Neglected leafy green vegetable crops in Africa Vol. 2 - GFU for ...
Neglected leafy green vegetable crops in Africa Vol. 2 - GFU for ...
Neglected leafy green vegetable crops in Africa Vol. 2 - GFU for ...
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Netherlands M<strong>in</strong>istry<br />
of Foreign Affairs<br />
Development<br />
Cooperation<br />
<strong>Neglected</strong> <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>green</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong> <strong>Vol</strong>. 2<br />
Bibliography of the genetic resources<br />
of traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
N.M. Mnzava, J.A. Dear<strong>in</strong>g, L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, J.A. Chweya (compilers)<br />
and H. de Koeijer (editor)
Bibliography of the genetic resources<br />
of traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
N.M. Mnzava, J.A. Dear<strong>in</strong>g, L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, J.A. Chweya (compilers)<br />
and H. de Koeijer (editor)
The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an autonomous <strong>in</strong>ternational scientific organization,<br />
supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IPGRI’s mandate is<br />
to advance the conservation and use of genetic diversity <strong>for</strong> the well-be<strong>in</strong>g of present and future generations.<br />
IPGRI’s headquarters is based <strong>in</strong> Rome, Italy, with offices <strong>in</strong> another 14 countries worldwide. It operates through<br />
three programmes: (1) the Plant Genetic Resources Programme, (2) the CGIAR Genetic Resources Support<br />
Programme, and (3) the International Network <strong>for</strong> the Improvement of Banana and Planta<strong>in</strong> (INIBAP).<br />
CAB International (CABI) is an <strong>in</strong>ternational, <strong>in</strong>tergovernmental, not-<strong>for</strong>-profit organization. Its mission is to help<br />
improve human welfare worldwide through the dissem<strong>in</strong>ation, application and generation of scientific knowledge <strong>in</strong><br />
support of susta<strong>in</strong>able development, with emphasis on agriculture, <strong>for</strong>estry, human health and the management of<br />
natural resources, and with particular attention to the needs of develop<strong>in</strong>g countries.<br />
The <strong>in</strong>ternational status of IPGRI is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by January 1998,<br />
had been signed and ratified by the Governments of Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Ben<strong>in</strong>, Bolivia, Brazil, Burk<strong>in</strong>a Faso,<br />
Cameroon, Chile, Ch<strong>in</strong>a, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt,<br />
Greece, Gu<strong>in</strong>ea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Norway,<br />
Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria,<br />
Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukra<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
F<strong>in</strong>ancial support <strong>for</strong> the Research Agenda of IPGRI is provided by the Governments of Australia, Austria,<br />
Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Ch<strong>in</strong>a, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, F.R. Yugoslavia<br />
(Serbia and Montenegro), F<strong>in</strong>land, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan,<br />
Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Peru, the<br />
Philipp<strong>in</strong>es, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, South <strong>Africa</strong>, Spa<strong>in</strong>, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the<br />
UK, the USA and by the Asian Development Bank, Common Fund <strong>for</strong> Commodities, Technical Centre <strong>for</strong> Agricultural<br />
and Rural Cooperation (CTA), European Union, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),<br />
International Development Research Centre (IDRC), International Fund <strong>for</strong> Agricultural Development (IFAD), International<br />
Association <strong>for</strong> the promotion of cooperation with scientists from the New Independent States of the <strong>for</strong>mer<br />
Soviet Union (INTAS), Interamerican Development Bank, Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Centre de coopération<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Nordic Genebank, Rockefeller Foundation,<br />
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), TBRI<br />
and the World Bank.<br />
Citation: Mnzava, N.M., J.A. Dear<strong>in</strong>g, L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o and J.A. Chweya (compilers) and H. de Koeijer (editor). 1999.<br />
Bibliography of the genetic resources of traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s. <strong>Neglected</strong> <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>green</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Africa</strong> <strong>Vol</strong>. 2. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
ISBN 92-9043-531-3<br />
IPGRI Office <strong>for</strong> Sub-Saharan <strong>Africa</strong><br />
c/o ICRAF<br />
PO Box 30677<br />
Nairobi, Kenya<br />
© International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 1999
Contents<br />
A: Amaranth and Celosia (Amaranthus spp. and Celosia argentea L.) ...........................1<br />
B: Jute/Jews Mallow (Corchorus olitorius L.) ..................................................................11<br />
C: Black Nightshades (Solanum nigrum complex) .........................................................14<br />
E: Sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) ......................................................................................24<br />
D: Cat’s Whiskers/Cleome gynandra; Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq) .................... 27<br />
F: <strong>Africa</strong>n eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) and related species (Solanum spp.)...28<br />
G: Okra (Abelmoschus esculentum (L.) Moench) ...........................................................33<br />
H: Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica car<strong>in</strong>ata A. Br.) ..............................................................36<br />
I: Cassava and Sweet Potato (Manihot esculentum Crantz, Ipomoea batata L.) ...... 37<br />
J: Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s ..............................................................................................40<br />
K: Nutrition ..........................................................................................................................80<br />
L: Ethnobotany ...................................................................................................................88<br />
M: General ...........................................................................................................................91
Preface<br />
In <strong>Africa</strong>, traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s are an important source of nutrients and vitam<strong>in</strong>s <strong>for</strong> the rural population, as<br />
many nutritional studies have shown. Farmers have cultivated and collected these <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>for</strong> generations<br />
as an additional food source. Natural selection and farmer-based breed<strong>in</strong>g practices have developed<br />
the genetic base of the most important <strong>vegetable</strong>s. In recent decades there has been <strong>for</strong>mal research by<br />
national agricultural research programmes and <strong>in</strong>ternational research organizations on cultivation methods of<br />
the <strong>vegetable</strong>s to improve their yield. However research on the genetic base of these <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>for</strong> breed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
purposes has been scattered and the results of studies have not always been published <strong>in</strong> scientific journals.<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation on the results of research and availability of this <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation <strong>for</strong> researchers has been a major<br />
obstacle <strong>for</strong> stimulat<strong>in</strong>g further research on traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
In 1995 the “International workshop on genetic resources of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>” took place <strong>in</strong><br />
Nairobi, Kenya as a follow-up to an earlier meet<strong>in</strong>g on “Safeguard<strong>in</strong>g the genetic basis of <strong>Africa</strong>’s traditional<br />
<strong>crops</strong>”. In the f<strong>in</strong>al plenary IPGRI pledged to develop and distribute a bibliography on <strong>Africa</strong>n traditional<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
This bibliography focuses on bibliographic references that give results of research undertaken with the<br />
<strong>in</strong>tention of understand<strong>in</strong>g the genetic base of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Researchers collaborat<strong>in</strong>g with the<br />
editors decided on the major species and subjects to be <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> this publication. References were obta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
not only from the <strong>in</strong>ternational agricultural databases CAB Abstracts, AGRIS and AGRICOLA but also<br />
from grey litreature collected by the compilers. As many traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s from <strong>Africa</strong> can be found <strong>in</strong><br />
other cont<strong>in</strong>ents, relevant studies on the same species are also <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> this bibliography.<br />
This bibliography does not claim to be def<strong>in</strong>itive or even exhaustive. We are aware of the fact that results of<br />
research undertaken by <strong>Africa</strong>n researchers and students is still to be published or can not be found <strong>in</strong> the<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational bibliographic databases. There<strong>for</strong>e we welcome <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on papers, reports and thesis written<br />
on <strong>Africa</strong>’s traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s that are not <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> this bibliography. This <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation will stimulate<br />
and help us to produce a second volume of this bibliography.<br />
We hope that this work will help to further the research on the genetic base of <strong>Africa</strong>’s traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
and stimulate their use.<br />
The editor and compilers
Acknowledgement<br />
IPGRI expresses its thanks to CAB International <strong>for</strong> permission to <strong>in</strong>clude abstracts from the CAB Abstracts<br />
database. Abstracts marked as CABI copyright cannot be further copied without the permission of<br />
CABI. The f<strong>in</strong>ancial support of the Netherlands M<strong>in</strong>istry of Foreign Affairs Development Cooperation is<br />
also acknowledged.
A: Amaranth and Celosia (Amaranthus spp and Celosia argentea L.)<br />
1. Abbott, J. A. and T. A. Campbell. 1982. Sensory evaluation of <strong>vegetable</strong> amaranth (Amaranthus spp.).<br />
HortScience 17(3): 409-10.<br />
Appearance, flavour, texture and overall eat<strong>in</strong>g quality of 20 steamed amaranth entries (three A. cruentus,<br />
one A. dubius and 16 A. tricolor) and sp<strong>in</strong>ach were rated by consumer sensory panels. Several entries of<br />
A. tricolor had nonsignificantly lower scores than sp<strong>in</strong>ach. Of the A. tricolor entries, Ch<strong>in</strong> was the best<br />
overall and Tampala was <strong>in</strong>termediate. Of all the entries, A. dubius was <strong>in</strong>termediate and A. cruentus was<br />
least acceptable.<br />
Keywords: Food preparation, Cook<strong>in</strong>g-quality.<br />
2. Adebanjo, A. 1994. Environmental <strong>in</strong>fluence on the <strong>in</strong>cidence of shoot diseases and health of<br />
Amaranthus seeds <strong>in</strong> humid tropics: Nigeria. Ambio 23(3): 206-9.<br />
The <strong>in</strong>fluence of the environment on the <strong>in</strong>cidence of dieback, stem and leaf blights <strong>in</strong> Amaranthus<br />
cruentus cv. NHA c33, NHA c30 and NHA c100 was <strong>in</strong>vestigated <strong>in</strong> Nigeria, <strong>for</strong> 6 seasons dur<strong>in</strong>g 1987-<br />
1988. The lowest <strong>in</strong>cidences (0%) of dieback and stem blight (8%) were recorded dur<strong>in</strong>g the first season<br />
<strong>for</strong> NHA c33 and NHA c30, whereas NHA c100 gave 4% leaf blight <strong>in</strong> the third season (Dec.-Feb.). The<br />
lowest mean percentage of leaf blight was recorded <strong>for</strong> all cultivars by the third season. Conversely, the<br />
highest <strong>in</strong>cidence of symptoms caused by Choanephora cucurbitarum <strong>in</strong> cultivars occurred <strong>in</strong> the second<br />
season (Aug.-Oct.). The health of A. cruentus seeds was <strong>in</strong>fluenced by the season of harvest, environmental<br />
conditions and variety. The precipitation, high temperatures and humidity that accompanied the harvests of<br />
the first and second seasons greatly reduced seed quality. High-quality seeds were obta<strong>in</strong>ed from NHA c100<br />
and NHA c33.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Fungal-diseases, Choanephora-cucurbitarum, Seasonal-variation, Seeds.<br />
3. Brenan, J. P. M. 1981. The genus Amaranthus <strong>in</strong> Southern <strong>Africa</strong>. Journal of South <strong>Africa</strong>n Botany 47(3):<br />
451-92.<br />
A key to and descriptions of the 15 native and <strong>in</strong>troduced species of Amaranthus <strong>in</strong> Southern <strong>Africa</strong> are<br />
given, together with comments on their orig<strong>in</strong>s. It is noted that some species occur as weeds.<br />
Keywords: Biology, Taxonomy, Ecology, Weeds.<br />
4. Campbell, T. A. and J. A. Abbott. 1982. Field evaluation of <strong>vegetable</strong> amaranth (Amaranthus spp.).<br />
HortScience 17(3): 407-9.<br />
Twenty entries (three of A. cruentus, one of A. dubius and 16 of A. tricolor) were evaluated <strong>in</strong> the field at<br />
Beltsville, USA, dur<strong>in</strong>g the summers of 1979 and 1980. Mean fresh yields (leaves and stems) <strong>for</strong> five trials<br />
sown on different dates ranged from 4.0 to 16.5 t/ha. Yields were highest <strong>for</strong> A. dubius. Entries with a<br />
high leaf : stem ratio probably have the greatest market potential and the highest ratios were found <strong>in</strong> A.<br />
tricolor.<br />
Keywords: Variety-trials, Field trials, Yield.<br />
Amaranth and Celosia<br />
5. Caveness, F. E. and G. F. Wilson. 1977. Effect of root-knot nematodes on growth and development of<br />
Celosia argentea L. Acta Horticulturae(53): 71-3.<br />
Meloidogyne <strong>in</strong>cognita and M. javanica readily attacked Celosia argentea, significantly reduc<strong>in</strong>g its early,<br />
rapid growth. At harvest, 74 days after emergence, all plants grown <strong>in</strong> root-knot-<strong>in</strong>fested soil were<br />
signficantly smaller and ligher than plants grown <strong>in</strong> fumigated soil and roots were heavily galled <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
that this cultivar was highly susceptible to the nematodes. As an economic crop, it is suggested<br />
that C. argentea needs to be grown <strong>in</strong> a rotation regime <strong>in</strong> which the plant parasitic nematode populations<br />
are kept below damage-<strong>in</strong>flict<strong>in</strong>g thresholds. ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: Meloidogyne <strong>in</strong>cognita and M.<br />
javanica readily attacked C. argentea grown as a <strong>vegetable</strong>, significantly reduc<strong>in</strong>g its early rapid growth.<br />
At harvest, 74 days after emergence, all plants grown <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>fested soil were significantly smaller and<br />
1
2<br />
lighter than plants <strong>in</strong> fumigated soil. Roots of attacked plants were heavily galled, <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g that the<br />
new cv., No. 8, was highly susceptible. It is suggested that C. argentea should be grown <strong>in</strong> a rotation <strong>in</strong><br />
which nematode populations are kept below damage-<strong>in</strong>flict<strong>in</strong>g thresholds.<br />
Keywords: Pathogenicity, Pests, Nematodes.<br />
6. Chaturvedi, M., K. Datta, P. Nath and M. Pal. 1993. Cytopalynology of Celosia L. Grana 32(3): 169-75.<br />
Cytopalynological studies have been carried out <strong>in</strong> Celosia (Amaranthaceae), a polyploid species complex<br />
hav<strong>in</strong>g both wild and cultivated species. The studies <strong>in</strong>clude C. trigyna 2x (wild), C. argentea 4x and<br />
8x (wild), 8x colchiploid, 12x (synthetic), C. cristata 4x (cultivated: varieties and cultivars), C. whiteii 12x<br />
(wild), and F1 hybrids (1) C. argentea 4x (wild) x C. argentea 8x (wild)-6x, (2) C. argentea 12x (synthetic) x<br />
C. whiteii 12x (wild)-12x, (3) C. whiteii 12x (wild) x C. argentea 12x (synthetic)-12x. Though the genus is<br />
stenopalynous with pantoporate pollen gra<strong>in</strong>s, cytotypic differences have been observed <strong>in</strong> pollen size,<br />
ex<strong>in</strong>e ornamentation from 4x, 8x and 12x species. In the F1 hybrids the ex<strong>in</strong>e characters are <strong>in</strong>termediate<br />
between the parents. In reciprocal 12x F1 hybrids the pollen size is variable and resembles that of the<br />
male parent <strong>in</strong> each case, though other ex<strong>in</strong>e features are similar <strong>in</strong> both.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Amaranth and Celosia<br />
Keywords: Pollen, Interspecific-hybridization, Polyploidy, Breed<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
7. Deutsch, J. A. 1978. Genetic variation of yield and nutritional value <strong>in</strong> several Amaranthus species<br />
used as a <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>. Dissertation Abstracts International, B 38(9): 3969B.<br />
In three plant<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> Taiwan and the Philipp<strong>in</strong>es, 55 entries, represent<strong>in</strong>g n<strong>in</strong>e species, were evaluated<br />
by sampl<strong>in</strong>g at weekly <strong>in</strong>tervals from when the earliest entries showed peduncle development. Leaf and<br />
stem characteristics were also compared <strong>in</strong> twelve entries at successive harvests. Some entries had a<br />
significantly higher iron and calcium content than the overall mean. Rank<strong>in</strong>g of entries <strong>for</strong> yield, iron<br />
and fibre content was similar <strong>in</strong> all plant<strong>in</strong>gs. Genotype X environmental <strong>in</strong>teractions appeared large <strong>for</strong><br />
oxalate, calcium and prote<strong>in</strong> contents. Mean prote<strong>in</strong> production was 5 kg/ha/day at the first harvest.<br />
The best entries averaged 11 kg/ha/day.<br />
Keywords: Plant-composition, Nutritive-value, Genotype-environment-<strong>in</strong>teraction.<br />
8. Devadas, V. S., P. K. Gopaiakrishnan and K. V. Peter. 1992. Genetic divergence <strong>in</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> amaranths.<br />
South Indian Horticulture 40(1): 16-20.<br />
A total of 25 accessions of Amaranthus tricolor, A. dubius, A. sp<strong>in</strong>osus and A. viridis were evaluated <strong>for</strong> 13<br />
biometric characters. The accessions were grouped <strong>in</strong>to 7 clusters. The study of <strong>in</strong>ter- and <strong>in</strong>tra-cluster<br />
differences revealed that variability was greatest <strong>in</strong> varieties of A. tricolor.<br />
Keywords: Variability, Multivariate-analysis, Yield.<br />
9. Eze, J. M. O. 1987. Growth of Amaranthus hybridus (<strong>Africa</strong>n sp<strong>in</strong>ach) under different daylight <strong>in</strong>tensities<br />
<strong>in</strong> the dry season <strong>in</strong> southern Nigeria. Experimental Agriculture 23(2): 193-200.<br />
Plants were grown <strong>in</strong> the open under 5 levels of daylight: full light; with a s<strong>in</strong>gle layer of wire mesh<br />
screen<strong>in</strong>g (70% light); with 2 layers of screen<strong>in</strong>g (50%); with 4 layers (20%); and with 6 layers (6%).<br />
Growth data are presented <strong>for</strong> plants grown dur<strong>in</strong>g the dry season (December-January) when the average<br />
daylight <strong>in</strong>tensity above the screens was 6500 lx (with a maximum of about 9500 lx under a cloudless<br />
sky). The total plant fresh weight was greatest with 70% light, but total dry matter accumulation was<br />
greatest <strong>in</strong> full light (as were both the fresh and dry weight of the roots). Leaf area was greatest with 50%<br />
light, dim<strong>in</strong>ish<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g shade. The % flower<strong>in</strong>g and number of branches were greatest, and<br />
senescence was most rapid, <strong>in</strong> full light. Stem weight ratio varied only slightly between treatments, but as<br />
light <strong>in</strong>tensity decreased so did the root weight ratio whereas the leaf weight ratio <strong>in</strong>creased. The contents<br />
of total carbohydrate, ascorbic acid and chlorophyll-a and -b per unit dry weight of leaf tissue, and<br />
the chlorophyll stability <strong>in</strong>dex, were higher at higher light <strong>in</strong>tensities. Prote<strong>in</strong> accumulation was best at<br />
70% light.<br />
Keywords: Light, metabolism, Prote<strong>in</strong>s, Growth, Environment.
10. Fawusi, M. O. A. and D. P. Ormrod. 1981. Response to temperature of Celosia argentea. Scientia<br />
Horticulturae (Netherlands) 15(3): 215-21.<br />
Celosia argentea (fam. Amaranthaceae) is a common <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> of tropical countries. Controlled<br />
environment experiments were conducted to evaluate the temperature responses of cv. IITA (SRV8), Red<br />
and Local Green. IITA had superior early and susta<strong>in</strong>ed leaf area and shoot dry matter production at all<br />
temperatures. Local Green had the longest stems and heaviest roots. Growth was retarded at 25/20oC<br />
day/night temperatures compared with 30/25 and 35/30oC. Some parameters were unaffected by temperature,<br />
some were greater at 30/25oC, and some were greater at 35/30oC than at other temperatures.<br />
Keywords: Temperature, Plant-growth, Development.<br />
11. George, S. T., G. K. Barat, N. Sivakami and B. Choudhury. 1989. Source and variability <strong>for</strong> nutritive<br />
aspects <strong>in</strong> amaranth (Amaranthus species). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 59(4): 274-5.<br />
Leaves of 30 entries of A. tricolor, A. dubius and A. cruentus were collected after 45 days growth <strong>in</strong> the field<br />
and analysed <strong>for</strong> DM, crude prote<strong>in</strong>, beta-carotene and total oxalate contents. Analysis of variance<br />
revealed highly significant differences among the entries <strong>for</strong> all the traits. A. cruentus Acc 14 had the<br />
highest DM content (17.2%) and a red entry Acc 59, had the highest crude prote<strong>in</strong> content (29.13%). Acc<br />
28 (ii) conta<strong>in</strong>ed the highest quantity (36.1 mg/100 g DM) of beta-carotene. All <strong>green</strong> entries had low<br />
oxalate contents, be<strong>in</strong>g lowest <strong>in</strong> Co1 (3.04%). Red and <strong>green</strong>-red entries with high prote<strong>in</strong> and betacarotene<br />
contents also had high oxalate contents.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Varieties, Prote<strong>in</strong>s, Beta-carotene, Oxalates.<br />
12. Girenko, M. M., A. S. Borodk<strong>in</strong> and V. V. Voskresenskaya. 1988. Variation <strong>in</strong> the ma<strong>in</strong> economically<br />
useful characters <strong>in</strong> amaranth. Sbornik Nauchnykh Trudov Po Prikladnoi Botanike, Genetike i<br />
Selektsii(118): 59-67.<br />
In a study of 120 <strong>for</strong>ms of various species dur<strong>in</strong>g 1984-86 <strong>in</strong> the Krasnodar and Len<strong>in</strong>grad areas of the<br />
USSR, <strong>for</strong>ms were identified with good scores <strong>for</strong> yield of <strong>green</strong> matter and seed <strong>for</strong> use <strong>in</strong> breed<strong>in</strong>g. Seven<br />
groups were dist<strong>in</strong>guished and are characterized. The source material <strong>for</strong> varieties of the first 2 groups<br />
appeared to be Amaranthus cruentus, A. hybridus and A. hypochondriacus, <strong>for</strong> group 3 these same species<br />
and A. caudatus, <strong>for</strong> group 5 A. gangeticus [A. tricolor] and some botanical varieties of A. tricolor and <strong>for</strong><br />
group 7 A. retroflexus and A. mangostanus. When 11 <strong>for</strong>ms were analysed <strong>for</strong> chemical composition, a<br />
fairly wide variation was found and all the varieties had a high content of ascorbic acid (70.6-109.9 mg/<br />
100 g fresh matter) and carotene (0.95-8.18 mg/100 g), close to that found <strong>in</strong> the richest sources of these<br />
constituents <strong>in</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> (red peppers and leeks). The highest ascorbic acid content occurred <strong>in</strong><br />
genotype K9 from India (109.9 mg/100g) and <strong>in</strong> A. edulis K27, which conta<strong>in</strong>ed 101.3 mg ascorbic acid/<br />
100 g. Prote<strong>in</strong> content of leaf and stem dry matter was 16.9-23.8% and that of the seeds was 14.12-19.56%<br />
of the fresh weight.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Amaranth and Celosia<br />
Keywords: Genetic-resources, Pseudocereals, Prote<strong>in</strong>-content, Varieties, Variety-trials, Breed<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
13. Grubben, G. J. H. 1974. L’amarante et sa culture au Dahomey. [The Amaranth and it’s cultivation <strong>in</strong><br />
Dahomey]. Agronomie Tropicale 29(1): 97-102.<br />
The <strong>green</strong> amaranthus most commonly grown <strong>in</strong> Dahomey is A. hybridus subsp. cruentus var. paniculatus.<br />
Traditional cultural practices and recommended modified practices are described. The dry matter content<br />
of the leaves and stems <strong>in</strong>cludes 4.44% N, 0.43% P, 3.59% K, 3.14% Ca and 1.86% Mg. The yields<br />
obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> response to the large quantities of fresh nightsoil used as fertilizer are equal to or larger than<br />
those obta<strong>in</strong>ed with composted material. In chemical fertilizer trials good results were obta<strong>in</strong>ed with<br />
400-800 kg/ha NPK (10-10-20) plus 10- 20 t/ha organic matter. The pr<strong>in</strong>cipal diseases are damp<strong>in</strong>g off<br />
(Pythium aphanidermatum) of seedl<strong>in</strong>gs and leaf and stem rot caused by Choanephora cucurbitarum, and<br />
the ma<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>sect pests are Hymenia recurvalis caterpillars and Lixus spp. borers. Control measures are<br />
outl<strong>in</strong>ed. Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) cause no damage to Amaranthus and very little damage to European<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s (lettuces, beans, carrots) provided that they are grown <strong>in</strong> rotation with Amaranthus.<br />
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4<br />
Keywords: Pests, Crop-rotations, Diseases.<br />
14. Grubben, G. J. H. 1975. Amaranthus culture, a tropical leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>, with special reference to south<br />
Dahomey. [La culture de l’amarante, legume-feuilles tropical, avec reference speciale au sud-<br />
Dahomey]. Pp. 223. Mededel<strong>in</strong>gen-Landbouwhogeschool,-Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen, 75-6. Section de Phytotechnie<br />
Tropicale, Institut National Agronomique , Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen, Netherlands.<br />
The subject is reviewed under the follow<strong>in</strong>g head<strong>in</strong>gs: <strong>in</strong>troduction, Amaranthus culture <strong>in</strong> south Dahomey,<br />
consumption and nutritive value, botanical and geographical considerations, growth analysis, ecological<br />
<strong>in</strong>fluences, spac<strong>in</strong>g and culture method, soil and fertilizers, diseases and pests, weeds, breed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
(which <strong>in</strong>cludes considerations of chromosome number, <strong>in</strong>terfertility and varietal selection) and seed<br />
multiplication. A new variety of Celosia argentea without anthocyan<strong>in</strong> has been selected from the variety<br />
Avounvo Rouge [Red Avounvo]. The new variety, called Avounvo Vert [Green Avounvo], had similar<br />
yield, disease resistance and morphological characteristics to those of Avounvo Rouge. The absence of<br />
anthocyan<strong>in</strong> was due to the mutation of a s<strong>in</strong>gle gene, the <strong>green</strong> plants be<strong>in</strong>g recessive homozygotes.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Plant-composition, Varieties.<br />
15. Grubben, G. J. H. 1976. The cultivation of Amaranth as a tropical leaf <strong>vegetable</strong> with special reference<br />
to South-Dahomey. Pp. 196-206.Communications of the Department of Agricultural Research, Royal<br />
Tropical Institute (Netherlands), no. 67. Department of Agricultural Research, Royal Tropical Institute,<br />
Amsterdam, Netherlands.<br />
This publication is based on experimental data obta<strong>in</strong>ed with the cultivation of amaranthus, ma<strong>in</strong>ly<br />
Amaranthus cruentus and Celosia argentea as <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Ben<strong>in</strong>. The nutritional value, the botany<br />
and cultivation methods, and observations on growth, on ecological <strong>in</strong>fluences related to photosynthesis,<br />
on plant spac<strong>in</strong>g, on fertiliz<strong>in</strong>g e.g. with NPK, town refuse and compost, on the control of pests,<br />
diseases and weeds, and on the varietal improvement and seed multiplication are described. Important<br />
pests of amaranthus are Hymenia recurvalis caterpillars and Lixus truncatulus stem borers. Wetrot caused<br />
by Choanephora cucurbitarum is the worst disease, and nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus) a serious weed <strong>for</strong><br />
amaranth.<br />
Keywords: Crop-Cultivation-and-Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance, Reference-Document.<br />
16. Grubben, G. J. H. 1980. Cultivation methods and growth analysis of <strong>vegetable</strong> amaranth, with special<br />
reference to South-Ben<strong>in</strong>. Pp.63-7. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Second Amaranth Conference. Rodale Press,<br />
Emmaus, Pennsylvania (USA).<br />
Advantages and disadvantages of transplant<strong>in</strong>g or direct sow<strong>in</strong>g, and narrow spac<strong>in</strong>g or wide spac<strong>in</strong>g<br />
of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) are discussed. The usual practice is transplant<strong>in</strong>g, either at a narrow<br />
spac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> 1 s<strong>in</strong>gle harvest, or at a wide spac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> 2-4 subsequent cutt<strong>in</strong>gs. Research was carried out<br />
<strong>in</strong> Ben<strong>in</strong> and <strong>in</strong> the Netherlands to f<strong>in</strong>d the rationale beh<strong>in</strong>d these practices and, if possible, to improve<br />
them.<br />
Keywords: Amaranthus, Cultural-practices.<br />
Amaranth and Celosia<br />
17. Grubben, G. J. H. 1980. Germplasm of <strong>vegetable</strong> and gra<strong>in</strong> amaranths. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter(42):<br />
33-5.<br />
By <strong>in</strong>ternational agreement at the second Amaranths Conference <strong>in</strong> 1979, it was decided, <strong>for</strong> plant<br />
collection purposes, to treat cereal and <strong>vegetable</strong> species of Amaranthus as a s<strong>in</strong>gle subject. A taxonomic<br />
key is to be published; a provisional list of descriptors has been prepared. Collect<strong>in</strong>g missions are<br />
suggested <strong>for</strong> <strong>Africa</strong> and especially <strong>for</strong> India. Genetic material will be stored at centres <strong>in</strong> the USA, India<br />
and Nigeria.<br />
Keywords: Amaranthus, Genetic-resources, USA, India, <strong>Africa</strong>.
18. Grubben, G. J. H. and D. H. van Sloten. 1981. Genetic resources of amaranths. Pp. 57. International<br />
Board <strong>for</strong> Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy.<br />
This paper <strong>in</strong>cludes sections on: (1) the centres of orig<strong>in</strong> and diversity of various species of cultivated<br />
Amaranthus as well as some species of Celosia, (2) germplasm collection, breed<strong>in</strong>g and research <strong>in</strong> the<br />
USA, India, Nigeria and other countries, (3) priorities <strong>for</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g, (4) base and active collection centres,<br />
(5) descriptors (the list is given) and (6) taxonomic classification and description. The addresses of four<br />
base collection centres (<strong>in</strong> the USA, India, Nigeria and Mexico) and the names and addresses of <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />
contact persons <strong>for</strong> germplasm collections are given, as well as lists of bibliographies and recent<br />
publications, <strong>in</strong>stitutions around the world with germplasm collections, commercial seed suppliers,<br />
and researchers. A provisional key to some edible species of the Amaranthaceae and detailed descriptions<br />
of ten Amaranthus and two Celosia species are given.<br />
Keywords: Centres-of-diversity, Genetic-resources, Taxonomy, Breed<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
19. Hew, C. S. and S. K. Hee. 1990. Growth of Celosia argentea <strong>in</strong> pott<strong>in</strong>g media made with different<br />
tropical soil series. Tropical Agriculture (Tr<strong>in</strong>idad and Tobago) 67(3): 270-4.<br />
The growth of Celosia argentea <strong>in</strong> various pott<strong>in</strong>g media us<strong>in</strong>g five different soil series, with or without<br />
fertilizer application, was evaluated. Celosia grew best <strong>in</strong> soil series with a sandy loam texture, high pH<br />
and nutrient content and it responded well to organic and chemical fertilizer.<br />
Keywords: Growth, Grow<strong>in</strong>g-media, Soil-types, Fertilizer-application.<br />
20. Illoh, H. C. 1995. Foliar epidermis and petiole anatomy of four species of Celosia L. <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Feddes-<br />
Repertorium 106(1-2): 15-23<br />
C. argentea, C. cristata [C. argentea var. cristata], C. laxa and C. trigyna occur <strong>in</strong> SW Nigeria, where the first<br />
is cultivated as a <strong>vegetable</strong> and the others occur as weeds. Their foliar anatomy is described. The dist<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g<br />
characteristics of taxonomic value <strong>in</strong>clude the petiole shapes <strong>in</strong> distal, median and proximal<br />
regions, arrangement of vascular supply to the petioles, presence or absence of protuberances on the<br />
polar ends of the stomata, and size as well as the arrangement of crystals <strong>in</strong> the leaf blade. The use of<br />
anatomy <strong>in</strong> dist<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g the closely related species C. argentea and C. cristata is discussed.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Plant-anatomy, Stomata, Leaves, Taxonomy, Weed-utilization, Weeds, Biology, Utilization .<br />
21. Ja<strong>in</strong>, S. K. and K. R. Vaidya. 1979. Evaluation of germplasm resources <strong>in</strong> gra<strong>in</strong> amaranths. Agronomy<br />
Abstracts(64).<br />
Over 30 populations were sampled <strong>in</strong> northern India and scored <strong>for</strong> morphological and allozyme variation.<br />
Variations <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>florescence and seed characteristics offer scope <strong>for</strong> improvements <strong>in</strong> seed yield, size,<br />
and retention on maturity.<br />
Keywords: Amaranthus, Genetic-resources, Vegetables.<br />
22. Kamara, F. D. 1982. The effects of different water<strong>in</strong>g regimes on tissue water relations growth and<br />
productivity of pot grown Celosia argentea [shokoto- yokoto]. Fourah Bay College, Siera Leone University<br />
, Freetown (Sierra Leone).<br />
Celosia argentea (Shokoto-yokoto) is a herbage <strong>vegetable</strong> hav<strong>in</strong>g its nutrient materials stored <strong>in</strong> part above<br />
the ground, especially the leaves. The leaves are used <strong>in</strong> cook<strong>in</strong>g, they are sliced to smaller pieces and<br />
mixed with fish and palm-oil to prepare ‘soup’ <strong>for</strong> staple food.<br />
Keywords: Plant-water-relations.<br />
Amaranth and Celosia<br />
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6<br />
23. Khan, J. and A. S. Khan. 1989. Lipid components of Amaranthus viridis L. and Digera muricatus L.<br />
(Mart). Pakistan Journalof Scientific and Industrial Research (Pakistan) 32(11): 726-7.<br />
Keywords: Amaranthus, Amaranthaceae, Lipid-content, Fatty-acids.<br />
24. Kogbe, J. O. S. 1980. Effects of poultry manure on the yield components of Celosia argentea L. Vegetables<br />
<strong>for</strong> the Hot, Humid Tropics(5): 54-63.<br />
Poultry manure at 10, 20, 30 or 40 t/ha was applied to the Celosia argentea large-leafed cvs TLV 8 and<br />
Local Red and the narrow-leafed cv. Local White. Optimum rates <strong>for</strong> these cvs were 40, 40 and 20 t/ha,<br />
respectively. TLV 8 was the highest yield<strong>in</strong>g and most succulent.<br />
Keywords: Fertilizers, Organic, Varieties.<br />
25. Lawanson, A. O., B. E. Ayisire and S. F. Ikusebiala. 1991. Effects of harvest date on the contents of<br />
sugar, <strong>in</strong>organic phosphate and vitam<strong>in</strong> C <strong>in</strong> Amaranthus dubius. Turrialba (IICA). 41(3): 321-4.<br />
A study of the accumulation of <strong>in</strong>organic phosphate, vitam<strong>in</strong> C and total free sugar by the leaves and<br />
stems or <strong>in</strong> the entire shoot of the <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>, Amaranthus dubius, dur<strong>in</strong>g its mature stages was carried<br />
out <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Maximum levels of <strong>in</strong>organic phosphate were observed at the early stage of maturity of<br />
the plant <strong>in</strong> both leaves and stems, whereas the highest amount of total free sugar and vitam<strong>in</strong> C occurred<br />
<strong>in</strong> these organs at later stages. The stems tended to accumulate the nutrients <strong>in</strong>vestigated to a<br />
greater extent than the leaves.<br />
Keywords: Harvest<strong>in</strong>g-date, Leaves, Chemical-composition.<br />
26. Maluf, A. M. and P. S. Mart<strong>in</strong>s. 1991. Caracterizacao prelim<strong>in</strong>ar de Amaranthus hybridus L. e Amaranthus<br />
viridis L. atraves de isoenzimas [Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary characterization of Amaranthus hybridus L. and<br />
Amaranthus viridis L. through isozymes] . Anais Da Escola Superior De Agricultura Luiz De Queiroz<br />
(Brazil) 48 : 23-39.<br />
Keywords: Electrophoresis, Isoenzymes, Hybridization.<br />
27. Mathai, P. J. 1978. Amaranthus, a neglected <strong>vegetable</strong>. Indian Farm<strong>in</strong>g 28(1): 29, 32.<br />
Species cultivated <strong>for</strong> gra<strong>in</strong> are A. hypochondriacus, A. caudatus, A. edulis and A. cruentus; they are considered<br />
to have been cultivated by the Aztecs and pre-Columbian Mexicans and to have been <strong>in</strong>troduced<br />
<strong>in</strong>to India from Europe <strong>in</strong> the 19th century. When young, these species can also be used as <strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
Strictly <strong>vegetable</strong> species <strong>in</strong>clude the A. tricolor complex, A. lividus and A. blitum. Very little breed<strong>in</strong>g work<br />
has been done with any of these species. Vegetable types such as Co1, which is recommended by Tamil<br />
Nadu Agricultural University, can yield 15-16 X 103 kg/ha.<br />
Keywords: History-and-evolution, Varieties, India, Cultural-methods.<br />
28. Mathai, P. J., P. R. Ramachander and M. V. Chandravadana. 1981. Relation between yield and some<br />
nutritive constituents <strong>in</strong> Amaranthus. South Indian Horticulture 29(2): 124-5.<br />
Leaf weight, stem weight and total <strong>green</strong> weight of stem and leaf (plant weight) were measured <strong>in</strong> 17<br />
varieties of A. caudatus and 26 of A. tricolor collected from India, Australia, Taiwan, Nigeria and the USA.<br />
Leaf contents of prote<strong>in</strong>, iron and phosphorus were estimated on a dry-matter basis. Prote<strong>in</strong> content was<br />
positively correlated with plant weight <strong>in</strong> A. caudatus and iron content was negatively correlated with<br />
leaf weight <strong>in</strong> A. tricolor.<br />
Keywords: Plant-composition, Yield-components.<br />
Amaranth and Celosia<br />
29. Mnzava, N. A. 1981. On alleviat<strong>in</strong>g Vitam<strong>in</strong> A deficiency <strong>in</strong> Tanzania - Research and production<br />
strategies <strong>for</strong> <strong>green</strong> <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s, particularly Amaranthus. <strong>in</strong> Vitam<strong>in</strong> A Symposium. 16-21 November<br />
1981 Dar-es-Salaam Dar-es-Salaam Institute of F<strong>in</strong>ance Management.
30. Mnzava, N. A. and A. M. Masam. 1985. Regeneration potential, leaf and seed yield of <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.), as a function of <strong>in</strong>itial topp<strong>in</strong>g heights. Pp. 151-60 <strong>in</strong> N<strong>in</strong>th <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
symposium on horticultural <strong>crops</strong> (H. D. T<strong>in</strong>dall and G.E.Tidbury, editors). Acta Horticulturae (Netherlands),<br />
no. 153. ISHA, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
Paper from the 9. <strong>Africa</strong>n Symposium on Horticultural Crops. Mahe (Seychelles). 27- 29 Jul 1983.<br />
Keywords: Harvest<strong>in</strong>g, Regeneration, Yields.<br />
31. Mnzava, N. A. and S. O. W. M. Reuben. 1982. Leaf and seed yields of Amaranthus cruentus L. <strong>in</strong><br />
relation to population pressure. Beitrage Zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft Und Veter<strong>in</strong>armediz<strong>in</strong> (Germany<br />
D.R.). 20(3): 277-82.<br />
The seed and leaf yields of Amaranthus - <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g edible tops - were <strong>in</strong>vestigated at densities of 64, 100,<br />
144 and 196 plants/m2 of a local cultivar. The leaf yield <strong>in</strong>creases with density up to flower<strong>in</strong>g six weeks<br />
after direct seed<strong>in</strong>g. There is a strong negative correlation between yield per plant and density. The<br />
proportion of the leaves <strong>in</strong> the total fresh weight decreases cont<strong>in</strong>uously until flower<strong>in</strong>g, irregardless of<br />
the population density. There<strong>for</strong>e the fifth week after direct seed<strong>in</strong>g is suggested as optimum <strong>for</strong> leaf<br />
harvest<strong>in</strong>g. Seed yield per plant decreases asymptotically with <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g population pressure, whereas<br />
the seed yield per m2 <strong>in</strong>creases. With even higher population densities, projected seed yields of 19 t/ha<br />
seem obta<strong>in</strong>able. Harvest<strong>in</strong>g time is reached three months after direct seed<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Keywords: Plant<strong>in</strong>g-density, Leaf-number, Seed-production.<br />
32. Mnzava, N. A. and T. Ntimbwa. 1985. Influence of plant density on edible leaf and seed yields of<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong> amaranth follow<strong>in</strong>g repeated leaf harvest. Pp. 127-32 <strong>in</strong> Tenth <strong>Africa</strong>n symposium on horticultural<br />
<strong>crops</strong>. (S.N. Haile-Mariam) Acta Horticulturae (Netherlands), no. 158. ISHS, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen<br />
(Netherlands).<br />
Paper from the 10. <strong>Africa</strong>n Symposium on Horticultural Crops. Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). 16 21 Jan 1984.<br />
Keywords: Amaranthus-cruentus, Plant-population, Yield.<br />
33. Mohideen, M. K. and I. Irulappan. 1993. Improvement of amaranths. Pp. 305-23; 54 ref. <strong>in</strong> Advances <strong>in</strong><br />
horticulture: <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>, <strong>Vol</strong>. 5 (K.L.Chadha and G. Kalloo, eds.) Malhotra Publish<strong>in</strong>g House,<br />
New Delhi, India.<br />
Follow<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>troductory section on the nutritive value of the amaranths (Amaranthus spp.) as <strong>leafy</strong><br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s, <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation is given on history and taxonomy. Amaranth breed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> India is then considered<br />
with reference to current breed<strong>in</strong>g objectives and research centres, cytology, genetics, breed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
methods, varieties released and future research needs. Data are tabulated <strong>for</strong> released varieties on year of<br />
release, pedigree, develop<strong>in</strong>g organization, ma<strong>in</strong> characteristics and release recommendations.<br />
CABI copyright<br />
Amaranth and Celosia<br />
Keywords: Leafy-<strong>vegetable</strong>s, Varieties, Genetics, Cytology, Amaranthus, Breed<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
34. Oke, O. L. 1980. Amaranth <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Pp.22-30. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Second Amaranth Conference.<br />
Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pennsylvania (USA).<br />
Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is one of the most popular <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> S. Nigeria where it is grown <strong>for</strong><br />
its leaves rather than <strong>for</strong> seed. Cultivation methods are described and yield of <strong>vegetable</strong> amaranth <strong>for</strong><br />
different fertilizer levels, plant<strong>in</strong>g densities and harvest<strong>in</strong>g methods are presented. The nutritional analysis<br />
of amaranth is given <strong>for</strong> these different grow<strong>in</strong>g conditions and compared with that of other <strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
Keywords: Amaranthus, Cultural-practices, Nutritive-value.<br />
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8<br />
35. Olufolaji, A. O. and A. O. Tayo. 1989. Per<strong>for</strong>mance of four morphotypes of Amaranthus cruentus L.<br />
under two harvest<strong>in</strong>g methods. Tropical Agriculture 66(3): 273-6.<br />
Two determ<strong>in</strong>ate (early-flower<strong>in</strong>g) and 2 <strong>in</strong>determ<strong>in</strong>ate (late-flower<strong>in</strong>g) varieties were grown <strong>in</strong> 2 field<br />
trials at the National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, under 2 harvest<strong>in</strong>g methods. Prun<strong>in</strong>g was<br />
superior to uproot<strong>in</strong>g with respect to total numbers of leaves and branches developed, total fresh weight<br />
yield, and the dry weight of the various plant parts. The later-flower<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong>determ<strong>in</strong>ate varieties per<strong>for</strong>med<br />
better (by 57%) than the other varieties. Consequently, the pruned <strong>in</strong>determ<strong>in</strong>ate varieties developed<br />
the highest <strong>green</strong> vegetative yield and the uprooted determ<strong>in</strong>ate varieties developed the least. It is<br />
suggested that plant<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>determ<strong>in</strong>ate, late-flower<strong>in</strong>g varieties at the start of the ra<strong>in</strong>s and cont<strong>in</strong>uously<br />
cutt<strong>in</strong>g back is a more profitable method of harvest<strong>in</strong>g than uproot<strong>in</strong>g at the optimum commercial<br />
stage. When time available <strong>for</strong> cultivation is low, e.g. towards the end of the ra<strong>in</strong>s, the early-flower<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ate varieties are thought to be better suited despite lower <strong>vegetable</strong> yields.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Amaranth and Celosia<br />
Keywords: Genetic-differences, Yields, Harvest<strong>in</strong>g-frequency, Cultivars.<br />
36. Olufolaji, A. O. and M. J. D<strong>in</strong>ak<strong>in</strong>. 1988. Evaluation of yield components of selected amaranth cultivars.<br />
Tests of Agrochemicals and Cultivars(9): 100-1.<br />
Tabulated data are presented on percentage lodg<strong>in</strong>g, shoot length and number, leaf size and number, and<br />
yield of <strong>vegetable</strong> and seed <strong>for</strong> 15 cultivars belong<strong>in</strong>g to various Amaranthus species or species hybrids<br />
grown <strong>in</strong> field beds dur<strong>in</strong>g 1986. The highest <strong>vegetable</strong> yield was given by the black-seeded cultivars and<br />
the highest seed yield by the white, confirm<strong>in</strong>g previous f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs on the respective superiority of these 2<br />
groups.<br />
Keywords: Yield-components, Interspecific-hybridization, Seeds, Colour, Cultivars, Assessment.<br />
37. Olufolaji, A. O. and T. O. Tayo. 1980. Growth, development and m<strong>in</strong>eral contents of three cultivars of<br />
amaranth. Scientia Horticulturae 13(2): 181-9.<br />
The growth, development and m<strong>in</strong>eral contents of 3 cultivars of amaranthus (Amaranthus cruentus), cv.<br />
Large Leaf, Light Red and Local Green, were compared. There were small differences between the cultivars<br />
<strong>for</strong> the development per plant of leaf area, number of branches, number of nodes, and dry weight<br />
production of stems, roots, <strong>in</strong>florescences and most especially leaves at the edible stage. There were,<br />
however, significant differences <strong>in</strong> the m<strong>in</strong>eral content of the cultivars, <strong>in</strong> the order Local Green > Large<br />
Leaf > Light Red, <strong>for</strong> the concentrations of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-Crops, Plant-Growth-and-Development.<br />
38. Omueti, O. 1980. Effects of age on Celosia cultivars. Experimental Agriculture 16(3): 279-86.<br />
In four cultivars of Celosia argentea grown <strong>in</strong> the field the highest crude prote<strong>in</strong> percentage and ascorbic<br />
acid (mg/100 g) <strong>in</strong> leaves, and the highest leaf/stem ratio, occurred <strong>for</strong> plants harvested 5-7 weeks after<br />
sow<strong>in</strong>g, but the highest total marketable (fresh weight of aerial parts) and edible (leaves and tender<br />
stems) yields and crude prote<strong>in</strong> yield occurred 15 weeks after sow<strong>in</strong>g. The <strong>green</strong> cultivars conta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
more prote<strong>in</strong> and ascorbic acid than the anthocyan<strong>in</strong>-pigmented cultivars. The <strong>green</strong>, narrow-leaved<br />
local cultivar had the highest crude prote<strong>in</strong> and ascorbic acid contents but had the lowest leaf yield.<br />
Keywords: Plant-composition, Ascorbic-acid, Prote<strong>in</strong>, Plant-composition, Prote<strong>in</strong>s.<br />
39. Omueti, O. 1982. Effects of age on the elemental nutrients of Celosia cultivars. Experimental Agriculture<br />
18(1): 89-92.<br />
Changes <strong>in</strong> n<strong>in</strong>e elemental nutrients from 5 to 15 weeks follow<strong>in</strong>g sow<strong>in</strong>g showed similar trends <strong>for</strong> four<br />
C. argentea varieties exam<strong>in</strong>ed, although variations occurred <strong>in</strong> Na content of some varieties. It is suggested<br />
that this was due to different rates of Na uptake. Anthocyan<strong>in</strong>- pigmented varieties, V3 (Local)<br />
and V4 (ex IITA), had more Mg, Fe and Na than unpigmented V1 (ex IITA) and V2 (TLV Local). V4,<br />
followed by V3, had the highest copper contents. Breed<strong>in</strong>g improvement <strong>for</strong> iron content is suggested <strong>for</strong><br />
V1, which conta<strong>in</strong>s more prote<strong>in</strong> and vitam<strong>in</strong> C than pigmented varieties.
Amaranth and Celosia<br />
Keywords: Plant-composition, Leaves, Senescence, Nutritive-value.<br />
40. Pal, M. and T. N. Khoshoo. 1973. Evolution and improvement of cultivated amaranths. Theoretical and<br />
Applied Genetics 43(5): 242-51.<br />
The cultivated species Amaranthus hypochondriacus (n = 16), A. cruentus (n = 17), A. caudatus (n = 16), A.<br />
caudatus var. atropurpureus (n = 16) and A. edulis and the weed species A. hybridus (n = 16) and A. powellii<br />
(n = 17) all had normal meiosis, pollen and seed fertility. Of the hybrids attempted, A. edulis X A. cruentus<br />
failed; A. caudatus X A. hybridus and A. edulis X A. hybridus developed only to the two-leaf stage; A. edulis<br />
X A. hypochondriacus, A. caudatus X A. hypochondriacus and A. powellii X A. hypochondriacus showed evidence<br />
of structural hybridity at pachytene and were sterile; and A. edulis X A. caudatus, A. edulis X A.<br />
caudatus var. atropurpureus and A. hybridus X A. hypochondriacus has a vigorous F1 with good meiotic<br />
pair<strong>in</strong>g, 25-55% fertile pollen and 49-66% threshable seed. The F2s <strong>in</strong>cluded plants close to the parental<br />
phenotypes as well as recomb<strong>in</strong>ants. Amphidiploids from A. edulis X A. caudatus and A. hybridus X A.<br />
hypochondriacus showed the autoploid or segmental alloploid type of meiosis. The characters of A. caudatus<br />
were dom<strong>in</strong>ant over those of A. edulis, attest<strong>in</strong>g to the orig<strong>in</strong> of the latter from the <strong>for</strong>mer. The recovery of<br />
plants resembl<strong>in</strong>g A. caudatus var. atropurpureus <strong>in</strong> the F2 from A. edulis X A. caudatus <strong>in</strong>dicates, together<br />
with other evidence, that var. atropurpureus is probably an unstabilized hybrid segregated from this<br />
cross.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, History-and-evolution.<br />
41. Pal, M. and T. N. Khoshoo. 1973. Evolution and improvement of cultivated amaranths. VII. Cytogenetic<br />
relationships <strong>in</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> amaranths. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 43(8): 343-50.<br />
Of four sterile <strong>in</strong>terspecific hybrids <strong>in</strong> section Blitopsis, Amaranthus graecizans var. graecizans X A. lividus<br />
var. lividus had poorly developed flowers and few stamens. In the other three, <strong>in</strong>terchange complexes<br />
<strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g 4-14 chromosomes were observed, the parents differ<strong>in</strong>g by one <strong>in</strong>terchange <strong>in</strong> A. gracilis X A.<br />
tricolor ‘Purple Leaf’, by three <strong>in</strong> A. graecizans var. graecizans X A. tricolor ‘Purple Leaf’ and by five or six<br />
<strong>in</strong> A. lividus var. lividus X A. tricolor var. viridis. An amphidiploid produced from the last-mentioned was<br />
fertile and showed complete preferential pair<strong>in</strong>g, suggest<strong>in</strong>g that the <strong>in</strong>terchanges are very small and<br />
that the sterility of the hybrid is entirely chromosomal.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Sterility-and-fertility, Translocation.<br />
42. Pal, M. and T. N. Khoshoo. 1983. Utilization of resources of Celosia argentea. Plant Genetic Resources<br />
Newsletter 22-24(53).<br />
Cytological studies of C. argentea collected from different areas of India revealed tetraploid and octoploid<br />
types (x = 9). The tetraploid varied widely <strong>in</strong> branch<strong>in</strong>g pattern, leaf shape and size and hybridized<br />
easily with the cultivated garden species C. cristata and C. plumosa. The octoploid was morphologically<br />
uni<strong>for</strong>m and more widely distributed than the tetraploid. F1 hybrids between the tetraploid and octoploid<br />
types showed 18II + 18I at meiosis and were almost completely sterile, except <strong>for</strong> a few seeds giv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
aneuploid (2n = 39 to 41) and 12x (2n = 108; 54II) progeny. The 12x plants were highly fertile. C. whiteii<br />
(2n = 108) has recently been found <strong>in</strong> Kerala. It is suggested that Celosia could be developed as a <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
crop by comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g desirable characteristics (disease resistance and profuse branch<strong>in</strong>g) of the wild tetraploid<br />
type with those of garden types (large foliage).<br />
Keywords: Genetic-resources, India, Interspecific-hybridization, Polyploidy.<br />
43. Pan, R. S., P. S. Sirohi and N. Sivakami. 1992. Genetic divergence <strong>in</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> amaranth. Indian<br />
Journal of Horticulture 49(2): 183-6.<br />
Forty-five <strong>in</strong>digenous and exotic genotypes of Amaranthus tricolor were studied <strong>for</strong> genetic divergence<br />
based on 10 quantitative traits (days to first clipp<strong>in</strong>g, diameter of stem, length of <strong>in</strong>ternode, length of<br />
lam<strong>in</strong>a, width of lam<strong>in</strong>a, days to flower<strong>in</strong>g, leaf-stem ratio, number of clipp<strong>in</strong>gs, duration of harvest and<br />
total yield/0.45 m2 plot). Analysis of variance revealed differences among the genotypes <strong>for</strong> all 10<br />
characters. Us<strong>in</strong>g multivariate analysis, the genotypes were grouped <strong>in</strong>to 10 clusters. The number of<br />
genotypes <strong>in</strong> clusters 1 to 10 were 7, 8, 5, 7, 4, 5, 3, 3, 2 and 1, respectively. The <strong>in</strong>tracluster value was least<br />
<strong>in</strong> cluster 4 and highest <strong>in</strong> cluster 8. The <strong>in</strong>tercluster value was maximum between clusters 1 and 3,<br />
suggest<strong>in</strong>g that the genotypes <strong>in</strong> these clusters were highly divergent from each other. The genotypes <strong>in</strong><br />
9
10<br />
clusters 4 and 7 were the least divergent at the <strong>in</strong>tercluster level. Cluster<strong>in</strong>g pattern was not associated<br />
with geographic distribution. Cluster 7 had low mean values <strong>for</strong> days to first clipp<strong>in</strong>g and leaf-stem ratio<br />
and high mean values <strong>for</strong> diameter of stem, length of lam<strong>in</strong>a and <strong>in</strong>ternode, and total yield. Cluster 3 had<br />
the highest mean value <strong>for</strong> width of lam<strong>in</strong>a and number of clipp<strong>in</strong>gs. Cluster 6 had the highest mean<br />
values <strong>for</strong> days to flower<strong>in</strong>g and duration of harvest. About 87% of the genetic diversity present <strong>in</strong> the 45<br />
genotypes occurred <strong>in</strong> the first 2 canonical roots. Duration of harvest and total yield accounted <strong>for</strong> most<br />
of the variation present.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Amaranth and Celosia<br />
Keywords: Yield-components, Cluster-analysis, Genetic-variation.<br />
44. Subbiah, K. and K. M. Ramanathan. 1982. Influence of N and K2O on the crude prote<strong>in</strong>, carotene,<br />
ascorbic acid and chlorophyll contents of Amaranthus. South Indian Horticulture 30(2): 82-6.<br />
In field experiments with 2 Amaranthus blitum cvs CO 1 and CO 2, N was applied at 20-80 kg/ha or K2O<br />
at 20 or 40 kg/ha. Basal dress<strong>in</strong>g consisted of P2O5 at 50 kg/ha + FYM at 10 t/ha. N <strong>in</strong>creased plant<br />
crude prote<strong>in</strong>, carotene and chlorophyll contents but decreased the ascorbic acid content. K had no<br />
marked effect on carotene, ascorbic acid and chlorophyll levels but <strong>in</strong>creased the crude prote<strong>in</strong> content <strong>in</strong><br />
late-harvested crop.<br />
Keywords: Ferterlizer-response, Nutrition, Metabolism.<br />
45. Tarimo, H. M. and P. A. Huxley. 1979. A prelim<strong>in</strong>ary note on the growth of Amaranthus sp. at Morogoro,<br />
Tanzania. East <strong>Africa</strong>n Agricultural and Forestry Journal (Kenya) 44(3): 183-6.<br />
In East <strong>Africa</strong> Amaranthus spp. are among the commonest <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s but they have<br />
hardly been <strong>in</strong>vestigated agronomically at all. The species used <strong>in</strong> this prelim<strong>in</strong>ary study was collected<br />
locally at Morogoro (probably A. hybridus) with irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer (120 kg/ha) and a high<br />
seed rate (1.39 viable seeds/m2, at least) some 41 t/ha of total above-ground fresh material can be<br />
produced <strong>in</strong> 38 days from sow<strong>in</strong>g. This represents about 1.9 t/ha of total leaf prote<strong>in</strong>. The local Amaranthus<br />
grew faster than Celosia argentea <strong>in</strong>troduced from Nigeria, although, as growth analysis showed, the<br />
latter had leafier characteristics. Authors’ summary.<br />
Keywords: Fertilizer-response, Plant<strong>in</strong>g-density, Dry-matter-content, Growth-rate.<br />
46. Xu, S., G. W. Patterson and K. Schmid. 1986. Sterols of Amaranthaceae. Phytochemistry 25(8): 1883-6.<br />
Data are presented on the sterol composition of 19 species/cultivars <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Amaranthus tricolor, A.<br />
gangeticus [tricolor], A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus, A. caudatus, A. retroflexus, A. leucocarpus, Celosia [argentea<br />
var.] plumosa and C. [argentea var.] cristata. The desmethyl sterol content ranged from 0.0084% to 0.034%<br />
of the total dry weight. Sp<strong>in</strong>asterol (46-76%) and 7-stigmastenol (11-24%) were the ma<strong>in</strong> sterols <strong>in</strong> all<br />
species although low levels of 5-unsaturated sterols were detected. The taxonomic significance of these<br />
results is discussed.<br />
Keywords: Composition, Amaranthus-tricolor, Amaranthus-hypochondriacus, Amaranthus- cruentus,<br />
Amaranthus-caudatus, Amaranthus-retroflexus, Amaranthus-leucocarpus.<br />
47. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Second Amaranth Conference. 1980. Rodale Press, Inc, Emmaus, Pennsylvania,<br />
USA.<br />
These proceed<strong>in</strong>gs consist of 24 papers on amaranth presented at the conference. They are arranged<br />
under the head<strong>in</strong>gs: nutrition and cultivation of <strong>vegetable</strong> and gra<strong>in</strong> types; assembly of germplasm and<br />
handl<strong>in</strong>g of germplasm collections; and overview, consider<strong>in</strong>g the present and future status of amaranth.
