UAE National Red List Plants Report

TECHNICAL REPORT
UAE National Red List of

Vascular Plants
2021
www.moccae.gov.ae
TECHNICAL REPORT
UAE National Red List of

Vascular Plants
2021
David Allen, James Westrip, Anna Puttick, Kate Harding, Craig Hilton-
Taylor and Hassina Ali
Reviewed by MoCCaE Biodiversity Department: Ahmed Mashli, Hassina
Ali, Hiba Alshehhi, Maitha Al Mheiri, Muna Alshamsi, Nahla Noobi,
Obaid Alshamsi, Reem Al Mheiri
The designation of geographical entities in this report, and the presentation of the material, do not
imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN (International Union for
Conservation of Nature) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN.
This publication has been prepared by IUCN as a deliverable of the National Red List of the United
Arab Emirates project (2018–2020), funded by the Ministry of Climate Change and Environment
(MOCCAE) of the United Arab Emirates.
Design and layout: MOCCAE.
Published by: Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (MOCCAE), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Copyright: © 2021 MOCCAE. All rights reserved.
Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non–commercial purposes is authorised
without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.
Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior
written permission of the copyright holder.
Citation: Allen, D.J., Westrip, J.R.S., Puttick, A., Harding, K.A., Hilton-Taylor, C. and Ali, H. 2021. UAE
National Red List of Vascular Plants. Technical Report. Ministry of Climate Change and Environment,
United Arab Emirates, Dubai.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements 05
Executive Summary 07
1 Introduction 08
1.1 The United Arab Emirates context 08
1.2 Terrestrial plants 11
1.3 Marine and freshwater plants 11
1.4 Assessment of species extinction risk 12
1.5 Red List Index 13
1.6 Objectives of the UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants 14
2 Assessment methodology 14
2.1 Geographic scope 14
2.2 Taxonomic scope 14
2.3 Assessment protocol 15
2.4 Species distribution mapping 16
2.5 Red List Index datapoint 16
3 Results 17
3.1 Threat status 18
3.2 Spatial distribution of plants 18
3.3 Major threats to vascular plants in the UAE 21
3.4 Population trends 22
3.5 Protected areas 22
3.6 Plant use and trade 23
3.7 Red List Index datapoint 25
4 Conservation measures 27
4.1 Conservation of vascular plants in the UAE 27
4.2 Red List versus priority for conservation action 28
5. Recommendations 28
5.1 Recommended actions 28
5.2 Future work 28
6. References 29
7. Appendices 33
Appendix 1. List of participants in the UAE National Red List of Vascular 33
Plants Assessment Workshop
Appendix 2. Red List status of native plants in the UAE 35
UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the many experts who have contributed to the UAE National Red List plant assessments and
distribution maps. We would especially like to acknowledge the invaluable inputs of the participants of the National Red List
Assessment Workshop that was held in Dubai in September 2019, where these assessments were finalised. Participants are
cited in the individual assessments and are listed in full in Appendix 1. A number of experts from within the UAE as well as
other nations also contributed during review stages before and after the assessment workshop, and we thank them.
In particular, the plant assessments benefited greatly from comments and data from several key individuals and institutions.
We are indebted to Dr. Dave Aplin, former Senior Executive of the Sharjah Botanic Garden, for his significant contributions
throughout the project. Dr. Aplin made available a list of UAE flora compiled by colleagues at the Sharjah Seed Bank &
Herbarium (SSBH) that formed the basis of the species list used in this project, and coordinated and hosted a native plant
working group that reviewed the origin of plant species in the UAE. He also made available his own data that informed many
assessments, and many of his photographs are used in this report.
Gary Feulner (independent consultant and Chairman, Dubai Natural History Group) contributed his extensive and unique
knowledge and long experience to this Red List, greatly informing the assessments of the many mountain species especially,
and undertook extensive post–workshop review and revision of Data Deficient mountain species assessment. Together with
Dr. Gary Brown (independent consultant), Dr. Marina Tsaliki (Plant Conservation and Research Specialist, Landscape Agency,
Government of Ras Al Khaimah), Dr. Shahina A. Ghazanfar (Honorary Research Associate, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew),
Sabitha Sakkir (Assistant Scientist – Flora, Terrestrial & Marine Biodiversity, Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi), and others,
Gary Feulner brought irreplaceable field data and knowledge to this Red List.
The following botanists participated in the native plant working group held at the Sharjah Research Academy in May 2019:
Name Affiliation
Sabitha Sakkir Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi
Ali El–Keblawy Department of Applied Biology, University of Sharjah
1
Gary Brown Independent Consultant, MOCCAE
2
Marijcke Jongbloed Independent Botanist
Gary Feulner Independent Consultant
Mohamed Shahid International Centre for Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai
Marina Tsaliki Landscape Agency, Government of Ras Al Khaimah
Hassina Ali MOCCAE
Maitha Al Mheiri MOCCAE
Muna Al Shamsi MOCCAE
Tamer Mahmoud Sharjah Seed Bank & Herbarium
Hatem Shabana Sharjah Seed Bank & Herbarium
Sanjay Gairola Sharjah Seed Bank & Herbarium
Dave Aplin Sharjah Botanic Garden
1
Attended remotely.
2
Provided significant comments before and after the meeting.
5
Botanists at SSBH (Dr. Sanjay Gairola, Dr. Hatem Shabana, Arab Emirates by Marijcke Jongbloed and co–authors
and Tamer Mahmoud) also contributed to the native plant Gary Feulner, Benno Böer, and Rob Western. Their work
working group, made plant data records available that formed the basis of almost all the assessments and
significantly improved distribution maps and assessments, distribution maps. We also thank interns from the
and contributed to assessments at all stages. University of East Anglia (Alua Dyussenbayeva, Ana
Elizabeth Chavez, Mahtab Yazdanian, and Joseph
Dr. Shahina A. Ghazanfar provided inputs at all stages of
Cutterham), who transcribed data for many species into
the Red List preparation, including invaluable comments
the IUCN database from this invaluable book.
and data on the taxonomic identity and status of species.
Dr. Alan Forrest (Centre for Middle Eastern Plants – CMEP, We are indebted to the many Ministry of Climate Change
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh) very kindly shared an and Environment (MOCCAE) staff who participated in the
early draft of the CMEP checklist for the UAE, and also assessment workshop and have guided and assisted with
commented on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distributions the Red List project throughout: Hiba Obaid Mohammed
of plant species. Al Shehhi, Obaid Ali Humaid Al Shamsi, Nahla Adel Bilal
Noobi, Reem Abdulla Humood Al Mheiri, Hassina Ali,
This UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants could not
Ahmed Mohammed Al Hamoodi, Maitha Al Mheiri, Muna
have been produced without reference to the 2003 book
Al Shamsi, Ahmed Mashli, and Abeer Mohammad Tayyem.
The comprehensive guide to the wild flowers of the United
6
Executive Summary
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) comprises diverse desert, assessed as DD were found to be threatened) and 34% (if
mountain, and marine habitats, where more than 1,000 all species currently assessed as DD were found to be
species of vascular plants have been recorded. However, threatened).
the country has long been a nexus of trade and movement The Red List Index (RLI) score for the 2019 assessment of
between Asia and Africa, and many species of plants have the vascular plants of the UAE is 0.94. A score of 1 indicates
been introduced for food, medicines, as fuelwood, and for that all species are Least Concern, and the lower the value,
other uses, and some of these have become naturalised the faster the set of species is heading toward extinction.
and occur in natural habitats across the country. In recent Twenty–five of the plant species assessed for this National
decades, rapid economic development and the availability Red List were considered to have undergone a genuine
of irrigated areas and artificial wetlands have led to the change in status between 1996 and 2019, with only one of
introduction of plants for landscape and ornamental use, these (Avicennia marina) thought to have genuinely
and the opportunistic arrival of other species. improved; all others were thought to have deteriorated. As
In this UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants, 598 species a result, the RLI declined from 0.96 in 1996 to 0.94 in 2019,
of plants have been considered native to the country and indicating an increase in regional extinction risk of the
their risk of extinction assessed, including three seagrass plants of the UAE. Direct comparisons with global plant
species (Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis, and Halophila trends are limited by the fact that only 71 of the country’s
stipulacea), in addition to the grey mangrove (Avicennia species have published assessments at the global scale,
marina). The extinction risk of these species was assessed with all of these species assessed as LC at the global scale
at the National Red List Assessment Workshop (Dubai, (i.e., an RLI score of 1). The UAE RLI score for this restricted
September 2019) through the application of the subset of species is 0.9, showing that the UAE comparison
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) species are more threatened than the species are at a
Red List Categories and Criteria at the regional scale. global scale.
Distribution maps were compiled for all species with the The UAE RLI score indicates that the country’s plants are
exception of some Data Deficient species. The full dataset, overall much less threatened than its mammals, which had
including maps, is available here: https://gis.moccae.gov.ae a score of 0.63 in a 2018 assessment (Mallon et al. 2019),
Of the 598 species of plants considered native to the UAE, and slightly less threatened than the herpetofauna, which
eight species (1.3%) were assessed as Critically Endangered, had a score of 0.9 in the 2018 assessment (Els et al. 2019).
18 species (3%) as Endangered, 12 species (2%) as However, the threatened species require continued
Vulnerable, 20 species (3.3%) as Near Threatened, 375 conservation action to avoid a lower RLI score when the
species (62.3%) as Least Concern, and 165 species (28.1%) assessments are next repeated. Further research on the
as Data Deficient (DD). The best estimate of extinction risk Data Deficient species is also required so that their risk of
is that 8.8% of all native vascular plant species are threatened extinction can be better estimated. At present, 165 species
with extinction. However, the proportion of threatened are considered DD, with many of these range–restricted
species may range between 6.4% (if no species currently species found in the mountains of the UAE.
7
1. Introduction
1.1 The United Arab Emirates context and 51° and 56°25’E. It shares land borders with Oman and
Saudi Arabia, and has coastlines bordering the Arabian
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven
Gulf and the Sea of Oman. The country’s total population
emirates (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras Al
(residents and Emirati citizens) was 9,304,277 in 2017, as
Khaimah, Sharjah, Umm Al Quwain) in the southeast of
compared to 9,121,167 in 2016, with the population
the Arabian Peninsula. It lies between 22°30’ and 26°10’N
showing significant growth in recent years (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Total population of the UAE, 1960 to 2017. (Source: World Bank. 2018. World Development Indicators, UAE)
8
In general, the UAE has a hyper–arid climate with high unclear: There is potential for increase in rainfall, with
temperatures throughout the year and little rainfall (Böer, wetter and cooler conditions, in addition to the possibility
1997). Monthly mean minimum temperatures range from of soaring temperatures and increased aridity.
1°C (January) to 20.2°C (July), with a minimum of –5.7°C
The Hajar Mountains run north–south along the east of
(February), whilst monthly mean maximum temperatures
the UAE and into Oman, with the highest areas rising to
range from 32.1°C to 50.3°C, with a maximum of 51.8°C
almost 2,000 m above sea level, close to the border
(Source: UAE National Center of Meteorology via
between the countries (Feulner 2011). They are composed
Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Authority). Snow
of steep rocky peaks, slopes, and deeply incised wadis.
is a rare occurrence in the mountains. However, there is also
Towards the north of this range (and into Oman) is the
some climatic variation, with more precipitation and lower
Ru’us al–Jibal mountain range that is arid and geologically
temperatures in the northeast of the country, and higher
distinct with basic igneous rocks, known as ophiolites, and
temperatures with less precipitation in the deserts of the
a unique soil composition (ultrabasic bedrock and unusual
southern and western UAE (Böer 1997). Annual
soil chemistry), which allows unusual, characteristic flora
precipitation averages less than 120 mm in the lowlands
to grow here (Feulner, 2011). Jebel Hafeet, an outlier of the
but may reach 350 mm in the Hajar Mountains. There is
Hajar mountain range, is found near the city of Al Ain and
wide monthly and annual variation in rainfall (Figure 2).
the border of Oman, and presents a unique elevated, rocky
The UAE may be seen as a harsh environment for species,
habitat within an area that is otherwise characterised by
although cultivation and development of residential areas
lowland plains and cities (EAD, 2018). Wadi habitats occur
has helped create seeming oases within the landscape.
throughout the northern section of the UAE. These are
There is a considerable amount of variation in the country’s
rocky areas formed by historical erosion of the land due to
habitats, from coastal regions to mountains at high
rivers. Now that the rivers have dried up, these canyons
elevations and low–lying desert plains, in addition to
and crevices remain, providing opportunities for
cultivated areas and residential developments. The effects
colonisation by suitable plant species.
of climate change on the climate of the UAE are currently
Figure 2. Monthly rainfall (mm), 2003 to 2017.

