Orchid Research Newsletter No. 29 - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Orchid Research Newsletter No. 59 

Evolution versus Creationism. Part Two: The Birth of Fundamentalism and Antievolution 

Attitudes in the U.S. is being postponed until the next issue of the Orchid 

Research Newsletter to make room for an evaluation of the lecture programme of the 

recent 20 th World Orchid Conference in Singapore. 

A year ago I wrote in these pages that the 20 th World Orchid Conference just might be 

the best ever. This is not the appropriate publication for comments on the show, 

judging, and social event (gala banquet), so I will confine my remarks to the lecture 

programme. 

I was Editor of the Proceedings of the 14 th World Orchid Conference (Glasgow) and 

am the designated chair of the lecture programme and Proceedings Editor of the 22 nd 

WOC to be held in Guayaquil in 2017. I’ve attended every WOC beginning with the 

12 th in Tokyo in 1987 except for the 17 th in Shah Alam, Malaysia, in 2002. It must be 

said at the outset that many others have a longer, unbroken record of attendance and 

so may have opinions different from mine based on the larger sample size. 

The spectacular Marina Bay Sands Hotel with its three towers and Sky Park observation deck 

dominates the bay and the Convention Centre (right). The white building in the shape of a lotus flower 

(lower left) is the ArtScience Museum. Photo: Alec Pridgeon 

First of all, the venue was amazing for its size and beauty. Adjacent to an upscale 

shopping mall, casino, and 57-story hotel with three towers topped by an observation 

deck, the Marina Bay Sands Expo and Convention Centre is vast, including more than 

120,000 square metres and housing 2,000 exhibition booths, 250 meeting rooms, and 

45,000 delegates. The lighting and seating in the lecture rooms was more than ample, 

the audio system was superb, and the technicians who pre-loaded the projectors with 

PowerPoint presentations were highly efficient. I cannot recall any significant 

glitches. The screen size in all the rooms was large enough to be seen not only in the 

back of the room but out in the hallway. As far as I know, this may have been the first 

WOC that allowed only PowerPoints and barred slide transparencies, moving us into 

the 21 st century at last. At last we will no longer see slides sticking in the projector or 

failing to fall into place or projecting upside down. What a concept! 

Thanks to Dr. John Elliott and his team, the topics were eclectic and the speakers well 

chosen, exemplified by the plenary speakers with long careers in various aspects of

Orchidaceae: Mark Chase (systematics and evolutionary biology), Wen-Hui Chen 

(micropropagation and biotechnology), Steve Johnson (pollination biology), Phillip 

Cribb (systematics and conservation), John Elliott (Asian orchids), Wong Sek Man 

(plant pathology, especially virology), Michio Tanaka (tissue culture, 

micropropagation, and genetic engineering), and Kingsley Dixon (pollination and 

conservation biology of Australian orchids). There were also several symposia, 

covering mainland Asian orchids, computer and database resources, conservation, 

pollination, judging, and medicinal uses of orchids. The lecture programme generally 

ran like clockwork, although the moderators were often too lax in insisting that 

speakers end their talks by the appointed time. 

There were 65 presentations in the poster session, most of them good, some excellent. 

I had the pleasure of hearing Christopher Akatsuka (only 17 years old) from 

Windward Community College in Hawaii explain the inhibitory effects of aqueous 

extracts of some Dendrobium species on dermal and pharyngeal bacteria. His 

professor and co-author of the poster, Ingelia White, will be speaking at the Fourth 

Scientific Conference on Andean Orchids (see below under Upcoming Conferences). 

Overall, and based solely on the eight World Orchid Conferences that I have attended, 

I would have to say that this was indeed the best of those, thanks in no large part to 

Conference Chairmen Dr. Kiat W. Tan and Dr. John Elliott. Congratulations to them 

and their many teams for planning and executing such a huge undertaking with 

clockwork efficiency. Their achievements have certainly raised the bar and at the 

same time shown us not just what to do but how to do it to perfection. 

We look forward to seeing the Proceedings of the 20 th WOC before too long and then 

to the 21 st WOC in Johannesburg in 2014. 

Alec Pridgeon 

News from Correspondents 

Please submit any news about newly completed research, future research plans and 

needs, change of address, upcoming or recent fieldwork, etc. to Alec Pridgeon 

(a.pridgeon@kew.org). Graduate students are especially encouraged to share the 

subjects of their thesis or dissertation with the international community. We will print 

submissions in the format below. Many thanks to those who have contributed. 

Juan F. Silva Armas (Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Ecológicas ICAE, 

Facultad de Ciencias, ULA, Mérida, Venezuela; e-mail: : jsilva@ula.ve) and his 

colleagues have published a book in Spanish entitled Botánica y Ecología de las 

Monocotiledóneas de los Páramos en Venezuela in two volumes and edited by 

Professors Gilberto Morillo, Benito Briceño, and Juan F. Silva. A total of 22 families, 

141 genera, and 597 species (including 226 orchids) are described and illustrated with 

drawings and photographs. Each species includes a botanical description, world and 

national distribution (including páramo sites), elevational limits, ecology, phenology, 

anatomy, and ethnobotany. The price of the two volumes is US $90.00 plus shipping. 

For further information, you may contact Juan F. Silva and/or see the website at 

http://www.ciencias.ula.ve/icae.

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Upcoming Conferences 

We welcome any news about future conferences for promotion here. Please send 

details to Alec Pridgeon (a.pridgeon@kew.org) as far in advance of the event as 

possible, remembering that the Orchid Research Newsletter is published only in 

January and July of each year. 

European Orchid Conference 2012, 11-13 May 2012 

In the tradition of previous conferences held in Wuppertal and Schwäbisch Gmuend, 

the European Orchid Conference will be held 11-13 May 2012 at the Conference 

Centre proCom Eifelzentrum in Bad Münstereifel, Germany. For detailed information, 

please refer to the homepage at http://www.aho-nrw.de/tagung. 

19th Australian Orchid Conference & Show, 11-16 September 2012 

Eighteen speakers from several countries will fill out the large lecture programme in 

Perth, surely one of the most beautiful cities in Australia and home to Kings Park and 

Botanic Garden. You should not miss the five-day post-Conference tour to the South 

West with its rich terrestrial orchid flora that have been the subjects of many nature 

specials on television. For more information, go to 

http://www.waorchids.iinet.net.au/19th_AOC_Conference.htm. 

Fourth Scientific Conference on Andean Orchids, 31 October-4 November 2012 

After three highly successful Conferences, the Fourth Scientific Conference on 

Andean Orchids will be held 31 October- 4 November 2012 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. 

There will be three days of simultaneously translated talks at the fabulous Guayaquil 

Convention Center, which will be the venue for the 22nd World Orchid Conference in 

2017. One day each will be devoted to topics related to systematics, ecology, and 

conservation science. Keynote speakers for the three days will be Professor Mark 

Chase, Professor James Ackerman, and Dr. Michael Fay, respectively. Poster sessions 

in all three areas of investigation will supplement the lecture series. The Conference 

will also be associated with a major orchid show. There will be local tours and 

multiple-day, pre-conference tours for registrants on a first-come, first-served basis. 

Now is your best chance to visit the world-famous Galapagos Islands. Registration 

and tour details will soon be on the Internet at http://www.ecuagenera.com. 

Additional publicity will appear in orchid journals in the coming months. 

Recent Orchid Nomenclature 

New orchid names may now be accessed on the IPNI website: 

(www.ipni.org/ipni/plantsearch?request_type=search&output_format=query&ret_defa 

ults=on) 

Click on "Show additional search terms" on the right-hand side of the screen. After 

the search page appears, type in Orchidaceae under family name and (for example) 

2010-11-30 under "Record date" and "Added since." This will pull up a list of all 

names added to the IPNI database since 30 November 2010.

Species Profile: Neobolusia ciliata 

Summerhayes (1958) aptly called it “a delightful little species” in his description of 

Neobolusia ciliata. It attracts attention by its dark glossy purple labellum, fringed with 

white cilia. Out of flower it blends in with the grassy environment in which it occurs 

and is easily overlooked. Plants are small, up to 30 cm tall. Stems are slender, with 

three or occasionally four leaves, the largest near the base. Inflorescences carry up to 

ten flowers. 

Fig. 1. Neobolusia ciliata, flower. Photo: Tjeerd B. Jongeling 

Neobolusia ciliata belongs to a small genus that contains three species. One 

species, N. virginea, was removed from it recently and placed in its own genus, 

Dracomonticula, by Linder and Kurzweil (1994). The other two species in Neobolusia 

are N. tysonii, which is only found in South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland, and N. 

stolzii, which occurs in the Nyanga area in Zimbabwe (though not in the 

Chimanimanis) and farther north in Malawi and Tanzania. 

