1544518689-Biodiversity Knowledge On Chimanimani TFCA - FINAL, July2017

Biodiversity Knowledge on the Chimanimani TFCA_final, July 2017, page 1
BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE FROM THE

CHIMANIMANI TRANS-FRONTIER CONSERVATION AREA (TFCA)
Jonathan Timberlake, July 2017
1. INTRODUCTION
The Chimanimani Trans-Frontier Conservation Area (TFCA), lying on the border of Eastern
Zimbabwe and central Mozambique at around 19o50'S, 33o04'E, has long been known by
biologists as an area of exceptional biodiversity with a number of plant species that are not
found elsewhere (known as endemics). Covering around 4100 km2, the TFCA comprises a
montane massif rising from a forested lowland area and has an altitudinal range from 140 m
along the Rio Mussapa to the peak of Mt Binga at 2436 m on the international border. One of
the main causes of the high levels of plant endemism is that much of the massif consists of
hard, resistant quartzite rocks that give rise to rugged scenery and very nutrient-poor soils.
Over the last 60 years much has been written on the biodiversity of both the mountains and
the associated forested lowlands, particularly for the Zimbabwe side. But with the exception
of the comprehensive paper on the plant ecology by Phipps and Goodier in 1962, and a
detailed account of the Mozambique side by Dutton and Dutton in 1975, until recently much
of this information remained scattered. However, recent project reports have brought together
much of what we know on the botany of the mountains and of the lowland forests
(Timberlake et al. 2016a, 2016b), but not on the vertebrates and invertebrates.
As part of a Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF)-funded project to assist

management of the TFCA on both sides of the international border, the Micaia Foundation (a
Mozambican NGO) commissioned a consultancy to compile existing biodiversity information
on the TFCA and to assess that information to determine what the significant gaps, especially
for management actions, are. In addition, the consultant was to provide a bibliography (see
Annex 1), with scanned copies where possible, of published information for a proposed
Chimanimani Resource Centre. This report and annexes are the result.
The report outlines the main biodiversity information available and the sources. It is divided
into sections on vegetation, plant species, various vertebrate groups and invertebrates. Our
main knowledge is outlined, i.e. what we know and what we do not know, followed by some
recommendations on the major gaps from the point of view of TFCA management that would
need to be addressed or filled.
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Full details on the geology, geomorphology, climate and land use history of the TFCA area
are available in Phipps & Goodier (1962), Dutton & Dutton (1975), the Chimanimani TFCA
Management Plan (Ghiurghi, Dondeyne & Bannerman 2010) and in reports arising from the
recent Darwin Initiative and CEPF projects (Timberlake et al. 2016a & 2016b, respectively).
They are not repeated in detail here.
In brief, the TFCA covers 4091 km2 with 815 km2 of that in a Core Zone where no settlement
is permitted. The whole TFCA ranges in altitude from 140‒350 m on the forested footslopes
Biodiversity Knowledge of the Chimanimani TFCA, June 2017, page 2
and pediments on the eastern Mozambican side along the Rio Mussapa and in the far south at
the Haroni-Rusitu junction area in Zimbabwe, to a montane massif rising to over 2000 m. The
main montane plateau, extending over 530 km2 and which is heavily dissected particularly in
the south, lies at around 1000‒1800 m with over 70% of it in Mozambique and a smaller
portion in Zimbabwe. The Core Zone is formally protected as the Chimanimani National Park
in Zimbabwe and the Chimanimani National Reserve in Mozambique. The Buffer Zone in
Mozambique (it does not seem to be present in Zimbabwe) where settlement and agriculture
are allowed covers 1721 km2.
Rainfall is high in the mountains, possibly up to 3000 mm/year in the wettest places, and is
probably around 1500 mm/year in the forested lowland areas in Mozambique. The
commercial farmland and forestry plantations in Zimbabwe, which lie in a rain-shadow, have
a rainfall of around 1100‒1400 mm/year.
Conservation threats in the Zimbabwe part of the Core Zone are minimal, whilst in the Core
Zone in Mozambique a massive influx of artisanal gold-panners, who have been digging out
many of the stream beds and stream banks over the last 12 years, have led to much concern by
conservationists. In the Buffer Zone in Mozambique there has been a rapid expansion of
forest clearance for subsistence agriculture over the last 25 years, accompanied by greatly
increased settlement and an increased incidence of wildfires. The effects of increased fire
incidence in the montane areas are not clear, but this is certainly having a deleterious effect of
the lowland vegetation. The other conservation threat is the rapid spread of the invasive shrub
Vernonanthura phosphorica, first introduced as a bee-fodder plant by an NGO some 20 years
ago. This is now taking over where lowland forest and woodland has been cleared and burnt;
it has also been found in montane areas above 1000 m altitude.
3.Figure 1. Extent of TFCA in Mozambique. Core

VEGETATION Figure 2. Vegetation cover over the Chimanimani TFCA
Zone shown in white. showing the larger montane extent in Mozambique.
The main detailed study on the vegetation of the TFCA, although only of the Zimbabwe side,
is the vegetation map by Goodier and Phipps (1962) along with detailed vegetation
descriptions found in their plant ecological study (Phipps & Goodier 1962). In these they
describe 12 vegetation types from the area above 1000 m altitude and map 10 of them, listing
the main defining species and the soil properties. These types were simplified somewhat in
Timberlake et al. (2016b) and the descriptions extended to the Mozambique side (see Annex
2).
However, there are earlier accounts of the vegetation of the broader area in Gomes Pedro and
Barbosa (1955), in the vegetation map of the whole Flora Zambesiaca area (Wild & Barbosa
1968) and in the vegetation map of Africa by Frank White (White 1983). Gomes Pedro &
Barbosa (1955) show the montane vegetation of the Mozambique side as Zona subalpestre
(Complexo 39, with evergreen forest, secondary scrub, drier Widdringtonia forest, Ericaceous
scrub and secondary grassland, amongst others) surrounded by Zona do médio Búzi
(Complexo 30, with various types of mixed and open woodland, but surprisingly not
mentioning any Brachystegia species or Uapaca). The Flora Zambesiaca map (Wild &
Barbosa 1968) is more detailed showing the montane area on both sides of the border as
Themeda‒Exotheca‒Loudetia submontane and montane grassland (Unit 68) with moist
evergreen forest on the lower eastern slopes (unit 1 with Maranthes goetzeniana, Khaya
anthotheca and Erythrophleum guineense) and high rainfall Brachystegia spiciformis
woodland adjacent (unit 21) on the Mozambique side and Brachystegia spiciformis‒
Julbernardia globiflora woodland (unit 23) on the Zimbabwe side. The Africa-wide map by
White (1983) depicts this more simply with Undifferentiated Afromontane vegetation
(grassland and forest, unit 19a) in the montane areas surrounded by Drier Zambezian miombo
woodland (unit 26) on both the Zimbabwe and Mozambique sides. The lowland forests are
not shown. In an earlier study of montane vegetation, White (1978) also mentions an
Ericaceous vegetation belt on the Chimanimanis, similar to that found in Malawi and Nyanga.
Also at this time, a vegetation map was produced by Crook (1956) of the Melsetter (now
Chimanimani District) Intensive Conservation Area in Zimbabwe (essentially the commercial
farming areas). Four types were described covering Closed Evergreen Forest, Short Open
Grassland, Bracken Scrub and two types of Woodland (dense and open).
Much less, however, has been written on the vegetation of the Mozambique side, although
Timberlake et al. (2016a) give a broad description of the forests, swamps and grasslands of
the lowland areas near the Rio Mussapa.
The moist forests of the Chimanimani area on the Zimbabwe side are described in detail by
Müller (1999, 2006), including both higher altitude Afromontane forests and the low altitude
forests of the Rusitu Valley in Zimbabwe. Although the descriptions of the far more extensive
lowland forests on the Mozambique side are less detailed, accounts and species lists can be
found in Müller, Sitoe & Mabunda (2005) and in Monteiro et al. (2011), as well as in an
unpublished chapter in the Visitor's Guide to the Lower Rustiu Valley (BFA 2000).
A systematic vegetation survey covering both montane and lowland vegetation, as well as the
intervening woodland, is not available. Such a vegetation or habitat survey should be carried
out in moderate detail, cover both sides of the border equally, and should be an essential first
step in designating conservation management zones. However there are difficulties as a
number of important vegetation types, such as rock outcrops or riparian forest strips, are so
small that they would not feature on any but a very detailed map of the area. This could be
overcome using an appropriate legend.
4. PLANT SPECIES
Flowering plants and ferns are perhaps the best recorded and collected group from the
Chimanimani Mountains, especially those for the montane areas above 1200 m altitude. A
comprehensive account of the botany of the mountains synthesising most of the available
information on collecting history, endemics, phytogeography and plant conservation can be
found in Timberlake et al. (2016b). Other important sources of information are Phipps and
Goodier (1962) on plant ecology and Wild (1964) on the endemics, while Goodier and Phipps
(1961) and Wursten, Timberlake and Darbyshire (2017, in press) provide plant checklists of
the upper parts of the TFCA, Timberlake et al. (2016a) gives a list of plants associated with
the low altitude forests in Mozambique, and there is an unpublished checklist from the forests
and woodlands of the Lower Rusitu valley in Zimbabwe (Timberlake 1999).
No plant checklist for the whole TFCA is available, but the updated montane list mentioned
above (Wursten et al. 2017) is now being published. Owing to its pre-publication status and
length it is not given as an Annex here. It lists 977 species (945 of them native) with 71 of
them only known from the Chimanimani Mountains above 1200 m, an endemism level of
7.4% which must be one of the highest for any areas in southern Africa outside of the fynbos
biome in the Cape in South Africa. However, the total number of endemic plant species from
the whole TFCA (both montane and lowland), that is species that are globally not found
elsewhere, is around 87 (see Annex 4).
In the montane areas there appears to be no apparent difference in plant species composition
between the Mozambique and Zimbabwe sides of the mountains, even though the smaller
Zimbabwe side lies in a rainshadow with a possibly lower rainfall. The habitats of particular
interest seem to be equally represented on both sides of the international border.
The checklist prepared for the unpublished Visitor's Guide to the Lower Rusitu Valley
(Timberlake 1999 in BFA 2000), a relatively small part of Zimbabwe and immediately
adjacent parts of Maronga in Mozambique at around 350‒800 m altitude, lists 784 species of
flowering plants and ferns (Annex 3). However, the altitudinal range of this compiled
checklist is not clear as it seems to include some montane endemics otherwise only known
from above 1000 m. The list of plants recently collected from the lowland forests, woodlands,
grassland and swamps of Maronga, Zomba, Mpunga and Mahate communities (Timberlake et
al. 2016a) contains 532 species, but disturbed areas and woodlands were not well covered.
The study by Timberlake et al. (2016b) showed that there are four types of plant endemics in
the TFCA: (a) those confined to the mountains proper, nearly all of them on quartzite rocks or
soils and primarily found above 800‒1000 m, (b) those species primarily found in lowland
forests and grasslands below 600 m, (c) those species only known from adjacent areas on
Umkondo sandstone substrates in Zimbabwe just outside the present TFCA, and (d) near-
endemics that are known from both the main Chimanimani Mountains and adjacent non-
quartzite hills such as Banti, Tsetserra and Rotanda (Table 1). A full list of all these endemics
is given in Annex 4. It is important to recognize that the extent of the montane quartzite
substrate, to which most of the endemics are confined, is only around 530 km2. A number of
other plants of restricted distribution found in the Chimanimanis, but also found on other
mountains further away such as the Vumba, Nyanga, Gorongosa and Serra Choa, are termed
Manica Highland endemics.
Recently, 66 species of restricted distribution have been assessed for their threat status using
the IUCN Red List criteria. Of these just less than half (27) were considered to fall into a
threat category (Table 2), mostly as the conservations status for plants in the Core Zone was
considered good. The small-scale (and illegal) gold-panning activity there is not a threat to
plants in most cases, although aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates are probably significantly
affected.
Table 1. Number of endemic or near-endemic taxa in the Chimanimani area.

Category no. taxa
Chimanimani montane endemic 71
Chimanimani montane near-endemic 20
Endemic to Umkondo sandstone areas around Chimanimani Mts 7
Chimanimani foothills endemic 9
Chimanimani foothills near-endemic 1
Table 2. Conservation assessments of Chimanimani endemics and near-

endemics (updated from Timberlake et al. 2016b).
IUCN Conservation category no. taxa
CR 1 (B2)
EN 5 (B1+B2)
VU 21 (B1+B2 & D2)
NT 1
LC 34
DD 4
not assessed 33
TOTAL 99
As mentioned above, what is missing for plants is a comprehensive checklist for the whole
TFCA. The areas at present inadequately covered are the lowland forests, grasslands and
swamps, and particularly the miombo and similar woodlands at mid-altitude (400‒1000 m).
The population status of many of the restricted-range and endemic species is also
inadequately known ‒ knowledge on which would greatly help the Park/Reserve authorities
better target conservation activities.
5. VERTEBRATES
Compared to plants and vegetation, much less has been written about the vertebrate and
invertebrate wildlife of the mountains. The main published work on wildlife on the
Mozambique side of the Chimanimani TFCA is that by Paul and Elizabeth Dutton (Dutton &
Dutton 1975). In appendices they provide checklists of mammals (including rodents and bats)
compiled by Reay Smithers and José Lobão Tello from museum collections and survey work;
birds, based on a list by Hodgson (1971) with supplementary information from Desmond
Jackson (1973); a list of reptiles and amphibians from Don Broadley; and a list of freshwater
fish compiled by Graham Bell-Cross from museum collections. These checklists apparently
cover the whole Chimanimani area in both Zimbabwe and Mozambique and both montane
habitats and lowland forest, effectively the whole TFCA. A list of just montane species would
probably be significantly shorter.
The various groups are discussed in more detail below.

5.1 Mammals
In the recent past the extensive grasslands and open areas of the Chimanimani Mountains
were renowned for large herds of Eland and Sable antelope. Owing to hunting by the small-
scale miners since the mid-2000s these have now mostly disappeared. Phipps and Goodier
(1962) mention Klipspringer, Eland and Sable antelope as being the main grazers, with
baboons and Rock Hyrax also common. Large mammals used to roam freely across the
border but, according to the Reserve Warden (pers. comm. Nov 2014), the remaining animals
have now moved to more wooded areas at slightly lower altitudes in the east and north east
where there are fewer people. During many weeks of fieldwork in 2014 and 2016, almost no
antelope were seen, although some evidence of small carnivores was noted. A species of
particular interest is the Aardvark or Ant bear (Orycteropus afer), the dug holes of which
provide an unusual habitat across the grasslands, one that is often used by Blue Swallows for
their nests. Numerous Aardvark holes were seen during our survey, but it was not checked if
these were still occupied, either by Aardvarks or Blue Swallows. Surprisingly, the Aardvaak
does not appear on either of the two mammal checklists.
An appendix in Dutton & Dutton (1975) provides a checklist with 67 mammals (including
rodents and bats) compiled by Reay Smithers and José Lobão Tello from museum collections
and survey work (Annex 5). Much of this probably later appeared in the atlas of Mozambique
mammals (Smithers & Tello 1976). It is not clear if this list covers the whole Chimanimani
area and both montane and lowland forest habitats, effectively the whole TFCA, as it states
"existentes nas montanhas de Chimanimani e áreas adjacentes….", but this is probably the
case; a list of species only recorded from upland areas would be significantly shorter.
Dutton & Dutton (1975) provide quite a bit of detail on populations and distribution of larger
mammals obtained during their 1972 survey, both carnivores and herbivores. Part of the
survey was done using aerial reconnaissance, and they include a map (Mapa 1) showing the
distribution of ungulates, indicating that elephant and buffalo were only recorded from the
lowland forests. A total of 14 large mammal species were noted by them during the aerial
survey. Some species that had been historically present were not seen, such as lion (last
recorded in the 1950s), rhinoceros, hippopotamus, zebra and Lichtenstein's Hartebeest. Such
species would now appear to be locally extinct.
A shorter list of 52 mammals recorded from the Lower Rusitu Valley in Zimbabwe is given in
Annex 6, including a fruit bat discovered a long way south of its previously known
distribution (Cotterill 1995). This list was compiled by Fenton Cotterill from sight records
from the area along with specimens from the Natural History Museum in Bulawayo, and was
to have formed part of the unpublished Visitor's Guide (BFA 2000, unpublished). The
nomenclature of the two lists given here differs in some regards, but no attempt has been
made to harmonise them.
5.2 Birds
Apart from plants, there is more information available on the birds of the Chimanimani area
than for any other group. Even so, it is not as comprehensive as might have been expected
with differing levels of detail across the area. The montane area and the lowland forest are
generally covered by different studies.
The first study on birds is perhaps that by Swynnerton, who when living at Chirinda Forest in
Zimbabwe travelled through much of the wider Gazaland area on both sides of the
international border. He also collected a number of plant specimens from Mt Pene in
Zimbabwe, now on Forestry Commission land just outside the present TFCA. Two papers
were published on the birds of the area and their habitats (Swynnerton 1907, 1908).
A list of 180 bird species found above 600 m altitude in the montane portion on both sides of
the border is given in Dutton & Dutton (1975) based on Hodgson (1971), and was based on
Hodgson's own observations from 1963 to 1967 coupled with earlier records in Swynnerton
(1907, 1908) and Masterson & Child (1959) (Annex 7). The forest avifauna is said to be of
particular interest. This was superseded by a comprehensive and well-annotated checklist by
Beasley (1995) covering 185 species from the c.500 km2 area above 700 m in both
Mozambique and Zimbabwe, including many of his own observations from 1971 to 1989 as
well as those from Jackson (Jackson 1973a, 1973b, 1975) and records in Irwin (1981) (Annex
8). The numerous notes indicate localities of occurrence, status and habitat. Although there
are undoubtedly some more recent additions to this list, it probably reflects well the upland
avifauna. It does not attempt to list species found lower down, which would have greatly
increased the total number.
A montane species of particular conservation interest is the Blue Swallow Hirundo