Source: Open Data Portal of the UAE Government (UAE, 2019)
9
Coastal habitats within the UAE include beaches, expanses As tourism in the UAE flourishes, so does the development
of sand dunes, mudflats, fields of seagrass and mangroves, of residential areas and coastal regions; commercial,
offshore islands, and coral reefs (EAD 2008). These areas were industrial, tourism, and residential development has
important throughout the history of the country in terms of expanded greatly in the country during the past 30 years.
fishing and trade (EAD 2018). More recently, the coast is This poses a considerable threat to flora along both the
increasingly becoming the focal point of the UAE’s tourism Arabian Gulf coast and east coast of the UAE. Conversely,
industry, with cities and residential areas along the coast species growing in the Hajar Mountains and Ru’us al–Jibal
expanding to accommodate tourists as well as an increasing may well face fewer threats due to the inaccessibility of
population size. The rest of the country consists primarily of these areas and the difficulty of developing them. Introduced
low–lying desert habitats, including extensive sand sheets species have also had an impact on the local flora through
and dunes, alluvial and interdunal gravel plains, and coastal competition for resources. Species brought into the country
and inland sabkhas (salt flats). Although these are considered through cultivation may be particularly well–adapted to
inhospitable, xerophytic plants thrive here, and occasional agricultural and residential areas, essentially outcompeting
trees provide shade for animals. Plants in the desert are also the few native freshwater and city–adapted species. These
likely to be grazed by camels, meaning that adaptations introductions are the result of a long history of trade in the
against this threat are beneficial to species survival. In the UAE with roots in imports of traditional medicine, in
southeast, an extensive area of sand dunes forms the addition to cultivation of crops for the ever–expanding
northern edge of the Rub al Khali (Empty Quarter). There are population. As some introductions occurred many years
large oasis complexes at Buraimi–Al Ain on the UAE–Oman ago, it can be difficult to identify which species are truly
border, and a ‘crescent’ of cultivation occurs in Liwa in the native to the country.
south. Anthropogenic habitats consist of irrigated farms,
The UAE has a well–developed network of protected areas
forest plantations, and urban areas.
(PAs), with 49 protected areas recognised by the federal
Currently, the country is experiencing rapid growth in government (Figure 3), as well as numerous emirate–level
population size due to the influx of employees. The total protected areas (not yet designated by the federal
population has seen a threefold increase since the year 2000, government) and private reserves.
with a current estimate of over 9,500,000 (World Bank 2018).
Figure 3. Protected areas within the UAE. Sources: MOCCAE and WDPA (2020).
10
1.2 Terrestrial plants supporting charismatic marine fauna. For instance, the
country plays host to a portion of the largest population
The majority of native plants in the UAE are terrestrial,
of limit in the country at Al Ain, at the northern end of
adapted to the harsh, arid conditions of the country. In
Jebel Hafeet. Similarly, some Palearctic species that are
accordance with this, small shrubs, succulents, and herbs
widespread in the plains and at low elevations in Central
are more common in the wild than large trees. Many flora
Asia and other parts of West Asia reach their southern
species are xerophytes, which assists them in surviving
extent in the UAE at higher elevations in the Ru’us al-
throughout dry periods. In addition, halophytic species
Jibal. Not including species clearly imported for landscape
occur near the coast, as they tolerate the high salinity of
or horticulture purposes, the UAE has more than 945
the soil; therefore, it is not unusual to find monotypic
recorded species of terrestrial plants, of which 598 are
stands of plants here. Annual species also grow in the
here considered to be taxonomically valid (for example,
UAE, as this lifestyle makes the most of favourable
not asynonym of another species) and native to the
conditions throughout the year. Unfortunately, it can also
country. The most diverse family within the UAE is
be difficult to gain detailed information on these species,
Poaceae (Order POALES).
as they are only visible for a short period of the year. As a
result, many annual species within the country are
classified as Data Deficient due to lack of available 1.3 Marine and freshwater plants
published data.
The most charismatic of the marine plants in the UAE is
The UAE is a meeting point of the Afrotropical and the Grey Mangrove (Avicennia marina). This species has
Palearctic realms, with numerous Afrotropical species been subject to conservation programmes in recent
(e.g., Herniaria maskatensis Bornm.) reaching their years in an attempt to restore mangrove stands, which
northern limit in the country at Al Ain, at the northern support some of the largest subpopulations of Dugongs
end of Jebel Hafeet. Similarly, some Palearctic species that (Dugong dugon) outside of Australia (EAD 2008).
are widespread in the plains and at low elevations in Dugongs are globally assessed as Vulnerable (Marsh and
Central mangrove within Abu Dhabi provide support for Sobtzick 2019).
thousands of water birds during the migratory season
Freshwater plants in the UAE are often the result of
(Aspinall 1995, Scott 1995), while the roots of the trees
historic introductions for cultivation, as their habitats are
create sheltered ‘nursery’ areas for juvenile individuals of
not historically frequent within the country, but have
a range of marine species.
increased due to dam and water breaker development,
Three species of seagrass occur in the coastal waters agricultural and landscape/amenity irrigation, and other
surrounding the UAE: Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis, artificial wetland habitat creation. In this Red List, there
and Halophila stipulacea. While H. uninervis can occur in a are just seven strictly freshwater plants recorded as native
range of substrates, H. ovalis and H. stipulacea are more to the country.
specialist, occurring only in sand, coral, or mud–sand
habitats (EAD 2008). Seagrass species are crucial in
11
Figure 4. The IUCN Red List Categories at the regional scale, which includes two additional categories to the global Categories: Regionally Extinct (the species no
longer occurs in the wild in the UAE) and Not Applicable (the species is not considered to be native to the UAE).
1.4 Assessment of species extinction risk size, and structure, and the geographic extent and
distribution of species, as well as the threats they or their
The extinction risk of plants, animals, and fungi is one of
habitats face. There are nine categories, with species
the most widely used indicators for assessing the condition
classified as Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN), or Critically
of ecosystems and their biodiversity. Extinction risk
Endangered (CR) collectively considered as threatened.
assessments are intended to be policy–relevant, and can be
When conducting regional or national assessments, as in
used to inform conservation planning and priority setting
this UAE National Red List, the IUCN Red List Regional
processes. However, they are not intended to be policy–
Guidelines (IUCN 2012b) are applied, and two additional
prescriptive and are not in themselves a system for setting
categories are used: Regionally Extinct (RE) and Not
biodiversity conservation priorities.
Applicable (NA) (Figure 4). The Regionally Extinct category
The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2012a) is used in the context of the scope of the assessment
are designed to determine the relative risk of extinction of project, and so throughout this report, RE refers to a
a taxon with the main purpose of cataloguing and species that is extinct within the UAE but persists elsewhere
highlighting those taxa that are facing an elevated risk of in the wild across its global distribution. As the extinction
extinction. The IUCN Red List provides information on risk of a species can be assessed at global, regional (for
taxonomy, distribution, ecology, threats, and conservation example, the Arabian Peninsula), or national levels, a taxon
status of taxa that have been evaluated using the IUCN Red may have a different category in the global Red List than in
List Categories and Criteria. the sub–global Red List. For example, a species that is
common worldwide and classed as Least Concern (LC) in
The IUCN Red List Categories are based on a set of
the global Red List could face a high level of threat in the
quantitative criteria that are linked to population trends,
UAE and therefore be listed as threatened in the UAE
12
National Red List. Logically, if any species were endemic to indicator sets. The RLI is based on the number of species in
the country, it should have the same category at the each Red List Category. Trends in the RLI are based on the
national and global levels, as it is not present anywhere else species that experience genuine improvement or
in the world. deterioration in status. The RLI can be calculated for any
set of species that has been assessed at least twice. To date,
global RLIs have been published for birds (1988–2016),
1.5 Red List Index mammals (1996–2008), amphibians (1980–2004), reef–
The Red List Index (RLI) was developed to use the IUCN forming warm–water corals (1998–2008), and cycads
Red List methodology to measure the rate of biological (2003–2014) (see the Red List Index page on The IUCN
diversity loss (Butchart et al. 2004, 2005, 2007), and is a Red List of Threatened Species™: https://www.iucnredlist.
component in both the Convention on Biological Diversity org/assessment/red–list–index).
(CBD) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Figure 5. The geographic scope of the UAE National Red List assessment, showing the national terrestrial and marine (exclusive economic zone) extents.
Source: MOCCAE and Flanders Marine Institute (2014).
13
1.6 Objectives of the UAE National Red 2.2 Taxonomic scope