The genus Neobolusia was created by Rudolf Schlechter (1895), when he 

transferred Brachycorythis tysonii to a separate genus. He named it in honour of Harry 

Bolus: “Es ist mir eine angenehme Pflicht, diese neue Gattung dem um die Kenntnis 

der Orchideen von Südafrika so hoch verdienten Herrn BOLUS zu widmen.” The 

following year Bolus published his magnum opus Icones Orchidearum Austro- 

Africanarum Extra-tropicarum (1896). In the Preface he stated that he very much 

appreciated Schlechter’s help and his contributions to the study of orchids in South 

Africa, and he even named a species, Disa schlechteriana, after Schlechter. But Bolus 

wasn’t sensitive to flattery and transferred N. tysonii back to the genus in which he 

had originally described it himself, Brachycorythis, sinking the name Neobolusia (I 

owe this story to Werner Fibeck). Most authors have followed Schlechter and have 

retained Neobolusia. In Orchids of Southern Africa Linder and Kurzweil (1999) wrote 

that monophyly of the genera in the Brachycorythis group (Brachycorythis, 

Neobolusia, Dracomonticula, and Schizochilus) has not been established and that it is 

possible that only a single genus should be recognized. Bolus may have it his way 

after all.

5 

La Croix and Cribb (1995) stated in Flora Zambesiaca that it is “only known 

from the eastern border area of Zimbabwe and adjacent Mozambique”. There is 

actually one collection from the Rusape area, halfway between Harare and the Eastern 

Highlands in Zimbabwe, dating from 1953, which can only with some stretch of the 

imagination be said to be in the eastern border area. This is the earliest collection 

mentioned in the original description and in Flora Zambesiaca. In the National 

Herbarium in Harare there are additional specimens from the Chimanimani Mountains 

and Nyanga National Park. All the specimens from Nyanga mention the Pungwe Falls 

as the place of origin, and presumably there is one population there. In the 

Chimanimani Mountains there are at least three populations and probably more – 

botanical collectors are often casual about precise geographical locations, and it is 

sometimes difficult to decide whether the place where you find a plant is identical 

with the location mentioned on a herbarium sheet. The species has also been found at 

the edge of the Bunga Forest, in the Bvumba, a small mountainous area halfway 

between Nyanga and the Chimanimanis. 

Fig. 2. Neobolusia ciliata, plants (12 March 2011). Photo: Tjeerd B. Jongeling 

The rainy season in Zimbabwe extends from November to March. Neobolusia 

ciliata flowers in the second half of the rainy season. Rainfall is about 1200 mm 

annually in the Chimanimani district, but it may be higher in the mountains where N. 

ciliata actually occurs. Even when there is no rain, higher areas in the mountains are 

often covered in dense mist, locally called guti, which comes billowing over the crest 

of the mountains from the Mozambican side. The earliest flowering date among the 

specimens in the Herbarium in Harare is December 29. Most specimens have been 

found flowering in January, but the species will carry on flowering much later. 

Photographs of the flowering plants reproduced here were taken on 12 March 2011, 

which seems to be the latest date on record. 

Neobolusia ciliata is found in montane grassland at elevations between 1500 

and 2000 m, sometimes in steepish, rocky places and probably only shallow topsoil. 

The conspicuous lip probably plays a role in attracting pollinators, but as far as I know 

no information is available about the pollinators of the species. I have the impression 

that seed set is high, which may indicate that the orchid produces a reward for its 

pollinators.

Because the Chimanimanis are the stronghold of N. ciliata and because I have 

seen the species in several locations there, I will give a brief description of the area. 

The Chimanimanis are a small mountain massif straddling the Zimbabwe- 

Mozambique border. On both sides of the border the mountains are in a national park. 

On the Mozambican side there is serious disturbance by gold panners along the major 

streams, but apart from that the area makes a pristine impression. In the past there 

must have been herds of large grazers roaming the mountains, but these have all been 

poached, and the only biggish animals you come across these days are baboons and 

duiker. The disappearance of the large grazers may of course have influenced the 

composition of the vegetation. Phipps and Goodier (1962) and Goodier & Phipps 

(1962) provided a description of the vegetation of the Chimanimanis. For many years 

orchids were collected in the Chimanimanis and elsewhere in the eastern Highlands 

by John Ball. After he died from injuries sustained in a car crash in 1976, his sister, 

Jane Browning, edited his notes and published some of them as Southern African 

Epiphytic Orchids (Ball, 1978). Recently she edited and published his notes on 

terrestrial orchids (Ball, 2009), which contains some additional information on the 

distribution of N. ciliata. She herself found a single plant in the Bvumba (see above). 

The reference in that book to John Ball finding N. ciliata in Malawi is based on a 

misunderstanding and incorrect (personal communication, Jane Browning). 

Fig. 3. View of the Bundi valley from the slopes of Mt. Peza (12 March 2011). Photo: Tjeerd B. 

Jongeling 

The most easily accessible part of the Chimanimanis consists of the valley of 

the Bundi River, flanked on the eastern side by tall peaks that form the border with 

Mozambique and on the western side by a low ridge bordering on a steep escarpment. 

The Bundi River exits the area through a narrow, virtually impassable gorge, so that 

the valley of the Bundi can be reached only over the mountains, forming a secluded 

demi-paradise, a fortress built by Nature for herself. Overlooking the Bundi there is a 

mountain hut with basic facilities. At the north-eastern end of the valley there is a path 

over a gap in the mountains, called Skeleton Pass, to a place in Mozambique known 

as Martin’s Falls. (Zimbabwe abounds with stories about people who have come to a 

sticky end in the bush, but I’ve never heard what event gave rise to the name Skeleton 

Pass.) A few kilometres along this path is the largest colony of N. ciliata that I have 

come across, at about 1550 m. There are at least a thousand plants, and perhaps many 

more. The colony is in lush, gently sloping grassland. In Flora Zambesiaca (la Croix 

and Cribb, 1995) a collection is mentioned from “between Skeleton Pass and 

Namadima”, which presumably refers to the same colony.

7 

Fig. 4. Looking into Mozambique from the top end of High Valley (20 January 2010). The large colony 

of N. ciliata lies in the distance in the right-hand bottom corner. Skeleton Pass is on the left, behind the 

rocks in the foreground. Photo: Tjeerd B. Jongeling 

Due east of the mountain hut there is another, much smaller colony, halfway 

up the slopes of Binga, also known romantically as point 71. The colony is located in 

a secluded valley known as High Valley at about 1900 m, high above the valley floor 

of the Bundi. Finally I have found N. ciliata north of the hut, on the slopes of Mt. 

Peza, at about 1800 m. 

The Chimanimanis are rich in orchids. Some 110 species have been found in 

the mountains or in Chimanimani District, seven of which are endemic to the 

Chimanimanis. It is perhaps helpful to mention here that Melsetter, a name that occurs 

repeatedly among the places where N. ciliata has been found, was the colonial name 

of the village nearest to the Chimanimani Mountains; it is now called Chimanimani. 

Tjeerd B. Jongeling 

tbjongeling@yahoo.co.uk 

References 

Ball, J. S. 1978. Southern African Epiphytic Orchids. Conservation Press, 

Johannesburg. 

Ball, J. S. 2009. Terrestrial African Orchids: A Select Review (ed. J. Browning). 

www. Lulu.com. 

Bolus, H. 1896. Icones Orchidearum Austro-Africanarum Extra-tropicarum; or 

Figures, with Descriptions, of Extra-tropical South African Orchids. Vol. I. 

William Wesley & Son, London. 

Goodier, R. and Phipps, J. B. 1962. A revised check-list of the vascular plants of the 

Chimanimani Mountains. Kirkia 1: 44-66. 

la Croix, I. and Cribb, P. J. 1995. Flora Zambesiaca. Vol. 11, in two parts. Flora 

Zambesiaca Managing Committee, London. (free on the web; for the page on 

N. ciliata click here) 

Linder, H. P. and Kurzweil, H. 1994. Taxonomic notes on the African Orchidoideae 

(Orchidaceae): a new genus and combination. Willdenowia 25: 229-234. 

Linder, H. P. and Kurzweil, H. 1999. Orchids of Southern Africa. Balkema, 

Rotterdam, Netherlands. 

Phipps, J. B. and Goodier, R. 1962. A preliminary account of the plant ecology of the 

Chimanimani Mountains. Journal of Ecology 50: 291-319. 

Schlechter, R. 1895. Beiträge zur Kenntnis neuer und kritischer Orchideen aus 

Südafrika. Beiblatt zu den Botanischen Jahrbüchern Bd 20, Heft 4: 1-44.

Summerhayes, V. S. 1956. African orchids: XXIII. Kew Bulletin 11: 217-236. 

Recent Literature 

We consult a variety of other sources for recent literature, and you will find a more 

extensive range of journals from more disciplines than ever before. If you are aware of 

any recent citations not listed here and henceforth, please send them – in the exact 

style below – to Alec Pridgeon (a.pridgeon@kew.org) for publication in the following 

issue (January or July). Write "ORN references" in the subject line of the e-mail. Book 

citations should include author(s), date of publication, title, publisher, and place of 

publication (in that order). 

Anatomy and morphology 

Davies, K. L. and Stpiczyńska, M. 2010. Structure and distribution of floral trichomes 

in Lycaste and Sudamerlycaste (Orchidaceae: Maxillariinae s.l.). Botanical Journal of 

the Linnean Society 164: 409-421. 

Davies, K. L. and Stpiczynska, M. 2011. Comparative labellar micromorphology of 

Zygopetalinae (Orchidaceae). Annals of Botany 108: 945-964. 

