Rechinger 47676 (W),<br />

Assadi & Mozaffarian 37025 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Mozaffarian 37199 (TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian<br />

37053 (TARI), Koelz 18445 (W), Koelz 18232 (W);<br />

Markazi: Mozaffarian 48290 (TARI).(Fig. 1L).<br />

Kermanshah: Farahbakhsh 6126-E (W); Khuzestan:<br />

Riazi 9396 (W); Lorestan: Koelz 18628 (W); Markazi:<br />

Mozaffarian 11115 (TUH). (Fig. 1M).<br />

14. P. pastinacifolia H.Wolff. Pflanzenr. (Engler)<br />

Umbellif.-Apioid.-Ammin. 226 (1927).<br />

= Reutera pastinacifolia Boiss. (1844).<br />

This is one of the endemic species of Iran and<br />

distributes in the West and South.<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, erect, puberulous or subglabrous.<br />

Lower leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 1-pinnate, with<br />

petiole and short sheath. Upper leaves lanceolate or<br />

linear-lanceolate, simple or 1-pinnate, usually without<br />

petiole and only with sheath. Rays 3-6(-10), almost<br />

equal; Pedicels 6-10, almost equal. Without Bracts<br />

and Bracteoles. Petals yellow, ovate, hairy on the<br />

outer side. Fruit ovate, glabrescent; Stylopodium<br />

mamillate; Styles glabrous.<br />

Geographical distribution: Iran (Endemic).<br />

13. P. olivieri Boiss. <strong>An</strong>n. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 1: 132.<br />

1844.<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, monocarpic, erect, pubescent to<br />

subglabrous or sometimes in upper parts glabrous,<br />

stem corymbosely branched. Basal leaves oblong,<br />

ovate or narrow ovate, 1-3-pinnate, with petiole and<br />

sheath. Cauline leaves ovate, oblong, triangular-ovate<br />

or lanceolate, simple or 1-2-pinnate, with petiole and<br />

sheath, sometimes petiole absent. Rays 3-17, unequal;<br />

Pedicels 5-15, unequal. Bracts 0-5, oblong-narrow<br />

lanceolate; Bracteoles 0-5, linear. Petals white,<br />

obovate or obcordate, glabrous or hairy on the outer<br />

side. Fruit ovate-elliptic to globose, tuberculate or<br />

papillate; Stylopodium mamillate or depressedconical;<br />

Styles glabrous.<br />

Geographical distribution: Syria, Iraq, West of Iran.<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Kordestan: Haussknecht s.n. (W). (Fig. 1N).<br />

15. P. peucedanifolia Fisch. ex Ledeb. Fl. Ross.<br />

(Ledeb.) 2(1,5): 256. 1844.<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, erect, in lower parts pubescent, in<br />

upper parts subglabrous. Basal leaves ovate-oblong,<br />

ternate-pinnate, with petiole and sheath. Cauline<br />

leaves ovate, triangular, lanceolate or linear, simple or<br />

1-2-pinnate, usually only with sheath. Rays 4-10(-17),<br />

unequal; Pedicels 6-15, unequal. Bracts and<br />

bracteoles absent, or rarely with 1-2 linear or<br />

lanceolate bracts. Petals white or pink, ovate,<br />

glabrous or hairy on the outer side. Fruit oblongovate,<br />

glabrous; Stylopodium mamillate; Styles<br />

glabrous.<br />

Geographical distribution: Turkey, Iran, Soviet Units.<br />

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Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Azarbaijan: Mozaffarian 72750, 74894 (TARI),<br />

Akbarzadeh 41 (TARI), Zehzad 3214 (TARI), Sabeti<br />

8804 (TARI), Moazffarian 77150 (TARI). (Fig. 1O).<br />

16. P. puberula Boiss. <strong>An</strong>n. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 1:<br />

129. 1844.<br />

= Ptychotis puberula DC. (1830); <strong>Pimpinella</strong> petraea<br />

Nab. (1923); P. cretica Poir. var. petraea (Nab.)<br />

Zohary (1972).<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant annual, erect, pubescent. Basal leaves simple,<br />

lamina round or ovate, with petiole and sheath.<br />

Cauline leaves ovate or triangular, simple or 1-4-<br />

pinnate, with or without petiole. Rays 3-26, unequal;<br />

Pedicels 5-25, unequal. Without Bracts and<br />

Bracteoles. Petals white, obcordate, hairy on the outer<br />

side. Fruit ovate or ovate-globose, pubescent;<br />

Stylopodium depressed; Styles glabrous.<br />

Mozaffarian & Jamzad 33573 (TARI), Bighdeli 78405<br />

(TARI), Sabeti 22026 (TARI).(Fig. 1P).<br />

17. P. rhodantha Boiss. Asie Min., Bot. (P.A.<br />

Tchichatscheff) i. 414. 1860.<br />

= P. dissecta M.B. (1808).<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, erect, glabrous or puberulous. Basal<br />