atrocaerulea, generally found in montane grassland (Little 2013). This species often uses
Aardvark (Orycteropus afer) burrows for its nests. Although numerous Aardvark holes were
seen during recent visits, it was not clear if these are occupied, either by Aardvarks or Blue
Swallows. A recent survey of Blue Swallows covering Malawi and Mozambique (Little 2013)
did not visit the Chimanimani area, but seemed to suggest that the species would not be found
there owing to disturbance. However, the species is present on the Zimbabwe side (Childes &
Mundy 2001) and there is an historic record from Mozambique given in Parker (2005).
Lowland forests in the Lower Rusitu Valley have been very well documented (Vernon et al.
1990, Sue Childes & Michael Irwin in BFA 2000). It is said to be the only place in Zimbabwe
where highland, mid-altitude and lowland avifaunas meet and form an ecological continuum.
The first ornithological trip to this area was apparently by R.W. Rawline in 1955, followed by
a number of others in the 1960-70s resulting in unpublished annotated lists. At that stage, the
area was difficult of access on the Zimbabwe side and something of a new frontier. The first
published account was by Macdonald, Dean & Vernon (1974), followed later by Vernon,
Macdonald & Dean (1989, 1990) which lists 233 species. At that time a number of species
were said to be only found in Zimbabwe in this area, such as Vanga Flycatcher, Slender
Bulbul, Angola Pitta, Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo, Lesser Cuckoo, Chestnut-fronted
Helmetshrike, Delegourge's Pigeon, Green Coucal and Eastern Lesser Honeyguide, although
they are often more common in lowland areas of Mozambique further north. In their 1989
publication, Vernon et al. list 72 species of forest bird from this area (49 of which were true
forest species), which they said represents perhaps the richest forest avifauna in southern
Africa. In comparison, only 66 strictly forest species were listed for the more extensive and
attitudinally more diverse Gorongosa Mountain (Oatley & Tinley 1989). Half of the forest
birds are resident while others show seasonal movement from the montane forests at higher
altitudes during the cold season, showing that forest bird populations are neither stable nor
aseasonal, contrary to the accepted wisdom at the time. Changes in annual rainfall are said to
lead to changes in breeding numbers.
The Makurupini forest, at the southern end of the Chimanimani National Park in Zimbabwe,
was said (Vernon et al. 1989) to be a mosaic of primary and secondary forest, felled in
portions for subsistence cultivation in the past but regenerated, while the Vimba forest (Rusitu
Botanic Reserve) was almost entirely secondary. More species and individuals of birds were
found in secondary than in primary forest.
Peter Mundy (in Childes & Irwin, in BFA 2000) provides a checklist of 262 species from the
Lower Rusitu Valley in Zimbabwe, along with an indication of habitat and status (Annex 9).
Of these, 52 are said to be forest species and 35 are forest edge or thicket species. One species
is Endangered (Taita Falcon), six are Vulnerable (four of them raptors) and eight near-
threatened.
In the broader Chimanimani area three Important Bird Areas (IBAs) have been designated,
two on the Zimbabwe side (Childes & Mundy 1998, 2001, ZW006, ZW007) and a much
larger one in Mozambique (Parker 2001, MZ006). The Chimanimani area lies within an
Endemic Bird Area (Stattersfield et al. 1998), the so-called Eastern Zimbabwe Mountains
EBA, with four biome-restricted species being found in one or other of the IBAs ‒ Southern
Banded Snake-eagle Circaetus fasciolatus, Swynnerton's Robin Swynnertonia swynnertoni,
Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea and Blue-backed (or Plain-backed) Sunbird Anthreptes
reichenowi.
Of the 186 bird species said to be found in the Chimanimani Mountains IBA (ZW006), there
are three species of global conservation concern ‒ Southern Banded Snake-eagle (NT), Taita
Falcon Falco fasciinucha (VU) and Blue Swallow (NT) ‒ along with two restricted-range
species. Species typical of three separate biomes (Afrotropical Highlands, East African Coast
and Zambezian) are listed, with two species found only in the Eastern Zimbabwe Mountains
EBA ‒ the Chirinda Apalis Apalis chirindensis and the Briar Warbler Prinia robertsii. In the
Haroni‒Rusitu junction and Botanic Reserves IBA (ZW007), 233 species are recorded,
coming again from the three separate biomes. Key species are the Southern Banded Snake-
eagle, Taita Falcon and Blue-backed Sunbird.
In the Mozambique IBA (MZ006), covering around 1740 km2 and ranging from 500‒2436 m,
three restricted-range bird species occur ‒ Swynnerton's Robin (VU), Chirinda Apalis and the
Briar Warbler. The Southern Banded Snake-eagle (NT) and Blue-backed Sunbird are species
of conservation concern and residents of lowland forest, while Swynnerton's Robin (VU) is
found in montane forest and Blue Swallow (NT) in montane grassland. The Taita Flacon
(VU) is probably regular but has only been recorded once. This IBA is said to probably be the
area of greatest avian diversity in Mozambique as it is at the intersection of three biomes and
has such a large altitudinal and habitat range. However, a catastrophic fire in 1994 greatly
affected the lowland forests.
As mentioned above, our knowledge on birds is fairly comprehensive but each of the two
main checklists covers only part of the area ‒ firstly, that above 700 m and secondly, only the
Zimbabwe portion of the lowland forest area (upper altitudinal limit unspecified). Thus the
major gap in our ornithological knowledge is from the forested and woodland areas on the
Mozambique foothills and pediments. Good information is available from Zimbabwe but this
is not mirrored on the Mozambique side, where extensive fieldwork would be required.
Given the proximity of the two areas and the ability of many species to migrate altitudinally
through the seasons, a comprehensive annotated checklist covering the complete
Chimanimani TFCA needs to be produced. This should be annotated in a similar way to
Beasley (1995), including distribution, habitat preference, relative abundance and
conservation status. A major consideration here is that any ecotourism initiatives are likely to
largely depend on birds and birders.
5.3 Reptiles & Amphibians

Nearly all the studies and lists of reptiles and amphibians (collectively known as herps) have
come from the Zimbabwe side of the Chimanimani Mountains and from the low altitude
Haroni-Rusitu area. Most of these date from the 1970s and were compiled by Don Broadley,
who was initially at the Mutare (Umtali) Museum and later at the Natural History Museum in
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Most of the voucher specimens are lodged in Bulawayo.
Broadley compiled a checklist for the Dutton's survey (Dutton & Dutton 1975) based on
earlier records, nearly all of which would have been recorded from the Zimbabwe side of the
massif, probably above 1000 m altitude. This list, which includes Portuguese common names,
gives 62 reptiles and 34 amphibians (Annex 10, nomenclature corrected by Werner Conradie),
including large crocodiles reported from the Rio Mufomodzi below the Mutsarara waterfall
(Martin's Falls). The crocodiles may not be found there now. Two amphibians were of
particular note ‒ Bufo vertebralis grindleyi and Arthrolepis troglodytes ‒ both said to be
endemic to the mountains. However, the Bufo species has been lumped under a much more
widely distributed species, Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Poyntonophrynus_fenoulheti), so now cannot be considered endemic. The other endemic
amphibian, the Cave Squeaker frog Arthroleptis troglodytes, was first found by Don Broadley
in a cave near the Bundi Plain at 1675 m in the western Chimanimanis, and had not been
found since 1962 (ZSL 2016). Its conservation status was assessed as Critically Endangered
on the IUCN Red List (http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/54389/0, accessed April 2017), and
it was considered possibly extinct as no individuals were found despite intensive searching by
specialists in the type locality in 2010 (Harvey et al. 2010). However, in November 2016
scientists from the Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe in Bulawayo announced they had
located and captured four specimens, the first such occurrence since 1962
(https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/04/world/africa/zimbabwe-frog-cave-
squeaker.html?ref=world&_r=0). The new specimens were found under leaf litter, rather than
the sinkhole or cave habitats that had been assumed.
Robert Hopkins (Natural History Museum, Bulawayo) has collected frogs from the Zimbabwe
side of the mountains since 2007 and has found nearly all those listed in Broadley's earlier list
(Annex 11) plus Hemisus marmoratus (Mottled or Marbled-shovel snouted frog). He also has
specimens of many amphibians and some reptiles available for DNA analysis. Hopkins
mentions (pers. comm., April 2017) that some specialists have suggested that the Berg Adder
(Bitis atropos) commonly found in the mountains may be a new subspecies or species.
As part of the planned Visitor's Guide to the Lower Rusitu Valley of Zimbabwe (BFA 2000),
which was unfortunately never completed or published, a brief chapter and checklist was
written by Don Broadley on the herps of the lowland Haroni-Rusitu area in Zimbabwe, which
would effectively cover the forested and wooded lowland Chimanimani footslopes in
Maronga and Zomba. This list (Annex 11) contains 40 reptile and 26 amphibian species, with
one considered endemic to the area ‒ the Flat-lizard Platysaurus ocellatus. There are also six
reptile and three amphibian species with very restricted ranges in Zimbabwe, although they
are probably to be found more widely in suitable habitat in lowland Mozambique. Particular
species of interest are an amphisbaenian ‒ Swynnerton's Worm-lizard Chirindia swynnertonii
‒ which is only known from here in Zimbabwe although it is more widespread in
Mozambique, and the large Gaboon Viper Bitis gabonica.
The herpetofauna of the Chimanimani area is quite diverse, with a good representation of
amphibians. The levels of endemism ‒ one lizard and one frog ‒ are moderately high for its
size. As with the other animal groups, the richness and importance of the lower Rusitu valley
in Zimbabwe is primarily because its lowland moist forest habitat is very scarce in that
country but much more widespread in Mozambique.
Although some herp collecting trips have been made to the Chimanimani Mountains since the
1970s, no further lists appear to have been published (Werner Conradie, pers. comm. 2017).
Much is already known, but there are some significant gaps. A comprehensive list from all
habitats from mountain peaks to forested lowlands is needed. This could be done primarily
through compilation, although (as with birds) the main gap in coverage is probably the
forested footslopes and woodlands on the Mozambique side.
5.4 Fish
The first published study on the fish of the Chimanimani area was by Graham Bell-Cross of
the Queen Victoria Museum (now National Museums of Zimbabwe in Harare), which lists 49
species (Bell-Cross 1973, and Apendice F in Dutton & Dutton 1975 – see Annex 12). This list
was from the main Busi catchment including the Bundi, Haroni, Rusitu/Lucite and Mussapa
rivers in both countries. A species of Grunter, Chrysichthys hildae, from the Busi was
described as new, and the study also pointed out the danger of introducing alien fish species
such as trout (Oncorhynchus mylissi and Salmo trutta) in the upper reaches.
A much shorter account was written for the Lower Rusitu Valley Visitor's Guide (J.L.
Minshull & B. Marshall in BFA 2000, unpublished) which listed 14 species recorded in the
1950s to 1970s from this part of Zimbabwe, three of which are more typical of mountain
waters. This list is incorporated in an updated version of Bell-Cross one (Annex 13). In their
account it was suggested that in the whole Busi River system (i.e. below the Lucite and
Mussapa, as well as above) 50‒60 fish species are likely to be found.
A new species of tilapia, Chetia brevicauda, was discovered near Dombe, lower down the Rio
Lucite in 1997 (Bills & Weyl 2002).
More recently, Roger Bills (SAIAB, Grahamstown, South Africa) produced a comprehensive
list based on a field survey in the Chimanimani TFCA and Busi River area in
September/October 2002, which gives 63 species, although the list has not yet been published.
He suggests that the region is of great interest with potentially undescribed species in several
families.
Much data on the fishes of the Busi catchment has already been gathered, but there is perhaps
less from the upper montane reaches. It is these areas that have been badly affected by
damage to streams from artisanal gold-panning, as well as the greatly increased siltation
arising from gold mining on the lower reaches, particularly along the Haroni River in
Zimbabwe. What is now needed is the compilation of a comprehensive checklist, indicating
altitude and habitats where each species are found. Many specimens and records are available,
particularly in Bulawayo (NHMZ) and Grahamstown (SAIAB), but have not yet been
systematically brought together.
6. INVERTEBRATES
Although there are many more invertebrate species than vertebrates or plants, unsurprisingly
little has been recorded on them for the Chimanimani area.
The Dutton's Chimanimani Mountains study (Dutton & Dutton 1975) does not mention
invertebrates at all, but the unpublished Visitor's Guide to the Lower Rusitu Valley (BFA
2000) contains two short chapters on them ‒ one on butterflies by Alan Gardiner and one on
other insects and arthropods by Moira Fitzpatrick.
6.1 Butterflies
Lepidoptera, especially butterflies, are generally fairly well recorded in Zimbabwe, although
surprisingly no list appears to be available for the montane areas (Alan Gardiner and Colin
Congdon, both pers. comm. October 2016).
Despite the large number of endemic plants, some of which appear to be suitable larval food
species, there is just one species of butterfly known to be endemic to the Chimanimani
Mountains ‒ Lepidochrysops barnesii (Lycaenidae) ‒ known only from montane grassland at
1800 m in a small valley on the Zimbabwe side. But five other near-endemic species are
known from montane grasslands or Afromontane forest along the Zimbabwe‒Mozambique
borderlands. Most of Zimbabwe's endemic butterflies are found in montane grassland and
montane forest (Gardiner in BFA 2000).
Much more information is available on the butterflies of the Zimbabwe part of the Lower
Rusitu Valley. Gardiner's unpublished chapter lists 199 species from a relatively small area
(Annex 14, with common names). As he points out, many of them are characteristic of moist
forest (48), some from miombo woodland (15) and some (12 of those listed) are typical of the
East African coastal belt. However, no endemics were noted.
Based on published, but often incomplete, lists available for other Mozambique mountains,
such as Mt Chiperone (56 species, Timberlake et al. 2007), Mt Inago (113 species, Bayliss et
al. 2010), Mt Namuli (126 species above 1200 m, Timberlake et al. 2009) and Mt Mabu (203
species, Timberlake et al. 2012), the butterfly fauna of the montane parts of the Chimanimani
Mountains should be in the order of 150‒200 species, but many more if the lowland forests
are included (300+).
What is now needed is a comprehensive checklist for the whole Chimanimani massif and
TFCA, from mountain peaks and grasslands to lowland forests, miombo woodland and
riparian woodlands. Much of this could be compiled from existing, although unpublished,
records, but the need for a good butterfly survey of the mountains is probably one of the more
important gaps in our biodiversity knowledge. Butterflies are not only reasonable indicators
of ecosystem health, but can also be important for ecotourism. Unlike the case with many
other invertebrate groups (except Odonata), the taxonomy is also fairly robust and good
identification guides are available.
6.2 Other Invertebrates