Kant, R. 2011. Development of monads and associated changes in anther in 

Cypripedium cordigerum D. Don.: A rare orchid. Vegetos 24: 103-110. 

Mulgaonkar, M. S. and Dabhade, G. T. 2010. Pollen study of six species of terrestrial 

orchids under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) from the Western Ghats of 

Maharashtra. Phytotaxonomy 10: 63-69. 

Noguera-Savelli, E. and Jauregui, D. 2011. Comparative leaf anatomy and 

phylogenetic relationships of 11 species of Laeliinae with emphasis on Brassavola. 

(Orchidaceae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 59: 1047-1059. 

Nosrati, H., Hajiboland, R., Razban-Haghighi, A., and Nikniazi, M. 2011. A 

comparative assessment of fruit formation in some orchid species from the southern 

Caucasus region. Turkish Journal of Botany 35: 553-560. 

Sampaio Mayer, J. L., Carmello-Guerreiro, S. M., and Appezzato-da-Gloria, B. 2011. 

Anatomical development of the pericarp and seed of Oncidium flexuosum Sims 

(Orchidaceae). Flora 206: 601-609. 

Stpiczyńska, M., and Davies, K. L. 2009. Floral, resin-secreting trichomes in 

Maxillaria dichroma Rolfe (Orchidaceae: Maxillariinae). Acta Agrobotanica 62: 43- 

51. 

Stpiczyńska, M., Davies, K. L., and Gregg, A. 2009. Nectary structure of Ornithidium 

sophronitis Rchb.f. (Orchidaceae: Maxillariinae). Acta Agrobotanica 62: 3-12. 

Wu, M. K., Li, J., Shen, Z. J., and Liu, Z. Y. 2011. Observation on morphological 

development of seed embryo in three orchid species. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences 6: 

19-22.

9 

Conservation biology 

Duffy, K. J., Fay, M. F., Smith, R. J., and Stout, J. C. 2011. Population genetics and 

conservation of the small white orchid, Pseudorchis albida, in Ireland. Biology and 

Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 111B: 73-81. 

Cytogenetics 

Chen, W-H., Tang, C-Y., Lin, T-Y., Weng, Y-C., and Kao, Y-L. 2011. Changes in the 

endopolyploidy pattern of different tissues in diploid and tetraploid Phalaenopsis 

aphrodite subsp. formosana (Orchidaceae). Plant Science 181: 31-38. 

Lan, T. and Albert, V. A. 2011. Dynamic distribution patterns of ribosomal DNA and 

chromosomal evolution in Paphiopedilum, a lady's slipper orchid. BMC Plant Biology 

11: 126. 

Myo, M. M. T., Pal, A., and Jha, S. 2011. Chromosome number and modal karyotype 

in a polysomatic endangered orchid, Bulbophyllum auricomum Lindl., the royal 

flower of Myanmar. Plant Systematics and Evolution 294: 167-175. 

Than, M. M. M., Amita, P., Sumita, J., Pal, A., and Jha, S. 2011. Chromosome 

number and modal karyotype in a polysomatic endangered orchid, Bulbophyllum 

auricomum Lindl., the Royal Flower of Myanmar. Plant Systematics and Evolution 

294: 167-175. 

Ecology/Mycorrhiza 

Blinova, I. V. 2011. Peculiarities of seasonal development of orchid species north of 

the Arctic Circle. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 96: 396-411. 

Brumback, W. E., Cairns, S., Sperduto, M. B., and Fyler, C. W. 2011. Response of 

an Isotria medeoloides population to canopy thinning. Northeastern Naturalist 18: 

185-196. 

Chutima, R., Dell, B., and Lumyong, S. 2011. Effects of mycorrhizal fungi on 

symbiotic seed germination of Pecteilis susannae (L.) Rafin. (Orchidaceae), a 

terrestrial orchid in Thailand. Symbiosis 53: 149-156. 

Cruz-Fernandez, Q. T., Alquicira-Arteaga, M. L., and Flores-Palacios, A. 2011. Is 

orchid species richness and abundance related to the conservation status of oak forest? 

Plant Ecology 212: 1091-1099. 

Eriksson, O. and Kainulainen, K. 2011. The evolutionary ecology of dust seeds. 

Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 13: 73-87. 

Galdiano Jr., R. F., Nascimbem Pedrinho, E. A., Luque Castellane, T. C., and de 

Macedo Lemos, E. G. 2011. Auxin-producing bacteria isolated from the roots of 

Cattleya walkeriana, an endangered Brazilian orchid, and their role in acclimatization. 

Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo 35: 729-737.

Girlanda, M., Segreto, R., Cafasso, D., Liebel, H T., Rodda, M., Ercole, E., 

Cozzolino, S., Gebauer, G., and Perotto, S. 2011. Photosynthetic mediterranean 

meadow orchids feature partial mycoheterotrophy and specific mycorrhizal 

associations. American Journal of Botany 98: 1148-1163. 

Jacquemyn, H., Merckx, V., Brys, R., Tyteca, D., Cammue, B. P. A., Honnay, O., and 

Lievens, B. 2011. Analysis of network architecture reveals phylogenetic constraints 

on mycorrhizal specificity in the genus Orchis (Orchidaceae). New Phytologist 192: 

518-528. 

Jakalaniemi, A., Crone, E. E., Narhi, P., and Tuomi, J. 2011. Orchids do not pay costs 

at emergence for prolonged dormancy. Ecology 92: 1538-1543. 

Jiang, W-M., Yang, G-M., Zhang, C-L., Fu, C-X., Jiang, W. M., Yang, G. M., Zhang, 

C. L., and Fu, C. X. 2011. Species composition and molecular analysis of symbiotic 

fungi in roots of Changnienia amoena (Orchidaceae). African Journal of 

Microbiology Research 5: 222-228. 

Laroche, V., Pellerin, S., and Brouillet, L., 2012. White fringed orchid as indicator of 

Sphagnum bog integrity. Ecological Indicators 14: 50-55. 

Lee, M-C., Cheng, S-F., Chang, D. C. N., Chang, Y-J., and Chang, Y-S. 2010. 

Specific detection of mycorrhizal colonization in orchid roots by fluorescence 

microscopy. Journal of Biotechnology 150: S496. 

Li, S-F., Su, J-R., Liu, W-D., Zhang, Z-J., Liu, Q-Y., and Li, Z-W. 2011. Diversity 

and distribution of vascular epiphytes in different restoration stages of monsoonal 

broad-leaved evergreen forest communities. Forest Research 24: 151-158. 

Lohmus, A. and Kull, T. 2011. Orchid abundance in hemiboreal forests: standscale 

effects of clear-cutting, green-tree retention, and artificial drainage. Canadian Journal 

of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne de Recherche Forestiere 41: 1352-1358. 

Mardegan, S. F., Nardoto, G. B., Higuchi, N., Reinert, F., and Martinelli, L. A. 2011. 

Variation in nitrogen use strategies and photosynthetic pathways among vascular 

epiphytes in the Brazilian Central Amazon. Revista Brasileira de Botanica 34: 21-30. 

Meekers, T. and Honnay, O. 2011. Effects of habitat fragmentation on the 

reproductive success of the nectar-producing orchid Gymnadenia conopsea and the 

nectarless Orchis mascula. Plant Ecology 212: 1791-1801. 

Mondragon, D. 2011. Guidelines for collecting demographic data for population 

dynamics studies on vascular epiphytes. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 138: 

327-335. 

Mroz, L. and Kosiba, P. 2011. Variation in size-dependent fitness components in a 

terrestrial orchid, Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.) Hunt et Summerh., in relation to 

environmental factors. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 80: 129-138.

11 

Olaya-Arenas, P., Melendez-Ackerman, E. J., Perez, M. E., and Tremblay, R. 2011. 

Demographic response by a small epiphytic orchid. American Journal of Botany 98: 

2040-2048. 

Ors, S., Sahin, U., Ercisli, S., and Esitken, A. 2011. Physical and chemical soil 

properties of orchid growing areas in eastern Turkey. Journal Of Animal and Plant 

Sciences 21: 60-65. 

Otero, T. J., Thrall, P. H., Clements, M., Burdon, J. J., and Miller, J. T. 2011. 

Codiversification of orchids (Pterostylidinae) and their associated mycorrhizal fungi. 

Australian Journal of Botany 59: 480-497. 

Parra-Tabla, V., Vargas, C. F., Naval, C., Calvo, L. M., and Ollerton, J. 2011. 

Population status and reproductive success of an endangered epiphytic orchid in a 

fragmented landscape. Biotropica 43: 640-647. 

Pekin, B. K., Wittkuhn, R. S., Boer, M. M., Macfarlane, C., and Grierson, P. F. 2011. 

Plant functional traits along environmental gradients in seasonally dry and fire-prone 

ecosystem. Journal of Vegetation Science 22: 1009-1020. 

Pylro, V. S., Cruz, E. dos S., Duarte, G. F., and Kozovits, A. R. 2011. The increase of 

N availability via atmospheric deposition and the reproduction phenology in 

Habenaria caldensis Kraenzl. (Orchidaceae) in the Parque Estadual do Itacolomi 

(PEIT) - MG, Brazil. Biota Neotropica 11: 25-30. 