leaves oblong-ovate, 1-2-pinnate, with petiole and<br />

sheath. Cauline leaves ovate or narrow ovate, 1-2-<br />

pinnate, with petiole and sheath or only with sheath.<br />

Rays 9-20, almost equal; Pedicels 12-20, almost<br />

equal. Without Bracts and Bracteoles. Petals white or<br />

pink, obcordate, glabrous or hairy on the outer side.<br />

Fruit ovate, glabrous; Stylopodium depressed; Styles<br />

glabrous.<br />

Geographical distribution: Eastern part of <strong>An</strong>atolia,<br />

Northern part of Iran, Armenia.<br />

Geographical distribution: Southeastern of <strong>An</strong>atolia,<br />

Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan,<br />

Northwestern of Pakistan.<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran:<br />

Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari: Mozaffarian 54979 (TARI),<br />

Koelz 15446 (W); Esfahan: Yusefi 1568 (TARI); Gilan:<br />

Lamond & Iranshahr in Rechinger 40969 (W), Sabeti<br />

22523 (TARI); Hormozgan: Mozaffarian &<br />

Banihashemi & Shahinzadeh 39571 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian 49557 (TARI); Khorasan: Iranshahr<br />

15355-E (W), Assadi & Masoumi 21397 (TARI),<br />

Assadi & Mozaffarian 35991 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Massoumi 21242 (TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian 36123<br />

(TARI); Khuzestan: Iranshahr & Moussavi 40393-E<br />

(W), Mozaffarian 72143 (TARI), Mozaffarian 72252<br />

(TARI); Kordestan: Rechinger 42981 (W); Lorestan:<br />

Rechinger 5722 (W), Safaeian 498 (TARI), Runemark<br />

& Lazari 26111 (TARI);Semnan: Assadi 56643 (TARI),<br />

Wendelbo & Foroughi 13005 (TARI), Riazi 8816<br />

(TARI);Sistan: Mozaffarian 63462 (TARI), Valizadeh,<br />

T.Ramak Maasoumi 72 (TARI);Tehran: Babakhanlou<br />

& Amin & Bazargan 22244 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Azerbaijan: Lamond & Terme 9926 (W). (Fig. 1Q).<br />

18. P. saxifraga L., Sp. Pl. 1: 263. 1753.<br />

= P. rotundifolia Scop. (1772); P. calverti Boiss.<br />

(1856); P. saxifrage L. var. dessectifolia Boiss. (1872);<br />

P. saxifrage L. subsp. eusaxifraga Thellung (1926).<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, erect, puberulous or subglabrous.<br />

Basal leaves oblong-ovate, 1-pinnate, with petiole and<br />

sheath. Cauline leaves ovate or linear-lanceolate,<br />

simple or 1-pinnate, without petiole and only with<br />

sheath. Rays 5-18, almost equal; Pedicels 7-25, almost<br />

equal. Bracts absent or rarely up to 5, linear or<br />

subulate; Bracteoles absent or rarely up to 5, linear.<br />

Petals white, obcordate or obovate, glabrous or hairy<br />

on the outer side. Fruit ovate or elliptic, glabrous;<br />

Stylopodium depressed-mamillate; Styles glabrous.<br />

Geographical distribution: Europe to center and<br />

southwestern part of Asia.<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

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J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016<br />

Azarbaijan: Terme 13654-E (W), Akbarzadeh 10<br />

(TARI), Runemark & Assadi 21886 (TARI). (Fig. 1R).<br />

19. P. tragioides (Boiss.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Drude in<br />

Engler & Prantl, Natürl. Pflanzenfam. III., 8: 196.<br />

1898.<br />

This is one of the other species in Iran and it<br />

distributes in North, West and Center of Iran.<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, erect, usually glabrous sometimes in<br />

lower parts pubescent. Basal leaves oblong, 1-pinnate,<br />

with petiole and sheath. Cauline leaves ovate or<br />

linear-subulate, simple or 1-pinnate, with petiole and<br />

sheath or sometimes only with sheath. Rays 2-11,<br />

almost equal; Pedicels 3-13, almost equal. Bracts and<br />

bracteoles absent or rarely with 1-2 linear bracteoles.<br />

Petals yellow, ovate, glabrous or hairy on the outer<br />

side. Fruit ovate-elliptic, glabrous or puberulous;<br />

Stylopodium mamillate; Styles glabrous.<br />

Geographical distribution: Iran (Endemic).<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Azarbaijan: Foroughi & Assadi 13716 (W), Grant<br />