B: Jute/Jews Mallow (Corchorus olitorius L.)<br />
48. Akoroda, M. O. 1985. Morphotype diversity <strong>in</strong> Nigerian land-races of Corchorus olitorius. Journal of<br />
Horticultural Science 60(4): 557-62.<br />
In a 3-year study at a ra<strong>in</strong>-<strong>for</strong>est site, 41 accessions were studied <strong>for</strong> 13 shoot, growth and productivity<br />
characters. Leaf shape and days to flower<strong>in</strong>g were were the most clearly dist<strong>in</strong>guished characters. Plant<br />
branch<strong>in</strong>g varied with<strong>in</strong> accessions, depend<strong>in</strong>g on spac<strong>in</strong>g and soil fertility. Tabulated data are presented<br />
on 11 characters <strong>for</strong> 20 of the accessions.<br />
Keywords: Genetic-resources, Breed<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
49. Akoroda, M. O. 1988. Cultivation of jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) <strong>for</strong> edible leaf <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Tropical<br />
Agriculture 65(4): 297-9.<br />
Jute is grown <strong>in</strong> Nigeria and many tropical countries <strong>for</strong> its nutritious young leaves which <strong>in</strong> southwest<br />
Nigeria are cooked <strong>in</strong>to a paste and eaten with starchy staples. Immature fruits, called Bush Okra, are<br />
also eaten. The plant thrives <strong>in</strong> sunny spots on soils rich <strong>in</strong> organic matter and with abundant moisture.<br />
Propagation is by seed and dormancy is broken by briefly steep<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> hot water. Pests are ma<strong>in</strong>ly caterpillars<br />
and mites that feed on leaves, and Meloidogyne nematodes which greatly reduce yields; diseases<br />
are few and not serious.<br />
Keywords: Leaf-quality, Cultural-practices.<br />
50. Badillo, M. H. 1994. Response of saluyot (Corchorus olitorius), and Kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica) to<br />
modified atmosphere storage. Pp. 361-81 <strong>in</strong> YRAP [Youth Research Apprenticeship Program] ‘ 94<br />
research reports. (UPLB Chapter College Laguna Philipp<strong>in</strong>es Dept. of Science and Technology Bicutan<br />
Taguig Metro Manila Philipp<strong>in</strong>es Gamma Sigma Delta Honor Society of Agriculture. Philipp<strong>in</strong>es<br />
Univ., Los Banos, College, Laguna (Philipp<strong>in</strong>es).<br />
Two <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s, kangkong [Ipomoea aquatica] and saluyot [Corchorus olitorius] were stored under<br />
modified atmosphere [MA] at ambient condition to determ<strong>in</strong>e whether MA storage can effectively extend<br />
the shelflife of these two <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Saluyot and kangkong responded differently to MA storage with the<br />
<strong>for</strong>mer show<strong>in</strong>g a more positive response. Polyethylene films (PE) with or without diffusion holes were<br />
the most effective among the three packag<strong>in</strong>g materials tried followed by SC-film then polypropylene.<br />
The shelflife of saluyot when stored <strong>in</strong> PE bags without diffusion holes was <strong>in</strong>creased almost four-fold<br />
compared to those held <strong>in</strong> open air.<br />
Keywords: Controlled-atmosphere-storage, Keep<strong>in</strong>g-quality.<br />
51. Chowdhury, P. R., F. Hossa<strong>in</strong> and M. Hossa<strong>in</strong>. 1992. Flower<strong>in</strong>g behaviour of photo-<strong>in</strong>sensitive and<br />
early mutant of tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius) under different regimes of seasonal temperature and<br />
photoperiods. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 62(11): 769-70 .<br />
‘German’, an early mutant, and 2 photo-sensitive standard varieties (JRO632 and JRO7835) were grown<br />
under 24 sow<strong>in</strong>g dates commenc<strong>in</strong>g from 16 January 1989, provid<strong>in</strong>g a range of daylengths, temperatures<br />
and relative humidities. The average growth period from germ<strong>in</strong>ation to first flower<strong>in</strong>g was measured<br />
<strong>in</strong> 20 plants from each treatment. In contrast to the standard varieties, the mutant was characterized<br />
by an almost constant 34.9 days to flower<strong>in</strong>g under all seasons and temperatures, <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g that<br />
this cultivar is both photo- and thermo-<strong>in</strong>sensitive.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Jute/Jews Mallow<br />
Keywords: Growth-period, Mutations, Photoperiodism, Flower<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
52. Denton, L. 1997. A review of Corchorus olitorius <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Pp.25-30. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s. Limbe, Cameroon, January 13-18, 1997. Workshop Papers. (R. Schippers and L.<br />
Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
11
12<br />
Jute/Jews Mallow<br />
53. Edmonds, J. M. 1990. Herbarium survey of <strong>Africa</strong>n Corchorus L. species. Systematic and Ecogeographic<br />
Studies on Crop Genepools , 4. IBPGR, Rome (Italy).<br />
Keywords: Herbaria, Germplasm-conservation, Natural-distribution, Idenification, Surveys, Habitats, Uses.<br />
54. El Tahir, M. E. 1976. Veriability and biological studies on Jew’s mallow (Corchorus olitorius) [Sudan].<br />
Khartoum University (Sudan). Faculty of Agriculture., Khartoum (Sudan).<br />
55. Fawusi, M. O. A. 1983. Quality and compositional changes <strong>in</strong> Corchorus olitorius as <strong>in</strong>fluenced by N<br />
fertilization and post-harvest handl<strong>in</strong>g. Scientia Horticulturae (Netherlands) 21(1): 1-7.<br />
Jute is an important <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> commonly produced and consumed <strong>in</strong> many tropical regions. Field<br />
and laboratory experiments showed that N fertiliz<strong>in</strong>g significantly <strong>in</strong>creased the ascorbic acid, N, Ca<br />
and P content of the leaves. Storage at 25-28 degC resulted <strong>in</strong> 93% loss <strong>in</strong> ascorbic acid content with<strong>in</strong> 4<br />
days. Under refrigerated storage losses <strong>in</strong> ascorbic acid were as high as 77% over a 4-week period. Ca, P<br />
and N content <strong>in</strong>creased slightly as storage period lengthened, probably due to dehydration.<br />
Keywords: Fertilizer-response, Nitrogen, Storage-temperature, Dry<strong>in</strong>g, Chemical-composition.<br />
56. Fawusi, M. O. A. and D. P. Ormrod. 1981. Effects of temperature on the growth of Corchorus olitorius.<br />
Journal of Horticultural Science (UK) 56(4): 353-6.<br />
In controlled environment studies with ewedu (C. olitorius) cv. Angbadu and Yaya, day/night temperatures<br />
of 25/20, 30/25 and 35/30 degC were compared. Dry weights of both cultivars <strong>in</strong>creased with<br />
ris<strong>in</strong>g temperature over the first 21 days from emergence but <strong>for</strong> both the greatest leaf area was at 30/25<br />
degC. Leaf area was much greater <strong>in</strong> Yaya (740 cm2/plant at 30/25 degC at day 28) than <strong>in</strong> Angbadu<br />
(517 cm2).<br />
Keywords: Temperature, Plant-growth-and-development.<br />
57. Fawusi, M. O. A. and D. P. Ormrod. 1981. Photoperiod responses of Corchorus olitorius L. <strong>in</strong> controlled<br />
environments. Annals of Botany (UK) 48(5): 635-8.<br />
Fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, and leaf areas and stem lengths were much greater 7-35 days<br />
after emergence <strong>in</strong> C. olitorius cv. Angbadu and Yaya grown with long day photoperiods of 12.5 hours<br />
(LD 12.5) compared with 11.5 hours (LD 11.5). Roots were longer at LD 12.5 <strong>in</strong>itially but were longer at<br />
LD 11.5 at 35 days from emergence (36.2-39.0 cm at LD 11.5 compared with 29.0-29.6 cm at LD 12.5), and<br />
mean relative growth rates were similar irrespective of photoperiod or cultivar but decl<strong>in</strong>ed with plant<br />
age. Stomatal density was greater at LD 12.5 than LD 11.5.<br />
Keywords: Photoperiod, Plant-growth-and-development.<br />
58. Nwoke, F. I. O. 1980. Effects of number of photoperiodic cycles on <strong>in</strong>duction and development of<br />
flowers and fruits <strong>in</strong> Corchorus olitorius L. (var. oniyaya Epen.). Annals of Botany 45(5): 569-76.<br />
Plants of C. olitorius cv. Oniyaya, a short-day plant, were subjected to vary<strong>in</strong>g numbers of short-day<br />
cycles be<strong>for</strong>e transfer to long days. Treatments started after germ<strong>in</strong>ation of the seeds at the time of cotyledon<br />
release. 4 short-day cycles (10 h natural daylight followed by 14 h darkness) were sufficient to<br />
<strong>in</strong>duce flower<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> all plants. The number of flowers and fruits produced on a plant <strong>in</strong>creased as the<br />
number of short-day cycles was <strong>in</strong>creased from 3 to 30. Plants given 3-7 short-day cycles produced<br />
flowers on the ma<strong>in</strong> stem only, but when plants were ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> short days <strong>for</strong> longer periods,<br />
flowers were also produced on the branches. The growth <strong>in</strong> dry wt. of fruits was greatest when plants<br />
were ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> short days throughout.<br />
Keywords: Photoperiod, Flower<strong>in</strong>g, Photoperiodism, Fibre-plants.<br />
59. Subbalakshmi, B., M. K. Sundaram and S. R. S. Rangasamy. 1992. Studies on stability of jute (Corchorus<br />
olitorius) genotypes over different seasons. Madras Agricultural Journal 79(2): 109-10.<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation on stability and genotype environment <strong>in</strong>teraction is derived from 5 yield components <strong>in</strong> 10<br />
jute genotypes of diverse geographical orig<strong>in</strong> grown dur<strong>in</strong>g 1984-86 at Coimbatore. Genotypic differ-
ences and the l<strong>in</strong>ear component of genotype X environment <strong>in</strong>teraction were significant only <strong>for</strong> basal<br />
diameter, and KOM63 and JRO524 were stable <strong>for</strong> this trait.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Fibre-plants, Genotype-environment-<strong>in</strong>teraction, Stability, Yield-components.<br />
60. Timpo, G. M. and P. Y. Boateng. 1982. Effects of age of transplants on the growth and yield of Corchorus<br />
olitorius (L). Kumasitech Journal of Agricultural Science (Ghana) 1 : 32-44.<br />
A field experiment to study the effect of seedl<strong>in</strong>gs planted out at 11, 15, 19 and 23 days after prick<strong>in</strong>g out<br />
on the per<strong>for</strong>mance of Corchorus olitorius is reported. The 11-day old transplants gave the lowest percentage<br />
of surviv<strong>in</strong>g plants while the best establishment was from 23-day old transplants. The youngest<br />
transplants produced the highest total number of side shoots, marketable, edible and ‘above ground’<br />
yields. The highest total dry weight was produced by the 19 day old transplants while the 15-day old<br />
transplants produced the largest leaf area but the lowest total number of shoots. The 23-day old seedl<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
flowered and set fruits earlier than the 11-day old transplants. Positive l<strong>in</strong>ear correlation was<br />
established between: marketable yield and plant height; edible yield and marketable yield and number of<br />
side shoots; marketable yield and dry weight.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Seedl<strong>in</strong>gs, Transplant<strong>in</strong>g, Growth, Crop-yield.<br />
61. Westphal Stevels, J. M. C. 1986. Local <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Cameroon: Corchorus species used as a <strong>vegetable</strong>.<br />
Pp.423-5. <strong>in</strong> First <strong>in</strong>ternational symposium on taxonomy of cultivated plants. Acta-HorticulturaeNo.<br />
no. 182 ISHS, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
The use of C. olitorius as a leaf <strong>vegetable</strong> is described. It is proposed that the cultivars of C. olitorius should<br />
be classified <strong>in</strong>to the 3 groups Olitorius, Incisifolius and Geant de Bertoua, which may readily be dist<strong>in</strong>guished<br />
by their leaf shapes. The morphology of group Olitorius is illustrated.<br />
Keywords: Variety-classification, Taxonomy, Cultivars.<br />
62. Yankson, R. E. 1981. Effect of stopp<strong>in</strong>g on plant height, flower<strong>in</strong>g and seed yield of Corchorus olitorius<br />
(L). University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (Ghana).<br />
The effect of stopp<strong>in</strong>g on plant height, flower<strong>in</strong>g and seed yield of Corchorus olitorius, a jute species was<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ed. Plants were stopped at 10, 12 and 14 nodes when 31 days old from transplant<strong>in</strong>g. Stopp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
slightly reduced plant height, caused vigorous growth of lateral branches and reduced seed yield. Unstopped<br />
plants gave the highest seed yield. Yields of plants stopped at 10 and 12 nodes compared<br />
favourably with unstopped plants.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Jute/Jews Mallow<br />
Keywords: Shoot-prun<strong>in</strong>g, Plant-habit, Crop-yield, Evaluation.<br />
63. Yu, Q. Y. and Z. S. Li. 1991. Fuzzy cluster analysis on germplasms of jute Corchorus capsularis and C.<br />
olitorius L. Ch<strong>in</strong>a’s Fiber Crops. (3): 10-4.<br />
Data on 12 morphological and quality-related traits <strong>in</strong> 30 C. capsularis and 40 C. olitorius accessions from<br />
Zhejiang, Ch<strong>in</strong>a, were subjected to fuzzy cluster analysis. C. capsularis accessions were grouped <strong>in</strong>to 4<br />
clusters, one of which conta<strong>in</strong>ed 19 accessions with the major characteristics of <strong>green</strong> stems, tall plants,<br />
high dry ribbon weight/plant and relatively late maturity. C. olitorius accessions were grouped <strong>in</strong>to 6<br />
clusters, one of which conta<strong>in</strong>ed 16 accessions characterized by <strong>green</strong> stems without axillary buds,<br />
relatively tall plants, and <strong>in</strong>termediate fibre quality and maturity. The major characteristics of the other<br />
clusters are also given.<br />
Keywords: Multivariate-analysis, Yield-components, Quality.<br />
13
14<br />
C: Black Nightshades (Solanum nigrum complex)<br />
64. Agong, S. G. 1993. Seed extraction procedures <strong>for</strong> long term conservation of Solanum nigram. Seed<br />
Science and Technology 21(2): 447-51; 4 ref.<br />
The effects of 4 seed extraction procedures on germ<strong>in</strong>ation and deterioration of locally collected S. nigram<br />
[S. nigrum] seeds were <strong>in</strong>vestigated. S. nigram is grown <strong>in</strong> Kenya as a <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> and <strong>for</strong> medic<strong>in</strong>al<br />
purposes. Extraction us<strong>in</strong>g concentrated hydrochloric acid gave the highest germ<strong>in</strong>ation rates (92%),<br />
followed by a fermentation method (88%). Us<strong>in</strong>g 10% sodium carbonate or a traditional method (squeez<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the seeds and pulp from the berries and then wash<strong>in</strong>g thoroughly) gave germ<strong>in</strong>ation rates of 85 and<br />
83%, respectively. The traditional method had the least deleterious effect on seed viability after storage<br />
<strong>for</strong> 8 months <strong>in</strong> a controlled environment at 25°C and 30% RH. It is concluded that concentrated hydrochloric<br />
acid could be used when seeds are extracted <strong>for</strong> immediate use and that fermentation may substitute<br />
<strong>for</strong> the traditional method where labour <strong>for</strong> seed extraction is limit<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Viability, Seeds, Extraction, Plant-genetic-resources, Germ<strong>in</strong>ation, Seed-treatment.<br />
65. Am<strong>in</strong>udd<strong>in</strong>, A., H. Khan and M. Z. Beg. 1985. Inter-relationship between Indian tetraploid Solanum<br />
nigrum and Solanum nodiflorum spp. nutans of Solanum nigrum complex. Acta Botanica Indica 13(1): 84-<br />
9.<br />
Cytomorphological character of Indian tetraploid S. nigrum (n=24) and S. nodiflorum subsp. nutans (n=12)<br />
was studied. Reciprocal crosses produced sterile triploid hybrids (n=18). It was concluded that chromosomal<br />
sterility and cryptic structural hybridity have played an important role <strong>in</strong> the hybrid sterility and<br />
genetic dist<strong>in</strong>ctiveness of Indian tetraploid S. nigrum and S. nodiflorum subsp. nutans.<br />
Keywords: Biology, Morphology, Taxonomy, Cytology.<br />
66. Beg, M. Z., A. H. Khan and Mohammad Ahmad. 1989. Morphological diversification and genetic<br />
isolat<strong>in</strong>g mechanism between some members of Solanum nigrum complex. Cytologia 54(3): 419-24.<br />
A biosystematic study of S. villosum subsp. puniceum (n = 24) and S. americanum (n = 12) was carried out.<br />
Interspecific hybrids (n = 18) were obta<strong>in</strong>ed us<strong>in</strong>g S. villosum as the pistillate parent. Result<strong>in</strong>g triploid<br />
hybrids were highly male-sterile and showed meiotic irregularities <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g that the parental genomes<br />
were dissimilar.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Weeds, Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants, Interspecific-hybridization, Cytology.<br />
67. Beg, M. Z. and A. H. Khan. 1988. The mechanism of speciation and evolutionary trend <strong>in</strong> Solanum<br />
nigrum complex. Cytologia 53(2): 297-306.<br />
Tetraploid S. villosum subsp. puniceum (2n = 48) was crossed with diploid S. nigrum (2n = 24). The<br />
result<strong>in</strong>g triploid hybrids (2n = 36) were completely pollen sterile. Colchic<strong>in</strong>e-<strong>in</strong>duced hexaploids of the<br />
triploids were compared with natural Indian hexaploid S. nigrum and found to be morphologically very<br />
similar. Cytological studies also revealed that they were similar <strong>in</strong> the <strong>for</strong>mation of (normally) 36 bivalents<br />
at PMC meiosis. Reciprocal crosses between the 2 hexaploids were successful, the result<strong>in</strong>g hybrids<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g fully fertile. Meiosis was normal and fruits with viable seeds were set. It is suggested that S.<br />
villosum subsp. puniceum and diploid S. nigrum are the parents of hexaploid S. nigrum.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Black Nightshades<br />
Keywords: Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants, Polyploidy, Interspecific-hybridization.
68. Beg, M. Z. and A. H. Khan. 1989. Factors creat<strong>in</strong>g isolat<strong>in</strong>g barrier between species of Solanum nigrum<br />
complex. Cytologia 54(3): 437-44.<br />
A cross was made between the hexaploid species S. nigrum (n = 36) with bluish-black fruit and S.<br />
sarrachoides (n = 12) with purplish- brown fruit. The hybrids obta<strong>in</strong>ed had a chromosome number of n =<br />
24, highly irregular meiosis and sterile pollen. When the species were grown side by side <strong>for</strong> several<br />
generations no natural hybridization occurred <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g that an isolat<strong>in</strong>g mechanism operates between<br />
the 2 species.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants, Weeds, Interspecific-hybridization, Incompatibility.<br />
69. Bhiravamurty, P. V. and P. Rethy. 1983. Taximetric studies of the Solanum nigrum L. complex. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
of the Indian National Science Academy,-B 49(6): 661-6.<br />
A taximetric study us<strong>in</strong>g 26 morphological features on 21 accessions of the S. nigrum complex, 1 colchic<strong>in</strong>e-<strong>in</strong>duced<br />
tetraploid and a synthetic hexaploid grouped the entire complex <strong>in</strong>to 7 clusters. The 3 ma<strong>in</strong><br />
clusters composed members exclusively of the same ploidy status <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g that each of these clusters<br />
could be considered as a good sp. and the different entities with<strong>in</strong> them as subspp. or varieties. While the<br />
diploids constituted S. americanum and S. chenopodioides, the tetraploids <strong>for</strong>med subspp. under a s<strong>in</strong>gle<br />
sp. S. villosum. The hexaploids represented, S. nigrum and S. scabrum (an autoallopolyploid). Probable<br />
derivation of S. villosum through S. chenopodioides is also <strong>in</strong>dicated.<br />
Keywords: Biology, Taxonomy.<br />
70. Bhiravamurty, P. V. and P. Rethy. 1984. Orig<strong>in</strong> and evolution of tetraploid <strong>for</strong>ms with<strong>in</strong> the Solanum<br />
nigrum L. complex. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Plant Sciences 93(5): 553-60.<br />
An autotetraploid was <strong>for</strong>med from the local diploid progenitor S. americanum (= S. nigrum 2x) by colchic<strong>in</strong>e<br />
treatment, and compared with the diploid and the local natural tetraploid, S. villosum (= S. nigrum<br />
4x). Morphological comparison, t test of <strong>in</strong>terpopulation differences <strong>in</strong> mean values, discrim<strong>in</strong>ant analysis,<br />
D2 analysis and analyses of am<strong>in</strong>o acids, flavonoids and sugars showed that the autotetraploid has<br />
more aff<strong>in</strong>ity with the natural tetraploid than with its diploid progenitor. This <strong>in</strong>dicated that autopolyploidy<br />
might be significant <strong>in</strong> the evolution of tetraploid <strong>for</strong>ms with<strong>in</strong> the S. nigrum complex.<br />
Keywords: Polyploidy, Solanum-villosum, Evolution, Biology.<br />
71. Bukenya, Z. R. 1996. Uses, chromosome number and distribution of Solanum species <strong>in</strong> Uganda. Pp.<br />
33-7 <strong>in</strong> Biodiversity of <strong>Africa</strong>n Plants (L.J.G. van der Maesen et al. (eds). Kluwer Acedemic Publishers,<br />
Netherlands.<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation on distribution, uses an chromosome numbers are provided <strong>for</strong> all species, subspecies and<br />
cultivar groups <strong>in</strong> the genus Solanum L. (Solanaceae) that occur <strong>in</strong> Uganda. The distribution is <strong>in</strong>fluenced<br />
by a number of factors, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g ra<strong>in</strong>fall, altitude and type of vegetation, the weedy nature of<br />
some species and wether the species are <strong>crops</strong> or ornamentals.<br />
Keywords: Chromosome-number, Distribution.<br />
Black Nightshades<br />
72. Edmonds, J. M. and J. A. Chweya. 1997. Black nightshades. Solanum nigrum L. and related species.<br />
Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. 15. Institute of Plant<br />
Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gaterleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome,<br />
Italy<br />
Keywords: Underutilized, Taxonomy, Ecology, Agronomy, Utilization.<br />
73. Fawusi, M. O. A. 1983. Nitrogen fertilization and storage temperature effects on the nutritive value of<br />
Solanum nigrum. Journal of Plant Foods 5(3): 161-7.<br />
Fresh and dried leaves of these species are widely used as a <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. The effects of 4 levels (0,<br />
60, 120 and 180 kg/ha) of N fertilization, 3 storage temperatures and 3 methods of dehydration were<br />
15
16<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestigated <strong>in</strong> field and laboratory experiments. The ascorbic acid content <strong>in</strong>creased only with 60 kg N/<br />
ha, but the crude prote<strong>in</strong> content rose with each addition of N. As N application <strong>in</strong>creased there were<br />
slight decreases <strong>in</strong> the leaf contents of Ca, Mg, P and K at harvest, but these contents rose as storage time<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased from 1 to 4 weeks. Hold<strong>in</strong>g at 25-28°C <strong>for</strong> 4 days resulted <strong>in</strong> a rapid deterioration <strong>in</strong> quality,<br />
especially with regard to ascorbic acid. However, when leaves were stored at between 4° and -6° most of<br />
the quality factors determ<strong>in</strong>ed were preserved throughout the 4 weeks of storage; differences <strong>in</strong> response<br />
to 4° and -6° were negligible. Dry<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the sun or <strong>in</strong> mechanical driers resulted <strong>in</strong> rapid falls <strong>in</strong> ascorbic<br />
acid content, but crude prote<strong>in</strong> and m<strong>in</strong>eral nutrient contents were not affected significantly. Dry<strong>in</strong>g<br />
under shade at 18-20° <strong>for</strong> 10 h resulted <strong>in</strong> only a slight loss of ascorbic acid.<br />
Keywords: Plant-composition, Nutritional-value, Storage, Composition.<br />
74. Fawusi, M. O. A., D. P. Ormrod and A. Eastham. 1983. Influence of temperature on the growth of<br />
Solanum nigrum and Amaranthus hybridus. Scientia Horticulturae (Netherlands) 18(4): 305-11.<br />
Experiments were conducted <strong>in</strong> controlled environment chambers to evaluate the response of Solanum<br />
nigrum and Amaranthus hybridus to day/night temperatures of 25/20, 30/25 and 35/30 degC. Both<br />
species had superior stem length, leaf area and dry matter yields at 30/25 degC. The growth of most<br />
measured plant parts was reduced at 25/20 degC and leaf production <strong>in</strong> A. hybridus and stem length <strong>in</strong><br />
S. nigrum were particularly affected. High relative growth rates were observed <strong>for</strong> A. hybridus <strong>for</strong> the<br />
period 7-14 days after emergence and <strong>for</strong> 7-21 days after emergence <strong>for</strong> S. nigrum.<br />
Keywords: Temperature, Vegetative-growth.<br />
Black Nightshades<br />
75. Ganapathi, A. 1988. On the function<strong>in</strong>g of 2n gamete <strong>in</strong> the Solanum nigrum complex. Cytologia 53(1):<br />
175-9.<br />
The cytomorphology of a heptaploid hybrid (2n = 7x = 84) obta<strong>in</strong>ed by cross<strong>in</strong>g S. nigrum (2n = 6x = 72)<br />
with pollen of S. villosum (2n = 4x = 48) was studied. Results suggested that the hybrid orig<strong>in</strong>ated from<br />
fertilization of a reduced egg-cell of S. nigrum by a non- reduced male gamete of S. villosum. The hybrid<br />
exhibited irregular meiosis and 14.4% pollen sta<strong>in</strong>ability. It is concluded, on the basis of the chromosome<br />
pair<strong>in</strong>g behaviour of the hybrid, that S. villosum participated <strong>in</strong> the ancestry of S. nigrum.<br />
Keywords: Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants, Interspecific-hybridization, Polyploidy, Unreduced-gametes.<br />
76. Ganapathi, A. and G. R. Rao. 1985. Cytogenetics of some diploid species of the Solanum nigrum complex.<br />
Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27(6): 735-40.<br />
Crosses between S. douglasii and (1) S. americanum, (2) S. nigrum (Indian diploid <strong>for</strong>m) and (3) S. nodiflorum<br />
were compatible if S. douglasii was used as male parent. Normal, fertile F1 hybrids were produced, but<br />
the F2 plants showed meiotic breakdown and reduced fertility. The isolation of S. douglasii from the other<br />
species is attributed to genetic and chromosome structural differences. It is concluded that S. nodiflorum,<br />
S. nigrum (2x) and S. americanum represent a s<strong>in</strong>gle biological species, S. americanum, but that the treatment<br />
of S. douglasii as a separate species is justified.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Taxonomy, Cytology, Breed<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
77. Ganapathi, A. and G. R. Rao. 1985. Spontaneous triploidy <strong>in</strong> Solanum nigrum L. complex. Current-<br />
Science,-India 54(23): 1242<br />
From natural hybridization between S. villosum (2n = 48) and S. americanum (2n = 24), 3 sterile triploid<br />
plants were obta<strong>in</strong>ed, hav<strong>in</strong>g irregular meiosis and n = 18 chromosomes. At diak<strong>in</strong>esis and metaphase<br />
I, univalents, bivalents and trivalents were observed. At anaphase I there were laggards, chromat<strong>in</strong><br />
bridges and unequal chromosome distribution at the poles. Synthetic hexaploids (S. nigrum), raised from<br />
these triploids, were highly fertile and set fruit and seed. They exhibited normal meiosis characterized by<br />
bivalents, and several morphological characters were identical to those <strong>in</strong> natural hexaploids. Synthetic<br />
and natural <strong>for</strong>ms readily crossed to give fertile progeny. It is suggested that <strong>in</strong> nature the <strong>in</strong>compatibility<br />
between genomes <strong>in</strong> the triploid hybrids <strong>in</strong>duced chromosome doubl<strong>in</strong>g, and that this played a significant<br />
role <strong>in</strong> the orig<strong>in</strong> and evolution of hexaploidy <strong>in</strong> the S. nigrum complex.<br />
Keywords: Evolution, Interspecific-hybridization, Biology, Cytology.
78. Ganapathi, A. and G. R. Rao. 1986. The crossability and genetic relationship between Solanum<br />
retroflexum Dun. and S. nigrum L. Cytologia 51(4): 757-62.<br />
Crosses between S. nigrum (2n = 6x = 72) and S. retroflexum (2n = 4x = 48) were successful with the <strong>for</strong>mer<br />
as female parent. The pentaploid (2n = 60) hybrid was vigorous but showed irregular meiosis result<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong> high pollen and seed sterility. The occurrence of 24 bivalents + 12 univalents <strong>in</strong> a few PMCs suggested<br />
some genomic homology between the 2 species.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Biology, Genetics.<br />
79. Ganapathi, A. and G. R. Rao. 1986. Cytomorphology of the tetraploid hybrid and its spontaneous<br />
amphiploid <strong>in</strong> the Solanum nigrum L. complex. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 65(Supplement):<br />
76.<br />
Crosses between S. nigrum (2n = 6x = 72) and S. americanum (2n = 2x = 24) were successful only when S.<br />
nigrum was used as female parent. The F1 hybrid was tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48), showed meiotic irregularities<br />
and did not set fruit on self<strong>in</strong>g or open poll<strong>in</strong>ation. A fertile octoploid branch which grew spontaneously<br />
from the hybrid showed 82% pollen viability and produced several fruits with viable seeds.<br />
Cytogenetical studies of the tetraploid hybrid and its amphiploid <strong>in</strong>dicated that hybridization and<br />
polyploidy have played a significant role <strong>in</strong> the evolution of this species complex.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Polyploidy, Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Seed-production.<br />
80. Ganapathi, A. and G. R. Rao. 1986. Nature of sterility and mechanism of the evolution of higher ploidy<br />
<strong>in</strong> Solanum section Solanum (Maurella). Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28(6): 1044-8.<br />
Crosses between S. nigrum (2n = 6x = 72) and S. americanum (2n = 2x = 24) were successful only when S.<br />
nigrum was used as the seed parent. The F1 hybrid was tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48) and showed highly<br />
irregular meiosis. It did not set fruit either on self<strong>in</strong>g or on open poll<strong>in</strong>ation. An octoploid branch which<br />
grew spontaneously from the hybrid showed regular meiosis and produced several fruits with viable<br />
seeds, from which 7 octoploid F2 plants were obta<strong>in</strong>ed. It is suggested that hybridization and chromosome<br />
doubl<strong>in</strong>g have played a significant role <strong>in</strong> the orig<strong>in</strong> and evolution of higher ploidy <strong>for</strong>ms <strong>in</strong><br />
Solanum section Solanum.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Sterility-and-fertility, Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Seed-production.<br />
81. Ganapathi, A. and G. R. Rao. 1986. Taxonomic status of the Solanum nigrum complex found <strong>in</strong> India.<br />
Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Plant Sciences 96(3): 241-6.<br />
On the basis of comparative morphological and cytological studies, it is concluded that the diploids,<br />
tetraploids and hexaploids found <strong>in</strong> the S. nigrum complex <strong>in</strong> India belong to S. americanum var. patulum,<br />
S. villosum subsp. m<strong>in</strong>iatum and S. nigrum subsp. nigrum, respectively. A key to the Indian species <strong>in</strong> the<br />
complex is provided.<br />
Keywords: Taxonomy, Polyploidy, Biology.<br />
Black Nightshades<br />
82. Ganapathi, A. and G. R. Rao. 1987. Phylogenetic relationships <strong>in</strong> the evolution of Solanum scabrum.<br />
Genome 29(4): 639-42.<br />
Several cross-poll<strong>in</strong>ations were made between S. scabrum (2n = 6x = 72) and S. nigrum (2n = 6x = 72), S.<br />
americanum (2n = 2x = 24) and a C3 amphiploid of the cross S. villosum (2n = 4x = 48) X S. americanum (2n<br />
= 2x = 24). Crosses between S. nigrum and S. scabrum and between S. scabrum and an unspecified ‘bigfruited<br />
<strong>for</strong>m’ were accomplished easily, whereas the cross S. scabrum X S. americanum was successful only<br />
when S. scabrum was used as maternal parent. The F1 hybrids exhibited moderate pollen fertility and<br />
vigorous growth and set fruit and seed abundantly, even though meiotic abnormalities were encountered<br />
<strong>in</strong> most. From the chromosome pair<strong>in</strong>g behaviour <strong>in</strong> the hybrids, it is concluded that S. americanum<br />
is the diploid ancestor of hexaploid S. scabrum and S. nigrum, and that these 2 species might have evolved<br />
from the sterile triploid hybrids of S. villosum X S. americanum by spontaneous amphiploidy.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Seed- production, Biology, Genetics.<br />
17
18<br />
83. Ganapathi, A. and G. R. Rao. 1988. Cytogeography and nomenclatural notes on Solanum L. section<br />
Solanum. Current Science,India 57(13): 739.<br />
Diploid and tetraploid taxa of S. nigrum occurred frequently <strong>in</strong> a survey <strong>in</strong> Tamil Nadu, whereas the<br />
hexaploid <strong>for</strong>m had restricted distribution. The tetraploid taxon was easily recognizable by its shortspread<strong>in</strong>g<br />
habit and translucent orange-red berries. The diploid and hexaploid taxa were similar <strong>in</strong><br />
habit but differed <strong>in</strong> their <strong>in</strong>florescence, flower size and shape, berry colour, pollen gra<strong>in</strong> diam. and seed<br />
size and number. The correct b<strong>in</strong>omials <strong>for</strong> diploid and tetraploid species together with a diagnostic key<br />
are provided.<br />
Keywords: Taxonomy, Flower<strong>in</strong>g, Distribution, Seed-characteristics.<br />
84. Gbile, Z. O. 1986. Epidermal studies <strong>in</strong> the Solanum nigrum complex <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Pp. 159-68 <strong>in</strong> Solanaceae:<br />
biology and systematics (W.G. D’Arcy, editor). Columbia University Press, New York, USA.<br />
The results of a survey of leaf epidermis structure <strong>in</strong> S. nigrum and 5 related species <strong>in</strong> Nigeria are<br />
summarized. Cells of the upper epidermis had slightly to strongly wavy anticl<strong>in</strong>al walls <strong>in</strong> the lowland<br />
species, while <strong>in</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong> species these walls were straight. Stomata tended to be larger <strong>in</strong> the<br />
polyploids (S. nigrum, S. scabrum and S. villosum) than <strong>in</strong> the diploids. An erect cultivar of S. nigrum<br />
showed a different trichome structure from that of a procumbent cultivar, and the procumbent cultivar<br />
was also dist<strong>in</strong>guished by its exserted style. It is suggested that each of these cultivars should be given<br />
subspecific rank<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Keywords: Taxonomy, Leaves, Epidermis, Solanaceae.<br />
85. Khan, A., H. Am<strong>in</strong>udd<strong>in</strong> and M. Z. Beg. 1985. Study of morphological diversification of some species<br />
of Solanum nigrum complex. Acta Botanica Indica 13(2): 276-80.<br />
Studies on cytomorphology of S. nigrum, S. douglasii and their hybrids showed that reciprocal hybrids<br />
were similar <strong>in</strong> morphology and cytology. Chromosomal behaviour of the hybrids suggested that genic<br />
and cryptic structural differences between chromosomes of the parental spp. were responsible <strong>for</strong> the<br />
diversification <strong>in</strong> some morphological characters of the 2 spp.<br />
Keywords: Biology, Morphology, Cytology, Taxonomy.<br />
86. Khan, A. H., G. R. Rao and R. Khan. 1974. Genetic system and evolutionary trends <strong>in</strong> Solanum nigrum<br />
complex. II. Cytomorphological studies of the hybrids between hexaploid Indian Solanum nigrum<br />
L<strong>in</strong>n. and Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. Bullet<strong>in</strong> of the Botanical Survey of India 16(1/4): 35-9.<br />
In PMCs of hybrids from crosses between S. nigrum X S. nodiflorum the follow<strong>in</strong>g meiotic irregularities<br />
were observed: (1) low frequencies of trivalents and quadrivalents, (2) high frequencies of univalents and<br />
(3) bridges with or without fragments. These hybrids were highly sterile and did not set seed.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Meiosis, Chromosome-aberrations, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
87. Khan, A. H., G. R. Rao and Reayat Khan. 1977. Biosystematics of the Solanum nigrum complex. Indian<br />
Journal of Genetics and Plant Breed<strong>in</strong>g 37(3): 444-9.<br />
Tabulated data on 15 morphological characters are presented <strong>for</strong> two hexaploid populations, one each<br />
from India and France, and their fertile F1 hybrid. The Indian hexaploids were tall and erect, as were the<br />
hybrids, whereas the French hexaploids were short and prostrate, with spread<strong>in</strong>g branches. Meiosis<br />
was normal <strong>in</strong> the parent populations, but univalents, bivalents and trivalents were observed <strong>in</strong> the<br />
hybrids. Hence the two populations should be regarded as ecotypes or subspecies of S. nigrum.<br />
Keywords: Habit, Meiosis, Taxonomy, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
Black Nightshades<br />
88. Khan, R., G. R. Rao and N. H. Siddiqui. 1978. Role of tetraploid Solanum nigrum L. and S. americanum<br />
Mill. <strong>in</strong> the orig<strong>in</strong> and evolution of Indian hexaploid S. nigrum. Acta Botanica Indica(6 (Suppl)): 161-4.<br />
Cytology of hybrids of the cross tetraploid Solanum nigrum X S. americanum and their amphidiploids<br />
obta<strong>in</strong>ed through colchic<strong>in</strong>e treatment revealed that the structural differences between the chromosomes
of the parents have played an important role <strong>in</strong> diversification of morphological characters of the two<br />
taxa, and the tetraploid S. nigrum and S. americanum have played an important role <strong>in</strong> orig<strong>in</strong> and evolution<br />
of natural hexaploid S. nigrum.<br />
Keywords: Weed-biology, Taxonomy,Weeds.<br />
89. Kumar, A., G. R. Rao and Anil Kumar. 1979. Orig<strong>in</strong> of trisomics <strong>in</strong> the Solanum nigrum complex.<br />
Current Science 48(22): 999-1000.<br />
Meiotic behaviour of chromosomes <strong>in</strong> 6x S. nigrum was normal, whereas <strong>in</strong> S. opacum about 25% of PMCs<br />
showed premature separation of a bivalent, result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> 35II + 2I at metaphase I. About 60% of 100<br />
reciprocal crosses between the two species were successful. The F1s, which were hexaploid with n = 36,<br />
flowered profusely but set few fruits. Two groups were found, small-fruited and large-fruited. About 90%<br />
of PMCs <strong>in</strong> large-fruited hybrids had 35II + 2I, while 10% had 1III + 34II + 1I. The small-fruited hybrids<br />
were trisomics with 2n = 73. About 65% of PMCs had 36II + 1I and about 35% had 35II + 3I. Pollen fertility<br />
was 58% <strong>in</strong> the large-fruited and 52% <strong>in</strong> the small- fruited <strong>for</strong>ms. The trisomics are thought to have arisen<br />
by fusion of the male gamete of S. opacum, carry<strong>in</strong>g 37 chromosomes (aris<strong>in</strong>g from the premature separation<br />
of a bivalent at metaphase), with the female gamete of S. nigrum, carry<strong>in</strong>g 36 chromosomes.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Meiosis, Fruits, Sterility-and-fertility.<br />
90. Kumar, A., G. R. Rao and Anil Kumar. 1984. Cytology of hybrids between the Indian hexaploid Solanum<br />
nigrum L. and S. opacum A. Br. & Bouche. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 63(3): 247-51<br />
The material studied came from natural populations of S. nigrum grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> and around Delhi, India,<br />
and from a stock of S. opacum raised from seed supplied by the Botany School, Cambridge, United<br />
K<strong>in</strong>gdom. F1 hybrids showed fairly normal meiosis with moderate pollen fertility and produced purplish<br />
black fruits with viable seeds. It is suspected that the 2 species are genetically closely related.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization.<br />
91. Neeru Agarwal and Y.K. Bansal. 1987. In vitro regeneration <strong>in</strong> Solanum nigrum. Current Science (India)<br />
56(17): 892-4.<br />
Surface-sterilized, leaf-base explants on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium were <strong>in</strong>duced to <strong>for</strong>m most<br />
callus tissues and roots <strong>in</strong> the presence of 10 µM IAA + 1, 5 or 10% coconut milk; root <strong>for</strong>mation occurred<br />
with<strong>in</strong> 12-20 days of <strong>in</strong>cubation at 25 ± 2°C. Plantlet <strong>for</strong>mation occurred <strong>in</strong> subcultures <strong>in</strong> the presence<br />
of 10 µM IAA + 5% coconut milk. The regenerated diploid (2n = 24) plantlets had an estimated 3.5%<br />
polyploid cells (2n = 48) <strong>in</strong> root squashes and 6.7% cells with giant nuclei.<br />
Keywords: Tissue-culture, Mixoploidy, Leaf-bases.<br />
Black Nightshades<br />
92. Okugie, D. N. and E. M. Ossom. 1988. Effect of mulch on the yield, nutrient concentration and weed<br />
<strong>in</strong>festation of the fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong>, Telfairia occidentalis Hook. Tropical Agriculture (Tr<strong>in</strong>idad and<br />
Tobago) 65(3): 202-4.<br />
In Nigeria, an experiment was conducted, mulches on the leaf yield, N, P and K contents and weed<br />
<strong>in</strong>festation of the fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> harvested at 4-weekly <strong>in</strong>tervals. The highest yield of leaves was obta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
from fresh grass mulch and the lowest from sawdust at 16 weeks after plant<strong>in</strong>g. The dry matter<br />
accumulation was greater <strong>in</strong> the leaf lam<strong>in</strong>a than <strong>in</strong> the v<strong>in</strong>es and petioles. Dry grass mulch gave a<br />
relatively better control of weeds than other mulches; the unmulched plots were the most weed-<strong>in</strong>fested;<br />
no weed effects were significant. The results of the experiment suggest that there are def<strong>in</strong>it advantages<br />
<strong>in</strong> mulch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the dry season; this relates specifically to yield <strong>in</strong>crease and some weed suppression. A<br />
dry grass mulch gives the best results <strong>in</strong> comparison with sawdust, wood shav<strong>in</strong>gs, dry planta<strong>in</strong> leaves<br />
and fresh grass.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Mulch<strong>in</strong>g, Nutrient-content, Weed-cover.<br />
93. Rao, G. R. 1979. Secondary polyploidy <strong>in</strong> the Solanum nigrum L. complex. Current Science 48(23): 1048-9.<br />
Two triploid plants (n = 18), obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the C2 population of colchic<strong>in</strong>e-<strong>in</strong>duced autotetraploids of S.<br />
19
20<br />
Black Nightshades<br />
americanum (<strong>in</strong> the S. nigrum complex), were vigorous <strong>in</strong> growth but highly sterile, produc<strong>in</strong>g only 14.03%<br />
fertile pollen. They set small black fruits with no viable seeds. At diac<strong>in</strong>esis <strong>in</strong> PMC meiosis, the mean<br />
pair<strong>in</strong>g configuration was 0.13IV + 5.71III + 6.75II + 4.85 I. At metaphase I, about 30% of cells had as<br />
many as six trivalents. Chromosome disjunction at anaphase I was irregular; cells with 18 chromosomes<br />
at each pole were recorded <strong>in</strong> only 3.1% of cells. Lagg<strong>in</strong>g chromosomes occurred <strong>in</strong> 14% of cells. At<br />
telophase I, micronuclei were noted <strong>in</strong> 2.98% of cells. The mean number of trivalents per cell at metaphase<br />
I (5.62) is thought to <strong>in</strong>dicate that the exist<strong>in</strong>g basic chromosome number (x = 12) of the Solanum nigrum<br />
complex is of secondary polyploid orig<strong>in</strong> and that the probable orig<strong>in</strong>al basic number was x = 6.<br />
Keywords: Polyploidy, Chromosome-number, Meiosis, Sterility-and-fertility, Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants.<br />
94. Rao, G. R. 1982. A hypothesis on polyploidy and evolution of Solanum nigrum L. Science and Culture<br />
48(6): 206-7.<br />
Natural populations of S. nigrum have previously been classified <strong>in</strong>to three types: type I be<strong>in</strong>g diploid<br />
and hav<strong>in</strong>g sh<strong>in</strong>y, bluish-black fruits, type II be<strong>in</strong>g tetraploid and hav<strong>in</strong>g orange-red fruits, and type III<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g hexaploid with purplish-black fruits larger than those of types I and II. The three types grow<br />
sympatrically but it has been reported that hybridization does not occur between them. It is proposed<br />
that this <strong>in</strong>dicates that polyploidy <strong>in</strong> S. nigrum is “mature” and the evolution of this species may have<br />
begun with the advent of agriculture and the domestication of animals. It is suggested that the hexaploids<br />
were derived from triploids, which arose from hybridization of diploids and tetraploids early<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g the course of evolution. The polyploids are effective at adapt<strong>in</strong>g to new environmental conditions<br />
and as the polyploidy <strong>in</strong> S. nigrum becomes “older” its diploid members are thought likely to become<br />
progressively more restricted <strong>in</strong> geographical distribution and f<strong>in</strong>ally ext<strong>in</strong>ct.<br />
Keywords: Polyploidy, Evolution, Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants.<br />
95. Rao, G. R., A. H. Khan and Reayat Khan. 1976. Interrelationship between tetraploid Solanum nigrum L.<br />
and Solanum villosum Mill. Science and Culture 42(11): 559-61.<br />
Reciprocal hybrids between 4x S. nigrum and S. villosum exhibited some heterosis over the parents <strong>for</strong><br />
height, leaf size and leaf thickness and fertility was good. Meiosis was mostly normal <strong>in</strong> the hybrid<br />
pollen mother cells, though some univalents, trivalents, quadrivalents and anaphase abnormalities<br />
were observed. The orange-red fruit colour of 4x S. nigrum was dom<strong>in</strong>ant over the yellow fruit colour of<br />
S. villosum.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Meiosis, Colour, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
96. Rao, G. R., A. Kumar and Anil Kumar. 1981. Chromosome pair<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> tetraploid <strong>for</strong>ms of Solanum<br />
nigrum. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breed<strong>in</strong>g 41(1): 159-60.<br />
Cytological analysis was per<strong>for</strong>med on two tetraploids (n = 24) obta<strong>in</strong>ed from progeny of pentaploid<br />
hybrids of the cross between natural hexaploid and tetraploid <strong>for</strong>ms. Meiosis was normal with high<br />
pollen fertility and fruit set <strong>in</strong> one tetraploid but, <strong>in</strong> the other, meiosis was irregular with high pollen<br />
sterility and no fruit set.<br />
Keywords: Meiosis, Polyploidy, Sterility-and-fertility, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
97. Rao, G. R., A. Kumar and Anil Kumar. 1983. Chromosome pair<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>terspecific hybrids of the<br />
Solanum nigrum complex. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breed<strong>in</strong>g 43(3): 321-3.<br />
Meiosis was studied <strong>in</strong> the F1 of S. nigrum X S. sarrachoides. The hybrids were highly sterile, showed<br />
irregular meiosis and did not set fruit. Cytological studies suggested that polyploidy, structural hybridity<br />
and genic differences are responsible <strong>for</strong> reproductive isolation and morphological dist<strong>in</strong>ctness between<br />
the 2 species. S<strong>in</strong>ce only 11 metaphase I bivalents occurred <strong>in</strong> some cells of the hybrids, it is<br />
suggested that S. sarachoides, or one of its close diploid relatives, might have contributed a set of 12<br />
chromosomes at the orig<strong>in</strong> or dur<strong>in</strong>g the evolution of hexaploid species of the S. nigrum complex.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Chromosome-pair<strong>in</strong>g, Evolution, Polyploidy, Taxonomy.
98. Rao, G. R., A. Kumar and Anil Kumar. 1983. Interrelationships among diploid species of the Solanum<br />
nigrum L. complex. Journal-of-the-Indian-Botanical-Society 62(1): 25-31.<br />
Seven diploid taxa of the complex were studied <strong>for</strong> crossability and pair<strong>in</strong>g behaviour of the chromosomes.<br />
Reciprocal crosses between S. douglasii and S. americanum, diploid S. nigrum, S. nodiflorum, S.<br />
nodiflorum subsp. nutans and S. sarrachoides were not successful. It is concluded that S. douglasii is distantly<br />
related to the other species. Reciprocal crosses between S. nodiflorum subsp. nodiflorum and S.<br />
douglasii produced several fertile hybrids of identical morphology with normal meiosis, whereas reciprocal<br />
crosses between S. nodiflorum subsp. nutans and S. douglasii failed. On the basis of chromosome<br />
pair<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> hybrids between S. nodiflorum subsp. nodiflorum and S. douglasii, it is thought that the species<br />
have a close genetic relationship.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Taxonomy, Biology, Breed<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
99. Rao, G. R., A. Kumar and Anil Kumar. 1983. Orig<strong>in</strong> and evolution of Solanum scabrum Mill. and its<br />
relationship with the Indian hexaploid Solanum nigrum L. Current Science 52(6): 261-2.<br />
A fertile hexaploid (n = 36) mutant with large fruits, derived by doubl<strong>in</strong>g the chromosome number of<br />
sterile F1 hybrids of tetraploid X diploid S. nigrum, resembled the hexaploid species S. scabrum <strong>in</strong> morphological<br />
and cytological characteristics. It was crossed reciprocally with S. scabrum. The hybrids obta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
were hexaploid, showed 82.9% pollen fertility and resembled the parents <strong>in</strong> morphology and<br />
meiotic chromosome behaviour. It is suggested that S. scabrum developed from a mutant of S. nigrum.<br />
Keywords: Polyploidy, Interspecific-hybridization, Evolution, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
100.Rao, G. R., A. Kumar and Anil Kumar. 1984. Meiotic studies <strong>in</strong> species-hybrids of the Solanum nigrum<br />
L. complex. Cytologia 49(1): 33-8.<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation is presented on plant morphology and meiotic behaviour <strong>in</strong> S. retroflexum (2n = 48), S.<br />
nodiflorum subsp. nutans (2n = 24), the triploid F1 hybrid between them and a synthetic hexaploid obta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
by colchic<strong>in</strong>e treatment of the triploid. The triploids showed irregular meiosis, were sterile and<br />
did not set fruit. The synthetic hexaploids mostly showed normal meiosis, their pollen fertility (35.5-<br />
52%) was higher than that of the triploids and they set fruit and seed spontaneously. It is concluded that<br />
differences <strong>in</strong> ploidy level and structural chromosome differences are the ma<strong>in</strong> isolat<strong>in</strong>g mechanisms<br />
between these species.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization.<br />
Black Nightshades<br />
101.Rao, G. R. and A. H. Khan. 1983. Interrelationship <strong>in</strong> the Solanum nigrum complex. Indian Journal of<br />
Genetics and Plant Breed<strong>in</strong>g 43(1): 28-32.<br />
Morphological dissimilarity and high cross <strong>in</strong>compatibility between S. villosum (2n = 48) and a natural<br />
hexaploid (2n = 72) of S. nigrum from France <strong>in</strong>dicated their distant relationship. The few hybrids obta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
were pentaploid with 24 bivalents and 12 univalents. This suggests that S. villosum is closely<br />
related to the tetraploid parent of the French hexaploid. Gene flow between the two taxa is believed to be<br />
<strong>in</strong>hibited by differences <strong>in</strong> chromosome number and structure, and by genic factors.<br />
Keywords: Sterility-and-fertility, Interspecific-hybridization, Polyploidy, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
102.Rao, G. R., N. H. Siddiqui and R. Khan. 1978. Genetic system and mechanism of speciation <strong>in</strong> some<br />
species of the Solanum nigrum complex. Acta Botanica Indica(6): 100-2.<br />
Reciprocal cross poll<strong>in</strong>ations were made between Solanum americanum and diploid Solanum nigrum to<br />
understand the mechanism of speciation and genetic relationship between them. The cytology of the<br />
hybrids (F1) and their amphidiploids obta<strong>in</strong>ed through colchic<strong>in</strong>e treatment was studied. It was suggested<br />
that the structural differences between the chromosomes of the parents have played an important<br />
role <strong>in</strong> diversification of some morphological characters of the two taxa.<br />
Keywords: Poll<strong>in</strong>ation, Taxonomy, Genetics, Interspecific- hybridization, Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants.<br />
21
22<br />
103.Rao, G. R., N. H. Siddiqui, R. Khan and Reayat Khan. 1980. Mechanism of speciation <strong>in</strong> the Solanum<br />
nigrum complex. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breed<strong>in</strong>g 40(1): 67-72.<br />
When S. americanum (n = 12, male ) and tetraploid S. nigrum (n = 24, female ) were crossed, triploid<br />
hybrids (2n = 36) were produced. Chromosome pair<strong>in</strong>g behaviour <strong>in</strong> the hybrids <strong>in</strong>dicated that the two<br />
species are not closely genetically related. Pollen fertility was 0.35% <strong>in</strong> the hybrids and they did not set<br />
fruit. Follow<strong>in</strong>g colchic<strong>in</strong>e-<strong>in</strong>duced chromosome doubl<strong>in</strong>g, pollen fertility <strong>in</strong> the amphidiploids was<br />
67.09% and chromosome pair<strong>in</strong>g mostly normal.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Sterility-and-fertility, Meiosis, Polyploidy, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
104.Siddiqui, N. H. 1980. Cytology of a spontaneous autotriploid <strong>in</strong> Solanum nigrum L. complex. Science<br />
and Culture 46(4): 143-4.<br />
A sterile triploid plant with 36 chromosomes, which was like the diploid but larger, was obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the<br />
progeny of colchic<strong>in</strong>e-<strong>in</strong>duced autotetraploids of S. americanum. At meiosis, 12III were observed <strong>in</strong> a few<br />
PMCs, but <strong>in</strong> others, trivalents were replaced by bivalents and univalents. At anaphase I, disjunction of<br />
chromosomes was mostly 19 : 17 but 18 : 18, 20 : 16, 21 : 15 and 22 : 14 were seen. Laggards occurred <strong>in</strong><br />
14% of the cells. Unbalanced chromosome distribution occurred at anaphase II and gave irregular tetrad<br />
<strong>for</strong>mation. It is suggested that this autotriploid plant may have orig<strong>in</strong>ated by fertilization of a diploid egg<br />
with a haploid male gamete.<br />
Keywords: Polyploidy, Meiosis, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
105.S<strong>in</strong>gh, R. N. 1992. Evolutionary aspect of hexaploid Solanum nigrum L. National Academy Science<br />
Letters 15(12): 383-4.<br />
Floral characteristics of the diploid S. americanum and tetraploid S. villosum were compared with a<br />
synthetic and spontaneous triploid hybrid result<strong>in</strong>g from crosses between them. The spontaneous and<br />
synthetic hybrids resembled, respectively, the diploid and tetraploid parent. Based on the results it was<br />
suggested that hexaploid S. nigrum evolved from diploid S. americanum through natural hybridization<br />
and spontaneous chromosome doubl<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants, Polyploidy,Interspecific-hybridization, Flowers, Evolution.<br />
106.S<strong>in</strong>gh, R. N. and S. K. Roy. 1982. A contribution to cytology of Solanum nigrum complex. Current<br />
Science 51(11): 572-3.<br />
Ten hexaploid seedl<strong>in</strong>gs were treated with 0.35% colchic<strong>in</strong>e solution <strong>for</strong> 6 h/day <strong>for</strong> three days. Seeds<br />
from treated plants were grown <strong>in</strong> Petri dishes and root tip chromosome counts were made. Somatic cells<br />
of the 6x control had 72 chromosomes while those of the treated plants had 144. The 12x plant was fertile.<br />
Keywords: Polyploidy, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
Black Nightshades<br />
107.S<strong>in</strong>gh, R. N. and S. K. Roy. 1985. Cytomorpholgical studies of dodecaploid (12x) Solanum nigrum L<strong>in</strong>n.<br />
Cytologia 50(1): 59-68.<br />
The dodecaploid (2n = 12x = 144) was <strong>in</strong>duced by treatment of a hexaploid local variety with 0.35%<br />
colchic<strong>in</strong>e. Compared to its 6x parent, the 12x plant was shorter but had larger leaves and larger fruits<br />
conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g more numerous seeds. The 12x plant had 85% pollen sta<strong>in</strong>ability and <strong>for</strong>med 72 bivalents at<br />
meiosis.<br />
Keywords: Polyploidy, Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Cytology, Morphology, Taxonomy.<br />
108.Tandon, S. L. and G. R. Rao. 1974. Solanum nigrum L. Pp. 109-17 <strong>in</strong> Evolutionary Studies <strong>in</strong> World Crops<br />
(J. Hutch<strong>in</strong>son, editor). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.<br />
Cross<strong>in</strong>g experiments <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g the three Indian chromosome races (n = 12, 24 and 36) of S. nigrum
Black Nightshades<br />
suggest the respective genome <strong>for</strong>mulae AA, BBCC and AABBCC. The tetraploid race is closely similar to<br />
S. luteum.<br />
Keywords: Chromosome-number, History-and-evolution, Genome-analysis, Taxonomy, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
109.Wang Guang Yuan and A.O. Xia Zhen. 1983. Regeneration of plantlets from Solanum nigrum L. mesophyll<br />
protoplasts. Acta Botanica S<strong>in</strong>ica 25(2): 111-4.<br />
Mesophyll protoplasts <strong>for</strong>med calli on NT medium. On transferr<strong>in</strong>g to Dudits or solid Murashige and<br />
Skoog medium (both supplemented with zeat<strong>in</strong> at 1 mg/l + NAA at 0.5 mg/l) regenerated plantlets were<br />
obta<strong>in</strong>ed. The effects were studied of <strong>in</strong>ositol <strong>in</strong> the NT medium on the growth of protoplasts. After 10<br />
days’ culture the average numbers of cell clusters <strong>in</strong> the media conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ositol at 0, 100 or 250 mg/l<br />
were 0, 12.2 and 26.7, respectively.<br />
Keywords: Tissue-culture, Propagation, Growth-regulators, Zeat<strong>in</strong>, Organogenesis.<br />
110.Yazawa, S. and S. Hirose. 1989. Vegetable production and problems <strong>in</strong>volved there<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> the Lake Kivu<br />
area, Zaire. Scientific Reports of the Kyoto Prefectural University, Agriculture(41): 16-39.<br />
Crop production and consumption <strong>in</strong> this area of high population density are described, based on a<br />
detailed survey. The pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>crops</strong> eaten are maize, beans [unspecified], cassava, sorghum, sweet<br />
potatoes, bananas and yams. A wide range of <strong>leafy</strong> and fruit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>vegetable</strong>s is also grown. Aspects discussed<br />
(often with tabulated data) <strong>in</strong>clude: the consumption of animal and plant prote<strong>in</strong> and of <strong>in</strong>dividual<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s; the nutritional value of leaves of Cucurbita sp., Solanum nigrum, cassava and cabbages;<br />
cropp<strong>in</strong>g systems and types of <strong>vegetable</strong>s; characteristics and particular uses of numerous bean, banana<br />
and sweet potato cultivars; the effects of different <strong>crops</strong> on soil fertility and erosion; and soil analyses of<br />
fields considered of high or low fertility.<br />
Keywords: Production, Bananas, Cultivars, Characteristics, Nutritive-value.<br />
23
24<br />
D: Sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)<br />
111.Baker, E. F. I. and A. H. Kassam. 1975. Respiration by roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) <strong>in</strong> the Western State<br />
of Nigeria. Tropical Agriculture (Tr<strong>in</strong>idad and Tobago) 52(3): 203-11.<br />
Loss of dry matter due to respiration <strong>in</strong> roselle was estimated by determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g dark respiration from<br />
measured changes <strong>in</strong> dry weight overnight. Fourty to 43% of the net daytime ga<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> dry weight was lost<br />
at night due to dark respiration whereas 91 to 92% was lost <strong>in</strong> the 24-hr period. Total respiration as a<br />
percentage of gross photosynthesis was between 61 and 81%, depend<strong>in</strong>g on the magnitude of loss due to<br />
photorespiration.<br />
Keywords: Fibre-<strong>crops</strong>, Physiology-plant.<br />
112.Edmonds, J. M. 1991. The distribution of Hibiscus L. section Furcaria <strong>in</strong> tropical East <strong>Africa</strong>. Systematic<br />
and Ecogeographic Studies on Crop Genepools , 6. IBPGR, Rome (Italy).<br />
An <strong>in</strong>troduction outl<strong>in</strong>es the general background of the IJO (International Jute Organization) project<br />
concerned with the collection, conservation, characterization and exchange of germplasm <strong>for</strong> the development<br />
of improved varieties of jute (Corchorus) and Hibiscus species (kenaf, roselle). This background is<br />
followed by a summary deal<strong>in</strong>g with the importance of jute and kenaf and the necessity <strong>for</strong> <strong>in</strong>creased<br />
yield and quality, and a general taxonomy of Hibiscus section Furcaria. Chapters II and III cover exam<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
of herbarium material and data recorded. Chapter IV summarizes the distribution, fruit<strong>in</strong>g times<br />
and potential value of Hibiscus section Furcaria species <strong>in</strong> tropical East <strong>Africa</strong>. The conclud<strong>in</strong>g chapter<br />
focuses on (1) the geographical distribution of section Furcaria, (2) the potential use of East <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
Hibiscus species <strong>in</strong> future kenaf and roselle breed<strong>in</strong>g programmes, (3) the feasibility of collect<strong>in</strong>g Hibiscus<br />
and Corchorus species simultaneously, and (4) collect<strong>in</strong>g expedition routes. An appendix lists the distribution<br />
data extracted from section Furcaria specimens <strong>in</strong> the East <strong>Africa</strong>n Herbarium, and another<br />
presents detailed distribution maps.<br />
Keywords: Maps, Plant-Collections, Genetic-resources, Taxonomy, Distribution.<br />
113.El Afry, M. M., E. R. Khafaga and D. Pr<strong>in</strong>z. 1980. Studies on the photoperiodic reaction of roselle<br />
(Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa). Angewandte Botanik 54(5/6): 279-85.<br />
Five stra<strong>in</strong>s of roselle, orig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from Thailand, Central America, Senegal, India and Egypt, were<br />
grown <strong>in</strong> plant growth chambers under 8 h (SD), 16 H (LD) and cont<strong>in</strong>uous light (CL). All stra<strong>in</strong>s proved<br />
to be ambiphotoperiodic, flower<strong>in</strong>g be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>duced by SD and CL. Differences between stra<strong>in</strong>s occurred<br />
<strong>in</strong> the development of flowers and fruits as well as <strong>in</strong> the persistence of floral <strong>in</strong>duction after transfer<br />
from SD to LD. SD and CL had different physiological and morphological effects. Of the 2 serial buds <strong>in</strong><br />
each leaf axil, the left <strong>for</strong>med a flower under SD and CL and rema<strong>in</strong>ed dormant under LD. The right one<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed dormant under SD, <strong>for</strong>med a negetative branch under LD and a flower<strong>in</strong>g one under CL.<br />
Consequences <strong>for</strong> breed<strong>in</strong>g and cultivation under subtropical conditions are discussed.<br />
Keywords: Photosensitivity, Variety-per<strong>for</strong>mance.<br />
114.El Afry, M. M., F. D. Pr<strong>in</strong>z and S. Rehm. 1979. Untersuchungen zur Morphologie von Rosella (Hibiscus<br />
sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa). [Morphological studies on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa)].<br />
Tropenlandwirt (Germany F.R.) 80: 83-93.<br />
Roselle is ma<strong>in</strong>ly grown <strong>for</strong> the follow<strong>in</strong>g uses: leaves as a <strong>vegetable</strong>; calyx as tea or as food colour<strong>in</strong>g;<br />
seeds are roasted; and the plant as mucilage <strong>in</strong> pharmacy and cosmetics. Five stra<strong>in</strong>s from Central<br />
America, Egypt, India, Thailand and Senegal were grown under the same conditions <strong>in</strong> a <strong>green</strong>house<br />
and <strong>in</strong> plant growth chambers. Morphologically they differed considerably <strong>in</strong> plant height (146-239 cm),<br />
number of <strong>in</strong>ternodes (56-69), stem diameter (6.2-9.1 mm), leaf shape (3-5 lobes), petal colour (yellow,<br />
orange, red) and length (20-40 mm), and <strong>in</strong> calyx shape (conical to longish) and colour (different k<strong>in</strong>ds of<br />
red).<br />
Keywords: Fibre-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
Sorrel
115.Foll<strong>in</strong>, J. C. 1975. Specificité parasitaire et variations du pouvoir pathogène de Phytophthora parasitica<br />
Dast., agent du chancre de la roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa var. altissima Hort.) [Parasitic specificity and<br />
variations <strong>in</strong> the pathogenicity of Phytophthora parasitica Dast., the agent responsible <strong>for</strong> the canker<br />
of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa var. altissima Hort.)]. Coton Et Fibres Tropicales (France) 30(3): 321-6.<br />
Various stra<strong>in</strong>s of Phytophthora parasitica were isolated from roselle <strong>in</strong> different countries. This study<br />
conducted <strong>in</strong> the Ivory Coast showed that roselle can be attacked by this polyphagous parasite which<br />
may be sheltered by wild plants. A great variability <strong>in</strong> aggressivity was also observed, which can manifest<br />
itself differently, depend<strong>in</strong>g on the variety <strong>in</strong>oculated. The cause of these variations and their <strong>in</strong>cidence<br />
on the search <strong>for</strong> resistant varieties are discussed.<br />
Keywords: Fibre-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant-diseases.<br />
116.Foll<strong>in</strong>, J. C. 1978. Influence de la température, de la lumiere et de la nutrition m<strong>in</strong>erale sur l’expression<br />
de la resistance du kenaf (Hibiscus cannab<strong>in</strong>us L.) à l’anthracnose (Colletotrichum hibisci Poll.) [Influence<br />
of temperature, light and m<strong>in</strong>eral nutrition on expression of kenaf (H. cannab<strong>in</strong>us L.) resistance<br />
to anthracnose (Colletotrichum hibisci Poll.)]. Coton Et Fibres Tropicales (France) 33(4): 391-8.<br />
This study shows that temperature plays an important role <strong>in</strong> the expression of resistance of kenaf<br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st anthrocnose. At 15 and 20 degC there is no difference <strong>in</strong> susceptibility between of a susceptible<br />
and or a resistant variety; resistance starts at higher temperatures. At 25 degC resistance is effective: the<br />
fungus is <strong>in</strong>activated <strong>in</strong> 2-3 days; at 30 degC <strong>in</strong> 1-2 days. On the other hand, susceptible varieties are<br />
destroyed more rapidly at a higher temperature. Sufficient light is also required <strong>for</strong> resistance to be<br />
expressed. M<strong>in</strong>eral nutrition seems to no <strong>in</strong>fluence. It is suggested that resistance <strong>in</strong>volves reactions<br />
requir<strong>in</strong>g a large quantity of energy.<br />
Keywords: Fibre-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant-diseases, Climatology.<br />
Sorrel<br />
117.Khafaga, E. R., H. Koch, M. M. F. El Afry and D. Pr<strong>in</strong>z. 1980. Reifegrad und Qualitat von Karkadeh<br />
(Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa). 1. Organische Sauern. 2. Anthocyane. 3. Schleim, Pekt<strong>in</strong> und<br />
Kohlenhydrate. 4.Verbesserte Trocknungsverfahren und Erntesysteme. Angewandte Botanik 54(5/<br />
6): 287-318.<br />
Karkadeh is the name <strong>for</strong> the dried calyces of the roselle plant (H. sabdariffa). In this study, <strong>in</strong> 4 parts, the<br />
concentration of: (1) organic acids; (2) anthocyan<strong>in</strong>s; (3) mucilage, pect<strong>in</strong> and carbohydrates, <strong>in</strong> these<br />
calyces of 5 roselle stra<strong>in</strong>s, orig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from Egypt, Senegal, India, Thailand and Central America are<br />
exam<strong>in</strong>ed and compared as they determ<strong>in</strong>e the quality of the dried product, which is used <strong>for</strong> flavour<strong>in</strong>g<br />
and colour<strong>in</strong>g dr<strong>in</strong>ks and foodstuffs, and as a cosmetic and a medic<strong>in</strong>e. The quality depends on whether<br />
the calyces picked are healthy, ripe or overripe, sun or freeze or oven dried, etc. To improve the quality a<br />
harvest<strong>in</strong>g system is proposed, based on the flower<strong>in</strong>g regime, growth and changes <strong>in</strong> composition<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g the matur<strong>in</strong>g of the calyces. These characteristics differ <strong>in</strong> the 5 stra<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong>vestigated.<br />
Keywords: Chemical-composition, Maturation, Variety-quality, Dry<strong>in</strong>g, Harvest<strong>in</strong>g-methods.<br />
118.Kumar, V., N. U. A. Idem and C. A. Echekwu. 1985. Yield components of five roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa<br />
L.) varieties <strong>in</strong> northern Nigeria. East <strong>Africa</strong>n Agricultural and Forestry Journal (Kenya) 51(2): 108-12.<br />
Field trials were conducted at Samaru, Nigeria, to study the productivity of 5 promis<strong>in</strong>g varieties of<br />
roselle, viz. THS 12, THS 24, THS 30, THS 44 and a local roselle cv. (Samaru 1882). Roselle growth and<br />
yield were considerably <strong>in</strong>fluenced by seasonal variations of ra<strong>in</strong>fall. Averaged over 3 seasons, THS 30<br />
outyielded the other varieties <strong>in</strong> terms of dry ribbon yield by marg<strong>in</strong>s of 14.0 to 30.0%. However, Samaru<br />
1882 outyielded the other varieties by marg<strong>in</strong>s of 63.0 to 73.0% <strong>in</strong> terms of yield. There were significant<br />
and positive correlations between dry ribbon yield and woody core yield and plant height. The dry<br />
woody core yield was most closely related to the dry ribbon yield and accounted <strong>for</strong> about 92.2% of the<br />
variation. The optimum time of harvest <strong>for</strong> roselle was the full flower<strong>in</strong>g stage (from 108 to 120 days after<br />
sow<strong>in</strong>g at Samaru).<br />
Keywords: Adaptability, Harvest-tim<strong>in</strong>g, Agronomic-characters, Variety-per<strong>for</strong>mance.<br />
25
26<br />
Sorrel<br />
119.Meel, M. J. van. 1991. Le jus de bissap, un thé de sante tiré de l’Hibiscus sabdariffa, desormais produit<br />
en us<strong>in</strong>e au Senegal (Roselle juice, a healthy beverage made from Hibiscus sabdariffa, from now on<br />
factory-produced <strong>in</strong> Senegal). Afrique Agriculture (France) 16(180): 34-5.<br />
Several uses of roselle are discussed. The oil of its seed is used as a medic<strong>in</strong>e. The leaves are consumed as<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s. The flowers of the red variety have pharmaceutical uses and conta<strong>in</strong> a natural color<strong>in</strong>g agent.<br />
In Senegal 8000 l/year of roselle concentrate are produced, part of which is used <strong>for</strong> the production of<br />
roselle juice, a soft dr<strong>in</strong>k marketed on the streets of Dakar. More than 30 t/year are exported to Italy,<br />
Switzerland and Germany.<br />
Keywords: Process<strong>in</strong>g, Beverages, Juice-extraction, Product-properties.<br />
120.Olunloyo, O. A. and M. O. Adeniji. 1974. Relative susceptibility of roselle and kenaf varieties to three<br />
isolates of Phytophthora parasitica Dast. var. nicotianae (Breda de Haan) Tucker. Nigerian Agricultural<br />
Journal 11(1): 66-70.<br />
Eleven varieties of roselle and 27 varieties of kenaf were tested <strong>for</strong> their reactions to 3 isolates of<br />
Phytophthora from <strong>in</strong>fected roselle <strong>crops</strong> grown <strong>in</strong> the Western State of Nigeria. Only 2 roselle varieties<br />
and all but one of kenaf were resistant under the <strong>green</strong>house and field conditions.<br />
Keywords: Fibre-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant-diseases, Plant-breed<strong>in</strong>g, Plant-selection.