Schrautzer, J., Fichtner, A., Huckauf, A., Rasran, L., and Jensen, K. 2011. Long-term 

population dynamics of Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soo after abandonment and reintroduction 

of mowing. Flora 206: 622-630. 

Shefferson, R. P., McCormick, M. K., Whigham, D. F., and O'Neill, J. P. 2011. Life 

history strategy in herbaceous perennials: inferring demographic patterns from the 

aboveground dynamics of a primarily subterranean, myco-heterotrophic orchid. Oikos 

120: 1291-1300. 

Sletvold, N. and Agren, J. 2011. Among-population variation in costs of reproduction 

in the long-lived orchid Gymnadenia conopsea: an experimental study. Oecologia 

167: 461-468. 

Sullivan, M. 2011. The Green Swamp: the value of fire in preserving native orchids in 

a North Carolina Reserve. Orchids 80: 468-477. 

Tedersoo, L., Abarenkov, K., Nilsson, R. H., Schussler, A., Grelet, G-A., Kohout, P., 

Oja, J., Bonito, G. M., Veldre, V., Jairus, T., Ryberg, M., Larsson, K-H., and Koljalg, 

U. 2011. Tidying up international nucleotide sequence databases: ecological, 

geographical and sequence quality annotation of its sequences of mycorrhizal fungi. 

PloS One 6 (9): e24940.

Torretta, J. P., Gomiz, N. E., Aliscioni, S. S., and Bello, M. E. 2011. Biologia 

reproductiva de Gomesa bifolia (Orchidaceae, Cymbidieae, Oncidiinae). Darwiniana 

(San Isidro) 49: 16-24. 

Wang, H., Fang, H., Wang, Y., Duan, L., and Guo, S. 2011. In situ seed baiting 

techniques in Dendrobium officinale Kimuraet Migo and Dendrobium nobile Lindl.: 

the endangered Chinese endemic Dendrobium (Orchidaceae). World Journal of 

Microbiology and Biotechnology 27: 2051-2059. 

Waterman, R. J., Bidartondo, M. I., Stofberg, J., Combs, J. K., Gebauer, G., 

Savolainen, V., Barraclough, T. G., and Pauw, A. 2011. The effects of above- and 

belowground mutualisms on orchid speciation and coexistence. American Naturalist 

177: E54-E68. 

Wright, M., Cross, R., Cousens, R. D., May, T. W., and McLean, C. B. 2011. The 

functional significance for the orchid Caladenia tentaculata of genetic and geographic 

variation in the mycorrhizal fungus Sebacina vermifera s. lat. complex. Muelleria 29: 

130-140. 

Wu, P-H., Huang, D-D., and Chang, D. C. N. 2011. Mycorrhizal symbiosis 

enhances Phalaenopsis orchid's growth and resistance to Erwinia chrysanthemi. 

African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 10095-10100. 

Wyse, S. V. and Burns, B. R. 2011. Do host bark traits influence trunk epiphyte 

communities? New Zealand Journal of Ecology 35: 296-301. 

Yagame, T. 2011. Study on mycorrhizal symbioses in Orchidaceae. Nippon 

Kingakukai Kaiho 52: 11-18. 

Yanoviak, S. P., Berghoff, S. M., Linsenmair, K. E., and Zotz, G. 2011. Effects of an 

epiphytic orchid on arboreal ant community structure in Panama. Biotropica 43:731- 

737. 

Zettler, L. W. and Piskin, K. A. 2011. Mycorrhizal fungi from protocorms, seedlings 

and mature plants of the eastern prairie fringed orchid, Platanthera leucophaea (Nutt.) 

Lindley: a comprehensive list to augment conservation. American Midland Naturalist 

166: 29-39. 

Zitari, A., Tranchida-Lombardo, V., Cafasso, D., Helal, A. N., Scopece, G., and 

Cozzolino, S. 2011. The disjointed distribution of Anacamptis longicornu in the 

West-Mediterranean: the role of vicariance versus long-distance seed dispersal. Taxon 

60: 1041-1049. 

Zotz, G., Schmidt, G., and Mikona, C. 2011. What is the proximate cause for sizedependent 

ecophysiological differences in vascular epiphytes? Plant Biology 13: 902- 

908.

13 

Ethnobotany/Ethnopharmacology 

Aravindhan, V., Sathiyadas, K., Rajendran, A., and Thomas, B. 2011. Some 

rare/endemic medicinal orchids of Velliangiri Hills of southern western Ghats, Tamil 

Nadu, India. Indian Forester 137: 1077-1081. 

Bonte, F., Simmler, C., Lobstein, A., Pellicier, F., and Cauchar, J.-H. 2011. Action of 

an extract of Vanda coerulea on the senescence of skin fibroblasts. Annales 

Pharmaceutiques Francaises 69: 177-181. 

Challe, J. F. X., Niehof, A., and Struik, P. C. 2011. The significance of gathering wild 

orchid tubers for orphan household livelihoods in a context of HIV/AIDS in Tanzania. 

African Journal of AIDS Research 10: 207-218. 

Manmohan, J. R., Bhojvaid, P. P., and Vasishtha, H. B. 2011. Propagation and storage 

techniques for medicinal orchids - Habenaria intermedia (Virdhii) and Microstylis 

wallichii (Jeevak) of Asthavarga group. International Journal of Forest Usufructs 

Management 12: 19-36. 

Perez Gutierrez, R. M., Anaya Sosa, I., Hoyo Vadillo, C., and Cruz Victoria, T. 2011. 

Effect of flavonoids from Prosthechea michuacana on carbon tetrachloride induced 

acute hepatotoxicity in mice. Pharmaceutical Biology 49: 1121-1127. 

Prapagdee, B., Tharasaithong, L., Nanthaphot, R., Paisitwiroj, C., Benjaphorn, P., 

Lalita, T., Ratchaya, N., and Cholakan, P. 2012. Efficacy of crude extract of 

antifungal compounds produced from Bacillus subtilis on prevention of anthracnose 

disease in Dendrobium orchid. Environment Asia 5: 32-38. 

Singh, H., Agnihotri, P., Pande, P. C., and Husain, T. 2011. Biodiversity conservation 

through a traditional beliefs system in Indian Himalaya: a case study from 

Nakuleshwar sacred grove. Environmentalist 31: 246-253. 

History 

Christenhusz, M. J. M. and Chase, M. W. 2011. In memoriam: Eric Alston 

Christenson (1956-2011). Phytotaxa 24: 59-60. 

Ward, D. B. and Beckner, J. 2011. Thomas Walter's orchids. Journal of the Botanical 

Research Institute of Texas 5: 205-211. 

Micropropagation/seed germination 

Baque, M. A., Shin, Y-K., Elshmari, T., Lee, E-J., and Paek, K-Y. 2011. Effect of 

light quality, sucrose and coconut water concentration on the micropropagation of 

Calanthe hybrids ('Bukduseong' x 'Hyesung' and 'Chunkwang' x 'Hyesung'). 

Australian Journal of Crop Science 5: 1247-1254.

Cardoso, J. C. and Ono, E. O. 2011. In vitro growth of Brassocattleya orchid hybrid 

in different concentrations of KNO(3), NH(4)NO(3) and benzylaminopurine. 

Horticultura Brasileira 29: 359-363. 

Chiu, Y-T., Lin, C-S., and Chang, C. 2011. In vitro fruiting and seed production in 

Erycina pusilla (L.) N.H.Williams & M.W.Chase. Propagation of Ornamental Plants 

11: 131-136. 

Godo, T., Fujiwara, K., Guan, K., and Miyoshi, K. 2011. Effects of wavelength of 

LED-light on in vitro asymbiotic germination and seedling growth of Bletilla 

ochracea Schltr. (Orchidaceae). Plant Biotechnology 28: 397-400. 

Hsiao, Y-Y., Pan, Z-J., Hsu, C-C., Yang, Y-P., Hsu, Y-C., Chuang, Y-C., Shih, H-H., 

Chen, W-H., Tsai, W-C., and Chen, H-H. 2011. Research on orchid biology and 

biotechnology. Plant and Cell Physiology 52: 1467-1486. 

Jiang, W.-M., Zhao, M-S., and Fu, C-X. 2011. Studies on in vitro regeneration 

competence of pseudobulb cultures in Changnienia amoena Chien. Chinese Science 

Bulletin 56: 2580-2585. 

Lee, O. R. Yang, D-C., Chung, H-J., and Min, B-H. 2011. Efficient in vitro plant 

regeneration from hybrid rhizomes of Cymbidium sinense seeds. Horticulture 

Environment and Biotechnology 52: 303-308. 

Mata-Rosas, M., Baltazar-Garcia, R. J., and Chavez-Avila, V. M. 2011. In vitro 

regeneration through direct organogenesis from protocorms of Oncidium tigrinum 

Llave & Lex. (Orchidaceae), an endemic and threatened Mexican species. 

HortScience 46: 1132-1135. 