16228 (W), Rechinger 32668 (W); Mazandaran:<br />

Auch. 4604 (W);Tehran: Gauba 889 (W), Terme<br />

13682-E (W), Terme 14021-E (W). (Fig.1S).<br />

22. P. tragium Vill., Prosp. Hist. Pl. Dauphiné 24.<br />

1779.<br />

Characteristics<br />

Plant perennial, erect or sometimes prostrate, usually<br />

pubescent to subglabrous in upper parts. Basal leaves<br />

ovate or oblong-ovate, 1-pinnate, with petiole and<br />

sheath. Cauline leaves ovate, triangular-ovate,<br />

lanceolate or linear, simple or 1-pinnate, with petiole<br />

and sheath or sometimes petiole absent. Rays 2-34,<br />

equal or unequal; Pedicels 5-26. Bracts absent or with<br />

1(-2) linear-lanceolate bracts; Bracteoles 0-5, linear<br />

or subulate. Petals white, obcordate, hairy on the<br />

outer side. Fruit ovate or rarely subglobose,<br />

pubescent; Stylopodium mamillate; Styles glabrous.<br />

Geographical distribution: Southern and Central part<br />

of Europe, Northern part of Africa, Southwestern of<br />

Asia.<br />

Specimens Seen in Iran<br />

Ardebil: Lamond 4709 in Rechinger 44044 (W), Said<br />

Amini 24140 (TARI), Rajamand 8853 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian & Nowrozi 34212 (TARI), Mozaffarian &<br />

Nowrozi 35000 (TARI), Rechinger 43483 (W),<br />

Wendelbo & Assadi 18453 (TARI), Mozaffarian &<br />

Mohammadi 37757 (TARI), Zehzad & Jamzad &<br />

Taheri & Izadpanah 70490 (TARI); Azarbaijan:<br />

Rechinger 49346 (W), Tarighi 11174 (TUH),<br />

Rechinger 48874 (W), Termeh & Moussavi & Habibi<br />

38801 (W),Runemark & Assadi 21857 (TARI), Assadi<br />

& Sardabi 24192 (TARI), Mozaffarian & Nowrozi<br />

35177 (TARI), Mozaffarian & Mohammadi 37400,<br />

37509 (TARI), Rechinger 43904 (W), Mozaffarian &<br />

Mohammadi 37675 (TARI), Rechinger 43547 (W),<br />

Olfat & Jabbari 284 (TARI), Rechinger 49345 (W),<br />

Mozaffarian 69927 (TARI), Rechinger 41861 (W),<br />

Assadi & Taheri & Izadpanah 68477 (TARI),<br />

Rechinger 48738 (W), Rechinger 43940 (W), Assadi<br />

& Olfat 68911 (TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian 30466<br />

(TARI); Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari: Mozaffarian 57254<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian 57221 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

57586 (TARI), Mozaffarian 57526 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian 58112 (TARI); Esfahan: Renz in<br />

Rechinger 47653 (W); Fars: Mozaffarian 45790<br />

(TARI); Gilan: Hariri & Foroughian 22148, 22149<br />

(TARI); Golestan: Rechinger 6060 (W), Amini 8814<br />

(TARI), Wendelbo & Foroughi53133 (W), Wendelbo<br />

& Cobham 14244 (TARI), Wendelbo & Foroughi<br />

12670 (TARI), Assadi & Masoumi 21506 (TARI);<br />

Hamedan: Mozaffarian 64966 (TARI), Safaeian 693<br />

(TARI); Kermanshah: Hamzehee 1244 (TARI), Assadi<br />

60698 (TARI); Khorasan: Rechinger 1666, 4785 (W),<br />

Rechinger 1639 (W), Mozaffarian 48850 (TARI),<br />

Edmondson 1291 (TARI), Assadi & Masoumi 21437<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian 48738 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

48424 (TARI), Mozaffarian 48495 (TARI), Saghafi &<br />

Mohammadzadeh 87 (TARI), Rechinger 53547 (W);<br />

Kohgiluye & Boyerahmad: Assadi & Abouhamzeh<br />

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J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016<br />

46392 (TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian 31476 (TARI),<br />

Assadi & Mozaffarian 31406 (TARI); Kordestan:<br />

Rechinger 42837 (W), Assadi 60478 (TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian 71597 (TARI), Assadi 60612 (TARI),<br />