E: Cat’s Whiskers/Cleome gynandra; Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq)<br />
121.Chweya, J. A. and N. A. Mnzava. 1997. Cat’s whiskers. Cleome gynandra L. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation<br />
and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. 11. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,<br />
Gaterleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy,<br />
Keywords: Distibution, Taxonomy, Agronomy, Ecology, Utilization.<br />
122.Imbamba, S. K. and L. L. Tieszen. 1977. Influence of light and temperature on photosynthesis and<br />
transpiration <strong>in</strong> some C3 and C4 <strong>vegetable</strong> plants from Kenya [Amaranthus lividus, Gynandropsis<br />
gynandra, Crotalaria brevidens]. Physiologia Plantarum (Denmark) 39(4): 311-6.<br />
123.Malonza, M. M., O. O. Dipeolu, A. O. Amoo and S. M. Hassan. 1992. Laboratory and field observations<br />
on anti-tick properties of the plant Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Brig. Veter<strong>in</strong>ary Parasitology (Netherlands)<br />
42(1-2): 123-36.<br />
Keywords: Repellents, Pest-control.<br />
124.Mnzava, N. A. 1990. Studies on tropical <strong>vegetable</strong>s. 2. Am<strong>in</strong>o and fatty acid composition <strong>in</strong> seed of<br />
cleome (Gynandropsis gynandra L. Briq) selections from Zambia. Food Chemistry (United K<strong>in</strong>gdom)<br />
35(4): 287-93.<br />
Keywords: Seeds, Am<strong>in</strong>o-acids, Fatty-acids.<br />
125.Omondi, C. O. and P. O. Ayiecho. 1992. Correlation and multi-regression analyses <strong>in</strong> populations of<br />
two Kenyan landraces of spiderflower (Gynandropsis gynandra). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences<br />
62(2): 160-2.<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation on correlation and multiple-regression is derived from data on 7 characters <strong>in</strong> 2 Kenyan<br />
landraces (E and M) of G. gynandra [Cleome gynandra], grown at Thika dur<strong>in</strong>g the short-ra<strong>in</strong> season, 1988,<br />
and at Kabete dur<strong>in</strong>g the long-ra<strong>in</strong> season, 1989. It is suggested that dry-leaf yield can be improved by<br />
selection <strong>for</strong> number of leaves <strong>in</strong> both populations, comb<strong>in</strong>ed with late flower<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> population E and<br />
high fresh-leaf weight <strong>in</strong> population M.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Yield-correlations.<br />
Cat’s Whiskers<br />
126.Tsichritzis, F., M. Abdel Mogib and J. Jakupovic. 1993. Dammarane triterpenes from Cleome africana.<br />
Phytochemistry (United K<strong>in</strong>gdom) 33(2): 423-5.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Chemical-composition, Analytical-methods, Biological-properties, Chemistry, Plant-anatomy, Spectral-analysis.<br />
127.Waithaka, K. and J. D. Chweya. 1991. Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briq. - a tropical <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>. Its<br />
cultivation and utilization. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper., no. 107. FAO, Rome, Italy.<br />
G. gynandra [Cleome gynandra] belongs to the family Capparidaceae. It grows as a weed <strong>in</strong> most tropical<br />
countries, but <strong>in</strong> some areas is semi-cultivated as a <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>, and is sometimes <strong>in</strong>tercropped with<br />
other annual field <strong>crops</strong>. Brief notes on its botany, genetic resources, cultivation, diseases and pests,<br />
storage, utilization (nutritive value and medic<strong>in</strong>al properties), and research requirements are presented.<br />
The <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation was compiled from various literature sources, personal communications with smallscale<br />
farmers and from studies carried out at the University of Nairobi.<br />
Keywords: Nutritive-value, Cultural-methods, Characteristics, Genetic- resources, Genetics, Plant-diseases, Pests,<br />
Ethnobotany.<br />
27
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F: <strong>Africa</strong>n eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) and related species<br />
(Solanum spp.)<br />
128.Anaso, H. U. G. U. Okereke and J. O. Uzo. 1990. Breed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> high yield of berries and improved yield<br />
attributes <strong>in</strong> Solanum aethiopicum L. Tropical Agriculture 67(4): 371-5.<br />
Two homozygous l<strong>in</strong>es of edible cultivated Solanum spp. (Solanum aethiopicum and Solanum anguivi) were<br />
crossed to raise F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. The parents and the crosses gave 7 families<br />
which were tested <strong>for</strong> hybrid vigour. The mode of action of the 3 qualitative traits, peduncle attachment<br />
type, unripe fruit colour and leaf sp<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>ess, were <strong>in</strong>vestigated as they affected yield and consumer<br />
appeal. Highly significant levels of hybrid vigour were detected <strong>in</strong> harvest date, number of fruits/plant,<br />
fruit size and weight and leaf <strong>in</strong>dex. Fleshy, strongly attached versus th<strong>in</strong>, easily removed peduncle;<br />
<strong>green</strong> versus white unripe fruit colour; and sp<strong>in</strong>y versus sp<strong>in</strong>eless condition showed monogenic <strong>in</strong>heritance.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Heterosis, Heritability.<br />
129.Bukenya, Z. R. 1994. Solanum macrocarpon: an underutilised but potential <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>in</strong> Uganda. Pp.<br />
17-24 <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs XIIIth Plenary Meet<strong>in</strong>g AETFAT, Malawi (J.H.Senyani and A.C. Chikuni, editors).<br />
Solanum macrocarpon L. is an important native <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong> with several cultivars. In West <strong>Africa</strong><br />
both the leaves and fruits are eaten. In Uganda however it is a m<strong>in</strong>or crop, cultivated <strong>for</strong> its leaves only,<br />
<strong>in</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ly one region of the country (Buganda -U4). Some of its outstand<strong>in</strong>g qualities as a <strong>vegetable</strong> are<br />
the large leaves (up to 46.0 long x 30.0 cm wide); large fruits (2.0-6.0 cm long x 3.0-10.0 cm wide); and the<br />
ratoon nature of the crop enables it to be harvested periodically <strong>for</strong> over a year. It is also less susceptible<br />
to pests and diseases than the common local and exotic <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Some of the causes of its unpopularity<br />
<strong>in</strong> Uganda <strong>in</strong>clude the fact that it has never been <strong>in</strong>troduced to farmers <strong>in</strong> more than 2/3 of the<br />
country; the leaves are a bit hard with a flat taste when cooked and fruits are suspected to be ‘poisonous’,<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g morphologically similar to those of Solanum <strong>in</strong>canum L. These obstacles can however be removed by<br />
conv<strong>in</strong>c<strong>in</strong>g the M<strong>in</strong>istry of Agriculture to <strong>in</strong>troduce the crop to various parts of the country; by breed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
and selection <strong>for</strong> character improvement and by <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>m<strong>in</strong>g the public correctly regard<strong>in</strong>g the chemical<br />
nature of the fruits.<br />
Keywords: Extension, Introduction, Uganda<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n eggplant and related species<br />
130.Bukenya, Z. R. and J. B. Hall. 1987. Six cultivars of Solanum macrocarpon (Solanaceae) <strong>in</strong> Ghana.<br />
Euphytica 17(1): 91-5.<br />
The Solanum macrocarpon complex (the cultivated eggplant) has been studied <strong>in</strong> Ghana us<strong>in</strong>g morphological<br />
and experimental methods. Six cultivars belong<strong>in</strong>g to the S. macrocarpon complex have been<br />
recognixed and described. The cultivars are S. macroparpon ‘Mankessim’, S. macroparpon ‘Akwaseho’, S.<br />
macroparpon ‘Kade’, S. macroparpon ‘Sarpeiman’ and S. macroparpon ‘Bui’. The very sp<strong>in</strong>y, hairy plant<br />
traditionally called S. dasyphyllum is regarded as the wild ancestor from which the cultivars have been<br />
derived through a process of crop evolution. The variation with<strong>in</strong> S. macroparpon complex is attributable<br />
to genotypic differences and environmental factors.<br />
Keywords: Crop-evolution, Egg-plant, Solanum dasyphyllum, S. macroparpon complex, Cultivars.<br />
131.Bukenya, Z. R. and J. B. Hall. 1988. Solanum (Solanaceae) <strong>in</strong> Ghana. Bothalia 18(1): 79-88.<br />
Of the 22 species, subspecies and varieties <strong>in</strong> the genus Solanum L. (Solanaceae)that occur <strong>in</strong> Ghana,<br />
about 15 are <strong>in</strong>digenous. In Ghana several members of the genus are utilised as food <strong>crops</strong> while others<br />
are put to medic<strong>in</strong>al and ornamental use. Up-to- date and detailed descriptions <strong>for</strong> all the Solanum taxa<br />
occurr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Ghana and a key to the species are provided.<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Indigenous, Taxa, Key, Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants, Ornamental-plants.
132.Bukenya, Z. R. and J. F. Carasco. 1994. Biosystematic study of Solanum macrocarpon - S. dasyphyllum<br />
complex <strong>in</strong> Uganda and relations with Solanum l<strong>in</strong>naeanum. East <strong>Africa</strong>n Agricultural and Forestry<br />
Journal 59(3): 187-204.<br />
In a study conducted <strong>in</strong> Uganda to exam<strong>in</strong>e the biosystematics of Solanum macrocarpon complex and its<br />
relations with S. l<strong>in</strong>naeanum complex, it was observed that tremendous morphological variation existed<br />
with<strong>in</strong> S. macrocarpon complex. Morphological characters that are useful <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>traspecific classification<br />
of S. macrocarpon L. complex and S. l<strong>in</strong>naeanum Hepper ex Jaeger, <strong>in</strong>clude leaf size, petiole length, leaf<br />
lob<strong>in</strong>g, number of flower per <strong>in</strong>florescence, length of <strong>in</strong>florescence axis, pedicel length, calyx length, size<br />
of flowers, fruit size nature of fruit stalks (erect/decurved), seed size and colour, hair types. From morphological<br />
and experimental methods, four groups of S. macocarpon complex <strong>in</strong> Uganda were recognised.<br />
These <strong>in</strong>clude S. macrocarpon (semi-wild group), S. macrocarpon ‘Mukono’ cultivar and S. macrocarpon<br />
‘Nab<strong>in</strong>go’ cultivar. The cultivars have selection pressures, from the wild group through the semi-wild<br />
group through the present cultivars/ There is considerable variation with<strong>in</strong> the two major cultivar<br />
groups especially the ‘Mukono’ group. For practical purposes, it is not advisable to split these up <strong>in</strong>to<br />
smaller groups such as <strong>for</strong>ms. Solanum l<strong>in</strong>naeanum is dist<strong>in</strong>ct from S. macrocarpon complex. The wild<br />
group of S. macrocarpon (S. dasyphyllum) and cultivars of S. macrocarpon belong to the same biological<br />
species. Solanum dasyphyllum should be <strong>for</strong>mally sunk under S. macrocarpon and the <strong>in</strong>fraspecific classification<br />
of S. macrocarpon complex should be sorted out.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Edible-species, Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants, Taxonomy, Wild-relatives, Plant-genetic-resources.<br />
133.Bukenya, Z. R. and J. F. Carasco. 1995. Crossability and cytological studies <strong>in</strong> Solanum macrocarpon and<br />
Solanum l<strong>in</strong>naeanum (Solanaceae). Euphytica 86(1): 5-13.<br />
Solanum macrocarpon belongs to section Melongena and is an important native <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>, especially<br />
<strong>in</strong> West <strong>Africa</strong> where both the leaves and fruits are eaten. Cross<strong>in</strong>g experiments <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g various<br />
groups of S. macrocarpon complex, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g wild (dasyphylum), semi-wild and cultivars produced fully<br />
fertile F1 and F2 hybrids. This confirmed earlier f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs that these groups belong to the same biological<br />
species. S. macrocarpon complex and S. l<strong>in</strong>naeanum are isolated by reproductive barriers. F1 and F2 hybrids<br />
between various groups of S. macrocarpon showed heterosis. F2 superior hybrids were isolated as<br />
candidates <strong>for</strong> the future breed<strong>in</strong>g programmes. Most wild- type traits like sp<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>ess, hair<strong>in</strong>ess were<br />
dom<strong>in</strong>ant to those possessed by cultivars. Hybrids relatively resistant to pest attack were also noted. S.<br />
macrocarpon complex and S. l<strong>in</strong>naeanum are diploids (2n = 24). The overall nature of the karyotype suggests<br />
that the two are related. The hybrids between the cultivars of S. macrocarpon and the wild group<br />
(dasyphyllum) showed normal meiosis. A lack of isolat<strong>in</strong>g barriers confirmed that the S. macrocarpon<br />
complex constitute a s<strong>in</strong>gle biological species.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Hybridization, Inheritance, Wild-relatives, Interspecific-hybridization, Genetics.<br />
134.Bukenya, Z. R. and J. F. Carasco. 1995. Solanum (Solanaceae) <strong>in</strong> Uganda. Bothalia 25(1): 43-59.<br />
Of the 41 species, subspecies and cultivar groups <strong>in</strong> the genus Solanum L. (Solanaceae) that occur <strong>in</strong><br />
Uganda, about 30 are <strong>in</strong>digenous. In Uganda several members of the genus are utilised as food <strong>crops</strong><br />
while others are put to medic<strong>in</strong>al and ornamental use. Some members are notorious weeds. A key to the<br />
species and descriptions of all Solanum species occurr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Uganda are provided.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n eggplant and related species<br />
Keywords: Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants, Ethnobotany, Utilization, Plant-genetic-resources.<br />
135.Choudhuri, H. C. 1972. Genetical studies <strong>in</strong> some west <strong>Africa</strong>n Solanum melongena L. Canadian Journal<br />
of Genetics and Cytology 14(2): 446-9.<br />
F1 hybrids from a cross between the varieties Giwa 2 and Giwa 1 had higher leaf-<strong>in</strong>dex (breadth/length)<br />
values than either parent. F2 segregation ratios <strong>in</strong> crosses <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g the dwarf variety SMG2 and the tall<br />
variety SMG1 <strong>in</strong>dicated that plant height is controlled by a s<strong>in</strong>gle pair of alleles, with tallness dom<strong>in</strong>ant.<br />
29
30<br />
Deeply lobed leaves were found to be controlled by LL which is <strong>in</strong>completely dom<strong>in</strong>ant over ll <strong>for</strong> slightly<br />
lobed leaves. Plants of the genotype LLll had <strong>in</strong>termediate sized lobes. Fruit colour is controlled by a<br />
s<strong>in</strong>gle pair of alleles with GM (<strong>green</strong>) <strong>in</strong>completely dom<strong>in</strong>ant over gm (white).<br />
Keywords: Plant-height, Leaves, Colour, Genetics.<br />
136.Dafni, A. and Z. Yaniv. 1994. Solanaceae as medic<strong>in</strong>al plants <strong>in</strong> Israel. Journal of Ethnopharmacology<br />
44(1): 11-8 .<br />
In a recent survey, 106 local healers <strong>in</strong> Israel were <strong>in</strong>terviewed concern<strong>in</strong>g the use of Solanaceae as<br />
medic<strong>in</strong>al plants. The ma<strong>in</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs revealed that: (a) only 4 species (Lycium europaeum, Solanum nigrum,<br />
Hyoscyamus aureus, Hyoscyamus albus) were extensively used; (b) the use of some traditional plants had<br />
been almost abandoned (Datura spp., Mandragora autumnalis, Withania somnifera); (c) all plants were<br />
applied externally, and were rarely used as narcotics; (d) most use of plants was local, only <strong>in</strong> a few cases<br />
was a uni<strong>for</strong>m use found throughout the whole country, and <strong>in</strong> all ethnic groups; (e) the extensive<br />
distribution of modern, safe narcotics, sedatives and anaesthetics has reduced the use of the Solanaceae<br />
<strong>for</strong> these purposes.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants, Indigenous-knowledge, Utilization, Ethnobotany, Plant-genetic-resources.<br />
137.Gbile, Z. O. and S. K. Ades<strong>in</strong>a. 1988. Nigerian Solanum species of economic importance. Annals of the<br />
Missouri Botanical Garden (USA) 75(3): 862-5.<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Drug-plants, Chemical-composition, Medic<strong>in</strong>al-properties.<br />
138.Husa<strong>in</strong>i, S. W. H and G. A. Iwo. 1990. Cytomorphological studies <strong>in</strong> some weedy species of the family<br />
Solanaceae from Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Feddes Repertorium 101(1-2): 41-7.<br />
Chromosome counts have been made of Datura <strong>in</strong>noxia [D. fastuosa], D. stramonium, Physalis angulata,<br />
Solanum <strong>in</strong>canum, S. melongena, S. nigrum, and S. torvum from Jos Plateau, Northern Nigeria <strong>for</strong> the first<br />
time. All the <strong>in</strong>vestigated species agree with the previous reports of chromosome numbers. A distribution<br />
map is provided.<br />
Keywords: Biology, Chromosome-number, Ecology, Distribution, Nigeria.<br />
139.Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrieres. Eggplants . Rapport Annuel<br />
1978 Annual Report <strong>for</strong> 1978 of the Institute of Tropical Agronomic Research and Food Crops., IRAT,<br />
Paris, France.<br />
Mart<strong>in</strong>ique: In trials with hybrid cvs resistant to Pseudomonas solanacearum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides<br />
[Glomerella c<strong>in</strong>gulata] and tolerant of Fusarium sp., yields varied from 45 to 54 t/ha. Mauritania: Trials<br />
with cvs <strong>for</strong> hot season and ra<strong>in</strong>y season production (40-60 t/ha).<br />
Keywords: Research, French-West-Indies, Reports, Fruit-<strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
140.Joshua, A. 1978. Seed germ<strong>in</strong>ation of Solanum <strong>in</strong>canum: an example of germ<strong>in</strong>ation problems of tropical<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>. Pp. 155-61 <strong>in</strong> Symposium on seed problems <strong>in</strong> horticulture. Acta Horticulturae<br />
(UK)), no. 83. International Society Horticultural Science (ISHS)<br />
Studies were carried out on Solanum <strong>in</strong>canum seeds with the aim of improv<strong>in</strong>g germ<strong>in</strong>ation which atta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
only 50% <strong>in</strong> 30 days <strong>for</strong> fresh seed. The removal of the seed coats improved germ<strong>in</strong>ation but is not<br />
practically feasible. There was a breakdown of dormancy after a storage period of six months. Also the<br />
treatment of fresh seed with gibberellic acid and the use of alternat<strong>in</strong>g temperatures 10 degC/25 degC<br />
had a beneficial effect.<br />
Keywords: Plant-Growth-and-Development.<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n eggplant and related species
141.Lester, R. N. and L. Niak<strong>in</strong>. 1988. Descriptors <strong>for</strong> eggplant. International Board <strong>for</strong> Plant Genetic<br />
Resources, Rome (Italy).<br />
Keywords: Plant-collection, Evaluation, Genetic-markers, Identifcation, Agronomic-characters.<br />
142.Lester, R. N., P. M. L. Jaeger, B. H. M. Bleijendaal Spier<strong>in</strong>gs, H. P. O. Bleijendaal and H. L. O. Holloway.<br />
1990. <strong>Africa</strong>n eggplants: a review of collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> West <strong>Africa</strong>. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (81/<br />
82): 17-26.<br />
Eggplant is an important fruit and leaf <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>. Both Solanum aethiopicum and Solanum<br />
macrocarpon were domesticated <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong> from <strong>in</strong>digenous wild species, and are grown abundantly,<br />
especially <strong>in</strong> tropical <strong>Africa</strong>. Solanum melongena from Asia is less popular. Recent collect<strong>in</strong>g of eggplant<br />
genetic resources from West <strong>Africa</strong> and elsewhere is summarized. Suitable procedures <strong>for</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
evaluation, regeneration and multiplication are discussed <strong>in</strong> the context of climates, agricultural systems,<br />
reproduction biology and dangers of genetic erosion.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Eggplant, Genetic-resources, Regional-survey, Solanum, Germplasm, Plant-collections.<br />
143.McPartlan, H. C. and P. J. Dale. 1994. An assessment of gene transfer by pollen from field-grown<br />
transgenic potatoes to non-transgenic potatoes and related species. Transgenic Research 3(4): 216-25.<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation on the extent of transgene dispersal by pollen to adjacent potato plots and to related weed<br />
species is an important requisite <strong>for</strong> risk assessment, a procedure followed be<strong>for</strong>e novel transgenic<br />
plants are evaluated under field conditions. A study was conducted to determ<strong>in</strong>e the frequency of crosspoll<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
between potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv. Desiree plants at different distances, us<strong>in</strong>g a kanamyc<strong>in</strong><br />
resistance transgene, neomyc<strong>in</strong> phosphotransferase (nptII), as a selectable marker. Non-transgenic<br />
plants, used as potential recipients of transgene-conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g pollen, were planted <strong>in</strong> 12 sub-plots, at<br />
distances of 0-20 m from a central plot of transgenic plants. Seeds harvested from the non-transgenic<br />
plants were screened <strong>for</strong> resistance to kanamyc<strong>in</strong>, and polymerase cha<strong>in</strong> reaction and Southern blott<strong>in</strong>g<br />
were used to confirm that resistant progeny conta<strong>in</strong>ed the nptII gene. Where transgenic and non-transgenic<br />
potato plants were <strong>in</strong> alternate rows (leaves touch<strong>in</strong>g), 24% of seedl<strong>in</strong>gs from the non-transgenic parent<br />
plants were kanamyc<strong>in</strong>-resistant. Comparable seedl<strong>in</strong>gs from plants at up to 3 m distance had a resistance<br />
frequency of 2%, at 10 m the frequency was 0.017% and at 20 m no resistant progeny were observed.<br />
Plants of the weed species S. dulcamara and S. nigrum were also planted at a distance of 20 m from the<br />
transgenic potatoes to test <strong>for</strong> evidence of hybridization, and no kanamyc<strong>in</strong>-resistant seedl<strong>in</strong>gs were<br />
observed among progeny <strong>in</strong> these wild species. This <strong>in</strong>vestigation provided evidence that the extent of<br />
gene dispersal from transgenic potatoes to non-transgenic potatoes falls markedly with <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g distance,<br />
and is negligible at 10 m. There was, also, no evidence of transgene movement from potato to S.<br />
dulcamara and S. nigrum under field conditions.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n eggplant and related species<br />
Keywords: Genes, Genetic-trans<strong>for</strong>mation, Outcross<strong>in</strong>g, Gene-flow, Biosafety, Biotechnology.<br />
144.Omidiji, M. O. 1975. Interspecific hybridization <strong>in</strong> the cultivated, non-tuberous Solanum species.<br />
Euphytica 24(2): 341-53.<br />
The relationship between three diploid and two hexaploid species was studied. Fertile diploid and<br />
hexaploid hybrids were obta<strong>in</strong>ed from the crosses S. macrocarpon (2x) X S. melongena (2x) and S. nodiflorum<br />
(6x) X S. nigrum (6x) respectively. The diploid hybrid of S. macrocarpon X S. <strong>in</strong>canum (2x) was partially<br />
fertile. All crosses <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g S. <strong>in</strong>canum as female parent were sterile. The diploid X hexaploid or reciprocal<br />
crosses yielded <strong>in</strong>viable seeds. The F2 plants derived from S. macrocarpon X S. <strong>in</strong>canum and S. macrocarpon<br />
X S. melongena were morphologically variable, whereas those from S. nodiflorum X S. nigrum were vigorous<br />
and morphologically uni<strong>for</strong>m. The observations <strong>in</strong>dicated that S. macrocarpon is more closely related<br />
to S. melongena than to S. <strong>in</strong>canum and that the differences between the hexaploid species are more<br />
varietal than specific.<br />
Keywords: Polyploidy, Interspecific-hybridization, Sterility-and-fertility, Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Selection.<br />
31
32<br />
145.Omidiji, M. O. 1976. Evidence concern<strong>in</strong>g the hybrid orig<strong>in</strong> of the local garden egg (Solanum melongena<br />
L.). Nigerian Journal of Science 10(1-2): 123-35.<br />
Interspecific hybridization with varietal <strong>for</strong>ms of Solanum macrocarpon and <strong>in</strong>terspecific crosses between<br />
S. macrocarpon and either S. <strong>in</strong>canum or S. dasyphylum produced some offspr<strong>in</strong>g which were morphologically<br />
similar to the cultivated S. melongena. It is concluded that hybrid vigour and cont<strong>in</strong>uous selection by<br />
man must have played an important role <strong>in</strong> the evolution of the cultivated <strong>for</strong>ms of <strong>in</strong>digenous eggplants<br />
with large, edible fruits.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant-breed<strong>in</strong>g, Selection.<br />
146.Omidiji, M. O. 1976. Genetic studies and breed<strong>in</strong>g potential of leaf and fruit <strong>vegetable</strong>s, Solanum spp.<br />
grown <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Vegetables <strong>for</strong> the Hot, Humid Tropics(1): 15-21.<br />
Includ<strong>in</strong>g some data on the per<strong>for</strong>mance of 10 selected eggplant l<strong>in</strong>es compared with 2 local cvs.<br />
Keywords: Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Selection.<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n eggplant and related species<br />
147.Omidiji, M. O. 1977. Yield and nutritive quality of selected <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s from <strong>in</strong>terspecific Solanum<br />
L. crosses. Nigerian Journal of Science 11(1-2): 197-208.<br />
Results showed that all of the 4 selections of <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s L1, L2, L3 and L4 derived from the back<br />
cross of Solanum aethiopicum (SA) x S. macrocarpon (SM) x SA, and L6, a derivative from the cross SA x S.<br />
gilo, out yielded the control SA. The vegetative parts <strong>in</strong>crease over the control varied from 11.3 to 125.2%.<br />
L5, a selection from the cross SA x SM, though yield<strong>in</strong>g less than the control SM, was less fibrous and<br />
more tender. L7, an <strong>in</strong>traspecific derivative of 2 varietal <strong>for</strong>ms of S. nigrum, comb<strong>in</strong>ed the parental<br />
characters of outstand<strong>in</strong>g cul<strong>in</strong>ary quality and fruit persistence, and yielded 30% more <strong>in</strong> vegetative<br />
parts than the mean yield of both parents. All selections were palatable and of acceptable taste. Fruit<br />
yields are discussed.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-Crops, Product-Properties, Plant-breed<strong>in</strong>g, Selection.<br />
148.Omidiji, M. O. 1978. Tropical <strong>leafy</strong> and fruit <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Vegetables <strong>for</strong> the Hot, Humid<br />
Tropics(3): 6-18.<br />
There are large numbers of <strong>vegetable</strong>s that are cultivated <strong>in</strong> Nigeria <strong>for</strong> their edible leaves, stems, roots<br />
and fruits. A brief note on their production pattern and consumption pattern is presented. Some different<br />
types of <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s and fruit <strong>vegetable</strong>s, their families, common and local names, edible parts and<br />
propagation methods are tabulated and discussed. The <strong>vegetable</strong>s are mostly cultivated, a few others<br />
which are wild or weedy but edible are <strong>in</strong>cluded. Many of the <strong>green</strong> <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s and fruits are<br />
annual herbs or short-lived perennial shrubs, produc<strong>in</strong>g large succulent leaves that can be harvested<br />
over a period of weeks or even months.<br />
Keywords: Reference-Documents, Crop-Cultivation, Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance.
G: Okra (Abelmoschus esculentum (L.) Moench)<br />
149.Adebanjo, A. and A. P. O. Dede. 1985. Resistance of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) cultivars to premature<br />
fruit abortion <strong>in</strong>duced by Choanephora cucurbitarum. Scientia Horticulturae 27(1/2): 45-8.<br />
At the National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Nigeria, 9 okra cvs. were evaluated, <strong>in</strong> field<br />
experiments dur<strong>in</strong>g 1982 and 1983, <strong>for</strong> their susceptibility to premature fruit abortion <strong>in</strong>duced by<br />
Choanephora cucurbitarum. The results <strong>in</strong>dicated differences <strong>in</strong> abortion vary<strong>in</strong>g from 24 to 73% between<br />
cvs. tested.<br />
Keywords: Fungal-diseases, Disease-resistance.<br />
150.Bettencourt, E. and J. Konopka. 1989. Vegetables: Abelmoschus. Directory of Germplasm Collections.<br />
4, International Board <strong>for</strong> Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Brassica, Capsicum, Cucurbitaceae, Lycopersicon, Solanum, Plant-collections, Germplasm.<br />
151.Fatokun, C. A. 1991. Inheritance of days to flower<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench).<br />
Beitrage Zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft Und Veter<strong>in</strong>armediz<strong>in</strong> (Germany) 29(3): 317-23.<br />
The <strong>in</strong>heritance of the number of days to first flower open<strong>in</strong>g was studied <strong>in</strong> Nigeria, <strong>in</strong> 1987, <strong>in</strong> fieldgrown<br />
parents, F1’s, F2, and backcrosses to both parents on a cross <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g 2 okra cultivars, UI 72-11<br />
(early flower<strong>in</strong>g) and UI 86 (late flower<strong>in</strong>g). Earl<strong>in</strong>ess to flower<strong>in</strong>g was partially dom<strong>in</strong>ant to lateness.<br />
Dom<strong>in</strong>ance gene action and dom<strong>in</strong>ance x dom<strong>in</strong>ance gene <strong>in</strong>teraction were significant <strong>for</strong> this trait. The<br />
<strong>in</strong>teraction was found to be predom<strong>in</strong>antly of the duplicate type. Broad and narrow sense heritability<br />
estimates were 72.29% and 64.90%, respectively. The m<strong>in</strong>imum number of effective factors controll<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the days to flower<strong>in</strong>g was found to be 2.0. The implications of these observations <strong>in</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g earlyflower<strong>in</strong>g<br />
okra cultivars are mentioned.<br />
Keywords: Genetics, Flower<strong>in</strong>g, Earl<strong>in</strong>ess, Plant-breed<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
152.Godfrey Sam Aggrey, W. and A. S. Ndoleh. 1978. Effects of Alar on growth, flower<strong>in</strong>g and yield of<br />
okra. Experimental-Agriculture (UK) 14(2): 121-8.<br />
Effects of Alar (dam<strong>in</strong>ozide) on growth, flower<strong>in</strong>g and yield parameters of standard-planted and closelyplanted<br />
late-bear<strong>in</strong>g okra were studied. Lower concentrations of Alar, applied once 6 weeks after sow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
on standard-planted okra, significantly advanced days to first flower<strong>in</strong>g and depressed height at first<br />
flower<strong>in</strong>g and f<strong>in</strong>al height. Higher Alar concentrations, particularly 2000 ppm applied twice after 3 and<br />
6 weeks on closely-planted okra, produced more, longer and heavier pods, and there<strong>for</strong>e higher total pod<br />
yield <strong>in</strong> unstopped than <strong>in</strong> stopped okra, <strong>in</strong> addition to advanc<strong>in</strong>g days to first flower<strong>in</strong>g and depress<strong>in</strong>g<br />
height at first flower<strong>in</strong>g and f<strong>in</strong>al height. The agronomic practice of stopp<strong>in</strong>g i.e. by decapitat<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
term<strong>in</strong>al buds, okra at 6 weeks reduced pod number, pod weight/plant and total pod yield/ha <strong>in</strong> unsprayed<br />
plants.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-Crops, Growth-Regulators.<br />
Okra<br />
153.Igboanugo, A. B. I. 1987. Effects of some eucalypts on growth and yield of Amaranthus caudatus and<br />
Abelmoschus esculentus. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment (Netherlands) 18(3): 243-9.<br />
At Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria, okra and amaranthus (Amaranthus caudatus) were both grown <strong>for</strong> 10 weeks <strong>in</strong><br />
a savanna grassland (control) and under the effects of decompos<strong>in</strong>g eucalypts’ plant parts <strong>in</strong> an old<br />
eucalypts’ plantation with a well-lit floor (treatment). Morphological studies showed that the 2 species<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the plantation did not behave alike <strong>in</strong> most properties studied. While shoot height did not<br />
vary <strong>in</strong> A. caudatus <strong>in</strong> the 2 sites, <strong>in</strong> okra, it was higher <strong>in</strong> the control. Although total leaf number <strong>in</strong> the 2<br />
species was significantly reduced <strong>in</strong> the plantation, area per leaf <strong>in</strong> A. caudatus did not vary between<br />
plants <strong>in</strong> the 2 sites. In okra, specific leaf area and chlorophyll content did not vary between plants<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the 2 sites, but <strong>in</strong> A. caudatus both parameters were higher <strong>in</strong> the control. In okra, total flower<br />
abortion was observed after the third week of flower <strong>in</strong>itiation, with fruit number and dimensions be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
significantly lower <strong>in</strong> plants grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the plantation. It is concluded that the 2 crop species are <strong>in</strong>compatible<br />
with eucalypts.<br />
33
34<br />
Keywords: Intercropp<strong>in</strong>g, Allelopathy, Agro<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
154.IRAT. Okra. Pp. 219 <strong>in</strong> Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrieres:<br />
Rapport Annuel 1978. (Annual Report <strong>for</strong> 1978 of the Institute of Tropical Agronomic Research and<br />
Food Crops) IRAT, Paris (France).<br />
Mauritania: American cvs yielded 14-16 t/ha compared with 9-10 t/ha from local cvs. Senegal: Cv. Pcp<br />
yielded 7.5 t/ha dur<strong>in</strong>g the ra<strong>in</strong>y season.<br />
Keywords: Okras, Research, Reports, Vegetables, Malvaceae, Fruit-<strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
155.Mart<strong>in</strong>, F. W. 1982. A second edible okra species, and its hybrids with common okra. Annals of Botany<br />
50(2): 277-83.<br />
Seventeen accessions of an unnamed West <strong>Africa</strong>n species of Abelmoschus [Hibiscus] were grown <strong>in</strong><br />
Puerto Rico and crossed with plants of A.[H.] esculentus. Plants of the accessions were more daylength<br />
sensitive and larger than those of common okra, had shorter <strong>in</strong>ternodes and also differed <strong>in</strong> numerous<br />
morphological and physiological characteristics. The F1 <strong>in</strong>terspecific hybrids were comparatively sterile<br />
but a few produced germ<strong>in</strong>able seeds; backcrosses were more fertile, with almost complete fertility <strong>in</strong><br />
the BC2. Some evidence was found of cytoplasmic <strong>in</strong>teraction with chromosomes <strong>in</strong> the production of<br />
sterile BC hybrids. Transfer of genes from the new species to common okra appears feasible.<br />
Keywords: Interspecific-hybridization, Sterility, Fertility, Backcross<strong>in</strong>g, Species.<br />
156.Muoneke, C. O. and A. C. C. Udeogalanya. 1991. Response of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) to plant density<br />
and pattern of plant arrangement <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences (India).<br />
61(10): 726-30.<br />
In Nigeria, an experiment was conducted dur<strong>in</strong>g the ra<strong>in</strong>y seasons of 1984 and 1985, to study the effect<br />
of 4 plant<strong>in</strong>g densities (27 777, 37 037, 55 555 and 111 111 plants/ha) and their patterns of arrangement<br />
(rectangular vs square) on the yield of okra cv. Awgu Early. Leaf area/plant and branches/plant decreased<br />
with an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> plant<strong>in</strong>g density, but the leaf area <strong>in</strong>dex <strong>in</strong>creased. Fresh pod yield/plant<br />
decreased but the yield/ha <strong>in</strong>creased with an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> plant<strong>in</strong>g density. The fresh weight of the pods/<br />
ha was 69% higher at the highest plant<strong>in</strong>g density (111 111 plants/ha), compared with the lowest plant<strong>in</strong>g<br />
density (27 777 plants/ha), <strong>in</strong> 1984 and 1985. The plant arrangement did not have a significant effect<br />
on plant growth and yield. Ease of cultural operations should determ<strong>in</strong>e the spatial arrangement of the<br />
plants, while plant<strong>in</strong>g density may be adapted to produce the maximum yield.<br />
Keywords: Spac<strong>in</strong>g, Plant-population.<br />
Okra<br />
157.Olasantan, F. O. 1988. Effect of leaf removal on the growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)<br />
and its relevance to leaf harvest<strong>in</strong>g patterns and pest damage. Experimental Agriculture 24(4): 449-55.<br />
In Nigeria, experiments on okra were conducted to determ<strong>in</strong>e the economic loss caused by <strong>in</strong>sect damage<br />
to the leaves or by harvest<strong>in</strong>g young leaves as a <strong>vegetable</strong>. Leaf harvests at 1-weekly <strong>in</strong>tervals yielded 30-<br />
50% more fresh leaf than harvests at 2 or 3-weekly <strong>in</strong>tervals. Remov<strong>in</strong>g a quarter of each leaf or s<strong>in</strong>gle<br />
leaves from the upper or lower parts of the plant at 3-weekly <strong>in</strong>tervals did not affect marketable fruit<br />
yield, but yield was reduced by about 30% when one young leaf was harvested at 1 or 2-weekly <strong>in</strong>tervals<br />
or when two or three leaves were harvested at 3-weekly <strong>in</strong>tervals. Remov<strong>in</strong>g more than one quarter of<br />
each leaf or two or three fully expanded leaves from the lower three-quarters of the plant at 3-weekly<br />
<strong>in</strong>tervals also caused up to 40% yield loss. Harvest<strong>in</strong>g s<strong>in</strong>gle leaves at 3-weekly <strong>in</strong>tervals is there<strong>for</strong>e<br />
recommended if okra is to be grown <strong>for</strong> both leaves and pods.<br />
Keywords: Harvest-tim<strong>in</strong>g, Pest-damage, Agronomic-characters.<br />
158.Oyolu, C. 1977. Variability <strong>in</strong> photoperiodic response <strong>in</strong> okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.). Acta Horticulturae<br />
(53): 207-15.<br />
Cultivars of okra grown <strong>in</strong> Nsukka, Nigeria could be divided <strong>in</strong>to two groups, depend<strong>in</strong>g on their<br />
response to photoperiod: a) “dry season” or short day group (critical day length of 12 1/4 hrs or less);
and b) “all season” or neutral group (critical day length of 12 1/2 hrs or more). England showed variability<br />
<strong>in</strong> growth and flower<strong>in</strong>g time with<strong>in</strong> “all season” cultivars exposed to day length temperature <strong>in</strong>teraction.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-Crops, Plant-Growth-and-Development.<br />
159.Siemonsma, J. S. 1979. Okra collections <strong>in</strong> Ivory Coast. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 40(19).<br />
Keywords: Plant-collection.<br />
Okra<br />
160.Siemonsma, J. S. 1982. La culture du gombo (Abelmoschus spp.), legume-fruit tropical (avec reference<br />
speciale a la Cote d’Ivoire) [The Cultivation of Okra (Abelmoschus spp.), tropical <strong>vegetable</strong>-fruit (with<br />
specieal reference to Ivory Coast)]. Landbouwhogeschool, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen, Netherlands.<br />
The mucilag<strong>in</strong>ous immature fruits of okra are much appreciated <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>, and elsewhere, as <strong>in</strong>gredients<br />
of soups and stews. The leaves are also eaten. Both leaves and fruits may be conserved by dry<strong>in</strong>g. All<br />
aspects of okra culture <strong>in</strong> the Ivory Coast are covered <strong>in</strong> this small book and many of the observations it<br />
conta<strong>in</strong>s are equally applicable to other parts of West <strong>Africa</strong>. The Soudanais (savanna) type of okra is the<br />
true Abelmoschus (Hibiscus) esculentus but the Gu<strong>in</strong>een (<strong>for</strong>est) type may be a hybrid between A. esculentus<br />
and A. manihot. The book conta<strong>in</strong>s several illustrations and an extensive bibliography.<br />
Keywords: Cultural-methods, Malvaceae, Fruit, Vegetables.<br />
35
36<br />
H: Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica car<strong>in</strong>ata A. Br.)<br />
161.Hari S<strong>in</strong>gh, D. S<strong>in</strong>gh and T. P. Yadava. 1988. Comparative per<strong>for</strong>mance of the genotypes of Indian and<br />
Ethiopian mustard under semi-arid region of India. Cruciferae Newsletter(13): 36-7.<br />
In 1983-84, 4 of the 10 Ethiopian mustard (Brassica car<strong>in</strong>ata) genotypes studied (CAR6, CAR2, CAR8 and<br />
CAR5) produced significantly higher yields than the controls, the Indian mustard (B. juncea) cultivars<br />
RH30 and Prakash. Only CAR5 and BC2 produced seed yields <strong>in</strong> excess of 3 t/ha <strong>in</strong> 1984-85, compared<br />
with 2.37 t <strong>for</strong> Prakash and 2.46 t <strong>for</strong> RH30. Averaged over both years, seed yields of CAR5, BC2, CAR3,<br />
CAR8, CAR6, CAR2 and HC2 were appreciably higher than <strong>in</strong> the controls. Of the B. car<strong>in</strong>ata genotypes<br />
studied, only BC2 (40.1%) and HC2 (39.2%) had oil contents comparable to those of Prakesh (40.16%)<br />
and RH30 (40.33%). CAR2, CAR3, CAR5 and HC2 matured with<strong>in</strong> 152 days, whereas the control varieties<br />
reached maturity with<strong>in</strong> 139-147 days. All B. car<strong>in</strong>ata genotypes were resistant to white rust [Albugo<br />
candida]. CAR5, BC2, CAR3 and HC2 were identified as the best B. car<strong>in</strong>ata genotypes.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Yields, Oils, Disease-resistance, Variety-trials.<br />
162.Likums, E. 1976. There’s prote<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> Brassica [car<strong>in</strong>ata, <strong>vegetable</strong>s from Ethiopia]. Agricultural Research<br />
(USA) 24(10): 7.<br />
163.Yadav, R. C., P. K. Sareen and J. B. Chowdhury. 1988. High frequency <strong>in</strong>duction of androgenesis <strong>in</strong><br />
Ethiopian mustard (Brassica car<strong>in</strong>ata A. Br.). Cruciferae Newsletter(13): 77.<br />
Anthers from unopened flower buds of cv. BCID1 and HC1 were cultured on Keller medium (R1), Keller<br />
medium modified with 100 mg ser<strong>in</strong>e (R2), KB5 medium modified with organic components of B5 (R3),<br />
and N6 medium modified with organic components of B5 (R4). The anthers were cultured <strong>in</strong> the dark at<br />
25±2°C <strong>for</strong> 4 weeks <strong>for</strong> callus <strong>in</strong>itiation. There was no anther response on R1 and R2 media, but it was<br />
very high on R3 and R4 media. Anther response was greater on R4 medium than on R3 medium. The<br />
highest anther response (84.70%) was observed <strong>in</strong> cultivar BCID1 on R4 medium, where anthers burst<br />
open and produced embryogenic callus. The frequency of response on the R3 medium was 36.70%.<br />
Cultivar HC1 also had a similar anther response on R3 medium, but on R4 medium its response was<br />
42.0% which was lower than <strong>in</strong> BCID1. MS media with different concentrations of growth regulators<br />
were tried, and those supplemented with IAA (0.5 mg/litre) + BA [benzyladen<strong>in</strong>e] (0.5 mg/litre) or NAA<br />
(0.2 mg/litre) + Kn [k<strong>in</strong>et<strong>in</strong>] (2 mg/litre) were found suitable <strong>for</strong> regeneration. When the callus was kept<br />
at 25±2°C <strong>in</strong> bright light (6000 lux) with a 16 h photoperiod, it turned <strong>green</strong> with<strong>in</strong> 15 days and few<br />
plants regenerated. Their ploidy level will be confirmed and the <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation utilized <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>terspecific<br />
hybridization programme us<strong>in</strong>g anther culture to fix the characters <strong>in</strong> the F1 generation.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Ethiopian mustard<br />
Keywords: Biotechnology, Regeneration, Light, Anther-culture, Tissue-culture.
I: Cassava and Sweet Potato (Manihot esculentum Crantz,<br />
Ipomoea batata L.)<br />
164.Abdelsamie, R. E. and B. Tangendjaja. 1986. Composition of cassava leaf/giant <strong>Africa</strong>n snail silage:<br />
Effect of snail addition and storage time. Ilmu Dan Peternakan (Indonesia) 2(4): 169-72.<br />
Keywords: Silage, Storage, Composition, Nutritive-value.<br />
165.Adewusi, S. R. A., A. F. Awoy<strong>in</strong>ka and V. O. Abegunde. 1995. Nutrient content of young cassava leaves<br />
and assessment of their acceptance as a <strong>green</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Plant Foods <strong>for</strong> Human Nutrition<br />
(Netherlands).<br />
The nutritive value of young cassave leaves was studied <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Cassava leaves conta<strong>in</strong>ed a high<br />
level of crude prote<strong>in</strong> (29.3-32.4% dry weight) compared with a conventional <strong>vegetable</strong>, Amaranthus sp.<br />
(19.6%). Ash was 4.6-6.4% <strong>in</strong> cassava leaf samples but 13.1% dry weight <strong>in</strong> Amaranthus sp. Dietary fibre<br />
was very high <strong>in</strong> all samples (26.9-39% dry weight) whereas HCN-potential was low (5.1-12.6 mg/100 g<br />
dry weight). Tann<strong>in</strong> was highest <strong>in</strong> cassava leaves cv. IITA red (29.7 mg/g) and lowest <strong>in</strong> Amaranthus sp.<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>. In vitro digestibility was very low <strong>in</strong> oven-dried samples (15.6-22.7%). Blanch<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>creased<br />
prote<strong>in</strong> content (except Amaranthus sp.) and <strong>in</strong> vitro prote<strong>in</strong> digestibility but decreased ash, m<strong>in</strong>erals,<br />
dietary fibre and tann<strong>in</strong>, whereas HCN-potential was unchanged. Gr<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g reduced both HCN-potential<br />
and tann<strong>in</strong> by 84 and 71%, respectively, while oven-dry<strong>in</strong>g only reduced both contents marg<strong>in</strong>ally.<br />
Preference studies showed that the highest percentage of respondents (25.3%) preferred Amaranthus sp.<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>, followed by Celosia trigyna (17.5%), Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare (12.4%), garden egg (Solanum <strong>in</strong>canum)<br />
(11.5%), with cassava as the least (0.5%). Organoleptic evaluation rated cassava leaf soup <strong>in</strong>ferior to<br />
Amaranthus sp. <strong>in</strong> terms of appearance, colour and texture but equal <strong>in</strong> terms of taste and flavour and<br />
overall acceptability.<br />
TROPAG copyright.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Leaves, Nutritive-value.<br />
Cassava and Sweet Potato<br />
166.Almazan, A. M. and R. L. Theberge. 1989. Influence of cassava mosaic virus on cassava leaf-<strong>vegetable</strong><br />
quality. Tropical Agriculture 66(4): 305-8.<br />
The effect of cassava mosaic viral disease on cassava leaf-<strong>vegetable</strong> quality was studied <strong>in</strong> Nigeria.<br />
Because diseased leaves are believed to be sweeter and more tender, experiments were done to <strong>in</strong>vestigate<br />
this claim, and leaves from 3 cassava clones, TMS 50395, TMS 30572 and Isunikankiyan, with disease<br />
rat<strong>in</strong>gs of 1-5, were analysed <strong>for</strong> total cyanide, prote<strong>in</strong> content, total soluble sugars and crude fibre. Total<br />
cyanide concentration decreased significantly with <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g disease severity; prote<strong>in</strong> content also<br />
decreased as the disease progressed. Total soluble sugars and crude fibre content were not related to the<br />
disease rat<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Keywords: Viral-diseases, Cassava-mosaic-virus, Leaf-quality, Cyanide, Prote<strong>in</strong>-content.<br />
167.Brochier, J., R. Bouka, O. Legros and G. Boukambou. 1992. Peri-urban farm<strong>in</strong>g systems and food<br />
process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Congo. Pp.465-9. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on Process<strong>in</strong>g, Market<strong>in</strong>g, and Utilization of Root and<br />
Tuber Crops <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>. 26 Oct - 2 Nov 1991 Ibadan (Nigeria). Product Development <strong>for</strong> Root an Tuber<br />
Crops. No. 3 . (G. P. I. Ferguson and J. E. Herrera Scott) International Potato Center (CIP), Lima (Peru).<br />
AGRICONGO (Institut de recherche et d’appui pour le developpment agricole en zones tropicales) developed<br />
a project entitled new farm<strong>in</strong>g systems (NSF). This project is <strong>in</strong>tended to implement peri-urban<br />
agriculture <strong>for</strong> city dwellers who want to go <strong>in</strong>to small farm bus<strong>in</strong>ess. Because the Congo is import<strong>in</strong>g a<br />
large part of its food, the project’s first goal was to identify products <strong>for</strong> development. A basic project<br />
assumption was that the best way to reduce these imports was to modernize traditional foods. There was<br />
also a need to develop appropriate technologies <strong>in</strong> agronomy and food science. Work was done to design<br />
both a 1.5 ha NFS farm and an <strong>in</strong>tegrated food process<strong>in</strong>g facility. Farm<strong>in</strong>g techniques were tested at the<br />
research station level and the study <strong>in</strong>cluded socioeconomic issues and farmer-level implementation of<br />
product market<strong>in</strong>g and commercialization. This report presents prelim<strong>in</strong>ary f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs from 20 pilot NFS<br />
farms that were tested near Brazzaville. Food process<strong>in</strong>g l<strong>in</strong>es and their management are also described.<br />
Processed products made available to urban markets through the project were chikwangue (cassava<br />
bread) and cassava-based mixed flour <strong>for</strong> <strong>in</strong>fant food.<br />
37
38<br />
Keywords: Flours, Market<strong>in</strong>g, Process<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
168.Cock, J. H. 1985. Cassava. New potential <strong>for</strong> a neglected crop. Pp. 191. Westview Press, Boulder and<br />
London.<br />
169.Dahniya, M. T. 1981. Effets de l’ éffeuillage et de l’ écimage sur les rendements en feuilles et en<br />
rac<strong>in</strong>es du manioc et de la potate douce [Effects of leaf harvests and detopp<strong>in</strong>g on the yield of leaves<br />
and roots of cassava and sweet potato]. Pp. 137-42 <strong>in</strong> Tropical root <strong>crops</strong>: research strategies <strong>for</strong> the<br />
1980s (E.R.Terry, K. A. Oduro and F. Caveness, editors). IDRC, Ottawa (Canada).<br />
I undertook two studies, one on the effect of harvest<strong>in</strong>g leaves of cassava and the other on the effects of<br />
detopp<strong>in</strong>g sweet potatoes at different times. My f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs were that total fresh leaf yield of cassava variety<br />
Isunikakiyan was not significantly affected by harvest<strong>in</strong>g frequency of the leaves unlike that of variety<br />
TMS 30211. However, compared with plants with unharvested leaves, there was a total fresh root yield<br />
decrease of 56-76%, 34-62%, and 15-32% when leaves were harvested at 1-, 2-, and 3-month <strong>in</strong>tervals.<br />
Detopp<strong>in</strong>g sweet potato shoot tips resulted <strong>in</strong> 34-42% less shoot yield than did detopp<strong>in</strong>g plants at the<br />
base of each shoot. Total shoot yield was unaffected when the tips were harvested at 2-,3-, or 4-week<br />
<strong>in</strong>tervals. Tuber yield was less severely reduced when shoot tips were detopped than when they were cut<br />
at the base. As the <strong>in</strong>tervals between detopp<strong>in</strong>gs decreased, there was a decrease <strong>in</strong> tuber numbers,<br />
<strong>in</strong>dividual tuber size, and total yield. The cassava and sweet potato varieties studied reacted differently<br />
to leaf harvests and detopp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> terms of root and tuber yields. Harvest<strong>in</strong>g cassava leaves at 2- or 3month<br />
<strong>in</strong>tervals and sweet potato shoots at 4-week <strong>in</strong>tervals is recommended <strong>for</strong> reasonable overall<br />
yields.<br />
Keywords: Harvest<strong>in</strong>g,Yields, Roots, Tubers.<br />
170.Ezeilo, W. N. O. 1979. Intercropp<strong>in</strong>g with cassava <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs. Intercropp<strong>in</strong>g with cassava.<br />
27 Nov. 1978 Trivandrum, India Trivandrum, IndiaNo. no. 142e IDRC-Publication (Canada),<br />
Ottawa (Canada).<br />
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is grown <strong>in</strong> many parts of <strong>Africa</strong>, where it is often mixed <strong>in</strong>tercropped or<br />
relay <strong>in</strong>tercropped. The attributes of cassava <strong>in</strong>clude high yield compared to other <strong>crops</strong> per unit of time<br />
and land, a long plant<strong>in</strong>g season (8 months) allow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> greater flexibility <strong>in</strong> work schedules and good<br />
storage properties <strong>in</strong> the ground. It is also valued <strong>for</strong> its drought tolerance and ability to grow <strong>in</strong> suboptimal<br />
soils. Cassava, <strong>in</strong> the traditional farm<strong>in</strong>g systems, is often <strong>in</strong>tercropped with pr<strong>in</strong>cipal staples,<br />
such as yams (Dioscorea spp.) and subsidiary <strong>crops</strong>, such as okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), melons<br />
(Colocynthis vulgaris) and leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s (Telfairia occidentalis and Corchorus olitorus). Cassava <strong>in</strong>tercropp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
research at IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture) is discussed.<br />
Keywords: Intercropp<strong>in</strong>g, Traditional-farm<strong>in</strong>g, Agricultural-research, Innovation-adoption.<br />
171.Ezumah, H. C. 1987. The effect of harvest<strong>in</strong>g leaves on cassava yield <strong>in</strong> Zaire. Agriculture International<br />
(UK) 39(5): 152-5.<br />
In the M’vuazi river valley field experiments were conducted to study the effects of harvest<strong>in</strong>g leaves on<br />
casava yield, revenues, disease and pest <strong>in</strong>cidence. There were 4 treatments: (a) irregular ut frequent<br />
harvest<strong>in</strong>g of leaves (to be used as <strong>vegetable</strong>s or pondu), (b) harvest<strong>in</strong>g once a month, (c) harvest<strong>in</strong>g every<br />
2 months, and (d) no harvest<strong>in</strong>g (control). Harvest<strong>in</strong>g commenced 5 months after plant<strong>in</strong>g. Leaf yield<br />
was measured dur<strong>in</strong>g a 1-year period, and fresh root yield was measured at 16 months. Frequently<br />
harvested plots showed highest mealybug (Phenococcus manihoti) <strong>in</strong>cidence. The more frequent leaves<br />
were harvested, the higher the <strong>in</strong>cidence of cassava mosaic disease. There was a tendency <strong>for</strong> leaf area to<br />
decl<strong>in</strong>e with <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g frequency of harvest<strong>in</strong>g. Leaf harvest<strong>in</strong>g had no effect on number of primary<br />
branches/plant, but greatly <strong>in</strong>creased secondary, tertiary and other branches. Treatments (c) and (d)<br />
gave equal root yields. In (c) revenues from leaves were > 4 times that from the control roots. Root revenue<br />
<strong>in</strong> (a) was 50% and total revenue was 200-300% that of (d).<br />
Keywords: Leaf, Crop-harvest<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Cassava and Sweet Potato<br />
172.Lockard, R. G., M. A. Saqui and D. D. Wounuah. 1985. Effects of time and frequency of leaf harvest on<br />
growth and yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) <strong>in</strong> Liberia. Field Crops Research (Netherlands)<br />
12(2): 175-80.