The only biodiversity information located on other invertebrates is in the unpublished chapter
of the Lower Rusitu Valley Visitor's Guide (BFA 2000) by Moira Fitzpatrick, based mostly
on museum collections at the Natural History Museum in Bulawayo and two field visits ‒ by
Prince Edward School, Harare in 1965/66 (Rhodesian Schools Exploration Society 1965) and
by the Biodiversity Foundation for Africa in 1995 (unpublished notes).
The main information available concerns Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies), the most
obvious insects along rivers and streams within forest. A list of 22 species was given (Annex
15) but is obviously incomplete. Brief notes on some other invertebrates, such as beetles,
wasps, ants, scorpions and (in particular) spiders, are also given in this chapter. A new species
of spider was described from the area as a result of the 1995 trip (FitzPatrick 2007).
A list of dragonflies could be fairly readily done, in part by collating existing records from
museums and collections, but also by carrying out a good survey of both montane and
lowland stream habitats. Odonata, both the species composition and relative abundance, are
often considered to be good indicators of water quality, an issue of particular significance in
the area now since gold panning activities started in the 2000s. And, as with butterflies, good
identification guides are available for this group, and regional specialists can be found.
Another invertebrate group that is easier to identify and shows speciation across mountains is
freshwater crabs (Daniels & Bayliss 2012). One species has been recorded from the forested
footslopes in the Zomba area (Potamonautes mutariensis), otherwise only known from higher
altitude areas in the Mutare and Nyanga areas of Zimbabwe. Species endemic to the
Chimanimani area are likely to be found.
Obviously, the major gap in our biodiversity knowledge of the Chimanimani area is of all
other invertebrate groups. The major reasons for this are probably the lack of regional
specialists and the "taxonomic impediment", our inability to identify many collected
specimens to species-level or even to genus.
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
A bibliography of all references located concerning the biodiversity of the Chimanimani

TFCA area is given as Annex 1. There are a number of other publications that are secondary
or concern adjacent areas, such as the commercial farmlands and Forest Land in Zimbabwe or
the similar Chirinda Forest (Timberlake & Shaw 1994), or cover topics that are not strictly
biodiversity-related, but these are not included here. The bibliography restricts itself to the
126 publications or unpublished reports or web pages that have been found by the consultant
and provide some primary biodiversity information on the area.
8. MAIN FINDINGS
General
1) The main summary documents on biodiversity in the TFCA Core and Buffer Zones are:
Goodier & Phipps (1961), Phipps & Goodier (1962), Wild (1964) and Timberlake et al.
(2016a, 2016b) for plants, Dutton & Dutton (1975) for vertebrates and general ecology,
Beasley (1995) for birds, and the unpublished BFA book on the Lower Rusitu Valley (for
all groups but only for a small area). The annexes to the 2010 TFCA Management Plan
for the Mozambique side (Ghiurghi, Dondeyne & Bannermann 2010) are also a
significant, albeit more general, information source.
2) Unlike the situation in many other conservation areas of south-central Africa, more is
known about plants and plant ecology on the Chimanimani Mountains than about the
vertebrates, probably because of the attractiveness and uniqueness of the flora. Although
the plant information has now, to a significant extent, been consolidated and placed in a
regional context, the same is not true for information on vertebrates, other than perhaps
for birds.
Plants & Vegetation

3) Our knowledge on plant diversity in the montane areas (above 1200 m) is good and is
also moderately well documented. However, our knowledge on the flora and vegetation
of the miombo woodlands on the mid-slopes (400‒1000 m) and on the forests and
woodlands on the footslopes within the TFCA Buffer Zone is substantially less. Areas
that have not been adequately investigated botanically are (a) the gorges in the south and
east of the main massif, (b) the far southern end of the upland massif, especially the
peaks, and (c) woodland areas in the mid-altitudinal range (400)600‒1000(1200) m.
4) The total number of plant species recorded from the Chimanimani Mountains above an
altitude of 1200 m is 977, of which 71 (7.4%) are believed to be endemic and thus not
found elsewhere. Most of these endemics are confined to quartzite substrates, an area of
only around 530 km2. This is a particularly high level of endemism in southern Africa
outside of the Cape Region, possibly the highest known. Total species number once the
upland woodlands and montane forests are better recorded is likely to be around 1200
taxa.
5) The lowland forest flora, along with that of the miombo woodland, grassland and swamps
on the lower slopes in Mozambique, is much less known. A full checklist is not available
but would probably be in the order of 1000 species, without much overlap with species
found in the montane areas. There are nine known endemics confined to this area of the
TFCA, two of them from forest. The large tree Maranthes goetzeniana, common in these
forests, possibly has its main global population here.
6) Across the montane massif there appears to be no apparent difference in plant species
composition between the Mozambique and Zimbabwe sides, even though the smaller
Zimbabwe side lies in a rain shadow with possibly lower rainfall. The habitats of
particular interest are equally represented on both sides of the international border.
Vertebrates
7) The populations of large mammals appear to have decreased significantly across the
TFCA over the last 40 years, mostly resulting from poaching but possibly in the lower
forested areas also to habitat destruction. The total number of species recorded is around
90, with four of these now probably locally extinct and over 40% are small rodents,
shrews or bats. The number of large antelopes, for which the montane areas were known
in the past, has greatly reduced, but elephants are not uncommon in the lowland forest
area around Mpunga/Moribane.
8) For birds, the TFCA on both sides of the border is regarded internationally as an
Important Bird Area (IBA); that on the Zimbabwe side is considered as two separate
IBAs ‒ one in the mountains and one in the lowland forests. The total number of bird
species recorded above 700 m is 185, while from the lowland areas in Zimbabwe 262 are
recorded, 52 of which are true forest species. The total number of bird species found in
the Chimanimani area ‒ montane and lowland ‒ has not yet been determined, but is
probably over 400. The lowland forests on the Mozambique side have not yet been
surveyed. There are seven globally threatened species present across the mountains.
9) The reptiles and amphibians of the TFCA have been moderately well-recorded, although
the lowland forests in Mozambique are still poorly known. The total species number is
around 68 reptiles and 37 amphibians, with only one endemic lizard from the lowland
part of Zimbabwe and an endemic frog from the montane area.
10) The freshwater fishes of the upper Buzi catchment probably total around 70 species,
although a full published list is not available. Given the environmental impact of gold-
panning in the TFCA Core Zone, a priority is to look at fishes in fast-flowing upland
streams and to determine their conservation status.
Invertebrates
11) Information on the various invertebrate groups ‒ terrestrial and aquatic ‒ is particularly
weak compared to other areas in Zimbabwe. Surprisingly, no checklist is available for the
butterflies of the montane area, a priority given the potential for range-restricted species
there. The lowland forest area in Zimbabwe with 199 species is much better covered,
although this list should be extended to the much more extensive forested areas in
Mozambique.
12) Our knowledge on Odonata is also surprisingly weak given their ecological indicator
value and the relative ease of identification. A dragonfly survey of the whole TFCA
should be a priority.
13) There is virtually nothing recorded in other invertebrate groups, although their ecological
indicator value given the threats from gold-panning and forest clearance is significant.
Ecology & Conservation

14) In the literature most of our knowledge (apart from plants and to a lesser extent for birds)
is solely of species occurrence and sometimes distribution. Ecological issues such as
factors determining presence or abundance have been much less looked at, with the
notable exception of Phipps & Goodier (1962) for plants and vegetation. However, there
are partial ecological accounts for birds in Vernon et al. (1989), Beasley (1995) and
Childes & Irwin (BFA 2000), while Dutton & Dutton (1975) provide good information
on the distribution of large mammals, at least during the colonial period.
15) In terms of information specifically on scientific conservation, the only publications

appear to be Timberlake et al. (2016b) and Shah (2016) for plants, Childes & Mundy
(1998, 2001) and Vincent (2001) for birds, and Dutton & Dutton (1975) for large
mammals. More information on population and conservation status is required.
16) Nearly all of the important montane habitats (grassland, ericoid scrub, crags,
Afromontane forest) are formally and adequately protected within the TFCA Core Zone;
none are particularly under threat, nor are most of the endemic species there. There is
minor habitat loss owing to small-scale mining activities, and a potentially larger ‒ but
unknown ‒ threat from increased number and extent of wildfires. The spread of alien
invasive species in the montane area is, so far, limited.
17) However, some important habitats (moist forest, semi-deciduous woodland, riverine
woodland fringes, swamps and wetlands) in the Buffer Zone between 150 and 350 m
altitude are under significant threat, habitats that are not found in the Core Zone. In
particular, moist lowland forest on the Chimanimani footslopes in Mozambique is of very
limited occurrence elsewhere, much of it having been cleared in the last 100 years or so
elsewhere (e.g. the Amatongas forest). The main threat is the wide-scale clearance for
fields and settlement, nearly all of it for shifting agriculture and with low agricultural
return. Associated with such clearance is the widespread use of fire, which can spread
through nearby non-agricultural areas and is often followed by invasion of the shrub
Vernonanthera phosphorica. This introduced species forms dense stands in disturbed or

cleared areas, effectively stopping any forest regeneration, and also readily supports
further fires in subsequent years. Although clearance and shifting cultivation have
probably been practiced in this area for some hundreds of years, the pressure and extent
since the mid-1990s are now much greater. Little recovery time now seems to be
incorporated into the land system. It is the Buffer Zone on the Mozambique side where
most conservation attention needs to be given, even though the biodiversity of the Core
Zone may be of greater conservation significance.
18) Populations of large mammals in the Chimanimani Mountains appear to have decreased
quite significantly over the last 20 years, although no quantitative evidence has been seen.
This is probably related to poaching and disturbance from the large influx of small-scale
miners. It is not known if this has led to any local species extinctions, or whether
populations could recover rapidly if the miners were removed. In addition, it needs to be
recognized that soils and forage quality in the mountains are nutrient-deficient, so large
herbivore populations were probably always lower than in other montane areas such as
Nyanga in Eastern Zimbabwe. Small mammal populations have probably not been
affected so much, although some species are regularly hunted or snared for meat.
19) The elephant population, found primarily in the Moribane area, does not appear to have
been affected by these changes so much, although conflict with cropping is a major issue.
20) The priority gaps or needs in our knowledge on biodiversity across the TFCA that need to
be addressed are:
a) A semi-detailed (e.g. 1: 50,000 scale) vegetation or habitat map of the whole TFCA,
with particular reference to the lowland and mid-altitude areas. This would involve
extensive fieldwork and the use of low-level aerial photography. Such a vegetation
map should form the basic framework for management decision-making as well as
being used to monitor forest loss.
b) A comprehensive plant checklist for the whole TFCA, focussing in particular on the
lowland forests, miombo woodland and swamp grasslands.
c) Describe and better collect plants from the peaks above 2000 m altitude. It is these
species and associations that will most come under threat from climate change as they
will not be able to move to cooler environments.
d) Further detailed knowledge is required on the population status and threats to endemic
species, especially plants in order to help inform management decisions. Of particular
concern is determination of the impact of increased fire frequency on plant
populations and vegetation types such as Ericoid scrub and Afromontane forest.
e) Determination of the population status and present distribution of large mammal
populations, particularly across the upland areas.
f) Compilation of an annotated bird checklist for the whole TFCA. Any fieldwork
required should focus on the lowland forests and woodlands.
g) A butterfly survey and checklist. Fieldwork is needed in montane areas on both sides
of the border, and should also cover the montane forests as well as in the forests and
wetlands at lower altitudes.
h) An Odonata (dragonfly) survey and checklist covering both montane and lowland
areas, in order to help monitor and assess the environmental impacts of mining
activities.
9. RECOMMENDATIONS
1) Further specific survey and documentation work needs to be done as indicated under
gaps (see under 20 above) in order to provide a scientific and rational basis for
management decisions, especially as regards any threatened habitats and species of
particular interest. Reserve management needs to be better underpinned by scientific
and technical information.
2) Population studies on a comprehensive range of the endemics are required. At present
we know only their distribution, but have limited information on species frequency and
population structure. Plant studies, and those on other biological groups, now need to
move on from the inventory stage to ecological questions and conservation.
3) More attention should be given to assessing the role of ecosystem services provided by
the Chimanimani massif and its vegetation. This would look particularly at water
supplies and their distribution throughout the year.
4) The importance of wetlands in the Buffer Zone needs to be brought out more, not least
in the ecosystem services they provide. Of particular concern is the removal of
riverbank vegetation and pollution of swamp waters.
5) A monitoring programme on forest loss should be initiated on the lowland Mozambique
side. This should be linked to monitoring of the spread of alien invasive species such as
Vernonanthura, as well as to the incidence and distribution of wildfires across the
whiole TFCA.
6) Harmonisation of TFCA management across the international border is required, for
example in control and reduction of wildfires, action addressing small-scale mining
activity and associated traders and trading, poaching, spread of invasive species,
tourism, and possibly also in research.
7) Linked to this could be the development of small field guides on selected biological
groups (e.g. an annotated bird checklist) and basic explanatory texts, both for
ecotourism and for local schools. Numbered trails with guides, as has been done at
Ndzou Camp, should be expanded, particularly in the upland areas.
10. REFERENCES (only those not given in Annex 1, Bibliography)
Bayliss, J., Monteiro, J., Fishpool, L., Congdon, C., Bampton, I., Bruessow, C., Matimele, H.,
Banze, A. & Timberlake, J. (2010). Biodiversity and Conservation of Mount Inago,
Mozambique. Report produced under Darwin Initiative Award 15/036. Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, London, UK.
Timberlake, J.R. & Shaw, P. [editors] (1994). Chirinda Forest: A Visitors' Guide. Zimbabwe
Forestry Commission, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Timberlake, J., Bayliss, J., Alves, T., Baena, S., Francisco, J., Harris, T. & de Sousa, C.
(2007). The Biodiversity and Conservation of Mount Chiperone, Mozambique. Report
produced under Darwin Initiative Award 15/036. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London,
UK.
Timberlake, J., Dowsett-Lemaire, F., Bayliss, J., Alves, T., Baena, S., Bento, C., Cook, K.,
Francisco, J., Harris, T., Smith, P. & de Sousa, C. (2009). Mt Namuli, Mozambique:
Biodiversity and Conservation. Report produced under Darwin Initiative Award 15/036.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK.
Timberlake, J., Bayliss, J., Dowsett-Lemaire, F., Congdon, C., Branch, W.R., Collins, S.,
Curran, M., Dowsett, R.J., Fishpool, L., Francisco, J., Harris, T., Kopp, M. & de Sousa,
C. (2012). Mt Mabu, Mozambique: Biodiversity and Conservation. Report produced
under Darwin Initiative Award 15/036. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK.
ANNEX 1. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

IN THE CHIMANIMANI TRANS-FRONTIER CONSERVATION AREA.
1. Anderson, M. (1965). Botany. In: Prince Edward School Chironi Expedition