Zehzad & Siami 2960 (TARI), Rechinger 42775 (W),<br />

Fattahy & Khaledian 117 (TARI), Lamond & Terme in<br />

Rechinger 42554 (W), Ghahreman & Mozaffarian<br />

18294 (TUH), Rechinger 42912 (W); Lorestan:<br />

Mozaffarian & Sardabi 42512 (TARI), Runemark &<br />

Lazari 26140 (TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian 37181,<br />

37182 (TARI), Mozaffarian & Sardabi 42458 (TARI),<br />

Runemark & Lazari 26552 (TARI); Markazi:<br />

Mozaffarian 64175 (TARI), Mozaffarian 63768<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian 64147 (TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

Maassoumi 47744 (TARI), Mozaffarian 48228<br />

(TARI), Mozaffarian 63741(TARI), Mozaffarian<br />

48234 (TARI), Mozaffarian 63941(TARI),<br />

Mozaffarian 63984 (TARI), Mozaffarian 48314<br />

(TARI); Mazandaran: Terme 13670-E, 13672-E (W),<br />

Terme 15327-E (W), Furse 2760 (W), Rechinger 860<br />

(W), Assadi & Maasoumi 51467 (TARI), Foroughi<br />

455(TARI), Pabot 4818 (TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian<br />

33045 (TARI), Runemark & Masoumi 21813 (TARI),<br />

Assadi & Maasoumi 51345 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Maasoumi 51203 (TARI); Qazvin: Assadi &<br />

Mozaffarian 36639, 36651 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Maasoumi 50942 (TARI), Babakhanlou & Amin<br />

21890 (TARI), Babakhanlou & Amin 22218 (TARI),<br />

Babakhanlou & Amin 22213 (TARI), Mirfakhrai<br />

23154 (TARI), Assadi & Maasoumi 51043 (TARI);<br />

Semnan: Renz & Iranshahr 16811 (W), Rechinger<br />

56350 (W), Assadi & Mozaffarian 40561, 40624<br />

(TARI), Assadi & Masoumi 21545 (TARI), Assadi &<br />

Mozaffarian 40655 (TARI);Tehran: Moussavi, Habibi<br />

& Tehrani 39732-E (W), Wendelbo & Assadi 13265<br />

(W), Pabot 4400(TARI), Termeh & Matin 36505-E<br />

(W), Rechinger 1172 (W), Dini & Arazm 22332<br />

(TARI), Assadi & Mozaffarian 33201 (TARI), Amin<br />

21916 (TARI), Babakhanlou & Amin 21915 (TARI),<br />

Amin & Bazargan 19516 (TARI), Babakhanlou & Amin<br />

21932 (TARI), Hariri 11116 (TUH), Dini & Arazm<br />

22404 (TARI), Pabot 4157 (TARI), Dini & Arazm<br />

22193 (TARI), Dini & Arazm 22282 (TARI), Dini &<br />

Arazm 22299 (TARI). (Fig. 1T).<br />

Dicussion<br />

After <strong>taxonomic</strong>al studies on genus <strong>Pimpinella</strong> L. in<br />

Iran some of the most important characters are<br />

selected (Table 1).<br />

Based on these characters and by means of NTSYS, a<br />

dendrogram was sketched giving the following results<br />

(Fig. 2):<br />

In this dendrogram two major clusters are seen:<br />

The first (upper) cluster falls into two subclusters<br />

including 13 species.The second one in turn, has two<br />

subclusters, including seven species.<br />

In the upper cluster and in the first subcluster four<br />

species (P. affinis, P. barbata, P. eriocarpa and P.<br />

puberula) can be separated from the others at 0.54. P.<br />

barbata, P. eriocarpa and P. puberula are the annual<br />

species of genus <strong>Pimpinella</strong> in Iran whereas P. affinis<br />

is a biennial one. These are mainly distributed in<br />

western and southern parts of Iran. However, P.<br />

puberula is also distributed in central and eastern<br />

parts. Among these annual species, P. barbata, can be<br />

distinguished by linear-filiform leaf segments. Other<br />

two annuals are morphologically similar to each<br />

other.<br />

In addition, these two species were placed close to<br />

each other in a recent <strong>research</strong> (Tabanca et al., 2005)<br />

based on DNA sequence data. The main difference<br />

between them is that the stylopodium shape in ripe<br />

fruit is depressed in P. puberula and elongate-conical<br />

in P. eriocarpa. These two species are separated at<br />

0.90.<br />

The Second subcluster of this cluster includes nine<br />

species which are categorizesd in two groups. In this<br />

clade P. anisactis, P. khorasanica, P. khayyamii & P.<br />

tragium forms the first group. These four species<br />

have some common morphological similarities. In<br />

addition, the first three species are ecologically very<br />

close to each other. They are endemic to Iran and are<br />

distributed only in a small part of Khorasan province.<br />

On the other hand, the first two species (P. anisactis<br />

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J. Bio. Env. Sci. 2016<br />