Cassava and Sweet Potato<br />
Keywords: Leaves, Harvest<strong>in</strong>g, Growth, Yields, Tubers.<br />
173.Lutaladio, N. B. and H. C. Ezumah. 1981. Cassava leaf harvest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Zaire. Pp.134-6. <strong>in</strong> Tropical root<br />
<strong>crops</strong>: proceed<strong>in</strong>gs. Sep 1980 Ibadan, Nigeria Ibadan, Nigeria Trienn. Root Crops SymposiumNo. no.<br />
163e International Development Research Centre, IDRC-Publication (Canada), Ottawa (Canada).<br />
In Zaire, harvest<strong>in</strong>g cassava leaves <strong>for</strong> use as a <strong>vegetable</strong> could <strong>in</strong>crease the total revenue (leaf and root)<br />
from the crop by 1.5-6 times, depend<strong>in</strong>g on cultivar and on frequency of leaf harvest<strong>in</strong>g. Frequent removal<br />
of leaves results <strong>in</strong> a high <strong>in</strong>cidence of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and reductions <strong>in</strong> root and<br />
leaf yields. Harvest<strong>in</strong>g leaves once a month provides a high leaf production and returns with low losses<br />
<strong>in</strong> root yield.<br />
Keywords: Harvest-tim<strong>in</strong>g, Variety-per<strong>for</strong>mance, Disease-<strong>in</strong>cidence.<br />
174.Lutaladio, N. B. and H. C. Ezumah. 1981. La récolte des feuilles du manioc [Cassava leaf harvest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
Zaire]. <strong>in</strong> Tropical root <strong>crops</strong>: research strategies <strong>for</strong> the 1980s. (E.R. Terry, K. A. Oduro and F. Caveness,<br />
editors). IDRC, Ottawa (Canada).<br />
In Zaire, harvest<strong>in</strong>g cassava leaves <strong>for</strong> use as a <strong>vegetable</strong> could <strong>in</strong>crease the total revenue (leaf and root)<br />
from the crop by 1.5-6 times, depend<strong>in</strong>g on cultivar and on frequency of leaf harvest<strong>in</strong>g. Frequent removal<br />
of leaves results <strong>in</strong> high <strong>in</strong>cidence of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and reductions <strong>in</strong> root and<br />
leaf yields. Harvest<strong>in</strong>g leaves once a month provides a high leaf production and returns with low losses<br />
<strong>in</strong> root yield.<br />
Keywords: Harvest<strong>in</strong>g, Roots, Yields, Plant-diseases.<br />
39
40<br />
J: Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
175.Abbiw, D. K. 1997. Traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Ghana. Pp.29-30. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International<br />
Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-<br />
31 August 1995 ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables.<br />
Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16. (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o,<br />
editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic<br />
Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
This paper classifies the <strong>vegetable</strong>s used <strong>in</strong> Ghana <strong>in</strong>to those of national importance and those of local<br />
or ethnic importance only and documents which of the <strong>vegetable</strong>s of local importance are marketed.<br />
Keywords: Indigenous, Use.<br />
176.Abdullahi Mohamed Husse<strong>in</strong> and Am<strong>in</strong>a Haji Abdullahi. 1988. Traditional process<strong>in</strong>g possibilities<br />
of under exploited food plants. Pp.81-91. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs. National Workshop on Promotion of Under<br />
Exploited Traditional Food Plants <strong>in</strong> Somalia. 12-155 Nov 1988, Mogadishu (Somalia). M<strong>in</strong>istry of<br />
Agriculture, Mogadishu (Somalia).<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Food-technology, Somalia, Cereals, Legumes, Tubers, Fruits, Vegetables.<br />
177.Ahmed, M. K. and El Tahir I. Mohammed. 1997. Indigenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s of Sudan: production, utilization<br />
and conservation. Pp.117-21. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic<br />
Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995 ICRAF-HQ,<br />
Nairobi, Kenya. ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation<br />
and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16. (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant<br />
Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome,<br />
Italy.<br />
Keywords: Vegetables, Sudan, Production, Utilization, Conservation, Indigenous.<br />
178.Akah, P. A. and A. L. Nwambie. 1993. Nigerian plants with anti-convulsant property. Fitoterapia 64(1):<br />
42-4.<br />
The management of convulsion of children <strong>in</strong> many Nigerian localities is achieved through the use of<br />
herbal preparations. The results of the prelim<strong>in</strong>ary screen<strong>in</strong>g of some of these herbs used by the Ibo tribe<br />
of Nigeria are reported. The herbs studied were Alstonia boonei, Boerhaavia diffusa, Calliandra portoricensis,<br />
Cleome cileata, Cynodon dactylon, Emilia cocc<strong>in</strong>ea, Holarrhena floribunda, Hoslundia opposita, Hyptis suaveolens,<br />
Newboldia laevis and Tetrapleura tetraptera.<br />
Keywords: Drug-plants, Ethnobotany, Medic<strong>in</strong>al-properties.<br />
179.Ak<strong>in</strong>yele, L and T. At<strong>in</strong>mo, editors. 1983. Nutrition and food policy <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. National Institute <strong>for</strong><br />
Policy and Strategic Studies (INPSS), Ibadan (Nigeria).<br />
A collection of papers on the food and nutrition situation <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Includes papers on the importance<br />
and nutritional contribution of bushmeat, as well as chapters on the role of <strong>for</strong>estry <strong>in</strong> food supply and<br />
national nutrition problems. Notes that bushmeat is an important food <strong>for</strong> many Nigerians, however, as<br />
the demand <strong>for</strong> bushmeat cont<strong>in</strong>ues to <strong>in</strong>crease, supplies are dw<strong>in</strong>dl<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
180.Akoroda, M. O. 1990. Ethnobotany of Telfairia occidentalis (Cucurbitaceae) among Igbos of Nigeria.<br />
Economic-Botany 44(1): 29-39.<br />
The fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> (T. occidentalis), an important cucurbitaceous leaf and seed <strong>vegetable</strong>, is <strong>in</strong>digenous<br />
to the west tropical ra<strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong>est area from Bendel to Cross Rivers states <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Though endemic to SE<br />
Nigeria, T. occidentalis is of local ethnobotanical importance <strong>in</strong> the folklore and the dietary and cropp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
systems of Igbos and their neighbours. There is no reported def<strong>in</strong>itive ethnobotanical study relat<strong>in</strong>g to<br />
this species. T. occidentalis has long been important <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>ternal food trade of the Igbos. Like other leaf<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s, it is of low commercial value, but can <strong>in</strong> some cases provide an appreciable cash <strong>in</strong>come to
small farm families. Its leaves, succulent shoots, and seed kernels constitute the usual <strong>in</strong>gredients that<br />
are popular and regularly consumed <strong>in</strong> Igbo soups. Soups made of leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s are essential <strong>for</strong><br />
consumption of starchy pastes of yam [Dioscorea spp.], cassava, or cocoyam [Colocasia esculenta], which<br />
are frequently consumed <strong>in</strong> the humid areas of Nigeria. Many good attributes account <strong>for</strong> the <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g<br />
importance of this <strong>vegetable</strong> among 30-35 million people <strong>in</strong> Nigeria.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Wild-plants, Utilization, Seed-production, Nutritive-value.<br />
181.Akoroda, M. O. 1990. Seed production and breed<strong>in</strong>g potential of the fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong>, Telfairia<br />
occidentalis. Euphytica (Netherlands) 49(1): 25-32.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Oilseeds, Seed-production, Plant-breed<strong>in</strong>g, Yields, Oil-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
182.Akoroda, M. O. 1993. Non-destructive estimation of area and variation <strong>in</strong> shape of leaf lam<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong> the<br />
fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> (Telfairia occidentalis). Scientia Horticulturae 53(3): 261-7.<br />
Expanded and mature leaves of the fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> grown <strong>in</strong> Nigeria, were studied dur<strong>in</strong>g 1987-92, to<br />
derive a predictive regression equation <strong>for</strong> use <strong>in</strong> estimat<strong>in</strong>g the leaf lam<strong>in</strong>a area (LA) dur<strong>in</strong>g crop<br />
growth studies. A suitable equation based on the number of leaflets <strong>in</strong> a leaf (N), comb<strong>in</strong>ed with the<br />
length (L) and maximum width (W), of only the central leaflet <strong>in</strong> 156 leaves represent<strong>in</strong>g diverse seasonal,<br />
cultural, and genetic backgrounds with 2-5 leaflets was LA=0.9467 + 0.2475LW + 0.9724LWN.<br />
Variation <strong>in</strong> the different attributes of lam<strong>in</strong>a reduced the percentage of the variation <strong>in</strong> LA accounted <strong>for</strong><br />
by the use of the equation. Leaf shapes varied widely depend<strong>in</strong>g on the number of leaflets, extent of<br />
lam<strong>in</strong>a separation, type of tip, degree of lob<strong>in</strong>g, as well as the flatness or wav<strong>in</strong>ess of lam<strong>in</strong>a surface.<br />
Overall, the central leaflet was largest, with other leaflets be<strong>in</strong>g 80, 70, 65 and 54% of the size of the<br />
central leaflet.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Leaves, Methods, Growth, Statistical-analysis, Leaf-area, Measurement.<br />
183.Akoroda, M. O. and M. A. Adejoro. 1990. Patterns of vegetative and sexual development of Telfairia<br />
occidentalis Hook. f. Tropical Agriculture (Tr<strong>in</strong>idad and Tobago) 67(3): 243-7.<br />
Three populations compris<strong>in</strong>g 202 plants of fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> (Telfairia occidentalis) were studied to provide<br />
prelim<strong>in</strong>ary <strong>in</strong>sight <strong>in</strong>to the patterns of development <strong>in</strong> this important but neglected <strong>vegetable</strong> crop.<br />
Intact seeds (with unseparated cotyledons) extracted from mature fruits germ<strong>in</strong>ated better <strong>in</strong> sawdust<br />
than <strong>in</strong> soil or sand. Fruits conta<strong>in</strong>ed an average 61.7 seeds (range, 19-111). The sex ratio varied with one<br />
female plant to 1.5, 1.9 and 3.0 males. Although males were more frequent, the statistical limit of the ratio<br />
was about 1:1. As many as 18 flutes (s<strong>in</strong>gle female flower) developed per female plant, but only 1-2-(4)<br />
flutes <strong>for</strong>med fruits. Estimated <strong>in</strong>tact external volume of fruits was 0.2-14.7 l, with mean of 5.2 l. The<br />
vegetative growth pattern of plants was sigmoidal and reached a peak 6.5 months after plant<strong>in</strong>g under<br />
a regime of selective and periodic prun<strong>in</strong>g of edible young shoots.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
Keywords: Vegetative-period, Nigeria, Seed, Germ<strong>in</strong>ation, Sex-ratio.<br />
184.Akoroda, M. O., N. I. Ogbechie Odiaka, M. L. Adebayo, O. E. Ugwo and B. Fuwa. 1990. Flower<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
poll<strong>in</strong>ation and fruit<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> (Telfairia occidentalis). Scientia Horticulturae (Netherlands)<br />
43(3): 197-206.<br />
The reproductive biology of Telfairia occidentalis was studied <strong>in</strong> Ibadan, Nigeria. It is usually dioecious,<br />
but one monoecious plant was observed. Plants produced floral buds 15-17 weeks after plant<strong>in</strong>g. There<br />
were >800 open male flowers to 1 open female flower. Male flowers opened and shed pollen at night,<br />
followed by an apparently <strong>in</strong>efficient <strong>in</strong>sect transfer of pollen to receptive stigmas by midday. Although<br />
a female plant may produce 5 open flowers, only 2 or 3 set fruit and only 1 or 2 were reta<strong>in</strong>ed and<br />
41
42<br />
developed fully. Fruit growth was sigmoidal over 8 weeks, but was most rapid 1.5-5.5 weeks after successful<br />
fruit set. Mature fruits were harvested once shoots senesced at 31-33 weeks from plant<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Poll<strong>in</strong>ation, Fruit<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
185.Alawuba, O. C. G., E. C. Nwanekezi and C. C. M. Mkpolulu. 1994. Characterization of pectic substances<br />
from selected tropical fruits. Journal of Food Science and Technology 31(2): 159-61.<br />
The pect<strong>in</strong> content of orange, lime, banana, mango, native mango (Irv<strong>in</strong>gia gabonensis), garden egg (Solanum<br />
nigrum), avocado, papaya, cashew apple, star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum), tomato and guava fruits<br />
was studied <strong>in</strong> Abia, Nigeria. Mango had the highest pect<strong>in</strong> content of 1.8%, whereas tomato had the<br />
lowest pect<strong>in</strong> content (0.53%). The anhydrogalacturonic acid content was highest <strong>in</strong> mango, and lowest<br />
<strong>in</strong> star apple. The solubility and viscosity of the pect<strong>in</strong> were found to <strong>in</strong>crease with <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g methoxyl<br />
ester contents. Jams with good gelation characteristics and acceptability were produced from some of<br />
these fruits (orange, orange/garden egg, orange/banana, lime and banana).<br />
Keywords: Fruits, Quality, Processed-foods, Wild-plants.<br />
186.Aletor, V. A. and O. A. Adeogun. 1995. Nutrient and anti-nutrient components of some tropical <strong>leafy</strong><br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s. Food-Chemistry (United K<strong>in</strong>gdom) 53(4): 375-9.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Nutritive-value, Plant-products, quality.<br />
187.Alkamper, J. 1972. Capsicum - Anbau <strong>in</strong> Athiopien fur Gewurz- und Farbezwecke. Bodenkultur 23(1):<br />
97-107.<br />
The follow<strong>in</strong>g varietal types of Capsicum fruits grown <strong>in</strong> Ethiopia are briefly described: Mareko or Tschallia,<br />
Mareko dube and Mareko shuty, all deep red <strong>in</strong> colour, vary<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> pungency and used as a spice <strong>in</strong><br />
sauces; and Mitmit’a tilik and Mitmit’a t<strong>in</strong>ish, both yellowish, the <strong>for</strong>mer long and th<strong>in</strong> and the latter<br />
very small, both highly pungent and used to spice raw meat. Selections from Mareko material have given<br />
improved yields. Trial results are presented <strong>for</strong> a number of <strong>in</strong>troduced varieties tested <strong>in</strong> various localities<br />
<strong>in</strong> 1968 and 1969.<br />
Keywords: Varieties, Variety-trials, Cultural-methods, Fruit-<strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
188.Anonymous. 1975. La contribution de la culture maraichere au developpement economique a Buba<br />
Zaire. [The contribution of <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> the economic development at Buba [Zaire]] . Lobi Babo,<br />
Université Nationale du Zaire, Bukavu. Institut Superieur d’ Etudes Sociales (ISES), Bukavu (Zaire).<br />
189.Anonymous. 1979. Vegetables <strong>for</strong> the tropics. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter(37): 2-3.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Priority-species.<br />
190.Anonymous. 1980. Comment cultiver les legumes au Ben<strong>in</strong> [How to cultivate <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Ben<strong>in</strong>]. Pp.<br />
64. Porto-Novo (Ben<strong>in</strong>).<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant-production, Cultivation, Domestic-gardens.<br />
191.Anonymous. 1986. Vegetable <strong>crops</strong>. Index Sem<strong>in</strong>um, 1986.<br />
The list conta<strong>in</strong>s the names of <strong>vegetable</strong> crop seeds preserved <strong>in</strong> the germplasm bank and available <strong>for</strong><br />
research purposes. The families, genera and species are listed alphabetically and <strong>in</strong>clude cv. of carrots,<br />
Brassica juncea, cabbages, radishes, pawpaws, beetroots, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis zeyheri, Cucurbita,<br />
Phaseolus, peas, onions and tomatoes.<br />
Keywords: Gene-banks.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s
192.Anonymous. 1988. Traditional food plants: a resource book <strong>for</strong> promot<strong>in</strong>g the exploitation and consumption<br />
of food plants <strong>in</strong> arid, semi-arid and sub-humid lands of Eastern <strong>Africa</strong>. FAO Food Nutrition<br />
Paper (FAO), no. 42.<br />
A resource book which deals with the exploitation and consumption of food plants <strong>in</strong> arid, semi-arid<br />
and sub-humid areas of Eastern <strong>Africa</strong>. Part 1 conta<strong>in</strong>s notes on the food, nutrition and agricultural<br />
background of traditional plants, and part 2 consists of the anthology of more than 100 selected species<br />
of traditional food plants, such as baobab, amaranthus, shea nut, Cyperus esculentus, tef, Portulaca oleracea,<br />
sorghum and Vigna spp. Annexes deal with research contacts and germplasm sources, and with plant<br />
species classified by food commodity group and by cultivation factors.<br />
Keywords: Ethnobotany, Cultural-practices, Nutritive-value, Germplasm.<br />
193.Anonymous. 1990. Le secteur des fruits et legumes dans l’ agriculture malgache [The fruit and <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
sector <strong>in</strong> the Madagascar agriculture]. Marche International Des Fruits Et Legumes Frais<br />
(France)(14): 20-3.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant-production, Production-policies, Exports.<br />
194.Anonymous. 1992. Bibliographie sur la production vegetale au Mali: [Bibliography on crop production<br />
<strong>in</strong> Mali] 13 . IER, Bamako, Mali.<br />
A bibliography is presented on crop production <strong>in</strong> Mali, and <strong>in</strong> general throughout the Sahel. It consists<br />
of 13 volumes, on rice, millet, sorghum, maize, groundnut, cowpea, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, tea,<br />
wheat, and various secondary <strong>crops</strong> (Bambara groundnut, fonio (Digitaria exilis), dah, barley, sesame,<br />
roselle, and sunflower), fruit tree grow<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>. Besides the bibliographic list, each volume<br />
conta<strong>in</strong>s subject, author and organization <strong>in</strong>dexes.<br />
Keywords: Cropp<strong>in</strong>g-systems, Semiarid-zones, Cultivation.<br />
195.Ardayfio, E. 1985. Women and urban market<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Ghana. <strong>in</strong> Women creat<strong>in</strong>g wealth: trans<strong>for</strong>m<strong>in</strong>g<br />
economic development. Association <strong>for</strong> Women <strong>in</strong> Development Conference. 25-27 April 1985 Wash<strong>in</strong>gton<br />
D.C., USA. (R.S.Gall<strong>in</strong> and A. Spr<strong>in</strong>g, editors). Wash<strong>in</strong>gton D.C., USA.<br />
Exam<strong>in</strong>es the position of women <strong>in</strong> the economy with respect to trade <strong>in</strong> particular: 84% of the people<br />
<strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> Ghanian trade are women. Fifty-one percent of wholesalers, who control the market <strong>for</strong><br />
products transported over long distances from their production sites, derive their capital from personal<br />
sav<strong>in</strong>gs, as banks do not support women. The paper also <strong>in</strong>cludes a discussion of the major markets <strong>for</strong><br />
certa<strong>in</strong> products.<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
196.Asfaw, Z. 1997. Conservation and use of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Ethiopia. Pp.57-65. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of<br />
the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation<br />
and use. 29-31 August 1995 ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya Traditional<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No.<br />
16. (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant research, Gatersleben\International<br />
Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Ethiopia is well known <strong>for</strong> its diversity of <strong>in</strong>digenous food plants, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g <strong>vegetable</strong>s. The cultivated<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s are ma<strong>in</strong>ly grown by traditional farmers <strong>in</strong> home gardens, although some are grown <strong>in</strong> fields<br />
and along field marg<strong>in</strong>s. About 27% of the crop species cultivated <strong>in</strong> home gardens <strong>in</strong> Ethiopia, many of<br />
them <strong>in</strong>digenous, are used as <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Non-cultivated species sporadically used as <strong>vegetable</strong>s are<br />
estimated to comprise about 29% of the total wild food plants of the country, most of these be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>digenous.<br />
Traditional Ethiopian <strong>vegetable</strong>s do not figure very prom<strong>in</strong>ently <strong>in</strong> modern crop research and<br />
conservation programmes. Traditional <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> are marg<strong>in</strong>alized <strong>in</strong> modern agriculture while<br />
the wild and weedy <strong>vegetable</strong> species receive no special attention. The <strong>vegetable</strong> resources of Ethiopia<br />
can be developed through a strategy of complement<strong>in</strong>g and augment<strong>in</strong>g traditional practices with modern<br />
scientific approaches. The <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry could benefit from tapp<strong>in</strong>g the potential of the <strong>in</strong>digenous<br />
taxa as this would improve local and national food security, augment farmers’ <strong>in</strong>comes and help<br />
surmount some health problems associated with nutrient deficiency.<br />
43
44<br />
Keywords: Tradional-<strong>vegetable</strong>s, Health, Research, Wild.<br />
197.Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. 1991. Vegetables: research and development <strong>in</strong><br />
the 1990s. A strategic plan. AVRDC, Taipei, Ta<strong>in</strong>an, Taiwan.<br />
A strategic research plan <strong>for</strong>mulated by the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC)<br />
to improve the production of <strong>vegetable</strong>s and their grow<strong>in</strong>g environment <strong>in</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g countries is outl<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
The plan deals with small-scale commercial <strong>vegetable</strong> production as the first priority and then<br />
with home gardens. Countries of priority <strong>in</strong> descend<strong>in</strong>g order are: Asia, sub-Saharan <strong>Africa</strong>, Lat<strong>in</strong> America<br />
and the Caribbean, and West Asia and North <strong>Africa</strong>. The agro-ecological zones are: (1) the lowland<br />
humid and subhumid tropics, and (2) tropical highlands. The <strong>vegetable</strong>s are classified <strong>in</strong>to 3 groups,<br />
namely: tomato, pepper and eggplant; onion, shallot and garlic; and common cabbage and Ch<strong>in</strong>ese<br />
cabbage. Local important <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> will be dealt with <strong>in</strong> regional programmes. AVDRC’s current<br />
status as an <strong>in</strong>stitution is reviewed and the choices it has made <strong>in</strong> revis<strong>in</strong>g its strategy and plann<strong>in</strong>g its<br />
future activities and programmes are analysed.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Research-policies, Research-<strong>in</strong>stitutions.<br />
198.Asiedu Sa<strong>for</strong>o, K. 1989. Farm<strong>in</strong>g systems <strong>in</strong> Ghana - a case study of the farm<strong>in</strong>g system <strong>in</strong> the Ga Rural<br />
district of the Greater Accra region. University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (Ghana).<br />
The farm<strong>in</strong>g systems prevalent <strong>in</strong> the Ga Rural district of Ghana are purely traditional, employ<strong>in</strong>g<br />
simple <strong>in</strong>puts, the bulk of labour, management and capital com<strong>in</strong>g from the farm-family unit. Production<br />
is above subsistence, and the use of modern technology is low. Hired labour is used dur<strong>in</strong>g the peak<br />
labour requirement period. Predom<strong>in</strong>ant crop mixtures are maize-tomato, maize-cassava-beans, maizetomato,<br />
maize-pepper, and tomato-pepper-okra. Livestock production is practised on a small scale and<br />
average farm size is 1.31 ha. There is little storage and process<strong>in</strong>g of produce with totally <strong>in</strong>effective<br />
extension services.<br />
Keywords: Farm<strong>in</strong>g-systems, Crop-yield, Cropp<strong>in</strong>g-patterns.<br />
199.Asiegbu, J. E. 1983. Effects of method of harvest and <strong>in</strong>terval between harvests on edible leaf yield <strong>in</strong><br />
fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong>. Scientia Horticulturae 21(2): 129-36.<br />
Field trials carried out <strong>for</strong> 2 years with fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> showed that frequent harvest (3- or 4-week<br />
<strong>in</strong>tervals) gave more edible leaf yield than <strong>in</strong>frequent harvests (6- or 8-week <strong>in</strong>tervals). Though there were<br />
no significant differences between 3 harvest methods, harvest<strong>in</strong>g by prun<strong>in</strong>g was preferable, as it was<br />
faster than either hand-pick<strong>in</strong>g or alternation of harvest-prun<strong>in</strong>g and hand-pick<strong>in</strong>g methods. An additional<br />
benefit of harvest-prun<strong>in</strong>g is a yield of tender apical shoots which are also edible.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Harvest<strong>in</strong>g-methods, Harvest-tim<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
200.Asiegbu, J. E. 1985. Influence of plant<strong>in</strong>g date on growth and productive life of fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong>,<br />
Telfairia occidentalis Hook. f. Tropical Agriculture 62(4): 281-4.<br />
The results of plant<strong>in</strong>g date trials with fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> (Telfairia occidentalis) conducted <strong>in</strong> Nigeria showed<br />
that plant growth and yield parameters were better <strong>for</strong> earlier than <strong>for</strong> later plant<strong>in</strong>g under ra<strong>in</strong>fed<br />
conditions. Extension of <strong>vegetable</strong> production <strong>in</strong>to the dry season was not necessarily achieved by late<br />
plant<strong>in</strong>g s<strong>in</strong>ce the dry season had similar adverse effects on production of harvestible flushes, although<br />
survival <strong>in</strong> the follow<strong>in</strong>g year appeared to be improved by late plant<strong>in</strong>g. The span of productive life of the<br />
crop could be extended as long as there was ample ra<strong>in</strong>fall to support new flushes follow<strong>in</strong>g harvests.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant<strong>in</strong>g-date, Ra<strong>in</strong>fall.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
201.Asoegwu, S. N. 1988. Effects of irrigation on the leaf and pod production of fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> (Telfairia<br />
occidentalis Hook.f.) <strong>in</strong> southern Nigeria. Scientia Horticulturae (Netherlands) 34(3): 161-8.<br />
In Nigeria, field trials were carried out dur<strong>in</strong>g 1982 and 1983 to study the effects of 3 irrigation frequencies<br />
of 3-, 6- or 9-day <strong>in</strong>tervals dur<strong>in</strong>g the dry season, on the leaf and pod yields of fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> grown<br />
<strong>in</strong> sandy loam soils (Alfisols and Ultisols). Irrigation prolonged the productive life of the crop and<br />
enhanced leaf and pod yields. Irrigation at 6-day <strong>in</strong>tervals gave significantly higher seed numbers and
the highest water use efficiency, while irrigation every 3 days resulted <strong>in</strong> the best leaf and pod yields and<br />
the highest percentage of plant survival. Irrigation at 6-day <strong>in</strong>tervals was the most economic and efficient<br />
irrigation schedule. Considerable yields were obta<strong>in</strong>ed from non-irrigated crop which confirmed that<br />
fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> is relatively drought-tolerant especially after germ<strong>in</strong>ation and establishment.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Irrigation-frequency, Irrigation, Growth, Water-use.<br />
202.Atiri, G. I. 1986. A disease of fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> (Telfairia occidentalis Hook. f.) caused by a yellow<br />
ve<strong>in</strong>clear<strong>in</strong>g stra<strong>in</strong> of pepper ve<strong>in</strong>al mottle virus <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Journal of Plant Protection <strong>in</strong> the Tropics<br />
(Malaysia) 3(2): 105-10.<br />
In Nigeria, the properties of a virus caus<strong>in</strong>g yellow ve<strong>in</strong>clear<strong>in</strong>g of the smaller ve<strong>in</strong>s of the leaves of fluted<br />
pumpk<strong>in</strong> (Telfairia occidentalis) were <strong>in</strong>vestigated. The host range is ma<strong>in</strong>ly restricted to the Solanaceae;<br />
the virus <strong>in</strong>fected 27 species and varieties <strong>in</strong> this family, it also produced symptoms <strong>in</strong> 3 species <strong>in</strong> each<br />
of the families Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and 1 species <strong>in</strong> the Cucurbitaceae. The virus was<br />
transmitted by Aphis craccivora <strong>in</strong> a non-persistent manner. Electron microscopy revealed flexuous particles<br />
with a modal length of 772 nm. It reacted with antiserum to pepper ve<strong>in</strong>al mottle virus <strong>in</strong> serological<br />
test, but not with antisera to the follow<strong>in</strong>g common viruses; cowpea aphid-borne mosaic, cucumber<br />
mosaic, okra mosaic, potato virus Y, southern bean mosaic and tobacco etch. The name, Telfairia yellow<br />
ve<strong>in</strong>clear<strong>in</strong>g stra<strong>in</strong> of pepper ve<strong>in</strong>al mottle virus (PVMV-TYVC) is suggested <strong>for</strong> the virus.<br />
Keywords: Viral-diseases, Host-range, Disease-diagnosis, Insect-vectors.<br />
203.Aube, T. 1994. Les légumes dans les pays en developpement. De vastes perspectives mais des obstacles<br />
à surmonter. [Vegetables <strong>in</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g countries. Promise <strong>for</strong> the future but obstacles rema<strong>in</strong>].<br />
Fruitrop (France)(no.6): 7-9.<br />
Synthese de l’ etude realisee en 1993 par la Banque Mondiale, le M<strong>in</strong>istere Francais des Affaires etrangeres<br />
et le CIRAD-FLHOR sur l’ analyse concurrentielle des filieres maraicheres dans quatre pays Senegal,<br />
Maroc, Kenya, Thailande et les implications pour la recherche et le developpement. L’ accent est mis sur<br />
la necessite d’ une approche filiere des projets, sur l’ evolution des techniques de culture, sur une necessaire<br />
volonte politique et sur la demande locale comme moteur du developpement.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Research, Market<strong>in</strong>g, Consumption, Exports, Foreign-trade, Plant-products.<br />
204.Autissier, V. 1988. Etude des cultures maraichères en Afrique Centrale et Occidental (Study of market<br />
garden <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> central and western <strong>Africa</strong>). Groupe de Recherches et d’ Echanges Technologiques,<br />
Paris (France).<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Production-structure, Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
205.Autissier, V. 1994. Jard<strong>in</strong>s des villes, jard<strong>in</strong>s des champs : maraichage en Afrique de l’ Ouest, du<br />
diagnostic a l’ <strong>in</strong>tervention. [Town gardens, country gardens : market gardens <strong>in</strong> West <strong>Africa</strong>, from<br />
diagnosis to <strong>in</strong>tervention]. Pp. 295 p. Po<strong>in</strong>t Sur (France)., GRET, Paris (France).<br />
Le maraichage s’ est considerablement developpe en Afrique de l’ Ouest ces dernieres annees, le plus<br />
souvent de facon spontanee, sans <strong>in</strong>tervention exterieure. Le dynamisme de l’ activite maraichere fait des<br />
jard<strong>in</strong>s africa<strong>in</strong>s de veritables laboratoires du changement. Pourtant de multiples problemes subsistent.<br />
Les nombreuses enquetes de terra<strong>in</strong> qui ont constitue la matiere premiere de ce livre montrent que les<br />
pr<strong>in</strong>cipales difficultes rencontrees par les maraichers ne concernent pas les techniques de culture mais<br />
plutot les debouches, les <strong>for</strong>mes d’ organisation collective, la gestion de la fertilite, de l’ eau, de la terre...<br />
Ce livre a pour objet de mieux adapter les <strong>in</strong>terventions d’ appui au secteur du maraichage. Il presente les<br />
pratiques et les contra<strong>in</strong>tes des maraichers et propose des conseils methodologiques et techniques pour<br />
les responsables de projets et techniciens de terra<strong>in</strong>, depuis le diagnostic prealable jusqu’ a l’ aide a l’<br />
organisation collective et la gestion economique, en passant par les differentes etapes de la production.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
45
46 Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
Keywords: Market-gardens, Surveys, Market<strong>in</strong>g, Crops, Gardens.<br />
206.Autissier, V. and M. Francois. 1989. La filière des produits maraichers au Niger et au Burk<strong>in</strong>a Faso.<br />
Rapport de mission (The market garden circuit <strong>in</strong> Niger and Burk<strong>in</strong>a Faso. Mission report). GRET,<br />
Paris (France).<br />
Keywords: Cropp<strong>in</strong>g-systems, Food-technology, Seed-production, Market<strong>in</strong>g, Irrigation.<br />
207.Badifu, G. I. O., M. A. Akpapunam and V. M. Mgbemere. 1995. The fate of beta-carotene <strong>in</strong> processed<br />
leaves of fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> (Telfairia occidentalis Hook. f.): a popular <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>in</strong> Nigerian diet. Plant<br />
Foods <strong>for</strong> Human Nutrition (Netherlands).<br />
The effects of blanch<strong>in</strong>g, sun-oven-dry<strong>in</strong>g and storage conditions on the beta-carotene content of the<br />
fresh leaves of fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> were <strong>in</strong>vestigated <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. The beta-carotene (mg/100 g) of fresh leaves<br />
(unblanched) was 98.9, whereas on blanch<strong>in</strong>g the value was reduced to 86.3 <strong>for</strong> steam blanch<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
83.8 <strong>for</strong> water blanch<strong>in</strong>g. After dehydration the beta-carotene losses were <strong>in</strong> the ranges of 37.6-48.8%,<br />
40.5- 51.3% and 68.8-72.0% <strong>for</strong> the steam-, water-blanched and unblanched leaves, respectively. The<br />
lower limit loss values were <strong>for</strong> the oven- dried leaves, whereas the upper limit values were obta<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
from sun-dried leaves. The ambient (30+/-2degC) and refrigerated storage (7+/- 1degC) conditions gave<br />
slight changes <strong>in</strong> the beta-carotene contents of the leaves. The losses were 2.0-25.7% (refrigeration) and<br />
9.2-36.3% (ambient conditions). Blanch<strong>in</strong>g and storage conditions affected the organoleptic properties of<br />
the leaves.<br />
TROPAG copyright.<br />
Keywords: Vitam<strong>in</strong>s, Carotenoids, Food-technology, Blanch<strong>in</strong>g, Dry<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
208.Bafokuzara, N. D. 1983. Influence of six <strong>vegetable</strong> cultivars on reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica.<br />
Journal of Nematology 15(4): 559-64.<br />
In field tests <strong>in</strong> Kenya tomato, cucumber and carrot favoured population <strong>in</strong>creases of Meloidogyne spp.,<br />
while Amaranthus, pepper and cabbage limited them. Some cropp<strong>in</strong>g sequences that <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>crops</strong> from<br />
the latter group had a suppressive effect on population growth. Of the 36 cropp<strong>in</strong>g sequences that were<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestigated, the follow<strong>in</strong>g kept the pests <strong>in</strong> check: tomato-pepper; tomato-Amaranthus; cabbage- pepper;<br />
Amaranthus-pepper; carrot-cabbage; pepper-pepper; pepper-Amaranthus; and Amaranthus-pepper. In glasshouse<br />
tests, tomato, cucumber and carrot had a high number of galls/50 cm of root, large, conspicuous<br />
galls and egg masses, and a high number of larvae/egg mass. Cabbage and Amaranthus had no galls or<br />
a low number/50 cm of root, small galls and egg masses, and few progeny on the subsequent crop of<br />
pepper. The length of time required <strong>for</strong> eggs to hatch on different hosts varied considerably and is<br />
thought to be a significant factor <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>fection of hosts.<br />
Keywords: Crops, Rotations, Control, Pests.<br />
209.Baudo<strong>in</strong>, W. O. 1988. Vegetable production under arid and semi-arid conditions <strong>in</strong> tropical <strong>Africa</strong>.<br />
FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper (FAO), Plant Production and Protection Division, FAO,<br />
Rome, Italy.<br />
The technical pr<strong>in</strong>ciples underly<strong>in</strong>g the selection of suitable cultural practices, crop protection methods<br />
and plant<strong>in</strong>g material <strong>for</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> production <strong>in</strong> the arid and semi-arid zones of <strong>Africa</strong> are expla<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
A brief review is made of the methods of analys<strong>in</strong>g production costs and of various ways <strong>in</strong> which<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong> crop production and market<strong>in</strong>g can be developed. Tables are presented suggest<strong>in</strong>g suitable<br />
varieties, irrigation rates and other technical details. The <strong>in</strong>cidence of pests and diseases and methods of<br />
control are discussed. Some specific problems of irrigated <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> (bean (Phaseolus), cabbage,<br />
cucurbits, eggplant, lettuce, okra, onion, peppers, potato, roselle, sweet potato, and tomato) are dealt<br />
with. The breed<strong>in</strong>g and improvement of <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> and seed production are treated.<br />
Keywords: Crop-cultivation, Crop-protection, Plant-breed<strong>in</strong>g-and-selection, Seed-production, Post-harvest- handl<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
Plant-pathology.
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
210.Bon, H. de, N. Boissot, J. C. Girard, R. Michellon, B. Reynaud, B. Vercambre and H. De Bon. 1992. A<br />
note on research on <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> Reunion. Revue Agricole Et Sucriere De L’Ile Maurice 71(2-3):<br />
148-52.<br />
Follow<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>troduction on market<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> Reunion, research areas undertaken by<br />
CIRAD on <strong>in</strong>teractions of different Pseudomonas solanacearum populations, resistance of Capsicum and<br />
melon to <strong>in</strong>sect pests, resistance of tomato and lettuce to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), transmission<br />
of TSWV, zucch<strong>in</strong>i yellow mosaic potyvirus and onion yellow dwarf potyvirus by <strong>in</strong>sects, biological<br />
control of the leafm<strong>in</strong>er Lyriomyza [Liriomyza], mechanization of <strong>vegetable</strong> production and analysis<br />
of yield/plot are outl<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Production, Market<strong>in</strong>g, Plant-diseases, Plant-pathogens, Biological-control.<br />
211.Chadha, K. L. and G. Kalloo editors. 1993. Advances <strong>in</strong> horticulture: <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> . <strong>Vol</strong>. 5 . Malhotra<br />
Publish<strong>in</strong>g House, New Delhi, India.<br />
This is the fifth volume <strong>in</strong> a series of 13 volumes on Indian horticultural research and the first of 2<br />
volumes <strong>in</strong> this series which are devoted to <strong>vegetable</strong>s. This volume comprises 29 chapters cover<strong>in</strong>g the<br />
history and <strong>in</strong>frastructure of <strong>vegetable</strong> research <strong>in</strong> India, genetic resources, crop improvement (tomato,<br />
chillies (Capsicum), bell pepper (Capsicum), br<strong>in</strong>jal [auberg<strong>in</strong>e], cucurbits, onion, root <strong>crops</strong>, garden pea,<br />
French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), field bean (Lablab purpureus), cole <strong>crops</strong><br />
(Brassica), amaranths (Amaranthus), <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s and okra), cultural practices (solanaceous <strong>vegetable</strong>s,<br />
cucurbits, onion and garlic, root <strong>crops</strong>, legumes, cole <strong>crops</strong>, <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s and okra), cropp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
systems, water management, and weed control. <strong>Vol</strong>ume 5 has its own subject and author <strong>in</strong>dexes.<br />
Keywords: Genetic-resources, Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Irrigation, Research.<br />
212.Chambard, P. 1978. La situation agricole et alimentaire. Les perspectives de la campagne 1978-1979<br />
[Food and agricultural situation. Perspectives <strong>for</strong> the 1978-79 season]. Le-Mali-a-Une-Etape-Decisive-<br />
De-Son-Histoire (Europe Outremer (France)). Paris (France), Societe Nouvelle Des Editions France<br />
Outremer 56(586): 25-7.<br />
About 90% of the active population of Mali depends on agriculture, <strong>for</strong> which ra<strong>in</strong>fall is a major limit<strong>in</strong>g<br />
factor. Production, trade and perspectives <strong>for</strong> the season 1978/79 of various <strong>crops</strong>, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g cotton<br />
(Gossypium spp.), ground nut (Arachis hypogaea), maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), tobacco (Nicotiana<br />
tabacum) and kenaf (Hibiscus cannab<strong>in</strong>us), are reviewed.<br />
Keywords: Agricultural-Production, Trade.<br />
213.Chigumira, F. 1997. Conservation and use of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Zimbabwe. Pp.142-4. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995 ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi,<br />
Kenya Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and<br />
<strong>Neglected</strong> Crops.No. 16.(L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,<br />
Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Conservation, Utilization.<br />
47
48 Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
214.Chweya, J. A. 1997. Genetic enhancement of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Kenya. Pp.86-95. <strong>in</strong> Traditional<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of traditional<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya<br />
ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong><br />
Crops. No. 16.(L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,<br />
Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Kenya, Genetic.<br />
215.Coll<strong>in</strong>s, W. et al. 1962. On the ecology of child health and nutrition <strong>in</strong> Nigerian villages. Tropical<br />
Geography and Medic<strong>in</strong>e 14: 201-29.<br />
A comb<strong>in</strong>ed ecological and dietary survey was conducted over a year to exam<strong>in</strong>e the relationship between<br />
farm<strong>in</strong>g systems and nutrition. While the <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation and approach are dated, some <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g<br />
facts on diet and food consumption practices is <strong>in</strong>cluded. Data on seasonal variations <strong>in</strong> nutrient consumption<br />
are also provided.<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
216.Damme, P. L. J. van and C. Vaneghem. 1992. The state of the art on the horticultural sector <strong>in</strong> northern<br />
Togo. Pp.241-8. <strong>in</strong> Tropical fruits: symposium on horticultural economics <strong>in</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g countries. July<br />
1989. Alemaya (Ethiopia). Acta Horticulturae no. 296 (T<strong>in</strong>dall, H. D., F. G. Jr. Dennis and R. von<br />
Alvensleben, editors). ISHS, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
Keywords: Develop<strong>in</strong>g-countries, Farmers, Horticulture, Domestic-gardens.<br />
217.Delarbre, H. 1988. Le petit jard<strong>in</strong>ier en Afrique [The small market gardener <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>] . M<strong>in</strong>istere de<br />
la Cooperation, Paris (France).<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-grow<strong>in</strong>g, Market-gardens, Cultivation.<br />
218.Dembele, D., F. Diarra and M. Noussourou. 1994. Le potager au Sahel. 2. Fiches techniques sur les<br />
legumes. [Vegetable gardens <strong>in</strong> the Sahel. 2. Technical data on <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>]. Guides-De-Vulgarisation<br />
(Mali).<br />
This technical guide describes cultivation and protection methods <strong>for</strong> Sahelian <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>: garlic,<br />
auberg<strong>in</strong>e (eggplant), carrot, roundheart cabbage, shallot, okra, <strong>green</strong> bean, lettuce, melon, onion, watermelon,<br />
sweet potato, red pepper, bell pepper, potato and tomato.<br />
TROPAG copyright.<br />
Keywords: Cultivation, Crop-management, Domestic-gardens, Teach<strong>in</strong>g-materials.<br />
219.Departement de l’ Agriculture. 1978. Developpement des cultures vivrieres et legumieres autour de<br />
Mbanza-Ngungu. [Food <strong>crops</strong> and <strong>vegetable</strong>s development around Mbanza-Ngungu [Zaire]]. Pp.<br />
26.K<strong>in</strong>shasa (Zaire).<br />
220.Diouf, M. 1997. Research on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s at the Horticultural Development Centre (CDH),<br />
Senegal. Pp.39-45. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional<br />
Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995 ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya<br />
ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of<br />
Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16.(L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, Editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop<br />
Plant research, Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Research has been carried out by the Horticultural Development Centre (CDH) on the follow<strong>in</strong>g traditional<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s: cassava, sweet patato, okra, <strong>Africa</strong>n eggplant and bissap (Hibiscus sabdariffa ).<br />
Technical pamphlets have been produced describ<strong>in</strong>g the genotypes that are adapted to our ecological,<br />
climatic and cropp<strong>in</strong>g conditions. These plant genetic resources are conserved <strong>in</strong> field genebanks (cassava<br />
and sweet potato) or as seed samples stored <strong>in</strong> freezers (<strong>Africa</strong>n eggplant, okra and bissap). The<br />
ma<strong>in</strong> uses of these <strong>vegetable</strong>s are: leaf <strong>vegetable</strong> and flour (cassava); chips, leaf <strong>vegetable</strong> and jam (sweet<br />
potato); fruit <strong>vegetable</strong> (okra, <strong>Africa</strong>n eggplant, bissap - <strong>green</strong> calyx); juice (bissap - red calyx). the objec-
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
tives of current research are: widen<strong>in</strong>g the range of available adapted varieties;improv<strong>in</strong>g the productivity<br />
of the varieties that have already been developed, and identify varieties resistant to nematodes, the<br />
ma<strong>in</strong> pests <strong>in</strong> Senegal.<br />
Keywords: Uses, Conservation, Research .<br />
221.Dupriez, H. and P. de Leener. 1989. <strong>Africa</strong>n gardens and orchards: grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>vegetable</strong>s and fruits.<br />
Terres-et-Vie (Belgium). Macmillan, London (UK), Belgium / London (UK).<br />
Grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> and fruit <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>n gardens is described. The core of the book deals<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ly with garden<strong>in</strong>g methods and practices. It suggests ways of ensur<strong>in</strong>g a more balanced diet, pest<br />
control, fertiliz<strong>in</strong>g the soil, choos<strong>in</strong>g good seed, and many other aspects of garden<strong>in</strong>g. The book is a<br />
manual to encourage <strong>vegetable</strong> and fruit growers to direct their ef<strong>for</strong>ts towards positive effects on their<br />
usual methods of cultivation. The rest of the book is more descriptive and presents <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on the<br />
environment and growth needs, uses, propagation methods and cultural practices of 86 plant species.<br />
Keywords: Home-garden<strong>in</strong>g, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>, Crop-cultivation-and-ma<strong>in</strong>tenance.<br />
222.Ekpo, E. J. A. 1991. Antifungal activity of leaf powder and extract of Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a (del.) on<br />
maize seed isolates of Curvularia lunata (Wakker) and Fusarium semitectum (Berk. and Rau.). Zimbabwe<br />
Journal of Agricultural Research 29(2): 129-32.<br />
Leaf extract and powder of Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a (Del.) were evaluated <strong>for</strong> antifungal activity aga<strong>in</strong>st<br />
Curvularia lunata (Wakker) and Fusarium semitectum (Berk. and Rau.). Hot water extract of leaves caused<br />
63.1 per cent., 66.2 per cent. and 9.8 per cent. <strong>in</strong>hibition of radial growth, spore germ<strong>in</strong>ation and sporulation,<br />
respectively, <strong>in</strong> C. lunata. In F. semitectum, the leaf extract <strong>in</strong>hibited radial growth by 51.4 per cent.,<br />
germ<strong>in</strong>ation by 87.1 per cent. and sporulation by 57.1 per cent. The leaf powder was also fungi-toxic. It<br />
reduced mycelial growth by 68.8 per cent. <strong>in</strong> C. lunata and 44.8 per cent. <strong>in</strong> F. semitectum; germ<strong>in</strong>ation was<br />
reduced by 57.7 per cent. <strong>in</strong> C. lunata and 77.5 per cent. <strong>in</strong> F. semitectum. The leaf powder caused 2.6 per<br />
cent. <strong>in</strong>crease and 40.0 per cent. reduction <strong>in</strong> sporulation density <strong>in</strong> C. lunata and F. semitectum, respectively.<br />
Keywords: Antifungal-properties, Extracts, Germ<strong>in</strong>ation, Sporulation, Growth.<br />
223.Emebiri, L. C. and M. I. Nwufo. 1994. Per<strong>for</strong>mance of the West <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong> crop Telfairia<br />
occidentalis as a function of distance from a row of mango trees. Agro<strong>for</strong>estry Systems 27(2): 183-6.<br />
In Nigeria, dur<strong>in</strong>g 1991-1992, the <strong>vegetable</strong> yield of Telfairia occidentalis, grown at various distances (3, 4,<br />
5 and 6 m) from a row of mango trees, rema<strong>in</strong>ed unaffected by proximity to the tree l<strong>in</strong>e, until about 170<br />
days after plant<strong>in</strong>g (DAP). The onset of the dry season, when water usually becomes limited, occurred at<br />
about 170 DAP. The suggestion is supported that the vegetative, harvestable parts of the <strong>crops</strong> tend to be<br />
less affected when the <strong>crops</strong> are grown <strong>in</strong> the proximity of trees, provided water is not limited.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Agro<strong>for</strong>estry, Spac<strong>in</strong>g, Crop-yield.<br />
224.Epenhuijsen, C. W. van. 1974. Grow<strong>in</strong>g native <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. FAO, Rome (Italy).<br />
An account is given of native <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Nigeria with details of their sow<strong>in</strong>g, cultivation, yields,<br />
ma<strong>in</strong> pests and diseases and their control, and other <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g number of seeds per unit<br />
weight, methods of harvest<strong>in</strong>g, and identification of <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> their seedl<strong>in</strong>g stage.<br />
Keywords: Reference-Documents, Crop-Cultivation, Crop-Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance.<br />
225.Esenowo, G. and B. E. Ikoh. 1994. The effect of ra<strong>in</strong> pH on germ<strong>in</strong>ation and early seedl<strong>in</strong>g growth of<br />
some tropical seeds. West-<strong>Africa</strong>n-Journal-of-Biological-and-Applied-Chemistry (Nigeria).<br />
The effect of ra<strong>in</strong> pH on the germ<strong>in</strong>ation and early seedl<strong>in</strong>g growth of a range of species was studied <strong>in</strong> a<br />
laboratory trial <strong>in</strong> Akwa Ibom, Nigeria. Germ<strong>in</strong>ation was observed <strong>in</strong> petri dishes under light and dark<br />
conditions, us<strong>in</strong>g simulated acid ra<strong>in</strong>. The species studied were Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum ch<strong>in</strong>ense,<br />
49
50 Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
Capsicum annuum , a white and a brown sorghum variety, Amaranthus caudatus and pearl millet. Four pH<br />
levels (4.0, 3.2, 2.4 and control ra<strong>in</strong> water of pH 5.6) were studied. The germ<strong>in</strong>ation percentages (GP) of<br />
white and brown sorghum were not significantly affected by simulated acid ra<strong>in</strong> with pH 4.0 compared<br />
with the GP at pH 5.6, and <strong>in</strong> most cases the fresh and dry weight and moisture uptake were not affected by<br />
ra<strong>in</strong> pH <strong>in</strong> the <strong>crops</strong> tested. The GPs of pearl millet, C. annuum and A. caudatus were reduced at pH 2.4. The<br />
GPs of brown sorghum and C. annuum were reduced at pH 2.4 <strong>in</strong> the dark box. The shoot length and root<br />
length of brown sorghum and C. annuum were also reduced at pH 3.2. In C. frutescens the GP decreased<br />
significantly with a decrease <strong>in</strong> pH. Under light conditions, the GP of brown sorghum, pearl millet, A.<br />
caudatus, and C. annuum and the shoot length of white sorghum were stimulated under acid ra<strong>in</strong> stress.<br />
TROPAG copyright.<br />
Keywords: Germ<strong>in</strong>ation, Seed, Seedl<strong>in</strong>gs, Growth.<br />
226.Esiaba, R. O. 1982. Cultivat<strong>in</strong>g the fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. World-Crops (UK) 34(2): 70-2.<br />
Fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> (Telfairia occidentalis) belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae and is a native of tropical West<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>. It is grown <strong>in</strong> the heavy ra<strong>in</strong>fall area of southern Nigeria. It is cultivated <strong>for</strong> the young shoots and<br />
leaves which are eaten boiled <strong>in</strong> soups as a pot-herb. The seed cotyledons are also eaten boiled or roasted.<br />
The seed has a high nutritional and <strong>in</strong>dustrial value. In traditional farm<strong>in</strong>g systems the fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong><br />
is grown mixed with other <strong>crops</strong>, but pure stands are also planted. Propagation us<strong>in</strong>g v<strong>in</strong>e cutt<strong>in</strong>gs has<br />
not been successful. The use of sprouted seed sections has been found to be an economical method of<br />
multiply<strong>in</strong>g through seed. Diseases and pests are no problem. Despite the importance of the crop very<br />
little selection and no breed<strong>in</strong>g has been done. However work is go<strong>in</strong>g on at various places to determ<strong>in</strong>e<br />
its agronomic requirements.<br />
Keywords: Crop-potential, Cultural-practices, Propagation-methods.<br />
227.Fas<strong>in</strong>a, A. K. 1974. Extraction and utilisation of natural pigment of dyes and tann<strong>in</strong> from local <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
sources. Research Report - Federal Institute of Industrial Research (Nigeria) , no. 47.<br />
It was attempted to document the art of local dye<strong>in</strong>g and tann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Nigeria, and attention has been<br />
focused on the possible use of some local <strong>vegetable</strong>s as sources of dyes and tann<strong>in</strong>. Extensive work was<br />
done on the use of dried, powdered Indigofera leaves <strong>for</strong> dye<strong>in</strong>g as a substitute <strong>for</strong> the imported synthetic<br />
<strong>in</strong>digo. A recipe has been <strong>for</strong>mulated <strong>for</strong> the commercial production of packages of the natural leaves<br />
mixed with requisite chemicals. The production of tann<strong>in</strong> extract from Acacia arabica pods is briefly<br />
discussed.<br />
Keywords: Dye-and-Pigment-Products, Unit-Processes, Rural-Industries-Economics.<br />
228.Fube, H. N. and B. Djonga. 1987. Tropical <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> human nutrition: a case study of Ndole<br />
(bitterleaf) Vernonia calvoana (Hook). Acta-Horticulturae(198): 199-205.<br />
In Cameroon V. calvoana is a <strong>vegetable</strong> which plays an important role <strong>in</strong> human nutrition and it is also<br />
important medic<strong>in</strong>ally. In trials <strong>in</strong> Younde, propagation by seeds gave better results than by stem cutt<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
The quantity of prote<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> 4 Vernonia species (V. calvoana, V. pobegiuni, V. colorata and V. amygdal<strong>in</strong>a) varied<br />
from 22.75 to 26.50 mg/100 g, Fe contents from 200 to 300 p.p.m., Mn from 580 to 885 p.p.m. and cellulose<br />
from 10.50 to 12.35 mg/100 g DM.<br />
Keywords: Nutritional-value, Prote<strong>in</strong>s, Composition, Polysaccharides, Nutritive-value.<br />
229.Gaye, A. 1990. L’ approvisionnement de Brazzaville en produits maraichers (The supply to Brazzaville<br />
of <strong>vegetable</strong>s). Pp. 561-6. <strong>in</strong> 10. Sem<strong>in</strong>aire d’ Economie et de Sociologie. Montpellier (France). 11-15<br />
Sep 1989. (M. Griffon , editor.Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour<br />
le Developpement, Montpellier (France). MES, Mission Economie et Sociologie. Economy of agricultural<br />
commodity cha<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the tropics and subtropics. Price <strong>for</strong>mation and agricultural trade. Economie<br />
des filieres en regions chaudes. Formation des prix et echanges agricoles. Montpellier (France). CIRAD-<br />
MES.<br />
Pour completer la production de sa ce<strong>in</strong>ture maraichere , Brazzaville s’ est tournee vers son arriere-pays<br />
et le Zaire. Quatre flux assurent ce complement : le flux sud-ouest;les districts de Boko, K<strong>in</strong>kala et K<strong>in</strong>damba
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
qui envoient aussi bien legumes-feuilles que legumes- fruits traditionnels; le flux ouest : a plus de 300<br />
kilometres, les villages-gares expedient leurs productions de tomates, gombos, piments et auberg<strong>in</strong>es<br />
locales;le flux Nord-ouest d’ ou arrivent du district de Mayama les memes produits que ceux de la voie<br />
ferree;le flux Est par K<strong>in</strong>shasa qui sert de transit aux produits du bas-Zaire, du Bandundu et d’ Afrique<br />
du Sud, du Rwanda et de France. Le flux <strong>in</strong>terieur, lui est assure par une diza<strong>in</strong>e de perimetres maraichers<br />
et de jard<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong>dividuels. L’ organisation de la collecte est aux ma<strong>in</strong>s d’ une part, des femmes revendeusesgrossistes<br />
et des femmes revendeuses detaillantes et d’ autre part, les <strong>in</strong>stitutions specialisées dans la<br />
commercialisation.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Market<strong>in</strong>g, Distribution, Transport, Plant-products, Supply.<br />
230.Gbile, Z. O. 1976. Taxonomic studies of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Pp.19-27. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of<br />
the symposium on variation and breed<strong>in</strong>g systems of Triplochiton scleroxylon (K. Schum.), 21-28 April,<br />
1975. Nigeria, Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan, Nigeria.<br />
Morphological variations <strong>in</strong> stems, leaves and floral parts <strong>in</strong> Nigeria suggest effects of local environment<br />
rather than geographical pattern.<br />
Keywords: Triplochiton-scleroxylon, Foliage, Morphology, Flowers, Anatomy, Broadleaves.<br />
231.George, J. B. 1989. Spontaneous <strong>vegetable</strong>s and fruits <strong>in</strong> Sierra Leone. <strong>in</strong> Report. National Workshop<br />
on Promotion of Under Exploited Traditional Food Crops <strong>in</strong> Sierra Leone. 24-27 Oct 1989 Freetown<br />
(Sierra Leone) M<strong>in</strong>istry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Forestry, Freetown (Sierra Leone).<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>, Land-races, Nutritive-value.<br />
232.Grubben, G. J. H. 1974. La lutte contre le Cyperus rotundus L. dans les cultures maraicheres au<br />
Dahomey.[Control of Cyperus rotundus L. <strong>in</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> Dahomey]. 26. International Symposium<br />
on Crop Protection. Ghent (Belgium). 7 May 1974.Internationaal-Symposium-Over-Fytofarmacie-<br />
En-Fytiatrie (Belgium). Rijksuniversiteit Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Ghent 26(1): 483-92.<br />
233.Grubben, G. J. H. 1977. Leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Pp. 91-110 <strong>in</strong> Tropical <strong>vegetable</strong>s and their genetic resources<br />
(G. J.H. Grubben). International Board <strong>for</strong> Plant Genetic Resources, Rome (Italy).<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation is presented on breed<strong>in</strong>g, centres of diversity and germplasm collection and conservation of<br />
a range of species many of which are not generally used as leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s except <strong>in</strong> certa<strong>in</strong> countries or<br />
regions of the world; the genera <strong>in</strong>clude Amaranthus, Basella, Beta, Celosia, Colocasia, Corchorus, Hibiscus,<br />
Ipomoea, Lactuca, Manihot, Solanum, Vigna and Xanthosoma. Also <strong>in</strong>cluded are a range of shrub and tree<br />
genera and m<strong>in</strong>or herbs.<br />
Keywords: Variation, Plant-collections, Breed<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
234.Guar<strong>in</strong>o, L. 1997. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop<br />
on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995<br />
ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of<br />
Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16 Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,<br />
Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Vegetables, <strong>Africa</strong>, Leafy, Underutilized.<br />
235.Habiyaremye, F. X. 1988. Considérations botaniques sur les plantes medic<strong>in</strong>ales de la Prefecture de<br />
Gisenyi [Botanical aspects of medic<strong>in</strong>al plants of the region of Gisenyi, Rwanda]. Bullet<strong>in</strong> Agricole<br />
Du Rwanda (Rwanda) 21(4): 254-63.<br />
In the region of Gisenyi, Rwanda, a study was made on the botany and adaptability to different environments<br />
of 237 local medic<strong>in</strong>al plants, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Polyscias fulva, Pavetta burundensis and Psychotria mahonii.<br />
The local names of all the plants studied are given.<br />
51
52 Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
Keywords: Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants, Plant-biology, Plant-nomenclature, Regional-survey.<br />
236.Hassan, M. S. and H. Burgstaller. 1984. <strong>Africa</strong>n Symposium on Horticultural Crops. 8. 20-24 March<br />
Wad Medani (Sudan) Wad Medani (Sudan) Acta Horticulturae No. no. 143 International Society <strong>for</strong><br />
Horticultural Science, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
Keywords: Genetic-resources, Evaluation, Nutritional-requirements, Plant-protection, Postharvest-technology.<br />
237.Heever, E. van den. 1997. The use and conservation of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> South <strong>Africa</strong>.<br />
Pp.154-8. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional<br />
Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995 ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. ICRAF-<br />
HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of<br />
Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16 (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop<br />
Plant Research, Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Utilization, Indigenous-<strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
238.Heffes, T. A. P., P. L. Coates Beck<strong>for</strong>d and H. Robotham. 1991. Effects of Meloidogyne <strong>in</strong>cognita on<br />
growth and nutrient contents of Amaranthus viridis and two cultivars of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Nematropica<br />
21(1): 7-18.<br />
Pots with seedl<strong>in</strong>gs of callaloo (Amaranthus viridis) and the ‘Red’ and ‘White’ cultivars of sorrel (Hibiscus<br />
sabdariffa) were <strong>in</strong>oculated with 0, 100, 1000 and 10 000 eggs of Meloidogyne <strong>in</strong>cognita race 1 and the<br />
plants were grown <strong>for</strong> 6 weeks <strong>in</strong> a <strong>green</strong>house. Nematode reproduction was good on Red sorrel, poor on<br />
callaloo, and was <strong>in</strong>hibited by White sorrel. Dry weights of <strong>in</strong>fested callaloo roots were greater than<br />
weights of non<strong>in</strong>fested roots. Shoot heights, leaf areas, and dry shoot and root weights of <strong>in</strong>fested plants<br />
of both sorrel cultivars were less than those of non<strong>in</strong>fested plants. The concentrations of the nutrients<br />
varied with the host, plant organ, and <strong>in</strong>itial nematode density. The shoot/root ratios of the elements<br />
were similar at all <strong>in</strong>oculum levels (Pi) except those of callaloo roots at Pi = 10 000, which had significantly<br />
lower and higher ratios of sodium and manganese, respectively, than those of non<strong>in</strong>fested plants.<br />
Keywords: Plant-parasitic-nematodes, Damage.<br />
239.Herrera, A. J. Delgado and I. Paraguatey. 1991. Occurrence of <strong>in</strong>ducible crassulacean acid metabolism<br />
<strong>in</strong> leaves of Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare (Portulacaceae). Journal of Experimental Botany 42(237): 493-9.<br />
Keywords: Photosynthesis, Light, Drought-stress.<br />
240.Hladik, C. M. et al. Se nourrir en <strong>for</strong>et equatoriale: anthropologie alimentaire differentielle des<br />
populations des regions <strong>for</strong>estières humides d’Afrique [Feed<strong>in</strong>g yourself <strong>in</strong> equitorial <strong>for</strong>est, Food<br />
anthropology differentielle of populations of the humid <strong>for</strong>est regions of <strong>Africa</strong>]. Research Team<br />
Report 263, Centre Nationale de Recherches Scientifiques, Paris (France).<br />
A comparative <strong>in</strong>terdiscipl<strong>in</strong>ary study of the food uses of <strong>for</strong>est resources by different ethnic groups <strong>in</strong><br />
the equatorial <strong>for</strong>ests of West and Central <strong>Africa</strong> (<strong>in</strong>cludes <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation from Cameroon, Central <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
Republic, Gabon, and Zaire). Agriculturalists, fish<strong>in</strong>g people, and hunter-gatherers are all studies. Describes<br />
the <strong>for</strong>est resources, gather<strong>in</strong>g, hunt<strong>in</strong>g, fish<strong>in</strong>g, agricultural systems, food preparation, food<br />
consumption, food values (cultural), physical and biomedical data, as well as <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on rituals and<br />
food taboos.<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
241.Howland, P., M. R. Bowen, D. P. Lapido and J. B. Oke. 1978. The study of clonal variation <strong>in</strong> Triplochiton<br />
scleroxylon K. Schum. as a basis <strong>for</strong> selection and improvement. (Progress and problems of genetic<br />
improvement of tropical <strong>for</strong>est trees. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of a jo<strong>in</strong>t workshop): IUFRO work<strong>in</strong>g parties S2.02-<br />
08 and S2.03-01, Brisbane, 1977. V. Provenance trials and breed<strong>in</strong>g programmes. H. Other hardwood<br />
species (exclud<strong>in</strong>g eucalypts). 1978, 898-904. Ox<strong>for</strong>d, UK; Commonwealth Forestry Institute.<br />
Keywords: Genetics, Variation, Tree-breed<strong>in</strong>g, Selection-criteria, Broadleaves.
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
242.Imbert, H. 976. La ce<strong>in</strong>ture verte de K<strong>in</strong>shasa [production de legumes]. (Reportage du mois) [The<br />
<strong>green</strong> belt around K<strong>in</strong>shasa [<strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>]. (The monthly report)]. Bullet<strong>in</strong> De Liaison Departement<br />
De L’Agriculture (Zaire)(7): 34-41.<br />
243.Institut des Amenagements Regionaux et de l’ Environnement, Montpellier France. 1983. Fichier du<br />
potager familial dans les iles de l’ Ocean Indien (Comores, Seychelles, Mascareignes (Ile de La Reunion,<br />
Ile Maurice); techniques culturales. [File on family <strong>vegetable</strong> garden<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> islands of the Indian<br />
Ocean (Comoro Islands, Seychelle Islands, Mascarene Islands (Reunion Island, Mauritius); cultural<br />
techniques] . ACCT, Paris (France).<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Domestic-gardens.<br />
244.Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles, Dakar Senegal Direction des Recherches sur les Productions<br />
Vegetales. 1986. Rapport technique d’ activite 1985 de la Direction de Recherches sur les productions<br />
vegetales au Senegal (1985 technical report of the Direction of Research on the <strong>vegetable</strong> production<br />
<strong>in</strong> Senegal). Direction De Recherches Sur Les Productions Vegetales - Rapport Technique D’<br />
Activites (Senegal)., ISRA, Dakar (Senegal).<br />
Keywords: Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>, Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Storage.<br />
245.International Board of Plant Genetic Resources. 1981. Genetic resources of cruciferous <strong>crops</strong>. IBPGR,<br />
Rome, Italy.<br />
The orig<strong>in</strong> and diversity, exist<strong>in</strong>g collections and need <strong>for</strong> further collect<strong>in</strong>g are described <strong>for</strong> wild relatives<br />
of Brassica oleracea, kale, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, cauliflower, broccoli, Ch<strong>in</strong>ese kale,<br />
fodder rape, swede, swede rape, turnip rape, Indian mustard, Ch<strong>in</strong>ese mustard (B. juncea), Ch<strong>in</strong>ese<br />
cabbage, pak-choi, broad-beaked mustard, turnip, Ethiopian mustard (B. car<strong>in</strong>ata), black mustard, white<br />
mustard, radish and wild relatives of radish. The names and addresses of designated centres <strong>for</strong> base<br />
collections of cruciferous <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> Canada, the UK, the Netherlands,the German Federal Republic, Spa<strong>in</strong>,<br />
Ethiopia, India, Ch<strong>in</strong>a and Japan and the priorities <strong>for</strong> collect<strong>in</strong>g are listed. A summary of exist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
collections and a list of descriptors are given.<br />
Keywords: Centres-of-diversity, Gene-banks, Oilseed-plants, Centres-of-orig<strong>in</strong>.<br />
246.Irv<strong>in</strong>e, F. 1952. Supplementary and emergency food plants of West <strong>Africa</strong>. Economic Botany 6(1): 23-<br />
40.<br />
Irv<strong>in</strong>e explores the ways <strong>in</strong> which <strong>for</strong>est food resources are exploited by West <strong>Africa</strong>n populations. He<br />
dist<strong>in</strong>guishes between plants eaten only <strong>in</strong> times of emergency and fam<strong>in</strong>e, those regularly collected by<br />
not marketed, those gathered and marketed, those that are “tended” <strong>in</strong> the “bush”, and those that are<br />
cultivated food plants. The article focuses on the emergency and subsistence uses of wild species. He<br />
notes that the wild plants that are consumed <strong>in</strong> fam<strong>in</strong>e periods are different from those eaten regularly.<br />
Fam<strong>in</strong>e foods are more energy rich and often require lengthy process<strong>in</strong>g. For example, baobab leaves are<br />
regularly consumed <strong>in</strong> sauces, so too are its fruits <strong>in</strong> season. However, its roots are consumed <strong>in</strong> emergency<br />
periods. Irv<strong>in</strong>e also notes that the consumption of wild animals may <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> fam<strong>in</strong>e periods. A<br />
great deal of detailed descriptive <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on wild plant species’ food use is presented. However, it<br />
only provides a general <strong>in</strong>dication of the extent to which the plants are used (e.g. emergency or regularly).<br />
The majority of species that are discussed are found <strong>in</strong> the <strong>for</strong>est zone.<br />
Keywords: Food-plants, Nutrition, Wild-species.<br />
247.Irv<strong>in</strong>e, F. 1961. Woody plants of Ghana with reference to their uses. London Crown Agents, London<br />
(Great Brita<strong>in</strong>).<br />
Described more than 700 commonly exploited wild and cultivated species from Ghana. Also <strong>in</strong>cluded<br />
are nutrition composition tables <strong>for</strong> food products derived from 80 soecies of plants. Botanical descriptions<br />
are accompanied by detailed <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on cultural, economic and dietary uses and values.<br />
Keywords: Wild-species, Nutrition, Botanical-descriptors.<br />
53
54 Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
248.Isawumi, M. A. 1989. Leaf epidermal studies <strong>in</strong> the genus Vernonia Schreber tribe Vernoniceae<br />
(Compositae) <strong>in</strong> West <strong>Africa</strong>. Feddes Repertorium 100(7-8): 335-55.<br />
Keywords: Taxonomy, Morphology, Anatomy.<br />
249.Jahn, S. A. A. 1989. Mor<strong>in</strong>ga oleifera <strong>for</strong> food and water purification - selection of clones and grow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
of annual short-stem. Entwicklung + Landlicher Raum 23(4): 22-5.<br />
M. oleifera is a tropical multipurpose tree which is readily propagated from seeds or cutt<strong>in</strong>gs. Both <strong>in</strong><br />
India, its country of orig<strong>in</strong>, and <strong>in</strong> other areas of cultivation, the yield and quality of seeds is highly<br />
variable, rang<strong>in</strong>g from 1500 to 2000/year <strong>in</strong> Java (cutt<strong>in</strong>gs) to 20 000 to 24 000/year <strong>in</strong> Tamil Nadu, India<br />
(seed-propagated). The latter large-seeded clones were collected <strong>in</strong> the kitchen garden of a college and<br />
the nursery of a horticultural research station. A sample from Burundi was derived from trees planted by<br />
Zaire fishermen and subsequently abandoned. Clones were small-seeded <strong>in</strong> Indonesia where Mor<strong>in</strong>ga<br />
is primarily grown <strong>for</strong> its leaves. By contrast, trees <strong>in</strong> the Antilles and Central America had been selected<br />
<strong>for</strong> oil yield, lead<strong>in</strong>g to many large-seeded genotypes. Comparative water treatment experiments, <strong>in</strong><br />
which powdered seed extracts are used to purify dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g water, <strong>in</strong>dicated that seed size does not affect<br />
purification efficacy. Mature seeds gave more satisfactory results than sun-dried <strong>green</strong> seeds of equal<br />
size. The annual short-stemmed M. oleifera variety from Kudumiamalai, Tamil Nadu, is suitable <strong>for</strong><br />
consumption, oil extraction and water purification. Recommendations on its cultivation are presented.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Oilseed-plants, Biotechnology, Genetic-resources, Seed-production, Seed-characteristics,<br />
Broadleaves.<br />
250.Jensen, A. and D. S. M<strong>in</strong>gochi. 1986. Grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the dry season (<strong>in</strong> Zambia). Mazabuka<br />
(Zambia).<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Green-<strong>vegetable</strong>s, Dry-season.<br />
251.Johansson, E. 1989. Cultivated, semi-cultivated and wild leaf-<strong>vegetable</strong>s used <strong>in</strong> Zambia. A pilot<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestigation <strong>for</strong> the regional SADCC genebank programme. A m<strong>in</strong>or field study. Work<strong>in</strong>g-Paper—<br />
International-Rural-Development-Centre,-Swedish-Universityof-Agricultural-Sciences, no. 119. International<br />
Rural Development Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.<br />
The literature is reviewed and results are presented of a field survey of the types of <strong>vegetable</strong> used <strong>in</strong><br />
Lusaka and the eastern and southern prov<strong>in</strong>ces of Zambia. Plant species are listed, with botanical and<br />
vernacular names, uses and plant parts used. They <strong>in</strong>clude numerous field <strong>crops</strong> and some trees; many<br />
are <strong>in</strong>digenous species and the possibilities <strong>for</strong> their improvement through breed<strong>in</strong>g and selection are<br />
discussed briefly. Appendices provide details of the villages visited, species whose leaves are used as<br />
relishes and some nutritious recipes us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
Keywords: Surveys, Genetic-resources, Edible-species, Food-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
252.Johns, T., E. B. Mhoro and F. C. Uiso. 1996. Edible plants of Mara Region, Tanzania. Ecology-of-Foodand-Nutrition<br />
35(1): 71-80<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation on wild edible plants and other food plants was obta<strong>in</strong>ed from 51 subjects (35 men and 18<br />
women) <strong>in</strong> the Mara Region, Tanzania. 53 cultivated plants used <strong>for</strong> food and 38 wild fruits/<strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
were identified. Additionally 35 other edible species found <strong>in</strong> this region were identified at the East<br />
<strong>Africa</strong> Herbarium, Nairobi.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Ethnobotany, Wild-plants, Identification, Plant-genetic-resources.
