Carissa edulis Apocynaceae Vahl - World Agroforestry Centre
Carissa edulis Apocynaceae Vahl - World Agroforestry Centre
Carissa edulis Apocynaceae Vahl - World Agroforestry Centre
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
<strong>Carissa</strong> <strong>edulis</strong><br />
LOCAL NAMES<br />
Afrikaans (enkeldoring-noemnoem); Amharic (agam); Arabic (emir);<br />
English (simple-spined carissa,simple spined num-num,Arabian numnum);<br />
Luganda (muyonza); Swahili (mtanda-mboo); Tigrigna (agam)<br />
BOTANIC DESCRIPTION<br />
<strong>Carissa</strong> <strong>edulis</strong> is a spiny, much branched, small tree, shrub or scrambler,<br />
up to 5 m in height, with a milky sap. Bark grey, smooth, young branchlets<br />
with or without hairs; spines simple, straight, 2-5 cm long, usually single.<br />
Leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic, opposite, occasionally almost circular, 2.5-6<br />
x 1.8-3 cm, leathery, dark green above, paler green below, with or without<br />
short, soft hairs; lateral veins obscure; apex tapering, often with a<br />
bristlelike tip; base rounded to shallowly lobed; margin entire; petiole 1-4<br />
mm long.<br />
Flowers white tinged with purple, red or pink, up to 1.8 cm long, about 2<br />
cm in diameter, slender, tubular, with corolla lobes overlapping to the<br />
right, sweetly scented, in terminal heads about 4 cm in diameter.<br />
Fruits ovoid to almost spherical, up to 1.1 cm in diameter, red-black,<br />
ripening to purplish black, containing 2-4 flat seeds.<br />
C. <strong>edulis</strong> closely resembles C. bispinosa, the obvious feature separating<br />
them being that C. <strong>edulis</strong> has straight thorns and those of C. bispinosa are<br />
Y-shaped. The name <strong>Carissa</strong> is probably derived from the Sanskrit<br />
‘corissa’, a name for one of the Indian species of the genus. The specific<br />
name, <strong>edulis</strong>, means edible.<br />
BIOLOGY<br />
In southern Africa, for example, flowering occurs from September to<br />
December and fruiting from November to January. Insects pollinate the<br />
bisexual flowers. Fruits are animal dispersed.<br />
<strong>Agroforestry</strong> Database 4.0 (Orwa et al.2009)<br />
<strong>Vahl</strong><br />
<strong>Apocynaceae</strong><br />
<strong>Carissa</strong> <strong>edulis</strong> Foliage (Bob Bailis)<br />
<strong>Carissa</strong> <strong>edulis</strong>, showing ripe fruits and<br />
foliage (Patrick Maundu)<br />
<strong>Carissa</strong> <strong>edulis</strong> in flower (Patrick Maundu)<br />
Page 1 of 5
<strong>Carissa</strong> <strong>edulis</strong><br />
<strong>Vahl</strong><br />
<strong>Apocynaceae</strong><br />
ECOLOGY<br />
C. <strong>edulis</strong> is found in Arabia and reaches through tropical Africa to the Transvaal, Botswana and north and northeast<br />
Namibia, in warm bushveld and scrub. In the Transvaal it occurs in the lowveld of the north and northwest. In Uganda it<br />
is usually found on termite mounds in wooded grassland, especially in low-lying areas associated with Grewia similis and<br />
also in thickets in woodlands, forest edges and secondary scrub. It prefers dryish conditions. It is a tree of deciduous<br />
forest and coastal thickets, extending across the region from Senegal to Cameroon and throughout the drier parts of<br />
tropical Africa and across Asia to Indo-China. It has been reported as a parasite of henna plants in northern Nigeria.<br />
BIOPHYSICAL LIMITS<br />
Altitude: 1 000-2 000 m, Mean annual rainfall: 1000-2100 mm, mean annual temperature: 19-30 deg.C<br />
Soil type: Tolerates most soils including black cotton.<br />
DOCUMENTED SPECIES DISTRIBUTION<br />
Native:<br />
Exotic:<br />
Botswana, Cambodia, Cameroon, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Japan, Kenya, Myanmar,<br />
Namibia, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda,<br />
Vietnam, Yemen, Republic of<br />
Native range<br />
Exotic range<br />
The map above shows countries where the species has been planted. It does neither<br />
suggest that the species can be planted in every ecological zone within that country,<br />
nor that the species can not be planted in other countries than those depicted. Since<br />
some tree species are invasive, you need to follow biosafety procedures that apply to<br />
your planting site.<br />
<strong>Agroforestry</strong> Database 4.0 (Orwa et al.2009)<br />
Page 2 of 5
<strong>Carissa</strong> <strong>edulis</strong><br />
The map above shows countries where the species has been planted. It does neither<br />
suggest that the species can be planted in every ecological zone within that country,<br />