Miguel, T. P. and Leonhardt, K. W. 2011. In vitro polyploid induction of orchids 

using oryzalin. Scientia Horticulturae 130: 314-319. 

Naing, A-H., Chung, J-D., Lim, K-B., Naing, A. H., Chung, J. D., and Lim, K. B. 

2011. Plant regeneration through indirect somatic embryogenesis in Coelogyne 

cristata orchid. American Journal of Plant Sciences 2: 262-267. 

Naing, A. H. and Lim, K. B. 2011. Optimization of embryogenic callus induction and 

plant regeneration in orchid Coelogyne cristata. Korean Journal of Horticultural 

Science and Technology 29: 260-266. 

Niknejad, A., Kadir, M. A., and Kadzimin, S. B. 2011. In vitro plant regeneration 

from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) and callus of Phalaenopsis gigantea 

(Epidendroideae: Orchidaceae). African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 11808-11816. 

Nontachaiyapoom, S., Sasirat, S., and Manoch, L. 2011. Symbiotic seed germination 

of Grammatophyllum speciosum Blume and Dendrobium draconis Rchb.f., native 

orchids of Thailand. Scientia Horticulturae 130: 303-308.

15 

Pasqual, M., Soares, J. D. R., Rodrigues, F. A., de Araujo, A. G., and dos Santos, R. 

R. 2011. Light quality and silicon on growth in vitro of native and hybrid orchid 

species. Horticultura Brasileira 29: 324-329. 

Pathak, P., Piri, H., Vij, S. P., Mahant, K. C., and Chauhan, S. 2011. In vitro 

propagation and mass scale multiplication of a critically endangered epiphytic orchid, 

Gastrochilus calceolaris (Buch.-Ham ex J.E.Sm.) D.Don. using immature seeds. 

Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 49: 711-716. 

Pereira, M. C., Torres, D. P., Rodrigues Guimaraes, F. A., Pereira, O. L., and Megumi 

Kasuya, M. C. 2011. Seed germination and protocorm development of Epidendrum 

secundum Jacq. (Orchidaceae) in association with Epulorhiza mycorrhizal fungi. Acta 

Botanica Brasilica 25: 534-541. 

Potshangbam, N., Nirmala, C., Nongdam, P., and Chongtham, N. 2011. In vitro rapid 

propagation of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.: a medicinally important orchid via 

seed culture. Journal of Biological Sciences 11: 254-260. 

Reis, C. A. M., Brondani, G. E., Almeida, M. de, and de Almeida, M. 2011. Floral 

biology, reproductive biology and vegetative propagation of vanilla. Scientia Agraria 

Paranaensis 10: 69-82. 

Rodrigues Soares, J. D., Pasqual, M., Rodrigues, F. A., Villa, F., and de Araujo, A. G. 

2011. Silicon sources in the micropropagation of the Cattleya group orchid. Acta 

Scientiarum-Agronomy 33: 503-507. 

Shin, Y-K., Baque, M. A., Elghamedi, S., Lee, E-J., and Paek, K-Y. 2011. Effects of 

activated charcoal, plant growth regulators and ultrasonic pre-treatments on in vitro 

germination and protocorm formation of Calanthe hybrids. Australian Journal of 

Crop Science 5: 582-588. 

Suzuki, R. M.,de Almeida, V., Pescador, R., and Ferreira, W.de M. 2011. Germinacao 

e crescimento in vitro de Cattleya bicolor Lindley (Orchidaceae). Hoehnea 37:731- 

742. 

Tao, J., Yu, L. Q., Kong, F., and Zhao, D. Q. 2011. Effects of plant growth regulators 

on in vitro propagation of Cymbidium faberi Rolfe. African Journal of Biotechnology 

10: 15639-15646. 

Vasudevan, R. and Van Staden, J. 2011. Cytokinin and explant types influence in 

vitro plant regeneration of leopard orchid (Ansellia africana Lindl.). Plant Cell Tissue 

and Organ Culture 107: 123-129. 

Venturieri, G. A. and Mendoza de Arbieto, E. A. 2011. Ex-vitro establishment of 

Phalaenopsis amabilis seedlings in different substrates. Acta Scientiarum-Agronomy 

33: 495-501. 

Yin, L-L., Ranjetta, P., James, J., Advina, L. J., Sreeramanan, S., and Yin, L. L. 2011. 

Preliminary investigation of cryopreservation by encapsulation-dehydration technique

on Brassidium Shooting Star orchid hybrid. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 

4665-4672. 

Zhao, P., Wang, W., and Sun, M. 2011. Characterization and expression pattern 

analysis of DcNAC gene in somatic embryos of Dendrobium candidum Wall ex Lindl. 

Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 107: 151-159. 

Molecular biology 

Aceto, S. and Gaudio, L. 2011. The MADS and the beauty: genes involved in the 

development of orchid flowers. Current Genomics 12: 342-356. 

An, F. M., Hsiao, S. R., and Chan, M. T. 2011. Sequencing-based approaches reveal 

low ambient temperature-responsive and tissue-specific MicroRNAs in Phalaenopsis 

orchid. PLoS One May: e18937. 

Cantone, C., Gaudio, L., and Aceto, S. 2011. The PI/GLO-like locus in orchids: 

duplication and purifying selection at synonymous sites within Orchidinae 

(Orchidaceae). Gene 481: 48-55. 

Chang, Y-Y., Chu, Y-W., Chen, C-W., Leu, W-M., Hsu, H-F., and Yang, C-H. 2011. 

Characterization of Oncidium 'Gower Ramsey' transcriptomes using 454 gs-flx 

pyrosequencing and their application to the identification of genes associated with 

flowering time. Plant and Cell Physiology 52: 1532-1545. 

Ejima, C., Kobayashi, Y., Honda, H., Shimizu, N., Kiyohara, S., Hamasaki, R., and 

Sawa, S. 2011. A Phalaenopsis variety with floral organs showing C class homeotic 

transformation and its revertant may enable Phalaenopsis as a potential molecular 

genetic material. Genes and Genetic Systems 86: 93-95. 

Hsiao, Y-Y., Chen, Y-W., Huang, S-C., Pan, Z-J., Fu, C-H., Chen, W-H., Tsai, W-C., 

and Chen, H-H. 2011. Gene discovery using next-generation pyrosequencing to 

develop ESTs for Phalaenopsis orchids. BMC Genomics 12: 360. 

Lertwiriyawong, B., Phinija, K., Huehne, P. S., Benjawan, L., and Kisana, P. 2011. 

Sequence analysis of the 16SrRNA-rps12 inverted repeat region in chloroplast DNA 

of a Dendrobium orchid. Kasetsart Journal, Natural Sciences 45: 461-472. 

Lu, F., Yu, N., Zhao, X., Zhang, J., Xiao, W., Li, W., Liu, R., Zhu, J., and Peng, C. 

2011. Genetic diversity analysis of Phalaenopsis Frigdaas ‘Oxford' using SRAP 

markers with reference to those genes responsible for variations in the pigmentation of 

petals and sepals. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 86: 486-492. 

Mohd-Hairul, A. R., Namasivayam, P., Abdullah, J. O., and Lian, G. E. C. 2011. 

Screening, isolation, and molecular characterization of putative fragrance-related 

transcripts from Vanda Mimi Palmer. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33: 1651-1660.

17 

Mondragon-Palomino, M. and Theissen, G. 2011. Conserved differential expression 

of paralogous DEFICIENS- and GLOBOSA-like MADS-box genes in the flowers of 

Orchidaceae: refining the 'orchid code'. Plant Journal 66: 1008-1019. 

Pan, Z-J., Cheng, C-C., Tsai, W-C., Chung, M-C., Chen, W-H., Hu, J-M., and Chen, 

H-H. 2011. The duplicated b-class MADS-box genes display dualistic characters in 

orchid floral organ identity and growth. Plant and Cell Physiology 52: 1515-1531. 

Perez-Almeida, I., Angulo Graterol, L., Osorio, G., Ramis, C., Bedoya, A. M., 

Figueroa-Ruiz, R.,,Molina, S., and Infante, D. 2011. Modified method to obtain 

genomic DNA from orchids (Cattleya spp.) for amplification with molecular markers. 

Bioagro 23: 27-34. 

Ratanasut, K., Wongkhamprai, B., and Maknoi, S. 2011. Expression of a CYP76AB1 

correlates with the sequential white-blue-white colour transition of Vanda coerulea 

petals. Biologia Plantarum 55: 353-356. 

Silva, J. A. T. da, Dong Poh Chin, Pham Thanh Van, Mii, M., and da Silva, J. A. T. 

2011. Transgenic orchids. Scientia Horticulturae 130: 637-680. 

Su, C-L., Chao, Y-T. Chang, Y-C. A., Chen, W-C., Chen, C-Y., Lee, A-Y., Hwa, K. 

T., and Shih, M-C. 2011. De novo assembly of expressed transcripts and global 

analysis of the Phalaenopsis aphrodite transcriptome. Plant and Cell Physiology 52: 

1501-1514. 

Tee, C. S., Maziah, M., Tan, C. S., and Abdullah, M. P. 2011. Selection of cotransformed 

Dendrobium Sonia 17 using hygromycin and green fluorescent protein. 