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
253.Jones, N. 1976. The distribution of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. with special reference to Nigeria.<br />
Pp.8-15. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the symposium on variation and breed<strong>in</strong>g systems of Triplochiton<br />
scleroxylon (K. Schum.), 21-28 April, 1975. Ibadan, Nigeria. Federal Department of Forest Research,<br />
Ibadan, Nigeria.<br />
The distribution of T. scleroxylon <strong>in</strong> west tropical <strong>Africa</strong> is described from the literature, and that with<strong>in</strong><br />
Nigeria is described from a survey made by observ<strong>in</strong>g trees from the roads. The species is almost exclusively<br />
limited to moist <strong>for</strong>est areas at low and medium altitude, which corresponds to the moist monsoon<br />
climatic zone; it appears to colonize the drier and wetter marg<strong>in</strong>s of this zone more successfully than<br />
other <strong>in</strong>digenous tree species. The gregarious distribution of the species is discussed. Provenance trials<br />
were carried out with seed harvested from separate tree clusters. The seed harvests and seedl<strong>in</strong>g yields<br />
were considered poor.<br />
Keywords: Distribution-natural-range, Broadleaves.<br />
254.Jorge, L. I. F.v V. de O. Ferro and A. L. Sakuma. 1991. Hortalicas brasileiras - caracterizacao botanica e<br />
quimica das especies: Tal<strong>in</strong>um paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaetrn., Xanthosoma atrovirens C. Koch e Bouche e<br />
Amaranthus hybridus L [Brazilian <strong>vegetable</strong>s - botanical and phyto-chemistry characterization of species:<br />
Tal<strong>in</strong>um paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaetrn., Xanthosoma atrovirens C. Koch e Bouche and Amaranthus<br />
hybridus L]. Revista Do Instituto Adolfo Lutz (Brazil) 51(1-2): 11-8.<br />
Keywords: Botanical-composition, Chemical-composition.<br />
255.Joshi, B. D. 1992. Genetic resources of leaf and gra<strong>in</strong> Amaranthus and chenopods. Pp. 121-34 <strong>in</strong><br />
Biodiversity: implications <strong>for</strong> global food security (M.S. Swam<strong>in</strong>athan and S. Jana, editors.) Macmillan<br />
India Limited, Madras, India.<br />
The potential of Amaranthus and Chenopodium species as gra<strong>in</strong> and leaf <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>, particularly <strong>in</strong><br />
India, is assessed, with attention be<strong>in</strong>g paid to the germplasm collections, evaluation and breed<strong>in</strong>g work<br />
carried out, crop production technology, nutritive value, and local and domestic uses.<br />
CABI copyright<br />
Keywords: Nutritive-value, Genetic-resources, Biodiversity.<br />
256.Kambi, M. M. 1990. Augmentation de la Production et de la Consommation d’ Aliments Riches en<br />
Vitam<strong>in</strong>e A. Rapport de la mission effectuee du 28 octobre au 27 novembre 1990 specialiste en<br />
horticulture.[Increas<strong>in</strong>g the Production and Consumption of Vitam<strong>in</strong> A-Rich Foodstuffs. Report of the<br />
mission of 28 October - 27 November 1990 [horticulture specialist]]. Pp. 40. FAO, Rome (Italy). Div. des<br />
Politiques Alimentaires et de la Nutrition, Ouagadougou (Burk<strong>in</strong>a Faso).<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Food-supply, Domestic-gardens, Villages, Extension-activities, Gardens, Horticulture, Supply.<br />
257.Kasa, Helen. 1995. Women’s Vegetable Gardens On-farm Trials <strong>in</strong> 1993. Pp. 121-4. <strong>in</strong> On-farm Trials <strong>in</strong><br />
North Omo: Report <strong>for</strong> 1993.Farmers’ Research Project (Ethiopia)., Farm <strong>Africa</strong>, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Women, Crops, Mank<strong>in</strong>d, Research.<br />
258.Kemei, J. K. R. K. Wataaru and E. N. Seme. 1997. The role of the National Genebank of Kenya <strong>in</strong> the<br />
collect<strong>in</strong>g, characterization and conservation of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Pp.78-85. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the<br />
IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation<br />
and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16. (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor).<br />
Institute of Plant genetics and Crop Plant research, Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources<br />
Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Conservation, Genebank, Characterization, Collect<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
55
56 Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
259.Khoody, J. 1986. Agricultural diversification and the traditional <strong>vegetable</strong> and foodcrop growers: case<br />
study <strong>in</strong> the upper Pla<strong>in</strong>es Wilhems [Mauritius]. Reduit (Mauritius).<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Small-scale-farm<strong>in</strong>g, Agricultural-structure, Diversification, Economics.<br />
260.Koagne, H. La dynamique des plantes et derives alimentaires dans la Chefferie Bafoussam. Memoire<br />
de Maitrise. Dept. of Geography, University of Yaounde, Yaounde (Cameroon).<br />
This detailed study compares the historic and current use of wild and cultivated food plants <strong>in</strong> the<br />
western region of Cameroon. It <strong>in</strong>cludes nutritional and medical <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation and the results of a food<br />
consumption survey. The food consumption survey <strong>in</strong>cludes <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on <strong>for</strong>est and farm tree food<br />
preparation and consumption. It analyses the frequency with which these different foods are eaten. The<br />
piece also discusses the market<strong>in</strong>g and economic returns of several <strong>for</strong>est and farm tree products <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
raphia palm w<strong>in</strong>e, the fruit of Pachylobus edulis, Dacryodes edulis, Canarium schwe<strong>in</strong>furthii and palm<br />
oil. In some cases Pachylobus edulis fruit provide an important source of <strong>in</strong>come. The author compares the<br />
revenue earned from different <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> four case study households. The highest <strong>in</strong>come is earned <strong>in</strong> a<br />
household which sells raphia palm w<strong>in</strong>e. Provides data on the consumption of raphia palm w<strong>in</strong>e,<br />
not<strong>in</strong>g that while it is no longer consumed daily, it is still used at all ritual and cultural ceremonies.<br />
Gathered edible plants are less important <strong>in</strong> the diet today than they were <strong>in</strong> the past, however a few<br />
species are still consumed <strong>in</strong> about 80% of the meals (e.g. Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a, Pteridium aguil<strong>in</strong>um, and<br />
Triumfetta rhomboidea). Palm oil is used almost daily. The fruit of Pachylobus edulis is also common and is<br />
often used <strong>in</strong> sauces to accompany the ma<strong>in</strong> meals. Generally each household has five or six Pachylobus<br />
edulis trees. Fruits is generally not considered “food”, it is eaten at any time of the day (especially by<br />
children), but there are many tree fruits which are sought after. The fruit of Cola acum<strong>in</strong>ata are consumed<br />
daily and most households have at least one or two trees. The piece also <strong>in</strong>cludes data on nutrition<br />
composition of wild and domesticated <strong>in</strong>digenous food species. The piece notes that the natural vegetation<br />
of the region has all but disappeared, except <strong>in</strong> sacred groves. It discusses the frequency with which<br />
certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong>est foods are still served at some ceremonies (e.g. wedd<strong>in</strong>gs, funerals, <strong>in</strong>itiations and births).<br />
Prom<strong>in</strong>ent among these ceremonially important plant foods are raphia palm w<strong>in</strong>e, and sauces made<br />
with Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a, Pachylobus edulis and Triumfetta rhomboidea. The raphia palm is the most “allpurpose”<br />
tree: it provides fruits that are eaten raw or cooked; leaves that are used <strong>for</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g fish nets<br />
and ropes, petioles and sp<strong>in</strong>es that are used <strong>in</strong> house construction. The wood is used <strong>for</strong> household<br />
furniture, musical <strong>in</strong>struments, and <strong>for</strong> the walls of houses. Its leaf sp<strong>in</strong>es are used <strong>in</strong> most basketry, <strong>for</strong><br />
mak<strong>in</strong>g harvest baskets and crop dryers.<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
261.Kristkova, E. and A. Lebeda. 1995. Genetic resources of <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> from the family Cucurbitaceae.<br />
Zahradnictvi 22(4): 123-8<br />
Of over 825 species <strong>in</strong> the family, 5 are of economic importance <strong>in</strong> the temperate area: Cucumis sativus, C.<br />
melo, Cucurbita pepo, C. maxima and Citrullus lanatus. India is considered a gene centre <strong>for</strong> the first of these,<br />
while most Cucumis species developed primarily <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>. The isolation of C. sativus (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g var.<br />
hardwickii) and C. hystrix from other species, reflected <strong>in</strong> a different chromosome number (n = 7 <strong>for</strong> C.<br />
sativus and = 12 <strong>for</strong> other species) accounts <strong>for</strong> their non-crossability, which must be overcome <strong>for</strong> the<br />
future success of cucumber breed<strong>in</strong>g. All Cucurbita species come from Central America and have n = 20<br />
chromosomes, but crossability is poor. Two genetically dist<strong>in</strong>ct groups of wild species <strong>in</strong> this genus<br />
(mesophytic and xerophytic) are dist<strong>in</strong>guished, the mesophytic C. lundelliana be<strong>in</strong>g compatible with<br />
wild and cultivated species. C. moschata is a bridge to overcome the non-crossability with xerophytic<br />
species. The Cucumis collection of the Olomouc gene bank <strong>in</strong> the Czech Republic has 548 accessions, C.<br />
sativus be<strong>in</strong>g represented by 392 accessions and wild species by 156. The Cucurbita collection has 598<br />
accessions, the ma<strong>in</strong> part (528 accessions) cover<strong>in</strong>g C. pepo and C. maxima, with 70 accessions of wild<br />
species. There are 2 differential sets <strong>for</strong> Pseudoperonospora cubensis and Sphaerotheca fulig<strong>in</strong>ea, with respectively<br />
24 and 28 accessions (species and varieties), which <strong>for</strong>m an important part of the collection.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Plant-diseases, Interspecific-hybridization, Plant-genetic-resources, Wild-relatives, Centres-of-diversity.
262.Kwapata, M. B. and M. F. Maliro. 1997. Indigenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Malawi: germplasm collect<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
improvement of production practices. Pp.132-5. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop<br />
on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995,<br />
ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of<br />
Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16. (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop<br />
Plant Research, Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Collect<strong>in</strong>g, Production, Improvement.<br />
263.Ladipo, D. O., R. R. B. Leakey and J. Grace. 1991. Clonal variation <strong>in</strong> apical dom<strong>in</strong>ance of Triplochiton<br />
scleroxylon K. Schum. <strong>in</strong> response to decapitation. Silvae Genetica 40(3-4): 135-40.<br />
Clonal trials with the West <strong>Africa</strong>n hardwood Triplochiton scleroxylon have <strong>in</strong>dicated a positive relationship<br />
between stem size (height and diameter) and branch<strong>in</strong>g frequency (mean number of branches per<br />
metre of ma<strong>in</strong>stem). As part of a programme of vegetative propagation and clonal selection, young plants<br />
were exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>for</strong> clonal variation <strong>in</strong> apical dom<strong>in</strong>ance, the process which determ<strong>in</strong>es branch<strong>in</strong>g frequency.<br />
Young potted plants of 5 clones were decapitated by remov<strong>in</strong>g the apex and uppermost node.<br />
The plants were partially defoliated, leav<strong>in</strong>g 4 to 6 leaves at the apical nodes. These plants were grown<br />
<strong>in</strong> a glasshouse at 25°C to 30°C under (1) 2 rates of fertilizer application; (2) 3 rates of water application,<br />
rang<strong>in</strong>g from field capacity to severe water stress; and (3) 2 daylengths. The length and number of lateral<br />
shoots <strong>for</strong>med on these decapitated plants were measured weekly to determ<strong>in</strong>e the percentage bud<br />
activity. In the first 4 weeks after decapitation, percentage bud activity <strong>in</strong>creased (sprout<strong>in</strong>g phase) and<br />
thereafter it decl<strong>in</strong>ed as dom<strong>in</strong>ance was re-imposed (dom<strong>in</strong>ance phase). Peak bud activity at week 4 was<br />
greatest with the higher rate of nutrient application under the daily and 3-day water<strong>in</strong>g regimes, but was<br />
unaffected by daylength. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the dom<strong>in</strong>ance phase, bud activity rema<strong>in</strong>ed high at the higher rate of<br />
nutrient application, under the 3 and 12-day water<strong>in</strong>g regimes and under long days. The relative per<strong>for</strong>mance<br />
of different clones was consistent <strong>in</strong> all treatments. Of the 3 clones used <strong>in</strong> all experiments,<br />
8038 and 8049 had similarly high activity (rank one or two) and clone 8053 displayed less activity.<br />
However, <strong>in</strong>consistencies <strong>in</strong> clonal rank<strong>in</strong>g occurred under the lowest rate of water<strong>in</strong>g. Responses to<br />
decapitation can thus be used as a robust <strong>in</strong>dicator of genetic variation <strong>in</strong> apical dom<strong>in</strong>ance, provided<br />
care is taken (1) to avoid extreme environmental conditions and (2) to ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong> uni<strong>for</strong>mity <strong>in</strong> the morphological<br />
(height, number of leaves etc.) and physiological state (e.g. water and nutrient status) of the<br />
plants and their grow<strong>in</strong>g environment (especially light).<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Forest-trees, Clonal-variation, Stress, Genetics, Genetic-variation.<br />
264.Lamberti, F., D. K. Tuopay, L. Scrano, M. Di Vito, J. B. Boiboi and V. Radicci. 1988. Meloidogyne species<br />
(Nematoda: Heteroderoidea) occurr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Liberia. FAO Plant Protection Bullet<strong>in</strong> 36(2 ): 69-73.<br />
A survey of Meloidogyne spp. carried out <strong>in</strong> Liberia revealed the presence of Meloidogyne <strong>in</strong>cognita as the<br />
most common and widespread species, represent<strong>in</strong>g 72% of the populations identified. Meloidogyne<br />
javanica represented 25% of the populations, and occurred ma<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>in</strong> the northern counties. Meloidogyne<br />
arenaria was found <strong>in</strong> only 2 localities. Plants that were severely attacked were okra, eggplant, bitter ball<br />
(Solanum <strong>in</strong>canum), cowpea and chilli pepper, but damage was also noted on bean (Phaseolus) and to a<br />
lesser extent on rice.<br />
Keywords: Nematodes, Meloidogyne-spp., Host-range, Survey.<br />
265.Leumassi, P. 1986. Les plantes alimentaires traditionnelles du Cameroun: cas du màis, de l’ arachide,<br />
du manioc, des taros et de la banane-planta<strong>in</strong> [Traditional food <strong>crops</strong> of Cameroon: maize, peanut,<br />
manioc, taro, and banana-planta<strong>in</strong>]. Yaounde (Cameroon).<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant-production.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
266.Lewis, I. U. 1997. Network Vegetable Production <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: its contribution to conservation and use of<br />
traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Pp.159-60. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic<br />
Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ,<br />
Nairobi, Kenya Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized<br />
57
58<br />
and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16.(L.Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,<br />
Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Conservation, Utilization, Network.<br />
267.Madisa, M. E. and M. E. Tshamekang. 1997. Conservation and utilization of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong><br />
Botswana. Pp.149-53. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of<br />
Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya<br />
Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong><br />
Crops. No. 16. (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,<br />
Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Indigenous-<strong>vegetable</strong>s, Conservation, Utilization.<br />
268.Makambila, C. and J. B. Goma. 1993. Choanephora cucurbitacearum Curr., un nouveau champignon<br />
pathogene de l’amarante au Cong (A new pathogenic fungus of amaranth <strong>in</strong> Congo). Cahiers<br />
Agricultures (France) 2(3): 217-9.<br />
S<strong>in</strong>ce 1990 the pathogenic fungus Choanephora cucurbitarum has been caus<strong>in</strong>g necrosis on stalks and<br />
petioles of Amaranthus <strong>in</strong> Congo. In a survey of <strong>vegetable</strong> production centres, the percentage of <strong>in</strong>fected<br />
plants was 13.0-74.6%. Asexual spores (conidia), the major source of propagation and contam<strong>in</strong>ation,<br />
are <strong>for</strong>med on cabbage debris left <strong>in</strong> furrows after the cabbage harvest. Under high relative humidity and<br />
after stalk wound<strong>in</strong>g by an <strong>in</strong>sect, artificial <strong>in</strong>oculation produced symptoms similar to those found<br />
under natural conditions.<br />
Keywords: Fungal-diseases, Surveys.<br />
269.Manyafu, J. L. 1971. Indigenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Annual report. Ilonga Agricultural Research Station,<br />
Keywords: Indigenous-<strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
270.Mart<strong>in</strong>, F. W. and L. Telek. 1979. Vegetables <strong>for</strong> the hot, humid tropics. Vegetables <strong>for</strong> the Hot, Humid<br />
Tropics Amaranthus and Celosia. Part 6. USDA, New Orleans, USA.<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation is <strong>in</strong>cluded on taxonomy, nomenclature, orig<strong>in</strong>, distribution, chromosome numbers, breed<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
varieties and the possibilities of breed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> improved flavour, quality and yield.<br />
Keywords: Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Taxonomy, Chromosome-number.<br />
271.Mathenge, L. 1997. Nutritional value and utilization of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Kenya. Pp.76-7. <strong>in</strong><br />
Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16.(L.<br />
Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant genetics and Crop Plant research, Gatersleben\International Plant<br />
Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Nutrition, Vegetables, Indigenous, Utilization.<br />
272.Mathieu, C. 1994. Paysans montagnards de Tanzanie. Cohesion sociale et developpement chez les<br />
Walugurus.[Mounta<strong>in</strong> peasants of Tanzania. Waluguru social cohesion and development]. Pp. 181. L’<br />
Harmattan, Paris (France).<br />
Paysans montagnards, les Walugurus de Mgeta ont developpe depuis plusieurs decennies un systeme agraire<br />
unique et orig<strong>in</strong>al, et ils ont toujours su <strong>in</strong>nover. Pour supporter une pression demographique de plus en plus<br />
<strong>for</strong>te, le systeme de production maraichere s’ est <strong>in</strong>tensifie, au detriment des regles elementaires de la reconstitution<br />
de la productivite du milieu. Cette <strong>in</strong>tensification deregle aussi le systeme traditionnel de gestion<br />
fonciere base sur la transmission par filiation matril<strong>in</strong>eaire. Pour stimuler la croissance et assurer la cohesion<br />
sociale de cette communaute paysanne fragilisee, cet ouvrage propose des solutions. Il <strong>in</strong>siste sur la stimula-
tion des adultes vers des doma<strong>in</strong>es d’ actions prioritaires : conservation des sols, education de l’ enfant,<br />
modification du regime alimentaire, organisation de la commercialisation... La connaissance du<br />
fonctionnement de ce systeme particulier a aussi son <strong>in</strong>teret sur le plan du developpement national en<br />
sensibilisant aux methodes existantes, en provoquant une meilleure communication entre les vulgarisateurs<br />
et en permettant d’ etoffer nos propres references d’ analyse.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Rural-sociology, Social-change, Rural-development, Farm<strong>in</strong>g-systems, Innovation-adoption, Extension-activities.<br />
273.Mathooko, F. M. and J. K. Imungi. 1994. Ascorbic acid changes <strong>in</strong> three <strong>in</strong>digenous Kenyan <strong>leafy</strong><br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s dur<strong>in</strong>g traditional cook<strong>in</strong>g. Ecology-of-Food-and-Nutrition (United K<strong>in</strong>gdom) 32(3/4): 239-<br />
45.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Nutrients, Losses, Cook<strong>in</strong>g, Carbohydrates, Process<strong>in</strong>g, Sugar-acids, Vitam<strong>in</strong>s.<br />
274.Maundu, P. M. 1997. The status of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong> utilization <strong>in</strong> Kenya. Pp.66-75. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation<br />
and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables.<br />
Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16.(L.Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor).<br />
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant research, Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic<br />
Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Leafy and fruit <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>for</strong>m a significant part of the traditional diets of agicultural communities. Their<br />
consumption is, however, generally less significant among pastoral communities. About 200 <strong>in</strong>digenous<br />
plant species are used as <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Kenya. Only a few (4) have been fully domesticated, more (15) are<br />
semi-domesticated while the majority are wild. The species used and the wealth of <strong>in</strong>digenous knowledge<br />
vary with the culture, economic pursuits, species availablilty and level of <strong>in</strong>fluence by modernization. The<br />
variety of species used as a <strong>vegetable</strong>, the diversity with<strong>in</strong>g the species and the knowledge about their utilization<br />
is currently on the decl<strong>in</strong>e among many communities. This paper discusses the factors affect<strong>in</strong>g utilization,<br />
current status of both fruit and <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> consumption, past and current trends and the role of<br />
<strong>in</strong>digenous knowledge <strong>in</strong> their utilization <strong>in</strong> Kenya.<br />
Keywords: Utilization, Fruit-<strong>vegetable</strong>s, Species, Indigenous-knowledge.<br />
275.McGregor, J. 1995. Gathered produce <strong>in</strong> Zimbabwe’s communal areas: chang<strong>in</strong>g resource availability<br />
and use. Ecology of Food and Nutrition (USA).<br />
The relationship between environmental change (de<strong>for</strong>estation) and the availability and use of gathered<br />
produce <strong>in</strong> one of Zimbabwe’s de<strong>for</strong>ested communal areas is analysed. The effect of population <strong>in</strong>crease<br />
on resource availability, harvest<strong>in</strong>g strategies and resource tenure is studied. Based on <strong>in</strong>terviews with<br />
households of different socio-economic status conducted <strong>in</strong> 1988, the shift<strong>in</strong>g contribution to rural livelihoods<br />
and diet made by gathered products such as fruit, nuts, leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s, mushrooms, <strong>in</strong>sects,<br />
rodents and leaf litter is <strong>in</strong>vestigated. Species favour<strong>in</strong>g arable and disturbed environments have become<br />
more abundant, whereas those flourish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> woodlands have dim<strong>in</strong>ished. There is no simple relationship<br />
between chang<strong>in</strong>g resource availability and shift<strong>in</strong>g patterns of consumption and sale of gathered<br />
produce. Socio-economic changes and chang<strong>in</strong>g preferences are important <strong>in</strong>fluences on consumption,<br />
whereas the emergence of markets <strong>for</strong> gathered resources is related to processes of specialization and<br />
exchange rather than physical scarcity. There has been an overall decrease <strong>in</strong> the diversity of gathered<br />
produce eaten, with <strong>in</strong>creased dependence on “weeds” and “pests” gathered from privately used land<br />
(homeyards, gardens and fields). Agricultural production has become more dependent on fertility <strong>in</strong>puts<br />
from common property woodland. Poorer households are more dependent on consumption, sale and<br />
other uses of woodland and gathered produce than are wealthy households.<br />
TROPAG copyright.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
Keywords: Foods, Wild-plants, Forest-products, Resource-depletion, Markets.<br />
59
60<br />
276.Mendl<strong>in</strong>ger, S., A. Benzioni, V. Kagan Zur, M. Ventura, S. Huyskens and J. Chweya. 1990. Southern<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n edible <strong>vegetable</strong>s: germplasm collection, evaluation and breed<strong>in</strong>g: annual report January -<br />
December 1989. BGUN-ARI (Israel), no. 7. Institute <strong>for</strong> Agriculture and Applied Biology, Ben Gurion<br />
Univ. of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel,<br />
The results of a programme, aimed at the determ<strong>in</strong>ation and characterization of the genetic variability <strong>in</strong> a<br />
number of edible <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong> species of <strong>Africa</strong> and their economic potential, with emphasis on<br />
cucurbits and Amaranthus, are presented. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the first year of the programme, the follow<strong>in</strong>g species were<br />
collected <strong>in</strong> Kenya: Cucumis metuliferus, Cucurbita pepo, Luffa acutangula, loofah, gourd, Cocc<strong>in</strong>ia sessilifolia, and<br />
amaranthus. The isoenzyme profiles of the accession l<strong>in</strong>es of C. metuliferus were determ<strong>in</strong>ed and compared<br />
with germplasm collected <strong>in</strong> Israel. Little genetic variation was found, while none of the accessions were<br />
heterozygotes. The vegetative growth, flower production, and fruit quality of Momordica charantia were determ<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
The Kenyan l<strong>in</strong>es produced 3 times as many branches as the Israeli l<strong>in</strong>es and had slightly longer<br />
leaves. Variation existed between all l<strong>in</strong>es with regard to the number of male and female flowers produced per<br />
l<strong>in</strong>e, the fruit width and length, fruit quality, biochemistry and m<strong>in</strong>eral content.<br />
Keywords: Genetic-resources.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
277.Messiaen, C. M., J. Fournet, A. Delplanque and O. Sobesky. 1972. Premiers resultats d’experience sur<br />
quelques ep<strong>in</strong>ards tropicaux [First results of experiments with some tropical sp<strong>in</strong>ach plants]. Nouvelles<br />
Maraicheres Et Vivrieres De L’INRA Aux Antilles(3): 24-33.<br />
In a 63-day trial 5 types of amaranthus were compared with Celosia argentea, Basella alba, B.rubra, Solanum<br />
nigrum var. gu<strong>in</strong>eense and Xanthosoma brasiliense. Two local amaranthus varieties, tentatively identified as<br />
A.gracilis and A. dubius, and the Dahomey cv. Fotete gave very high yields. Yields of X. brasiliense were low<br />
because of a mosaic virus <strong>in</strong>fection but the sp<strong>in</strong>ach was of very good quality.<br />
Keywords: Cultural-methods, Diseases, Mosaic,Variety-trials.<br />
278.Mih<strong>in</strong>do, N. 1997. Organic agriculture <strong>in</strong> Kenya: fusion of science and traditional knowledge. Pp.96-<br />
7. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No.<br />
16. (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben\International<br />
Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Organic-farm<strong>in</strong>g, Traditional-knowledge.<br />
279.M<strong>in</strong>gochi, D. S. and S. W. S. Luchen. 1997. Traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Zambia: genetic resources, cultivation<br />
and uses. Pp.136-41. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources<br />
of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi,<br />
Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and<br />
<strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16.(L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,<br />
Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Zambia, Vegetables, Traditional, Genetic-resources, Utilization, Cultivation.<br />
280.M<strong>in</strong>istry of Agriculture. 1989. Proposals <strong>for</strong> the promotion of traditional <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> Kenya. Nairobi (Kenya).<br />
Gives the proposals <strong>for</strong> the promotion of traditional food <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> Kenya such as sorghum, millets, teff, pulses,<br />
root <strong>crops</strong> and <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Discusses the present production situation and the drawbacks fac<strong>in</strong>g<br />
it, research and extension activities and future promotion strategies of these <strong>crops</strong>. Describes the uses and the<br />
nutritive value of these <strong>in</strong>digenous food <strong>crops</strong>.<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Traditional-farm<strong>in</strong>g, Food-security, Food-policies.<br />
281.Missano, H. C., W. Njebele, L. Kayombo and B. Ogle. 1994. <strong>in</strong> Dependency on <strong>for</strong>ests and trees <strong>for</strong><br />
food security. A pilot study: Nanguruwe and Mbambakofi villages, Mtwara region, Tanzania.Work<strong>in</strong>g-<br />
Paper—International-Rural-Development-Centre,-Swedish-University-of-Agricultural-Sciences. no.<br />
261. Uppsala, Sweden.
Forests and tree products play a major role <strong>in</strong> improv<strong>in</strong>g and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g nutrition status through improvement<br />
of household food security and control of diseases <strong>in</strong> Tanzania. This paper reports on a study, the<br />
objectives of which were to explore the degree of dependency on <strong>for</strong>est and tree products of two village<br />
communities <strong>in</strong> Mtwara region, and to develop and test <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mal methods of collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on dependency<br />
on <strong>for</strong>ests and trees. The methodology used is described be<strong>for</strong>e the characteristics of the study<br />
villages are discussed. The agricultural production <strong>in</strong> the region is exam<strong>in</strong>ed, look<strong>in</strong>g at the cultivation<br />
system, ma<strong>in</strong> <strong>crops</strong>, livestock, domesticated fruits and labour demand. The use of <strong>for</strong>est products <strong>for</strong> food is<br />
exam<strong>in</strong>ed, focus<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> particular on root products, fruits, gra<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>vegetable</strong>s, animal products, mushrooms<br />
and honey, and medic<strong>in</strong>al and other uses of <strong>for</strong>est products is covered. The importance of <strong>for</strong>est products <strong>for</strong><br />
food security, particularly <strong>for</strong> resource weak households is highlighted. Some comparisons are made between<br />
the two villages.<br />
Keywords: Vegetables, Mushrooms, Nutrition, Forest-products, Tanzania.<br />
282.Mnzava, N. A. 1989. Indigenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Zambia. Sveriges Utsaedesfoeren<strong>in</strong>gs Tidskrift (Sweden)<br />
99(4): 241.<br />
Paper presented at ‘Seed Production <strong>for</strong> the Small Scale Farm<strong>in</strong>g Sector <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>’. Lusaka (Zambia). 30<br />
Jan- 10 Feb 1989.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Species, Food-production, Small-scale-farm<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
283.Mnzava, N. A. 1997. Vegetable crop diversification and the place of traditional species <strong>in</strong> the tropics.<br />
Pp. 1-15. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional<br />
Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables.Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops.<br />
No. 16.(L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o , editor). Institute of Plant genetics and Crop Plant research,<br />
Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
The nutritional dilemma caused by decreas<strong>in</strong>g food choice and the <strong>in</strong>adequate priorization of balanced<br />
nutrition is a justification <strong>for</strong> diversified <strong>vegetable</strong> crop production. The merits and problems associated with<br />
diversification <strong>in</strong> the tropics are discussed. The importance of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong> species as a category of<br />
secondary food <strong>crops</strong> is illustrated from the agronomic, economic, nutritional, ecological and technical sides.<br />
Reasons <strong>for</strong> their neglect are discussed, and research needs and approaches are suggested while recogniz<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the regional specificity of the species and the <strong>in</strong>tr<strong>in</strong>sic problems associated with the promotion of good<br />
nutrition as an <strong>in</strong>centive <strong>in</strong> itself.<br />
Keywords: Nutrition, Diversification.<br />
284.Mohanty, K. C. and S. N. Das. 1988. Resistance of some amaranthus varieties to root-knot nematode,<br />
Meloidogyne <strong>in</strong>cognita. Indian-Journal-of-Nematology 18(1): 120.<br />
Of 13 Amaranthus varieties screened <strong>for</strong> resistance aga<strong>in</strong>st M. <strong>in</strong>cognita <strong>in</strong> pot experiments, Bhubaneswar<br />
local and Kantei Khada exhibited a resistant reaction with the gall <strong>in</strong>dex below 2.0. The rest were<br />
susceptible or highly susceptible.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Resistance, Varieties, Cultivars, Pests.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
285.Moustier, P. and D. L. Naire. 1990. Per<strong>for</strong>mance du système de commercialisation des legumes a<br />
Brazzville : un essai d’ evaluation socio-économique.[Vegetable market<strong>in</strong>g efficiency <strong>in</strong> Brazzaville :<br />
a socioeconomical evaluation test]. Pp. 567-84 <strong>in</strong> Economie des filieres en regions chaudes. Formation<br />
des prix et echanges agricoles. [Economy of agricultural commodity cha<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the tropics and subtropics.<br />
Price <strong>for</strong>mation and agricultural trade.] (M. Griffon, editor.) Centre de Coopération Internationale<br />
en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement, Montpellier (France). MES, Mission Economie<br />
et Sociologie. Montpellier (France).<br />
L’ analyse socio-economique de la filiere maraichere de Brazzaville est articulee autour de trois axes : l’<br />
adequation de l’ offre et de la demande de legume a travers les prix;la <strong>for</strong>mation et l’ utilisation des marges<br />
61
62<br />
commerciales; l’ <strong>in</strong>tegration de ces filieres a la socialite urba<strong>in</strong>e. L’ irregularite de l’ offre pour certa<strong>in</strong>s produits<br />
et la faible elasticite de la demande se traduisent par des variations souples des quantites disponibles pour<br />
des prix qui changent de facon discont<strong>in</strong>ue, ce qui denote une bonne adaptation a la saisonnalite de la<br />
production et au comportement des consommateurs. L’ analyse des marges ne revele pas de comportement<br />
“monopolistique” ou “privilegie” d’ une “classe” de commercants. Par ailleurs, les phenomenes de collecte<br />
et d’ accumulation en vue d’ une expansion de l’ activite semblent limites. Enf<strong>in</strong>, les modes d’ acces a l’<br />
activite, tout comme l’ utilisation des revenus commerciaux, doivent etre relies a la specificite sociale des<br />
commercants urba<strong>in</strong>s. A cote de la transmission familiale, la ville <strong>in</strong>duit l’ acces a l’ activite commerciale<br />
comme activite de survie dans un contexte materiel precaire. La ville determ<strong>in</strong>e egalement, chez les<br />
commercantes, des modes de consommation qui limitent l’ expansion de leur activite.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Market<strong>in</strong>g, Foods, Plant-products, Urban-areas.<br />
286.Moutsambote, J. M. 1990. Vernonia titanophylla, a new species <strong>in</strong> the Congo. Bullet<strong>in</strong>-Du-Jard<strong>in</strong>-<br />
Botanique-National-De-Belgique 60(3-4): 275-8.<br />
A description of this small (8-10 m) tree is given, with some notes on its distribution <strong>in</strong> central <strong>Africa</strong>. It<br />
is recorded <strong>for</strong> the first time <strong>in</strong> the Congo.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Broadleaves, Distribution.<br />
287.Mpoyi, K. and S. J. Paulus. 1997. JEEP: promot<strong>in</strong>g home garden<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> K<strong>in</strong>shasa, Zaire. Pp. 52-6. <strong>in</strong><br />
Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16. (L.<br />
Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant research, Gatersleben\International Plant<br />
Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Health, Nutrition, Home-garden.<br />
288.Mpuchane, S. and B. A. Gashe. 1996. Prevalence of coli<strong>for</strong>ms <strong>in</strong> traditionally dried <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
sold <strong>in</strong> open markets and food stores <strong>in</strong> Gaborone, Botswana. Journal-of-Food-Protection (USA) 59(1):<br />
28-30.<br />
The aerobic mesophilic count, coli<strong>for</strong>m count, and prevalence of Escherichia coli on two <strong>vegetable</strong>s commonly<br />
consumed by a majority of people <strong>in</strong> Botswana were determ<strong>in</strong>ed. The aerobic count was found to be > 10(5)<br />
CFU/g <strong>in</strong> both k<strong>in</strong>ds of <strong>vegetable</strong>s and as many as 27 to 30% of the samples had counts > 10(7) CFU/g.<br />
Escherichia coli was present <strong>in</strong> 82% of the Amaranthus leaves sold as morogo <strong>in</strong> food stores and 50% of the<br />
Phaseolus leaves purchased from open markets. Nonfecal coli<strong>for</strong>ms were present <strong>in</strong> all samples. The nonfecal<br />
coli<strong>for</strong>ms belong to species of Klebsiella and Enterobacter and were present <strong>in</strong> the samples at values of 1 X<br />
10(1) to 4 X 10(4) CFU/g.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Food-safety, Market<strong>in</strong>g, Plant-products, Quality, Southern-<strong>Africa</strong>, Vegetables.<br />
289.Mushita, A. 1997. Traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Zimbabwe: the NGO agenda. Pp. 145-8. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of<br />
the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation<br />
and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16. (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor).<br />
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources<br />
Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Vegetables, Zambia.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s
290.National Horticultural Research Institute. 1990. Annual report 1989. National Horticultural Research<br />
Institute, Ibadan, Nigeria.<br />
The 1989 annual report of the National Horticultural Research Institute (Nigeria) presents the results of<br />
current research programmes on citrus, <strong>vegetable</strong>s and fruits and 2 new programmes on farm<strong>in</strong>g systems and<br />
crop utilization. Research was conducted on plant breed<strong>in</strong>g and crop management (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g plant protection,<br />
<strong>in</strong>tercropp<strong>in</strong>g and mulch<strong>in</strong>g) of various horticultural <strong>crops</strong>, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Citrus, mango, planta<strong>in</strong>, p<strong>in</strong>eapple,<br />
papaya, guava, avocado, tomato, okra, Amaranthus, jute, Telfaira occidentalis, cucumber, Solanum gilo,<br />
pepper ( Capsicum spp.), melon and watermelon. The farm<strong>in</strong>g systems programme <strong>in</strong>cludes different aspects<br />
of land use, soil conservation, <strong>in</strong>put utilization, fabrication of equipment, and fruits and <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
<strong>in</strong>tercropp<strong>in</strong>g. A crop utilization programme was set up to improve and widen the uses of local fruits and<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s. The major activities <strong>in</strong>cluded various aspects of postharvest handl<strong>in</strong>g, development of recipes <strong>for</strong><br />
planta<strong>in</strong> and amaranth confectionery, and the production of fruit juices.<br />
Keywords: Crop-management, Plant-breed<strong>in</strong>g, Process<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
291.Nekesa, P. and B. Meso. 1997. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Kenya: production, market<strong>in</strong>g and<br />
utilization. Pp. 98-103. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of<br />
Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya.<br />
Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong><br />
Crops. No. 16.(L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,<br />
Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Market<strong>in</strong>g, Utilization.<br />
292.Ngniado, B. 1994. Maraichage au Nord Cameroun : premier diagnostic agro-économique. Projet Garoua<br />
phase II. [Vegetables crop <strong>in</strong> North-Cameroon: first agroeconomical diagnosis. Project Garoua phase<br />
II]. Pp. 67. CIRAD, Montpellier (France).<br />
Dans le cadre d’ une etude agroeconomique sur le maraichage au Nord-Cameroun dont l’ objectif pr<strong>in</strong>cipal<br />
est d’ orienter la recherche agronomique dans le doma<strong>in</strong>e des cultures maraichere, et suite a une<br />
mission de conception/identification de premiers resultats et recommandations ont pu etre fournis. Ils<br />
concernent l’ approvisionnement du Nord Cameroun en legumes, les exigences des consommateurs, les<br />
voies d’ approvisionnement, les circuits de commercialisation des legumes sortant du Nord Cameroun,<br />
la production maraichere dans cette zone et les contra<strong>in</strong>tes d’ approvisionnement du marche <strong>in</strong>terieur/<br />
exterieur. Les etudes prevues pour completer ce diagnostic sont presentees, leurs objectifs etant d’ evaluer<br />
la competitivite de la production maraichere du Nord-Cameroun par rapport aux importations dans la<br />
region et aux importations d’ oignon dans l’ ensemble du pays et de mieux connaitre la population des<br />
maraichers a laquelle doit s’ adresser la recherche-developpement.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Market<strong>in</strong>g, Distribution, Trade, Production.<br />
293.Nigeria, Federal Department of Forest Research. 1976. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the symposium on variation<br />
and breed<strong>in</strong>g systems of Triplochiton scleroxylon (K. Schum.). 21-28 April, 1975, Federal Deparment of<br />
Forest Research , Ibadan, Nigeria.<br />
This is the first symposium organized by the Federal Department of Forest Research of Nigeria; <strong>in</strong> future<br />
such symposia will be regular features of the Department’s activities.<br />
Keywords: Tree-breed<strong>in</strong>g, Broadleaves.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
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294.Njoku, K. U. 1983. Economic assessment of <strong>in</strong>digenous food produc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong>est tree species <strong>in</strong> Imo state,<br />
Nigeria. University of Ibadan, Ibadan (Nigeria).<br />
A thorough exam<strong>in</strong>ation of the role and importance of <strong>for</strong>est food products <strong>in</strong> Imo State households. Exam<strong>in</strong>es<br />
the density of <strong>for</strong>est food trees on farms and notes that their density is much lower <strong>in</strong> natural <strong>for</strong>est areas.<br />
Presents <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation from a market study which compares the prices and availabilities of marketed <strong>for</strong>est<br />
foods. In general, wild fruits and <strong>vegetable</strong>s sell <strong>for</strong> comparable <strong>for</strong> greater prices than cultivated varieties. For<br />
example, Gnetum sp. leaves sell <strong>for</strong> 1.60 naira/500 g while cultivated Amaranthus sp. sells <strong>for</strong> 0.50 naira/500g;<br />
Dennettia tripetala fruit sell <strong>for</strong> 1.800 naira/500 g while papaya sells <strong>for</strong> 0.40 naira/500 g. Vegetables are<br />
available daily <strong>in</strong> markets, especially <strong>in</strong> the dry season, when cultivated varieties are not available. Seeds are<br />
more seasonal than fresh fruits which are available <strong>in</strong> most periods. Describes 12 <strong>vegetable</strong> tree species. Also<br />
<strong>in</strong>cludes descriptive <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation of the ways <strong>for</strong>est foods are consumed (e.g. Dennettia tripetala fruit are consumed<br />
fresh with cola nuts to add a peppery taste) and the myriad of “other” uses <strong>for</strong> these locally valued<br />
species. For example, the leaves of Dacryodes edulis are used <strong>in</strong> marriage ceremonies to signify acceptance of a<br />
suitor. The paper also describes common dishes that are based on wild <strong>for</strong>est products (e.g. soups, salads and<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong> sauces <strong>for</strong> yams) and how they are processed.<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry, Market<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
295.Nkhoma, C. N., G. Y. Mkamanga and T. J. Ruredzo. 1997. Conservation of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
germplasm <strong>in</strong> the SADC region. Pp.122-7. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on<br />
Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995,<br />
ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of<br />
Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16. (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop<br />
Plant Research, Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Germplasm, Conservation.<br />
296.Nono-Womdim, R. and R. T. Opena. 1997. Scope and highlights of research on <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
of southern and East <strong>Africa</strong>. Pp.19-21. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18,<br />
1997 Limbe Cameroon. Limbe Cameroon Workshop Papers (Grubben, G. and C. Almenk<strong>in</strong>ders) ODA.<br />
Keywords: Research.<br />
297.Norman, J. C. 1980. Advances <strong>in</strong> research on <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> Ghana. Technical Bullet<strong>in</strong> Department<br />
of Horticulture , no. 1. University of Science and Technology (Ghana), Ghana.<br />
This publication summarizes the results of recent research with the follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>crops</strong>: Solanaceae (tomato,<br />
eggplant, capsicum); other fruit <strong>vegetable</strong>s (okra, French bean, cucumber, squash); bulbs (onion, shallot);<br />
brassicas (cabbage, ch<strong>in</strong>ese cabbage, cauliflower, kale); root <strong>crops</strong> (carrot, beetroot, radish, turnip); and<br />
<strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s (lettuce, Indian sp<strong>in</strong>ach (Basella rubra), Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare).<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Agricultural-research.<br />
298.Norman, J. C. 1990. Advances <strong>in</strong> tropical <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> research. UNISWA-Research-Journal<br />
(Swaziland) 3 : 11-21.<br />
The importance of tropical <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the diet of <strong>in</strong>habitants of the tropics and sub-tropics is<br />
emphasized. Research, however, has been slow. This paper reviews recent advances <strong>in</strong> research and<br />
makes some suggestions <strong>for</strong> future studies.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
Keywords: Plant-production, Crops, Humid-zones, Production.<br />
299.Norman, J. C. 1992. Tropical <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>. Arthur H. Stockwell, Elms Court (UK).
A comprehensive and up to date guide to the production of <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the tropics, with special reference<br />
to West <strong>Africa</strong> and similar environments, is provided. Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples of <strong>vegetable</strong> production, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong> farm establishment, seeds, nursery practices and plant<strong>in</strong>g, crop management practices, and<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong> farm management, are discussed. Detailed <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation is given on the production of over 40<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g bulbous <strong>vegetable</strong>s, cucurbit <strong>vegetable</strong>s, fruit <strong>vegetable</strong>s, <strong>green</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s,<br />
<strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s, root <strong>vegetable</strong>s and <strong>vegetable</strong> legumes.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Crop-management, Cultivation, Teach<strong>in</strong>g-materials.<br />
300.Nwauzo, E. E. and W. M. Brown Jr. 1975. Telfairia (Cucurbitaceae) mosaic virus <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Plant-<br />
Disease-Reporter (USA) 59(5): 430-2.<br />
A mechanically transmitted virus of Telfairia occidentalis is newly described from Nigeria, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on symptoms and differences with other mosaic viruses.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-Crops, Plant-diseases.<br />
301.Nyananyo, B. L. and J. D. Olowokudejo. 1986. Taxonomic studies <strong>in</strong> the genus Tal<strong>in</strong>um (Portulacaceae)<br />
<strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Willdenowia 15(2): 455-63.<br />
Morphological analysis of T. triangulare, widely cultivated as a leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>, and the closely related T.<br />
cuneifolium revealed few discrete phenetic discont<strong>in</strong>uities. However, microscopic studies of pollen, seeds,<br />
leaf anatomy, leaf cuticle and chromosomes (both 2n=24) revealed many useful dist<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g characters.<br />
Keywords: Taxonomy, Morphology.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
302.Nyarko, S. 1980. Effect of age of transplants on the growth and yield of water leaf (Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare).<br />
University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (Ghana).<br />
The effect of age of transplant on growth and yield of water-leaf Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare is reported. Seedl<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
were transplanted at ages of 11, 15, 19, and 23 days after prick<strong>in</strong>g out. 23-day old transplants had highest<br />
% of surviv<strong>in</strong>g plants, number of side shoots, height <strong>in</strong>crease, dry matter, marketable and edible yields<br />
but 15-day olds showed lowest values. Largest leaves were produced by 15-day olds and smallest leaves<br />
by 19-day olds.<br />
Keywords: Seedl<strong>in</strong>gs, Transplant<strong>in</strong>g, Plant<strong>in</strong>g-date, Growth, Crop-yield.<br />
303.Obiagwu, C. J. and N. I. Odiaka. 1995. Fertilizer schedule <strong>for</strong> yield of fresh fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> (Telfairia<br />
occidentalis) grown <strong>in</strong> lower Benue river bas<strong>in</strong> of Nigeria. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences<br />
(India) 65(2): 98-101.<br />
An appropriate schedule of N, P and K application <strong>for</strong> the growth and development of fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>in</strong> an acid sandy soil was determ<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Nigeria, dur<strong>in</strong>g 1991-1992. The v<strong>in</strong>e number, length of v<strong>in</strong>es,<br />
girth and fresh-matter yield were measured at 2-week <strong>in</strong>tervals after fertilizer application. Phosphorus<br />
alone at 22 kg/ha gave the highest fresh-matter yield (5.04 kg/plant) followed by 22 kg/ha P + 42 kg/ha<br />
K (4.98 kg/plant) and 50 kg/ha N + 22 kg/ha P (4.89 kg/plant). These yields were different from treatments<br />
and comb<strong>in</strong>ations without P. Two splits of NPK (4 and 8 weeks after germ<strong>in</strong>ation) gave a freshmatter<br />
yield of 5.45 kg/plant compared with 4.16 kg/plant produced by a s<strong>in</strong>gle application of NPK or<br />
4.76 kg/plant given by 3 splits of NPK. Fresh-matter yields obta<strong>in</strong>ed from band or broadcast application<br />
(6.4 and 6.3 kg/plant, respectively) were different from r<strong>in</strong>g application or po<strong>in</strong>t placement methods (4.7<br />
and 4.4 kg/plant, respectively). Band application of NPK there<strong>for</strong>e proved to be the superior method of<br />
fertiliz<strong>in</strong>g fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong>. From authors’ summary.<br />
Keywords: Fertilizer-application, Placement, NPK-fertilizers.<br />
65
66<br />
304.Ogunfowora, A. O. 1982. Root-knot nematodes on cowpea and some selected <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>. Pp.72-<br />
84. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the 3rd Research Plann<strong>in</strong>g Conference on root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne<br />
spp., Regions IV and V, 1 (International Meloidogyne Project). 6-20 November 1981 International Institute<br />
of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria.<br />
Out of 31 l<strong>in</strong>es of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata], 20 l<strong>in</strong>es of Amaranthus and 24 l<strong>in</strong>es of Solanum, screened <strong>for</strong><br />
resistance to Meloidogyne <strong>in</strong>cognita, one Solanum l<strong>in</strong>e, 4 Amaranthus l<strong>in</strong>es and no cowpea l<strong>in</strong>es showed<br />
resistance. Crop rotation experiments us<strong>in</strong>g groundnut, rice, maize, tomato and stylozanthes gave a<br />
decrease <strong>in</strong> Meloidogyne <strong>in</strong>fection and an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> tomato yield.<br />
Keywords: Resistance, Rotations, Control-methods, Pest-resistance, Nematology.<br />
305.Ohigashi, H., M. Jisaka, T. Takagaki, H. Nozaki, T. Tada, M. A. Huffman, T. Nishida, M. Kaji and K.<br />
Koshimizu. 1991. Bitter pr<strong>in</strong>ciple and a related steroid glucoside from Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a, a possible<br />
medic<strong>in</strong>al plant <strong>for</strong> wild chimpanzees. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 55(4): 1201-3.<br />
Keywords: Drug-plants, Steroids, Bitter-pr<strong>in</strong>ciples, Stems, Leaves.<br />
306.Ohlander, L. J. R. 1977. Legum<strong>in</strong>ous gra<strong>in</strong>s and <strong>vegetable</strong> Assignment report. [Crop diversification <strong>in</strong><br />
the coffee grow<strong>in</strong>g areas <strong>in</strong> the South-West of Ethiopia]. FAO, Rome (Italy).<br />
Keywords: Vegetables, Ethiopia.<br />
307.Oka<strong>for</strong>, J. C. 1981. Woody plants of nutritional importance <strong>in</strong> traditional farm<strong>in</strong>g systems of the Nigerian<br />
humid tropics. PhD Thesis. Department of Forest Resource Management, University of Ibadan,<br />
Ibadan, Nigeria.<br />
An extremely <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g and thorough report on the household use of <strong>in</strong>digenous farm and wild trees.<br />
Presents the results of an extensive market study of <strong>in</strong>digenous edible woody plant foods (weekly at five<br />
markets over a three year period) exam<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the seasonal availability of products and their comparative<br />
prices over a three year period. Described the prevail<strong>in</strong>g farm<strong>in</strong>g practices and the roles of and benefits<br />
from these trees <strong>in</strong> these different systems. Discusses farmers’ species preferences (approximately 400<br />
<strong>in</strong>terviews). Exam<strong>in</strong>es the botanic, ecologic (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g trade and market potential), economic, and nutrition<br />
aspects of five extremely common <strong>for</strong>est and farm trees: Irv<strong>in</strong>gia gabonensia, Dacryodes edulis, Treculia<br />
africana, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Chrysophyllum albidum. Exam<strong>in</strong>es the density and distribution of edible<br />
woody plants (117 species identified) on farms. Oka<strong>for</strong> found that <strong>in</strong> the midwestern and southeastern<br />
zones these five major species were present on more than 72% of the farms. In the mid-western zone,<br />
Dacryodes edulis was found on all surveyed farms and Irv<strong>in</strong>gia gabonensis was found on 95% of the farms.<br />
Analyses the frequency with which trees are planted, transplanted and protected. Presents data on<br />
fruit<strong>in</strong>g periods of the study species, and the seasonal variations <strong>in</strong> sale and home consumption of ther<br />
products (over 50% of the produce from the five study species is sold). Presents <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on how these<br />
tree foods are used and processed. Includes <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on the nutritional composition of these different<br />
foods. Irv<strong>in</strong>gia gabonensis is an especially good source of fat, while Pentaclethra macrophylla is high <strong>in</strong><br />
prote<strong>in</strong>. The study species are becom<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly popular on farms and fetch comparable or higher<br />
prices than traditional cultivated <strong>crops</strong>.<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
308.Oka<strong>for</strong>, J. C. 1997. Conservation and use of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s from woody <strong>for</strong>est species <strong>in</strong> southeastern<br />
Nigeria. Pp. 31-8. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources<br />
of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi,<br />
Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and<br />
<strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16. (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant research,<br />
Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
In Nigeria, where the diet is dom<strong>in</strong>ated by starchy staple foods, traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s are essential<br />
sources of prote<strong>in</strong>s, vitam<strong>in</strong>s, m<strong>in</strong>erals and am<strong>in</strong>o acids. The majority of these <strong>vegetable</strong>s are still be<strong>in</strong>g<br />
harvested from the wild. Two research projects sponsored by the World-Wide Fund <strong>for</strong> Nature (WWF) are<br />
<strong>in</strong>vestigat<strong>in</strong>g the prospects of conservation and its attendant problems as perceived by the participat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
farmers. It is concluded that various <strong>in</strong>puts and education are necessary to promote the conservation<br />
and susta<strong>in</strong>able utilization of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the region.<br />
Keywords: Conservation, Utilization, Wild.<br />
309.Okiwelu, S. N. O. A. Ugwa and S. C. Amadi. 1992. Insect pests of <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Rivers State,<br />
Nigeria: Studies on life cycle and foliage consumption of Spilosoma (Diacrisia) maculosa Stoll (Lepidoptera<br />
Arctiidae) [on Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a, Telfairia occidentalis, Amaranthus hybridus, Tal<strong>in</strong>um<br />
triangulare]. Revue De Zoologie <strong>Africa</strong><strong>in</strong>e (Belgium) / Journal of <strong>Africa</strong>n Zoology 106(4): 283-8.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Feed<strong>in</strong>g-preferences, Life-cycle.<br />
310.Okoli, B. E. and C. M. Mgbeogu. 1983. Fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong>, Telfairia occidentalis: West <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
crop. Economic Botany 37(2): 145-9.<br />
Fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong>, Telfairia occidentalis, is native to West <strong>Africa</strong> but occurs mostly <strong>in</strong> its cultivated <strong>for</strong>m <strong>in</strong><br />
various parts of southern Nigeria. It is widely cultivated <strong>for</strong> its palatable and nutritious leaves which are<br />
used ma<strong>in</strong>ly as <strong>vegetable</strong>. The seeds are also nutritious and rich <strong>in</strong> an oil which may be used <strong>for</strong> cook<strong>in</strong>g<br />
and soap manufacture. Its taxonomy, morphology and potential uses are discussed <strong>in</strong> relation to its<br />
economic importance as a tropical crop.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Economic-botany.<br />
311.Okusanya, O. T., B. A. Ola Adams and J. F. Bamidele. 1981. Variations <strong>in</strong> size, leaf morphology, and<br />
fruit characters among 25 populations of Luffa aegyptiaca. Canadian Journal of Botany 59(12): 2618-27.<br />
Variations <strong>in</strong> 25 southwestern Nigerian populations of L. aegyptiaca were most pronounced <strong>in</strong> the leaves<br />
(especially <strong>in</strong> texture, <strong>in</strong>vag<strong>in</strong>ation, area and dry weight) but shoot and fruit dry weights and number of<br />
seeds/fruit also varied considerably. Populations grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> acidic soils with low nutrient contents had<br />
deep leaf <strong>in</strong>vag<strong>in</strong>ations, small leaf areas/shoot and low dry weights of leaf, shoot and fruit compared<br />
with populations <strong>in</strong> richer and more neutral-alkal<strong>in</strong>e soils. When seeds from a population of one of these<br />
types were sown <strong>in</strong> soil taken from the site of a population of the other type, the plants developed the<br />
morphological characteristics of the other population. Light <strong>in</strong>tensity was found to be partially responsible<br />
<strong>for</strong> variations <strong>in</strong> leaf colour and <strong>in</strong> the prom<strong>in</strong>ence of leaf ve<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> plants grown under shade or <strong>in</strong><br />
full light <strong>for</strong> the whole or <strong>for</strong> part of the experiment.<br />
Keywords: Luffa-aegyptiaca, Development, Environmental-factors, Fruits, Variation.<br />
312.Olarewaju, J. D. 1977. A review of horticultural research <strong>in</strong> the northern states of Nigeria. Acta<br />
Horticulturae (53): 151-5.<br />
Vegetable research is conf<strong>in</strong>ed to tomatoes, onions and peppers; with tree <strong>crops</strong>, the ma<strong>in</strong> emphasis is on<br />
mango and citrus. The research objectives, progress and the extension of the Institute’s f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs to the<br />
farmers are described.<br />
Keywords: Research, Fruit-and-nut-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
313.Omidiji, M. O. 1978. <strong>Africa</strong>n Symposium on Horticultural Crops. 6. 19-25 July 1981, Ibadan (Nigeria)<br />
Acta Horticulturae No. 123 International Society <strong>for</strong> Horticultural Science, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
Keywords: Horticulture, Genetic-resources, Germplasm-conservation, Plant-breed<strong>in</strong>g, Indigenous-species.<br />
67
68<br />
314.Opole, M. 1993. Revalidat<strong>in</strong>g women’s knowledge on <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s: implications <strong>for</strong> policy.<br />
Pp. 157-64 <strong>in</strong> Cultivat<strong>in</strong>g knowledge. Genetic diversity, farmer experimentation and crop research (W.<br />
de Boef, K. Amanor and K. Wellard with A. Bebb<strong>in</strong>gton). Intermediate Technology Publications, London.<br />
This paper describes an approach <strong>for</strong> work<strong>in</strong>g with women on <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> mak<strong>in</strong>g use<br />
of their <strong>in</strong>digenous knowledge base. In Kenya, women’s local knowledge and the <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
they have selected <strong>for</strong> cultivation have been downgraded by scientific knowledge, which is more concerned<br />
with the products of its own research and the validation of the abstract criteria it has developed.<br />
Scientist believed that <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s cannot be cultivated, that they are poisonous and nutritionally<br />
<strong>in</strong>ferior to exotic cultivars. This resulted <strong>in</strong> a research gap between local and scientific knowledge.<br />
The basis <strong>for</strong> start<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong> project was to develop a new <strong>for</strong>m of relationship<br />
and <strong>in</strong>teraction between scientist and end-users. Twelve varieties of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s were selected<br />
<strong>for</strong> cultural and agronomic trials and nutritional analysis. Indigenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s were no less nutritious<br />
than exotic <strong>vegetable</strong>s and their levels of nitrates and tann<strong>in</strong>s were not high enough to warrant any<br />
concern. Some species of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s produce fewer leaves and show poor growth rates when<br />
planted with chemical fertilisers. The conceptual framework and methodology of the project were able to<br />
address issues concerned with the validity of women’s knowledge <strong>in</strong> agricultural production. Other<br />
factors with important implications <strong>for</strong> the <strong>in</strong>digenous knowledge base are the ideological underp<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
of the education and media systems. Policy changes need to be made <strong>in</strong> the national plann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
process to facilitate the participation of local knowledge systems <strong>in</strong> current ma<strong>in</strong>stream framework of<br />
development. It is only by elevat<strong>in</strong>g producer knowledge that susta<strong>in</strong>able food production systems can<br />
be ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
Keywords: Farmer-participatory-research, Gender, Local-knowledge, Policy.<br />
315.Opole, M. 1997. Participatory research approaches: community <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> research. Pp.88-93. <strong>in</strong><br />
Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18, 1997 Limbe, Cameroon Limbe, Cameroon<br />
Workshop Papers. (Schippers, R. and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Keywords: Participatory, Research, Farmers.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
316.Orimoyegun, S. O. and O. Kadeba. 1983. Potential of obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum) as a<br />
leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>. Acta Horticulturae(123): 99-103.<br />
Data are tabulated on moisture, P, total N and crude prote<strong>in</strong> contents <strong>in</strong> young and old leaves of 5-, 6- and<br />
13-year-old trees. Foliage nutrient composition did not vary appreciably with tree age.<br />
Keywords: Plant-composition, Prote<strong>in</strong>s, Nutritive-value, Composition.<br />
317.Orluchukwu, J. A. and E. M. Ossom. 1988. Effect of management practice on weed <strong>in</strong>festation, yield<br />
and nutrient concentration of the fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong>, Telfairia occidentalis Hook. Tropical Agriculture<br />
65(4 ): 317-20.<br />
In Nigeria, fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> (Telfairia occidentalis) v<strong>in</strong>es were grown on trellis or on plat<strong>for</strong>ms, or grown on<br />
mounds and on the flat without support to determ<strong>in</strong>e the <strong>in</strong>fluence of these management practices on<br />
weed <strong>in</strong>festation, fresh weight (FW) yield of leaves and nutrient accumulation. The crop planted on the<br />
flat had a considerable weed suppression effect and the highest leaf FW obta<strong>in</strong>ed. The leaf area was<br />
observed to be positively correlated with FW leaf yield. When planted on mounds, fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> leaves<br />
accumulated more N, P and Mg than when other management practices were used. There were significant<br />
differences <strong>in</strong> the concentration of P and K under these management practices. Cultivation of the<br />
fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> on the flat dur<strong>in</strong>g the dry season is recommended.<br />
Keywords: Plant-support, Weed-cover, Nutrient-content, Leaf-quality.