(Chimanimani area), 1965. Rhodesian Schools Exploration Society, pp. 21‒24. Harare
[Salisbury], Zimbabwe.
2. Ball, J.S. (1978). Southern African Epiphytic Orchids. Conservation Press, Johannesburg,
South Africa.
3. Bannerman, J.H. (2010). Appendix 1. The human population: history, culture, land use
and traditional structures. In: Chimanimani National Reserve. Management Plan (A.
Ghiurghi, S. Dondeyne & J.H. Bannerman), volume 3. Report prepared by
AgriConsulting for Ministry of Tourism, Maputo, Mozambique.
4. Barbosa, L.A.G. (1968). Moçambique. In: I. Hedberg & O. Hedberg (eds.) Conservation
of Vegetation in Africa South of the Sahara. Acta Phytogeographica Suecia 54: 224–232.
5. Beasley, A.J. (1977). Some notes on the birds of the Chimanimani Mountains.
Honeyguide 90: 16‒17, 19, 21.
6. Beasley, A.J. (1985). The Chimanimani Mountains revisited. Honeyguide 31: 3‒5.
7. Beasley, A.J. (1987). Some further records from the Chimanimani Mountains.
Honeyguide 33: 97‒98.
8. Beasley, A.J. (1988). Moustached Warbler in Chimanimani Mountains. Honeyguide 34:
128‒129.
9. Beasley, A.J. (1993). Four new species for the Chimanimani Mountains. Honeyguide 39:
31‒32.
10. Beasley, A.J. (1995). The birds of the Chimanimani Mountains. Honeyguide 41
(supplement 1): 1‒58.
11. Beasley, J. & Beasley, A. (1973). Travellers' tales: ten days in the Chimanimani
Mountains. Honeyguide 74: 24‒27, 29; 75: 25‒27.
12. Bell, R.H.V. (1999). Management Plan. Volume 1, Recommendations for the Future.
Report prepared for Transfrontier Conservation Area Project by the National Directorate
of Forests and Wildlife with support from the GEF, Maputo, Mozambique.
13. Bell-Cross, G. (1973). The fish fauna of the Buzi River system in Rhodesia and
Moçambique. Arnoldia (Rhodesia) 6(8). National Museums of Zimbabwe, Harare.
14. Bills, I.R. & Weyl, O.L.F. (2002). A new species of the genus Chetia (Teleostei:
Cichlidae) from the Lecitu River, Buzi system, Mozambique. Smithiana, Special
Publication 1: 1‒11. SAIAB, Grahamstown, South Africa.
15. B.F.A. (1995). Preliminary report on the fauna of the Haroni-Rusitu forests (various
contributors). Unpublished report for SAFIRE. Biodiversity Foundation for Africa,
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
16. B.F.A. (2000). Visitor's Guide to the Lower Rusitu Valley (edited by J.R. Timberlake &
T. Fleming). Incomplete and unpublished manuscript. Biodiversity Foundation for
Africa, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
17. Bond, G. (1952). Structure and metamorphism in the Chimanimani Mountains.
Transactions & Proceedings Geological Society of South Africa 54: 69‒83.
18. Broadley, D.G. & Blake, D. (1973). Checklist of the reptiles and amphibians of the
Chimanimani mountains. Unpublished report. National Museums of Rhodesia, Harare,
Zimbabwe.
19. Broadley, D.G. (1974). The Lusitu Forest ‒ a new protected area. Wild Rhodesia 3: 17.
20. Brooke, R.K. (1966). Distribution and breeding notes on the birds of the central frontier
of Rhodesia and Mozambique. Annals of the Natal Museum 18: 429‒453.
21. Burrows, J.E. & Golding, J. (2002). Fern conservation in south tropical Africa. Fern
Gazette 16: 313‒318.
22. Burrows, J. & Burrows, S. (2003). Figs of Southern and South-Central Africa. Umdaus
Press, Hatfield, South Africa.
23. Capela, P. (2006). Speculations on the Encephalartos Species of Mozambique. Privately
published, Chimoio, Mozambique.
24. CEPF (2012). Ecosystem Profile: Eastern Afromontane Biodiveristy Hotspot. Critical
Ecosystem Partnership Fund/BirdLife International, Nairobi, Kenya.
25. Chapano, C. & Mamuto, M. (2003). Plants of Chimanimani District. 97 pp. National
Herbarium & Botanic Garden, Harare, Zimbabwe.
26. Childes, S.L. & Mundy, P.J. (1998). Important Bird Areas of Zimbabwe. In: Important
Bird Areas of southern Africa (edited K.N. Barnes), pp. 355‒384. BirdLife South Africa,
Johannesburg, South Africa.
27. Childes, S.L. & Mundy, P.J. (2001). Zimbabwe. In: Important Bird Areas in Africa and
Associated Islands: Priority Sites for Conservation (editors L.D.C. Fishpool & M.I.
Evans), pp. 1025‒1042. Pisces Publications & BirdLife International, Newbury &
Cambridge, UK.
28. Cizek, A.F. (2013). Records from Moribane Forest Reserve, Mozambique. Honeyguide 59:
89‒91.
29. Clancey, P.A. (1971). A handlist of the birds of Southern Moçambique. Instituto de
Investigação Ciéntifica de Moçambique. Maputo [Lourenço Marques], Mozambique.
30. Clark, V.R., Timberlake, J.R., Hyde, M.A., Mapaura, A., Coates Palgrave, M., Wursten,
B.T., Ballings, P., Burrows, J.E., Linder, H.P., McGregor, G.K., Chapano, C., Plowes,
D.C.H., Childes, S.L., Dondeyne, S., Barker, N.P. & Müller, T. (2017, in press). A first
comprehensive account of floristic diversity and endemism on the Nyanga massif, Manica
Highlands (Zimbabwe‒Mozambique). Kirkia 19: 1‒53.
31. Cotterill, F.P.D. (1995). New fruit bat species for southern Africa. Zimbabwe Wildlife 78:
11.
32. Crook, A.O. (1956). A preliminary vegetation map of the Melsetter Intensive
Conservation Area, Southern Rhodesia. Rhodesia Agriculture Journal 53: 3‒25.
33. Darbyshire, I. & Massingue, A.O. (2014). Two new species of Streptocarpus
(Gesneriaceae) from tropical Africa. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 71: 3‒13.
34. Davis, S.D., Heywood, V.H. & Hamilton, A.C. (1994). Chimanimani Mountains. In:
Centres of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for Their Conservation. Volume 1:
Europe, Africa, South West Asia and the Middle East, p. 139. WWF & IUCN, IUCN
Publications Unit, Cambridge, UK.
35. Dondeyne, S., Ndunguru, E., Rafael, P. & Bannerman, J. (2009). Artisanal mining in
central Mozambique: Policy and environmental issues of concern. Resources Policy 34:
45‒50.
36. Dondeyne, S., Vancampenhout, K., Nhantumbo, N. & Deckers, S. (2011). Forests of the
Chimanimani Transfrontier Conservation Area: Their value for conservation and
potential for climate change mitigation. Poster presented at Conservation and
Management of Forests for Sustainable Development, Leuven, Belgium, 23‒24
November 2011.
37. Dondeyne, S., Wursten, B. & Bannerman, J. (2009). Photographic checklist of the
vascular plants of the Chimanimani Conservation Area. Provisional version. In:
Chimanimani National Reserve. Management Plan (A. Ghiurghi, S. Dondeyne & J.H.
Bannerman), Volume 3, Appendix 7. 140 pp. AgriConsulting for Ministry of Tourism,
Maputo, Mozambique.
38. Dutton, T.P. & Dutton, E.A.R. (1975). Reconhecimento preliminar das montanhas de
Chimanimani e zonas adjacentes com vista à criação duma área de conservação. Anais do
Serviços do Veterinária de Moçambique 20/21: 123‒203.
39. Ellert, A. (2008). Aloe perdita, a long-lost species from the Chimanimani Mountains on
the Zimbabwe/Moçambique border. Aloe 45: 76‒77.
40. FitzPatrick, M.J. (2007). A taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Zelotes
(Arachnida: Araeae: Gnaphosidae). Bulletin of British Arachnological Society 14(3): 97‒
172.
41. Francis, J.T. (1991). Possible Grey Sunbird in the Chimanimani National Park.
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ANNEX 2. Summarized relationships of Chimanimani plant communities and ecological factors (modified from Phipps & Goodier 1962).
Source: Timberlake et al. (2016b).
Ecological factors
Permanently high
water table soils
water table soils
Fires occasional
Seasonally high
Moist but well-
Moderately hot
Sheltered areas
Medium slope/
Above 1650 m
Below 1500 m
Wind-exposed
Quartzite soils
Level ground/
Rocky slopes,
shallower soil
1350-1650 m
drained soils
Severe fires
Schist soils
deeper soil
Fires rare
Aquatic
crags
areas
fires
A. FOREST
Ai) Dry montane forest × × × × × × × × ×
Aii) Marginal (seral) forest × × × × × × × × ×
B. WOODLAND
Bi) Uapaca kirkiana woodland × × × × × × × ×
Bii) Brachystegia spiciformis woodland × × × × × × ×
Biii) Br. tamarindoides woodland × × × × × × ×
C. SCRUB
Ci) Ericaceous scrub × × × × × × × × ×
Cii) Proteaceous scrub × × × × × × × × × ×
D. GRASSLAND
Di) On quartzite terraces × × × × × × × ×
Dii) On schist slopes × × × × × × ×
Diii) Hydromorphic grasslands × × × × × × ×
E. AQUATIC COMMUNITIES × × ×
F. LITHOPHYTIC COMMUNITIES × × × × × × × ×
ANNEX 3. LIST OF PLANTS FROM THE LOWER RUSITU VALLEY

(HARONI, RUSITU & AND MAKURUPINI FORESTS)
This is a draft checklist produced from an earlier unpublished list in the National Herbarium, Harare (Timberlake
1999). The altitudinal limits are not clear, but could extend up to 800 m or higher. Nomenclature and family
arrangement has not been updated or corrected from that time, so it is not strictly comparable with Annex 4 or
with the forthcoming Chimanimani montane checklist (Wursten et al. 2017).
Compiled from collections made by:

R.B. Drummond Nov 1955 T. Müller & R.D. Kelly May 1969
J.S. Ball 1959-1963 T.M. Wild & J. King Aug 1969
H. Wild April 1962 T. Müller, T.A.D. Gordon & G. Pope June 1971
H. Wild, B. Goldsmith & T. Müller Dec 1964 Vakwashi Expedition 1973
RSES "Chironi" Expedition Aug-Sept, T. Müller 1975
Dec 1965 J. & S. Burrows (fern book) 1990
B.K. Simon & J.F. Ngoni Nov 1967 J. Timberlake & I. Mapaure Dec 1991
RSES Expedition Jan 1969 Flora Zambesiaca 1960 onward
H.M. Biegel, S. Mavi & I. MacDonald Jan 1969 S. Mavi 1998
Life-form: t tree Habitat: F forest

s shrub W woodland/bushland
h herb C fallow/cultivation
cl climber O other
e epiphyte
FAMILY/Species/authority l/f habitat

PTERIDOPHYTA
Adiantaceae
Cheilanthes viridis (Forssk.) Sw. var. glauca (Sim) Schelpe (=Pellaea viridis) h
Adiantum mendonçae Alston h
Pellaea calomelanos (Sw.) Link var. swynnertoniana (Sim) Schelpe h
Pellaea doniana Hook. h
Pellaea pectiniformis Baker h
Aspidiaceae
Ctenitis cirrhosa (Schumach.) Ching h
Tectaria gemmifera (Fée) Alston h
Aspleniaceae
Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm.f.) Becherer h
Asplenium atroviride Schelpe h
Asplenium blastophorum Hieron. h
Asplenium buettneri Brause h
Asplenium dregeanum Kuntze h
Asplenium holstii Hieron. h
Asplenium inaequilaterale Willd. h
Asplenium pellucidum Lam. subsp. pseudohorridum (Hieron.) Schelpe h
Asplenium ramlowii Hieron. h
Asplenium rutifolium (Berg.) Kuntze h
Blechnaceae
Stenochlaena tenuifolia (Desv.) Moore h
Cyatheaceae
Cyathea sp.aff. C. mossambicensis Baker h
Davalliaceae
Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott h
Dennstaedtiaceae
Blotiella natalensis (Hook.) Tryon h
Microlepia speluncae (L.) T.Moore h
Equisetaceae
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. h
Grammitidaceae
Grammitis serrulata (Sw.) Sw. (=Xiphopteris serrulata) h
Hymenophyllaceae
Hymenophyllum capense Schrad. (=H. polyanthos var. mossambicense) h
Trichomanes melanotrichum Schlect. (=T. pyxidiferum var. melanotrichum) h
Trichomanes rigidum Sw. h
Lindsaeaceae
Lindsaea ensifolia Sw. h
Lindsaea odorata Roxburgh h
Lomariopsidacea
Bolbitis gemmifera (Hieron.) C.Chr. h
Bolbitis heudelotii (Fée) Alston h
Elaphoglossum acrostichoides (Hook.& Grev.) Schelpe h
Elaphoglossum petiolatum (Sw.) Urb. subsp. salicifolium (Kaulf.) Schelpe h
Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium carolinianum L. var. carolinianum (=var. affine) h
Lycopodium cernuum L. h
Marattiaceae
Marattia fraxinea J.F.Gmel. var. salicifolia (Schrad.) C.Chr. h
Osmundaceae
Osmunda regalis L. h
Todea barbara (L.) T.Moore h
Polypodiaceae
Microgramma lycopodioides (L.) Copel. h
Microsorium punctatum (L.) Copel. e F
Microsorium scolopendrium (Burm.f.) Copel. (=Phymatodes scolopendria) e F
Platycerium alcicorne Desv. e F
Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. h
Psilotaceae
Psilotum nudum (L.) Beauv. h
Schizaeaceae
Anemia simii Tardieu h
Lygodium kerstenii Kuhn h
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella dregei (C.Presl.) Hieron. h
Selaginella kraussiana (Kunze) A.Br. h
Selaginella mittenii Baker h
Thelypteridaceae
Thelypteris confluens (Thunb.) Morton h
Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E.St.John var. buchananii Schelpe h
Thelypteris gueinziana (Mett.) Schelpe h
Thelypteris hispidula (Decne.) Reed (=T. quadrangularis) h

Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K.Iwats h
Vittariaceae
Vittaria elongata Sw. h
Vittaria ensiformis Sw. h
Vittaria isoetifolia Bory h
Vittaria volkensii Hieron. h
GYMNOSPERMS
Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus latifolius (Thunb.) Mirb. (=P. milanjianus) t F
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos manikensis (Gilliland) Gilliland (=E. chimanimaniensis) t
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Agavaceae
Dracaena mannii Baker var. nitens (Baker) Baker) (=D. reflexa var. nitens)
Dracaena usambarensis Engl.
Sansevieria conspicua N.E.Br.
Aloaceae
Aloe ballii Reynolds var. ballii
Aloe ballii Reynolds var. makurupiniensis A.Ellert
Aloe hazeliana Reynolds
Aloe swynnertonii Rendle
Amaryllidaceae
Crinum sp. h
Cryptostephanus vansonii I.Verd.
Haemanthus pole-evansii Oberm. h
Anthericaceae
Chlorophytum galpinii (Baker) Kativu (=Anthericum galpinii) h
Chlorophytum blepharophyllum Baker h
Chlorophytum bowkeri Baker h
Chlorophytum brevipes Baker h
Aponogetonaceae
Aponogeton desertorum Spreng. h W
Araceae
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott h C
Culcasia scandens P.Beauv. h
Gonatopus boivinii (Decne.) Engl. h
Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott h
Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Lodd.) Engl.
Arecaceae (Palmae)
Borassus aethiopum Mart. t C
Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn. t C
Phoenix reclinata Jacq. s W
Asparagaceae
Asparagus asparagoides (L.) W.Wight h
Asparagus falcatus L. h
Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop h

Asparagus virgatus Baker h
Bromeliaceae
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. h C
Burmanniaceae
Burmannia madagascariensis Baker h F
Cannaceae
Canna indica L. h C
Commelinaceae
Aneilema aequinoctiale (P.Beauv.) Loudon h
Coleotrype natalensis C.B.Clarke h
Commelina diffusa Burm.f. h
Commelina eckloniana Kunth h
Commelina sphaerosperma C.B.Clarke h
Cyanotis foecunda Hassk. h
Floscopa glomerata (Schult.& Schult.f.) Hassk.
Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Brenan
Cyperaceae
Bulbostylis burchellii (Fic.& Heirn.) C.B.Clarke
Bulbostylis contexta (Nees) Bodard
Bulbostylis pilosa (Willd.) Chem.
Carex spicatopaniculata C.B.Clarke
Coleochloa setifera (Ridl.) Gilly
Costularia natalensis C.B.Clarke
Cyperus albostriatus Schrad.
Cyperus compressus L. h C
Cyperus difformis L.
Cyperus distans L.f. h C
Cyperus ?hensii C.B.Clarke
Cyperus immensus C.B.Clarke
Cyperus leptocladus Kunth
Cyperus kirkii C.B.Clarke
Cyperus rubroviridis Cherm. h C
Cyperus tenax Boeckler
Cyperus tenuispica Steud.
Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl
Fimbristylis hispidula (Vahl) Kunth
Kyllinga crassipes Boeckeler
Kyllinga odorata Vahl h W
Kyllinga pumila Michx. h
Mariscus alternifolius Vahl h C
Mariscus dubius (Rottb.) C.E.C.Fischer h W
Mariscus hemisphaericus (Boeck.) C.B.Clarke h W
Mariscus sieberianus C.B.Clarke h
Pycreus pelophilus (Ridl.) C.B.Clarke h C
Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P.Beauv. h C
Scleria pachyrrhyncha Nelmes
Scleria racemosa Poir.
Dioscoraceae
Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax cl Fo
Dioscorea praehensilis Benth. cl W
Dioscorea quartiniana A.Rich. cl W
Eriocaulaceae
Eriocaulon africanum Hochst. h F
Mesanthemum africanum Moldenke h W
Hypoxidaceae
Hypoxis angustifolia Lam. h
Hypoxis villosa L.f. (=H. nyasica) h
Iridaceae
Crocosmia aurea (Hook.) Planch. subsp. aurea h
Dierama pendulum (L.f.) Baker h
Dietes iridioides (L.) Klatt (=D. prolongata) h
Gladiolus sp. h
Lapeirousia erythrantha (Klatt) Baker h
Hyacinthaceae
Albuca angolensis Welw.
Dianella ensifolia (L.) Red.
Dipcadi longifolium (Lindl.) Baker
Gloriosa superba L.
Ledebouria sp.
Ornithogalum ecklonii Fisch.& C.A.Mey. (=Albuca virens)
Urginea sp.
Musaceae
Musa acuminata Colla s C
Orchidaceae
Acamps pachyglossa Rchb.f. e
Aerangis kotschyana (Rchb.f.) Schltr. e
Aerangis mystacidii (Rchb.f.) Schltr. e
Aerangis rusituensis Fibeck & Dare e
Angraecopsis parviflora (Thou.) Schltr e
Angraecum chamaeanthus Schltr. e
Angraecum cultriforme Summerh. e
Angraecum minus Summerh. e
Angraecum pusillum Lindl. e
Ansellia africana Lindl. e
Bolusiella iridifolia (Rolfe) Schltr. subsp. picae P.Cribb e
Bulbophyllum ballii Cribb e
Bulbophyllum elliotti Rolfe e
Bulbophyllum encephalodes Summerh. e
Bulbophyllum fuscum Lindl. var. melinostachym (Schltr.) J.J.Verm. e
Bulbophyllum humblotii Rolfe e
Bulbophyllum longiforum Thou. (Cirrhopetalum umbellatum (Forst.f.) Hook.& Arn.) e
Bulbophyllum maximum (Lindl.) Rchb.f. e
Bulbophyllum platyrhachis Rolfe e
Bulbophyllum sandersonii (Hook.f.) Rchb.f. subsp. sandersonii e
Bulbophyllum scaberulum (Rolfe) Bolus var. scaberulum e
Chaseella pseudohydra Summerh. e