List of Vascular Plants The UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants has assessed
The UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants has five main the status of vascular plants considered to be native to the
objectives: UAE. All taxa are assessed at the species level, although the
particular taxon present in the country may be present at
• to contribute to national conservation planning
the intraspecies level (variety, subspecies, or form).
through the provision of a baseline dataset reporting
the conservation status of native plant species; An initial list of species recorded in the UAE was compiled
by IUCN based on an annotated list prepared by the
• to identify priority geographic areas and habitats that
Sharjah Seed Bank & Herbarium (SSBH) and made
need to be conserved to prevent extinctions and to
available by D. Aplin. This SSBH list drew from two primary
ensure that UAE plant species reach and maintain a
published resources Jongbloed et al. 2003, Karim and Fawzi
favourable conservation status;
2007), with additional species added following review of
• to determine major current and future threats, and to more recent published records, especially the draft Red
propose potential mitigating measures and Data Book for the flora of the UAE (MOCCAE, 2010), the
conservation actions to address them; checklists for the Ru’us al–Jibal (Feulner 2011) and the
• to bring together and strengthen the network of Wadi Wurayah National Park (Feulner 2016), a provisional
experts focused on plant conservation in the UAE so checklist for the Arabian Peninsula being compiled by the
that research can be undertaken to rectify the lack of Centre for Middle Eastern Plants (contains c. 347 species
information that results in Data Deficient species, and for the UAE; A. Forrest pers. comm. 2018; Royal Botanic
expertise can be targeted to address the highest Garden Edinburgh), and comments made and edits
conservation priorities; proposed by a number of expert botanists, including A.
Forrest, G.R. Feulner, G. Brown, S.A. Ghazanfar, B. Böer, M.
• to produce a Red List Index datapoint for the UAE flora.
Jongbloed, various staff of the Royal Botanic Garden (RBG)
The data presented in this report provide a snapshot based Edinburgh and RBG Kew, and many others.
on the knowledge of the UAE national assessments
This first draft list was then revised through a two–stage
available at the time of production.
process to (i) update nomenclature and taxonomy, and (ii)
remove non–native species, which were excluded from
the assessment. Nomenclature and taxonomy revisions
Assessment methodology were based on the review of two of the primary taxonomic
reference sources used for plants by the IUCN Red List, the
2.1 Geographic scope
African Plant Database (APD 2020) and the Plants of the
The geographic scope of the UAE National Red List World Online portal (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew 2020), as
comprises the terrestrial and marine (as defined by the well as the International Plant Name Index (IPNI 2019),
exclusive economic zone – EEZ) extents of the country published taxonomic reviews of particular species, genera,
(Figure 5). GIS spatial layers provided by the Ministry of and families, and inputs from various experts from RBG
Climate Change and Environment (MOCCAE) were used Edinburgh, RBG Kew, and elsewhere.
to restrict the individual species distribution maps to the
To prioritise species, any plants that were historically
UAE and to undertake spatial analyses.
introduced to the UAE (archeophytes), even if they had
now become naturalised, were considered as Not
Applicable (NA) for this Red List. All non–native crop,
14
landscape, and many weedy species were removed from • Taxonomic classification and UAE–specific
the assessment as a result. IUCN with MOCCAE defined Taxonomic Notes.
native in this case as follows: A native species is one likely to
• Geographic range within the UAE and, briefly, the
have occurred in the territory 5,000 to 6,000 years ago
global distribution of the species.
(Before Present). This roughly equates to the end of the
Holocene Climate Optimum, after which the development of • Population information and overall population trend.
trade and agricultural systems resulted in the movement of • Habitat preferences and primary ecological
species. This definition excludes both recently introduced requirements, including pertinent biological
species, such as cultivated and landscape plants, and information (e.g., generation length, maximum size
species that have been introduced historically through and age), where available.
trade, medicinal or food cultivation, and accidental
• Species use and trade.
movement. A number of online resources were used to
inform decisions of origin, including the Plants of the World • Major threats.
Online portal (Board of Trustees, RBG Kew, 2020), Invasive
• Conservation measures (in place and needed).
Species Compendium (CABI, 2019), Delivering Alien Invasive
Species Inventories for Europe (DAISIE, 2019), and • Other general information.
Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN, 2019). • National Red List Categories and Criteria and rationale.
In addition, MOCCAE (O. Al Shamsi pers. comm. 2018)
provided a list of cultivated and landscape plants present • Key literature references.
in the UAE. This list contained c. 3,627 scientific names and A range of resources (cited as sources within individual
3,859 common names (with some common names either assessments) were used, but great reliance was placed on
not being assigned to a scientific name or being assigned Jongbloed et al. (2003), which still represents the sole
to more than one species), indicating the scale of published comprehensive resource of species information
introduction. Forty–seven species are considered and detailed distribution maps for the UAE.
introduced or cultivated by MOCCAE but included in this
Finalisation of assessments and distribution maps (see
National Red List as native or probably native. Decisions
section 2.4 Species mapping below) followed a three–
were also informed by the outcomes of a native plant
stage process. First, the draft assessments and maps were
working group (Sharjah Research Academy, 15 May 2019)
submitted to MOCCAE, who circulated them to national
that reviewed the origin of plant species in the UAE, the
experts, and returned edits and comments to IUCN. The
Invasive Alien Species Validation and Prioritization in the
main review occurred through the National Red List
United Arab Emirates report (Pagad et al., 2017), and
Assessment Workshop, held in Dubai on 15—19
interventions by several individuals. To some degree,
September 2019. The workshop was hosted by MOCCAE
especially for archeophytic introductions, this was a
and facilitated by IUCN staff. A large number of experts
subjective exercise, and one where certainty for many
contributed their time and expertise during the workshop
species was difficult to establish. In these instances, a
to review both the assessment maps and the draft
decision was made on the balance of probability if a species
assessments, and to assign a final Red List category. Sixty–
is native or not, and further research is likely to change the
three Data Deficient species assessments were not
status of numerous species. Finally, a number of species
reviewed at the workshop due to time constraints, and
changed origin status during the assessment workshop.
many of these were reviewed by Gary Feulner following
the workshop.
2.3 Assessment protocol Post–workshop editing was undertaken by IUCN staff,
For all assessments, the following data were compiled by and a final stage of review and commenting followed,
IUCN staff using IUCN’s online database, the Species with the drafts again circulated by MOCCAE to national
Information Service (SIS): experts, and resulting comments and data incorporated
15
by IUCN. Consistency in the use of IUCN Criteria was to a hexagonal grid composed of individual units (cells)
checked by IUCN staff. The finalised IUCN Red List that retain their shape and area (865 km2) throughout
assessments are a product of scientific consensus the globe. These are more suitable for a range of
concerning species status, and are supported by relevant ecological applications than the most commonly used
literature and data sources. rectangular grids. The range of each species was
converted to a hexagonal grid for analysis purposes, and
cells were clipped to the boundary of UAE territory using
2.4 Species distribution mapping
a UAE terrestrial boundary provided by MOCCAE and a
Draft digital distribution maps were created in ArcGIS marine extent (EEZ) from Flanders. The pattern of overall
based on the maps presented in Jongbloed et al. (2003) species richness was mapped by counting the number of
where available, published literature, point data records species in each cell (or cell section). Patterns of threatened
from SSBH and D. Aplin (georeferenced photographic species richness were mapped by counting the number
records) – both primarily for the emirate of Sharjah, M. of threatened species (categories CR, EN, VU at the UAE
Tsaliki (Ras Al Khaimah), and ad hoc data from RBG Kew national level) in each cell or cell section.
and individual correspondents. The draft maps were
clipped to the national boundary provided by MOCCAE.
Draft maps first underwent review and editing during the 2.5 Red List Index datapoint
Dubai assessment workshop, and then a final stage of
To produce the Red List Index (RLI) for plants in the UAE,
review after the workshop before finalisation (clipping to
the 598 plant assessments conducted and reviewed as
the altitude range for each species which was cited in the
part of the UAE National Red List process were used.
Red List assessment, and polygon smoothing) by IUCN.
These included native species resident to the country,
Metadata coding was used to distinguish presence, origin, but excluded introduced (NA) species. Species that only
and seasonality across the spatial extent of a species’ just occur in the UAE or have only been reported very
distribution in the UAE. These codes differentiate the occasionally were also included; these are sometimes
species’ presence (species are recorded as Extant, Possibly termed marginal species (IUCN 2012b).
Extant, or Extinct), seasonal presence in the location (the
When producing the RLI, the categories included were:
default setting of Resident was assigned), and origin
Critically Endangered (Regionally Possibly Extinct)
(Native, Introduced, Reintroduced, or Uncertain). The
(CR(RPE)), Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN),
coding information can be found in the Red List digital
Vulnerable (VU), Near Threatened (NT), and Least
distribution metadata guidance (IUCN, 2018). Review
Concern (LC). The process followed the methods of
and finalisation then followed the approach taken for the
Butchart et al. (2007), and adopted recent practice (e.g.,
terrestrial herpetofauna maps.
Butchart 2008, Butchart et al. 2010, Hoffmann et al. 2010,
In the analysis of the spatial data to produce the species 2011) in using equal–steps weights for each Red List
richness maps, only distributions with the following Category – i.e., 0 for LC, 1 for NT, 2 for VU, 3 for EN, 4 for
Presence, Seasonality, and Origin codes were used: CR, and 5 for CR species tagged as Possibly Extinct sensu
IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (IUCN
• Presence: Extant and Possibly Extant
2017) – to calculate an RLI value. Data Deficient species
• Origin: Native and Reintroduced were excluded, as it is not possible to assign a weighted
• Seasonality: All (only Resident and Seasonal value to them. Following the removal of these species,
Occurrence Uncertain codes present) there were 433 species assessments to use to produce the
RLI for the plants of the UAE.
Spatial data were analysed using a geodesic discrete global
grid system, defined on an icosahedron and projected to The number of taxa in each IUCN Red List Category was
the sphere using the inverse Icosahedral Snyder Equal multiplied by these weights, and the sum expressed as a
Area (ISEA) projection, cell resolution 10. This corresponds fraction of the maximum possible sum (equating to all
16
taxa having gone extinct, i.e., the number of species (Feulner 2011), but whose records there are from the
multiplied by the maximum weight of 5) and subtracted Oman side of the border with no record from the UAE.
from one. The calculation produces an index value that Further surveys may confirm such species for the UAE.
ranges from 0 to 1. The lower the value, the faster the set
The vast majority (589) of the included species are fully
of species is heading toward extinction. If the value is 1, all
terrestrial (or terrestrial but associated with moisture or
species in the set are Least Concern, and if the value is 0,
surface water). Only seven species, all assessed as Data
all species are Extinct in the UAE. The RLIs were calculated
Deficient, are aquatic. Their origin in the country is in
following Bubb et al. (2009).
most cases uncertain; some, such as Potamogeton lucens
At the National Red List Assessment Workshop, the Red and Ruppia maritima, are known from a single record or
List categories and criteria were also backcast to 1996 locality.
based on available information and the expert knowledge
Only the three seagrasses present in UAE waters –
of participants. Conservatively, it was assumed that the
Halophila ovalis (Dugong Grass, NT), Halophila stipulacea
Red List category would have been the same in 1996 as in
(NT), and Halodule uninervis (LC) – are fully marine.
2019, unless there was available information to show that
Three species (Arthrocaulon macrostachyum, Suaeda
a genuine change in Red List status may have taken place
vermiculata, and Avicennia marina) are associated with
in the intervening years.
marine, terrestrial, and freshwater realms. Of the
The same procedure as outlined above was conducted on mangroves, only Avicennia marina (Grey Mangrove) is
these backcast categories to produce an RLI value for considered to be native to the country. Rhizophora
1996, allowing for comparison in the overall status of mucronata (True Mangrove) is considered Not Applicable
plants in the country between 1996 and 2019. for the UAE National Red List, as there is no clear evidence
of historical natural occurrence in the UAE, despite
recent attempts to reintroduce the species.
3. Results No vascular plant species or infrataxa is endemic to the
country, however, there are several near–endemic
A total of 598 species of vascular plants are here
species, restricted to the Hajar Mountains of Oman and
considered to be taxonomically valid (i.e., an accepted
the eastern UAE.
published name and not a synonym of another taxon)
and native to the UAE. However, it should be noted that
this includes a number of species, in most cases considered
Data Deficient, whose taxonomic identity with respect to
System Species
other species, or whose presence or origin within the
country requires confirmation. In a few cases, these DD
Terrestrial 569
species are potentially synonyms of other assessed
species, but are included here separately since their Terrestrial; Freshwater (=Inland
waters) 16
identity requires confirmation. The list of included
species, their taxonomic status, and their Red List
category is shown in Appendix 2 at the end of this report. Freshwater (=Inland waters) 7
A small number of species may occur within the UAE but

were excluded from this Red List because there are no Marine 3
confirmed records at present. These include Teucrium
Marine; Terrestrial; Freshwater 3
oliverianum, Althaea ludwigii, Leontice leontopetalum, and (=Inland waters)
Thymelaea mesopotamica, examples of species that have
been recorded from higher elevations in the Ru’us al–Jibal Table 1. Terrestrial, marine and freshwater associations of UAE plants.
17
3.1 Threat status The proportion of threatened (CR, EN, VU) species is
Of the 598 plant species considered native to the UAE, uncertain given the high number of Data Deficient (DD)
eight (1.3%) were assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), species, and could lie between 6.4% (if no DD species are
with one of these, Gymnarrhena micrantha, considered threatened) and 34% (if all DD species are threatened)
possibly extinct (CR(PE)). Eighteen species (3%) are (Table 3; IUCN, 2016). The mid–point figure provides the
Endangered, 12 species (2%) are Vulnerable, and 20 best estimation of the proportion of threatened species
species (3.3%) are Near Threatened. A total of 375 species (IUCN, 2016), and for the UAE, 8.8% is the proportion of
(62.3%) are Least Concern. Significantly, more than one– species that are considered to be threatened. The threat
quarter of the species (165, 28.1%) are Data Deficient. status of the vascular plants is summarised in Table 1 and
Figure 6, and discussed in detail below. This range in the
possible level of threat emphasises the significant need
Number per Red
Red List Category for botanical research in the country in order to be able
List Category
to understand the status of the DD species.
Extinct (EX) –
Extinct in the Wild (EW) – System Species