318.Palada, M. C., B.T. Kang and S. L. Claassen. 1992. Effect of alley cropp<strong>in</strong>g with Leucaena leucocephala<br />
and fertilizer application on yield of <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>. Agro<strong>for</strong>estry Systems 19(2): 139-47.<br />
Field experiments were conducted to <strong>in</strong>vestigate the effect of alley cropp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> with Leucaena<br />
leucocephala <strong>for</strong> 2 seasons on a sandy loam Oxic paleustalf <strong>in</strong> southwestern Nigeria. Four <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong><br />
(Amaranthus cruentus, Celosia argentea, okra (Hibiscus esculentus) and tomato) were grown <strong>in</strong> control plots<br />
and <strong>in</strong> 4-m wide alleys between established Leucaena hedgerows without and with NPK fertilizers (30-<br />
13-24 kg/ha). Leucaena prun<strong>in</strong>gs yielded large amounts of dry biomass and nutrients dur<strong>in</strong>g both seasons.<br />
Yield of the 4 <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> responded more to fertilizer <strong>in</strong> the control than <strong>in</strong> the alley cropp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
treatments. Better yield of <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> alley cropped plots was <strong>in</strong> part due to fallow<strong>in</strong>g effect of the<br />
Leucaena hedgerows. Fertilizer application <strong>in</strong>creased mean yields of Amaranthus, Celosia, okra and tomato<br />
by 325, 164, 47 and 94% <strong>in</strong> control plots and by 36, 26, 4 and 20% <strong>in</strong> alley cropped plots, respectively.<br />
For both seasons, yields were not significantly different between alley cropp<strong>in</strong>g with and without<br />
fertilizer and the control with fertilizer application. Yield was least <strong>in</strong> the control without fertilizer. Alley<br />
cropp<strong>in</strong>g with Leucaena can reduce fertilizer requirement <strong>for</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> production.<br />
Keywords: Agro<strong>for</strong>estry, Hedges, Intercropp<strong>in</strong>g, Fertilizers.<br />
319.Paulus, J. S. J. 1997. Extension of <strong>Africa</strong>n w<strong>in</strong>ged bean <strong>in</strong> Zaire. Pp.42-5. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
<strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18, 1997 Limbe, Cameroon Limbe, Cameroon Workshop Papers.<br />
(Schippers, R. and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Keywords: Vegetables, Extension.<br />
320.Peters, C. R. 1990. <strong>Africa</strong>n wild plants with rootstocks reported to be eaten raw: the monocotyledons,<br />
part I. Mitteilungen Aus Dem Institut Fur Allgeme<strong>in</strong>e Botanik Hamburg(23b): 935-52.<br />
A m<strong>in</strong>ority of wild rootstocks are eaten raw, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g: <strong>in</strong> the Iridaceae, Babiana hypog[a]ea (southern<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the Kalahari); Moraea fugax subsp. fugax (w<strong>in</strong>ter-ra<strong>in</strong>fall area of South <strong>Africa</strong>, alluvial<br />
sands); <strong>in</strong> the Liliaceae Allium spp. (south <strong>Africa</strong>, Ethiopia); <strong>in</strong> the Orchidaceae Eulophia clavicornis var.<br />
nutans (South <strong>Africa</strong> to the Yemen, marshy conditions, upland dambos); Neobolusia tysonii (eastern South<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>, wet soils, upland sites); <strong>in</strong> the Gram<strong>in</strong>eae, Phragmites australis (broadly distributed, seashore sites<br />
to highlands); and <strong>in</strong> the Tecophilaeaceae, Walleria nutans (southern <strong>Africa</strong>, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the Kalahari,<br />
fossil river valleys, bottomlands). These species are described and further <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on their distribution<br />
is given.<br />
Keywords: Genetic-resources, Roots, Wild-plants, Edible-species, Distribution.<br />
321.Preez, R. J. du, C. P. Welgemoed and R. J. Du Preez. 1993. The pachira. Inligt<strong>in</strong>gsbullet<strong>in</strong>. Instituut Vir<br />
Tropiese En Subtropiese Gewasse.(253): 13-4.<br />
Pachira <strong>in</strong>signis is briefly described. It is well adapted to subtropical climates, grow<strong>in</strong>g best <strong>in</strong> areas<br />
where the average m<strong>in</strong>imum temperature is at least 8°C. It is not grown commercially <strong>in</strong> any country, but<br />
<strong>in</strong> countries such as Mexico and Guiana, limited numbers are grown <strong>for</strong> domestic purposes. It is propagated<br />
by seeds, which germ<strong>in</strong>ate 2-3 weeks after sow<strong>in</strong>g. Harvest<strong>in</strong>g consists of collect<strong>in</strong>g fallen seeds<br />
(which must be done with<strong>in</strong> a few days to prevent germ<strong>in</strong>ation). The seed coat is removed by soak<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
then the shelled seeds (nuts) can be roasted or eaten raw. Oil constitutes 50% of total seed mass. Young<br />
leaves and flowers are also cooked and eaten as <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Mexico and Guiana. The tree is grown<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>ly <strong>for</strong> its ornamental value <strong>in</strong> South <strong>Africa</strong>.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
Keywords: Harvest<strong>in</strong>g, Seed-germ<strong>in</strong>ation, Propagation, Seeds, Composition.<br />
69
70<br />
322.Queck, P. 1997. Document<strong>in</strong>g Indigenous Knowledge - a challenge <strong>for</strong> all. Pp. 20-8. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of<br />
the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation<br />
and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16. (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor).<br />
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant research, Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources<br />
Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Indigenous-knowledge.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
323.Redknap, R. S. 1981. The use of crushed neem berries <strong>in</strong> the control of some <strong>in</strong>sect pests <strong>in</strong> Gambia.<br />
Pp. 205-14. <strong>in</strong> Natural Pesticides From the Neem Tree. Proc. 1st. Int. Neem Conf. Germany F.R. Jun,<br />
1980 Eschborn (Germany F.R.) GTZ,. Eschborn (Germany F.R.)<br />
Neem berries were crushed electrically or pounded <strong>in</strong> a mortar. Two diluted concentrates of each suspension<br />
were applied on cucumber, roselle, tomato and jute. The effects were compared with those of malathion<br />
and with the feed<strong>in</strong>g-<strong>in</strong>hibitor release by biodegradation of neem leaves used as a mulch. Various neem<br />
suspensions controlled the leaf-eat<strong>in</strong>g flea beetles Podagrica uni<strong>for</strong>ma and P. sjostedti on roselle, and the<br />
leaf-eat<strong>in</strong>g larva of Epilachna chrysomel<strong>in</strong>a on cucumber. Neem suspensions and leaf mulch did not<br />
control nematodes on tomato or jute, though leaf-mulch had considerable manurial value <strong>for</strong> tomato. In<br />
addition, citrus seedl<strong>in</strong>gs sprayed with neem suspension were protected from larvae of the swallowtail<br />
butterfly, Papillio demodocus. Neem suspension compared favourable with malathion.<br />
Keywords: Insect-pests, Pest-control, Natural-pesticides, Application-methods.<br />
324.Rice, R. P., L. W. Rice and H. D. T<strong>in</strong>dall. 1987. Fruit and <strong>vegetable</strong> production <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>. Macmillan,<br />
London (UK).<br />
Basic pr<strong>in</strong>ciples of fruit and <strong>vegetable</strong> production are presented, together with practical techniques<br />
relat<strong>in</strong>g to all operations from plant establishment to harvest<strong>in</strong>g. The <strong>crops</strong> are discussed with<strong>in</strong> the<br />
framework of <strong>Africa</strong>n production systems. A large number of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>crops</strong> are discussed,<br />
especially <strong>vegetable</strong>s, but also many of the exotic fruits and <strong>vegetable</strong>s produced <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>. A short<br />
chapter on the production of temperature fruits <strong>in</strong> upland areas has been <strong>in</strong>cluded. The book conta<strong>in</strong>s<br />
extensive appendices of data useful <strong>in</strong> the field, so that it serves both as a general textbook and a field<br />
reference manual.<br />
Keywords: Cultural-practices, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>, Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Root-and-tuber-<strong>crops</strong>, Gra<strong>in</strong>-legume-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
325.Roorda Van Eys<strong>in</strong>ga, S. N. P. 1974. Notes sur quelques problemes du maraichage traditionnel au Cap-<br />
Vert (Notes on some problems of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong> production <strong>in</strong> Cap-Vert). Pp. 41. M<strong>in</strong>istry of<br />
Rural Development, Dakar (Senegal).<br />
These notes deal with (a) an analysis of 9 pilot <strong>vegetable</strong> farms <strong>in</strong> terms of characteristics of the operators,<br />
extension activities by the Centre of Horticultural Development on the farm, developments noted, and<br />
chances <strong>for</strong> further progress; (b) the results of an enquiry <strong>in</strong>to the use of traditional organic fertilizer by<br />
the <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong> growers; and (c) the use of irrigation by the same category of growers, and<br />
characteristics of the water applied.<br />
Keywords: Crop-Cultivation, Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance, Extension.<br />
326.Rubaihayo, E. B. 1994. Indigenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s of Uganda. Pp.120-4. <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>n-Crop-Science-Conference-Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
(Uganda). 14-18 June 1993. Kampala (Uganda).<br />
Uganda is endowed with diverse genotypes of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. The <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s catagory<br />
<strong>in</strong>cludes <strong>vegetable</strong>s which are assumed to have their orig<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> Uganda, and those that were clearly<br />
<strong>in</strong>troduced many years ago that there is no exist<strong>in</strong>g evidence as to when and from where by whom they<br />
were <strong>in</strong>troduced. The last serious attempt to collect and study local <strong>vegetable</strong>s was made between 1969<br />
and 1972, when a collection of over 160 species from all regions of Uganda was made at Kawanda<br />
Agricultural Research Institute. Many species from that collection have, un<strong>for</strong>tunately, been lost. Ef<strong>for</strong>ts<br />
to collect and improve local <strong>vegetable</strong>s were aga<strong>in</strong> made <strong>in</strong> 1980’s but un<strong>for</strong>tunately these ef<strong>for</strong>ts were<br />
<strong>in</strong>terrupted <strong>for</strong> about three years. Dur<strong>in</strong>g this period of <strong>in</strong>terruption some collections were lost and<br />
others particularly Amaranthus species were physically and genetically mixed up. S<strong>in</strong>ce October 1990, a
number of Amaranthus species and their cultivars have been purified from orig<strong>in</strong>al mixture through<br />
breed<strong>in</strong>g. The selected cultivars are presently be<strong>in</strong>g evaluated and bulked <strong>for</strong> possible distribution to<br />
farmers. Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary results from evaluation trials are reported.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Land-varieties, Germplasm, Experimentation, Genetic-resources.<br />
327.Rubaihayo, E. B. 1994. Quarterly report on <strong>in</strong>digenous and local <strong>vegetable</strong>s research activities <strong>for</strong> the<br />
period 1st Jul. to 30th Sept. 1994. Pp. 14.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Spac<strong>in</strong>g, Germ<strong>in</strong>ation, Flower<strong>in</strong>g, Yields, Variety-trials, Crop-management.<br />
328.Rubaihayo, E. B. 1997. Conservation and use of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Uganda. Pp.104-16. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August, 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16. (L.<br />
Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben\International Plant<br />
Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Uganda is endowed with agroclimatic conditions suitable <strong>for</strong> the cultivation of a wide range of <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
<strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. However, few of these plants are domesticated, the majority be<strong>in</strong>g wild or volunteer<br />
plants. They are abundant <strong>in</strong> the ra<strong>in</strong>y seasons but scarce dur<strong>in</strong>g the dry season, except a few grown ma<strong>in</strong>ly<br />
<strong>for</strong> sell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> trad<strong>in</strong>g centres and urban markets. Conservation is far from satisfactory. Most of the germplasm<br />
collected <strong>in</strong> 1943, 1969-74 and 1980-1984 has been lost. Current ef<strong>for</strong>ts to collect and conserve traditional<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s have been hampered by lack of funds. No collect<strong>in</strong>g has been done s<strong>in</strong>ce 1993. Documentation<br />
work was be<strong>in</strong>g done by the Agricultural Research Institute, but was stopped <strong>in</strong> 1993 when the taxonomist<br />
jo<strong>in</strong>ed the Banana Research Programme. However, the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO)<br />
is plann<strong>in</strong>g to revive conservation of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s as a priority. The most important traditional<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Uganda are Amaranthus spp., Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus lunatus, Vigna unguiculata, Sesamum<br />
<strong>in</strong>dicum, Manihot esculenta, Corchorus spp., Cucurbita spp. and Solanum aethiopicum. They conta<strong>in</strong> prote<strong>in</strong>,<br />
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron and vitam<strong>in</strong>s A, B en C <strong>in</strong> important quantities and are either curative<br />
or preventive of a number of diseases. The list of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s used as folk medic<strong>in</strong>e is long, and<br />
<strong>in</strong>cludes Bidens pilosa, Cassia obtusifolia, Celosia argentea, Commel<strong>in</strong>a benghalensis, Corchorus spp., Guizontia<br />
abyss<strong>in</strong>ica, Hibiscus spp., Lagenaria siceraria, Luffa cyl<strong>in</strong>drica, Solanum <strong>in</strong>dicum, Solanum <strong>in</strong>dicum subsp. distichum,<br />
Tamar<strong>in</strong>dus <strong>in</strong>dica and Tribulus spp. Traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s are also used to obta<strong>in</strong> varous other products.<br />
Ef<strong>for</strong>ts are be<strong>in</strong>g made to <strong>in</strong>crease awareness of the importance of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s among rural woman,<br />
and to encourage the general population to cultivate and consume these species.<br />
Keywords: Conservation, Use, Medic<strong>in</strong>al, Collect<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
329.Rugalema, G. H., F. H. Johnsen, A. Okt<strong>in</strong>g’ati and A. M<strong>in</strong>jas. 1994. The homegarden agro<strong>for</strong>estry<br />
system of Bukoba district, North-Western Tanzania. 3. An economic appraisal of possible solutions to<br />
fall<strong>in</strong>g productivity. Agro<strong>for</strong>estry-Systems (Netherlands) 28(3): 227-36.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Domestic-gardens, Agricultural-economics, Economics, Gardens.<br />
330.Rugalema, G. H., F. H. Johnsen and J. Rugambisa. 1994. The homegarden agro<strong>for</strong>estry system of<br />
Bukoba district, North-Western Tanzania. 2. Constra<strong>in</strong>ts to farm productivity. Agro<strong>for</strong>estry-Systems<br />
(Netherlands) 26(3): 205-14.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
Keywords: Domestic-gardens, Agro<strong>for</strong>estry, Productivity, Migration, Constra<strong>in</strong>ts, Farm<strong>in</strong>g-systems, Gardens, Pests.<br />
331.Salih, F. A. 1978. Effects of population densities and row spac<strong>in</strong>gs on kenaf yields and its components<br />
<strong>in</strong> the Kenana area of the Sudan. Acta-Agronomica (Hungary) 27(3/4): 349-56.<br />
71
72<br />
Field trials were conducted <strong>in</strong> Sudan dur<strong>in</strong>g 3 crop seasons on the effects of row width and plant density<br />
on kenaf dry ribbon yield and other crop characteristics. Effects of plant density on dry ribbon yields<br />
were not significant. This suggests that medium plant densities should be used to avoid gaps <strong>in</strong> the<br />
stands, thereby provid<strong>in</strong>g more competition aga<strong>in</strong>st weeds. For kenaf production <strong>in</strong> the Kenana area,<br />
plant densities of 250 to 500 000 plants/ha at narrow spac<strong>in</strong>gs, such as 0.2 or 0.3m, are suggested as the<br />
recommended practice.<br />
Keywords: Fibre-Crops, Crop-Cultivation-and-Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance.<br />
332.Sanderson, K. W. 1974. Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) <strong>in</strong> the Rhodesian lowveld. Rhodesia Agricultural<br />
Journal 71(1): 17-8, 21.<br />
In trials <strong>in</strong> 1969-71 at Chiredzi with 6 guar cultivars, seed yields were highest <strong>in</strong> cv. Mills, 2.81-3.72 t/ha.<br />
In trials <strong>in</strong> 1970-71 at Chisumbanje, cv. Hall yielded 3.33 t seed/ha and cv. Mills yielded 3.05 t, cv. Texsel<br />
and Groehler gave consistently poor yields, 1.8 and 1.55 t/ha, respectively. In further trials <strong>in</strong> 1970-71,<br />
cv. Mills was sown at spac<strong>in</strong>gs of 30, 50 or 70 cm between rows and at 1, 4 or 7 cm with<strong>in</strong> rows and was<br />
given 0, 45 or 90 kg N/ha at sow<strong>in</strong>g. Seed yields were not affected by the rate of N applied, but <strong>in</strong>creased<br />
significantly with <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> spac<strong>in</strong>g between rows up to 50 cm and with<strong>in</strong> rows up to 4 cm. In trials <strong>in</strong><br />
1971-2, cv. Mills was sown on 5 Nov. or 17 Dec. at the same spac<strong>in</strong>gs as <strong>in</strong> the 1970-71 trial and was<br />
subjected to 5 irrigation regimes. Seed yields <strong>in</strong>creased with <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> between- and with-row spac<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
and with <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> soil moisture deficit up to 90 mm <strong>in</strong> the Dec.-sown crop. It was concluded that<br />
although capable of high yields, the <strong>in</strong>determ<strong>in</strong>ate growth habit of guar precluded the production of<br />
economic yields of high-quality seed.<br />
Keywords: Cultivars, Fertilizers, Cultural-methods, Seeds, Seed-production.<br />
333.Santos, R. M. dos. 1989. Plantas uteis de Angola: contribuicao iconografica 2 (Useful plants of Angola).<br />
M<strong>in</strong>isterio da Educacao e Cultura, Lisbon (Portugal).<br />
A botanical description of 21 useful plants of Angola, from 12 different families, is presented, accompanied<br />
by sketches of their branches, flowers, and seed. Species of the follow<strong>in</strong>g families are <strong>in</strong>cluded:<br />
Legum<strong>in</strong>osae, Euphorbiaceae (castor), Cochlospermaceae, Cariceae (papaya), Combretaceae, Myrtaceae<br />
(guava), Ebenaceae, Apocynaceae, Labiatae, and Solanaceae. The vegetative growth, flower<strong>in</strong>g, and the<br />
use of the plants are described. The plant distribution and local names are also <strong>in</strong>cluded.<br />
Keywords: Ethnobotany, Plant-morphology.<br />
334.Sastrapradja, S. and K. Kartaw<strong>in</strong>ata. 1975. Leafy <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the Sundanese diet. Pp. 166-70. <strong>in</strong><br />
South East Asian plant genetic resources. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of a Symposium on South East Asian Plant<br />
Genetic Resources, Kopo, Cisarua, Bogor, Indonesia, 20-22 March 1975. (J.T. Williams, C.H. Lamoureux<br />
and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto, editors). Southeast Asian M<strong>in</strong>isters of Education Organization, Bogor (Indonesia).<br />
Regional Center <strong>for</strong> Tropical Biology. FAO, Rome (Italy) .<br />
335.Schippers, R. and L. Budd. 1997. Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18, 1997,<br />
Limbe, Cameroon. Limbe Cameroon Workshop Papers, ODA.<br />
Keywords: Vegetables, Traditional.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
336.Scoones, I. M. Melnyk and J. N. Pretty. 1992. The hidden harvest: wild foods and agricultural systems.<br />
A literature review and annotated bibliography. The Susta<strong>in</strong>able Agricultural Programme, International<br />
Institute <strong>for</strong> Environment and Development, London.<br />
This publication provides 971 leterature references concern<strong>in</strong>g wild foods and agricultural systems. The<br />
bibliography is organised <strong>in</strong>to a number of different thematic issues. The review refers extensively to the<br />
follow<strong>in</strong>g references and to other sections. The references are <strong>in</strong>dexed by geographical areas, by ethnic<br />
groups and by themes. The 11 overlapp<strong>in</strong>g themes are: wild foods <strong>in</strong> agricultural systems, swidden<br />
agriculture and <strong>for</strong>ag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong>est areas, wild food use <strong>in</strong> pastoral systems, wildlife utilisation, food<br />
security, the nutritional significance of wild foods, tenure and local <strong>in</strong>stitutions <strong>for</strong> wild food resource<br />
management, socially differentiated use of wild foods, economic valuation, biodiversity conservation<br />
and non-timber <strong>for</strong>est products.
Keywords: Genetic-diversity.<br />
337.Seck, A. 1997. Conservation and utilization of germplasm of traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n vegetabgles <strong>in</strong> Senegal.<br />
Pp. 46-51. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional<br />
Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya.<br />
Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong><br />
Crops. No. 16. (L. Guarr<strong>in</strong>o, Editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant research,<br />
Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Conservation, Utilization.<br />
338.Seignobos, C. 1990. Domestication de la cueillette dans les perimetres maraichers de Maroua (Nord-<br />
Cameroun).[Domestication of the pick<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the <strong>vegetable</strong>s areas of Maroua (North Cameroon)]. Pp.<br />
611-6 <strong>in</strong> Economy of agricultural commodity cha<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the tropics and subtropics. Price <strong>for</strong>mation and<br />
agricultural trade. Economie des filieres en regions chaudes. Formation des prix et echanges agricoles.<br />
Sem<strong>in</strong>aire d’ Economie et de Sociologie. Montpellier (France). 11-15 Sep. 1989. (M. Griffon, editor)<br />
CIRAD-MES., Montpellier (France).<br />
Dans la région de Maroua et pres des villes du Nord-Cameroun, on observe des dynamiques nouvelles<br />
de diversification alimentaire et de production. La Societe peule cherche de plus en plus a varier les<br />
“sauces” qui accompagnent les traditionnelles boules de cereales et les bouillies. Ces sauces sont<br />
composees de plantes alimentaires aromatiques et de legumes divers. Elles <strong>in</strong>tegrent des plantes<br />
traditionnellement utilisees et cueillies autrefois dans la brousse, mais qui sont aujourd’ hui cultivees<br />
dans les perimetres maraichers et les jard<strong>in</strong>s au moyen de techniques nouvelles. Par ailleurs, les legumes<br />
non traditionnels sont de plus en plus <strong>in</strong>tegres dans les plats et participent au renouveau et aux modes<br />
cul<strong>in</strong>aires. Ces modifications de l’ alimentation et de la production temoignent d’ une grande capacité d’<br />
évolution de la demande et de l’ offre locales.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Market-gardens, Consumer-behaviour, Cultivation, Harvest<strong>in</strong>g, Horticulture, Human-behaviour.<br />
339.Shiembo Nde, P. 1997. Domestication of Gnetum spp. by vegetative propagation techniques. Pp. 31-5.<br />
<strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18, 1997 Limbe, Cameroon. Limbe,<br />
Cameroon Workshop Papers. (Schippers, R. and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
The <strong>for</strong>ests of Cameroon are fast disappear<strong>in</strong>g under the pressure of timber exploitation, establishment<br />
of new farms , new roads, etc. The products that are found <strong>in</strong> these <strong>for</strong>ests are disappear<strong>in</strong>g along with<br />
them. This means that those local communities which depend on these products <strong>for</strong> their livelihood will<br />
suffer. Gnetum africana and G. buchholzianum are two valuable <strong>vegetable</strong> species which may disappear as<br />
happened <strong>in</strong> Nigeria where they are rarely seen nowadays, contrary to the situation there only ten years<br />
ago.<br />
To counteract this threat, an ef<strong>for</strong>t is be<strong>in</strong>g made <strong>in</strong> Cameroon to domesticate the two species concerned<br />
with the ma<strong>in</strong> aim of <strong>in</strong>troduc<strong>in</strong>g them as a new crop <strong>for</strong> farmers. The technique be<strong>in</strong>g used to achieve<br />
this aim is vegetative propagation by root<strong>in</strong>g <strong>leafy</strong> v<strong>in</strong>e cutt<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
After the success recorded <strong>in</strong> the domestication of the two Gnetum species <strong>in</strong> the propagation unit and the<br />
nursery <strong>in</strong> Kumba the next step is to get the cloned material to the farmers. However, the technique <strong>for</strong><br />
establish<strong>in</strong>g them on the farms has not yet been developed. Research ef<strong>for</strong>ts need to be made to achieve<br />
this <strong>in</strong> order to save these natural resources from becom<strong>in</strong>g ext<strong>in</strong>ct.<br />
Keywords: Domestication, Gnetum, Propagation.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
73
74<br />
340.Shoy<strong>in</strong>ka, S. A., A. A. Brunt, S. Phillips, D. E. Lesemann, G. Thottappilly and R. Lastra. 1987. The<br />
occurrence, properties and aff<strong>in</strong>ities of Telfairia mosaic virus, a potyvirus prevalent <strong>in</strong> Telfairia<br />
occidentalis (Cucurbitaceae) <strong>in</strong> south western Nigeria. Journal of Phytopathology 119(1): 13-24.<br />
Telfairia mosaic virus (TeMV) was found to occur prevalently <strong>in</strong> Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong>) <strong>in</strong><br />
farms and private gardens <strong>in</strong> and near Ibadan, south western Nigeria. It was readily transmissible <strong>in</strong> the<br />
non-persistent manner by Aphis spiraecola and by mechanical <strong>in</strong>oculation of sap to 29 of 36 species from<br />
six of eight families, it was conveniently cultured <strong>in</strong> Nicotiana benthamiana and assyed <strong>in</strong> Chenopodium<br />
qu<strong>in</strong>oa or Phaseolus vulgaris. TeMV has slightly flexuous filamentous particles ca. 800 nm long which<br />
sediment as a s<strong>in</strong>gle component of 145 S and have a buoyant density <strong>in</strong> caesium chloride of 1.32 g cm(-<br />
3). They conta<strong>in</strong> ca. 5 per cent ss-RNA, and 95 per cent prote<strong>in</strong> composed of a s<strong>in</strong>gle polypeptide with a<br />
mol. wt. of ca. 32,000. With<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>fected epidermal and parenchyma cells of N. benthamiana, the particles<br />
were found scattered throughout the cytoplasm or present <strong>in</strong> small aggregates or <strong>in</strong> monolayers adjacent<br />
to the tonoplast. Infected cells also conta<strong>in</strong>ed conspicuous cyl<strong>in</strong>drical <strong>in</strong>clusions which were seen <strong>in</strong><br />
section as “p<strong>in</strong>wheels” and “scrolls”. Tube precipit<strong>in</strong> tests showed that TeMV is serologically related to,<br />
but dist<strong>in</strong>ct from, zucch<strong>in</strong>i yellow mosaic virus (serological differentiation <strong>in</strong>dex 4), and distantly related<br />
to watermelon mosaic virus-2 and bean yellow mosaic virus (serological differentiation <strong>in</strong>dices of<br />
7 and 9, respectively), these relationships were confirmed by immunosorbent electron microscopy. The<br />
virus is tentatively considered to be a dist<strong>in</strong>ct potyvirus.<br />
Keywords: Plant-viruses, Identification, Immunological-techniques, Biological-properties.<br />
341.S<strong>in</strong>nadurai, S. 1979. Effect of photoperiod on Indian sp<strong>in</strong>ach (Basella alba L.). Vegetables <strong>for</strong> the Hot,<br />
Humid Tropics - Newsletter (Puerto Rico)(4): 57-8.<br />
Pot trials showed that Basella alba appeared to be a short day plant and flower<strong>in</strong>g was <strong>in</strong>hibited by long<br />
days or a break <strong>in</strong> the dark period.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-Crops, Plant-Physiology, Plant-Growth. Plant-Development.<br />
342.Smith, I. E. 1974. Chiredzi Research Station horticultural newsletter. Vegetables - squashes. Hortus(21):<br />
39-40.<br />
Data are tabulated on yield, fruit characteristics and times of flower<strong>in</strong>g and maturity <strong>for</strong> 5 cvs given 4<br />
sow<strong>in</strong>g dates.<br />
Keywords: Seeds, Sow<strong>in</strong>g, Dates, Varieties.<br />
343.Stephens, C. E. 1979. The genetics of flower <strong>in</strong> Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare (Willd). Ghana Journal of Science<br />
(Ghana) 17(1): 85-8.<br />
AGRIS Copyright.<br />
Keywords: Flowers, Hybrids, Genetics.<br />
344.Stevels, J. M. C. 1990. Legumes traditionnels du Cameroun, une étude agro-botanique [Traditional<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s of the Cameroon: an agrobotanic study]. Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen Agricultural University Papers (Netherlands),<br />
no. 90-1. Landbouwuniversiteit, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
A study was carried out to present an <strong>in</strong>ventory of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> Cameroon, <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g<br />
the importance <strong>for</strong> local agriculture, the significance as food and their nutritive value. Attention was also<br />
drawn to the plant taxonomy of the <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>. The study deals with 67 traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s, 20<br />
species of which are discussed <strong>in</strong> detail, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g jute, Portulaca oleracea, Indian sp<strong>in</strong>ach, Tal<strong>in</strong>um<br />
fruticosum, Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a and Solanum spp. Vernacular names, botanical description and utilization<br />
patterns are reviewed and some botanical draw<strong>in</strong>gs or photographs are <strong>in</strong>cluded.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Biogeography, Taxonomy.
345.Supaporn Ratanarat. 1987. Kan suksa prayot nai dan phochanakan khong som k<strong>in</strong> bai [Study on the<br />
nutritive value of Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare Willd]. Ra<strong>in</strong>gan Phon Kan Khonkhwa Wichi Pi 2527 : Maiphon,<br />
Phutphak Lae Het, Maidok Maipradap, Phutsuan Usahakam Maphrao Lae Palm Namman, Phut<br />
Thisung, Phut Samunprai Lae Khruangthet [Research Report 1984 : Fruit, Vegetable, Mushroom,<br />
Ornamental Plants, Coconut, Oil Palm, Drug Plant and Spice Crops]. Department of Agriculture,<br />
Bangkok (Thailand).<br />
Article <strong>in</strong> Thai.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Nutritive-value, M<strong>in</strong>eral-content, Analytical-methods.<br />
346.Swai, R. E. A. 1989. Horticultural Production and Market<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Tanzania. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the first<br />
International Horticultural Economics Symposium <strong>in</strong> Develop<strong>in</strong>g Countries. July-23rd 1989. Alemaya<br />
University, Ethiopia.<br />
Keywords: Market<strong>in</strong>g, Production<br />
347.Swai, R. E. A. 1997. Conservation and use of genetic resources of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Tanzania.<br />
Pp. 128-31. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional<br />
Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995, ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops.<br />
No. 16. (L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,<br />
Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Tanzania has accorded high priority to the development of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s (TVs) and other nutrient-rich<br />
local foods as a strategy to overcome malnutrition. Many TVs are still collected from the wild and<br />
only a few have been domesticated. This paper describes ef<strong>for</strong>ts <strong>in</strong> Tanzania to conserve, characterize,<br />
evaluate and document TVs, and also to produce seeds to facilitate germplasm exchange and promote<br />
the use of these species.<br />
Keywords: Conservation, Utilization, Genetic, Resources.<br />
348.Teka, T., B. T. Tuku and S. Yetneberk. 1986. Broaden<strong>in</strong>g the food base with traditional food plants <strong>in</strong><br />
Ethiopia. <strong>in</strong> FAO Expert Consultation on “Broaden<strong>in</strong>g the Food Base with Traditional Food Plants”.<br />
November 16-23, 1985, Harare(Zimbabwe).<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant-production, Cultivation, Market<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
349.Terashima, H., S. Kalala and N. Malasi. 1991. Ethnobotany of the Lega <strong>in</strong> the tropical ra<strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong>est of<br />
eastern Zaire. 1. Zone de Mwenga. <strong>Africa</strong>n Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue (Japan), no. 15.<br />
Ethnobotanical research was conducted on the traditional use of wild plants among the Lega slash-andburn<br />
agriculturalists of eastern Zaire. Data on 287 plants were collected and matched with scientific<br />
names, vernaculars, botanical observations, uses, and name etymology. From authors’ summary.<br />
Keywords: Ethnobotany, Nomenclature, Uses.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
350.Thrower, L. B. 1978. Vegetables <strong>in</strong> tropical <strong>Africa</strong> Part 2: Crop production and improvement. Chronica<br />
Horticulturae (Netherlands) 18(2): 24-5.<br />
The objectives of the improvement of cultural methods and <strong>vegetable</strong> varieties <strong>for</strong> tropical <strong>Africa</strong> are<br />
described. Quality requirements are different from western countries. Emphasis should be laid on the<br />
selection of disease and pest resistant, locally adapted cultivars of onions, tomatoes, chilli peppers, leaf<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s and cucurbits. Investigations on the adaption of cultural methods to tropical <strong>Africa</strong>n conditions<br />
are needed.<br />
75
76<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-Crops, Crop-Cultivation, Crop-Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance.<br />
351.Toll, J. and D. H. van Sloten. 1982. Vegetables. Directory of Germplasm Collections. 4, International<br />
Board <strong>for</strong> Plant Genetic Resources, Rome, Italy.<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation is <strong>in</strong>cluded on collections of Abelmoschus [Hibiscus] esculentus and related species, Allium,<br />
Amaranthus, Capsicum, Cruciferae, Cucurbitaceae, Lycopersicon esculentum and its wild relatives, Solanum<br />
melongena and related species and other <strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
Keywords: Collection, Germplasm, Gene-centres, Vegetables.<br />
352.Torreilles, J. C. 1991. It<strong>in</strong>eraires techniques de saison seche et strategie des maraichers de Brazzaville<br />
(Dry-season farm<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>vegetable</strong> garden<strong>in</strong>g strategies <strong>in</strong> Brazzaville, Congo). CIRAD IRAT,<br />
Montpellier (France).<br />
Market garden<strong>in</strong>g has existed <strong>in</strong> Brazzaville (Congo) <strong>for</strong> several decades, and has adapted to the <strong>in</strong>herent<br />
constra<strong>in</strong>ts of large urban centres, but also to constra<strong>in</strong>ts related to the region’s physical, social and<br />
economic environment. Agricongo, an agricultural research centre, has been work<strong>in</strong>g s<strong>in</strong>ce 1986 <strong>in</strong><br />
cooperation with IRAT’s agroeconomic laboratory on research and development activities aimed at<br />
moderniz<strong>in</strong>g Brazzaville’s market garden<strong>in</strong>g systems. The development phase of the project began <strong>in</strong><br />
1990. The cropp<strong>in</strong>g systems studied <strong>in</strong> urban districts and those tested by Agricongo have numerous<br />
po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>in</strong> common. The cropp<strong>in</strong>g systems analysed show considerable variation and <strong>in</strong>clude gardens<br />
where land constra<strong>in</strong>ts and <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s prevail to gardens of market garden<strong>in</strong>g bus<strong>in</strong>essmen (with<br />
mostly European <strong>vegetable</strong>s). Agricongo has been test<strong>in</strong>g European <strong>vegetable</strong>s rather than local <strong>leafy</strong><br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s. Agricongo should take <strong>in</strong>to account the exist<strong>in</strong>g diversity <strong>in</strong> adjust<strong>in</strong>g the garden models<br />
that it proposes and the technical applications offered by extension services.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Farm<strong>in</strong>g-systems, Modernization, Urban-areas.<br />
353.Torreilles, J. C. 1992. Les légumes dans la consommation et les preparations alimentaires des ménages<br />
brazzavilloi: suite (Vegetables <strong>in</strong> food preparations and consumption of households <strong>in</strong> Brazzaville,<br />
Congo: cont<strong>in</strong>uation). CIRAD IRAT, Montpellier (France).<br />
The comparison of the types of households <strong>in</strong> Brazzaville, Congo, and the sauces consumed demonstrates<br />
the parameters <strong>in</strong>fluenc<strong>in</strong>g the consumption. The household size and liv<strong>in</strong>g standard act on the<br />
choice of certa<strong>in</strong> types of sauces, whereas ethnic group membership and degree of household urbanization<br />
have little effect on consumption patterns. Analysis of sauce costs demonstrates that purchas<strong>in</strong>g<br />
power has little effect on sauce composition, only the amount of each <strong>in</strong>gredient <strong>in</strong>creases. Brazzaville<br />
dishes are dom<strong>in</strong>ated by fish-based sauces (salted, smoked and fresh), and local <strong>vegetable</strong>s (koko, endive<br />
local, bari, mantsa and others).<br />
Keywords: Food-consumption, Vegetables, Fish-products, Surveys.<br />
354.Turay, S. 1989. Traditional process<strong>in</strong>g possibilities of traditional food plants <strong>in</strong> Sierra Leone. <strong>in</strong> Report.<br />
National Workshop on Promotion of Under-Exploited Traditional Food Crops <strong>in</strong> Sierra Leone. M<strong>in</strong>istry<br />
of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Forestry, Freetown (Sierra Leone).<br />
National Workshop on Promotion of Under Exploited Traditional Food Crops <strong>in</strong> Sierra Leone. Freetown<br />
(Sierra Leone). 24-27 Oct 1989.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s
355.Uzo, J. O. 1983. Yield and harvest periodicities of some <strong>in</strong>digenous perennial fruits, nuts and leaf<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> tropical West <strong>Africa</strong>. Los Banos, Laguna (Philipp<strong>in</strong>es).<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Leafy-<strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
356.Van den Heever, E. 1995. The use and conservation of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Roodeplaat-Bullet<strong>in</strong><br />
(South <strong>Africa</strong>)(no.45): 16-7.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Nature-conservation, Biogeography, Natural-distribution, Plant-products.<br />
357.Voegborlo, R. B. 1993. Elements <strong>in</strong> raw <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s grown <strong>in</strong> wadi Al-shati (Central Sahara). Food-<br />
Chemistry (United K<strong>in</strong>gdom) 48(3): 317-9.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Trace-elements, M<strong>in</strong>erals, Contam<strong>in</strong>ation, Elements, Plant-products.<br />
358.Warid W.A., E. Matsuo (ed.) and P. D. Relf. 1995. Vegetable species known to the ancient Egyptians.<br />
Pp.283-90. <strong>in</strong> Horticulture <strong>in</strong> human life, culture, and environment, XXIVth <strong>in</strong>ternational horticultural<br />
congress, Kyoto, Japan, 21-27 August 1994. Acta-Horticulturae, No. 391.<br />
CABI copyright<br />
Keywords: History, Horticulture, Culture, Environment.<br />
359.Watts, R. 1978. Vegetables can br<strong>in</strong>g quick returns <strong>for</strong> small farmers. Kenya Farmer (Kenya): 7-20.<br />
Miscellaneous notes on the nutritive value of dark <strong>green</strong> leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s, the grow<strong>in</strong>g demand <strong>for</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
<strong>in</strong> urban and tourist areas <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>, the potential use <strong>for</strong> polythene covered <strong>green</strong>houses <strong>in</strong> certa<strong>in</strong><br />
areas, and the “Nethouse System” of <strong>vegetable</strong> grow<strong>in</strong>g practised <strong>in</strong> Botswana.<br />
Keywords: Crop-Cultivation, Crop-Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance, Farm<strong>in</strong>g-Types.<br />
360.Wehmeyer, A. S. and R. F. Rose. 1983. Important <strong>in</strong>digenous plants used <strong>in</strong> the Transkei as food<br />
supplements. Bothalia 14(3/4): 613-5.<br />
Some of the wild plants used <strong>in</strong> the Transkei as food supplements were analysed <strong>for</strong> nutrient composition.<br />
Many potentially useful spp. are also regarded as weeds, but their cultivation should, <strong>in</strong> some<br />
cases, be encouraged e.g. Sonchus asper, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus spp., Gal<strong>in</strong>soga parviflora and<br />
Urtica urens.<br />
Keywords: Taxonomy, Utilization.<br />
361.Weiss, E. A. 1979. Some <strong>in</strong>digenous plants used domestically by East <strong>Africa</strong>n coastal fisherman [As<br />
fiber, fruit and <strong>vegetable</strong>s]. Economic Botany 33(1): 35-51.<br />
Keywords: Indigenous-<strong>vegetable</strong>s, Fruit-<strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
362.Williams, T. J. editor. 1993. Pulses and <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Underutilized Crops Series, Chapman and Hall Ltd,<br />
London (UK).<br />
This multi-author book conta<strong>in</strong>s an <strong>in</strong>troductory chapter on underutilized pulses and <strong>vegetable</strong>s, followed<br />
by chapters on <strong>in</strong>dividual <strong>crops</strong> or groups of <strong>crops</strong> described as either benefit<strong>in</strong>g from major<br />
research or deserv<strong>in</strong>g more research attention. Crops <strong>in</strong> the 1st group are Vigna subterranea, Pachyrhizus<br />
77
78<br />
spp., Lup<strong>in</strong>us spp. and Celosia sp., while <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> the 2nd group are jute (Corchorus), cactus (Opuntia) and<br />
soyabeans grown as <strong>vegetable</strong>s, and hearts of palm (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Bactris, Euterpe and coconuts). Subjects<br />
considered <strong>for</strong> each crop <strong>in</strong>clude history, taxonomy and ecology, breed<strong>in</strong>g, chemical composition/nutritive<br />
factors and agronomy.<br />
Keywords: Vegetables, Celosia, Corchorus.<br />
363.Wilson, F. D. 1978. Wild kenaf, Hibiscus cannab<strong>in</strong>us L. (Malvaceae), and related species <strong>in</strong> Kenya and<br />
Tanzania. Economic Botany (USA) 32(2): 199-204.<br />
Kenaf, Hibiscus cannab<strong>in</strong>us, occurs as a wild and ruderal plant <strong>in</strong> Kenya and Tanzania. It is polymorphic,<br />
vary<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> height, growth habit, sp<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>ess, flower colour and size of floral parts, capsules, and seeds. It<br />
occupies several dist<strong>in</strong>ct environmental niches, from low-ly<strong>in</strong>g meadows close to swamps and streams<br />
to semi-arid grassland/thornbush pla<strong>in</strong>s. It is also found <strong>in</strong> various weedy situations, such as cultivated<br />
and fallow fields, and fence- and hedgerows. At least one ecotype appears to be specifically<br />
adapted as a weed of cultivated fields. Leaves and stem-tips of this plant are used as food. It is not<br />
cultivated <strong>for</strong> this purpose although it is sometimes encouraged <strong>in</strong> fields of maize, cassava, and perhaps<br />
other <strong>crops</strong>. It is apparently not used <strong>for</strong> fibre by the natives, possibly because fibre of the <strong>in</strong>troduced sisal<br />
(Agave sisalana) is readdily available everywhere. Author’s summary.<br />
Keywords: Fibre-Crops, Plant-Breed<strong>in</strong>g-Selection.<br />
364.Wilson, G. F. and F. E. Caveness. 1980. The effects of rotation <strong>crops</strong> on the survival of root-knot, rootlesion<br />
and spiral nematodes. Nematropica (USA) 10(1): 56-61.<br />
Studies were conducted <strong>in</strong> Nigeria on the effect of crop rotation on the <strong>in</strong>cidence of root-knot nematodes.<br />
Potential rotation <strong>crops</strong> (legumes and grasses) were grown follow<strong>in</strong>g Celosia argentea, which is known to<br />
build up root-knot nematode populations. After 6 months, the aggregate nematode population mean<br />
was one third the preplant mean. Meloidogyne <strong>in</strong>cognita juvenile soil populations were reduced under 15<br />
<strong>crops</strong> and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed under 3. Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus populations were reduced under 8 <strong>crops</strong><br />
and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed under 10. Pratylenchus sefaensis were ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed under 17 <strong>crops</strong> and significantly <strong>in</strong>creased<br />
under Crotalaria juncea.<br />
Keywords: Crop-Protection, Plant-Pests.<br />
365.Yazawa, S. and S. Hirose. 1988. Traditional <strong>vegetable</strong> grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Embu district, Kenya. Scientific<br />
Reports of the Kyoto Prefectural University. Agriculture (Japan) (40): 15-33.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant-production, Small-scale-farm<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
366.Zemede Asfaw, Ayele Nigatu A. Zemede and N. Ayele. 1995. Home-gardens <strong>in</strong> Ethiopia: characteristics<br />
and plant diversity. S<strong>in</strong>et,-an-Ethiopian-Journal-of-Science 18(2): 235-66<br />
A study was conducted on 111 home gardens located at 58 sites <strong>in</strong> central, eastern, western and southern<br />
Ethiopia. The study area covered urban, peri-urban and rural sett<strong>in</strong>gs of dega (high land), weyna-dega<br />
(middle land) and kolla (low land) agroecological zones. Variations were observed <strong>in</strong> home garden<br />
frequency, position, size, shape, crop composition, plant<strong>in</strong>g pattern and level of development. The gardens<br />
studied could be grouped <strong>in</strong>to backyards (48%), front-yards (26%), side-yards (13%) and enclos<strong>in</strong>g<br />
yards (13%). On the average, many homes located <strong>in</strong> peri-urban towns of the weyna-dega zone have<br />
gardens. The variations observed can best be accounted <strong>for</strong> by agroclimatic and sociocultural factors.<br />
High diversity of species (162), of which 78% were food <strong>crops</strong>, was observed <strong>in</strong> home gardens. Typical<br />
garden <strong>crops</strong> (52%), conventional field <strong>crops</strong> (22%) and those cultivated <strong>in</strong> both setups (27%) were<br />
recorded dur<strong>in</strong>g the survey. The garden <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong>cluded perennials (such as Coffea arabica, Catha edulis,<br />
Musa paradisiaca, Citrus spp., Mangifera <strong>in</strong>dica, Psidium guajava) and annuals (<strong>vegetable</strong>s and herbs). On<br />
the whole, maize (Zea mays) and enset (Ensete ventricosum) were the most frequent <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> home gardens.<br />
Fruit and <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> constituted 41% of the species recorded, while other economically useful<br />
species occurred <strong>in</strong> gardens that produced cash and staple <strong>crops</strong>. Tables are given list<strong>in</strong>g the different<br />
<strong>crops</strong> found, by type: cereals and pulses; root and tuber <strong>crops</strong>; fruit <strong>crops</strong>; <strong>vegetable</strong>s; spices, herbs and<br />
shrubs; oil and nut <strong>crops</strong>, sugar <strong>crops</strong>; spices; non-food oil <strong>crops</strong>; fragrant plants; stimulants/narcotics;
craft and implement plants (fibre <strong>crops</strong> and bamboos); medic<strong>in</strong>al plants; and other useful plants. A<br />
multistoreyed woody perennial complex <strong>in</strong>tegrat<strong>in</strong>g fruit trees and lower plants characterized environments<br />
where home garden<strong>in</strong>g is widely practised, as <strong>in</strong> the enset grow<strong>in</strong>g parts of the country. Many<br />
multipurpose tree and shrub species were used as live fences - a table is given show<strong>in</strong>g species commonly<br />
used <strong>in</strong> the 3 agroecological zones. Rural farm<strong>in</strong>g families frequently use both home gardens and<br />
fields to produce most of their <strong>crops</strong>. The home garden complex is viewed as rem<strong>in</strong>iscent of traditional<br />
agro<strong>for</strong>estry systems. It is a place where evolution and diversification of many <strong>crops</strong> of <strong>in</strong>digenous taxa<br />
have occurred. Also, <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong>troduced <strong>in</strong> the primal stage of agricultural <strong>in</strong>novations and species planted<br />
at experimental levels are found <strong>in</strong> home gardens. It is concluded that the potential of home garden<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
Ethiopia is quite significant.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Other <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Multistorey-cropp<strong>in</strong>g, Species-diversity, Home-gardens, Botanical-composition, Surveys.<br />
367.Z<strong>in</strong>yama, L. M., T. Matiza and D. J. Campbell. 1990. The use of wild foods dur<strong>in</strong>g periods of food<br />
shortage <strong>in</strong> rural Zimbabwe. Ecology of Food and Nutrition (USA) 24(4): 251-65.<br />
The nature and extent of wild foods utilization by small farmers <strong>in</strong> low ra<strong>in</strong>fall areas of Zimbabwe<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g times of drought and severe food shortages is exam<strong>in</strong>ed. The article is based on a survey which<br />
was conducted <strong>in</strong> 1988 among 194 households <strong>in</strong> 7 villages <strong>in</strong> regions that experienced repeated droughts<br />
and food shortages dur<strong>in</strong>g the 1980s. Wild foods collected by the households surveyed <strong>in</strong>cluded fruits,<br />
mushrooms, <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s, <strong>in</strong>sects and small animals. The results of the survey show that, although<br />
wild plants and wild animals are part of the diet of the villagers, they were not utilized as a cop<strong>in</strong>g<br />
mechanism to a great extent dur<strong>in</strong>g the droughts of the 1980s as was the case elsewhere <strong>in</strong> semi-arid<br />
regions of <strong>Africa</strong>. Wild foods cont<strong>in</strong>ue to be consumed rather as a supplement to the diet than as the<br />
primary source of sustenance dur<strong>in</strong>g periods of stress. This is attributed to a number of factors, particularly<br />
the availability of cash to purchase food and the existence of effective government food transfer<br />
programmes.<br />
Keywords: Food-resources, Wild-plants, Food-shortage, Small-farmers, Diets.<br />
368.Zon, A. P. M. van der and G. J. H. Grubben. 1976. Les legumes-feuilles spontanes et cultives de Sud-<br />
Dahomey [The wild and cultivated leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s of South Dahomey]. Communications of the Department<br />
of Agricultural Research, Royal Tropical Institute (Netherlands). no. 65.<br />
This booklet gives a description of 69 wild and cultivated plant species used as leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the<br />
southern part of Ben<strong>in</strong>, <strong>for</strong>merly Dahomey. The most important types <strong>for</strong> the city markets are Amaranthus<br />
cruentus, Celosia argentea, Corchorus olitorius, Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a and Solanum macrocarpon. Recommendations<br />
are given <strong>for</strong> cultivation <strong>in</strong> home gardens and <strong>for</strong> commercial growers.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-Crops, Plant-Biology, Reference-Documents.<br />
79
80<br />
K: Nutrition<br />
369.Abe, L. O. and S. K. Imbamba. 1977. Levels of vitam<strong>in</strong>s A and C <strong>in</strong> some Kenyan <strong>vegetable</strong> plants. East<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n Agricultural and Forestry Journal (EAAFRO) 42(3): 316-21.<br />
Keywords: Indigenous-<strong>vegetable</strong>s, Nutrition, Quality.<br />
370.Ajayi, S. O., S. F. Oder<strong>in</strong>de and O. Osibanjo. 1980. Vitam<strong>in</strong> C losses <strong>in</strong> cooked fresh <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
Food Chemistry 5(3): 243-7.<br />
The total vitam<strong>in</strong> C levels <strong>in</strong> six freshly harvested <strong>vegetable</strong>s ranged from 482 to 582 mg/100 g dry<br />
weight. The total vitam<strong>in</strong> C losses of blanched <strong>vegetable</strong> leaves varied from 62.2 to 93.1%.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Product-properties.<br />
Nutrition<br />
371.Akpapunam, M. A. 1984. Effects of wilt<strong>in</strong>g, blanch<strong>in</strong>g and storage temperatures on ascorbic acid and<br />
total carotenoids content of some Nigerian fresh <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Qualitas Plantarum Plant Foods <strong>for</strong> Human<br />
Nutrition 34(3): 177-80.<br />
Wilt<strong>in</strong>g resulted <strong>in</strong> high losses <strong>in</strong> ascorbic acid and carotenoids <strong>in</strong> leaves of Amaranthus hybridus, Hibiscus<br />
esculentus, Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare and Telfairia occidentalis. Losses were lower <strong>in</strong> samples stored <strong>for</strong> 21<br />
days at -10 and 5°C, and lowest <strong>in</strong> samples blanched <strong>in</strong> water at 98° <strong>for</strong> 3 m<strong>in</strong>utes. The carotenoids were<br />
generally more stable than ascorbic acid.<br />
Keywords: Biochemistry, Handl<strong>in</strong>g, Ascorbic- acid, Metabolism, Storage.<br />
372.Awasthi, C. P. and P. K. Tandon. 1988. Biochemical composition of some unconventional Indian <strong>leafy</strong><br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s. Narendra Deva Journal of Agricultural Research 3(2): 161-4.<br />
The nutritional attributes of 15 unconventional <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s (both cultivated and wild) consumed <strong>in</strong><br />
different parts of rural India, were determ<strong>in</strong>ed. Among different <strong>vegetable</strong>s under <strong>in</strong>vestigation, the<br />
leaves of Mor<strong>in</strong>ga oleifera, Gly<strong>in</strong>e max and Solanum nigrum had a high prote<strong>in</strong> value as well as low fibre<br />
content which could make them suitable <strong>for</strong> the extraction of leaf prote<strong>in</strong>s <strong>for</strong> use as a low-cost source of<br />
prote<strong>in</strong>s. Some of these <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s, particularly the leaves of Trichosanthes dioica, Vicia faba and<br />
Carthamus t<strong>in</strong>ctorius, have a high fibre content and would be useful <strong>in</strong> supplement<strong>in</strong>g the dietary constituents<br />
needed <strong>for</strong> prevent<strong>in</strong>g obesity and coronary diseases.<br />
Keywords: Leaves, Composition, Nutritive-value, Prote<strong>in</strong>s, Fibre.<br />
373.Badifu, G. I. O. 1991. Effect of long-term storage of processed Nigeria-grown edible <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>green</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
on vitam<strong>in</strong> C content. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (USA) 39(3): 538-41.<br />
Fresh edible <strong>green</strong> leaves from Celosia argentea, Amaranthus hybridus, Solanum nodiflorum, and Corchorus<br />
olitorius were studied. They had high contents of ascorbic acid. About 47-58% and 25-33% of the ascorbic<br />
acid contents were lost <strong>in</strong> the leaves by water blanch and steam methods, respectively. In the blanched<br />
but undehydrated leaves, the ascorbic acid content of the product was deleteriously affected under<br />
ambient storage. A loss of about 54-64% was observed after a 6-month storage period. The steam-blanched<br />
and dehydrated <strong>vegetable</strong> leaves kept <strong>for</strong> 6 months without much loss <strong>in</strong> ascorbic acid content. Sodium<br />
sulfite/sodium metabisulfite significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the retention of ascorbic acid <strong>in</strong> the processed<br />
leaves.<br />
Keywords: Leaves, Chemical-composition, Nutritive-value, Storage-losses.<br />
374.Bassir, O. and M. Fafunso. 1975. Variations <strong>in</strong> the prote<strong>in</strong>, carbohydrate, lipid and ash content of six<br />
tropical <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Plant Foods <strong>for</strong> Man 1(3/4): 209-16.<br />
Analyses are tabulated <strong>for</strong> stems + leaves of Amaranthus hybridus, Corchorus olitorius, Solanum africanum,<br />
Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare, Solanum nodiflorum and Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a. They were recorded at 2-week <strong>in</strong>tervals<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g (1) the transition period, April-June, between the wet and dry seasons, and (2) the wet season,<br />
July-late September. Few, if any, differences <strong>in</strong> composition were noted between the 2 seasons, but nutrient<br />
levels varied considerably with plant age.
Keywords: Nutritive-value, Prote<strong>in</strong>s, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Composition.<br />
375.Chishya, B. E. 1986. Process<strong>in</strong>g and preserv<strong>in</strong>g traditional plant foods <strong>in</strong> Zambia. Food and Nutrition<br />
(FAO) 12(1): 45-9.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Food-supply, Preservation, Food-technology, Fruits.<br />
376.Chweya, J. A. 1985. Identification and nutritional importance of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>green</strong> leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong><br />
Kenya. Pp.99-108. <strong>in</strong> N<strong>in</strong>th <strong>Africa</strong>n symposium on horticultural <strong>crops</strong>. 27-29 Jul 1983. Mahe (Seychelles)<br />
Mahe (Seychelles) Acta Horticulturae (Netherlands)No. 13 (G.E. Tidbury and H.D. T<strong>in</strong>dall,<br />
editors). ISHS, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
Species identified <strong>in</strong>clude Amaranthus hybridus [cruentus], Crotalaria brevidens, Solanum nigrum,<br />
Gynandropsis gynandra and Erucastrum arabicum. They normally grow wild <strong>in</strong> most parts of Kenya and the<br />
leaves are used as <strong>vegetable</strong>s. The carotene content of the leaves exceeded 7000 mug/100 g fresh weight.<br />
S. nigrum and G. gynandra leaf ascorbic acid contents were as high as 144 and 131 mg/100 g, respectively.<br />
Fe content <strong>in</strong> S. nigrum, G. gynandra and A. hybridus leaves was about 10 mg/100 g, and the Ca contents<br />
291, 251 and 480 mg/100 g, respectively. Prote<strong>in</strong> contents <strong>in</strong> the leaves of these plants ranged between 28<br />
and 36% dry weight.<br />
Keywords: Green-<strong>vegetable</strong>s, Carotenoids, Ascorbic-acid, Prote<strong>in</strong>s, Trace-elements, Kenya.<br />
377.Fafunso, M. and O. Bassir. 1976. Nutritional qualities of some <strong>Africa</strong>n edible <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Effect<br />
of boil<strong>in</strong>g on the essential am<strong>in</strong>o acid composition of their extracted prote<strong>in</strong>. Journal of Food Science<br />
41(1): 214-5.<br />
Tete (Amaranthus hybridus), ewedu (Corchorus olitorius), igbo (Solanum africana), ogunmo (S. nudiflorum),<br />
gbure (Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare) and ewuro (Vernonia amygadal<strong>in</strong>a) were boiled at about 150 deg C <strong>for</strong> 20 m<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Prote<strong>in</strong>s from raw and cooked leaves were prepared by press<strong>in</strong>g and steam precipitation from juice. Values<br />
<strong>for</strong> am<strong>in</strong>o acids <strong>in</strong> these prote<strong>in</strong>s are tabulated. Boil<strong>in</strong>g reduced the first limit<strong>in</strong>g am<strong>in</strong>o acids, lys<strong>in</strong>e by 12<br />
to 22%, S-am<strong>in</strong>o acids by 6 to 11%, and chemical scores by 9 to 19%. The leaf prote<strong>in</strong>s were of high quality.<br />
Keywords: Nutritive-value, Am<strong>in</strong>o-acids.<br />
378.Fafunso, M. and O. Bassir. 1976. Prote<strong>in</strong> quality of local <strong>vegetable</strong>s: the comparative assessment of the<br />
prote<strong>in</strong> quality of Nigerian <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s with that of soyabean. Plant Foods <strong>for</strong> Man 2(1/2): 35-41.<br />
In metabolism experiments with grow<strong>in</strong>g alb<strong>in</strong>o rats the nutritional quality of prote<strong>in</strong>s from 4 Nigerian<br />
<strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s, gbure (Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare), igbo (Solanum africana), soko (Celosia argentea) and tete<br />
(Amaranthus hybridus), was compared with that of soya bean prote<strong>in</strong>. The biological value of soya bean<br />
prote<strong>in</strong> was 90.2% and that of the <strong>vegetable</strong> prote<strong>in</strong>s 83.2 to 84.1; the difference was significant. The true<br />
digestibility values of the 4 prote<strong>in</strong>s were similar, from 80% <strong>for</strong> soko to 82.6% <strong>for</strong> tete, but was slightly less<br />
than that of soya prote<strong>in</strong>, 86.8%. Net prote<strong>in</strong> utilization values were significantly less <strong>for</strong> the 4 <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
prote<strong>in</strong>s than <strong>for</strong> soya bean prote<strong>in</strong>. Prote<strong>in</strong> efficiency ratio <strong>for</strong> soya bean prote<strong>in</strong> was 1.93; that of the leaf<br />
prote<strong>in</strong>s from 1.58 to 1.61. Of the 4 <strong>vegetable</strong> prote<strong>in</strong>s tete was of marg<strong>in</strong>ally higher quality. The conclusion<br />
was that the leaf prote<strong>in</strong>s have a high nutritive value which appears to justify their traditional role<br />
<strong>in</strong> the diets of some Nigerian communities.<br />
Keywords: Prote<strong>in</strong>-value, Prote<strong>in</strong>s, Plants, Sources.<br />
Nutrition<br />
379.Fafunso, M. and O. Bassir. 1977. Variations <strong>in</strong> the loss of vitam<strong>in</strong> C <strong>in</strong> <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s with various<br />
methods of food preparation. Food Chemistry (UK) 21(1): 51-5.<br />
The vitam<strong>in</strong> C content of 12 common edible leaves, freshly harvested, ranged from 109 to 421 mg per 100<br />
g on a dry weight basis. These were lowered by cook<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> 5 m<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 volumes of water by<br />
15 to 22%, 28 to 39%, 54 to 60%, 59 to 70% and 63 to 76%, respectively. Significantly, cook<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the same<br />
volumes of water <strong>for</strong> 10 m<strong>in</strong> slightly <strong>in</strong>creased their ascorbate loss. There was greater loss of vitam<strong>in</strong> C<br />
with <strong>in</strong>creased volume of the blanch<strong>in</strong>g water, although the rate differed <strong>for</strong> different leaves. Generally,<br />
there was an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> the rate of ascorbate loss per volume of the blanch<strong>in</strong>g water until about 6<br />
81
82<br />
volumes dur<strong>in</strong>g the two periods considered. Corchorus olitorius, Piper gu<strong>in</strong>eensis, Gnetum bucholzianum,<br />
Manihot esculenta (cassava), Xanthosoma sagittifolium, and Abelmoschus esculentus.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-Products, Product-Properties.<br />
380.Fafunso, M. and O. Bassir. 1979. Nutritional effects of heat process<strong>in</strong>g of some Nigerian <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
Journal of Plant Foods 3(3): 187-90.<br />
Six <strong>leafy</strong> Nigerian <strong>vegetable</strong>s were cooked by local methods. Weanl<strong>in</strong>g alb<strong>in</strong>o rats were given diets with<br />
cooked or raw tete (Amaranthus hybridus), ewedu (Corchorus olithorus), igbo (Solanum africana), gbure<br />
(Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare), ogunmo (Solanum nodiflorum) and ewuro (Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a). Biological values of<br />
the <strong>vegetable</strong>s were 83.0 to 84.1% raw and 68.5 to 73.8%, cooked; cooked ewuro had the least and raw tete<br />
the greatest value. Net prote<strong>in</strong> utilization and prote<strong>in</strong> efficiency ratios of the <strong>vegetable</strong>s were reduced by<br />
cook<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Keywords: Cook<strong>in</strong>g, Heat-treatment, Nutritive-value, Prote<strong>in</strong>s.<br />
381.Ifon, E. T. and O. Bassir. 1979. The nutritive value of some Nigerian <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>green</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Part 1.<br />
Vitam<strong>in</strong> and m<strong>in</strong>eral contents. Food Chemistry (UK) 4(4): 263-7.<br />
Ten <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>green</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Abelmoschus esculentus, Ocimum basilicum, Amaranthus hybridus and<br />
Cucurbita pepo, commonly eaten by peasant Nigerians, have been analysed <strong>for</strong> their vitam<strong>in</strong> and m<strong>in</strong>eral<br />
contents. The range of thiam<strong>in</strong>e, riboflav<strong>in</strong>, pyridox<strong>in</strong>e and ascorbic acid contents was follows (<strong>in</strong> mg<br />
per 100 g DM): 0.06-0.27, 0.46-2.07, 1.08-1.95 and 20.6-160, respectively. The range of values of m<strong>in</strong>eral<br />
elements assayed were sodium: 0.034%-0.28%, potassium: 1.43%-6.10%, calcium: 1.08%-3.62%, magnesium:<br />
0.45%-2.22%, manganese: 0.015%-0.115%, iron: 0.03%-0.059%, copper: 0.001%-0.0025%, z<strong>in</strong>c:<br />
0.0006%-0.0135%, sulphur: 0.23%- 0.59%, phosphorus: 0.21%-0.71% and chlor<strong>in</strong>e: 0.14%-0.67% on a<br />
dry matter basis. The implication of these results <strong>for</strong> the rural population is discussed.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-Crops, Product-Properties.<br />
382.Ifon, E. T. and O. Bassir. 1980. The nutritive value of some Nigerian <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>green</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Part 2: The<br />
distribution of prote<strong>in</strong>, carbohydrates (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g ethanol-soluble simple sugars), crude fat, fibre and<br />
ash. Food Chemistry 5(3): 231-5.<br />
Analyses are presented <strong>for</strong> the follow<strong>in</strong>g species commonly eaten <strong>in</strong> the Cross River State: Abelmoschus<br />
esculentus, Corchorus olitorius, Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare, Amaranthus hybridus, Piper gu<strong>in</strong>eense, Ocimum basilicum,<br />
Cucurbita pepo, Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a, Telfairia occidentalis and Marsdenia latifolia. The crude prote<strong>in</strong> content<br />
ranged between 17.2% and 28.5% dry matter; the fibre content range was 8.5- 20.9%; crude fat was 2.7-<br />
8.1%; ash was 9.7-18.6%; dry matter was 7.7-24.7% of the fresh weight; and the fructose, glucose, sucrose<br />
and maltose contents (ethanol-soluble) were 0.6-1.6%, 0.6-1.8%, 0.8-2.6% and 0.3-2.3% dry matter, respectively.<br />
[For part 1 see HcA 50, 5284.].<br />
Keywords: Nutritive-value.<br />
383.Imbamba, S. K. 1973. Leaf prote<strong>in</strong> content of some Kenya <strong>vegetable</strong>s. East <strong>Africa</strong>n Agricultural and<br />
Forestry Journal 38(3): 246-51.<br />
The prote<strong>in</strong> content (N X 6.25) of tender leaves of collected Kenyan plants which can be classified as<br />
herbs except <strong>for</strong> Erythrococca bongensis, a shrub, was as follows: Basella alba 20.5, E. bongensis 18.1, Solanum<br />
tuberosum 31.8, Capsicum frutescens 26.2, Lycopersicum esculentum 31.8, Cucurbita pepo 31.1, Commel<strong>in</strong>a<br />
nudiflora 15.6, Vigna schimperi 18.6, Triumfetta annua 24.7, Bidens pilosa 25.7 and Corchorus trilocularis<br />
25.4%; the last 5 were wild species. Values <strong>for</strong> plants bought <strong>in</strong> the market were Amaranthus lividus 26.7,<br />
A. hybridus 27.8, Gynandropsis gynandra 35.8, V. unguiculata 28.5, Crotalaria brevidens 32.5, Corchorus<br />
olitorius 22.5, Brassica <strong>in</strong>tegrifolia 28.9 and S. nigrum 29.3%. A study with 4 species showed that values<br />
depended greatly on plant age.<br />
Keywords: Prote<strong>in</strong>s, Composition.<br />
Nutrition
384.Lyimo, M. H., S. Nyagwegwe and A. P. Mnkeni. 1991. Investigations on the effect of traditional food<br />
process<strong>in</strong>g, preservation and storage methods on <strong>vegetable</strong> nutrients: a case study <strong>in</strong> Tanzania. Plant<br />
Foods <strong>for</strong> Human Nutrition (Netherlands) 41(1): 53-7.<br />
The effect of traditional Tanzanian food process<strong>in</strong>g, preservation and storage methods on <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
nutrients was studied us<strong>in</strong>g cassava, pumpk<strong>in</strong> and mwage (Sesbania spp.) leaves. Traditional cook<strong>in</strong>g<br />
times of 90 m<strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong> cassava, and 50 m<strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong> pumpk<strong>in</strong> and mwage leaves resulted <strong>in</strong> significant losses <strong>in</strong><br />
prote<strong>in</strong>, fats and vitam<strong>in</strong>s. Sun dry<strong>in</strong>g us<strong>in</strong>g traditional mats caused losses of vitam<strong>in</strong> A of 36.3%, 38.0%<br />
and 50.3% <strong>for</strong> cassava, pumpk<strong>in</strong> and mwage leaves, respectively. Storage <strong>in</strong> earthenware pots <strong>for</strong> 6<br />
weeks resulted <strong>in</strong> significant losses of vitam<strong>in</strong> C. In general, traditional methods <strong>for</strong> process<strong>in</strong>g, preservation<br />
and storage of <strong>vegetable</strong>s caused significant losses of nutrients.<br />
Keywords: Process<strong>in</strong>g, Nutritive-value, Traditional-storage.<br />
385.Malaisse, F. and G. Parent. 1985. Edible wild <strong>vegetable</strong> products <strong>in</strong> the Zambezian woodland area: a<br />
nutritional and ecological approach. Ecology of Food and Nutrition (USA) 18(1): 43-82.<br />
The edible wild <strong>vegetable</strong> products occurr<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Zambezian woodland, especially <strong>in</strong> the area surround<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Lubumbashi, <strong>in</strong> Zaire, are reviewed. Some 262 species are recognized and listed, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
241 wild species and 21 cultivated species, of which 184 were sampled and their nutritional value<br />
established. The edible plant products are ranked <strong>in</strong>to 6 groups, namely oil seeds, starchy fruits, flowers,<br />
storage organs, leaves and fleshy fruits, and the results are discussed. Where available, the collect<strong>in</strong>g<br />
period, the type of vegetation <strong>in</strong> which the species occurs, the Kibemba dialect name and the herbarium<br />
voucher number of the reference specimen are also given.<br />
Keywords: Food-resources, Wild-plants, Plant-products, Nutritive-value, Plant-ecology.<br />
386.Marek, T., T. Brun and J. Reynaud. 1990. Do home garden projects improve <strong>in</strong>come and nutritional<br />
status? A case study <strong>in</strong> Senegal. Food and Nutrition Bullet<strong>in</strong> 12(1): 20-5.<br />
Keywords: Nutritional-status, Income, Domestic-gardens, Nutrient-uptake, Nutritional-requirements.<br />
387.Mart<strong>in</strong>, F. W., L. Telek and R. Ruberte. 1977. Some tropical leaves as feasible sources of dietary prote<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico (USA) 61(1): 32-40.<br />
Thirty-four species of tropical plants found <strong>in</strong> Puerto Rico were considered <strong>for</strong> possible use as high<br />
prote<strong>in</strong> <strong>green</strong> leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s and as sources of leaf prote<strong>in</strong> concentrate. They were tested <strong>for</strong> prote<strong>in</strong> and<br />
carotenoid contents, and <strong>for</strong> tox<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g alkaloids, hydrocyanic glucosides, and oxalic acid. Six<br />
species (Manihot esculenta, Sauropus androgynus, Cnidoscolus chayamansa, Canavalia ensi<strong>for</strong>mis, Lablab niger,<br />
and Vigna unguiculata) that comb<strong>in</strong>e high prote<strong>in</strong> yields with suitable agronomic characteristics were<br />
selected <strong>for</strong> further trials and were described. Green leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s are concluded to be <strong>crops</strong> of high<br />
potential <strong>for</strong> Puerto Rico and the prote<strong>in</strong>-hungry tropics.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-Crops, Product-Properties.<br />
388.Mnzava, A. 1997. Compar<strong>in</strong>g nutritional values of exotic and <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Pp.70-5. <strong>in</strong> Workshop<br />
on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18, 1997. Limbe Cameroon. Limbe Cameroon<br />
Workshop Papers. (R. Schippers and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Keywords: Indigenous, Nutritional-value.<br />
Nutrition<br />
389.Mugerwa, J. S. and R. Bwabye. 1974. Yield, composition and <strong>in</strong> vitro digestibility of Amaranthus hybridus<br />
subspecies <strong>in</strong>curvatus. Tropical Grasslands (Australia) 8(1): 49-53.<br />
The dry matter (DM) production, chemical composition and <strong>in</strong> vitro DM digestibility of Amaranthus<br />
hybridus spp. <strong>in</strong>curvatus were determ<strong>in</strong>ed from 38 days to 66 days after sow<strong>in</strong>g. In vitro digestibility<br />
rema<strong>in</strong>ed high over the sampl<strong>in</strong>g period, averag<strong>in</strong>g 82.1% on day 38 and 72.5% on day 66. Crude prote<strong>in</strong><br />
contents <strong>in</strong>, respectively, whole plants, leaves and stems were 27.7, 35.8 and 20% at day 38 but decl<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
to 11.3, 21.9 and 7.7% at day 66. Calcium percentages averaged 1.3, 2.2 and 0.8% and phosphorus<br />
percentages 0.6, 0.7 and 0.5% <strong>in</strong>, respectively, whole plants, leaves and stems over the sampl<strong>in</strong>g period.<br />
The mean oxalic acid content <strong>in</strong> the whole plants was 6.7% and its possible toxicity and <strong>in</strong>terference<br />
83
84<br />
with dietary C utilization are discussed. It is concluded that A. hybridus is a potential valuable <strong>for</strong>age<br />
crop.<br />
Keywords: Forage-Plants, Energy-Feeds.<br />
390.Mugerwa, J. S. and W. Staf<strong>for</strong>d. 1976. Effect of feed<strong>in</strong>g oxalate-rich Amaranthus on ov<strong>in</strong>e serum,<br />
calcium and oxalate levels. East <strong>Africa</strong>n Agricultural and Forestry Journal (EAAFRO) 42(1): 71-5.<br />
The sub-species Incurvatus and Hybridus of Amaranthus hybridus were each fed to yearl<strong>in</strong>g wethers.<br />
Faeces oxalate content, calcium and free oxalate contents of serum and histopathological changes <strong>in</strong> the<br />
renal system of animals are discussed. For both plants > 70%, on average, of the <strong>in</strong>gested oxalate did not<br />
appear <strong>in</strong> the faeces. It is concluded that both Amaranthus plants can safely be fed to mature rum<strong>in</strong>ants.<br />
Keywords: Forage-Plants, Animal-Biology.<br />
391.Okigbo, B. N. 1977. <strong>Neglected</strong> plants of horticultural and nutritional importance <strong>in</strong> traditional farm<strong>in</strong>g<br />
systems of tropical <strong>Africa</strong>. Acta Horticulturae (53): 131-50.<br />
The potential importance of neglected <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s and fruits encountered <strong>in</strong> traditional farm<strong>in</strong>g<br />
systems <strong>in</strong> Nigeria, is described.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Human-biology, Nutrition, Farm<strong>in</strong>g-types.<br />
392.Oliveira, J. S. and M. F. de Carvalho. 1975. Nutritional value of some edible leaves used <strong>in</strong> Mozambique.<br />
Economic Botany 29(3): 255-63.<br />
The results of a chemical study of several edible leaves <strong>in</strong> Mozambique, ma<strong>in</strong>ly conducted <strong>for</strong> their value<br />
as a prote<strong>in</strong> supplement <strong>in</strong> common diets, are presented. Of the species studied, which also <strong>in</strong>cluded the<br />
fruits of Momordica balsam<strong>in</strong>a, the most valuable species as a prote<strong>in</strong> supplement proved to be Amaranthus<br />
sp<strong>in</strong>osus.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-Products, Product-Properties.<br />
Nutrition<br />
393.Onayemi, O. and G. I. O. Badifu. 1987. Effect of blanch<strong>in</strong>g and dry<strong>in</strong>g methods on the nutritional and<br />
sensory quality of <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Plant Foods <strong>for</strong> Human Nutrition 37(4): 291-8.<br />
In Nigeria, the nutrient retention and sensory quality factors of Amaranthus (Amaranthus hybridus), Celosia<br />
and Solanum nodiflorum, blanched by 2 methods and solar-dried or dried <strong>in</strong> the cab<strong>in</strong>et dryer were<br />
evaluated. The type and conditions of the blanch<strong>in</strong>g treatment prior to dry<strong>in</strong>g affect the retention of<br />
ascorbic acid, carotene, and ash <strong>in</strong> the dried <strong>vegetable</strong>s. The sun-dried <strong>vegetable</strong>s had <strong>in</strong>ferior colour,<br />
texture and acceptability compared with the <strong>vegetable</strong>s dried <strong>in</strong> the cab<strong>in</strong>et dryer. There were significant<br />
differences <strong>in</strong> the rehydration and dry<strong>in</strong>g ratio of the dried <strong>vegetable</strong>s. The implications of the blanch<strong>in</strong>g<br />
and dry<strong>in</strong>g processes <strong>for</strong> an effective preservation technique are discussed.<br />
Keywords: Nutritive-value, Blanch<strong>in</strong>g, Dry<strong>in</strong>g, Food-preservation.<br />
394.Oyejola, A. O. and O. Bassir. 1975. The physiological availability of the iron content of some Nigerian<br />
<strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Plant Foods <strong>for</strong> Man 1(3/4): 177-83.<br />
Fe <strong>in</strong> <strong>leafy</strong> Nigerian plants was <strong>for</strong> Corchorus olitorius 810, Venonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a 190, V. c<strong>in</strong>erea 270, Tal<strong>in</strong>um<br />
triangulare 360, Solanum <strong>in</strong>canum 1010, S. nudiflorum 470, S. anomalus 460, Celosia argentea (<strong>green</strong>) 410, C.<br />
argentea (red) 460 and Amaranthus hybridus 970 mg/kg DM. Male rats 3 weeks old were given a diet low<br />
<strong>in</strong> Fe <strong>for</strong> 4 to 5 weeks or until their Hb values were about 5 g/100 ml. They were then given a diet without<br />
or with 5, 10, 15 or 20 mg Fe/kg as ferrous sulphate or with Fe 20 mg/kg supplied by each of the<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s. Vegetables of the solanum family produced the greatest growth <strong>in</strong> rats but although S. <strong>in</strong>canum<br />
had the highest content of Fe it was 9th <strong>in</strong> order of physiological availability of Fe. From ga<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Hb<br />
value it was concluded that Fe of all the <strong>vegetable</strong>s except V. amygdal<strong>in</strong>a was to a large extent physiologically<br />
available.<br />
Keywords: Iron, Availability, Rats, Nutritive-value, Sources.