Cynorkis anisoloba Summerh. h
Cynorkis hanningtonii Rolfe h
Cynorkis kirkii Rolfe h
Cyrtorchis arcuata (Lindl.) Schltr. subsp. arcuata e
Cyrtorchis praetermissa Summerh. subsp. praetermissa e
Diaphananthe fragrantissima (Rchb.f.) Schltr. e
Diaphananthe rutila (Rchb.f.) Summerh. e
Diaphananthe xanthopollinia (Rchb.f.) Summerh. e
Disperis leuconeura Schltr. h
Eulophia stachyodes Rchb.f. h
Eulophia longisepala Rendle h
Habenaria macrandra Lindl. h
Habenaria tridens Lindl. h
Jumellea filicornoides (De Wild). Schltr. e
Liparis bowkeri Harv. h
Microcoelia exilis Lindl. e
Nervilia adolphi Schltr. var. adolphi h
Nervilia kotschyi (Rchb.f.) Schltr. var. kotschyi h
Oberonia disticha (Lam.) Schltr. e
Oeceoclades maculata (Lindl.) Lindl. h
Oeceoclades makenii (Hemsl.) Garay & P.Taylor h
Oeceoclades pulchra (Thou.) Clements & Cribb h
Oeceoclades quadriloba (Schltr.) Garay & P.Taylor h
Polystachya albescens Ridl. subsp. imbricata (Rolfe) Summerh. e
Polystachya caespitifica Engl. subsp. hollandii (L.Bolus) Cribb & Podzorski e
Polystachya dendrobiiflora Rchb.f. h
Polystachya fusiformis Lindl. e
Polystachya golungensis Rchb.f. e
Polystachya simplex Rendle e
Polystachya stuhlmannii Kraenzl. e
Polystachya tessellata Lindl. e
Polystachya transvaalensis Schltr. e
Polystachya vaginata Summerh. e
Polystachya zambesiaca Rolfe e
Rangaeris muscicola (Rchb.f.) Summerh. e
Solenangis aphylla (Thou.) Summerh. e
Tridactyle anthomaniaca (Rchb.f.) Summerh. e
Tridactyle bicaudata (Lindl.) Schltr. e
Tridactyle inaequilonga (De Wild) Schltr. e
Tridactyle tridactylites (Rolfe) Schltr. e
Tridactyle tridentata (Harv.) Schltr. e
Vanilla polylepis Summerh. e
Ypsilopus erectus (Cribb) Cribb & J.Stewart e
Zeuxine elongata Rolfe h
Pandanaceae
Pandanus livingstonianus Rendle t
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Andropogon schirensis A.Rich. h
Aristida junciformis Trin.& Rupr. (=A. pardyi (BKS 1324)) h
Brachiaria scalaris Pilg. h
Danthoniopsis chimanimaniensis (Phipps) Clayton h
Digitaria debilis (Desf.) Willd. h
Digitaria eriantha Steud. (=D. nemoralis) h
Digitaria maitlandii Stapf & C.E.Hubbard h
Digitaria milanjiana (Rendle) Stapf h
Digitaria nitens Rendle h
Digitaria velutina (Forssk.) Beauv. h
Eleusine africana Kenn.-O'Byrne h
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. h C
Elionurus muticus (Spreng.) Kunth (=E. argenteus) h
Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br. h
Eragrostis lappula Nees h
Eragrostis mollior R.E.Fr. h
Eragrostis tenuifolia (A.Rich.) Steud. (=E. plana) h
Hyparrhenia diplandra (Hack.) Stapf h
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. h C
Leersia hexandra Sw. h
Loudetia simplex (Nees) C.E.Hubbard h
Megastachya mucronata (Poir.) Beauv. h
Melinis macrochaeta Stapf & C.E.Hubbard h
Melinis nerviglumis (Franchet) Zizka (=Rhynchelytrum setifolium) h C
Monocymbium ceresiiforme (Nees) Stapf h
Olyra latifolia L. h F
Oplismenus compositus (L.) Beauv. h
Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. h
Oryza sativa L. h C
Panicum brevifolium L. h
Panicum dregeanum Nees h
Panicum hymeniochilum Nees (=P. snowdenii) h
Panicum maximum Jacq. h
Panicum monticola Hook.f. h
Panicum nervatum (Franch.) Stapf (=P. subrepandum) h
Panicum peteri Pilg. h
Panicum trichocladum K.Schum. h
Panicum sp. (BKS 1296) h
Panicum sp. (BKS 1284) h
Paspalum scrobiculatum L. (=P. auriculatum) h
Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult. subsp. polystachion h C
Perotis patens Gand. h C
Phragmites mauritianus Kunth h W
Pseudoechinolaena polystachya (Kunth) Stapf h
Saccharum officinarum L. h C
Sacciolepis curvata (L.) Chase h
Setaria homonyma (Steud.) Chiov. f C
Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Moss (=S. anceps) h

Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) Th.Dur.& Schinz h F
Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf. (=S. verticilliflorum) h C
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench h C
Sporobolus festivus A.Rich. h C
Sporobolus pyramidalis P.Beauv. h C
Zea mays L. h C
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton octandrus Poir. h W
Potamogeton schweinfurthii A.W.Benn. h W
Potamogeton trichoides Cham.& Schltdl. h W
Smilacaceae
Smilax kraussiana Meisn. cl F
Taccaceae
Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze h C
Velloziaceae
Xerophyta viscosa Baker h W
Xyridaceae
Xyris congoensis Büttner (=X. hildebrandtii) h W
Zingiberaceae
Aframomum angustifolium (Sonn.) K.Schum. h F
Costus afer Ker Gawl. h
Siphonochilus kirkii (Hook.f.) B.L.Burtt (=Kaempferia decora) h
Zingiber officinale Roscoe h C
DICOTYLEDONS
Acanthaceae
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson
Brillantaisia cicatricosa Lindau (=B. subulugurica)
Dyschoriste nagchana (Nees) Bennet (=D. radicans)
Hypoestes aristata (Vahl) Roem.& Schult. h
Justicia betonica L. h
Justicia matammensis (Schweinf.) Oliv. h C
Justicia nyassana Lindau h W
Justicia striata (Klotzsch) Bullock
Justicia tenella (Nees) T.Anderson h C
Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet
Pseuderanthemum subviscosum (C.B.Clarke) Stapf
Sclerochiton coeruleus (Lindau) S.Moore h W
Thunbergia alata Sims h
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthus hybridus L. h C
Amaranthus spinosus L. h C
Amaranthus thunbergii Moq. h C
Celosia trigyna L.
Centemopsis gracilenta (Hiern) Schinz
Cyathula achyranthoides (Kunth) Moq. h F
Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume var. prostrata (=C. pedicellata) h F
Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) Wight

Psilotrichum sclerathum Thw. s F
Pupalia lappacea (L.) A.Juss. var. velutina (Moq.) Hook.f. h C
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium occidentale L. t C
Lannea schweinfurthii (Engl.) Engl. t W
Mangifera indica L. t C
Rhus chirindensis Baker f. s W
Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro t W
Trichoscypha ulugurensis Mildbr. t F
Annonaceae
Annona senegalensis Pers. s W
Artabotrys brachypetalus Benth. cl F
Monanthotaxis chasei (N.Robson) Verdc. (=Uvaria chasei)
Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. t F
Xylopia parviflora (A.Rich.) Benth. (=X. holtzii) t F
Apiaceae
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. h C
Apocynaceae
Alafia orientalis De Wild. (=A. schumannii) cl F
Ancylobothrys petersiana (Klotzsch) Pierre (=Landolphia petersiana) cl W
Carissa bispinosa (L.) Brenan subsp. zambesiensis Kupicha (=var. acuminata) s W
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don h C
Dictyophleba lucida (K.Schum.) Pierre cl F
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Müll.Arg.) Pichon t W
Funtumia africana (Benth.) Stapf (=F. latifolia) t F
Landolphia buchananii (Hall.f.) Stapf cl F
Landolphia kirkii T.Dyer cl W
Mascarenhasia arborescens A.DC. s F
Ocinotis tenuiloba Stapf (=O. inandensis) cl F
Saba comorensis (Bojer) Pichon (=S. florida) cl W
Strophanthus courmontii Franch. cl F
Strophanthus petersianus Klotzsch cl W
Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf s W
Tabernaemontana ventricosa A.DC. s W
Voacanga thouarsii Roem.& Schult. t F
Araliaceae
Schefflera umbellifera (Sond.) Baillon t F
Asclepiadaceae
Aspidoglossum sp.
Ceropegia sp.
Cryptolepis apiculata K.Schum. cl W
Ectadiopsis oblongifolia (Meisn.) B.D.Jacks
Marsdenia ?macrantha (Klotzsch) Schltr. (=Dregea macrantha)
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. cl C
Raphionacme sp.
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Acanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntze h C
Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. h C

Anisopappus lastii (O.Hoffm.) Wild h C
Anisopappus sparsum (?) h
Bidens pilosa L. h C
Bidens steppia (Steetz) Sherff h
Brachylaena rotundata S.Moore s W
Cineraria erosa (Thunb.) Willd. h
Cineraria grandiflora Vatke h
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist h
Conyza hochstetteri A.Rich. h
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore h
Crassocephalum picridifolium (DC.) S.Moore
Dicoma anomala Sond. h W
Emilia coccinea (Sims) G.Don h
Emilia discifolia (Oliv.) C.Jeffrey (=Senecio discifolius) h
Erythrocephalum zambesianum Oliv.& Hiern h
Geigeria africana Griess. h
Guizotia scabra (Vis.) Chiov. h W
Gutenbergia westii (Wild) Wild & G.V.Pope (=Erlangea westii) h
Helichrysum adenocarpum DC. h
Helichrysum nitens Oliv.& Hiern h
Helichrysum rhodellum Wild h
Hypericophyllum elatum (O.Hoffm.) N.E.Br. h
Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B.L.Rob. h
Osteospermum muricatum DC. h
Schistostephium oxylobum S.Moore h
Senecio oxyrifolius DC. h
Solanecio angulatus (Vahl) C.Jeffrey (=Crassocephalum bojeri) h
Vernonia acuminatissima S.Moore (=V. rogersii) h C
Vernonia amygdalina Delile
Vernonia calvoana (Hook.f.) Hook.f. subsp. meridionalis (Wild) C.Jeffrey (=V. bracteosa) h F
Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. h C
Vernonia glaberrima O.Hoffm. h W
Vernonia muelleri Wild subsp. muelleri h F
Vernonia wollastonii S.Moore (=V. umbratica) s F
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens salpinx Schulze & Laurent h W
Impatiens wallerana Hook.f. h F
Bignoniaceae
Markhamia obtusifolia (Baker) Sprague t F
Markhamia zanzibarica (DC.) K.Schum. (=M. acuminata) t FW
Boraginaceae
Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk.
Heliotropium zeylanicum (Burm.f.) Lam. (=H. subulatum)
Cactaceae
Rhipsalis baccifera (J.Mill.) W.T.Stearn e F
Capparaceae
Cleome gynandra L.
Cleome monophylla L. h
Caricaceae
Carica papaya L. t C
Caryophyllaceae
Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. h F
Celastraceae
Allocassine laurifolia (Harv.) N.Robson s F
Cassine aethiopica Thunb.
Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl. F
Elaeodendron capense Eckl.& Zeyh. (=Cassine papillosa) t
Hippocratea africana (Willd.) Engl. cl
Hippocratea pallens Oliv. cl F
Hippocratea volkensii Loes. s W
Salacia leptoclada Tul. s F
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
Chrysobalanaceae
Maranthes goetzeniana (Engl.) Prance (=M. glabra) t F
Parinari curatellifolia Benth. t W
Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)
Garcinia kingaensis Engl. s F
Harungana madagascariensis Poir. t W
Hypericum roeperanum A.Rich. s W
Psorospermum febrifugum Spach s W,C
Combretaceae
Combretum coriifolium Engl.& Diels cl F
Combretum molle R.Br. t W
Combretum paniculatum Vent. cl W
Combretum psidioides Welw. t W
Combretum zeyheri Sond. t W
Pteleopsis myrtifolia (C.Laws.) Engl.& Diels t F
Connaraceae
Agelaea heterophylla Gilg cl F
Cnestis natalensis (Krauss) Sond. cl F
Rourea orientalis Baill. (=Byrsocarpus orientalis) s C
Santaloides afzelii (Planch.) Schellenb. cl F
Convolvulaceae
Astripomoea malvacea (Klotzsch) Meeuse var. malvacea h C
Dichondra repens J.R.& G.Forst. h C
Hewittia scandens (Milne) Mabberley (=H. sublobata)
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. h C
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. var. pes-tigridis
Ipomoea pileata Roxb.
Ipomoea plebeia R.Br. subsp. africana Meeuse
Ipomoea wightii (Wall.) Choisy var. wightii h C
Lepistemon owariense (Beauv.) Hall.f. cl C
Merremia pterygocaulos (Choisy) Hall.f. cl C
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hall.f. subsp. alatipes (Dammer) Verdc.
Stictocardia laxiflora (Baker) Hall.f. var. laxiflora cl W

Crassulaceae
Crassula swaziensis Schönl. (=C. argyrophylla) h W
Kalanchoe lateritia Engl. (=K. velutina) h W
Cucurbitaceae
Coccinea adoensis (A.Rich.) Cogn. h W
Coccinea barteri (Hook.f.) Keay h F
Cucurbita pepo L. h C
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley h C
Momordica boivinii Baill. h W
Momordica foetida Schumach. h F
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.J.Roem. h C
Peponium chirindense (Bak.f.) Cogn. cl F
Raphidiocystis chrysocoma (Schumach.) C.Jeffrey cl F
Zehneria scabra Sond.
Dichapetalaceae
Dichapetalum thouarsianum Roem.& Schult. s W
Ebenaceae
Diospyros ferrea (Willd.) Bakh. t F
Diospyros natalensis (Harv.) Brenan subsp. natalensis t F
Ericaceae
Erica pleiotricha S.Moore var. blaeriodes (Wild) Ross (=E. eylesii)
Erica johnstoniana Britten
Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn.
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha ornata A.Rich.
Acalypha racemosa Baill. (=A. paniculata)
Acalypha villicaulis Hochst. (=A. senensis)
Acalypha welwitschiana Müll.Arg. h W
Alchornea hirtella Benth. forma glabrata (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm. (=A. glabrata) t F
Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
Antidesma membranaceum Müll.Arg. F
Antidesma venosum Tul. s W
Bridelia atroviridis Müll.Arg. t F
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. t W
Cleistanthus polystachyus Planch. subsp. milleri (Dunkley) Radcl.Sm. (=C. apetalus) t F
Clutia abyssinica Jaub.& Spach
Clutia swynnertonii S.Moore
Croton sylvaticus Krauss t F
Drypetes arguta (Müll.Arg.) Hutch. t F
Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. t F
Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. F
Euphorbia hirta L.
Hymenocardia acida Tul.
Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliver t F
Macaranga capensis (Baill.) Sim t F
Maprounea africana Müll.Arg. t W
Phyllanthus angolensis Müll.Arg.

Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster var. nitida (Pax) Radcl.-Sm. (=Phyllanthus s
discoideus)
Phyllanthus myrtaceus Sond.
Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir. var. capillaris (Schumach.& Thonn.) Radcl.-Sm. h C
Ricinus communis L. h C
Sapium ellipticum (Krauss) Pax
Suregada procera (Prain) Croizat
Tragia benthamii Baker h W
Uapaca sansibarica Pax t W
Uapaca lissopyrena Radcl.-Sm. (=U. sp. no. 1) t F
Flacourtiaceae
Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn. t F
Dovyalis macrocalyx (Oliv.) Warb. s F
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. s W
Gerrardina eylesiana Milne-Redh. s F
Rawsonia lucida Harv.& Sond. t F
Scolopia stolzii Gilg
Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. t F
Gesneriaceae
Streptocarpus eylesii S.Moore subsp. eylesii h
Streptocarpus grandis N.E.Br. subsp. septentrionalis h
Streptocarpus michelmorei B.L.Burtt h
Hamamelidaceae
Trichocladus ellipticus Eckl.& Zeyh. subsp. malosanus (Baker) Verdc. t F
Hydrostachyaceae
Hydrostachys polymorpha Klotzsch h W
Icacinaceae
Apodytes dimidiata Arn. t F
Cassinopsis tinifolia Harv. s F
Pyrenacantha kirkii Baill. cl F
Rhaphiostylis beninensis (Planch.) Benth. F
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Haumaniastrum villosum (Benth.) A.J.Paton (=Acrocephalus callianthus)
Hoslundia opposita Vahl
Hyptis spicigera Lam. h C
Leucas milanjiana Gürke
Ocimum gratissimum L. subsp. gratissimum (=O. urticifolium)
Plectranthus guerkei Briq. (=Neohyptis paniculata) H W
Plectranthus sanguineus Britten
Plectranthus swynnertonii S.Moore
Syncolostemon flabellifolius (S.Moore) A.J.Paton (=Hemizygia flabellifolia)
Tetradenia multiflora (Benth.) Phillipson (=Iboza multiflora)
Lauraceae
Cassytha filiformis L. h C
Cryptocarya liebertiana Engl.
Persea americana Miller t C
Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae
Brachystegia microphylla Harms t W
Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. t W

Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene (=Cassia mimosoides) h C
Chamaecrista poytricha (Brenan) Lock (=Cassia polytricha) h
Cordyla africana Lour. t
Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill.& Perr.) Brenan t F
Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.) Milne-Redh. t W
Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby (=Cassia obtusifolia) h C
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link h C
Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock s C
Senna septrionalis (Viv.) Irwin & Barneby h C
Leguminosae: Mimosoideae
Acacia pentagona (Schum.) Hook.f. cl F
Acacia schweinfurthii Brenan & Exell cl W
Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W.Wight t F
Albizia glaberrima (Schum.& Thonn.) Benth. t F
Albizia gummifera (J.F.Gmel.) C.A.Sim t F
Entada pursaetha DC. cl F
Newtonia buchananii (Baker) G.Gilbert & Boutique t F
Leguminosae: Papilionoideae
Abrus pulchellus Thwaites subsp. tenuiflorus (Benth.) Verdc. cl W
Aeschynomene nodulosa (Baker) Baker f. h W
Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. h C
Angylocalyx sp.
Crotalaria caudata Baker h C
Crotalaria chirindae Baker f. h W
Crotalaria gazensis Baker f. subsp. gazensis h W
Crotalaria lachnophora A.Rich. h C
Crotalaria lanceolata E.Mey. subsp. prognatha Polhill h C
Dalbergia boehmii Taub. t W
Dalbergia lactea Vatke
Desmodium salicifolium (Poir.) DC. h W
Desmodium setigerum (E.Mey.) Harvey h W
Dolichos trilobus L. subsp. trilobus (=D. falcatus)
Erythrina lysistemon Hutch.
Flemingia grahamiana Wight & Arn.
Glycine wightii (Wight & Arn.) Verdc. subsp. wightii
Indigofera cecilii N.E.Br.
Indigofera hirsuta L. h C
Indigofera lobata J.B.Gillett
Indigofera lupatana Baker f.
Indigofera lyallii Baker subsp. lyallii
Indigofera richardsiae J.B.Gillett h C
Indigofera swaziensis Bolus h W
Indigofera trita L.f. h C
Millettia stuhlmannii Taub. t WF
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. pruriens cl C
Pterocarpus angolensis DC. t W
Rhynchosia caribaea (Jacq.) DC. h C
Rhynchosia stipata Meikle h

Sesbania macrantha Phill.& Hutch. var. levis Gillett h C
Tephrosia aequilata Baker
Tephrosia longipes Meissner
Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. h C
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
Lobeliaceae
Lobelia cobaltica S.Moore h W
Lobelia erinus L. (=L. filiformis) h C
Lobelia fervens Thunb. subsp. fervens (=L. anceps) h C
Lobelia goetzei Diels (=L. chamaedryfolia) h C
Loganiaceae
Anthocleista grandiflora Gilg t F
Nuxia oppositifolia (Hochst.) Benth. t W
Strychnos angolensis Gilg cl F
Strychnos henningsii Gilg t F
Strychnos innocua Delile t W
Strychnos madagascariensis Poir. t W
Loranthaceae
Englerina oedostemon (Danser) Polhill & Wiens (=Loranthus pungwensis) e
Englerina swynnertonii (Sprague) Polhill & Wiens (=Loranthus swynnertonii) e
Tapinanthus dependens (Engl.) Danser (=Loranthus guttatus) e W
Viscum shirense Sprague e
Lythraceae
Nesaea radicans Guill.& Perr. h W
Malvaceae
Hibiscus altissimus Hornby cl W
Hibiscus burtt-davyi Dunkley t W
Hibiscus calyphyllus Cav. h W
Hibiscus micranthus L.f. s C
Hibiscus physaloides Guill.& Perr. h C
Hibiscus rostellatus Guill.& Perr. h W
Hibiscus shirensis Sprague & Hutch. h W
Hibiscus surattensis L. h C
Sida acuta Burm.f. h C
Sida alba L. h C
Sida serratifolia Wilczek & Stey. h W
Sida urens L. h C
Sida veronicifolia Lam. h C
Urena lobata L. h C
Wissadula rostrata (Schum.) Hook.f. h C
Melastomataceae
Dissotis princeps (Kunth) Triana h W
Dissotis pulchra A.& R.Fern. h W
Dissotis rotundifolia (Sm.) Triana var. prostrata (Thonn.) Jacques-Félix h W
Dissotis senegambiensis (Guill.& Perr.) Triana var. senegambiensis h W
Memecyclon sansibaricum Taub.
Tristemma mauritianum J.F.Gmel. (=T. incompletum) h F
Meliaceae
Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. t
Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) C.DC. (=K. nyasica) t F,W
Trichilia emetica Vahl t W,C
Melianthaceae
Bersama abyssinica Fresen. t F
Bersama swynnertonii E.G.Baker t F
Menispermaceae
Cissampelos mucronata A.Rich. cl W
Cissampelos torulosa Harv. cl F
Moraceae
Dorstenia psilurus Welw. h
Ficus bubu Warb. t
Ficus capreifolia Delile s
Ficus craterostoma Mildbr.& Burret
Ficus natalensis Hochst. subsp. natalensis t W
Ficus exasperata Vahl t
Ficus lutea Vahl (=F. vogelii) t
Ficus muelleriana C.C.Berg t F
Ficus sur Forssk. t W
Ficus vallis-choudae Delile t F
Ficus vogeliana (Miq.) Miq. t F
Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg (=Chlorophora excelsa) t F
Trilepisium madagascariense DC. (=Bosqueia phoberos) t F
Myrsinaceae
Embelia schimperi Vatke s W
Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez t F
Myrtaceae
Eugenia capenss (Eckl.& Zey.) Sond. subsp. nyassensis (Engl.) F.White (=E. bukobensis, s F
E. chirindensis)
Psidium guajava L. t C
Syzygium gerrardii (Hook.f.) Burtt Davy t F
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. subsp. guineense t W
Syzygium owariense (Beauv.) Benth. t F
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. var. caerulea (Savigny) Verdc. (=N. caerulea) h W
Ochnaceae
Brackenridgea zanguebarica Oliv. s W
Ochna arborea DC. s F
Ochna atropurpurea DC. s
Ochna mossambicensis Klotzsch s W
Ochna natalitia (Meissner) Walp.
Ochna oconnori Phillips s F
Oleaceae
Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw. t W
Onagraceae
Ludwigia abyssinica A.Rich. h W
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven subsp. octovalvis h C
Oxalidaceae
Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch h W
Oxalis corniculata L. h C
Oxalis semiloba Sond. subsp. semiloba h W
Passifloraceae
Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms var. gummifera cl W
Basanthe triloba (Bolus) de Wilde (=Tryphostemma schinzianum) h W
Pedaliaceae
Sesamum indicum L. h C
Piperaceae
Peperomia rotundifolia (L.) Kunth. cl F
Piper umbellatum L. cl F
Polygalaceae
Polygala gazensis Baker f. s W
Polygala producta N.E.Br. h C
Polygala rehmannii Chod. h W
Polygala uncinatus Meisn. h W
Polygala virgata Thunb. var. decora (Sond.) Harv. s W
Polygonaceae
Persicaria decipiens (R.Br.) K.L.Wilson (=Polygonum salicifolium) h W
Rumex sagittatus Thunb. h W
Primulaceae
Anagallis barbata (P.Taylor) Kupicha h W
Proteaceae
Faurea forficuliflora Baker
Leucospermum saxosum S.Moore
Protea caffra Meisn. subsp. gazensis (Beard) Chisumpa & Brummitt (=P. gazensis)
Protea wentzeliana Engl. (=P. crinita)
Ranunculaceae
Clematis brachiata Thunb. cl W
Clematis viridiflora Bertol. cl W
Ranunculus multifidus Forssk. h C
Rhamnaceae
Gouania longespicata Engl. cl F
Rhizophoraceae
Cassipourea gummiflua Tul. var. verticillata (N.E.Br.) J.Lewis t F
Cassipourea malosana (Baker) Alston (=C. congoensis) t F
Rosaceae
Prunus africana (J.D.Hook.) Kalkman t F
Rubus rigidus J.E.Sm. s W
Rubiaceae
Aidia micrantha (K.Schum.) F.White t F
Anthospermum herbaceum L.f. h W
Anthospermum usambarense K.Schum. s
Aulacocalyx diervilleoides (K.Schum.) Petit t F
Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & Wood (=Adina microcephala) t F
Canthium inerme (L.f.) Kuntze (=C. ventosum) s F
Canthium ngonii Bridson (=C. pseudoverticillatum) s F
Catunaregum obovata (Hochst.) A.E.Gonç. (=Xeromphis obovata)

Cephalanthus natalensis Oliv. cl W
Chasallia parvifolia K.Schum. s F
Chazaliella abrupta (Hiern) Petit & Verdc. (=Psychotria abrupta) s W
Craterispermum schweinfurthii Hiern (=C. laurinum) s F
Cremaspora triflora (Thonn.) K.Schum. s F
Diodia sarmentosa Sw. (=D. scandens) h F
Fadogia tetraquetra K.Krause var. grandiflora (Robyns) Verdc. (=F. variabilis) h C
Galium bussei K.Schum.& K.Krause h W
Galopina circaeoides Thunb. h W
Gardenia imperialis K.Schum.
Geophila obvallata (Schumach.) F.Didr. subsp. ioides (K.Schum.) Verdc. (=G. ioides) h W
Geophila repens (L.) I.M.Johnstone h F
Keetia gueinzii (Sond.) Bridson (=Canthium gueinzii) cl F
Keetia venosa (Oliv.) Bridson (=Canthium venosum) cl F
Leptactina benguelensis (Benth.& Hook.f.) R.D.Good
Leptactina sp. h W
Mussaenda arcuata Poir.
Oldenlandia affinis (Roem.& Schult.) DC. subsp. fugax (Vatke) Verdc. h W
Oldenlandia echinulosa K.Schum. h W
Oldenlandia goreensis (DC.) Summerh. h W
Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. var. herbacea h C
Oldenlandia rupicola (Sond.) O.Kuntze var. rupicola h W
Otiophora lanceolata Verdc. h W
Otomeria elatior (DC.) Verdc. h W
Oxyanthus lepidus S.Moore (=O. oxycarpus)
Oxyanthus pallidus Hiern
Oxyanthus speciosus DC. subsp. stenocarpus (K.Schum.) Bridson s F
Pentas nobilis S.Moore h W
Pentas purpurea Oliv. h W
Pentas zanzibarica (Klotzsch) Vatke (=P. zanzibarica var. pembensis) h F
Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke var. capensis s F
Psychotria peduncularis (Salisb.) Steyerm. var. nyassana (Krausse) Verdc. (=Cephaelis s W
peduncularis)
Psychotria zombamontana (Kuntze) Petit s F
Psydrax kraussioides (Hiern) Bridson (=Canthium henriquesianum) cl F
Rothmannia manganjae (Hiern) Keay
Rutidea fuscescens Hiern
Rutidea parviflora DC. (=R. syringoides)
Rytigynia umbellulata (Hiern) Robyns (=R. sparsifolia) s F
Sericanthe andongensis (Hiern) Robbr. (=Tricalysia andongensis)
Tarenna pavettoides (Harvey) T.R.Sim subsp. affinis (K.Schum.) Bridson s F
Tricalysia coriacea (Benth.) Hiern (=T. nyassae) s F
Tricalysia pallens Hiern (=T. capensis) s F
Tricalysia ruandensis Bremek. (=T. congesta)
Tricalysia sp. (cf. T. ligustrina)
Vangueria infausta Burch. s W,C
Rutaceae
Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. t C
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Benth. s F

Teclea nobilis Delile s F
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. cl W
Vepris drummondii Mendonça s F
Santalaceae
Thesium chimanimaniensis Brenan
Thesium gracile A.W.Hill
Sapindaceae
Allophylus chaunostachys Gilg s F
Aporrhiza nitida Milne-Redh. t F
Blighia unijugata Baker t F
Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arn.) Thwaites
Glenniea africana (Radlk.) Leeuh. F
Pancovia golungensis (Hiern) Exell & Mend. t F
Paullinia pinnata L. cl F
Zanha golungensis Hiern t F
Sapotaceae
Afrosersalisia kassneri (Engl.) J.H.Hemsley t F
Englerophytum magalismontanum (Sond.) T.D.Penn. (=Bequaertiodendron t FW
magalismontanum)
Manilkara discolor (Sond.) J.H.Hemsley t
Mimusops zeyheri Sond. t W
Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl. t F
Synsepalum kassneri (Engl.) Pennington (=Tulestea wildii) t F
Scrophulariaceae
Buchnera hispidula D.Don (=B. longifolia)
Cycnium adonense Benth.
Halleria lucida L. s
Lindernia whytei Skan
Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze h
Teedia lucida (Solander) Rudolphi
Torenia thouarsii (Cham.& Schelect.) Kuntze h W
Solanaceae
Capsicum frutescens L. h C
Physalis peruviana L. h C
Solanum americanum Mill. (=S. nigrum) h C
Solanum indicum L. s C
Solanum panduriforme E.Mey.
Solanum terminale Forssk.
Sterculiaceae
Hermannia kirkii Mast. h C
Thymelaeaceae
Peddiea africana Harv. s F
Synaptolepis kirkii Oliv. (=S. alternifolia)
Tiliaceae
Corchorus aestuans L. h C
Corchorus olitorius L. h C
Corchorus trilocularis L. h C
Triumfetta pilosa Roth var. glabrescens Sprague & Hutch. h C
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. h C