Regionally Extinct (RE) – Lower bound
6.4%
(CR+EN+VU) / (assessed – EX)
Critically Endangered (CR) 8
Mid–point
8.8%
Endangered (EN) 18 (CR+EN+VU) / (assessed – EX – DD)
Vulnerable (VU) 12 Upper bound

34%
(CR+EN+VU+DD) / (assessed – EX)
Near Threatened (NT) 20
Table 3. Proportion of threatened plants (terrestrial, marine and
freshwater) in the UAE.
Least Concern (LC) 375
Data Deficient (DD) 165 Just 71 of the species that have been assessed for the UAE
Total number of species assessed 598 National Red List have global assessments on The IUCN
Red List of Threatened Species. All are Least Concern at
Table 2. The extinction risk of plants assessed for the UAE National Red List. the global scale.
3.2 Spatial distribution of plants

Only approximately three–quarters (471) of assessed
species are thought to have their distributions in the UAE
fully mapped based on the current state of knowledge.
The distribution maps of a further 67 species are
considered incomplete, whilst for 60 (10%) species, all
Data Deficient, it was not possible to produce a
distribution map; the reasons for this include uncertainty
over the taxonomic identity of species records and
uncertainty over whether a taxon occurs within the
country’s territory.
As expected from the geography and geology of the UAE,
Figure 6. The IUCN Red List status of vascular plants in the UAE, showing and the rainfall patterns across the country, the greatest
the number and proportion of species in each category.
18
species richness is found in the higher–altitude areas – of the UAE has lower species richness than the remainder
the Hajar Mountains, the Ru’us al–Jibal, and Jebel Hafeet of the country (Figure 7).
(Figure 7). Many of the DD species without a distribution
The occurrence and distributions of plants on the islands
map and species with incomplete maps occur within the
of the Arabian Gulf are not well known, at least in the
Ru’us al–Jibal. The mountain areas, especially the Ru’us
published literature. Sakkir et al. (2017) looked at
al–Jibal and the higher parts of the Hajar Mountains, are
occurrence on the islands, but do not list species for
often hard to access, and survey effort here is likely to be
individual islands, and the distribution maps compiled
lower; for these reasons, it is likely that the mountain
here are likely to under–represent species richness on the
species richness shown in Figure 7 under–represents the
islands.
actual richness in these areas. The arid desert to the south
Figure 7. Overall species richness of vascular plants in the UAE.
The greatest richness of threatened species occurs across particularly Iran and adjacent parts of Central Asia, and
coastal areas and mountainous areas (Figure 8). This therefore occur in the UAE at the edge of their range,
reflects the high level of historical and ongoing restricted to higher, often moister and cooler, elevations.
development within the UAE, particularly in the coastal
Threatened species are also found through coastal areas
areas, but also that the species at higher elevations tend
and on the islands of the Arabian Gulf. For example,
to have very much more restricted distributions, confined
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum (VU) mainly occurs in
by geology, elevation, localised climatic patterns, and
sandy coastal areas within the country, including the
plant biogeography. Feulner (2011) notes that many of
islands, and its habitat has been fragmented by rapid
the species found in the Ru’us al–Jibal have the main
residential and tourism development.
parts of their distributions in more temperate areas,
19
Figure 8. Threatened species richness of vascular plants in the UAE.
Many of the Data Deficient species occur in mountain these areas (encompassing the Hajar Mountains, the
habitats, and the associated gravel plains and rocky areas Ru’us al–Jibal, and Jebel Hafeet) also have the greatest
(Figure 9). This is likely due to the difficulty of conducting species richness within the UAE (Figure 7) .
research there and the relative absence of roads. However,
Figure 9. Data Deficient species richness of vascular plants in the UAE.

20
3.3 Major threats to vascular plants in include quarrying and road construction, recreational
activities, water abstraction and management, fire, and
the UAE grazing by problematic native and introduced species,
Where information is available, the threats for each e.g., feral goat (Capra hircus) and donkey (Equus asinus).
species were coded in the SIS database using the IUCN Climate change and severe weather is the third most
Threats Classification Scheme. Based on current cited threat to plants, with temperature extremes, storms
information, just 33 species were thought to have no past, and flooding, habitat shifting and alteration, and
ongoing, or future threats; however, for more than half droughts all considered threats to species. The impact of
(318) of the species, no information on the presence or global climate change in the region is not well understood,
absence of threats is available. A summary of the relative although some predictions are of wetter but hotter
importance of the different threatening processes for conditions (AGEDI 2015). Species with restricted
which data existed is shown in Figure 10. distributions, or those that exist at the edge of their
Agriculture is listed as the primary threat for most species global range or within specific habitats, such as at
(168) where information exists – primarily grazing and elevation or close to water, are expected to be more
habitat degradation from livestock farming and ranching, vulnerable to changing climate (Fitzpatrick et al. 2015).
with, to a much lesser extent, crop agriculture and However, further research to understand species
plantations. Residential and commercial development is distribution and vulnerabilities, as well as more detailed
considered the next most significant threat to plants in climate models are required in order to comprehend
the UAE, affecting 107 species. Other major threats likely impacts of climate change.
Threatened Not Threatened
Agriculture & aquacuiture

Development: Residential, commercial and tourism
Climate change & severe weather
Invasive and other problematic species & genes
Transportation & service corridors
Dams & water management/use, Fire & fire suppression
Recreational activties; Work & other activities
Energy production & mining
Biological resource use
Pollution
Number of species
Figure 10. Identified threats to vascular plants in the UAE.
21
3.4 Population trends highly dependent on the timing of both significant

rainfall and observer visits (G.R. Feulner pers. comm.
For the majority of plant species in the UAE, the
2020).
population trend is unknown. Only one species –
Tephrosia nubica (Boiss.) Baker – has an increasing A much more comprehensive understanding of general
population, although nearly one–fifth are suspected to population size and trends of plant species in the country
have a stable population trend (Figure 11). This can in is needed in order to link potential effects from ongoing
part be explained by the fact that the records and threats, such as development; this would also allow a
perceptions of abundance of short–lived annuals are more informed application of the IUCN Red List
Categories and Criteria.
Figure 11. Population trend of UAE plant species.
3.5 Protected areas these areas. However, fewer than half (16 out of 38) of
threatened species are confirmed from protected areas,
Just over half (337) of all plant species are recorded from
and opportunities for protecting key areas for other
protected areas (Figure 12), perhaps to some degree the
threatened species need urgent attention.
result of the relatively high level of survey work within
Threatened Threatened & DD

Occurence in a Protected Area
Occurence in aprotected Area
Yes
Unknown
No
0 50 100 150 200 250 3 00 3 50 400
Number of species
Figure 12. The occurrence of vascular plants within protected areas.
22
A number of threatened species are restricted to species to the country over a very long period of time,
mountainous areas of the Hajar Mountains and the Ru’us many of which have become naturalised, although
al–Jibal, where there are fewer human activities, so they relatively few have become widespread in wild (i.e.,
are protected to some degree even though they do not unirrigated) habitats. Of the 598 species included in this
occur within protected areas. However, the impact of National Red List, nearly two–fifths (239 species) have
lowland threats (e.g., road and infrastructure some form of end use recorded (Figure 13).
development, livestock and feral animal grazing, water
There is a long history of plant use in traditional medicine
abstraction, hybridisation with introduced plants) is
in the UAE (Sakkir et al. 2012, Sajjad et al. 2017) and the
spreading to these areas too, and there is a clear need for
wider region (Batanouny 2001). More than 130 species
the expansion of PA coverage in the mountains.
native to the country (Sakkir et al., 2012; S.M.R. Shahin
pers. comm. 2019) have been reported to have medicinal
use, and here, 150 species with human and veterinary
3.6 Plant use and trade medicinal application have been recorded, with
information drawn from Jongbloed et al. (2003), Sakkir et
Plant trade and use is significant in the UAE, and has been
al. (2012), Sajjad et al. (2017), and other sources.
responsible for the introduction of large numbers of
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Figure 13. The end uses recorded for UAE plant species.
Animal fodder or free grazing is the second most cited native plant species, the use of native species is being
use (Jongbloed et al., 2003; Al Mehairbi et al., 2019), promoted (e.g. Alam et al., 2017). Potential uses being
however, grazing by livestock (e.g., camels, goats, sheep) investigated include as a soil improver (Achyranthes
and feral animals (e.g., goats, donkeys) presents a aspera), in reed bed water treatment systems (Cyperus
significant threat to some plant species in the UAE laevigatus, Juncus socotranus), for ecotourism (Epipactis
(Gallacher and Hill 2006a,b; El-Keblawy et al. 2009, EAD veratrifolia, Anvillea garcinii), and as a windbreak or sand
2018). stabilisation (Sporobolus ioclados, Salvadora persica).
Other uses include as fuel, for fibre, as dyes, and as Several native species have also been recorded as crop
ornamental and landscaping plants. Whilst landscaping wild relatives (Kameswara Rao 2013), and these require
has been responsible for the introduction of many non– further research and conservation.
23
Case Study: The UAE Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Dr. Suzan Marwan Ramadan Shahin,
Umm Al Quwain University (UAQU), UAE
In the UAE, there are at least 132 indigenous plants that have traditional medicinal use. The essential oils that are
produced by the medicinal plants act as defensive phytochemicals, and are among the main contributors to their
therapeutic benefits.
In the past, indigenous medicinal plants were the healing jewels of the country’s Bedouin people. Their rich herbal
traditional knowledge was used to treat various diseases, from the common ones (e.g., cold, headache, fatigue) to
severe illnesses (e.g., kidney stones, heart diseases, tumors).
Despite the tradition of utilising the UAE’s medicinal and aromatic plants, there is currently a huge gap between
traditional practices and modern medicine. The rich knowledge of old people is far removed from the knowledge
and practices of members of the current generation, who mostly depend on scientifically proven modern medications,
and underestimate the intrinsic value and applications of native medicinal plants.
Currently, there are many challenges that affect the availability of native medicinal and aromatic plants in the country.
First, some are mainly cultivated either as food commodities (e.g., Eruca sativa Mill., Ocimum forsskaolii Benth.) or as
landscaping elements (e.g., Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Aerva (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult.), while less attention is given to
cultivating and conserving the major group of native medicinal plants that lack food or landscaping potential (e.g.,
Cleome amblyocarpa Barr. & Murb., Pluchea arabica (Boiss.) Qaiser and Lack, Capsella bursa–pastoris (L.) Medik.).
Nowadays, most of the cultivated native medicinal plants are not primarily grown for their traditional medicinal
value. Urbanisation is another significant challenge that threatens the availability of native medicinal plants. Third,
climate change is a global threat to plant biodiversity. Whilst climatic changes in the UAE are yet uncertain, they may
have severe consequences on the availability of some plant species that will not be able to tolerate potentially
dramatic climatic changes.
The future of the country’s medicinal and aromatic plants is a sensitive topic, however, they can best be rescued
through the following steps: First, using the taxonomic structure of this UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants,
develop and maintain a national database of native medicinal and aromatic plants, and establish strategic action
plans to propagate and conserve them. Second, raise awareness about the traditional and sustainable value of native
medicinal and aromatic plants whilst avoiding overuse that has a negative environmental impact on the balanced
ecosystem. Third, use research and investments to explore and scientifically validate the therapeutic benefits of
native medicinal and aromatic plants. Fourth, leverage laws and legislation to control urbanisation activities that can
severely impact the availability of native medicinal and aromatic plants. Fifth, focus on the native medicinal and
aromatic plants that have multiple economic benefits (e.g., medicine, aromatherapy, cosmetics, perfumes, flavours,
food preservation), and can have industrial applications and provide sustainable economic benefits to the country.
Finally, collaboration between all stakeholders – decision makers, researchers, investors, farmers, and community
members – at all levels (government and NGOs) should be achieved to best mitigate and adapt to any of the expected
future challenges.
24
3.7 Red List Index datapoint Only one of these was thought to have improved in status
(Avicennia marina), all others were thought to have
Twenty–five of the plant species assessed as part of this deteriorated. As a result, the RLI declined from 0.9584 in
National Red List were considered to have undergone a 1996 to 0.9395 in 2019, indicating an increase in regional
genuine change in status between 1996 and 2019 (Table 4). extinction risk (Figure 14).
0.975
Red List Index Score
0.95
0.925
0.9
2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
Figure 14. Red List Index (RLI) of plant species in the UAE for 1996 and 2019. An RLI value of 1 equates to all species being categorised as Least
Concern (LC), and means that none are expected to go Extinct in the near future. An RLI of 0 indicates that all species have gone Extinct. N=433:
non–Data Deficient extant species at the start of the period in 1996.
Direct comparisons with global plant trends are limited by on the assessment of more than 4,697 randomly selected
the fact that only 71 of the UAE species have published plant species globally. Brummitt et al. (2015) found the
assessments at the global scale, with all of these species baseline value of the SRLI for plants to be 0.86, showing
assessed as LC at the global scale (i.e., an RLI score of 1). A that the UAE plants are less threatened than the SRLI
more relevant comparison is with the Sampled Red List species at the global scale.
Index (SRLI) for plants (Brummitt et al. 2015) that is based
25
Species 1996 status 2019 status