395.Pacey, A. 1978. Garden<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> Better Nutrition. The Russel Press Ltd., Nott<strong>in</strong>gham.<br />
Keywords: Nutrition, Vegetables.<br />
396.Sai, F. A. 1976. Nutritional value of West <strong>Africa</strong>n fruits and <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Pp. 5-14 <strong>in</strong> Fruits and <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
<strong>in</strong> West <strong>Africa</strong> (H.D. T<strong>in</strong>dall, editor). FAO Plant Production and Protection Series (FAO). Collection<br />
FAO. Production Vegetale Et Protection Des Plantes (FAO), no. 4. FAO, Plant Production and<br />
Protection Division, Rome (Italy).<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Nutrition, Fruits.<br />
397.Sajid, N., S. Umar, M. Siddiqui and B. A. Siddiqui. 1976. Catechol oxidase of some <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Acta<br />
Botanica Indica 4(2): 167-9.<br />
Catechol oxidase activity, which is responsible <strong>for</strong> enzymic brown<strong>in</strong>g, was high <strong>in</strong> leaves, buds and<br />
fruits of Lagenaria vulgaris, Luffa cyl<strong>in</strong>drica, Cucurbita maxima, Solanum melongena and S. nigrum but very<br />
low <strong>in</strong> Cucumis melo and Momordica charantia. Fruits of S. melongena and S. nigrum showed the greatest<br />
activity.<br />
Keywords: Enzyme-activity, Plant, Fruit-<strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
398.Sanni, S. B. 1982. The fluoride contents of common Nigerian <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Journal of the Science of<br />
Food and Agriculture 33(7): 686-7.<br />
The follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>vegetable</strong>s were exam<strong>in</strong>ed: Celosia argentea (fluoride content 33 mu g/g), Amaranthus hybridus<br />
(27 mu g), Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a (28 mu g), Telfairia occidentalis (21 mu g), Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare (39 mu g),<br />
Corchorus olitorius (22 mu g), Brassica oleracea (20 mu g), Ocimum gratissimum (21 mu g), Basella alba (16 mu<br />
g) and lettuce (91 mu g). Fluoride contents were important because Nigerian dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g water is not<br />
fluoridated. In<strong>for</strong>mation on native names is given.<br />
Keywords: Nutritive-value, Sources.<br />
Nutrition<br />
399.Sreeramulu, N. 1982. Chemical composition of some <strong>green</strong> <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s grown <strong>in</strong> Tanzania. Journal<br />
of Plant Foods 4(3): 139-41.<br />
Analyses of moisture, ash, prote<strong>in</strong>, fibre, ether extractives and carbohydrate are tabulated <strong>for</strong> foliage of 22<br />
cultivated and wild <strong>vegetable</strong> species. Cassia tora, Gynandropsis gynandra, Solanum nigrum and Mor<strong>in</strong>ga<br />
oleifera conta<strong>in</strong>ed the highest prote<strong>in</strong>, followed by Basella alba [rubra], Amaranthus gangeticus [tricolor]<br />
and Celosia argentea. These 7 species had low fibre values; extraction of leaf prote<strong>in</strong>s would be aided by<br />
this high prote<strong>in</strong>:fibre ratio. Fibre was highest <strong>in</strong> Amaranthus viridis (21.3 g/100 g) and lowest <strong>in</strong> M.<br />
oleifera (5.7 g). Most species were good sources of both carbohydrate and prote<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Keywords: Nutritional-value, Prote<strong>in</strong>s, Plant-composition, Surveys.<br />
400.Sridhar, R. and G. Lakshm<strong>in</strong>arayana. 1993. Lipid classes, fatty acids, and tocopherols of leaves of six<br />
edible plant species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 41(1): 61-3.<br />
Young leaves of six plants, namely Tamar<strong>in</strong>dus <strong>in</strong>dica (tamar<strong>in</strong>d), Oxalis corniculata (Indian sorrel), Rumex<br />
vesicarius (bladder dock), Alternanthera sessilis, Trigonella foenumgraecum (fenugreek), and Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare<br />
(Ceylon sp<strong>in</strong>ach), yielded, on extraction with chloro<strong>for</strong>m-methanol 1.16, 1.47, 0.47, 0.54, 1.50, and 2.42 %<br />
lipids (dry weight), respectively. Silica gel column chromatography yielded 37.0-80.5% neutral lipids<br />
(NL), 21.7-44.7% glycolipids (GL), and 1.2-26.5% phospholipids (PL). Capillary gas-liquid chromatography<br />
(GC) showed the major fatty acids to be 18:2 and 18:3 <strong>in</strong> NL, 18:3 <strong>in</strong> GL, and 18:3 followed by 18:2<br />
and 16:0 <strong>in</strong> PL. T. triangulare leaf lipids conta<strong>in</strong>ed medium-cha<strong>in</strong> saturated fatty acids (C10-C14)<strong>in</strong> an<br />
appreciable amount (36.7%). GC-mass spectrometric and ultraviolet and <strong>in</strong>frared spectrophotometric<br />
analyses did not reveal the presence of gamma-l<strong>in</strong>olenic (GLA), trans, conjugated, or other unusual fatty<br />
acids. High-per<strong>for</strong>mance liquid chromatography showed the presence of alpha- and beta-tocopherols<br />
but not other tocopherols and tocotrienols.<br />
85
86<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Leaves, Chemical-composition.<br />
401.Staf<strong>for</strong>d, W. L., J. S. Mugerwa and R. Bwabye. 1976. Effects of methods of cook<strong>in</strong>g, application of<br />
nitrogen fertiliser and maturity on certa<strong>in</strong> nutrients <strong>in</strong> the leaves of Amaranthus hybridus sub-species<br />
hybridus (Green Head). Plant Foods <strong>for</strong> Man 2(1/2): 7-13.<br />
The ascorbic acid, iron, prote<strong>in</strong> and total and free oxalate contents of the leaves of Amaranthus hybridus<br />
subspecies hybridus were estimated after different methods of cook<strong>in</strong>g. Steam<strong>in</strong>g the leaves or boil<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong><br />
only 10 m<strong>in</strong> produced the least loss of nutrients and oxalate. Increas<strong>in</strong>g application of N fertilizer led to<br />
a rise <strong>in</strong> the percentage prote<strong>in</strong> of the DM <strong>in</strong> the plant but this dim<strong>in</strong>ished with <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g maturity. The<br />
Fe content rose steeply when harvest was delayed until the 63rd day after plant<strong>in</strong>g. It was concluded<br />
that, depend<strong>in</strong>g on the method of cook<strong>in</strong>g, Amaranthus leaves are a useful source of ascorbic acid, Fe and<br />
prote<strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong> human nutrition.<br />
Keywords: Cook<strong>in</strong>g, Maturity-variation, Composition, Seasonal-variation.<br />
402.Standal, B. R. 1983. Nutritive value [Taro, Colocasia esculenta, leaves and stems <strong>for</strong> <strong>green</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong><br />
Hawaii, Pacific Countries, Southeast Asia, India, West Indies, <strong>Africa</strong>; Pacific Islands; South East Asia;<br />
West Indies Associated States]. Pp. 141-7 <strong>in</strong> Taro: a review of Colocasia esculenta and its potentials.<br />
University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu (USA).<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Nutritive-value.<br />
403.Tabekha, M. M., M. I. Hamed and A. E. Kassem. 1988. The role of food process<strong>in</strong>g on phytate content<br />
of broad beans, and oxalate content of some <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s [Egypt]. Journal of Agricultural Sciences<br />
Mansoura University. (Egypt) 13(4): 2392-7.<br />
The effects of soak<strong>in</strong>g, germ<strong>in</strong>ation, cook<strong>in</strong>g and cann<strong>in</strong>g processes on phytic acid (PA) and <strong>in</strong> organic<br />
phosphorus (IP) contents of dry broad beans were <strong>in</strong>vestigated. Soak<strong>in</strong>g of dry beans <strong>in</strong> water <strong>for</strong> 12, 16<br />
and 24 hrs. resulted <strong>in</strong> a gradual decrease <strong>in</strong> PA and slight decrease <strong>in</strong> IP contents as the time of soak<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased. Germ<strong>in</strong>ation led to considerable decrease <strong>in</strong> PA after 72 hrs. and <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> IP after 96 hrs. or<br />
longer. Cook<strong>in</strong>g resulted <strong>in</strong> slight reduction <strong>in</strong> PA and IP while cann<strong>in</strong>g process caused considerable<br />
decrease (69.51%) <strong>in</strong> PA and marked <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> IP (36.68%) contents of dry broad beans. Cook<strong>in</strong>g sp<strong>in</strong>ach<br />
and purslane leaves then discard<strong>in</strong>g the boil<strong>in</strong>g water showed nutritionally superior results as it<br />
reduced the total and soluble oxalate content more than cook<strong>in</strong>g and reta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the boil<strong>in</strong>g water with the<br />
leaves. Calcium advisability <strong>in</strong> fresh and cooked leaves was also determ<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> order to know the appropriate<br />
technology <strong>for</strong> remov<strong>in</strong>g oxalate to get better utilization of calcium.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Nutrition<br />
Keywords: Process<strong>in</strong>g, Composition, Food-technology.<br />
404.Taylor, O. O. A., B. L. Fetuga and V. A. Oyenuga. 1983. Accumulation of m<strong>in</strong>eral elements <strong>in</strong> five<br />
tropical <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s as <strong>in</strong>fluenced by nitrogen fertilization and age. Scientia Horticulturae (Netherlands)<br />
18(4): 313-22.<br />
The edible portions of 5 tropical leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s: Amaranthus caudatus, Cucurbita pepo, Telfairia occidentalis,<br />
Solanum aethiopicum and Solanum macrocarpon were analysed on Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and Cl<br />
content. The analyses were per<strong>for</strong>med <strong>in</strong> relation to 0, 100, 150 and 200 kg N/ha and post-plant<strong>in</strong>g<br />
harvest periods at 7, 9, 11 and 13 weeks. N application had no significant effect on accumulation of Ca,<br />
K, Na, Cu and Zn <strong>in</strong> any of the 5 <strong>vegetable</strong>s and on P and Mg of Telfairia, S. aethiopicum or S. macrocarpon<br />
. It depressed the Fe content of all <strong>vegetable</strong>s and the Mg content of Amaranthus and Cucurbita, but<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased the Mn and Cl contents of all <strong>vegetable</strong>s and P content of Amaranthus and Cucurbita. With<br />
<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g age the P, Na, Zn and Mn contents of <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong>creased significantly.<br />
Keywords: Fertilizer-response, Nitrogen, Plant-age, Nutrient-accumulation.
405.Udosen, E. O. and U. M. Ukpanah. 1993. The toxicants and phosphorus content of some Nigerian<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s. Plant Foods <strong>for</strong> Human Nutrition (Netherlands) 44(3): 285-9.<br />
The oxalate, hydrocyanic acid, phytic acid and P contents of 12 <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s were determ<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong><br />
Cross River State, Nigeria. The values ranged from 47.7 to 194.3 mg/100 g dry matter (DM), 4.32 to 23.8<br />
mg/100 g DM, 90 to 260 mg/100 g DM and 215 to 1110 mg/100 g DM, respectively. The ratio of phytic<br />
acid to P ranged from 13.9 to 90.7. The leaves conta<strong>in</strong>ed low levels of hydrocyanic acid, whereas the<br />
oxalate, phytic acid and P contents were high. Cl<strong>in</strong>ical implications and nutritive values are discussed.<br />
Authors’ summary.<br />
Keywords: Nutritive-value, Green-<strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
Nutrition<br />
87
88<br />
L: Ethnobotany<br />
406.Becker, B. 1986. Wild plants <strong>for</strong> human nutrition <strong>in</strong> the Sahelian zone. Journal of Arid Environments<br />
11(1): 61-4.<br />
The range of wild plants used <strong>in</strong> human nutrition among pastoralists of the Sahelian zone was <strong>in</strong>vestigated<br />
<strong>in</strong> 3 case studies, 2 <strong>in</strong> northern Kenya and 1 <strong>in</strong> northern Senegal. Also, literature was reviewed to compile a list<br />
of Sahelian plant spp. used as food by other people liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> this area. The 5 most important species of each<br />
region are tabulated, together with an <strong>in</strong>dication of the method of preparation. The literature review revealed<br />
a total of about 800 food plants <strong>in</strong> the arid and semi-arid region from Senegal to Kenya. Wild plants are a<br />
considerable source of vitam<strong>in</strong>s, particularly A, B2 and C and of m<strong>in</strong>erals, especially the <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
Cyphostemma maranguensis and Cassia obtusifolia. There is an unused potential of plants, which are reported to<br />
be edible from elsewhere. Trees and shrubs supply about 75% of all edible wild plant products.<br />
Keywords: Wild-food-plants, Food-preparation.<br />
407.Besong, M. T. and P. Sama-Land. 1997. Identification of <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Fako markets. Pp.67-9. <strong>in</strong> Workshop<br />
on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18, 1997 , Limbe, Cameroon. Workshop Papers. (R.<br />
Schippers and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Keywords: Vegetables, Markets.<br />
408.Bukenya-Ziraba, R. 1997. Uganda’s <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s with particular reference to post-harvest.<br />
Pp.98-9. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18, 1997 Limbe, Cameroon Limbe,<br />
Cameroon Workshop Papers.(R. Schippers and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Keywords: Post-harvest.<br />
409.Cunn<strong>in</strong>gham, A. B. 1992. The role of ethnobotany and <strong>in</strong>digenous knowlege <strong>in</strong> conservation of plant<br />
genetic resources. D<strong>in</strong>teria(23): 119-31<br />
The value of ethnobotany and <strong>in</strong>digenous knowledge of the Namibian people <strong>in</strong> direct<strong>in</strong>g ex situ conservation<br />
ef<strong>for</strong>ts of potentially important Namibian plants is described. Examples are given of species that<br />
occur <strong>in</strong> Namibia that are be<strong>in</strong>g developed elsewhere, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g oil-seed rich plants, edible bulbs, edible<br />
fruits, multipurpose agro<strong>for</strong>estry species, aromatic plants and edible wild <strong>green</strong>s, as well as others <strong>for</strong><br />
which further <strong>in</strong>vestigation is recommended. The importance of recogniz<strong>in</strong>g the regional value of both<br />
the plant resources and the local <strong>in</strong>digenous knowledge <strong>in</strong> the process of identify<strong>in</strong>g species with economic<br />
value is highlighted and a method of facilitat<strong>in</strong>g the equitable distribution of benefits from these<br />
regional resources is outl<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Leafy-<strong>vegetable</strong>s, Genetic-resources, Ethnobotany, Namibia, Indigenous-knowledge.<br />
410.Getahun, A. 1974. The role of wild plants <strong>in</strong> the native diet <strong>in</strong> Ethiopia. Agro-Eco-Systems (Netherlands)<br />
1(1): 45-56.<br />
A table is presented giv<strong>in</strong>g the botanical name, vernacular name and family of wild edible plants. These<br />
plants are classified <strong>in</strong>to <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g stems and young shoots), fruits and seeds, and<br />
starchy roots and tubers.<br />
Keywords: Human-Biology, Plant-Biology, Reference-Documents.<br />
411.Irv<strong>in</strong>e, F. 1956. The edible cultivated and semi-cultivated leaves of West <strong>Africa</strong>. Qualitas Plantarum Et<br />
Materiaea Vegetabilies(2): 35-42.<br />
Identifies more than 150 species whose leaves are regularly consumed <strong>in</strong> stews, sauces and as condiments.<br />
A significant number are wild species (some are from <strong>for</strong>est areas).<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
Ethnobotany
412.Johnson, E. J. and T. J. Johnson. 1976. Economic plants <strong>in</strong> a rural Nigerian market. Economic Botany<br />
(USA) 30(4): 375-81.<br />
Presents the results of a year-long market survey exam<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the fresh plants sold <strong>in</strong> a rural Nigerian market.<br />
The authors assess species’ availability, and the frequency and seasonalities <strong>in</strong> the sale of 58 wild and<br />
cultivated foods. Among the most commonly sold products were the nut of Irv<strong>in</strong>gia gabonensis, the fruit of<br />
Dacryodes edulis; other popular species <strong>in</strong>cluded Cola acum<strong>in</strong>ata, Cola nitida, Pentaclethra macrophylla,<br />
Tetracarpidium conophorum and Thaumatococcus danielli. The fact that farm and <strong>for</strong>est foods were sold with<br />
relative frequency gives an <strong>in</strong>dication of their local value. The plants encountered dur<strong>in</strong>g a 1 year study <strong>in</strong> 2<br />
rural markets about 28 km north of Ben<strong>in</strong> City are tabulated. The scientific name, family, orig<strong>in</strong>, common and<br />
local names and the frequency with which the plant was encountered are given. The plants are grouped <strong>in</strong>to<br />
medic<strong>in</strong>al, spices, nuts and seeds, <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s, fruits and starchy roots and tubers.<br />
Keywords: Human-Biology, Nutrition, Market<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
Ethnobotany<br />
413.Ogle, B. M. and L. E. Grivetti. 1985. Legacy of the chameleon: edible wild plants <strong>in</strong> the K<strong>in</strong>gdom of<br />
Swaziland, Southern <strong>Africa</strong>; a cultural, ecological, nutritional study. 2. Demographics, species availability<br />
and dietary use, analysis by ecological zone. Ecology of Food and Nutrition (USA) 17(1): 1-30.<br />
This paper, the 2nd of 4, presents demographic characteristics <strong>for</strong> 211 adults and 140 school children surveyed<br />
<strong>in</strong> 4 ecological zones <strong>in</strong> Swaziland. It identifies edible species of wild plants recognized and consumed,<br />
and concludes with an analysis of edible wild plant use by ecological zone. Swaziland is culturally homogeneous;<br />
90% of the persons <strong>in</strong>terviewed were ethnic Swazi; 46% had no <strong>for</strong>mal education; and 60% of the<br />
adults were born or had lived <strong>for</strong> more than 13 years at their present homestead <strong>in</strong> a specific ecological zone.<br />
All respondents consumed wild plants; 11% never purchased food. More older respondents occupied the<br />
Highveld, more younger Swazi Middleveld and Lowveld. Most land was cultivated at Middleveld sites. Food<br />
production varied significantly by ecological zone. Most maize was produced <strong>in</strong> the Highveld. Adults reported<br />
a range of edible species (9-90) <strong>in</strong> each of the 4 ecological zones. Adults ate, on average, 10 more species<br />
than school children. Most prom<strong>in</strong>ently consumed edible leaves were from the genera Amaranthus, Bidens and<br />
Corchorus. More than 200 edible species are identified taxonomically. Recognition and use of each species by<br />
adults and school children is compared. Wild fruits were more commonly associated with school children.<br />
Traditional edible species once associated with the Middleveld have decl<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> number due to <strong>in</strong>tensive<br />
agricultural development.<br />
Keywords: Diets, Wild-plants, Food-consumption, Physical-environment, Plant-ecology.<br />
414.Ogle, B. M. and L. E. Grivetti. 1985. Legacy of the chameleon: Edible wild plants <strong>in</strong> the k<strong>in</strong>gdom of<br />
Swaziland, southern <strong>Africa</strong>. A Cultural, ecological, nutritional study. Part I - Introduction, objectives,<br />
methods, Swazi culture, landscape and diet. Ecology of Food and Nutrition (USA) 16(3): 193-208.<br />
This study provides an excellent example of how <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation from different “discipl<strong>in</strong>es” must be synthesised<br />
<strong>in</strong> order to understand the role of wild plants <strong>in</strong> peoples’ day to day lives. Ogle and Grivetti exam<strong>in</strong>e the<br />
cultural, ecological and nutritional aspects of wild plant use. They <strong>in</strong>clude a quantitative analysis of the<br />
frequency with which different species are consumed. Wild plant resources have long been neglected by<br />
development planners, but are extensively used by rural people to supplement their diet. More than <strong>for</strong>ty<br />
percent of the agriculturalists <strong>in</strong>terviewed claimed they consumed more wild plants than cultivated varieties.<br />
Indeed, Ogle and Grivetti found that over 220 wild plant species were commonly consumed. There was<br />
considerable variation between different ecological zones. The reasons given <strong>for</strong> the cont<strong>in</strong>ued use of wild<br />
plants were superior taste, cultural value, greater health benefits and low cost. Nonetheless, many species<br />
were no longer available and many felt the use of wild plants would decl<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
Keywords: Feed<strong>in</strong>g-habits, Diet, Epidemiology, Ethnicity, Food-consumption.<br />
415.Oka<strong>for</strong>, J. C. 1979. Edible <strong>in</strong>digenous woody plants <strong>in</strong> the rural economy of the Nigerial <strong>for</strong>est zone.<br />
Pp.262-301. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of a MAB state of knowledge workshop on the Nigerian ra<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>est ecosystem.<br />
24-26 January, 1979 Nigeria (Okali, D. U. U., editor).<br />
This chapter explores the role of <strong>in</strong>digenous tree and liana species <strong>in</strong> the lives of rural people <strong>in</strong> southern<br />
Nigeria. It reviews the different dietary roles of these species: Treculia africana fruit are consumed as a<br />
staple, while the fruit of Pentaclethra macrophylla and Dacryodes edulis are used as food supplements, the<br />
processed fruits of Irv<strong>in</strong>gia gabonensis, Mucuna sloanei and Parkia clappertoniana are used as condiments,<br />
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and the leaves of Pterocarpus sp., Myrianthus arboreus, Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a, Gnetum sp. and Ceiba pentandra<br />
are consumed as <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Discusses different farm<strong>in</strong>g practices and tenure arrangements. Also discusses<br />
the households’ non-food use of trees: as structural materia, stakes, mulch, animal fodder, firewood,<br />
<strong>for</strong> medic<strong>in</strong>es, dyes, fibres, and essential oils. Provides a few illustrative examples of the symbolic<br />
role specific trees play, e.g. the break<strong>in</strong>g of cola nut is a gesture of welcome and hospitality; bread fruit<br />
(Treculia africana) is served <strong>in</strong> ceremonies to celebrate a girl’s departure from her family to jo<strong>in</strong> her husband.<br />
It is also served at women’s burian ceremonies. Chrysophyllum albidum is used by fetish “healers”<br />
and is frequently protected <strong>in</strong> sacred groved.<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
416.Oka<strong>for</strong>, J. C. 1983. Horticulturally promis<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>digenous wild plant species of the Nigerian <strong>for</strong>est<br />
zone. Pp. 165-76 <strong>in</strong> Paper presented at Sixth <strong>Africa</strong>n Symposium on Horticultural Crops, Ibadan,<br />
Nigeria. Acta Horticulturae No. 123<br />
Reviews the results of research conducted on edible <strong>in</strong>digenous woody plants <strong>in</strong> southern Nigeria. Notes that<br />
an <strong>in</strong>ventory of edible wild trees revealed a total of 112 exploited species. Market studies have revealed that 57<br />
species of wild and semi-wild edible woody plants are available seasonally <strong>in</strong> markets <strong>in</strong> the southeastern<br />
region of Nigeria. Notes that most of the wild fruit and <strong>vegetable</strong> species are expensive, though available<br />
dur<strong>in</strong>g strategic periods (e.g. dur<strong>in</strong>g the hungry season <strong>for</strong> fruits and the dry season <strong>for</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s). Oka<strong>for</strong><br />
adds that high prices are probably due to scarcity and consumer preferences. Commonly marketed species<br />
<strong>in</strong>clude Chrysophyllum albidum, Dacryodes edulis, Irv<strong>in</strong>gia gabonensis, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Treculia africana,<br />
Parkia clappertoniana, Dennettia tripetala, Garc<strong>in</strong>ia cola, Pterocarpus sp., and Afzelia bella.<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
417.Oryem-Origa, H., E. K. Z. Kakudidi, A. B. Katende and Z. R. Bukenya. 1995. Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary ethnobotanical<br />
studies of the Rwenzori mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong>est area <strong>in</strong> Bundibugyo District, Uganda. Bothalia 25(1): 111-9.<br />
Ethnobotanical studies of the Rwenzori Mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong>est area <strong>in</strong> Bundibugyo District <strong>in</strong> Uganda were<br />
carried out between May and Dec. 1991, and covered the northern part of the Rwenzori Mounta<strong>in</strong> slopes<br />
occupied by the Bakonjo people. The presence of a major footpath through the <strong>for</strong>est with numerous<br />
utility trails radiat<strong>in</strong>g from it showed that some <strong>for</strong>est resources are be<strong>in</strong>g sought by the local population.<br />
Plant biodiversity was high, as <strong>in</strong>dicated by the fact that <strong>in</strong> a study plot of only 4250 m2, a total of 115<br />
plant species, 101 genera and 57 families were identified from a collection of 300 plant specimens. 77<br />
plant species were found import to local communities. Of these, 22 were used <strong>for</strong> medic<strong>in</strong>al purposes, 16<br />
<strong>for</strong> firewood, 13 <strong>for</strong> construction, jo<strong>in</strong>ery and furniture, 12 <strong>for</strong> craftwork, 10 <strong>for</strong> edible fruits and <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
and 27 were used <strong>for</strong> a variety of other purposes. These other purposes <strong>in</strong>clude construction of<br />
shr<strong>in</strong>es, cover<strong>in</strong>g of granary floors, use as toilet paper, carry<strong>in</strong>g luggage, and fodder <strong>for</strong> goats, sheep and<br />
cattle. Arund<strong>in</strong>aria alp<strong>in</strong>a K. Schum. (bamboo) was the species most extensively harvested from the <strong>for</strong>est.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Ethnobotany<br />
Keywords: Medic<strong>in</strong>al-plants, Ethnobotany, Indigenous-knowledge, Utilization, Genetic-resources.<br />
418.Thomo, M. A. and M. B. Kwapata. 1983. A survey of <strong>in</strong>digenous fruits and <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> villages<br />
around Bunda College of Agriculture. Research Bullet<strong>in</strong> Bunda College of Agriculture (Malawi) 12:<br />
135-67.<br />
A survey was conducted to identify species, distribution and popularity of <strong>in</strong>digenous wild fruits and<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s, def<strong>in</strong>ed as any produce grow<strong>in</strong>g wild or semi-wild <strong>in</strong> the natural <strong>for</strong>ests and waste lands.<br />
The survey <strong>in</strong>volved 60 farm families from 4 villages. Thirty fruit species and 45 <strong>vegetable</strong>s were identified.<br />
The farm families ate more wild fruits and <strong>vegetable</strong>s dur<strong>in</strong>g the critical times of food shortage of the<br />
dry and ra<strong>in</strong>y seasons. De<strong>for</strong>estation and cultivation of land near the homes <strong>in</strong>creased the distance to<br />
areas where these fruit and <strong>vegetable</strong>s were found. Scientific and vernacular names, growth habits, time<br />
of the year available, which part of the plant is eaten, where it is found (environment), other uses and<br />
methods of preparation, are reviewed.<br />
Keywords: Wild-species, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>, Regional-survey.
M: General<br />
419.Adebanjo, A. and E. Shopeju. 1993. Sources and mycoflora associated with some sundried <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
<strong>in</strong> storage. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 31(4): 255-63.<br />
The sources and mycoflora of sundried, preserved: Abelmoschus esculentus, Corchorus olitorius, Solanum<br />
macrocarpon and Capsicum annum collected from 3 markets <strong>in</strong> Nigeria were <strong>in</strong>vestigated over a period of<br />
8 weeks. The predom<strong>in</strong>ant fungi isolated from stored <strong>vegetable</strong>s were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A.<br />
fumigatus, Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium oxalicum, Rhizomucor pusillus and Fusarium equiseti. The mycoflora<br />
of fresh <strong>vegetable</strong>s differed from that follow<strong>in</strong>g sundry<strong>in</strong>g. Some microorganisms were isolated immediately<br />
after sundry<strong>in</strong>g and throughout storage. There was also evidence that some of these species were<br />
acquired <strong>in</strong> the field and carried <strong>in</strong>to storage. Post-harvest contam<strong>in</strong>ants, handl<strong>in</strong>g, air spora dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
sundry<strong>in</strong>g and storage fungi were other sources of contam<strong>in</strong>ation of these <strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Postharvest-losses, Storage-losses.<br />
General<br />
420.Agbakli, R., H. Maraite and J. E. Col<strong>in</strong>. 1992. L’utilisation des extraits de neem (Azadirachta <strong>in</strong>dica)<br />
dans la lutte contre les nematodes a galles (Meloidogyne sp.) en culture de legumes feuilles au Sud-<br />
Ben<strong>in</strong> [The use of neem extracts to control root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) <strong>in</strong> leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong><br />
southern Ben<strong>in</strong>]. Mededel<strong>in</strong>gen Van De Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent<br />
(Belgium) 57(3a): 913-8.<br />
In Ben<strong>in</strong>, different concentrations of leaf and cake extracts of neem were applied <strong>in</strong> soils <strong>in</strong>fested with<br />
root-knot nematodes as protective treatments. Three leaf <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> were grown, viz. jute (Corchorus<br />
olitorius), celosia (Celosia argentea) and lettuce. Treatment with leaf extract had no effect. On the other<br />
hand, neem cake applications at 0.5 and 1 kg/m2 produced a yield <strong>in</strong>crease and a decrease <strong>in</strong> the disease<br />
rate. These effects were often stronger than that of the chemical reference treatment with carbofuran.<br />
Keywords: Plant-nematodes, Meloidogyne, Pest-control, Azadirachta-<strong>in</strong>dica.<br />
421.Agbakli, R., J. E. Col<strong>in</strong> and H. Maraite. 1992. L’ utilisation des extraits de neem (Azadirachta <strong>in</strong>dica)<br />
dans la lutte contre les nematodes a galles (Meloidogyne sp.) en culture de legumes feuilles au Sud-<br />
Ben<strong>in</strong> [The use of neem extracts (Azadirachta <strong>in</strong>dica) to control root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.)<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s cultures <strong>in</strong> the South-Ben<strong>in</strong>]. Internationaal Symposium Over Fytofarmacie En<br />
Fytiatrie (Belgium). [Rijksuniversiteit Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Gent] 44(3): 913-8.<br />
Keywords: Azadirachta-<strong>in</strong>dica, Botanical-<strong>in</strong>secticides, Plant-extracts, Nematode-control,Yields.<br />
422.Ahmed, A. H. 1978. Studies on the virus diseases of <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> the Sudan. Acta Horticulturae(84):<br />
65-72.<br />
This paper was given at the 5th <strong>Africa</strong> symposium on horticultural <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> Khartoum, 27 Nov. -2 Dec.,<br />
1977. In field tests aga<strong>in</strong>st tomato leaf curl virus by <strong>in</strong>secticidal spray<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st Bemisia tabaci , comb<strong>in</strong>ed<br />
with frequent rogue<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>in</strong>fected plants, <strong>in</strong>cidence was significantly reduced and yield <strong>in</strong>creased.<br />
All 15 Hibiscus esculentus cvs. tested <strong>in</strong> the field proved susceptible to H. esculentus leaf curl virus. A severe<br />
str. of tobacco mosaic virus was isolated from tomato and a str. of watermelon mosaic virus caus<strong>in</strong>g<br />
severe damage to cucurbits is also reported.<br />
Keywords: Viruses, Tomato-leaf-curl-virus, Transmission, Diseases, Tobacco-leaf-curl, Pests, Plant-pathology.<br />
423.Amat, J. P., M. Esquerre, S. Edd<strong>in</strong>e, K. Daoud and J. Pr<strong>in</strong>i. 1981. L’agriculture maraichere et fruitiere<br />
traditionnelle en Republique de Djibouti [Traditional horticulture and fruitculture <strong>in</strong> the republic of<br />
Djibouti]. Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique, Paris (France).<br />
General<br />
In this booklet, data obta<strong>in</strong>ed from numerous <strong>in</strong>terviews with local <strong>vegetable</strong> and fruit growers are presented.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g these <strong>in</strong>terviews, <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation was gathered on the structure of the smallhold<strong>in</strong>g, production<br />
factors, area, yields and types of <strong>crops</strong>, cultural practices and methods of distribution of the produce.<br />
Soil and water samples were taken <strong>for</strong> analysis. The agricultural area of the Republic of Djibouti covers<br />
about 100 ha of which 74 ha are devoted to <strong>vegetable</strong> grow<strong>in</strong>g, occupy<strong>in</strong>g about 400 people. The <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
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gardens are very small, 10-60 are, on the average, with daily irrigation a necessity. The water is often<br />
excessively sal<strong>in</strong>e. In the third part of this booklet, ways to <strong>in</strong>crease areas and production are discussed.<br />
Keywords: Traditional-farm<strong>in</strong>g, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>, Crop-production, Cultural-practices, Farm-survey.<br />
424.Appert, J. and J. Deuse. 1988. Insectes nuisibles aux cultures vivrieres et maraicheres [Insect pests <strong>in</strong><br />
food <strong>crops</strong>]. Technicien D’Agriculture Tropicale (Netherlands), no. 8.<br />
The <strong>in</strong>sect pests <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Africa</strong>n countries and pest control methods are dealt with. In the first volume, the<br />
basic pr<strong>in</strong>ciples of entomology (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a short description of the various <strong>in</strong>sect families), pest symptoms,<br />
types of pest damage, pest control methods, the different classes of pesticides, pesticide <strong>for</strong>mulations,<br />
application methods, toxicity levels and the correspond<strong>in</strong>g withhold<strong>in</strong>g periods and the pesticide<br />
distribution canals are discussed. In the second volume, the biology and methods of control of various<br />
tropical pests (such as Heliothis armigera, grass hoppers, termites and borers) <strong>in</strong> various <strong>crops</strong>, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />
rice, maize, sorghum, potato, yam, cassava, groundnut and <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> are reviewed.<br />
Keywords: Insect-pests, Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Pest-control.<br />
425.Asfaw, Z. 1997. Ethiopian traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s: synopsis of situation and desirable steps ahead.<br />
Pp.100-3. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Limbe Cameroon. January 13-18, 1997. Workshop<br />
Papers. (R. Schippers and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Keywords: Indigenous, Vegetables.<br />
426.Asoegwu, S. N. 1989. The <strong>in</strong>dustrial potentials of some Nigeria’s fruit and <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Occasional<br />
Paper National Horticultural Research Institute (20): 11.<br />
Emphasis is now be<strong>in</strong>g laid <strong>in</strong> Nigeria on the production of horticultural produce such as fruits and<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s. The <strong>in</strong>dustrial potentials of some of these fruits, such as cashew apple, papaya, West <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
serendipity berry (Dioscoreophyllum cumm<strong>in</strong>sii), <strong>Africa</strong>n bush mango (Irv<strong>in</strong>gia gabonensis) and <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
pear (Dacryodis edulis) and <strong>vegetable</strong>s, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Amaranthus spp, egusi and fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> (Telfairia<br />
occidentalis) are highlighted, while some problems encountered <strong>in</strong> the development of the fruit <strong>in</strong>dustry<br />
are discussed.<br />
Keywords: Crop-potential, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>, Industrial-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
427.Attere, A. F. and L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o. IPGRI; A strategy <strong>for</strong> the development of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Pp. 8-11<br />
<strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s.Limbe Cameroon, January 13-18, 1997. Workshop<br />
papers. (R. Schippers and L. Budd, editors) ODA,<br />
Keywords: Vegetables, Indigenous, Strategies.<br />
General<br />
428.Badifu, G. I. O. 1993. Food potentials of some unconventional oilseeds grown <strong>in</strong> Nigeria: a brief<br />
review. Plant Foods <strong>for</strong> Human Nutrition (Netherlands) 43(3): 211-24.<br />
A brief review of literature on kernels of Citrullus spp.; Cucumeropsis spp. (egusi melon); Telfairia occidentalis<br />
(fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong>), and Lagenaria spp. (gourd), and of other oilseeds such as Pentaclethra macrophylla<br />
(<strong>Africa</strong>n oil bean), Parkia spp. (<strong>Africa</strong>n locust bean), and Butyrospermum paradoxum (shea butter), all of<br />
which are grown and widely used as food <strong>in</strong> Nigeria, is presented. The kernels of Cucurbitaceae species<br />
<strong>for</strong>m the bulk of conventional oilseeds used <strong>for</strong> food <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. The nutritional value (prote<strong>in</strong> content<br />
and other) of some of the kernels and the chemicophysical properties and storage stability of the oils<br />
obta<strong>in</strong>ed from them are discussed. The various consumable <strong>for</strong>ms <strong>in</strong> which they exist are also described.<br />
The potential and constra<strong>in</strong>ts of these neglected oilseeds <strong>in</strong> Nigeria are highlighted.<br />
Keywords: Oilseeds, Nutritive-value, Keep<strong>in</strong>g-quality, Food-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
429.Badra, T., A. A. O. Edema, P. Nath, Prem Nath and Prem Nath. 1982. Vegetable and fruit collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
Nigeria. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (50): 41-4.<br />
A total of 787 accessions of 33 <strong>vegetable</strong> and fruit <strong>crops</strong> (listed) was collected <strong>in</strong> 1981. The distribution,<br />
abundance and variation found are given.
Keywords: Maps, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>, Genetic-resources.<br />
430.Ber<strong>in</strong>yuy, J. E., F. C. Nguy and A. Boukong. 1997. Potentials and constra<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>for</strong> <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
<strong>in</strong> Cameroon. Pp. 36-41. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Limbe Cameroon. January 13-<br />
18, 1997. Workshop Papers. (R. Schippers and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Cameroon has a wide range of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g wild species many of which are only<br />
found <strong>in</strong> the lowlands or highlands. Their true potential has never been exploited as no standardized<br />
practices exist <strong>for</strong> their production and because they are always grown together with other <strong>crops</strong> that<br />
compete <strong>for</strong> the same nutrients. When harvested, a large proportion of the crop gets lost because handl<strong>in</strong>g<br />
and market<strong>in</strong>g are poor. No post-harvest technologies exist or where they do, are either too complex or unaf<strong>for</strong>dable<br />
<strong>for</strong> the producer. In addition, there is no pric<strong>in</strong>g structure that is part of an overall agricultural<br />
policy and this discourages entrepeneurs who would like to produce these <strong>vegetable</strong>s on a commercial<br />
basis. These constra<strong>in</strong>ts are exam<strong>in</strong>ed and it is suggested that to atta<strong>in</strong> the full potential of these <strong>in</strong>digenous<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s, research is needed <strong>in</strong>to the different stages of production, handl<strong>in</strong>g and distribution.<br />
Keywords: Market<strong>in</strong>g, Indig<strong>in</strong>ous, Vegetables.<br />
431.Bola, M. L. and F. Szafranski. 1991. Plantes spontanées à feuilles-legumes de Kisangani et environs<br />
(Zaire) [Wild plants used as <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s from Kisangani and surround<strong>in</strong>gs (Zaire)] [Tal<strong>in</strong>um<br />
triangulare, Gnetum africanum, Amaranthus viridis, Amaranthus sp<strong>in</strong>osa, Portulacaceae, Araceae,<br />
Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Vitaceae]]. Belgian Journal of Botany (Belgium) 124(2): 222-34.<br />
Keywords: Wild-plants, Natural-distribution, Habitats, Consumer-surveys, Chemical-composition.<br />
432.Boutler, D. and J. S. Gilroy. 1992. Partial sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA of two genera from each of<br />
six flower<strong>in</strong>g plant families. Phytochemistry 31(4): 1243-6.<br />
Sequences of 18S rRNA were determ<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>for</strong> Amaranthus caudatus, Celosia cristata [C. argentea var. cristata]<br />
(Amaranthaceae), Calandr<strong>in</strong>ia discolor, Portulaca grandiflora (Portulacaceae), Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia<br />
soulangiana (Magnoliaceae), Saponaria offic<strong>in</strong>alis, Stellaria media (Caryophyllaceae), Ranunculus repens,<br />
R. acris (Ranunculaceae), Sp<strong>in</strong>acia oleracea and Chenopodium album (Chenopodiaceae) and analysed us<strong>in</strong>g<br />
parsimony programmes. Parsimonious trees that were generated revealed that the 2 genera of the<br />
same family generally appeared together except that Calandr<strong>in</strong>ia was often l<strong>in</strong>ked with Amaranthus, and<br />
Portulaca with the Caryophyllaceae. The results are discussed with reference to the value of rRNA<br />
sequenc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> phylogenetic studies.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
General<br />
Keywords: Evolution, Biotechnology, Molecular-genetics, Taxonomy.<br />
433.Brun, T., J. Reynaud and S. Chevassus Agnes. 1989. Food and nutritional impact of one home garden<br />
project <strong>in</strong> Senegal. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 23(2): 91-108.<br />
The nutritional impact of a <strong>vegetable</strong> garden<strong>in</strong>g project at the household level <strong>in</strong> Kumbija, a village <strong>in</strong><br />
western Senegal, is assessed us<strong>in</strong>g the results of 7 separate food and nutrition surveys conducted <strong>in</strong> the<br />
project area between 1970-82. The project <strong>in</strong>troduced dry season home garden<strong>in</strong>g to improve the villagers’<br />
nutritional status and <strong>in</strong>come. Contrary to expectations women, not men, ultimately engaged <strong>in</strong><br />
horticulture primarily to <strong>in</strong>crease their <strong>in</strong>come. The survey results provide no evidence of a significant<br />
impact of home garden<strong>in</strong>g on nutrient <strong>in</strong>take. The major reason seems to be that only a small fraction of<br />
the <strong>vegetable</strong>s produced is consumed by the family and that the <strong>in</strong>come generated by the sale of <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
is ma<strong>in</strong>ly used <strong>for</strong> other than food purchases. The <strong>vegetable</strong> garden<strong>in</strong>g project, however, has had a<br />
marked impact on women’s <strong>in</strong>come. It has affected their social status and their awareness of urban social<br />
and food habits. Suggestions to improve nutritional status by <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g home garden<strong>in</strong>g productivity<br />
throughout the year and by develop<strong>in</strong>g local <strong>vegetable</strong> preservation technologies are put <strong>for</strong>ward.<br />
Keywords: Nutritional-impact, Garden<strong>in</strong>g, Nutrient-<strong>in</strong>take, Nutrition-surveys.<br />
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434.By, U. and J. Wittern. 1988. Local <strong>vegetable</strong>s - an example from Zambia. Entwicklung Und Laendlicher<br />
Raum 22(2): 22-3.<br />
This article will describe the follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>vegetable</strong>s: -Corchorus olitorius (english: jute) - Cleome gynandra<br />
(english: cat’s whiskers) - Amaranthus ssp. (english: wild sp<strong>in</strong>ach) - Solanum macrocarpon (english: <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
eggplant). Promotions, preparations of local <strong>vegetable</strong>s, limitations, conclusions.<br />
Keywords: Plant<strong>in</strong>g, Wild-plants, Development-projects.<br />
435.Charrier, A. 1991. Germplasm collection, conservation, utlization activities of the Office de la Recherche<br />
Scientifique et Technique d’Outre-Mer (ORSTOM). Pp.41-52 . <strong>in</strong> Crop Genetic Resources of <strong>Africa</strong>.<br />
17-20 Oct 1988 Ibadan (Nigeria) Ibadan (Nigeria)(S. Hamon, N. Q. Ng P. Perr<strong>in</strong>o F. Attere and H.<br />
Zedan, editors). International Inst. of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan (Nigeria) and International Board<br />
<strong>for</strong> Plant Genetic Resources, Rome (Italy) UNEP, Nairobi (Kenya), Ibadan (Nigeria).<br />
CABI copyright<br />
Keywords: Germplasm-conservation, Research-<strong>in</strong>stitutions.<br />
436.Chidosa, D. N. and M. K. Rai. 1991. Vegetable seed production programme <strong>in</strong> Tanzania. Research and<br />
Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Newsletter (Dar Es Salaam) 6(1-4): 8-9.<br />
As part of the programme to establish a commercial <strong>vegetable</strong> seed <strong>in</strong>dustry <strong>in</strong> Tanzania, seed production areas<br />
and sites <strong>for</strong> test<strong>in</strong>g cultivars of temperate and subtropical <strong>vegetable</strong>s have been selected, imported cultivars of<br />
tomatoes, onions, chillies, sweet peppers, cucumbers and auberg<strong>in</strong>es tested, and local cultivars of tomatoes,<br />
Amaranthus cruentus and A. hypochondriacus, onions and cabbages selected, purified and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed up to<br />
acceptable levels of uni<strong>for</strong>mity. Seed process<strong>in</strong>g units are to be established at Tengeru and Dakawa.<br />
Keywords: Seed-<strong>in</strong>dustry, Tanzania.<br />
437.Chigumira Ngwerume, F. 1997. Traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s as a strategic food reserve dur<strong>in</strong>g periods of food<br />
scarcity <strong>in</strong> southern <strong>Africa</strong>. Pp.94-7. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18, 1997<br />
Limbe, Cameroon Limbe, Cameroon Workshop Papers. (R. Schippers and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Keywords: Indigenous, Fam<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
438.Chweya, J. A. 1994. Potential <strong>for</strong> agronomic improvement of <strong>in</strong>digenous plant germplasm <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
agriculture: a case study of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Kenya. Pp.p. 105-13. <strong>in</strong> Safeguard<strong>in</strong>g the genetic<br />
basis of <strong>Africa</strong>’ s traditional <strong>crops</strong>. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of a CTA/IPGRI/KARI/UNEP sem<strong>in</strong>ar. 5-9 Oct. 1992<br />
Nairobi, Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya. (A. Putter, (ed.)). International Plant Genetic Resources Inst., Rome<br />
(Italy). Technical Centre <strong>for</strong> Agricultural and Rural Cooperation, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
General<br />
Keywords: Land-varieties, Nutrients, Breed<strong>in</strong>g-methods, Plant-products, Taxa, Varieties.<br />
439.Chweya, J. A. 1997. Domestication strategy <strong>for</strong> underutilized <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Pp.22-4. <strong>in</strong> Workshop<br />
on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s.Limbe Cameroon, January 13-18, 1997. Workshop papers. (R.<br />
Schippers and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Keywords: Underutilized, Vegetables, <strong>Africa</strong>, Domestication.<br />
440.Col<strong>in</strong>, J. E. and J. C. Heyd. 1991. La situation des legumes feuilles dans la production maraichère au<br />
Sud-Ben<strong>in</strong> [Amaranthus cruentus, Celosia argentea, Corchorus olitorius, Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a, Basella<br />
alba, Solanum macrocarpon, Solanum aethiopicum] [The situation of tropical <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong> production <strong>in</strong> the South-Ben<strong>in</strong>]. Tropicultura (Belgium) 9(3): 129-33.<br />
The importance of tropical leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> market garden production <strong>in</strong> south Ben<strong>in</strong> is demonstrated.<br />
The quantities harvested and consumed are considerable, and the products are of a high value, <strong>in</strong> spite<br />
of their limited impact on producers’ <strong>in</strong>come. Production constra<strong>in</strong>ts are described, and measures are<br />
suggested to improve plant protection.
Keywords: Production-location, Production-factors, Production-possibilities, Consumer-behaviour.<br />
441.Dupriez, H. and P. de Leener. 1987. Jard<strong>in</strong>s et vergers d’afrique(<strong>Africa</strong>n gardens and orchards). Terres<br />
et Vie, Nivelles.<br />
This well illustrated publication is meant as a practical guide to garden<strong>in</strong>g i.e. the production of <strong>vegetable</strong>s,<br />
fruits and spices under <strong>Africa</strong>n conditions. It was stated that the production methods were very similar <strong>in</strong> all<br />
the regions visited. Research on horticulture, however, is still underdeveloped. This publication consists of 2<br />
parts. In the first part the pr<strong>in</strong>cipal cultural practices are dealt with. In the second part, 86 local <strong>vegetable</strong>s and<br />
fruit plants, which were found on local markets, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Brassica car<strong>in</strong>ata, Corchorus olitorius, Amaranthus<br />
spp. Basella rubra and Basella alba, Ocimum sp. horse-radish tree Mor<strong>in</strong>ga oleifera and Cyperus esculentus, are<br />
characterized. Scientific French, English and vernicular names (up to 21) of each crop are <strong>in</strong>dicated.<br />
Keywords: Cultural-practices, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>, Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Spices-and-condiment-<strong>crops</strong>, Home-garden.<br />
442.Eyzaquirre, P. 1997. Conservation through <strong>in</strong>creased use: Complementary approaches to conserv<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>’s traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Pp.16-9. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic<br />
Resources of Traditional Vegetables <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>: Conservation and use. 29-31 August 1995 ICRAF-HQ,<br />
Nairobi, Kenya. ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. Traditional <strong>Africa</strong>n Vegetables. Promot<strong>in</strong>g the Conservation<br />
and Use of Underutilized and <strong>Neglected</strong> Crops. No. 16.(L. Guar<strong>in</strong>o, editor). Institute of Plant genetics<br />
and Crop Plant research, Gatersleben\International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.<br />
Keywords: Vegetables, Conservation, Use, In-situ, Ex-situ.<br />
443.Gbile, Z. O. 1983. Indigenous and adapted <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Pp.71-80. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the Sixth<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n Symposium on Horticultural Crops. 19-25 July 1981 Ibadan, Nigeria. Acta Horticulturae No. 123.<br />
Discusses <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s species consumed <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Presents <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on the nutrient<br />
value and medic<strong>in</strong>al properties of each species. Includes a description of some farm and <strong>for</strong>est species as<br />
well as some herbaceous <strong>for</strong>est plants. For example, the seeds of Ceiba pentadra, a ra<strong>in</strong> <strong>for</strong>est tree, are used<br />
<strong>in</strong> soups, its young leaves are cooked as <strong>vegetable</strong>s. The leaves of Strunchium sparganophora are gathered<br />
<strong>in</strong> bush areas especially dur<strong>in</strong>g the dry season and cooked as a <strong>vegetable</strong>. The fruit and leaves of Momordica<br />
charantia are used as a laxative. The fruit of Solanum aethiopicum are used <strong>in</strong> remedies <strong>for</strong> colic; its young<br />
leaves are used as a light sedative. Some <strong>for</strong>est and bush species discussed <strong>in</strong>clude Vernonia amygdal<strong>in</strong>a,<br />
Gnetum sp., Irv<strong>in</strong>gia gabonensis, and Ceratotheca sesamoides.<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
444.Geneif, A. A. M. K. Ahmed S. A. El Husse<strong>in</strong> and H. M. D<strong>in</strong>ar. 1985. Horticultural germplasm of<br />
northern Sudan. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (64): 10-3.<br />
Keywords: Plant-collections, Germplasm.<br />
445.Gerson, R. T. 1991. Home garden<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s: the role of women. Pp.331-6. <strong>in</strong> First<br />
International Symposium on Horticultural Economics <strong>in</strong> Develop<strong>in</strong>g Countries. 16-23 Jul 1989 Alemaya<br />
(Ethiopia) Alemaya (Ethiopia) Acta Horticulturae (Netherlands)No. no. 270(Jager, A. de and A. P.<br />
Verhaegh, editors). ISHS, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Domestic-gardens, Role-of-women.<br />
446.Gockowski, J. and M. Ndumba. 1997. The trans<strong>for</strong>mation of <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> cropp<strong>in</strong>g systems along<br />
Cameroon’s humid <strong>for</strong>est marg<strong>in</strong>s. Pp.46-51. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-<br />
18, 1997 Limbe, Cameroon Limbe, Cameroon Workshop Papers. (R. Schippers and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Keywords: Cropp<strong>in</strong>g-systems.<br />
General<br />
447.Goode, P. M. 1989. Edible plants of Uganda: the value of wild and cultivated plants as food. FAO-Foodand-Nutrition-Paper<br />
(FAO). 1989, No. 42(1) 156<br />
An <strong>in</strong>ventory of edible wild and cultivated plants <strong>in</strong> Uganda was made. The local, scientific and common<br />
names are listed <strong>for</strong> every region. The preparation and use of a large number of staple foods and<br />
95
96<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s is described, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g short recipes. The production of <strong>vegetable</strong>s and the traditional food<br />
habits are discussed.<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Wild-food-plants, Ethnobotany, Food-preparation, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
448.Grivetti, L., C. J. Frentzel, K. E. G<strong>in</strong>sberg, K. L. Howell and B. M. Ogle. 1987. Bush foods and edible<br />
weeds of agriculture: perspectives on dietary uses of wild plants <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong>, their role <strong>in</strong> ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />
human nutritional status and implications <strong>for</strong> agricultural development. Pp. 51-81 <strong>in</strong> Health and disease<br />
<strong>in</strong> tropical <strong>Africa</strong> (Akhtar, editor). Harwood, London, Great Brita<strong>in</strong>.<br />
Provides an extensive review of peoples’ consumption of wild plants <strong>in</strong> different regions of <strong>Africa</strong>. It<br />
draws on <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation from ethnobotanical, archaeological, anthropological and nutrition studies. It<br />
demonstrates that wild plants are essential components of many <strong>Africa</strong>ns’ diets, especially <strong>in</strong> periods of<br />
seasonal shortage. The authors suggest that by ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g current use of locally available<br />
wild foods the economic and nutritional situation of rural <strong>Africa</strong>ns might improve.<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
449.Grubben, G. and C. Almenk<strong>in</strong>ders. 1997. Develop<strong>in</strong>g the potential of local <strong>vegetable</strong>s, us<strong>in</strong>g experiences<br />
from <strong>Africa</strong> and Southeast Asia. Pp.12-8. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18,<br />
1997. Limbe, Cameroon Limbe, Cameroon Workshop Papers. (R. Schippers and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
The development of local <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong> is far beh<strong>in</strong>d that of South-East Asia. Experiences with<br />
home-garden projects <strong>in</strong> West <strong>Africa</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g the Indonesian model and with research on lowland<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Indonesia, <strong>in</strong>dicate the large potential <strong>for</strong> rais<strong>in</strong>g the yield levels of local <strong>vegetable</strong>s with a<br />
consequent improvement <strong>in</strong> human nutrition and farmers’ <strong>in</strong>comes. It is recommended that the social<br />
status of local <strong>vegetable</strong>s should be raised and that plant breed<strong>in</strong>g and seed production by farmers and<br />
the private sector should be stimulated. The serious risks of genetic erosion <strong>in</strong> local <strong>vegetable</strong>s may be<br />
reduced by stimulat<strong>in</strong>g their utilization and improv<strong>in</strong>g their productivity.<br />
Keywords: <strong>Africa</strong>, Seed-production, Breed<strong>in</strong>g .<br />
450.Grubben, G. J. H. H. D. T<strong>in</strong>dall and J. T. Williams. 1977. Tropical <strong>vegetable</strong>s and their genetic resources.<br />
IBPGR Report 77/23.<br />
Reference is made to fruit <strong>vegetable</strong>s, <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s, curcurbits, allium and brassicas <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a list of<br />
agricultural <strong>in</strong>stitution deal<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>vegetable</strong>s germplasm resources. Includes bibliographies.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant-breed<strong>in</strong>g, Germplasm-conservation.<br />
451.Haile-Mariam, S. N. 1985. Tenth <strong>Africa</strong>n Symposium on Horticultural Crops. <strong>in</strong> Paper from the 10 <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
Symposium on Horticultural Crops. 16-21 Jan. 1984 Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) ISHA, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
Keywords: Plant-population, Yields.<br />
452.Hassan, M. S., A. A. Geneif, M. K. Ahmed, S. A. El Husse<strong>in</strong>, H. M. Ali D<strong>in</strong>ar and F. Attere. 1983.<br />
Horticultural <strong>crops</strong> collected <strong>in</strong> Sudan. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter(56): 33-41.<br />
A total of 275 samples of 16 <strong>vegetable</strong>, six fruit and 18 medic<strong>in</strong>al and aromatic crop species were collected<br />
throughout central and eastern Sudan dur<strong>in</strong>g November 1982. Many <strong>in</strong>digenous cultivars of Cucurbita<br />
species are reported to have disappeared <strong>in</strong> some localities. Brief descriptions are given of the variation<br />
found <strong>in</strong> Hibiscus, Cucurbita, Capsicum, Corchorus olitorius and Psidium guajava.<br />
Keywords: Varieties, Crop-plants, Genetic-resources.<br />
General<br />
453.Hassan, M. S., H. M. D<strong>in</strong>ar, S. A. El Husse<strong>in</strong>, M. K. Ahmed and A. A. Geneif. 1984. Indigenous horticultural<br />
germplasm of western Sudan. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter(59): 4-11.<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation, some of it tabulated, is presented with respect to the Darfur and Kordofan regions on (1)<br />
genetic erosion and (2) variability <strong>in</strong> tomatoes, Hibiscus esculentus, guava, watermelon, pumpk<strong>in</strong> and<br />
Citrus aurantifolia found <strong>in</strong> samples of these <strong>crops</strong> collected dur<strong>in</strong>g 1983-84.