and P. khorasanica) are separated from the other two<br />

at 0.75. the characteristics of P. khayyamii and P.<br />

tragium are: absence of petiolule in lower cauline<br />

leaves, absence or presence of bract and bracteole and<br />

relative size of rays (equal or almost unequal)<br />

whichare can be considered as the differences<br />

between these two speciesand P.anisactis - P.<br />

khorasanica.The dissimilarity between P. anisactis<br />

and P. khorasanica is in basal leaves shape<br />

(triangular-ovate in P. anisactis and ovate or narrow<br />

ovate in P. khorasanica), length of petiolule of basal<br />

leaves (7-15 mm in P. anisactis and 1-7 mm in P.<br />

khorasanica), division type of lower cauline leaves (1-<br />

2-pinnate in P. anisactis and 1-pinnate in P.<br />

khorasanica) and division type of upper cauline<br />

leaves (simple or 1-pinntae in P. anisactis and simple<br />

in P. khorasanica). These two species are separated<br />

from each other at 0.84. On the other hand P.<br />

tragium can be distinguished from P. khayyamii at<br />

0.90 by absence of petiolule in basal leaves and<br />

pubescent fruits.<br />

The species of the second group belong to Reutera<br />

group and the most important difference between<br />

these species and others is their yellow petals. Here,<br />

at first P. aurea is discerned from others at 0.80 due<br />

to its 2-3-pinnate basal leaves, 1-2-pinnate lower<br />

cauline leaves and subglobose ripe fruits. Then other<br />

two species, P. deverroides and P. tragioides can be<br />

distinguished at 0.90 based on pubescent ripe fruits<br />

in P. deverroides while in P. tragioides ripe fruits are<br />

puberulous or subglabrous. At 0.92, P. dichotoma<br />

and P. pastinacifolia are also discriminated based on<br />

pubescent ripe fruits in P. dichotoma and glabrescent<br />

ripe fruits in P. pastinacifolia.<br />

In the first subcluster, at 0.67, P. gedrosiaca is welldefined<br />

from the other three species by its<br />

characteristic of prostrate life form. In the same way,<br />

in the group of three species, P. olivieri can be clearly<br />

discerned at 0.77 based on presence of vesicle or<br />

papilla instead of hair in its fruits. P. kotschyana and<br />

P. oliverioides can be separated at 0.87. The<br />

differences of P. oliverioides and P. kotschyana are:<br />

absence of petiolule in basal leaves and distribution<br />

type of hair in petals (only along the midrib on the<br />

outer side) in P. kotschyana while P. oliverioides has<br />

petiolulate basal leaves and its petals are hairy at<br />

whole outer side. In the last group of the second<br />

subcluster, P. peucedanifolia is clearly separated from<br />

P. saxifrage and P. rhodantha by ovate oblong fruits.<br />

On the other hand P. saxifraga and P. rhodantha are<br />

separated from each other at 0.80. These are<br />

morphologically similar. Also it has been presented<br />

that the DNA sequence data strongly support P.<br />

saxifraga and P. rhodantha as sister taxa (Tabanca et<br />

al., 2005). But they can be distinguished by division<br />

type of their basal leaves (1-pinnate in P. saxifraga<br />

and 1-2-pinnate in P. rhodantha), petiolule of basal<br />

leaves (absent in P. saxifraga and present in P.<br />

rhodantha), absence of bract and bracteole and<br />

pinkish petals that are rarely seen in P. rhodantha.<br />

Acknowledgement<br />

The authors would like to express their especial<br />

thanks to curators of FUMH, T, TARI, TUH and W<br />

herbaria for their support and providing them with<br />

specimens of <strong>Iranian</strong> species of this genus. The study<br />

was supported by Iran National Science Foundation<br />

(Project NO. 93046704 to Farrokh<br />

Ghahremaninejad).<br />

The second (lower) major cluster consists of seven<br />

species in two subclusters: four of them (P.<br />

kotschyana, P. oliverioides, P. olivieri and P.<br />

gedrosiaca) are in one subcluster and three other<br />

species (P. peucedanifolia, P. rhodantha and P.<br />

saxifraga) are in the second one. These two<br />

subclusters are discerned at 0.56.<br />

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