Biologia Plantarum 55: 572-576. 

Teh, S-L., Chan, W-S., Abdullah, J. O., and Namasivayam, P. 2011. Development of 

expressed sequence tag resources for Vanda Mimi Palmer and data mining for EST- 

SSR. Molecular Biology Reports 38: 3903-3909. 

Widiez, T., Hartman, T. G., Dudai, N., Yan, Q, Lawton, M., Havkin-Frenkel, D., and 

Belanger, F. C. 2011. Functional characterization of two new members of the caffeoyl 

CoA O-methyltransferase-like gene family from Vanilla planifolia reveals a new class 

of plastid-localized O-methyltransferases. Plant Molecular Biology 76: 475-488. 

Pathology 

Campoverde, E. V. and Palmateer, A. J. 2011. A sensitive molecular method for 

detecting virus in orchids. Phytopathology 101: S26. 

Cating, R. A., Hoy, M. A., and Palmateer, A. J. 2010. A comparison of standard and 

high-fidelity PCR in the detection of Sclerotium rolfsii and a Dickeya sp. from 

Phalaenopsis orchids. Phytopathology 100: 22. 

Cating, R. A. and Palmateer, A. J. 2011. Occurrence of a soft-rot disease on Oncidium 

orchids caused by a Dickeya sp. in Florida. Phytopathology 101: S29.

Chen, C. C., Lin, J. Y., Cheng, Y. H., and Chiang, F. L. 2010. Distribution of 

Odontoglossum ringspot virus on plant of Cymbidium spp. and its application in virus 

detection. Plant Protection Bulletin (Taichung) 52: 17-24. 

Mano, E. T., Neves, A. A., Santos, V. C., Ferreira, A., and Araujo, W. L. 2010. 

Identification of Burkholderia sp. genes related to biological control of 

phytopathogens. Phytopathology 100: 7. 

McMillan, R. T., Palmateer, A. J., and Cating, R. A. 2010. Phytophthora cactorum a 

serious problem on prefinished Cattleya orchid liners from Thailand. Phytopathology 

100: 174. 

Tarnowski, T. L., Palmateer, A. J., and McMillan, R. T. 2011. Effect of temperature 

on bacterial leaf spot of Phalaenopsis, caused by Acidovorax cattleyae. 

Phytopathology 101: 175. 

Yoon, J-Y., Chung, B-N., and Choi, S-K. 2011. High sequence conservation among 

Odontoglossum ringspot virus isolates from orchids. Virus Genes 42: 261-267. 

Zheng, Y., Chen, C., and Jan, F. 2010. Complete genome sequence of Capsicum 

chlorosis virus from Phalaenopsis orchid and prediction of the unexplored genetic 

information of tospoviruses. Phytopathology 100: 146. 

Physiology/Phytochemistry 

He, J., Tan, B. H. G., and Qin, L. 2011. Source-to-sink relationship between green 

leaves and green pseudobulbs of C(3) orchid in regulation of photosynthesis. 

Photosynthetica 49: 209-218. 

Luangsuwalai, K., Ketsa, S., and van Doorn, W. G. 2011. Ethylene-regulated 

hastening of perianth senescence after pollination in Dendrobium flowers is not due to 

an increase in perianth ethylene production. Postharvest Biology and Technology 62: 

338-341. 

Majumder, P. L., Bandyopadhyay (Nee Guha), S., and Pal (Nee Ray), S. 2011. Four 

new stilbenoids from the orchids Coelogyne ochracea and Coelogyne cristata. 

Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 88: 1293-1304. 

Yao, M. H. Chen, C. J., and Huang, G. S. 2011. Estimating optimum temperature and 

light intensity for orchid of Phalaenopsis from the measurements of carbon dioxide 

flux and daily carbon balance. Crop, Environment and Bioinformatics 8: 172-180. 

Zhang, S-B., Guan, Z-J., Chang, W., Hu, H., Yin, Q., and Cao, K-F. 2011. Slow 

photosynthetic induction and low photosynthesis in Paphiopedilum armeniacum are 

related to its lack of guard cell chloroplast and peculiar stomatal anatomy. Physiologia 

Plantarum 142: 118-127.

19 

Pollination 

Bellusci, F., Musacchio, A., Stabile, R., Pellegrino, G. 2011. Differences in pollen 

viability in relation to different deceptive pollination strategies in Mediterranean 

orchids. Annals of Botany 106: 769-774. 

Catling, P. M. and Kostiuk, B. 2011. Some observations on the pollination of roundleaf 

orchid, Galearis (Amerorchis) rotundifolia, Near Jasper, Alberta. Canadian 

Field-Naturalist 125: 47-54. 

Catling, P. M. and Oldham, M. J. 2011. Recent expansion of Spiranthes cernua 

(Orchidaceae) into Northern Ontario due to climate change? Canadian Field- 

Naturalist 125: 34-40. 

Duffy, K. J. and Stout, J. C. 2011. Effects of conspecific and heterospecific floral 

density on the pollination of two related rewarding orchids. Plant Ecology 212: 1397- 

1406. 

Giangarelli, D. C. and Sofia, S. H. 2011. First record of a gynandromorph orchid bee, 

Euglossa iopoecila (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini). Annals of the Entomological 

Society of America 104: 229-232. 

Goegler, J., Twele, R., Francke, W., and Ayasse, M. 2011. Two phylogenetically 

distinct species of sexually deceptive orchids mimic the sex pheromone of their single 

common pollinator, the cuckoo bumblebee Bombus vestalis. Chemoecology 21: 243- 

252. 

Humeau, L., Micheneau, C., Jacquemyn, H., Gauvin-Bialecki, A., Fournel, J., and 

Pailler, T. 2011. Sapromyophily in the native orchid, Bulbophyllum variegatum, on 

Reunion (Mascarene Archipelago, Indian Ocean). Journal of Tropical Ecology 27: 

591-599. 

Juillet, N., Salzmann, C. C., and Scopece, G. 2011. Does facilitating pollinator 

learning impede deceptive orchid attractiveness? A multi-approach test of avoidance 

learning. Plant Biology 13: 570-575. 

Lunau, K., Papiorek, S., Eltz, T., and Sazima, M. 2011. Avoidance of achromatic 

colours by bees provides a private niche for hummingbirds. Journal of Experimental 

Biology 214: 1607-1612. 

Nattero, J., Malerba, R., Medel, R., and Cocucci, A. 2011. Factors affecting pollinator 

movement and plant fitness in a specialized pollination system. Plant Systematics and 

Evolution 296: 77-85. 

Nemesio, A. 2011. Euglossa bembei sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Apidae): a new orchid bee 

from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest belonging to the Euglossa cybelia Moure, 1968 

species group. Zootaxa 3006: 43-49. 

Nemesio, A. 2011. Exaerete salsai sp n. (Hymenoptera: Apidae): a new orchid bee 

from eastern Brazil. Zootaxa 2967: 12-20.

Nemesio, A. 2011. First record of Exaerete lepeletieri Oliveira & Nemesio 

(Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossina) in Venezuela and comments on the distribution 

of Eufriesea laniventris (Ducke) in the Amazon. Bioscience Journal 27: 505-509. 

Nemesio, A. and Rasmussen, C. 2011. Nomenclatural issues in the orchid bees 

(Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossina) and an updated catalogue. Zootaxa 3006: 1-42. 

Nemesio, A. and Siqueira, E. L. 2011. Acanthopus excellens Schrottky, 1902 

(Hymenoptera: Apidae: Ericrocidini) attracted to eugenol in southeastern Brazil. 

North-Western Journal of Zoology 7: 164-166. 

Niet, T. van der, Liltved, W. R., and Johnson, S. D. 2011. More than meets the eye: a 

morphological and phylogenetic comparison of long-spurred, whiteflowered 

Satyrium species (Orchidaceae) in South Africa. Botanical Journal of the 

Linnean Society 166: 417-430. 

Pansarin, E. R. and Pansarin, L. M. 2011. Reproductive biology of Trichocentrum 

pumilum: an orchid pollinated by oil-collecting bees. Plant Biology 13: 576-581. 

Pauw, A. and Bond, W. J. 2011. Mutualisms matter: pollination rate limits the 

distribution of oil-secreting orchids. Oikos 120: 1531-1538. 

Pemberton, R. 2011. Pollination studies in phragmipediums: flower fly (Syrphidae) 

pollination and mechanical self-pollination (autogamy) in Phragmipedium species 

(Cypripedioideae). Orchids 80: 364-367. 

Pemberton, R. W. and Liu, H. 2011. Naturalized yellow cowhorn orchid, 

Cyrtopodium flavum (Orchidaceae), spreading in Florida. Journal of the Botanical 

Research Institute of Texas 5: 331-335. 

Ramirez, S. R., Eltz, T., Fujiwara, M. K., Gerlach, G., Goldman-Huertas, B., Tsutsui, 

N. D., and Pierce, N. E. 2011. Asynchronous diversification in a specialized plantpollinator 

mutualism. Science 333: 1742-1746. 

Schlueter, P. M., Ruas, P. M., Kohl, G., Ruas, C. F., Stuessy, T. F., and Paulus, H. F. 