Triumfetta tomentosa Boj. h C
Ulmaceae
Celtis africana Burm.f. t W
Celtis gomphophylla Baker t F
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume t F
Urticaceae
Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem. (=B. platyphyla)
Urera trinervis (Hochst.) Friis & Immelman (=U. cameroonensis) cl F
Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum cephalanthum Oliv. subsp. swynnertonii (S.Moore) Verdc. (=C.
swynnertonii
Clerodendrum incisum Klotzsch s F
Lantana camara L.
Lantana trifolia L. s W
Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.
Priva flabelliformis (Moldenke) R.Fern. (=P. cordifolia)
Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb. (=Clerodendrum myricoides)
Vitex amboniensis Gürke
Vitex buchananii Gürke (=V. volkensii)
Vitex doniana Sweet t F
Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr.
Violaceae
Rinorea arborea Thouars
Rinorea convallarioides (E.G.Baker) Eyles t F
Rinorea elliptica (Oliv.) Kuntze s F
Rinorea ferruginea Engl. (=R. gazensis) t F
Rinorea ilicifolia (Oliv.) Kuntze t F
Vitaceae
Ampelocissus africana (Lour.) Merr. cl W
Ampelocissus obtusata (Baker) Planch. subsp. kirkiana (Planch.) Wild & Drummond cl W
Cayratia gracilis (Guill.& Perr.) Suesseng. cl C
Cissus integrifolia (Baker) Planch. cl W
Cissus petiolata Hook.f. cl F
Cissus producta Afzel. cl F
Cyphostemma masukuense (Baker) Desc. cl F
Cyphostemma montanum Wild & Drummond cl W
Cyphostemma subciliatum (Baker) Desc. cl
Rhoicissus tomentosa (Lam.) Wild & Drummond cl F
ANNEX 4. RANGE-RESTRICTED PLANT SPECIES ASSOCIATED

WITH THE CHIMANIMANI MOUNTAINS.
List of Chimanimani endemic and near-endemic plant species, with indication of which part
it is endemic to and Red List conservation assessment. Source: adapted and updated from
Annex 2 in Timberlake et al. (2016b) and Wursten et al. (2017). Nomenclature is not fuly
compatible with that used in Annex 3.
Endemism: E = endemic, confined solely to Chimanimani Mts

E-low = endemic to lowland areas (± 600 m)
NE = near-endemic, i.e. not confined to Chimanimani Mts but also found in immediately
adjacent areas
UMK = Umkondo sandstone endemic (non-Chimanimani Mts)
Taxon Endemism IUCN assessment
GYMNOSPERMS
Zamiaceae
Encephalartos chimanimaniensis R.A.Dyer & I.Verd. UMK EN B1ab(i,ii,iv,v)
+2ab(i,ii,iv,v), C1
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Asparagaceae
Asparagus chimanimaniensis Sebsebe E LC
Chlorophytum pygmaeum (Weim.) Kativu subsp. rhodesianum NE
(Rendle) Kativu
Eriospermum mackenii Hook.f. subsp. phippsii (Wild) E
P.C.Perry
Sansevieria pedicellata la Croix E
Asphodelaceae
Aloe ballii Reynolds var. ballii E-low VU D2
Aloe ballii Reynolds var. makurupiniensis A.Ellert E-low VU D2
Aloe hazeliana Reynolds var. hazeliana E LC
Aloe hazeliana Reynolds var. howmanii (Reynolds) S.Carter E LC
Aloe munchii Christian E LC
Aloe musapana Reynolds NE VU D2
Aloe plowesii Reynolds E VU D2
Aloe wildii (Reynolds) Reynolds E LC
Eriocaulaceae
Mesanthemum africanum Moldenke E LC
Iridaceae
Gladiolus juncifolius Goldblatt E
Hesperantha ballii Wild E LC
Orchidaceae
Angraecum chimanimaniense G.Will. E
Disa chimanimaniensis (H.P.Linder) H.P.Linder E
Oligophyton drummondii H.P.Linder & G.Will. E
Schizochilus calcaratus P.J.Cribb & la Croix E
Schizochilus lepidus Summerh. NE
Poaceae
Danthoniopsis chimanimaniensis (J.B.Phipps) Clayton E EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Taxon Endemism IUCN assessment
Eragrostis desolata Launert E LC

Restionaceae
Platycaulos (Restio) quartziticola (H.P.Linder) H.P.Linder & E LC
C.R.Hardy
Velloziaceae
Xerophyta argentea (Wild) L.B.Smith & Ayensu E LC
Xyridaceae
Xyris asterotricha Lock E VU D2
Xyris sp. ?nov. E
DICOTYLEDONS
Apiaceae
Centella obtriangularis Cannon E VU D2
Apocynaceae
Asclepias graminifolia (Wild) Goyder E LC
Aspidoglossum glabellum Kupicha NE
Ceropegia sp. nov. near C. linearis E
Raphionacme chimanimaniana Venter & R.L.Verh. E EN B2ab(iii)
Asteraceae
Anisopappus paucidentatus Wild E LC
Aster chimanimaniensis Lippert E DD
Gutenbergia westii (Wild) Wild & G.V.Pope NE VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Helichrysum africanum (S.Moore) Wild E LC
Helichrysum maestum Wild E
Helichrysum moorei Staner (= H. spenceranum Wild) E LC
Helichrysum rhodellum Wild NE
Lopholaena sp. nov. E
Senecio aetfatensis B.Nord. E LC
Vernonia muelleri Wild subsp. muelleri E-low
Vernonia nepetifolia Wild E
Balsaminaceae
Impatiens salpinx Schulze & Launert E VU D2
Campanulaceae
Lobelia cobaltica S.Moore E LC
Caryophyllaceae
Dianthus chimanimaniensis S.S.Hooper E VU D2
Crassulaceae
Kalanchoe velutina Britten subsp. chimanimaniensis (R.Fern.) E
R.Fern.
Ebenaceae
Diospyros sp. 2 of FZ NE
Ericaceae
Erica lanceolifera S.Moore NE VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Erica pleiotricha S.Moore var. blaerioides (Wild) R.Ross NE NT
Erica pleiotricha S.Moore var. pleiotricha NE VU D2
Erica wildii Brenan E LC
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia rugosiflora L.C.Leach E EN D
Gesneriaceae
Streptocarpus acicularis I.Darbysh. & Massingue E-low CR B2ab(iii)
Streptocarpus grandis N.E.Br. subsp. septentrionalis Hilliard & NE
B.L.Burtt
Streptocarpus michelmorei B.L.Burtt NE
Streptocarpus montis-bingae Hilliard & B.L.Burtt E DD
Streptocarpus sp. nov. near S. grandis E
Lamiaceae
Aeollanthus viscosus Ryding E LC
Plectranthus caudatus S.Moore NE VU D2
Syncolostemon flabellifolius (S.Moore) A.J.Paton E LC
Syncolostemon oritrephes (Wild) D.F.Otieno E VU D2
Syncolostemon ornatus (S.Moore) D.F.Otieno NE VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Syncolostemon sp. nov. near S. teucrifolius E
Leguminosae: Papilionoideae
Aeschynomene aphylla Wild E VU D2
Aeschynomene chimanimaniensis Verdc. E LC
Aeschynomene gazensis Baker f. UMK EN B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)
Aeschynomene grandistipulata Harms E LC
Crotalaria phylicoides Wild E LC
Indigofera chimanimaniensis Schrire UMK EN B2ab(iii)
Indigofera sp. nov. near I. chimanimaniensis E
Kotschya sp. A of FZ UMK
Pearsonia mesopontica Polhill NE LC
Rhynchosia chimanimaniensis Verdc. NE EN B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii)
Rhynchosia stipata Meikle E LC
Tephrosia chimanimaniana Brummitt NE LC
Tephrosia longipes Meisn. var. drummondii (Brummitt) NE
Brummitt
Tephrosia longipes Meisn. var. swynnertonii (Baker f.) UMK
Brummitt
Tephrosia praecana Brummitt UMK VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Linderniaceae
Crepidorhopalon near C. whytei (= Lindernia flava) E-low
Melastomataceae
Dissotis pulchra A.& R.Fern. E VU D2
Dissotis swynnertonii (Baker f.) A.& R.Fern. E VU D2
Moraceae
Ficus muelleriana C.C.Berg E-low EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Myricaceae
Morella chimanimaniana Verdc.& Polhill E
Oleaceae
Olea chimanimani Kupicha E LC
Orobanchaceae
Buchnera chimanimaniensis Philcox NE LC
Buchnera subglabra Philcox E VU D2
Passifloraceae
Basananthe parvifolia (Baker f.) W.J.de Wilde UMK
Penaeaceae
Olinia subsp. nov. near O. vanguerioides E
Peraceae
Clutia punctata Wild E LC
Clutia sessilifolia Radcl.-Sm. E LC
Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthus bernierianus Müll.Arg. var. glaber Radcl.-Sm. E
Proteaceae
Leucospermum saxosum S.Moore (NE)
Protea enervis Wild E VU D2
Rubiaceae
Empogona sp. nov. near E. congesta E
Oldenlandia cana Bremek. E LC
Otiophora inyangana N.E.Br. subsp. parvifolia (Verdc.) Puff E
Otiophora lanceolata Verdc. E-low VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Rytigynia sp. D of FZ E
Sericanthe sp. B (Chimanimani taxon) of FZ NE
Rutaceae
Vepris drummondii Mendonça E?-low VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)
Santalaceae
Thesium bundiense Hilliard E DD
Thesium chimanimaniense Brenan E LC
Thesium dolichomeres Brenan E LC
Thesium pygmeum Hilliard E LC
Sapotaceae
Synsepalum sp. near S. kaessneri E-low
Scrophulariaceae
Selago anatrichota Hilliard E LC
Thymelaeaceae
Struthiola montana B.Peterson E DD
ANNEX 5. MAMMAL CHECKLIST OF THE CHIMANIMANI MOUNTAINS
Systematic list of mammals recorded from the Chimanimani Mountains and adjacent areas
(source: Dutton & Dutton 1975, based on records from Smithers and José Tello).
Nomenclature not updated or strictly comparable with Annex 6.
x = observed during Dutton & Dutton fieldwork; P = previous record

M = Mozambique, Z = Zimbabwe
Family / Scientific name Common name (Port.) notes

Chrysochloridae
Cryptomys sp. Rato-toupeira
Macroscelididae
Petrodromus tetradactylus Musaranho elefante de quatro dedos
Pteropodidae
Rousettus aegyptiacus Morcego frugívoro do Egipto
Epomophorus wahlbergi Morcego frugivoso de Wahlberg
Nycteridae
Nycteris thebaica Morcego orelhudo do Egipto
Nycteris grandis Morcego orelhudo grande
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum Morcego ferradura gigante
Hipposideridae
Hipposideros caffer Morcego de nariz enfolhado da Cafraria
Molossidae
Tadarida aegyptiaca Morcego de cauda livre do Egipto
Vespertilionidae
Pipistrellus nanus Morcego das bananeiras
Lorisidae
Galago granti Zemur de Grant
Galago crassicaudata Zemur gigante
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecus aethiops Macaco da Etiopia xMZ
Cercopithecus albogularis Macaco de Samango xM
Papio arsinus Macaco-cao cinzento xMZ
Canidae
Lycaon pictus Mabeco P
Canis adustus Chacal listrado xZ
Mustelidae
Mellivora capensis Ratel
Viverridae
Nandinia binotata Civeta arbórea
Genetta tigrina Geneta de malhas grandes
Mungos mungo Mangueo listrado
Rhynchogale melleri Mangueo de Meller
Bdeogale crassicauda Mangueo de cauda tufada
Herpestes sanguineus Manguço vermelho de cauda preta
Hyaenidae
Crocuta crocuta Hiena malhada
Felidae
Panthera pardus Leopardo
Panthera leo Leão P
Acinonyx jubatus Chita
Elephantidae
Loxodonta africana Elefante xM
Procaviidae
Procavia capensis Hirax das rochas
Pronolague crassicaudatus Lebre da montanha
Rhinocerotidae
Diceros bicornis Rinoceronte de Zineu P
Equidae
Equus burchelli Zebra de Burchell P
Suidae
Potamochoerus porcus Porco bravo xM
Phacochoerus aethiopicus Facoceiro P
Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamus amphibius Hipopótamo P
Bovidae
Cephalophus natalensis Mangul ou Cabrito vermelho
Cephalophus monticola Cabrito azul xM
Sylvicapra grimmia Cabrito cinzento xMZ
Oreotragus oreotragus Cabrito das pedras ou cabrito saltador xMZ
Kobus ellipsiprymnus Piva, inhacoso ou namedouro
Hippotragus niger Palapala ou palave xM
Hippotragus equinus Matagaiça ou palapala cinzenta
Alcelaphus lichtensteini Gondonga, Nameriga, Ecoe P
Tragelaphus scriptus Imbalala xM
Tragelaphus strepsiceros Cudo
Taurotragus oryx Elande ou Jacaal xMZ
Syncerus caffer Búfalo xM
Hystricidae
Hystrix africaeaustralis Porco espinho xMZ
Muscardinidae
Graphiurus murinus Arganoz arbóreo
Sciuridae
Heliosciurus refobrachium Esquilo de cauda listrada xM
Paraxerus palliatus Esquilo vermelho da floresta
Cricetidae & Muridae

Subfamily Otomyinae
Otomys irroratus Rato das lezírias
Subfamily Murinae
Pelomys fallax Rato de dentes canelados
Acomys spinosissimus Rato espinhoso
Lemniscomys griselda Rato uniraiado
Rhabdomys pumilio Rato multistriado
Thamnomys dolichurus Rato da floresta
Leggada minutiodes Rato pigmeu
Praomys natalensis Rato multimamialdo
Aethomys chrysophilus Rato vermelho da savana
Aethomys namaquensis Rato das rochas
Rattus rattus Rato urbano
Subfamily Gerbillinae
Tatera inclusa Gerboa da Gorongosa
Subfamilies Dendromurinae, Cricetomyinae & Petromyschinae

Cricetomys gamianus Rato gigante
Dendromus mystacalis Rato trepador anão
Saccostomus campestris Rato bochechudo
ANNEX 6. MAMMAL CHECKLIST OF LOWER RUSITU VALLEY,

ZIMBABWE
The following checklist was compiled by Fenton Cotterill from specimens held at the Natural
History Museum, Bulawayo, obtained from collections made in the Haroni-Rusitu area over a
number of decades. Source: Fenton Cotterill in Haroni-Rusitu Visitor's Guide (BFA 2000,
unpublished). Nomenclature follows Kingdon, J. (1997), Field Guide to African Mammals,
Academic Press, and is not the same as that used in Annex 5.
INSECTIVORA (insectivores)
Macroscelididae
Petrodromus tetradactylus Four-toed Elephant-shrew
Elephantulus fuscus Short-snouted Elephant-shrew
Elephantulus myurus Rock Elephant-shrew
Soricidae (shrews)
Crocidura sp. Musk Shrew
Myosorex cafer Dark-footed Forest Shrew
Sylvisorex megalura Climbing Shrew
CHIROPTERA (bats)
Megachiroptera (fruit bats)
Epomophorus wahlbergi Peters's Epauletted Fruit Bat
Rousettus aegyptiacus Egyptian Fruit Bat
Myonycteris relicta
PRIMATES
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecus aethiops Vervet Monkey
Cercopithecus mitis Samango Monkey
Lorisidae
Otolemur crassicaudatus Thick-tailed Bushbaby
Galago moholi Lesser Bushbaby
Galago granti Grant's Night-Ape
RODENTIA (rodents)
Sciuridae (squirrels)
Heliosciurus mutabilis Sun Squirrel
Paraxerus palliatus Red Squirrel
Paraxerus cepapi Tree Squirrel
Gliridae
Graphiurus platyops Rock Dormouse
Graphiurus murinus Woodland Dormouse
Graphiurus parvus Lesser Savanna Dormouse
Bathyergidae (molerats)
Cryptomys hottentotus Common Molerat
Thryonomyidae (cane-rats)
Thryonomys swinderianus Greater Cane-rat
Thryonomys gregorianus Lesser Cane-rat
Cricetidae (giant rat)
Cricetomys gambianus African Giant Rat
Muridae (rats and mice)
Saccostomus campestris Pouched Mouse
Acomys spinosissimus Spiny Mouse
Dendromus mystacalis Chestnut Climbing Mouse
Mastomys natalensis [M. coucha?] Multimammate Mouse
Mus minutoides Pygmy Mouse
Aethomys chrysophilus Red Veld Rat
Pelomys fallax Groove-toothed Mouse
Tatera leucogaster Bushveld Gerbil
CARNIVORA (carnivores)
Mustelidae
Aonyx capensis Cape Clawless Otter
Mellivora capensis Honey Badger
Ictonyx striatus Striped Polecat
Viverridae (mongooses)
Mungos mungo Banded Mongoose
Rhynchogale melleri Meller's Mongoose
Bdeogale crassicaudata Bushy-tailed Mongoose
Paracynictis selousi Selous's Mongoose
Galerella sanguinea Slender Mongoose
Atilax paludinosus Water Mongoose
Ichneumia albicauda White-tailed Mongoose
Genetta tigrina Large-spotted Genet
Civettictis civetta Civet
Nandina binotata Tree Civet
Felidae
Felis sylvestris African Wild Cat
Felis serval Serval
HYRACOIDEA
Procavidae
Procavia capensis Rock Dassie
Heterohyrax brucei Yellow-spotted Rock Dassie
ARTIODACTYLA (even-toed ungulates)

Suidae (pigs and hogs)
Potamochoerus porcus Bushpig
Bovidae (antelopes)
Sylvicapra grimmia Common Duiker
Cephalophus monticola Blue Duiker
ANNEX 7. BIRD CHECKLIST OF THE CHIMANIMANI MOUNTAINS

Checklist of the bird species found on the Chimanimani Mountains with Portuguese common
names (sources: C.J. Hodgson 1971 in Dutton & Dutton 1975, with additional montane sight
records from H.D. Jackson and T.P. Dutton, and from D.G. Broadley below 600 m altitude).
M = recorded from above 600 m altitude; L = recorded from below 600 m altitude
Scientific name Common name (Port.) Alt.