Keywords: Genetic-resources, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
454.Hedberg, O. 1992. Conservation of biodiversity <strong>in</strong> the SADCC countries - possibilities and needs.<br />
D<strong>in</strong>teria(23): 90-3<br />
The purpose of the Southern <strong>Africa</strong>n Development Coord<strong>in</strong>ation Conference (SADCC) Gene Bank (SRGB)<br />
is to preserve the maximum possible diversity of all plants of <strong>in</strong>terest (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g, cereals, fodder plants, oil<br />
seed <strong>crops</strong>, cultivated, wild and weedy <strong>vegetable</strong>s, wild fruits and nuts, ornamentals, medic<strong>in</strong>al plants<br />
and <strong>for</strong>est trees) through <strong>in</strong> situ and ex situ conservation. Adequate documentation of SRGB collections<br />
through collaboration with national herbaria exist<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> each SADCC country is an essential prerequisite<br />
<strong>for</strong> mean<strong>in</strong>gful genetic resources conservation. The function of the national herbaria is to hold a reference<br />
collection of named and labelled specimens as documentation of the flora of each SADCC country to<br />
facilitate nam<strong>in</strong>g of any plants that are collected. The needs of the national herbaria are outl<strong>in</strong>ed.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Conservation, Genetic-resources, Genetic-variation, Identification.<br />
455.Helsloot, L. 1991. Vegetable gardens as a strategy to improve the position of rural women: the case of<br />
Ile a Morphil, Senegal. Pp.359-68. <strong>in</strong> First <strong>in</strong>ternational symposium on horticultural economics <strong>in</strong><br />
develop<strong>in</strong>g countries. 16 - 23 Jul 1989 Alemaya (Ethiopia) Alemaya (Ethiopia) Acta HorticulturaeNo.<br />
no. 270(A. Jager and A.P.de Verhaegh., editors). ISHS, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
This paper is from the First International Symposium on Horticultural Economics <strong>in</strong> Develop<strong>in</strong>g Countries<br />
held <strong>in</strong> Alemaya (Ethiopia) 16 -3 Jul 1989. (Issue no. 270 is conference proceed<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
Keywords: Domestic-gardens, Gender, Irrigation-systems.<br />
456.Hoogerbrugge, I. D. and L. O. Fresco. 1993. <strong>in</strong> Homegarden systems: agricultural characteristics and<br />
challenges.Gatekeeper Series - Susta<strong>in</strong>able Agriculture Programme, International Institute <strong>for</strong> Environment<br />
and Development (United K<strong>in</strong>gdom), no. 39. International Institute <strong>for</strong> Environment and<br />
Development (IIED), London (United K<strong>in</strong>gdom).<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
General<br />
Keywords: Land-use, Home-garden, Low-<strong>in</strong>put-agriculture, Population-pressure.<br />
457.Ikeorgu, J. E. G. 1990. Glasshouse per<strong>for</strong>mance of three <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s grown <strong>in</strong> mixtures <strong>in</strong> Nigeria.<br />
Scientia Horticulturae (Netherlands) 43(3): 181-8.<br />
Two trials were conducted <strong>in</strong> a glasshouse <strong>in</strong> Ibadan, Nigeria to <strong>in</strong>vestigate the per<strong>for</strong>mance and competitive<br />
abilities of 3 tropical <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s Amaranthus hybridus, Celosia argentea and Corchorus olitorius, grown <strong>in</strong><br />
pure stands and <strong>in</strong> mixtures. Shoot and root fresh and dry weight per plant, plant height and root length were<br />
determ<strong>in</strong>ed. Two competition functions, relative crowd<strong>in</strong>g coefficient and aggressivity, were used to estimate<br />
competitive abilities <strong>in</strong> mixtures. A. hybridus, identified as a C-4 plant, was the most aggressive species and<br />
per<strong>for</strong>med better <strong>in</strong> mixtures than under sole cropp<strong>in</strong>g. C. argentea was slightly more competitive than C.<br />
olitorius but appeared more compatible with C. argentea than with A. hybridus. However there were <strong>in</strong>dications<br />
from land equivalent ratio (LER) calculations that the <strong>vegetable</strong> grower saved more land by <strong>in</strong>tercropp<strong>in</strong>g 3<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong> species (LER=3.8) than two (LER 2.0-2.5) and also harvested more.<br />
Keywords: Intercropp<strong>in</strong>g, Plant-competition, Biological-competition, Intercropp<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
458.Imbamba, S. K., M. S. Ndawula Senyimba and G. Papa. January 1977. The effect of soil moisture<br />
stress on photosynthesis, transpiration and leaf enlargement <strong>in</strong> some Kenyan <strong>vegetable</strong> plants. East<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n Agricultural and Forestry Journal (EAAFRO) 42(3): 309-15.<br />
459.Kokwaro, J. O. 1990. Seasonal traditional fruits and <strong>vegetable</strong>s of Kenya. Pp.911-28. <strong>in</strong> Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of<br />
the Twelfth Plenary Meet<strong>in</strong>g of AETFAT. September 4-10, 1988 Hamburg (Germany) Hamburg (Germany)<br />
Mitteilungen Aus Dem Institut Fur Allgeme<strong>in</strong>e Botanik (Hamburg)No. 23b (H.D. Ihlenfeldt et<br />
al, editors).<br />
97
98<br />
Notes are given on about 100 <strong>in</strong>digenous species of wild and semi-domesticated plants traditionally<br />
used <strong>for</strong> food <strong>in</strong> Kenya. They <strong>in</strong>clude about 50 species of trees and shrubs with edible fruits. Their<br />
importance is briefly discussed.<br />
CABI copyright<br />
Keywords: Ethnobotany, Fruit-<strong>crops</strong>, Wild-plants.<br />
460.Ladipo, D. O. 1997. Market<strong>in</strong>g and post-harvest constra<strong>in</strong>ts of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Sub-Saharan<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>. Pp.58-62. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18, 1997 Limbe, Cameroon.<br />
Limbe, Cameroon. Workshop Papers.(R. Schippers and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Vegetables <strong>for</strong>m a major part of the diet of many <strong>Africa</strong>n people. Various <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s and native fruits<br />
are consumed but these vary between and with<strong>in</strong> countries <strong>in</strong> Sub-Saharan <strong>Africa</strong> . Some traditional<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s are still collected from the wild but many are grown with<strong>in</strong> the compound near people’s<br />
homes and on farms <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>land valley or wet sites, where large scale market garden<strong>in</strong>g is practised.<br />
Trade <strong>in</strong> some of these traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s is ma<strong>in</strong>ly local but is slowly chang<strong>in</strong>g to a regional and even<br />
<strong>in</strong>ternational trade, particularly Gnetum africanum , Amaranthus, okra and fruits such as Irv<strong>in</strong>gia gabonensis<br />
and Dacryodes edulis. Production is <strong>in</strong>efficient and little attention is paid to produce quality or its market<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
efficient market<strong>in</strong>g systems are almost non-existent. A large proportion of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s are rendered<br />
unsaleable on farms and <strong>in</strong> the markets as a result of moor post harvest handl<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong>efficient<br />
market<strong>in</strong>g systems. In west and Central <strong>Africa</strong> this problem is particularly acute. Our study of four production<br />
sites <strong>in</strong> Nigeria showed that over 30% of <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s are lost on the farm or <strong>in</strong> markets.<br />
If the immediate and strategic benefits <strong>in</strong>herent <strong>in</strong> the consumption of <strong>vegetable</strong>s are to be realised, better<br />
production and more efficient post-harvest techniques will be needed. Market<strong>in</strong>g and post-harvest constra<strong>in</strong>ts<br />
are identified and research and development needs emphasised. Emphasis is placed on the<br />
Nigerian situation as a typical case <strong>in</strong> Sub-Saharan <strong>Africa</strong>.<br />
Keywords: Market<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
461.Lan Chow W<strong>in</strong>g, K. F. and I. Rajkomar. 1985. Selection and plant<strong>in</strong>g density of early-yield<strong>in</strong>g leaf<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s and the ‘consumption <strong>in</strong>dex’. Pp. 127-34 <strong>in</strong> N<strong>in</strong>th <strong>Africa</strong>n symposium on horticultural<br />
<strong>crops</strong> (G.E. Tidbury and H.D. T<strong>in</strong>dall, editors). Acta Horticulturae (Netherlands), no. 153. ISHS,<br />
Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
Paper at the 9. <strong>Africa</strong>n Symposium on Horticultural Crops. Mahe (Seychelles). 27-29 Jul 1983.<br />
Keywords: Selection, Spac<strong>in</strong>g, Mauritius, Yields.<br />
462.Longhurst, R. 1985. Cropp<strong>in</strong>g systems and household food security: evidence from three West <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
countries. Food and Nutrition 11(2): 10-6.<br />
Us<strong>in</strong>g case studies from Sierra Leone, Gambia and Nigeria this article describes the seasonal variations <strong>in</strong><br />
food supply <strong>in</strong> different farm<strong>in</strong>g systems. Longhurst exam<strong>in</strong>es different factors <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the differences <strong>in</strong><br />
women’s role, the effects of climate, disease, <strong>in</strong>come, and work loads. In Sierra Leone, palm oil provides a<br />
significant portion of the overall energy <strong>in</strong>take (14%). In Nigeria, fermented Parkia sp. is a common food.<br />
Keywords: Food-supply.<br />
463.Lucas, E. O. 1988. The potential of leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Outlook on Agriculture 17(4): 163-8.<br />
In Nigeria, various plant species are used as leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s by the people. Only a few of them are brought<br />
<strong>in</strong>to proper cultivation. The potentials of the species that have been studied until now are described.<br />
These <strong>in</strong>clude Amaranthus, Celosia, Indian sp<strong>in</strong>ach, Vernonia calvoana (bitter leaf), Telfairia occidentalis<br />
(fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong>), Cucurbita pepo, roselle, Tal<strong>in</strong>um triangulare, Solanum spp., and Corchorus olitorius (jute).<br />
The botany, cultural requirements, fertilizer requirement, major diseases and pests, the nutritive value,<br />
process<strong>in</strong>g and storage, and the place of these <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the farm<strong>in</strong>g system are described.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
General
Keywords: Crop-potential, Cultural-practices, Nutritive-value.<br />
464.Malassis, V. 1985. Les cultures maraichères au Gabon. Experimentation, développement [Market<br />
garden <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> Gabon. Experiments, development]. PHM Revue Horticole (France)(no. 256): 41-7.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant-production.<br />
465.Messiaen, C. M. 1975. Le potager tropical 3. Cultures speciales. [The tropical garden 3. Special cultivations].<br />
Presses Universitaires de France, Paris (France).<br />
The third and f<strong>in</strong>al volume of this work deals with tropical sp<strong>in</strong>ach plants (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Basella rubra and<br />
Amaranthus spp.), tuber- produc<strong>in</strong>g plants (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g sweet potato, yams, aroids and jerusalem artichoke),<br />
breadfruit (seedless and seeded <strong>for</strong>ms), okra and other malvaceous plants, Allium spp., strawberry, asparagus,<br />
and some labiaceous and umbelliferous aromatic plants. There is a short note on storage conditions of<br />
market garden produce <strong>in</strong> the tropics, a brief list of useful addresses, and an alphabetical <strong>in</strong>dex to the three<br />
volumes. The high level of <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation associated with the previous two volumes is here ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed. Data<br />
are given on the physiology of the <strong>crops</strong>, their food value, their propagation and culture, pests and diseases,<br />
the choice of cultivars, the ma<strong>in</strong>tenance of exist<strong>in</strong>g cultivars and the breed<strong>in</strong>g of new ones. The range of<br />
plants covered is <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>gly wide, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g lesser-known aromatic plants such as Coleus ambo<strong>in</strong>icus,<br />
tuber-producers such as Amorphophallus campanulatus, the duckweed Wolffia arrhiza (said to be the world’s<br />
smallest flower<strong>in</strong>g plant) and its pond culture <strong>in</strong> the East, and even, <strong>for</strong> the record, tropical failures such as<br />
bay laurel and w<strong>in</strong>ter savory. There is perhaps a slight emphasis on West Indian conditions as regards<br />
details of names and uses. Some plants are rather briefly treated (Hibiscus sabdariffa, <strong>for</strong> <strong>in</strong>stance) even<br />
though they are widely grown. The book is nevertheless a most valuable one <strong>for</strong> the agronomists, extension<br />
workers and market gardeners <strong>for</strong> whom it is <strong>in</strong>tended, and should appeal particularly to newcomers to<br />
the tropics who are puzzled by the range and variety of the <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> to be found there.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-garden, Crops, Cultural-methods.<br />
466.Mhlanga, L. 1992. The National Genebank of Zimbabwe: its role <strong>in</strong> plant genetic resource conservation.<br />
Zimbabwe Science News 26(10-12): 75-6<br />
As part of the programme <strong>for</strong> the conservation of genetic resources by the member states of the Southern<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>n Development Coord<strong>in</strong>ation Conference (SADCC), the National Genebank of Zimbabwe (NGBZ) is<br />
be<strong>in</strong>g set up at the National Herbarium and Botanic Garden. The NGBZ will concentrate on the collection,<br />
documentation, characterization and evaluation of <strong>in</strong>digenous material. An active collection will be ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed,<br />
with breeders be<strong>in</strong>g encouraged to fully use the stored germplasm, and the base collection will be<br />
sent to the SADCC Regional Genebank <strong>in</strong> Zambia <strong>for</strong> long-term storage. The major germplasm to be stored<br />
<strong>in</strong>cludes cereals (f<strong>in</strong>ger millet, pearl millet, barley and sorghum), pulses (cowpeas and soyabeans), <strong>for</strong>ages,<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustrial <strong>crops</strong> (cotton, sunflower and tobacco) and <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s and fruit trees.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
General<br />
Keywords: Genetic-resources, Conservation, Fruit-trees, Fodder-<strong>crops</strong>, Gene-banks.<br />
467.Mutsaers, H. J. W., P. Mbouemboue and M. Boyomo. 1981. Traditional food crop grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Yaounde<br />
area (Cameroon). Part 2. Crop associations, yields and fertility aspects. Agro Ecosystems (Netherlands)<br />
6(4): 289-303.<br />
Crop associations <strong>in</strong>clude: groundnuts, maize, cassava, tannia, cocoyam, planta<strong>in</strong>, okra, yam, Cucumis<br />
sativus, <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s, tomatoes, sugar-cane, tobacco, Cucurbita maxima, and Solanum sp. Yields of<br />
groundnuts, cassava, tannia, maize and planta<strong>in</strong> are 417-1464, 2700-15 000, 1150-5000, 320-680 and 12<br />
000 kg/ha. It is concluded that yields correspond closely with the fertility of the land. Some improvement<br />
or stabilization of the system is possible through better crop residue and fallow management, but <strong>in</strong><br />
order to raise productivity significantly, external fertility would have to be <strong>in</strong>troduced.<br />
Keywords: Cropp<strong>in</strong>g-system, Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Yield, Soil-fertility.<br />
468.Nath, P. and L. Denton. 1979. Vegetable germplasm <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter(39):<br />
24-5.<br />
99
100<br />
Vegetables play an important role <strong>in</strong> the Nigerian diet. Dur<strong>in</strong>g 1977-79 a total of 928 samples were collected<br />
<strong>in</strong> the country: okra (303), tomato (222), Amaranthus hybridus (39), A. viridis (4), other A. species (87), Corchorus<br />
olitorius (21), Celosia argentia (6), Citrullus colocynthis (149), onion (74), Hibiscus sabdariffa (11), and others (12).<br />
Part of the material has been evaluated <strong>for</strong> various economic characters and is used <strong>in</strong> breed<strong>in</strong>g programmes.<br />
Keywords: Plant-Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Plant-Selection, Vegetable-Crops, Germplasm-conservation.<br />
469.Nath, P. and L. Denton. 1980. Leafy <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter(42): 14-7.<br />
The results of an expedition to collect and identify <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s, <strong>in</strong> cultivated <strong>for</strong>m, as volunteer<br />
plants or <strong>in</strong> the wild, are tabulated and areas of availability are shown on a map. Details are given of<br />
material of several species of Amaranthus, two of Telfairia, two of Basella, two of Gnetum as well as of<br />
Corchorus olitorius, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Lactuca sativa, Nastu.<br />
Keywords: Genetic-characters.<br />
470.Nath, P. and Prem Nath. 1976. Vegetables <strong>for</strong> the tropical region. I.C.A.R.-Low-Priced-Books-Series, no. 2.<br />
Indian Council <strong>for</strong> Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India. This small book gives value <strong>for</strong> money, by<br />
pack<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to its pages <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation on Solanaceous <strong>crops</strong>, cucurbits, beans, pea, root <strong>crops</strong> (radish,<br />
carrot, turnip and beetroot), bulb <strong>crops</strong> (onion and garlic), <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>crops</strong> (sp<strong>in</strong>ach beet, sp<strong>in</strong>ach and<br />
Amaranthus), lettuce, cole <strong>crops</strong> (cabbage, califlower and knol-khol) and okra. Under each crop <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation<br />
is provided on orig<strong>in</strong>, distribution and uses, botany, breed<strong>in</strong>g, climatic and soil requirements, plant<strong>in</strong>g<br />
requirements, manurial and fertilizer requirements, <strong>in</strong>tercultural operations, harvest<strong>in</strong>g, diseases,<br />
pests and their control, seed production and improved varieties. There is a large bibliography and data<br />
on <strong>vegetable</strong> nutritive value and on the favourable temperature range and days to maturity of various<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s are presented <strong>in</strong> two appendices. Some of the <strong>crops</strong> mentioned are illustrated by black-andwhite<br />
photographs. Those <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> the present state of <strong>vegetable</strong> grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> India will f<strong>in</strong>d here the<br />
<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation they require, clearly presented <strong>in</strong> summarized <strong>for</strong>m.<br />
Keywords: Cultural-methods.<br />
471.Num<strong>for</strong>, F. A. 1997. Post -harvest handl<strong>in</strong>g, process<strong>in</strong>g and preservation of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong><br />
Cameroon; problems and constra<strong>in</strong>ts. Pp.63-6. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-<br />
18, 1997. Limbe Cameroon Limbe Cameroon Workshop Papers. (Schippers, R. and L. Budd, editors) ODA.<br />
Keywords: Post-harvest, Market<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
472.Ogle, B., A. L. Malambo, D. S. M<strong>in</strong>gochi, A. Nkomesha and I. Malasha. 1990. Traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong><br />
Zambia. A study of procurement, market<strong>in</strong>g and consumption of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> selected<br />
urban and rural areas <strong>in</strong> Zambia. International Development Centre, Rural Development Studies ,<br />
No. 28. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.<br />
This is a study of the production, market<strong>in</strong>g and use of traditional <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Zambia. A wide range of local<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s, both wild and cultivated, are grown. Vegetables such as beans, cowpeas, sweet potatoes, and pumpk<strong>in</strong>s<br />
may be grown primarily <strong>for</strong> their fruits, seeds or tubers, or <strong>for</strong> their leaves. Most <strong>vegetable</strong>s are sown<br />
<strong>in</strong>tercropped. A small section of the publication discusses farmer selection and storage. Most households collect<br />
seed from their own harvests, although exchange and gifts are also methods of obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g seed. Seeds are collected<br />
from healthy plants. In many cases, seeds of several species are mixed together <strong>for</strong> storage <strong>in</strong> conta<strong>in</strong>ers<br />
such as bottles or calabashes. This practice may m<strong>in</strong>imise pest <strong>in</strong>fection.<br />
Keywords: Seed-selection, Seed-storage.<br />
General<br />
473.Ojeifo, I. M. 1989. The place of <strong>vegetable</strong> production <strong>in</strong> the cropp<strong>in</strong>g systems of rural communities. <strong>in</strong><br />
Occasional Paper National Horticultural Research Institute (Nigeria).<br />
A classification of <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> their vary<strong>in</strong>g degrees of domestication <strong>in</strong> <strong>Africa</strong> is given. Mixed cropp<strong>in</strong>g systems<br />
with major staples, such as cassava + yam or cassava + planta<strong>in</strong> with <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> such as pumpk<strong>in</strong> and<br />
fluted pumpk<strong>in</strong> as m<strong>in</strong>or crop are discussed. To extend the grow<strong>in</strong>g season, <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong>, planted towards the<br />
end of the grow<strong>in</strong>g season should be relatively drought tolerant such as okra and melons. The status of <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
<strong>in</strong> the farm<strong>in</strong>g systems of tropical <strong>Africa</strong> is discussed.
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Cropp<strong>in</strong>g-system.<br />
101<br />
474.Oka<strong>for</strong>, J. C. 1977. Development of <strong>for</strong>est tree <strong>crops</strong> <strong>for</strong> food supplies <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Forest Ecology and<br />
Management 1(3): 235-44.<br />
Reviews f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs and research on the distribution of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>for</strong>est and farm trees with edible products.<br />
The most favoured species are <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to farm and village areas. Among the more common species<br />
are: Treculia africana, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Dacryodes edulis, Chrysophyllum albidum and Irv<strong>in</strong>gia gabonensis.<br />
A general discussion of the socioeconomic importance of edible trees provides some <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation:<br />
one market survey revealed that foods from 44 <strong>for</strong>est tree species were be<strong>in</strong>g sold at competitive prices.<br />
Keywords: Community-<strong>for</strong>estry.<br />
475.Olasantan, F. O. 1992. Vegetable production <strong>in</strong> traditional farm<strong>in</strong>g systems <strong>in</strong> Nigeria. Outlook on<br />
Agriculture 21(2): 117-27.<br />
Most <strong>in</strong>creases <strong>in</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> production <strong>in</strong> Nigeria come from areas under traditional agriculture, and small scale<br />
farmers seldom adopt any <strong>in</strong>tercropp<strong>in</strong>g technology that excludes <strong>vegetable</strong>s, yet less attention has been paid to<br />
these <strong>crops</strong> <strong>in</strong> mixed cropp<strong>in</strong>g studies, compared with field <strong>crops</strong>. Vegetables are of good nutritional value, and<br />
have considerable potential as <strong>in</strong>come-generat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>crops</strong> and as a supplement to diets consist<strong>in</strong>g ma<strong>in</strong>ly of carbohydrates.<br />
To realize this potential, however, adequate <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation about the present system of production is<br />
essential, as well as improved cultivars and better crop management.<br />
AGRIS copyright.<br />
Keywords: Cropp<strong>in</strong>g-systems, Traditional-farm<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
476.Pandey, S. C. 1993. Improvement of <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Pp. 325-42 <strong>in</strong> Advances <strong>in</strong> horticulture: <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
<strong>crops</strong>, <strong>Vol</strong>. 5 (K. L Chadha, editor). Malhotra Publish<strong>in</strong>g House, New Delhi, India .<br />
In<strong>for</strong>mation on orig<strong>in</strong> and history, taxonomy, breed<strong>in</strong>g objectives, genetic resources, cytogenetics, genetics,<br />
breed<strong>in</strong>g and cultivars is presented <strong>for</strong>: sp<strong>in</strong>ach beet (Beta vulgaris), Trigonella foenum-graecum and<br />
Indian sp<strong>in</strong>ach (Basella). It is suggested that there is a need to <strong>in</strong>itiate systematic programmes <strong>for</strong> the<br />
collection and ma<strong>in</strong>tenance of germplasm and development of improved varieties.<br />
Keywords: Genetic-resources, Breed<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
477.Poubom-Ngunduam, C. F. 1997. The place of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the farm<strong>in</strong>g system of Cameroon.<br />
Pp.52-7. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18, 1997. Limbe, Cameroon. Limbe,<br />
Cameroon. Workshop Papers. (Schippers, R. and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Keywords: Farm<strong>in</strong>g-systems.<br />
General<br />
478.Rajasekaran, L. R. and K. G. Shanmugavelu. 1981. Studies on screen<strong>in</strong>g of certa<strong>in</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> <strong>for</strong><br />
salt tolerance. South Indian Horticulture 29(1): 38-48.<br />
Twenty-one tomato l<strong>in</strong>es, 27 curcurbit, 41 French bean, 32 radish, 16 coriander (Coriandrum sativum), 14<br />
onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum), 10 sweet potato, 13 each of cabbage and cauliflower, 5 Amaranthus,<br />
16 okra [Hibiscus esculentus] and 15 chilli [ Capsicum] were exam<strong>in</strong>ed. Transverse sections of stem, petiole<br />
and root tissues of seedl<strong>in</strong>gs were treated with sodium chloride solutions (0-2 m) and tolerance was<br />
assessed by exam<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the p<strong>in</strong>k colour developed after 24 h <strong>in</strong> 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. The<br />
tissue type show<strong>in</strong>g effective response to salt concentration varied between species. Variation <strong>in</strong> salt<br />
tolerance was apparent and the most tolerant l<strong>in</strong>es <strong>for</strong> each species are given. As salt concentration<br />
<strong>in</strong>creased, tissue survival percentage decreased.<br />
Keywords: Sal<strong>in</strong>ity, Varieties, Sal<strong>in</strong>ity-responses, Tolerance, Root-<strong>crops</strong>.<br />
479.Remedios, T. and A. R. Persson. 1976. Background notes to the proposed project: The local production<br />
of <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> Tanzania with the aims of improv<strong>in</strong>g the nutritional standards of families and <strong>for</strong><br />
supply<strong>in</strong>g to the urban areas. Strensiltrykk Norges Landbrukshoegskole. Institutt <strong>for</strong><br />
Groennsakdyrk<strong>in</strong>g (Norway)(no.89): 1-32.
102<br />
Keywords: Nutrition, Market<strong>in</strong>g, Vegetables.<br />
480.Samson, J. A. 1972. Tropical sp<strong>in</strong>ach from Amaranthus, Ipomoea and Xanthosoma. Sur<strong>in</strong>aamse<br />
Landbouw 20(1): 15-21.<br />
In prelim<strong>in</strong>ary tests with Amaranthus material at Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen, a Sur<strong>in</strong>am cultivar showed no differences<br />
<strong>in</strong> flower<strong>in</strong>g response to day lengths of 10.5 and 13.5 h, while a reddish-leaved Ethiopian cultivar<br />
showed considerable delay at day lengths above 12.5 h. In the hothouse, under high temperatures, low<br />
light <strong>in</strong>tensity and low days, two Sur<strong>in</strong>am varieties of X. satittifolia designated Butter Leaf and Buffalo<br />
Leaf differed <strong>in</strong> content of ascorbic acid and <strong>in</strong> tuber characters.<br />
Keywords: Netherlands, Photoperiodism, Plant-composition, Composition, Cultural-methods.<br />
481.Seck, A. 1997. Develop<strong>in</strong>g new varieties of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Pp.76-80. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
<strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18, 1997 Limbe, Cameroon Limbe, Cameroon Workshop<br />
Papers(Schippers, R. and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Keywords: Development, Varieties.<br />
482.Seck, A. 1997. Seed production and storage of <strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Pp.81-7. <strong>in</strong> Workshop on <strong>Africa</strong>n<br />
<strong>in</strong>digenous <strong>vegetable</strong>s. January 13-18, 1997. Limbe, Cameroon Limbe, Cameroon Workshop<br />
Papers(Schippers, R. and L. Budd, editors). ODA.<br />
Keywords: Seed-production, Storage.<br />
483.Seme, E. N. 1988. The National Genebank of Kenya. PGRC/E ILCA Germplasm Newsletter(17): 18-27.<br />
To prevent further erosion of plant genetic resources <strong>in</strong> Kenya, the National Genebank was established<br />
<strong>in</strong> 2 phases. Phase I <strong>in</strong>volved the establishment of a genetic resources network among exist<strong>in</strong>g research<br />
stations and renovat<strong>in</strong>g the cold storage facilities <strong>for</strong> their collections. Phase II <strong>in</strong>volved the construction<br />
of a central genebank at Muguga. Crops which cannot be stored as seed are ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed as liv<strong>in</strong>g.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Genetic-resources, Cash-<strong>crops</strong>, Gene-banks, Genetics.<br />
484.Shalaby, M. T. 1991. Household productivity <strong>in</strong> new rural settlements <strong>in</strong> Egypt: perspectives on kitchen<br />
gardens. Third World Plann<strong>in</strong>g Review 13(3): 237-59.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-grow<strong>in</strong>g, Domestic-gardens, Households, Income, Gender.<br />
485.Shongwe, V. D. and J. C. Norman. 1992. A review of fruit <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> research at the University of<br />
Swaziland. Uniswa Journal of Agriculture(1): 77-82<br />
Research on fruit <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong> at the University of Swaziland has been reviewed and found to be<br />
<strong>in</strong>adequate. Very little research has been done on tomatoes, pumpk<strong>in</strong>s, <strong>green</strong> beans [Phaseolus vulgaris]<br />
and okras. No research has been done on important <strong>crops</strong> such as sweet pepper [Capsicum], hot pepper<br />
[chillies], egg plant [auberg<strong>in</strong>es], sweet corn, peas, melons, squash, cucumbers and watermelons. The<br />
high turnover of expatriate horticulturists might be a factor contribut<strong>in</strong>g to the present state of affairs.<br />
There is there<strong>for</strong>e an urgent need <strong>for</strong> more emphasis to be placed on fruit <strong>vegetable</strong> crop research. Research<br />
ef<strong>for</strong>ts should be concentrated on cultivar evaluation and selection, crop rotation, cultural practices,<br />
crop protection (diseases, pests and weeds) and crop physiology.<br />
CABI copyright.<br />
Keywords: Research,Weed-control, Fruit-<strong>vegetable</strong>s.<br />
General<br />
486.S<strong>in</strong>nadurai, S. 1980. Vegetable genetic resources <strong>in</strong> Ghana. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter(42): 12-3.<br />
The characteristics of local varieties of tomato, okra and onion are briefly described, with reference to<br />
breed<strong>in</strong>g objectives at the University of Ghana. The local tomato variety Wosowoso is high yield<strong>in</strong>g and
103<br />
tolerant of nematodes. It is an <strong>in</strong>determ<strong>in</strong>ate variety with ridged fruits which have low pulp content. A<br />
survey of varieties of Hibiscus esculentus from the various regions of the country showed differences <strong>in</strong><br />
earl<strong>in</strong>ess of flower<strong>in</strong>g, size, shape and dehiscence of fruit. Bawka is the most widely grown local variety<br />
of Allium cepa var. cepa. Its bulbs vary <strong>in</strong> colour from white to deep red and <strong>in</strong> shape from elliptical to<br />
round. The variety can be subdivided <strong>in</strong>to three different classes <strong>for</strong> maturity.<br />
Keywords: Genetic-resources.<br />
487.Tidbury, G. E. and H. D. T<strong>in</strong>dall. 1985. N<strong>in</strong>th <strong>Africa</strong>n symposium on horticultural <strong>crops</strong>. <strong>in</strong> Paper from<br />
the 9 <strong>Africa</strong>n Symposium on Horticultural Crops. 27-29 July 1983 Mahe, Seychelles. ISHA, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen<br />
(Netherlands).<br />
Keywords: Harvest<strong>in</strong>g, Regeneration, Yields.<br />
488.T<strong>in</strong>dall, H. D. 1976. Fruits and <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>in</strong> West <strong>Africa</strong>. FAO Plant Production and Protection Series<br />
(FAO). Collection FAO. Production Vegetale Et Protection Des Plantes (FAO), no. 4. FAO, Rome (Italy).<br />
Keywords: Species, Vegetables.<br />
General<br />
489.T<strong>in</strong>dall, H. D. 1983. Vegetables <strong>in</strong> the tropics. Macmillan Press Ltd, London, UK.<br />
Vegetables <strong>in</strong> the tropics are numerous and diverse. They <strong>in</strong>clude plants better known elsewhere as<br />
ornamentals (e.g. Celosia argentea) or weeds (e.g. Solanum nigrum) and plants of non-tropical orig<strong>in</strong> which<br />
rarely set seed <strong>in</strong> the tropics (e.g. cabbage). This very comprehensive book covers some 140 <strong>vegetable</strong> <strong>crops</strong><br />
(belong<strong>in</strong>g to 23 families) described <strong>in</strong> alphabetical order of family, genus and species. In<strong>for</strong>mation is<br />
provided on: common names; botanical varieties; cultivars selected <strong>for</strong> specific regions; centre of orig<strong>in</strong> and<br />
distribution; areas of cultivation; botanical description; environmental response; cultural requirements;<br />
growth period and harvest<strong>in</strong>g; preparation <strong>for</strong> market and storage; use and nutritional composition; and<br />
pests and diseases. Most <strong>crops</strong> are illustrated by clear l<strong>in</strong>e draw<strong>in</strong>gs or monochrome photographs. Each<br />
chapter is followed by a bibliography. Some standard books on tropical agricultural are extensively quoted.<br />
No attempt has been made to <strong>in</strong>clude the numerous non-herbaceous tropical plants, parts of which are<br />
used as <strong>vegetable</strong>s (e.g. baobab leaves). The <strong>in</strong>troduction of new <strong>vegetable</strong>s may lead to unexpected reactions.<br />
Raw carrots became very popular as snacks <strong>in</strong> Northern Nigeria. Soya beans were not popular<br />
because they required much cook<strong>in</strong>g, a disadvantage where firewood is scarce. The data presented <strong>in</strong> this<br />
book will be most useful to those concerned with <strong>in</strong>troductions and research, and to students and <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
growers. The author, well-known <strong>for</strong> his publications on tropical agriculture, has produced a work which<br />
will be considered a standard reference <strong>for</strong> many years to come. D. O’D. BOURKE.<br />
Keywords: Natural-distribution, Plant-anatomy, Plant-breed<strong>in</strong>g, Plant-diseases, Plant-production.<br />
490.T<strong>in</strong>dall, H. D. Vegetable <strong>crops</strong>. Pp. 101-25 <strong>in</strong> Food <strong>crops</strong> of the lowland tropics. (CL. A. and J. B. Wills<br />
Leakey, Editors. Ox<strong>for</strong>d University Press, UK.<br />
In this review of <strong>vegetable</strong>-crop research <strong>in</strong> West <strong>Africa</strong>, mention is made of methods of seed storage,<br />
resistance to a range of diseases <strong>in</strong> Solanum melongena, Lycopersicon esculentum and cucurbits, varieties of<br />
L. esculentum which are suitable <strong>for</strong> cann<strong>in</strong>g and others which give high yields and are suited to specific<br />
climatic conditions, variety-trial data on Capsicum annuum, the adaptation of onion varieties from the<br />
USA to West <strong>Africa</strong>n conditions, and varieties of cabbage and cauliflower suitable <strong>for</strong> cultivation <strong>in</strong> West<br />
<strong>Africa</strong>. Investigation <strong>in</strong>to the possible usefulness of local stra<strong>in</strong>s and species, particularly with reference<br />
to Amaranthus, Basella and egg plant and their collection, is stressed.<br />
Keywords: Breed<strong>in</strong>g, Varieties, Seed-storage, Variety-trials.<br />
491.Toll, J. and V. Gwarazimba. 1983. Collect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Zimbabwe (cereal, legume and <strong>vegetable</strong> species).<br />
Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter(53): 2-5.<br />
Keywords: Plant-collection, Zimbabwe, Germplasm, Legume-<strong>crops</strong>, Genetic-stocks.<br />
492.Torreilles, J. C. 1989. It<strong>in</strong>eraires techniques de saison sèche et stratégies des maraichers de Brazzaville,<br />
Congo (Dry-season farm<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>vegetable</strong> garden<strong>in</strong>g strategies <strong>in</strong> Brazzaville, Congo). Agricongo,<br />
Brazzaville, Congo. CNEARC, Montpellier (France).
104 General<br />
S<strong>in</strong>ce 1986 a study has been carried out by Agricongo, an agricultural research centre, and IRAT’s<br />
agroeconomics laboratory, on the modernization of <strong>vegetable</strong> grow<strong>in</strong>g systems <strong>in</strong> Brazzaville (Congo).<br />
Studies of farm<strong>in</strong>g systems <strong>in</strong> urban outskirts and those studied by Agricongo show numerous po<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>in</strong><br />
common. The development phase of the <strong>in</strong>itial project started <strong>in</strong> 1990. The desire to modernize <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g systems has oriented Agricongo towards test<strong>in</strong>g European <strong>vegetable</strong>s rather than local <strong>leafy</strong><br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s. The analysis of production systems demonstrates that there is a large variety of situations:<br />
from farms with land ownership constra<strong>in</strong>ts (with <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s), to farms of commercial <strong>vegetable</strong><br />
growers (where European <strong>vegetable</strong>s predom<strong>in</strong>ate). Agricongo must take <strong>in</strong>to account this diversity by<br />
adjust<strong>in</strong>g its recommendations and farm<strong>in</strong>g models.<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Farm<strong>in</strong>g-systems, Modernization.<br />
493.Torreilles, J. C. 1991. Les légumes dans la consommation et les préparations alimentaires des ménages<br />
brazzavillois (Vegetables <strong>in</strong> the food preparation and consumption of households <strong>in</strong> Brazzaville<br />
(Congo)). CIRAD IRAT, Montpellier (France).<br />
Surveys were carried out <strong>in</strong> Brazzaville (Congo) with<strong>in</strong> the framework of research and development<br />
activities undertaken by Agricongo (an agricultural research centre) <strong>in</strong> cooperation with IRAT. These<br />
activities focused on the socioeconomic mechanisms of market garden commodity cha<strong>in</strong>s and how they<br />
will be affected by the <strong>in</strong>novations proposed by Agricongo. The socioeconomic characteristics of households,<br />
and the preparation and consumption of various foods were exam<strong>in</strong>ed. Vegetable consumption<br />
by households <strong>in</strong> Brazzaville was found to depend on a number of factors, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the type of work,<br />
standard of liv<strong>in</strong>g and the consumer’s region of orig<strong>in</strong>. Urban constra<strong>in</strong>ts play an important role <strong>in</strong> the<br />
organization of collective d<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g groups. Their food is characterized by basic fish dishes and sauces<br />
with <strong>leafy</strong> <strong>vegetable</strong>s. Prices have little <strong>in</strong>fluence on the amount of <strong>vegetable</strong>s consumed <strong>in</strong> different<br />
seasons.<br />
Keywords: Food-consumption, Urban-areas, Surveys.<br />
494.Uzo, J. O. 1988. Yield and harvest periodicities of some <strong>in</strong>digenous perennial fruits, and leaf <strong>vegetable</strong>s<br />
<strong>in</strong> tropical West <strong>Africa</strong>. Pp.259-65. <strong>in</strong> International Symposium on Current Problems on Fruits and<br />
Vegetables (Tropical and Sub Tropical). 1988 Los Banos, Laguna (Philipp<strong>in</strong>es) Los Banos, Laguna<br />
(Philipp<strong>in</strong>es) Picarrd Book Series (Philipp<strong>in</strong>es)No. 60 Piccard Book Series (Philip<strong>in</strong>es), Los Banos,<br />
Laguna (Philipp<strong>in</strong>es).<br />
The major problems fac<strong>in</strong>g the perennials <strong>in</strong> tropical <strong>Africa</strong> have been <strong>in</strong>vestigated. Results show that<br />
under semi-wild and wild environment, yield of the edible organ is very low because of lack of <strong>in</strong>tensive<br />
care and more so because there is no selection of plant<strong>in</strong>g stocks. Additional screen<strong>in</strong>g and classification<br />
<strong>in</strong>to photoperiodic classes would facilitate a break <strong>in</strong> the seasonality of production and this is an urgent<br />
research need. There is a need to develop appropriate technique <strong>for</strong> easy propagation of the semi-wild<br />
and wild edible species. Adaptation of <strong>crops</strong> to conditions under cultivation <strong>in</strong> pure culture and studies<br />
on their biochemical value as food demand a lot of horticultural research commitment.<br />
AGRIS copyright<br />
Keywords: Vegetable-<strong>crops</strong>, Wild-plants, Yields, Environmental-factors, Photoperiodicity.<br />
495.van Sloten, D. H. 1980. Vegetable genetic resources. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter(44): 20-5.<br />
Keywords: Genetic-stocks.<br />
496.Wehmeyer, A. S. 1986. Why so little research on the ennoblement of <strong>in</strong>digenous edible wild plants?<br />
Pp. 47-53 <strong>in</strong> International symposium on fruit and <strong>vegetable</strong>s <strong>for</strong> process<strong>in</strong>g (D. K. Strydom, editor.Acta<br />
Horticulturae (Netherlands), no. 194. ISHS, Wagen<strong>in</strong>gen (Netherlands).<br />
International Symposium on Fruit and Vegetables <strong>for</strong> Process<strong>in</strong>g. Capetown (South <strong>Africa</strong>). 18-22 Nov<br />
1985.<br />
Keywords: Food-<strong>crops</strong>, Plant-resources, South <strong>Africa</strong>.
A<br />
Adaptability 25<br />
Agricultural<br />
economics 71<br />
Production 47<br />
research 38, 64<br />
structure 55<br />
Agro<strong>for</strong>estry 33, 49, 68, 71<br />
Agronomic-characters 25, 31, 34<br />
Agronomy 15, 27<br />
Allelopathy 33<br />
Am<strong>in</strong>o<br />
acids 27, 80<br />
Analytical<br />
methods 27, 74<br />
Anatomy 51, 53<br />
Animal<br />
biology 83<br />
Anther<br />
culture 36<br />
Antifungal-properties 49<br />
Application-methods 69<br />
Ascorbic<br />
acid 8, 79, 80<br />
Assessment 8<br />
Availability 83<br />
B<br />
Backcross<strong>in</strong>g 34<br />
Bananas 23<br />
Beta<br />
carotene 3<br />
Beverages 26<br />
Biochemistry 79<br />
Biodiversity 55<br />
Biogeography 74, 76<br />
Biological<br />
competition 97<br />
control 47<br />
properties 27, 73<br />
Biology 1, 5, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 30<br />
Biotechnology 36, 54, 92<br />
Bitter-pr<strong>in</strong>ciples 65<br />
Blanch<strong>in</strong>g 46, 83<br />
Botanical<br />
composition 55, 78<br />
descriptors 53<br />
<strong>in</strong>secticides 90<br />
Breed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 16, 17, 21, 22, 31, 32, 47, 51, 54,<br />
58, 95, 100, 103<br />
methods 93<br />
Broadleaves 51, 52, 54, 55, 62, 63<br />
C<br />
Carbohydrates 59, 80<br />
Carotenoids 46, 80<br />
Cash<br />
<strong>crops</strong> 101<br />
Cassava-mosaic-virus 37<br />
Centres-of-diversity 5, 53, 56<br />
Index<br />
105<br />
Centres-of-orig<strong>in</strong> 53<br />
Cereals 40<br />
Characteristics 23, 27<br />
Characterization 55<br />
Chemical-composition<br />
6, 12, 25, 27, 30, 55, 79, 85, 92<br />
Chemistry 27<br />
Choanephora-cucurbitarum 1<br />
Chromosome<br />
aberrations 18<br />
number 15, 20, 23, 30, 58<br />
pair<strong>in</strong>g 20<br />
Climatology 25<br />
Clonal<br />
variation 57<br />
Cluster<br />
analysis 10<br />
Collect<strong>in</strong>g 55, 56, 70<br />
Collection 75<br />
Colour 8, 20, 30<br />
Community<br />
<strong>for</strong>estry<br />
40, 43, 48, 52, 63, 66, 87, 89, 94, 95, 100<br />
Composition<br />
10, 16, 37, 50, 68, 69, 79, 80, 82, 85, 101<br />
Conservation<br />
40, 47, 48, 55, 57, 58, 64, 66, 70, 72, 74, 94, 96, 98<br />
Constra<strong>in</strong>ts 71<br />
Consumer<br />
behaviour 72, 94<br />
surveys 92<br />
Consumption 45<br />
Contam<strong>in</strong>ation 76<br />
Control 46<br />
methods 65<br />
Controlled-atmosphere-storage 11<br />
Cook<strong>in</strong>g 59, 81, 85<br />
quality 1<br />
Crop 46, 55, 64, 98<br />
Cultivation 4, 32, 46, 49, 70, 71, 75, 76<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance 48<br />
evolution 28<br />
harvest<strong>in</strong>g 38<br />
ma<strong>in</strong>tenance 49, 75, 76<br />
management 48, 62, 65, 70<br />
plants 96<br />
potential 50, 91, 98<br />
production 91<br />
protection 46, 77<br />
rotations 4<br />
yield 13, 44, 49, 65<br />
Cropp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
pattern 44<br />
system 43, 46, 95, 99, 100<br />
Cultivars 8, 13, 23, 28, 61, 71<br />
Cultivation 42, 43, 48, 60, 65, 72, 74<br />
Cultural<br />
methods 6, 27, 35, 42, 60, 71, 98, 99, 101<br />
practices 4, 7, 11, 43, 50, 69, 91, 94, 98<br />
Culture 76<br />
Cyanide 37<br />
Cytology 7, 14, 16, 18, 22
D<br />
106<br />
Damage 52<br />
Dates 73<br />
Develop<strong>in</strong>g-countries 48<br />
Development 3, 67, 101<br />
projects 93<br />
Diet 88<br />
Diets 78, 88<br />
Disease<br />
<strong>in</strong>cidence 39<br />
Diseases 4, 60, 90<br />
diagnosis 45<br />
resistance 33, 36<br />
Distibution 27<br />
Distribution 15, 18, 24, 30, 50, 62, 63, 68<br />
natural-range 55<br />
Diversification 55, 61<br />
Domestic<br />
gardens 42, 48, 53, 55, 71, 82, 94, 96, 101<br />
Domestication 73, 93<br />
Drought<br />
stress 52<br />
Drug<br />
plants 30, 40, 65<br />
Dry<br />
season 54<br />
Dry-matter-content 10<br />
Dry<strong>in</strong>g 12, 25, 46, 83<br />
Dye-and-Pigment-Products 50<br />
E<br />
Earl<strong>in</strong>ess 33<br />
Ecology 1, 15, 27, 30<br />
Economic<br />
botany 66<br />
Economics 55, 71<br />
Edible<br />
species 29, 54, 68<br />
Eggplant 28, 31<br />
Electrophoresis 6<br />
Elements 76<br />
Energy<br />
feeds 83<br />
Environment 2, 76<br />
Environmental<br />
factors 67, 104<br />
Enzyme<br />
activity 84<br />
Epidemiology 88<br />
Epidermis 18<br />
Ethnicity 88<br />
Ethnobotany<br />
27, 29, 30, 40, 43, 54, 71, 74, 87, 89, 95, 97<br />
Evaluation 13, 31, 51<br />
Evolution 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 92<br />
Ex-situ 94<br />
Experimentation 70<br />
Export 43<br />
Exports 45<br />
Extension 28, 68, 70<br />
activities 55, 58<br />
Extraction 14<br />
Extracts 49<br />
F<br />
Fam<strong>in</strong>e 93<br />
Farm<br />
survey 91<br />
Farmer-participatory-research 67<br />
Farmers 48, 67<br />
Farm<strong>in</strong>g<br />
systems 44, 58, 71, 75, 100, 103<br />
types 76, 83<br />
Fatty<br />
acids 6, 27<br />
Feed<strong>in</strong>g<br />
habits 88<br />
preferences 66<br />
Fertility 34<br />
Fertilizer 6, 68, 71<br />
application 5, 65<br />
response 10, 12, 85<br />
Fibre 79<br />
<strong>crops</strong> 24, 25, 26, 71, 77<br />
plants 12, 13<br />
Field trials 1<br />
Fish<br />
products 75<br />
Flours 38<br />
Flower<strong>in</strong>g 11, 12, 18, 33, 70<br />
Flowers 22, 51, 73<br />
Fodder<br />
<strong>crops</strong> 98<br />
Foliage 51<br />
Food<br />
consumption 75, 88, 103<br />
<strong>crops</strong> 28, 30, 40, 45, 54, 55, 57, 60, 74, 76, 78,<br />
80, 91, 95, 99, 104<br />
plants 53<br />
policies 60<br />
preparation 1, 87, 95<br />
preservation 83<br />
production 61<br />
resources 78, 82<br />
safety 62<br />
security 60<br />
shortage 78<br />
supply 55, 80, 97<br />
technology 40, 46, 80, 85<br />
Foods 59, 61<br />
Forage<br />
Plants 83<br />
Foreign<br />
trade 45<br />
Forest<br />
products 59, 61<br />
trees 57<br />
Fruit 35<br />
<strong>crops</strong> 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 48, 51, 53, 69, 89, 91,<br />
92, 94, 95, 96, 97<br />
trees 98<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s 30, 34, 42, 59, 76, 84, 102<br />
Fruit-and-nut-<strong>crops</strong> 67<br />
Fruit<strong>in</strong>g 42<br />
Fruits 19, 40, 42, 67, 80, 84<br />
Fungal<br />
diseases 1, 33, 58
G<br />
Garden<strong>in</strong>g 92<br />
Gardens 46, 55, 71<br />
Gender 67, 96, 101<br />
Gene<br />
banks 42, 53, 55, 98, 101<br />
centres 75<br />
flow 31<br />
Genes 31<br />
Genetic 47, 74<br />
characters 99<br />
differences 8<br />
diversity 72<br />
markers 31<br />
resources<br />
3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 24, 27, 31, 47, 51, 54, 55, 60, 67,<br />
68, 70, 87, 89, 92, 96, 98, 100, 101, 102<br />
stocks 103, 104<br />
trans<strong>for</strong>mation 31<br />
variation 10, 57, 96<br />
Genetics 7, 17, 21, 27, 29, 30, 33, 52, 57, 73, 101<br />
Genome<br />
analysis 23<br />
Genotype-environment-<strong>in</strong>teraction 2, 13<br />
Germ<strong>in</strong>ation 14, 41, 49, 70<br />
Germplasm 31, 33, 43, 64, 70, 75, 94, 103<br />
conservation 12, 67, 93, 95, 99<br />
Gra<strong>in</strong>-legume-<strong>crops</strong> 69<br />
Green<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s 54, 80, 86<br />
Grow<strong>in</strong>g<br />
media 5<br />
Growth 2, 5, 13, 38, 41, 45, 49, 65<br />
period 11<br />
rate 10<br />
regulators 23, 33<br />
H<br />
Habit 18<br />
Habitats 12, 92<br />
Handl<strong>in</strong>g 79<br />
Harvest<br />
tim<strong>in</strong>g 25, 34, 39, 44<br />
Harvest<strong>in</strong>g 7, 38, 39, 69, 72, 102<br />
date 6<br />
frequency 8<br />
methods 25, 44<br />
Health 43, 62<br />
Heat<br />
treatment 81<br />
Hedges 68<br />
Herbaria 12<br />
Heritability 28<br />
Heterosis 28<br />
History 76<br />
History-and-evolution 6, 9, 23<br />
Home<br />
garden 62, 78, 94, 96<br />
garden<strong>in</strong>g 48<br />
Horticulture 48, 55, 67, 72, 76<br />
Host<br />
range 45, 57<br />
Households 101<br />
Human<br />
behaviour 72<br />
Biology 83, 87, 88<br />
Humid<br />
zones 64<br />
Hybridization 6, 29<br />
Hybrids 73<br />
I<br />
107<br />
Identification 12, 31, 54, 73, 96<br />
Immunological<br />
techniques 73<br />
Improvement 56<br />
In<br />
situ 94<br />
Income 82, 101<br />
Incompatibility 15<br />
Indigenous 28, 40, 58, 82, 91, 92, 93<br />
knowledge 30, 59, 69, 87, 89<br />
species 67<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s 52, 58, 76, 79<br />
Industrial<br />
<strong>crops</strong> 91<br />
Inheritance 29<br />
Innovation<br />
adoption 38, 58<br />
Insect<br />
pests 69, 91<br />
vectors 45<br />
Intercropp<strong>in</strong>g 33, 38, 68, 97<br />
Interspecific<br />
hybridization<br />
2, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 29, 31, 34, 56<br />
Introduction 28<br />
Iron 83<br />
Irrigation 45, 46, 47<br />
frequency 45<br />
systems 96<br />
Isoenzymes 6<br />
J<br />
Juice<br />
extraction 26<br />
K<br />
Keep<strong>in</strong>g<br />
quality 11, 91<br />
Key 28<br />
L<br />
Land<br />
races 51<br />
use 96<br />
varieties 70, 93<br />
Leaf 38<br />
area 41<br />
bases 19<br />
number 7<br />
quality 11, 37, 68<br />
Leafy 51<br />
<strong>vegetable</strong>s 7, 76, 87<br />
Leaves 5, 6, 9, 18, 30, 37, 38, 41, 65, 79, 85<br />
Legume<br />
<strong>crops</strong> 103<br />
Legumes 40<br />
Life<br />
cycle 66
108<br />
Light 2, 36, 52<br />
Lipid<br />
content 6<br />
Lipids 80<br />
Local<br />
knowledge 67<br />
Losses 59<br />
Low-<strong>in</strong>put-agriculture 96<br />
M<br />
Ma<strong>in</strong>tenance 32, 70<br />
Mank<strong>in</strong>d 55<br />
Maps 24, 92<br />
Market<br />
gardens 46, 48, 72<br />
Market<strong>in</strong>g<br />
38, 45, 46, 47, 50, 61, 62, 63, 64, 74, 88, 92, 97, 99, 101<br />
Markets 59, 87<br />
Maturation 25<br />
Maturity<br />
variation 85<br />
Measurement 41<br />
Medic<strong>in</strong>al 70<br />
plants 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29, 30, 51, 89<br />
properties 30, 40<br />
Meiosis 18, 19, 20, 22<br />
Meloidogyne 90<br />
Metabolism 2, 10, 79<br />
Methods 41<br />
Migration 71<br />
M<strong>in</strong>eral<br />
content 74<br />
M<strong>in</strong>erals 76<br />
Mixoploidy 19<br />
Modernization 75, 103<br />
Molecular<br />
genetics 92<br />
Morphology 14, 18, 22, 51, 53, 65<br />
Mosaic 60<br />
Mulch<strong>in</strong>g 19<br />
Multistorey<br />
cropp<strong>in</strong>g 78<br />
Multivariate<br />
analysis 2, 14<br />
Mushrooms 61<br />
Mutations 11<br />
N<br />
Natural<br />
distribution 12, 76, 92, 102<br />
pesticides 69<br />
Nature<br />
conservation 76<br />
Nematode<br />
control 90<br />
Nematodes 57<br />
Nematology 65<br />
Network 57<br />
Nitrogen 12, 85<br />
Nomenclature 74<br />
NPK<br />
fertilizers 65<br />
Nutrient<br />
accumulation 85<br />
content 19, 68<br />
<strong>in</strong>take 92<br />
uptake 82<br />
Nutrients 59, 93<br />
Nutrition 10, 53, 58, 61, 62, 79, 83, 84, 88, 101<br />
surveys 92<br />
Nutritional<br />
impact 92<br />
requirements 51, 82<br />
status 82<br />
value<br />
2, 7, 9, 16, 23, 27, 37, 41, 43, 50, 51, 55, 68,<br />
74, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 91, 98<br />
O<br />
Oil<br />
<strong>crops</strong> 41<br />
Oils 36<br />
Oilseed<br />
plants 53, 54<br />
Oilseeds 41, 91<br />
Organic 6<br />
farm<strong>in</strong>g 60<br />
Organogenesis 23<br />
Ornamental<br />
plants 28<br />
Outcross<strong>in</strong>g 31<br />
Oxalates 3<br />
P<br />
Participatory 67<br />
Pathogenicity 2<br />
Pest<br />
control 27, 69, 90, 91<br />
damage 34<br />
Nematodes 2<br />
resistance 65<br />
Pests 2, 4, 27, 46, 61, 71, 90<br />
Photoperiod 12<br />
Photoperiodicity 104<br />
Photoperiodism 11, 12, 101<br />
Photosensitivity 24<br />
Photosynthesis 52<br />
Physical-environment 88<br />
Physiology<br />
plant 24<br />
Placement 65<br />
Plant 84<br />
age 85<br />
anatomy 5, 27, 102<br />
biology 51, 78, 87<br />
breed<strong>in</strong>g 26, 32, 33, 41, 62, 67, 95, 99, 102<br />
collection 24, 31, 33, 35, 51, 94, 103<br />
competition 97<br />
composition 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 16, 68, 84, 101<br />
development 73<br />
diseases 25, 26, 27, 39, 47, 56, 65, 102<br />
ecology 82, 88<br />
extracts 90<br />
growth 3, 73<br />
habit 13<br />
height 30<br />
morphology 71<br />
nematodes 90<br />
pathogens 47<br />
pathology 46, 90
Pests 77<br />
physiology 73<br />
population 7, 34, 95<br />
production 42, 43, 57, 64, 74, 77, 98, 102<br />
products 45, 50, 61, 62, 76, 82, 93<br />
protection 51<br />
resources 104<br />
selection 26, 99<br />
support 68<br />
viruses 73<br />
Plant-breed<strong>in</strong>g-and-selection 46<br />
Plant-Breed<strong>in</strong>g-Selection 77<br />
Plant-genetic-resources 14, 29, 30, 54, 56<br />
Plant-Growth-and-Development 8, 30, 35<br />
Plant-growth-and-development 12<br />
Plant-nomenclature 51<br />
Plant-parasitic-nematodes 52<br />
Plant-water-relations 5<br />
Plant<strong>in</strong>g 93<br />
date 44, 65<br />
density 7, 10<br />
Plants 80<br />
Policy 67<br />
Pollen 2<br />
Poll<strong>in</strong>ation 21, 42<br />
Polyploidy 2, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22, 31<br />
Polysaccharides 50<br />
Population-pressure 96<br />
Post<br />
harvest 87, 99<br />
Post-harvest- handl<strong>in</strong>g 46<br />
Postharvest<br />
losses 90<br />
Postharvest-technology 51<br />
Preservation 80<br />
Priority<br />
species 42<br />
Processed<br />
foods 42<br />
Process<strong>in</strong>g 26, 38, 59, 62, 82, 85<br />
Product<br />
properties 26, 32, 79, 81, 82, 83<br />
Production 23, 40, 47, 56, 63, 64, 74<br />
factors 94<br />
location 94<br />
policies 43<br />
possibilities 94<br />
Production-structure 45<br />
Productivity 71<br />
Propagation 23, 69, 73<br />
Propagation-methods 50<br />
Prote<strong>in</strong> 8<br />
content 3, 37<br />
value 80<br />
Prote<strong>in</strong>s 2, 3, 8, 50, 68, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84<br />
Pseudocereals 3<br />
Q<br />
Quality 14, 42, 62, 79<br />
R<br />
Ra<strong>in</strong>fall 44<br />
Rats 83<br />
Reference-Document 4<br />
Reference-Documents 32, 49, 78, 87<br />
Regeneration 7, 36, 102<br />
Regional<br />
survey 31, 51, 89<br />
Repellents 27<br />
Reports 30, 34<br />
Research 30, 34, 43, 45, 47, 48, 55, 64, 67, 102<br />
policies 44<br />
Research-<strong>in</strong>stitutions 44, 93<br />
Resistance 61, 65<br />
Resource-depletion 59<br />
Resources 74<br />
Role-of-women 94<br />
Root<br />
<strong>crops</strong> 101<br />
Root-and-tuber-<strong>crops</strong> 69<br />
Roots 38, 39, 68<br />
Rotations 46, 65<br />
Rural<br />
development 58<br />
sociology 58<br />
Rural-Industries-Economics 50<br />
S<br />
Sal<strong>in</strong>ity 101<br />
responses 101<br />
Seasonal<br />
variation 1, 85<br />
Seed 41, 49<br />
germ<strong>in</strong>ation 69<br />
<strong>in</strong>dustry 93<br />
production 7, 17, 41, 46, 54, 71, 95, 101<br />
selection 100<br />
storage 100, 103<br />
treatment 14<br />
Seed-characteristics 18, 54<br />
Seedl<strong>in</strong>gs 13, 49, 65<br />
Seeds 1, 8, 14, 27, 69, 71, 73<br />
Selection 31, 32, 97<br />
criteria 52<br />
Semiarid<br />
zones 43<br />
Senescence 9<br />
Sex<br />
ratio 41<br />
Shoot<br />
prun<strong>in</strong>g 13<br />
Silage 37<br />
Small<br />
farmers 78<br />
Small-scale-farm<strong>in</strong>g 55, 61, 77<br />
Social<br />
change 58<br />
Soil<br />
fertility 99<br />
types 5<br />
Solanaceae 18<br />
Sources 80, 83, 84<br />
Sow<strong>in</strong>g 73<br />
Spac<strong>in</strong>g 34, 49, 70, 97<br />
Species 34, 59, 61, 102<br />
diversity 78<br />
Spectral<br />
analysis 27<br />
Spices-and-condiment-<strong>crops</strong> 94<br />
Sporulation 49<br />
109
110<br />
Stability 13<br />
Statistical<br />
analysis 41<br />
Stems 65<br />
Sterility 34<br />
Sterility-and-fertility 9, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 31<br />
Steroids 65<br />
Stomata 5<br />
Storage 16, 37, 53, 79, 101<br />
losses 79, 90<br />
Storage-temperature 12<br />
Strategies 91<br />
Stress 57<br />
Sugar<br />
acids 59<br />
Supply 50, 55<br />
Survey 57<br />
Surveys 12, 46, 54, 58, 75, 78, 84, 103<br />
T<br />
Taxa 28<br />
Taxonomy<br />
1, 5, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,<br />
23, 24, 27, 29, 53, 58, 65, 74, 76, 92<br />
Teach<strong>in</strong>g<br />
materials 48, 65<br />
Temperature 3, 12, 16<br />
Tissue<br />
culture 19, 23, 36<br />
Tolerance 101<br />
Trace<br />
elements 76, 80<br />
Trade 47, 63<br />
Tradional-<strong>vegetable</strong>s 43<br />
Traditional 60, 72<br />
farm<strong>in</strong>g 38, 60, 91, 100<br />
storage 82<br />
Traditional-knowledge 60<br />
Translocation 9<br />
Transmission 90<br />
Transplant<strong>in</strong>g 13, 65<br />
Transport 50<br />
Tree<br />
breed<strong>in</strong>g 52, 63<br />
Tubers 38, 40<br />
U<br />
Uganda 28<br />
Underutilized 15, 51, 93<br />
Unit<br />
Processes 50<br />
Unreduced-gametes 16<br />
Urban<br />
areas 61, 75, 103<br />
Use 40, 70, 94<br />
Uses 12, 48, 74<br />
Utilization<br />
5, 15, 27, 29, 30, 40, 41, 47, 52, 57, 58, 59, 60,<br />
63, 66, 72, 74, 76, 89<br />
V<br />
Variability 2<br />
Variation 51, 52, 67<br />
Varieties 3, 4, 6, 7, 42, 61, 73, 93, 96, 101, 103<br />
Variety<br />
classification 13<br />
per<strong>for</strong>mance 24, 25, 39<br />
quality 25<br />
trials 1, 3, 36, 42, 60, 70, 103<br />
Vegetable<br />
<strong>crops</strong><br />
8, 19, 32, 33, 35, 37, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51,<br />
53, 55, 61, 64, 65, 66, 69, 73, 74, 75,<br />
77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 91, 94, 95, 98, 99,<br />
100, 103, 104<br />
garden 98<br />
grow<strong>in</strong>g 48, 101<br />
products 81, 83<br />
Vegetables<br />
5, 34, 35, 40, 51, 58, 60, 61, 62, 65, 68, 72, 75,<br />
77, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 101, 102<br />
Vegetative<br />
growth 16<br />
period 41<br />
Viability 14<br />
Villages 55<br />
Viral<br />
diseases 37, 45<br />
Viruses 90<br />
Vitam<strong>in</strong>s 46, 59<br />
W<br />
Water<br />
use 45<br />
Weed<br />
biology 19<br />
control 102<br />
cover 19, 68<br />
utilization 5<br />
Weeds 1, 5, 14, 15, 19<br />
Wild 43, 66<br />
plants<br />
41, 42, 54, 59, 68, 78, 82, 88, 92, 93, 97, 104<br />
relatives 29, 56<br />
species 53, 89<br />
Wild-food-plants 87, 95<br />
Women 55<br />
Y<br />
Yield 1, 2, 7, 99<br />
components 6, 8, 10, 13, 14<br />
correlations 27<br />
Yields 7, 8, 36, 38, 39, 41, 70, 90, 95, 97, 102, 104<br />
Z<br />
Zeat<strong>in</strong> 23
ISBN 92-9043-531-3