2011. Evidence for progenitor-derivative speciation in sexually deceptive orchids. 

Annals of Botany 108: 895-906. 

Schorkopf, D. L. P., Mitko, L., and Eltz, T. 2011. Enantioselective preference and 

high antennal sensitivity for (-)-ipsdienol in scent-collecting male orchid bees, 

Euglossa cyanura. Journal of Chemical Ecology 37: 953-960. 

Steiner, K. E., Kaiser, R., and Dotterl, S. 2011. Strong phylogenetic effects on floral 

scent variation of oil-secreting orchids in South Africa. American Journal of Botany 

98: 1663-1679.

21 

Storti, E. F., Soares B. P. I., and StorFilho, A. 2011. Biologia reprodutiva de Cattleya 

eldorado, uma especie de Orchidaceae das campinas amazonicas. Acta Amazonica 41: 

361-367. 

Subedi, A., Chaudhary, R. P., van Achterberg, C., Heijerman, T., Lens, F., Van 

Dooren, T. J. M., and Gravendeel, B. 2011. Pollination and protection against 

herbivory of Nepalese Coelogyninae (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 98: 

1095-1103. 

Van der Niet, T., Hansen, D. M., and Johnson, S. D. 2011. Carrion mimicry in a 

South African orchid: flowers attract a narrow subset of the fly assemblage on animal 

carcasses. South African Journal of Botany 77: 562. 

Van der Niet, T., Liltved, W. R., and Johnson, S. D. 2011. More than meets the eye: a 

morphological and phylogenetic comparison of long-spurred, white-flowered 

Satyrium species (Orchidaceae) in South Africa. Botanical Journal of the Linnean 

Society 166: 417-430. 

Venter, N. and Peter, C. 2011. Pollinator driven divergence in hawkmoth pollinated 

orchids (Mystacidium capense and M. venosum) and an estimate of rates of 

outcrossing in naturally pollinated fruit. South African Journal of Botany 77: 564. 

Westwood, A. R., Borkowsky, C. L., and Budnick, K. E. 2011. Seasonal variation in 

the nectar sugar concentration and nectar quantity in the western prairie fringed 

orchid, Platanthera praeclara (Orchidaceae). Rhodora 113: 201-219. 

Xu, S., Schlueter, P. M., Scopece, G., Breitkopf, H., Gross, K., Cozzolino, S., and 

Schiestl, F. P. 2011. Floral isolation is the main reproductive barrier among closely 

related sexually deceptive orchids. Evolution 65: 2606-2620. 

Zimmermann, Y., Schorkopf, D. L. P., Moritz, R. F. A., Pemberton, R. W., Quezada- 

Euan, J. J. G., and Eltz, T. 2011. Population genetic structure of orchid bees 

(Euglossini) in anthropogenically altered landscapes. Conservation Genetics 12: 

1183-1194. 

Systematics and distribution 

Acharya, K. P., Vetaas, O. R., and Birks, H. J. B. 2011. Orchid species richness along 

Himalayan elevational gradients. Journal of Biogeography 38: 1821-1833. 

Alappatt, J. P. 2011. Bulbophyllum restrepia (Orchidaceae) - a new record for Indian 

flora. Rheedea 21: 84-85. 

Ayasse, M., Stoekl, J., and Francke, W. 2011. Chemical ecology and pollinator-driven 

speciation in sexually deceptive orchids. Phytochemistry 72: 1667-1677. 

Barrett, C. F. and Freudenstein, J. V. 2011. An integrative approach to delimiting 

species in a rare but widespread mycoheterotrophic orchid. Molecular Ecology 20: 

2771-2786.

Batista, J. A. N., Carvalho, B. M., Ramalho, A. J., and Bianchetti, L. B. 2010. Three 

new species of Habenaria (Orchidaceae) from Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, 

Brazil. Phytotaxa 13: 27-39. 

Bora, R. K., Basumatary, N., and Sarma, C. M. 2011. A note on additions to the 

orchid flora of Assam. Phytotaxonomy 10: 1-4. 

Brzosko, E., Wroblewska, A., Talalaj, I., and Wasilewska, E. 2011. Genetic diversity 

of Cypripedium calceolus in Poland. Plant Systematics and Evolution 295: 83-96. 

Cai, X., Feng, Z., Zhang, X., Xu, W., Hou, B., and Ding, X. 2011. Genetic diversity 

and population structure of an endangered orchid (Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe) from 

China revealed by SRAP markers. Scientia Horticulturae 129: 877-881. 

Callmander, M. W., Phillipson, P. B., and Gautier, L. 2011. Notes on the flora of 

Madagascar, 6-13. Candollea 66: 105-106. 

Chase, M. W. and Whitten, W. M. 2011. Further taxonomic transfers in Oncidiinae 

(Orchidaceae). Phytotaxa 20: 26-32. 

Chen, L-J., Liu, Z-J., Li, Y-Y., and Li, L-Q. 2011. A new orchid Paphiopedilum 

guangdongense and its molecular evidence. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 48: 

350-355. 

Chung, M. Y., Nason, J. D., and Chung, M. G. 2011. Significant demographic and 

fine-scale genetic structure in expanding and senescing populations of the terrestrial 

orchid Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 98: 2027- 

2039. 

Cribb, P. J. and Whistler, W. A. 2011. The orchids of Tonga, Niue, and the 

Cook Islands. Lankesteriana 11: 99-177. 

da Cruz, D. T., Selbach-Schnadelbach, A., Lambert, S. M., Ribeiro, P. L., and Borba, 

E. L. 2011. Genetic and morphological variability in Cattleya elongata Barb. Rodr. 

(Orchidaceae), endemic to the campo rupestre vegetation in northeastern Brazil. Plant 

Systematics and Evolution 294: 87-98. 

de Oliveira, M. L. 2011. Taxonomic notes on Exaerete (Hymenoptera: Apidae: 

Euglossina), with the description of a new species. Biota Neotropica 11: 129-132. 

Delahaye, T. 2011. Rarete et vulnerabilite des orchidees de Savoie. Bulletin 

Mycologique et Botanique Dauphine-Savoie 51: 85-95. 

Delannoy, E., Fujii, S., des Francs-Small, C. C., Brundrett, M., and Small, I. 2011. 

Rampant gene loss in the underground orchid Rhizanthella gardneri highlights 

evolutionary constraints on plastid genomes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28: 

2077-2086.

23 

Djordjević, V., Tomović, G., and Lakušić, D. 2010. Epipactis purpurata Sm. 

(Orchidaceae) - a new species in the flora of Serbia. Archives of Biological Sciences 

62: 1175-1180. [Correction in pagination] 

Droissart, V., Sonke, B., Hardy, O. J., Simo, M., Taedoumg, H., Nguembou, C. K., 

and Stevart, T. 2011. Do plant families with contrasting functional traits show similar 

patterns of endemism? A case study with Central African Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae. 

Biodiversity and Conservation 20: 1507-1531. 

Duncan, G. 2011. 710. Satyrium princeps: Orchidaceae. Curtis's Botanical Magazine 

28: 160-168. 

Fan, Z. G., Kong, L. J., Peng, D. Z., Huang, S. L., Tan, T. H., and Yang, B. Y. 2011. 

Distribution and floristic characteristics of wild orchids in Qiyunshan Nature Reserve. 

Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 19: 159-165. 

Go, R., Eng, K. H., Mustafa, M., Abdullah, J. O., Naruddin, A. A., Lee, N. S., Lee, C. 

S., Eum, S. M., Park, K-W., and Choi, K. 2011. An assessment of orchids' diversity in 

Penang Hill, Penang, Malaysia after 115 years. Biodiversity and Conservation 20: 

2263-2272. 

Greulich, F. and Prunier, P. 2011. Pourquoi de nouveaux noms chez les orchidees? 

Bulletin Mycologique et Botanique Dauphine-Savoie 51: 7-20. 

Hedren, M., Nordstrom, S., and Bateman, R. M. 2011. Plastid and nuclear DNA 

marker data support the recognition of four tetraploid marsh orchids (Dactylorhiza 

majalis s.l., Orchidaceae) in Britain and Ireland, but require their recircumscription. 

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 104: 107-128. 

Hopkins, S. E. and Taylor, D. L. 2011. Microsatellite loci development in 

mycoheterotrophic Corallorhiza maculata (Orchidaceae) with amplification in C. 

mertensiana. American Journal of Botany 98: E253-E255. 

Hu, S-J., Hu, H., Yan, N., Huang, J-L., and Li, S-Y. 2011. Hybridization and 

asymmetric introgression between Cypripedium tibeticum and C. yunnanense in 

Shangrila County, Yunnan Province, China. Nordic Journal of Botany 29: 625-631. 

Jacquemyn, H., Brys, R., and Hutchings, M. J. 2011. Biological flora of the British 

Isles: Orchis anthropophora (L.) All. (Aceras anthropophorum (L.) W.T. Aiton). 

Journal of Ecology (Oxford) 99: 1551-1565. 

Jersakova, J., Malinova, T., Jerabkova, K., and Doetterl, S. 2011. Biological flora of 

the British Isles: Pseudorchis albida (L.) A. & D.Love. Journal of Ecology 99: 1282- 

1298. 