Cutandia dichotoma LC CR
Gymnarrhena micrantha CR CR (PE)
Anvillea garcinii NT EN
Astragalus squarrosus NT EN
Echiochilon jugatum LC EN
Halothamnus bottae LC EN
Limonium carnosum LC EN
Polygala irregularis LC EN
Rhanterium epapposum LC EN
Avicennia marina VU NT
Bienertia cycloptera LC NT
Calendula arvensis LC NT
Crotalaria persica LC NT
Eleocharis geniculata LC NT
Halophila ovalis LC NT
Halophila stipulacea LC NT
Haloxylon persicum LC NT
Indigofera oblongifolia LC NT
Ophioglossum polyphyllum LC NT
Halopyrum mucronatum LC VU
Limonium axillare LC VU
Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum LC VU
Spergularia marina NT VU
Sphaerocoma hookeri LC VU
Triraphis pumilio LC VU
Table 4. The 25 genuine Red List status changes for plants in the UAE between 1996 and 2019. There are 16 terrestrial species that underwent
deteriorations, whilst for marine species, there were nine changes (eight deteriorations and one improvement).
26
4. Conservation measures
4.1 Conservation of vascular plants in development should be fully implemented to limit or
avoid the degradation of ecologically sensitive areas.
the UAE
Due to time constraints at the National Red List
The majority of UAE vascular plants do not require direct
Assessment Workshop, conservation actions required
conservation measures, as many are widespread and are
for plants were not fully explored; however, there is a
known to occur within one or more protected areas
clear need (see Figure 15) for resource and habitat
across their distribution ranges. Although most species
protection, site protection, and habitat restoration.
face no major threats, further research is required into
Grazing (with both direct and indirect impacts on the
their life history and monitoring of their threats. It is
flora of the UAE) by livestock and feral animals is a further
recommended that the existing legislation for
priority for conservation action.
environmental impact assessments prior to urban
Figure 15. Conservation actions needed for UAE plants.
A significant number of species assessed as threatened, as and the designation of protected areas. This shows that
well as potentially large numbers of DD species occur habitats for plants can be effectively managed and
within protected areas, however, the effectiveness of restored. Mangroves protect the coastline against
protected area management for plant (as opposed to erosion, which is beneficial. Other marine species (such
mammal) conservation needs investigation. There are as seagrasses) also help promote marine fauna
also major gaps in coverage of protected areas in terms of biodiversity, and would benefit from conservation action
both threatened species and geographically. For example, that takes into account the needs of other threatened
there are no known protected areas within the Ru’us al– species, such as the dugong.
Jibal; this species–rich yet undersurveyed mountainous
The outputs of this project can be applied at the emirate
area is coming under increasing threat from road, housing,
scale to assist local governments in the prioritisation of
tourism, and other infrastructure development.
sites for conservation, including internationally
Mangroves are a conservation success story for the UAE. important biodiversity sites, e.g., Key Biodiversity Areas
They were estimated to be VU in 2010, and are now (Langhammer et al., 2007) and Alliance for Zero
nationally considered NT due to planting programmes Extinction sites (Ricketts et al., 2005).
27
4.2 Red List versus priority for Endangered (Possibly Extinct), and is not known to have
conservation action been recorded since 1988. Surveys are required to
confirm whether this species persists within the country,
More than 900 species of vascular plants have been
and to protect its habitat from known threats. The other
identified in the UAE. Many plant names were rejected as
threatened and Near Threatened species also require
invalid, erroneous, or as synonyms of other species, and
targeted research and conservation action. A full analysis
further species were excluded from this National Red List
of threatened species representation within protected
as Not Applicable (NA) because they are known to be
areas should be undertaken, and the potential to expand
non–native to the country. It should be emphasised that
the PA network within individual emirates and at the
this National Red List is just one step in developing a plant
federal level should be explored. The management of
conservation strategy for the UAE, and it may be decided
protected areas should be reviewed to ensure that
that some non–native plant species are of significant
management actions take account of flora and are
value (for example, cultural or economic) and deserve
effectively implemented.
conservation effort.
Now that conservation has successfully helped the
mangroves, funds could be focussed on other species at 5.2 Future work
risk of extinction, in addition to continuing mangrove If the information on the species of the UAE is to be
conservation. effectively integrated within the national development
and environmental planning processes, then:
• The data collated need to be updated regularly
5. Recommendations through ongoing collaboration with the network of
5.1 Recommended actions experts who have contributed their valuable time
and knowledge to this National Red List;
With nearly one–third of species considered Data
Deficient, and the proportion of threatened species lying • Links between IUCN and its partners, policymakers,
between 6.3% and 34.4% as a result of the high level of and regional decision makers must be maintained
data deficiency, this National Red List sends a clear and strengthened, and data made freely available to
message of the need for further research into plant these organisations;
taxonomy, distributions, and populations in the UAE. • A best–practice methodology for integrating
National capacity needs to be supported and further biodiversity information within the environmental/
developed, and species–rich areas, such as the Ru’us al– development planning processes needs to be
Jibal and the Hajar Mountains, need to be comprehensively established. It is important that this methodology
surveyed. aims to provide the information in a user–friendly
The primary conservation needs for vascular plants in the format for all stakeholders, and sets guidelines as to
country are (i) a comprehensive and repeated survey of when and where the information should appropriately
the flora to understand distributions and trends; and (ii) a be made available.
commitment to data sharing and publication, ensuring • Ongoing taxonomic and nomenclatural review is
that information held at the level of individual emirates is required: e.g., 354 of the 598 species assessed here are
made available to inform conservation whilst not included in the checklist for the UAE that is
acknowledging the work of contributors. under development by RBG Edinburgh as part of a
Gymnarrhena micrantha Desf., known in the UAE only wider Flora of the Arabian Peninsula checklist –
from Jebel Hafeet, has been assessed as Critically taxonomy, native/non–native, and invalid records.
28
References
AGEDI. 2015. Regional Climate Change: Atmospheric Modelling. The Abu Dhabi Global Environmental Data Initiative
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Appendices
Appendix 1. List of participants in the UAE National Red List of Vascular Plants Assessment Workshop,
Dubai, 15–19 September 2019
Name Organisation
Aisha Al Hammadi Al Ain Zoo, UAE

Lisa Banfield Al Ain Zoo, UAE
Fatima Al Hantoubi Dibba Al Fujairah Municipality, UAE
Tamer Khafaga Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve (DDCR), UAE
Fatma Sulaiman Issa Al Sulaimani Dubai Municipality, UAE
Randa Mohieldin Saadi Jaroor Dubai Municipality, UAE
Gary R. Feulner Dubai Natural History Group (DNHG), UAE
Shamshad Alam Dubai Safari, UAE
Reza Khan Dubai Safari, UAE
Hind Mohammed Dubai Safari, UAE
Suzan Marwan Ramadan Shahin Emirates Canadian University College, UAE
Jacky Judas Emirates Nature–WWF, UAE
Maitha Mohamed Al Hameli Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD), UAE
Lahaj Hamed Al Mansoori Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD), UAE
Himansu Sekhar Das Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD), UAE
Maher Ibrahim Kabshawi Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD), UAE
Sabitha Sakkir Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD), UAE
Mariam Juma Environment and Protected Areas Authority (EPAA), UAE
Ali Al Hammoudi Fujairah Municipality, UAE
Nuri Asmita Fujairah Municipality, UAE
Gary Brown Independent Consultant
Azaiez Ouled Belgacem International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), UAE
Houda Chelaifa Khalifa University, UAE
Hector Hernandez Khalifa University, UAE
Marina Tsaliki Landscape Agency, Government of Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
Ahmed Mohammed Al Hamoodi Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (MOCCAE), UAE
Maitha Al Mheiri Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (MOCCAE), UAE
Muna Al Shamsi Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (MOCCAE), UAE
Hassina Ali Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (MOCCAE), UAE
Ahmed Mashli Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (MOCCAE), UAE
Abeer Mohammad Tayyem Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (MOCCAE), UAE
Noora Al Mansoori New York University Abu Dhabi, UAE
33
Saeed Ali Al Kass Public Services Department, Government of Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
Abdulla Al Balooshi Public Services Department, Government of Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
Dave Aplin Sharjah Botanic Garden, UAE
Sanjay Gairola Sharjah Seed Bank & Herbarium (SSBH), UAE
Tamer Mahmoud Sharjah Seed Bank & Herbarium (SSBH), UAE
Hatem Ahmed Shabana Sharjah Seed Bank & Herbarium (SSBH), UAE
Ali Al–Keblawy Sharjah University, UAE
Facilitators
Craig Hilton–Taylor Red List Unit, IUCN Cambridge, UK
Anna Puttick Red List Unit, IUCN Cambridge, UK
David Allen Red List Unit, IUCN Cambridge, UK
34
Appendix 2. Red List status of native plants in the UAE
UAE
UAE Red List
CLASS ORDER Family Species Name Authority National
Criteria
Status
GNETOPSIDA EPHEDRALES EPHEDRACEAE Ephedra foliata Boiss. ex C.A.Mey. LC
GNETOPSIDA EPHEDRALES EPHEDRACEAE Ephedra pachyclada Boiss. LC
LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES CYMODOCEACEAE Halodule uninervis (Forssk.) Boiss. LC
LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES HYDROCHARITACEAE Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hook.f. NT B2ab(iii)
LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES HYDROCHARITACEAE Halophila stipulacea (Forssk.) Asch. NT B2ab(iii)
LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES HYDROCHARITACEAE Najas marina L. DD
LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton lucens L. DD
LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton nodosus Poir. DD
LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton schweinfurthii A.Benn. DD
LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES POTAMOGETONACEAE Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner DD
LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES POTAMOGETONACEAE Zannichellia palustris L. DD
LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES RUPPIACEAE Ruppia maritima L. DD
LILIOPSIDA ARECALES ARECACEAE Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch. NT B1a+2a
LILIOPSIDA ARECALES ARECACEAE Phoenix dactylifera L. LC
LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus falcatus L. DD
LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES ASPARAGACEAE Dipcadi biflorum Ghaz. EN B1ab(iii,iv,v)
LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES ASPARAGACEAE Dipcadi serotinum (L.) Medik. LC
LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES ASPARAGACEAE Leopoldia longipes (Boiss.) Losinsk. LC
LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES ASPHODELACEAE Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. LC
LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES IRIDACEAE Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker Gawl. LC
LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES IXIOLIRIACEAE Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult.f. LC
LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES ORCHIDACEAE Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss. & Hohen. VU D1
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl CR (PE) D
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus arenarius Retz. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus aucheri Jaub. & Spach LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus jeminicus Rottb. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus laevigatus L. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus pseuderemicus Kukkonen & Väre DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus rotundus L. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus rubicundus Vahl DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult. NT B1ab(iii,v)
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla LC
35
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Schoenus nigricans L. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES JUNCACEAE Juncus rigidus Desf. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES JUNCACEAE Juncus socotranus (Buchenau) Snogerup LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Aegilops kotschyi Boiss. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thwaites LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Aeluropus littoralis (Gouan) Parl. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Aristida abnormis Chiov. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Aristida adscensionis L. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Aristida funiculata Trin. & Rupr. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Aristida mutabilis Trin. & Rupr. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Arundo donax L. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Avena barbata Pott ex Link DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Brachiaria eruciformis (Sm.) Griseb. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Brachiaria reptans (L.) C.A.Gardner & C.E.Hubb. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P.Beauv. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Bromus danthoniae Trin. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Bromus fasciculatus C.Presl DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Bromus lanceolatus Roth DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Bromus madritensis L. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Bromus pectinatus Thunb. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Castellia tuberculosa (Moris) Bor LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Cenchrus ciliaris L. LC
(J.F.Gmel.) Verloove, Govaerts &

LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Cenchrus divisus LC
Buttler
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Cenchrus orientalis (Rich.) Morrone DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Cenchrus pennisetiformis Steud. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Cenchrus setiger Vahl. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Centropodia forskaolii (Vahl) Cope LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Centropodia fragilis (Guinet & Sauvage) Cope DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Chloris barbata Sw. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Chloris flagellifera (Nees) P.M.Peterson LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Coelachyrum brevifolium Hochst. & Nees LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Coelachyrum piercei (Benth.) Bor LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Cutandia dichotoma (Forssk.) Trab. CR B1ab(iii)
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Cutandia memphitica (Spreng.) Benth. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Cymbopogon commutatus (Steud.) Stapf LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Cymbopogon iwarancusa (Jones ex Roxb.) Schult. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) Spreng. LC
36
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Dactyloctenium scindicum Boiss. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Dichanthium foveolatum (Delile) Roberty LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Digitaria nodosa Parl. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Elionurus royleanus Nees ex A.Rich. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Enneapogon desvauxii P.Beauv. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Enneapogon persicus Boiss. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Eragrostis barrelieri Daveau LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Jaunchen LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Gastridium phleoides (Nees & Meyen) C.E.Hubb. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf VU B1ab(ii,iii,v)
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Lasiurus scindicus Henrard LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Lolium persicum Boiss. & Hohen. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Melanocenchris abyssinica (R.Br. ex Fresen.) Hochst. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Panicum turgidum Forssk. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Phalaris minor Retz. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Piptatherum holciforme (M.Bieb.) Roem. & Schult. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Poa bulbosa L. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Poa sinaica Steud. DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Rostraria pumila (Lam.) Tzvelev LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Saccharum griffithii Munro ex Aitch. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Saccharum kajkaiense (Melderis) Melderis VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Schismus arabicus Nees DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Sphenopus divaricatus (Gouan) Rchb. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Sporobolus ioclados (Nees ex Trin.) Nees LC
37
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Sporobolus spicatus (Vahl) Kunth LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipagrostis acutiflora (Trin. & Rupr.) De Winter DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipagrostis ciliata (Desf.) De Winter DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipagrostis drarii (Täckh.) De Winter LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipagrostis foexiana (Maire & Wilczek) De Winter NT B1a+2a
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipagrostis hirtigluma (Steud. ex Trin. & Rupr.) De Winter LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipagrostis lanata (Forssk.) De Winter DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipagrostis obtusa (Delile) Nees DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipagrostis paradisea (Edgew.) De Winter DD
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipagrostis plumosa (L.) Munro ex T.Anderson LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipagrostis raddiana (Savi) De Winter LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipagrostis sokotrana (Vierh.) De Winter LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipagrostis uniplumis (Licht.) De Winter LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Stipellula capensis (Thunb.) Röser & Hamasha LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Tetrapogon villosus Desf. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Tragus berteronianus Schult. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Tragus racemosus (L.) All. LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Tricholaena teneriffae (L.f.) Link LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Tripidium ravennae (L.) H.Scholz LC
LILIOPSIDA POALES POACEAE Triraphis pumilio R.Br. VU B1ab(iii,iv,v)
LILIOPSIDA POALES TYPHACEAE Typha domingensis Pers. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA APIALES APIACEAE Ammi majus L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA APIALES APIACEAE Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA APIALES APIACEAE Pimpinella eriocarpos Sol. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA APIALES APIACEAE Pimpinella puberula (DC.) Boiss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA APIALES APIACEAE Pimpinella schweinfurthii Asch. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA APIALES APIACEAE Pycnocycla cespitosa Boiss. & Hausskn. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA APIALES APIACEAE Scandix pecten–veneris L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA APIALES APIACEAE Torilis nodosa (L.) Gaertn. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Anthemis odontostephana Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC. EN B1ab(iii); D
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Atractylis cancellata L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Atractylis carduus C.Chr. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Blumea bovei Vatke LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Calendula arvensis L. NT A2a
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Carduus pycnocephalus L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Centaurea pseudosinaica Czerep. LC
38
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Centaurea wendelboi Wagenitz LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Crepis kotschyana Boiss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Dicoma schimperi (DC.) Baill. ex O.Hoffm. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Echinops erinaceus Kit Tan LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Filago desertorum Pomel LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Filago griffithii (A.Gray) Andrés–Sánchez & Galbany DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Filago pyramidata L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Gymnarrhena micrantha Desf. CR (PE) B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Helichrysum glumaceum DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch.Bip. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Iphiona aucheri (Boiss.) Anderb. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Iphiona scabra DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Jurinea berardioidea Diels NT D1
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Jurinea carduiformis (Jaub. & Spach) Boiss. NT B1b(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Koelpinia linearis Pall. NT
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Lactuca dissecta D.Don NT B1a+2a; D1
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Lactuca orientalis (Boiss.) Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Launaea bornmuelleri (Hausskn. ex Bornm.) Bornm. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Launaea capitata (Spreng.) Dandy LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Launaea fragilis (Asso) Pau DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Launaea massauensis (Fresen.) Sch.Bip. ex O.Kuntze LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Launaea mucronata (Forssk.) Muschl. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Launaea nudicaulis Hook.f. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Launaea omanensis N.Kilian LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Amin LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch.Bip. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Pallenis hierochuntica (Michon) Greuter LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Phagnalon schweinfurthii Sch.Bip. ex Schweinf. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Pulicaria arabica (L.) Cass. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Pulicaria edmondsonii E.Gamal–Eldin LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Pulicaria glutinosa Jaub. & Spach LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Pulicaria undulata (L.) C.A.Mey. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. EN A2ac
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Scorzonera tortuosissima Boiss. DD
39
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Senecio breviflorus (Kadereit) Greuter LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Senecio glaucus L. LC
(Besser) K.Bremer & Humphries ex

MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Seriphidium sieberi LC
Y.R.Ling
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Sonchus oleraceus L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex F.W.Schmidt LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Vernonia arabica F.G.Davies LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Vicoa divaricata (Cass.) Oliv. & Hiern LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Volutaria sinaica (DC.) Wagenitz EN D
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES ASTERACEAE Zoegea purpurea Fresen. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ASTERALES CAMPANULACEAE Campanula erinus L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Anchusa aegyptiaca (L.) A.DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Arnebia decumbens (Vent.) Coss. & Kralik LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Arnebia hispidissima (Sieber ex Lehm.) A.DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Buglossoides tenuiflora (L.f.) I.M.Johnst. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Echiochilon callianthum Lönn VU D1
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Echiochilon jugatum I.M.Johnst. EN B1ab(iii,iv,v)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Echiochilon persicum (Burm.f.) I.M.Johnst. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Gastrocotyle hispida (Forssk.) Bunge LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Lappula spinocarpos (Forssk.) Asch. ex Kuntze LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Microparacaryum intermedium (Fresen.) Hilger & Podl. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) I.M.Johnst. LC
(Coss. & Durieu ex Bonnet & Barratte)

MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Ogastemma pusillum DD
Brummitt
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Trichodesma africanum (L.) Sm. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES BORAGINACEAE Trichodesma ehrenbergii Schweinf. ex Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES CORDIACEAE Cordia quercifolia Klotzsch CR D
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES EHRETIACEAE Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst. ex A.DC. CR D
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES HELIOTROPIACEAE Euploca rariflora (Stocks) Diane & Hilger DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES HELIOTROPIACEAE Euploca strigosa (Willd.) Diane & Hilger DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES HELIOTROPIACEAE Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES HELIOTROPIACEAE Heliotropium brevilimbe Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES HELIOTROPIACEAE Heliotropium digynum (Forssk.) Asch. ex C.Chr. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES HELIOTROPIACEAE Heliotropium europaeum L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES HELIOTROPIACEAE Heliotropium kotschyi (Bunge) Gürke LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES HELIOTROPIACEAE Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BORAGINALES HELIOTROPIACEAE Heliotropium ramosissimum (Lehm.) Sieber ex DC. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Anastatica hierochuntica L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Cakile arabica Velen. DD
40
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Capsella bursa–pastoris (L.) Medik. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Clypeola aspera (Grauer) Turrill LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Clypeola jonthlaspi L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Eremobium aegyptiacum (Spreng.) Asch. ex Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Erucaria crassifolia (Forssk.) Delile DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Erucaria hispanica (L.) Druce LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Farsetia aegyptia Turra LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Farsetia heliophila Bunge ex Coss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Farsetia linearis Decne. ex Boiss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Farsetia longisiliqua Decne. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Farsetia stylosa R.Br. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Morettia canescens Boiss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Morettia parviflora Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Notoceras bicorne (Aiton) Amo LC
Physorhynchus chamaera-
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE (Boiss.) Boiss. LC
pistrum
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Savignya parviflora (Delile) Webb LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Schimpera arabica Hochst. & Steud. VU B1ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Sisymbrium erysimoides Desf. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Sisymbrium irio L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Strigosella africana (L.) Botsch. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES BRASSICACEAE Zilla spinosa (L.) Prantl LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES CAPPARACEAE Capparis cartilaginea Decne. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES CAPPARACEAE Capparis spinosa L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES CAPPARACEAE Cleome amblyocarpa Barratte & Murb. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES CAPPARACEAE Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES CAPPARACEAE Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) Delile DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES CAPPARACEAE Cleome pallida Kotschy LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES CAPPARACEAE Cleome quinquenervia DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES CAPPARACEAE Cleome rupicola Vicary LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES CAPPARACEAE Cleome scaposa DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES CAPPARACEAE Maerua crassifolia Forssk. CR D
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES MORINGACEAE Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES RESEDACEAE Ochradenus arabicus Chaudhary, Hillc. & A.G.Mill. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES RESEDACEAE Ochradenus baccatus Delile DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES RESEDACEAE Ochradiscus aucheri (Boiss.) S.Blanco & C.E.Wetzel LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES RESEDACEAE Oligomeris linifolia (Vahl ex Hornem.) J.F.Macbr. LC
41
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES RESEDACEAE Reseda arabica Boiss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES RESEDACEAE Reseda aucheri Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES RESEDACEAE Reseda muricata C.Presl DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA BRASSICALES SALVADORACEAE Salvadora persica L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES AIZOACEAE Aizoon canariense L. LC
Mesembryanthemum nodif-
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES AIZOACEAE L. VU B2ab(ii,iii)
lorum
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES AIZOACEAE Zaleya pentandra (L.) C.Jeffrey DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES AMARANTHACEAE Achyranthes aspera L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES AMARANTHACEAE Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schult. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthus graecizans L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES AMARANTHACEAE Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES AMARANTHACEAE Digera muricata Mart. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES AMARANTHACEAE Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss. EN D
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Arenaria leptoclados (Rchb.) Guss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Arenaria serpyllifolia L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Dianthus crinitus Sm. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Gypsophila bellidifolia Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Minuartia meyeri (Boiss.) Bornm. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Polycarpaea repens (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Polycarpaea robbairea (Kuntze) Greuter & Burdet LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Polycarpaea spicata Wight ex Arn. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene apetala Willd. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene austroiranica Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene linearis Decne. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene villosa Forssk. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Spergularia diandra (Guss.) Heldr. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Spergularia flaccida (Madden) I.M.Turner LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CARYOPHYLLACEAE Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. VU B1ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Agriophyllum minus Fisch. & C.A.Mey. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Anabasis setifera Moq. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Arthrocaulon macrostachyum (Moric.) Piirainen & G.Kadereit LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex leucoclada Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Bassia eriophora (Schrad.) Asch. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Bassia muricata (L.) Asch. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Bienertia cycloptera Bunge NT B1ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Caroxylon arabicum (Botsch.) Akhani & Roalson DD
42
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Caroxylon cyclophyllum (Baker) Akhani & Roalson LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Caroxylon imbricatum (Forssk.) Moq. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Caroxylon tetrandrum (Forssk.) Akhani & Roalson DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Cornulaca aucheri Moq LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Cornulaca monacantha Delile LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M.Bieb. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Halopeplis perfoliata (Forssk.) Bunge ex Ung.–Sternb. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Halothamnus bottae Jaub. & Spach LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Haloxylon persicum Bunge ex Boiss. & Buhse EN B1ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Kaviria rubescens (Franch.) Akhani LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Salsola drummondii Ulbr. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Salsola schweinfurthii Solms EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Seidlitzia rosmarinus Bunge. ex Boiss LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Suaeda aegyptiaca (Hasselq.) Zohary LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES CHENOPODIACEAE Suaeda vermiculata Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES GISEKIACEAE Gisekia pharnaceoides L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES ILLECEBRACEAE Cometes surattensis L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES ILLECEBRACEAE Gymnocarpos decander Forssk. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES ILLECEBRACEAE Gymnocarpos sclerocephalus (Decne.) Ahlgren & Thulin LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES ILLECEBRACEAE Herniaria hemistemon J.Gay LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES ILLECEBRACEAE Herniaria hirsuta L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES ILLECEBRACEAE Herniaria maskatensis Bornm. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES ILLECEBRACEAE Paronychia arabica (L.) DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES ILLECEBRACEAE Pteranthus dichotomus Forssk. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES ILLECEBRACEAE Sphaerocoma hookeri T.Anderson VU B1ab(iii,iv,v)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES MOLLUGINACEAE Glinus lotoides L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES MOLLUGINACEAE Limeum arabicum Friedrich LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES MOLLUGINACEAE Limeum obovatum Vicary LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES NYCTAGINACEAE Boerhavia diffusa L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES NYCTAGINACEAE Boerhavia elegans Choisy LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES NYCTAGINACEAE Boerhavia repens L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES NYCTAGINACEAE Commicarpus boissieri (Heimerl) Cufod. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES NYCTAGINACEAE Commicarpus helenae (Romer & Schultes) Meikle LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CARYOPHYLLALES NYCTAGINACEAE Commicarpus stenocarpus (Chiov.) Cufod. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CUCURBITALES CUCURBITACEAE Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CUCURBITALES CUCURBITACEAE Corallocarpus epigaeus (Rottler) Hook.f. DD
43
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CUCURBITALES CUCURBITACEAE Corallocarpus schimperi (Naudin) Hook.f. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA CUCURBITALES CUCURBITACEAE Cucumis prophetarum L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA DIPSACALES CAPRIFOLIACEAE Lomelosia olivieri (Coult.) Greuter & Burdet LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA DIPSACALES CAPRIFOLIACEAE Pterocephalus brevis Coult. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA DIPSACALES CAPRIFOLIACEAE Valerianella szovitsiana Fisch. & C.A.Mey. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Alhagi maurorum Medik. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Argyrolobium roseum (Cambess.) Jaub. & Spach LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Astragalus annularis Forssk. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Astragalus arpilobus Kar. & Kir. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Astragalus biabanensis Širj. & Rech.f. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Astragalus crenatus Schult. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Astragalus eremophilus Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Astragalus fasciculifolius Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Astragalus hamosus L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Astragalus schimperi Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Astragalus squarrosus Bunge EN B1ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Astragalus tribuloides Delile LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Astragalus vogelii (Webb) Bornm. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Chesneya parviflora Jaub. & Spach DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Crotalaria aegyptiaca Benth. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Crotalaria persica (Burm.f.) Merr. NT B1ab(iii,iv,v)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Hippocrepis areolata Desv. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Hippocrepis constricta Kunze LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Hippocrepis unisiliquosa L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Indigofera arabica Jaub. & Spach LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Indigofera argentea Burm.f. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Indigofera articulata Gouan DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Indigofera coerulea Roxb. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Indigofera colutea (Burm.f.) Merr. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Indigofera cordifolia B.Heyne ex Roth VU D2
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Indigofera intricata Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Indigofera oblongifolia Forssk. NT B1b(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Indigofera spinosa Forssk. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Leobordea platycarpa (Viv.) B.–E.van Wyk & Boatwr. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Lotus arabicus L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Lotus garcinii Ser. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Lotus halophilus Boiss. & Spruner LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Lotus laricus Rech.f., Aellen & Esfand. DD
44
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Lotus schimperi Boiss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Medicago laciniata (L.) Mill. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Medicago polymorpha L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Melilotus indicus (L.) All. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Microcharis disjuncta (J.B.Gillett) Schrire DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Ononis reclinata L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Ononis serrata Forssk. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Ononis sicula Guss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Prosopis farcta (Banks & Sol.) J.F.Macbr. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Pseudolotus villosus (Blatt. & Hallb.) Ali & D.D.Sokoloff LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Rhynchosia schimperi Hochst. ex Boiss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Scorpiurus muricatus L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Senna alexandrina Mill. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Senna holosericea (Fresen.) Greuter DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Senna italica Mill. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth) Arn. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Taverniera lappacea (Forssk.) DC. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Taverniera spartea DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Tephrosia apollinea (Delile) DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Tephrosia nubica (Boiss.) Baker LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Tephrosia persica Boiss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Tephrosia uniflora Pers. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Trigonella glabra Thunb. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Trigonella stellata Forssk. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Vachellia flava (Forssk.) Kyal. & Boatwr. NT B1ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES FABACEAE Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) Galasso & Banfi LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES POLYGALACEAE Polygala erioptera DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA FABALES POLYGALACEAE Polygala irregularis Boiss. EN B1ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES APOCYNACEAE Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES APOCYNACEAE Desmidorchis arabica (N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES APOCYNACEAE Desmidorchis flava (N.E.Br.) Meve & Liede EN D
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES APOCYNACEAE Glossonema varians (Stocks) Benth. ex Hook.f. NT D1
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES APOCYNACEAE Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES APOCYNACEAE Nerium oleander L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES APOCYNACEAE Pentatropis nivalis (J.F.Gmel.) D.V.Field & J.R.I.Wood LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES APOCYNACEAE Pergularia tomentosa L. LC
45
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES APOCYNACEAE Periploca aphylla Decne. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES APOCYNACEAE Rhazya stricta Decne. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES GENTIANACEAE Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES RUBIACEAE Callipeltis cucullaris (L.) DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES RUBIACEAE Galium aparine L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES RUBIACEAE Galium ceratopodum Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES RUBIACEAE Galium setaceum Lam. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES RUBIACEAE Galium tenuissimum M.Bieb. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES RUBIACEAE Galium tricornutum Dandy DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES RUBIACEAE Kohautia caespitosa Schnizl. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES RUBIACEAE Kohautia retrorsa (Boiss.) Bremek. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES RUBIACEAE Plocama aucheri (Guill.) M.Backlund & Thulin LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES RUBIACEAE Plocama calycoptera (Decne.) M.Backlund & Thulin DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES RUBIACEAE Plocama hymenostephana (Jaub. & Spach) M.Backlund & Thulin LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GENTIANALES RUBIACEAE Valantia hispida L. NT
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GERANIALES GERANIACEAE Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GERANIALES GERANIACEAE Erodium glaucophyllum (L.) L'Hér. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GERANIALES GERANIACEAE Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) Willd. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GERANIALES GERANIACEAE Erodium neuradifolium Delile ex Godr. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GERANIALES GERANIACEAE Geranium biuncinatum Kokwaro LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GERANIALES GERANIACEAE Geranium mascatense Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GERANIALES GERANIACEAE Geranium trilophum Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GERANIALES GERANIACEAE Monsonia heliotropioides (Cav.) Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA GERANIALES GERANIACEAE Monsonia nivea (Decne.) Decne. ex Webb LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LAMIALES AVICENNIACEAE Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. NT B2ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LAMIALES LAMIACEAE Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LAMIALES LAMIACEAE Lavandula subnuda Benth. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LAMIALES LAMIACEAE Leucas inflata Benth. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LAMIALES LAMIACEAE Micromeria imbricata (Forssk.) C.Chr. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LAMIALES LAMIACEAE Salvia aegyptiaca L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LAMIALES LAMIACEAE Salvia macilenta Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LAMIALES LAMIACEAE Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LAMIALES LAMIACEAE Salvia spinosa L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LAMIALES LAMIACEAE Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LAMIALES LAMIACEAE Ziziphora tenuior L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LAMIALES VERBENACEAE Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA LINALES LINACEAE Linum corymbulosum Rchb. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES EUPHORBIACEAE Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) A.Juss. ex Spreng. LC
46
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES EUPHORBIACEAE Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A.Juss. ex Spreng. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES EUPHORBIACEAE Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia arabica Hochst. & Steud. ex T.Anderson LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia granulata Forssk. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia helioscopia L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia inaequilatera Sond. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia larica Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia peplus L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES MALPIGHIACEAE Acridocarpus orientalis A.Juss. EN D
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES PHYLLANTHACEAE Andrachne aspera Spreng. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES PHYLLANTHACEAE Andrachne telephioides L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALPIGHIALES SALICACEAE Salix acmophylla Boiss. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALVALES MALVACEAE Abutilon fruticosum Guill. & Perr. EN D
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALVALES MALVACEAE Abutilon pannosum (G.Forst.) Schltdl. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALVALES MALVACEAE Corchorus depressus (L.) Stocks NT B1b(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALVALES MALVACEAE Corchorus trilocularis L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALVALES MALVACEAE Grewia erythraea Schweinf. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALVALES MALVACEAE Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALVALES MALVACEAE Hibiscus micranthus L.f. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALVALES MALVACEAE Malva parviflora L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALVALES MALVACEAE Melhania muricata Balf.f. EN D
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALVALES MALVACEAE Pavonia arabica Hochst. & Steud. ex Boiss. CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); D
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALVALES MALVACEAE Sida urens L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA MALVALES NEURADACEAE Neurada procumbens L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PIPERALES ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PLANTAGINALES PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago afra L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PLANTAGINALES PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago albicans L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PLANTAGINALES PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago amplexicaulis Cav. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PLANTAGINALES PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago boissieri Hausskn. & Bornm. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PLANTAGINALES PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago ciliata Desf. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PLANTAGINALES PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago notata Lag. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PLANTAGINALES PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago ovata Forssk. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PLANTAGINALES PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago stocksii Boiss. ex Decne. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PLUMBAGINALES PLUMBAGINACEAE Dyerophytum indicum (Gibson ex Wight) Kuntze LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PLUMBAGINALES PLUMBAGINACEAE Limonium axillare (Forssk.) Kuntze VU A3c; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)c(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PLUMBAGINALES PLUMBAGINACEAE Limonium carnosum (Boiss.) Kuntze EN B1ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PLUMBAGINALES PLUMBAGINACEAE Limonium stocksii (Boiss.) Kuntze DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA POLYGONALES POLYGONACEAE Calligonum crinitum Boiss. LC
47
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
MAGNOLIOPSIDA POLYGONALES POLYGONACEAE Calligonum polygonoides L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA POLYGONALES POLYGONACEAE Polygonum argyrocoleon Steud. ex Kunze DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA POLYGONALES POLYGONACEAE Pteropyrum scoparium Jaub. & Spach LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA POLYGONALES POLYGONACEAE Rumex limoniastrum Jaub. & Spach EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA POLYGONALES POLYGONACEAE Rumex pictus Forssk. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA POLYGONALES POLYGONACEAE Rumex spinosus L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA POLYGONALES POLYGONACEAE Rumex vesicarius L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PRIMULALES PRIMULACEAE Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U.Manns & Anderb. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA PRIMULALES PRIMULACEAE Lysimachia linum–stellatum L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA RANUNCULALES MENISPERMACEAE Cocculus pendulus (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Diels LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA RANUNCULALES PAPAVERACEAE Fumaria parviflora Lam. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA RANUNCULALES PAPAVERACEAE Papaver decaisnei Hochst. & Steud. ex Elkan LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA RANUNCULALES PAPAVERACEAE Papaver dodecandrum (Forssk.) Medik. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA RANUNCULALES PAPAVERACEAE Papaver dubium L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA RANUNCULALES PAPAVERACEAE Papaver refractum (DC.) K.–F.Günther DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA RANUNCULALES RANUNCULACEAE Adonis dentata Delile EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
MAGNOLIOPSIDA RANUNCULALES RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus muricatus L. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ROSALES MORACEAE Ficus johannis Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ROSALES MORACEAE Ficus salicifolia Vahl LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ROSALES RHAMNACEAE Ziziphus spina–christi (L.) Desf. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ROSALES ROSACEAE Prunus arabica (Olivier) Meikle LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ROSALES URTICACEAE Forsskaolea tenacissima L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ROSALES URTICACEAE Forsskaolea viridis Ehrenb. ex Desf. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ROSALES URTICACEAE Parietaria alsinefolia Delile LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SAPINDALES RUTACEAE Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) A.Juss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SAPINDALES SAPINDACEAE Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SAXIFRAGALES CRASSULACEAE Crassula alata (Viv.) A.Berger DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SAXIFRAGALES CRASSULACEAE Rosularia adenotricha (Wall. ex Edgew.) C.–A.Jansson NT
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SAXIFRAGALES CRASSULACEAE Sedum hispanicum L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SAXIFRAGALES CRASSULACEAE Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SAXIFRAGALES CYNOMORIACEAE Cynomorium coccineum L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES ACANTHACEAE Blepharis ciliaris (L.) B.L.Burtt LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES ACANTHACEAE Justicia heterocarpa T.Anderson DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES OLEACEAE Olea europaea L. VU D1
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Anticharis arabica Endl. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Anticharis glandulosa Asch. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. LC
48
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Chaenorhinum rubrifolium (Robert & Castagne ex DC.) Fourr. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Cistanche phelypaea (L.) Cout. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight ex Hook.f. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Kickxia floribunda (Boiss.) Täckh. & Boulos DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Linaria simplex Desf. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Linaria tenuis (Viv.) Spreng. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindenbergia arabica (S.Moore) Hartl LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindenbergia indica (L.) Vatke LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Nanorrhinum hastatum (R.Br. ex Benth.) Ghebr. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Nanorrhinum ramosissimum (Wall.) Betsche LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Orobanche cernua Loefl. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Schweinfurthia imbricata A.G.Mill., M.Short & D.A.Sutton EN D
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Schweinfurthia papilionacea (L.) Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Scrophularia arguta Aiton LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Scrophularia deserti Delile LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Verbascum akdarense (Murb.) Hub.–Mor. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Verbascum omanense Hub.–Mor. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SCROPHULARIALES SCROPHULARIACEAE Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus acanthocladus Boiss. & Kotschy LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus arvensis L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus cephalopodus Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus glomeratus Choisy LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus pilosellifolius Desr. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus prostratus Forssk. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus ulicinus Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus virgatus Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES CONVOLVULACEAE Cressa cretica L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES CONVOLVULACEAE Cuscuta planiflora Ten. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES CONVOLVULACEAE Seddera latifolia Hochst. & Steud. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES SOLANACEAE Hyoscyamus muticus L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES SOLANACEAE Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES SOLANACEAE Solanum incanum L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES SOLANACEAE Solanum nigrum L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES SOLANACEAE Solanum villosum Mill. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES SOLANACEAE Solanum virginianum L. LC
49
UAE
UAE Red List
Criteria
Status
MAGNOLIOPSIDA SOLANALES SOLANACEAE Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA VIOLALES CISTACEAE Helianthemum kahiricum Delile DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA VIOLALES CISTACEAE Helianthemum lippii (L.) Dum.Cours. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA VIOLALES CISTACEAE Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA VIOLALES FRANKENIACEAE Frankenia pulverulenta L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA VIOLALES TAMARICACEAE Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA VIOLALES TAMARICACEAE Tamarix arabica Bunge DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA VIOLALES TAMARICACEAE Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA VIOLALES TAMARICACEAE Tamarix passerinoides Desv. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA VIOLALES TAMARICACEAE Tamarix pycnocarpa DC. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA VIOLALES VIOLACEAE Viola cinerea Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Fagonia bruguieri DC. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Fagonia indica Burm.f. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Fagonia ovalifolia Hadidi LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Fagonia paulayana J.Wagner & Vierh. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Seetzenia lanata (Willd.) Bullock LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tetraena alba (L.f.) Beier & Thulin DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tetraena coccinea (L.) Beier & Thulin DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tetraena hamiensis (Schweinf.) Beier & Thulin LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tetraena qatarensis (Hadidi) Beier & Thulin LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tetraena simplex (L.) Beier & Thulin LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tribulus arabicus Hosni LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tribulus bimucronatus Viv. DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tribulus macropterus Boiss. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tribulus megistopterus Kralik DD
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tribulus pentandrus Forssk. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Tribulus terrestris L. LC
MAGNOLIOPSIDA ZYGOPHYLLALES ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Zygophyllum propinquum Decne. DD
POLYPODIOPSIDA OPHIOGLOSSALES OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Ophioglossum polyphyllum A.Braun NT B1b(iii)
POLYPODIOPSIDA POLYPODIALES ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium ceterach L. DD
POLYPODIOPSIDA POLYPODIALES PTERIDACEAE Actiniopteris semiflabellata Pic.Serm. DD
POLYPODIOPSIDA POLYPODIALES PTERIDACEAE Adiantum capillus–veneris L. LC
POLYPODIOPSIDA POLYPODIALES PTERIDACEAE Allosorus acrosticus (Balb.) Christenh. LC
POLYPODIOPSIDA POLYPODIALES PTERIDACEAE Cosentinia vellea (Aiton) Tod. LC
POLYPODIOPSIDA POLYPODIALES PTERIDACEAE Onychium divaricatum (Poir.) Alston LC
50
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UAE National Red List Plants Report