nor that the species can not be planted in other countries than those depicted. Since<br />
<strong>Vahl</strong><br />
some tree species are invasive, you need to follow biosafety procedures that apply to<br />
your planting site.<br />
<strong>Apocynaceae</strong><br />
PRODUCTS<br />
Food: Fruits are sweet and pleasant to eat; in Ghana, they are normally added to the food of invalids as an appetizer.<br />
Vinegar can be made from them by fermentation; in Sudan and Kenya, they are made into a jam. The roots are put into<br />
water gourds to impart an agreeable taste and are added to soups and stews for the same reason.<br />
Fodder: Goats and camels in the dry parts of Sudan browse on C. <strong>edulis</strong>.<br />
Fuel: The species is a source of excellent firewood.<br />
Poison: In Kenya, a piece of the root is fixed into a hut roof as a snake repellent.<br />
Medicine: Roots contain an active ingredient, carissin, that may prove useful in the treatment of cancer. The twigs<br />
contain quebrachytol and cardioglycosides that are useful as an anthelmintic against tapeworm. In Guinea, the boiled<br />
leaves are applied as poultice to relieve toothache. Root bark is mixed with spices and used as an enema for lumbago<br />
and other pains in Ghana; root scrapings are used for glandular inflammation; ground-up roots are used as a remedy<br />
for venereal diseases, to restore virility, to treat gastric ulcers, cause abortion, and as an expectorant. An infusion of<br />
roots along with other medicinal plants is used for treating chest pains, and a root decoction is also used for treating<br />
malaria.<br />
SERVICES<br />
Ornamental: C. <strong>edulis</strong> is an attractive tree that is suitable for planting in amenity areas.<br />
Boundary or barrier or support: The abundant branching habit and the presence of spines make the plant suitable for<br />
planting as a protective hedge.<br />
<strong>Agroforestry</strong> Database 4.0 (Orwa et al.2009)<br />
Page 3 of 5
<strong>Carissa</strong> <strong>edulis</strong><br />
TREE MANAGEMENT<br />
The slow-growing trees respond well to pruning.<br />
<strong>Vahl</strong><br />
<strong>Apocynaceae</strong><br />
GERMPLASM MANAGEMENT<br />
Seeds storage behaviour is orthodox, and their viability can be maintained for more than 12 months in dry air storage<br />
at 5 deg. C. There are about 28 000-30 000 seeds/kg.<br />
<strong>Agroforestry</strong> Database 4.0 (Orwa et al.2009)<br />
Page 4 of 5
<strong>Carissa</strong> <strong>edulis</strong><br />
FURTHER READNG<br />
Beentje HJ. 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. National Museums of Kenya.<br />
<strong>Vahl</strong><br />
<strong>Apocynaceae</strong><br />
Bein E. 1996. Useful trees and shrubs in Eritrea. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU), Nairobi, Kenya.<br />
Bekele-Tesemma A, Birnie A, Tengnas B. 1993. Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia. Regional Soil Conservation Unit<br />
(RSCU), Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA).<br />
Birnie A. 1997. What tree is that? A beginner's guide to 40 trees in Kenya. Jacaranda designs Ltd.<br />
Burkill HM. 1994. Useful plants of West Tropical Africa. Vol. 2. Families E-I. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.<br />
Coates-Palgrave K. 1988. Trees of southern Africa. C.S. Struik Publishers Cape Town.<br />
Dale IR, Greenway PJ. 1961. Kenya trees and shrubs. Buchanan’s Kenya Estates Ltd.<br />
Hong TD, Linington S, Ellis RH. 1996. Seed storage behaviour: a compendium. Handbooks for Genebanks: No. 4.<br />
IPGRI.<br />
ICRAF. 1992. A selection of useful trees and shrubs for Kenya: Notes on their identification, propagation and<br />
management for use by farming and pastoral communities. ICRAF.<br />
Katende AB et al. 1995. Useful trees and shrubs for Uganda. Identification, Propagation and Management for<br />
Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development<br />
Authority (SIDA).<br />
Mbuya LP et al. 1994. Useful trees and shrubs for Tanzania: Identification, Propagation and Management for<br />
Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development<br />
Authority (SIDA).<br />
Noad T, Birnie A. 1989. Trees of Kenya. General Printers, Nairobi.<br />
Palmer E, Pitman N. 1972. Trees of Southern Africa Vol. 2. A.A. BalKema Cape Town.<br />
Venter F, Venter J-A. 1996. Making the most of Indigenous trees. Briza Publications.<br />
SUGGESTED CITATION<br />
Orwa C, Mutua A , Kindt R , Jamnadass R, Simons A. 2009. Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide<br />
version 4.0 (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/)<br />
<strong>Agroforestry</strong> Database 4.0 (Orwa et al.2009)<br />
Page 5 of 5