Jordan, D. 2011. Essai de cle de determination des Orchidees defleuries et fructifiees 

des Alpes du nord. Bulletin Mycologique et Botanique Dauphine-Savoie 51: 21-57.

Juarez, L., Montana, C., and Ferrer, M. M. 2011. Genetic structure at patch level of 

the terrestrial orchid Cyclopogon luteoalbus (Orchidaceae) in a fragmented cloud 

forest. Plant Systematics and Evolution 297: 237-251. 

Karremans, A. P. 2011. Dracontia: the little-known dragon orchids. Orchids 80: 560- 

566. 

Lee, Y-I., Chang, F-C., and Chung, M-C. 2011. Chromosome pairing affinities in 

interspecific hybrids reflect phylogenetic distances among lady's slipper orchids 

(Paphiopedilum). Annals of Botany 108: 113-121. 

Li, J-H., Liu, Z-J., Salazar, G. A., Bernhardt, P., Perner, H., Yukawa, T., Jin, X-H., 

Chung, S-W., and Luo, Y-B. 2011. Molecular phylogeny of Cypripedium 

(Orchidaceae: Cypripedioideae) inferred from multiple nuclear and chloroplast 

regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 308-320. 

Li, P., Huang, B. Q., Pemberton, R. W., Luo, Y. B., and Cheng, J. 2011. Floral display 

influences male and female reproductive success of the deceptive orchid Phaius 

delavayi. Plant Systematics and Evolution 296: 21-27. 

Liu, Z-J., Chen, L-J., Chen, S-C., Cai, J., Tsai, W-C., Hsiao, Y-Y., Rao, W-H., Ma, 

X-Y., and Zhang, G-Q. 2011. Paraholcoglossum and Tsiorchis, two new orchid 

genera established by molecular and morphological analyses of the Holcoglossum 

alliance. PLoS One 6: e24864. 

Logacheva, M. D., Schelkunov, M. I., and Penin, A. A. 2011. Sequencing and analysis 

of plastid genome in mycoheterotrophic orchid Neottia nidus-avis. Genome Biology 

and Evolution 3: 1296-1303. 

Machado Neto, N. B. and Vieira, L. G. E. 2011. Assessment of genetic diversity in 

Cattleya intermedia Lindl. (Orchidaceae). Brazilian Archives of Biology and 

Technology 54: 939-946. 

McCartney, C. 2011. Florida's vanillas: a look at the vining, twining orchids of the 

Sunshine State. Orchids 80: 280-289. 

Miranda, M. R. and Neto, L. M. 2011. Redescoberta de Centroglossa macroceras 

Barb. Rodr. e Thysanoglossa jordanensis Porto & Brade (Orchidaceae), duas microorquideas 

consideradas presumivelmente extintas no Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. 

Hoehnea 37: 403-405. 

Misra, S., Panda, S. P., and Nayak, P. K. 2011. Bulbophyllum guttulatum Wall. ex 

Hook.f.: a rare orchid from the eastern Ghats of India. Journal of Economic and 

Taxonomic Botany 35: 174-178. 

Molnar, A. V., Mate, A., and Sramko, G. 2011. An unexpected new record of the 

Mediterranean orchid, Ophrys bertolonii (Orchidaceae) in Central Europe. Biologia 

66: 778-782.

25 

Nusbaumer, L., Cribb, P., and Gautier, L. 2011. Nervilia gassneri Barge Pett. from 

Africa is conspecific with the Malagasy N. Iilacea Jum. & H. Perrier. Candollea 66: 

127-130. 

Oliver, E. G. H., Liltved, W. R., and Bytebier, B. 2011. Disa albomagentea 

(Orchidaceae), a new species from the Hottentots Holland Mountains in the Cape 

Floristic Region, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany 77: 313-318. 

Panda, S. P., Sahu, D., and Misra, S. 2011. Additions to the orchidaceous flora of 

Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 35: 105-107. 

Pérez-Bravo, R., Salazar, G. A., and Mora-Guzmán, E. 2010. Orquídeas de las 

Lomasla Manzanilla, Sierra Madre Oriental, Puebla, México. Bol. Soc. Bot. Mexico 

87: 125-129. 

Pessoa, E. M. and Alves, M. 2011. Orchidaceae Juss. na Serra de Itabaiana, Sergipe, 

Brasil. Revista Caatinga 24: 102-114. 

Pinheiro, F., de Barros, F., Palma-Silva, C., Fay, M. F., Lexer, C., and Cozzolino, S. 

2011. Phylogeography and genetic differentiation along the distributional range of the 

orchid Epidendrum fulgens: a Neotropical coastal species not restricted to glacial 

refugia. Journal of Biogeography 38: 1923-1935. 

Ram, P., Medhi, R. P., and Pal, R. 2011. Variability in the germplasm of Cymbidium 

elegans Lindl. orchid collected from Darjeeling district of West Bengal. Indian 

Journal of Forestry 34: 177-180. 

Renner, M. A. M. and Beadel, S. M. 2011. Taeniophyllum norfolkianum: a second 

genus of Vandeae (Orchidaceae) indigenous to New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of 

Botany 49: 435-439. 

Robinson, D. J., Gandy, E., VanHoek, C., and Pemberton, R. W. 2011. Naturalization 

of the nun's hood orchid (Phaius tankervilleae: Orchidaceae) in central Florida. 

Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 5: 337-339. 

Rose, P. E. and Benkeblia, N. 2011. Plants of horticultural importance in Jamaica and 

the Caribbean region: botany and distribution. Acta Horticulturae 894: 57-64. 

Salazar, G. A., Cabrera. L. I., and Figueroa. C. 2011. Molecular phylogenetics, floral 

convergence and systematics of Dichromanthus and Stenorrhynchos (Orchidaceae: 

Spiranthinae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 167: 10-18. 

Salazar, G. A., Chávez-Rendón, C., Jiménez-Machorro, R., and de Ávila, A. 2011. A 

new species of Galeoglossum (Orchidaceae, Cranichidinae) from Oaxaca, Mexico. 

Systematic Botany 36: 261-267. 

Sarat, M., Nayak, P. K., Panda, S. P., and Misra, S. 2011. Notes on Habenaria 

stenopetala Lindl., an uncommon terrestrial orchid from India. Indian Journal of 

Forestry 34:181-184.

Schuiteman, A., Vermeulen, J. J., De Vogel, E., and Vogel, A. 2011. Nocturne for an 

unknown pollinator: first description of a night-flowering orchid (Bulbophyllum 

nocturnum). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 167: 344-350. 

Serguera Nino, M. and Sanchez Losada, M. 2011. A new natural hybrid, Bletia 

xekmanii (Orchidaceae), from Cuba. Willdenowia 41: 107-111. 

Solano, R., Salazar, G. A., and Jimenez, R. 2011. New combinations in Orchidaceae 

of Mexico. Acta Botanica Mexicana 97: 49-56. 

Solano Gomez, R., Jimenez, R. M., and Damon, A. A. 2011. Two new records and 

one rediscovery for Orchidaceae of Mexico. Acta Botanica Mexicana 96: 59-72. 

Sumathi, R., Jayanthi, J., and Karthigeyan, K. 2011. Liparis atrosanguinea Ridl. 

(Orchidaceae), a new orchid addition to India from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 

Taiwania 56: 257-260. 

Wu, D-F. and Jin, X-F. 2011. Two new records of orchids from Zhejiang, China. 

Xibei Zhiwu Xuebao 31: 1891-1893. 

Wu, L., Huang, Y. F., Nong, D. X., and Xu, W. B. 2011. New records of orchids from 

Guangxi, China. Journal of Guangxi Normal University - Natural Science Edition 29: 

57-59. 

Xiang, X-G., Hu, H., Wang, W., and Jin, X-H. 2011. DNA barcoding of the recently 

evolved genus Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae): a test of DNA barcode 

candidates. Molecular Ecology Resources 11: 1012-1021. 

Yeh, C-L., Leou, C-S., Hsu, T-C., and Yeh, C-R. 2011. Gastrodia sui sp. nov. 

(Orchidaceae) from Taiwan. Nordic Journal of Botany 29: 417-419. 

Zhao, M-X., Du, F., Yan, X-S., He, X., Zhuang, C-Z., Zhang, Q-R., Zhao, M. X., Du, 

F., Yan, X. S., He, X., Zhuang, C. Z., and Zhang, Q. R. 2011. Analysis on species 

diversity of Orchidaceae in Tongbiguan Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province. Journal of 

Southwest Forestry University 31: 31-44. 

New Books 

The Cape Orchids by William R. Liltved and Steven D. Johnson will soon be 

published by Sandstone Editions, P. O. Box 372, Noordhoek 7979, Cape Town, South 

Africa. This spectacular title is in two volumes, bound and jacketed, in a slipcase. 

More than 2000 photographs depict the Cape orchids and their habitats, with full 

species accounts covering nomenclatural derivations, descriptions, flowering periods, 

relationships, distribution, field notes, and biology. For more information about this 

major publishing event, please visit the website: http://www.capeorchids.co.za.

Orchid Research Newsletter No. 29 - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

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