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UAE National Red List Plants Report

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TECHNICAL REPORT

UAE National Red List of

UAE National Red List of

Figure 2. Monthly rainfall (mm), 2003 to 2017.

1.6 Objectives of the UAE National Red 2.2 Taxonomic scope

A small number of species may occur within the UAE but

Extinct in the Wild (EW) – System Species

Vulnerable (VU) 12 Upper bound

3.2 Spatial distribution of plants

Figure 7. Overall species richness of vascular plants in the UAE.

Figure 8. Threatened species richness of vascular plants in the UAE.

Figure 9. Data Deficient species richness of vascular plants in the UAE.

Threatened Not Threatened

Agriculture & aquacuiture

Figure 10. Identified threats to vascular plants in the UAE.

3.4 Population trends highly dependent on the timing of both significant

Figure 11. Population trend of UAE plant species.

Threatened Threatened & DD

0 50 100 150 200 250 3 00 3 50 400

Figure 12. The occurrence of vascular plants within protected areas.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Case Study: The UAE Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Species 1996 status 2019 status

Figure 15. Conservation actions needed for UAE plants.

CABI. 2019. Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

DAISIE. 2019. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe.

Gallacher, D.J. and Hill, J.P. 2006a.

Aisha Al Hammadi Al Ain Zoo, UAE

Appendix 2. Red List status of native plants in the UAE

GNETOPSIDA EPHEDRALES EPHEDRACEAE Ephedra pachyclada Boiss. LC

LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES CYMODOCEACEAE Halodule uninervis (Forssk.) Boiss. LC

LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES HYDROCHARITACEAE Halophila ovalis (R.Br.) Hook.f. NT B2ab(iii)

LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES HYDROCHARITACEAE Halophila stipulacea (Forssk.) Asch. NT B2ab(iii)

LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES HYDROCHARITACEAE Najas marina L. DD

LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton lucens L. DD

LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton nodosus Poir. DD

LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton schweinfurthii A.Benn. DD

LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES POTAMOGETONACEAE Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner DD

LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES POTAMOGETONACEAE Zannichellia palustris L. DD

LILIOPSIDA ALISMATALES RUPPIACEAE Ruppia maritima L. DD

LILIOPSIDA ARECALES ARECACEAE Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch. NT B1a+2a

LILIOPSIDA ARECALES ARECACEAE Phoenix dactylifera L. LC

LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus falcatus L. DD

LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES ASPARAGACEAE Dipcadi biflorum Ghaz. EN B1ab(iii,iv,v)

LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES ASPARAGACEAE Dipcadi serotinum (L.) Medik. LC

LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES ASPARAGACEAE Leopoldia longipes (Boiss.) Losinsk. LC

LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES ASPHODELACEAE Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. LC

LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES IRIDACEAE Moraea sisyrinchium (L.) Ker Gawl. LC

LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES IXIOLIRIACEAE Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult.f. LC

LILIOPSIDA ASPARAGALES ORCHIDACEAE Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss. & Hohen. VU D1

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla DD

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl CR (PE) D

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus arenarius Retz. LC

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus aucheri Jaub. & Spach LC

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. LC

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus jeminicus Rottb. DD

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus laevigatus L. LC

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus pseuderemicus Kukkonen & Väre DD

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus rotundus L. LC

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Cyperus rubicundus Vahl DD

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl DD

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl LC

LILIOPSIDA POALES CYPERACEAE Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla LC

LILIOPSIDA POALES JUNCACEAE Juncus rigidus Desf. LC