Podiceps ruficollis Mergulhão do cabo M
Phalacrocorax africanus Corvo-marinho africano M
Sphenorhynchus abdimii Cegonha de peito branco M
Anas sparsa Pato preto M
Falco biarmicus Falcão de coroa acastanhada M
Falco tinnunculus Falcão das rochas M
Milvus aegyptius Rabo de bacalhau de bico amarelo M
Elanus caeruleus Peneireiro de espáduas pretas M
Aquila verreauxi Águia preta M
Lophaetus occipitalis Águia de polpa M
Stephanoaetus coronatus Águia coroada M
Circaetus cinereas Guincho castanho M
Buteo rufofuscus augur Bútio de peito branco M
Circus ranivorus ranivorus Açor dos pântanos M
Polyboroides typus Serpentário pequeno M
Francolinus shelleyi Francolino de Shelleyi M
Coturnix coturnix Codorniz africana M
Coturnix delegorguei Codorniz arlequim M
Numida meleagris Galinha do mato M
Sarothrura affinis Codornizão de cauda avermelhada M
Afribyx senegallus Barbilhão M
Gallinago nigripennis Narceja da Etiópia M
Aclitus hypoleucos Maçarico comum M
Trinae nebularia Maçarico cinzento M
Columba guinea phaeonota Pombo das rocas M
Columba arquatrix arquatrix Pombo de bico amarelo M
Streptopelia capicola capicola P.ola de colar M
Turtur tympanistria Rola de papo branco M
Aplopelia larvata larvata Rola esverdeada M
Turacus corythaix livingstonii Toraco de Knysna M
Cuculus solitarius Cuco de peito vermelho M
Centropus superciliosus Cuco de Burchel M
Ciccaba woodfordii Mocho da floresta M
Glaucidium capense Mochino barrado M
Bubo africanus Corujão M
Caprimulgue tristigma Noitibó das rochas M
Apus barbatus Andorinhão preto M
Apus caffer Andorinhão de rabaldilha branca M
Colitis striatus Rabo de junco M
Apaloderma narina Republicano M
Corylhornis cristata Pica peixe de crista M
Merops apiaster Abelharuco da Europa M
Rhinopomastus cyanomelas Bico de cimitarra M

Buccanodon leucotis Barbaças de orelhas brancas M
Pogoniulus bilineatus Barbadinho de rabadilha dourada M
Indicator indicator Indicador maior M
Indicator variegatus Pássaro do mel M
Indicator minor Indicador menor M
Prodotiscus regulus Pássaro do mel de garganta branca M
Campethera cailliautii Pequeno pica-pau malhado M
Dendropicos fuscescens Pica pausinho M
Smithornis capensis Bocarra M
Hirundo albigularis albigularis Andorinha de garganta branca M
Hirundo atrocaerulea Andorinha azul M
Cecropis cucullata Andorinha grande listrada M
Ptynoprogne fuligula rufigula Andorinha das rochas M
Delichon urbica urbica Andorinha das casas M
Psalidoprocne orientalis orientalis Andorinha preta de axilas brancas M
Coracina pectoralis Lagarteira de peito branco M
Coracina caesia caesia Lagarteira cinzento M
Dicrurus ludwigii ludwigii Bombeiro de cauda quadrada M
Oriolus larvatus larvatus Fapa-figos de cabeça preta M
Corvultur albicollis Corvo de pescoço branco M
Coracina pectoralis Lagarteira de peito branco M
Parus rufiventris Chapim de ventre vermelho M
Pycnonotus nigricans Toutinegra de olhos vermelhos M
Phyllastrephus flavostriatus Toutinegra de listas amarelas M
Andropadus milanjensis Tuta de Milanji M
Chlorocichla flaviventris Tuta amarela M
Turdus libonyanus Chichario M
Turdus olivaceus swynnertoni Tordo de peito azeitonado M
Turdus gurneyi gurney Tordo de peito laranja M
Oenanthe oenanthe oenanthe Chasco das pedras M
Cercamela familiaris familiaris Chasco de cauda castanha M
Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris Chasco de rabadilha e ventre castanhos M
cinnamomeiventris
Saxicola torquala torquata Chasco de cabeça preta M
Cossypha heuglini euronota Cossifa de Heuglini M
Cossypha cajjra caffra Cossifa de ventre azul acinzentado M
Pogonocichla stellata stellate Tordo estrelado M
Phylloscopus trochilus trochiltis Felosa M
Eremomela scotops scotops Rouxinol de cabeça verde M
Bradypterus barratti barratti Rouxinol dos matagais M
Schoenicola brevirostris brevirostris Rouxinol de cauda larga M
Sphenoeacus afer afer Rouxinol de dois bigodes M
Sylvietta rufescens rufescens Carriça de cauda curta M
Apalis thoracica thoracica Apalis de colar preto M
Apalis chirindensis Apalis do monte M
Apalis flavida flavida Apalis de peito amarelo M
Camaroptera brachyura brachyura Rouxinol de costas verdes M
Cisticola ayresii ayresii Cisticola de Ayres M
Cisticola fulvicapilla fulvicapilla Cisticola de cabeça ruivá M
Cisticola lais lais Cisticola choroma M
Cisticola cantans munzneri Cisticola cantadora M

Cisticola natalensis natalensis Cisticola de Natal M
Cisticola aberrans aberrans Cisticola de cauda comprida M
Prinia robertsi Prinia de Roberts M
Prinia subflava affinis Prinia M
Muscicapa adusta adusta Taralhão sombrio M
Muscicapa cinerea caerulescens Taralhão azulado M
Chloropeta natalensis natalensis Rouxinol amarelo M
Hyliota australis australis Papa-moscas da Brachystegia M
Seicercus ruficapilla ruficapilla Papa-moscas dc peito amarelo M
Batis capensis capensis Batis da floresta M
Batis molitor molitor Batis comum M
Platysteira peltata peltata Apanha-moscas de carúnculas M
Trochocercus cyanomelas cyanomelas Apanha-moscas de crista M
Trochocercus albonotatus Papa-moscas de cauda branca M
Terosiphone viridis granti Apanha-moscas de paraíso M
Motacilla aguimp vidua Alvéola branca e preta M
Anthus novaeseelandiae rufuloides Peetinha de Richards M
Motacilla clara torrentium Alvéola cinzenta M
Anthus lineiventris Petinha listrada M
Anthus trivialis trivialis Petinha das árvores M
Mocronyx croceus vulturnus Unhas longas M
Lanius collaris Picanço branco e preto M
Lanius collurio Picanço da Europa M
Laniarius ferrugineus Picanço ferugínco M
Dryoscopus cubla Picanço de almofadinha branca M
Tchagra australis Picanço de cabeça castanha M
Tchagra senegala Picanço assobiador M
Chlorophoneus olivaceas Picanço oliváceo M
Chloropohneus nigrifrons Picanço de fronte preta M
Telophorus quadricolor Picanço de quatro cores M
Telophiorus zeylonus restrictus Picanço de garganta prétã M
Prionops plumata Picanço de poupa branca M
Sigmodus retzii Picanço atacador de poupa branca M
Onychognathus morio morio Estorninho de asa vermelha M
Promeropsgurneyi gurneeyi Ave do néctar de coroa e peito vermelho M
Nectarinia famosa famosa Beija-flor malaquite M
Nectarinia kilimensis arturi Beija-flor bronzeado M
Cinnyris chalybeus manoensis Beija-flor pequeno de duas bandas M
Cinnyris venustus falkensteini Beija-flor ventre amarelo M
Cyanomitra olivacea sclateri Beija-flor oliváceo M
Anthreptes collaris collaris Beija-flor de colar M
Chalcomitra amethystina amethystina Beija-flor preto M
Zosterops senegalensis anderssoni Olho branco M
Petronia superciliaris Pardal de garganta amarela M
Symplectes bicolor bicolor Tecelão da floresta M
Ploceus xanthops Tecelão dourado grande M
Euplectes orix orix Cardeal M
Coliuspasser capensis transvaalensis Viúva de costas amarelas M
Coliuspasser ardens ardens Viúva de colar vermelho M
Lonchura bicolor rufodorsalis Freirinha de costas vermelhas M
Coccopygia quartinia stuartirwini Bico de lacre da Africa M

Cryptospiza reichenowii Asa vermelha do Niassa M
Estrilda perreini incana Bico de lacre cinzento M
Estrilda astrild astrild Bico de lacre M
Vidua macroura Viuvinha malhada M
Serius canicollis canicollis Canário do Cabo M
Serinus mozambicus mozambicus Canário de Moçambique M
Crithagra sulphurata sharpie Canário de bico grosso M
Poliospiza gularis gularis Canário cinzento de cabeça listrada M
Fringillaria capensis capensis Trigueirão do Cabo M
Additional records from H.D. Jackson

Bubo capensis Corujão M
Megaceryle maxima maxima Pica-peixe gigante M
Alcedo semitorquata seinitorquata Pica-peixe M
Prodotiscus insignis zambesiae Pássaro-do-mel de bico fino M
Campethera abingoni vibrator Pica-pau de cauda dourada M
Parus griseiventris Chapim de ventre cinzento M
Pycnonotus barbatus layardi Toutinegra de olhos pretos M
Batis soror Batis de Moçambique M
Motacilla aguimp aguimp Alvéola branca e preta M
Coccopygia melanolis melanotis Bicos de lacre de garganta preta M
Additional records from T.P. Dutton

Polemaetus bellicosus Águia marcial M
Circaetus pectoralis Guincho de peito preto M
Cinnyris afer Beija-flor grande de duplo colar M
Euplectes hordeaceus hordeaceus Cardeal de cabeça vermelha M
Some rare birds found below 600 m in evergreen forest (source: D.G. Broadley).
Circaetus fasciolatus Guincho listrado L
Colemba delagorguei Pombo de nuca bronzeado L
Cercococcyx montanus Cuca de longa cauda listrada L
Indicator meliphilus L
Phyllestrephus depilis Toutinegra pequino L
Andropadus importunis Tuta sombria L
Bias musicus Papa-moscas preto e branco L
Prinonops scopifrens Picanço atacador de fronte amarela L
Batis fratum Papa-moscas de peito castanho L
Lamproternis corruscus Estorninho de ventre preto L
ANNEX 8. BIRD CHECKLIST

Checklist of birds recorded from the Chimanimani Mountains above 700 m altitude, from
both Zimbabwe and Mozambique (source: Beasley 1995).
Common name Scientific name

Dabchick Tachybaptus ruficollis
Hamerkop Scopus umbretta
Abdim's Stork Ciconia abdimii
Black Duck Anas sparsa
Yellow-billed Kite Milvus migrans
Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus
Black Eagle Aquila verreauxii
Long-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalis
Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus
Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus
Brown Snake Eagle Circaetus cinereus
Southern Banded Snake Eagle Circaetus fasciolatus
Augur Buzzard Buteo augur
African Marsh Harrier Circus ranivorus
Gymnogene Polyboroides typus
Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus
Taita Falcon Falco fasciinucha
Rock Kestrel Falco tinnunculus
Shelley's Francolin Francolinus shelleyi
Red-necked Francolin Francolinus afer
Common Quail Coturnix coturnix
Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei
Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris
Striped Flufftail Sarothrura qffinis
Wattled Plover Vanellus senegallus
Common Sandpiper Tringa hypoleucos
Greenshank Tringa nebularia
Great Snipe Gallinago media
Rock Pigeon Columba guinea
Rameron Pigeon Columba arquatrix
Cape Turtle Dove Streptopelia capicola
Tambourine Dove Turtur tympanistria
Cinnamon Dove Aplopelia larvata
Green Pigeon Treron calva
Knysna Lourie Tauraco corythaix
African Cuckoo Ciculus gularis
Red-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitarius
Klaas's Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaas
Burchell's Coucal Centropus superciliosus
Wood Owl Strix woodfordii
Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense
Cape Eagle Owl Bubo capensis
Spotted Eagle Owl Bubo africanus
Freckled Nightjar Caprimulgus tristigma
Pennant-winged Nightjar Macrodipteryx vexillaria
Black Swift Apus barbatus

White-rumped Swift Apus caffer
Scarce Swift Schoutedenapus myoptilus
Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus
Giant Kingfisher Ceryle maxima
Half-collared Kingfisher Alcedo semitorquata
Malachite Kingfisher Alcedo cristata
Brown-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon albiventris
Grey-hooded Kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala
European Bee-eater Merops apiaster
Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus
Little Bee-eater Merops pusillus
Hoopoe Upupa epops
Scimitar-billed Wood Hoopoe Rhinopomastus cyanomelas
Black-collared Barbet Lybius torquatus
White-eared Barbet Stactolaema leucotis
Golden-rumped Tinker Barbet Pogoniulus bilineatus
Greater Honeyguide Indicator indicator
Scaly-throated Honeyguide Indicator variegatus
Lesser Honeyguide Indicator minor
Sharp-billed Honeyguide Prodotiscus regulus
Slender-billed Honeyguide Prodotiscus zambesiae
Bennett's Woodpecker Campethera bennettii
Golden-tailed Woodpecker Campethera abingoni
Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens
White-throated Swallow Hirundo albigularis
Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea
Greater Striped Swallow Hirundo cucullata
Lesser Striped Swallow Hirundo abyssinica
Rock Martin Hirundo fuligula
House Martin Delichon urbica
Eastern Saw-wing Psalidoprocne orientalis
Black Cuckoo-shrike Campephaga flava
White-breasted Cuckoo-shrike Coracina pectoralis
Grey Cuckoo-shrike Coracina caesia
Fork-tailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis
Square-tailed Drongo Dicrurus ludwigii
African Golden Oriole Oriolus auratus
Black-headed Oriole Oriolus larvatus
White-necked Raven Corvus albicollis
Miombo Grey Tit Parus griseiventris
Rufous-bellied Tit Parus rufiventris
Arrow-marked Babbler Turdoides jardineii
Black-eyed Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatus
Yellow-streaked Bulbul Phyllastrephus flavostriatus
Striped-cheeked Bulbul Andropadus milanjensis
Kurrichane Thrush Turdus libonyana
Olive Thrush Turdus olivaceus
Orange Thrush Zoothera gurneyi
Miombo Rockthrush Monticola angolensis
European Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe
Familiar Chat Cercomela familiaris

Mocking Chat Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris
Stonechat Saxicola torquata
Heuglin's Robin Cossypha heuglini
Natal Robin Cossypha natalensis
Cape Robin Cossypha caffra
Starred Robin Pogonocichla stellata
Mashona Hyliota Hyliota australis
Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina
Yellow Warbler Chloropeta natalensis
Barratt's Warbler Bradypterus barratti
Broad-tailed Warbler Schoenicola brevirostris
Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus
Yellow-throated Warbler Seicercus ruficapillus
Bar-throated Apalis Apalis thoracica
Chirinda Apalis Apalis chirindensis
Red-faced Crombec Sylvietta whytii
Green-capped Eremomela Erernomela scotops
Grassbird Sphenoeacus afer
Moustached Warbler Melocichla mentalis
Ayres' Cisticola Cisticola ayresii
Wailing Cisticola Cisticola lais
Singing Cisticola Cisticola cantans
Croaking Cisticola Cisticola natalensis
Lazy Cisticola Cisticola aberrans
Neddicky Cisticola fulvicapilla
Tawny-flanked Prinia Prima subflava
Roberts' Prinia Prinia robertsi
Dusky Flycatcher Muscicapa adusta
Blue-grey Flycatcher Muscicapa caerulescens
Cape Batis Batis capensis
Chinspot Batis Batis molitor
Mozambique Batis Batis soror
White-tailed Crested Flycatcher Trochocercus albonotatus
Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis
African Pied Wagtail Motacilla aguimp
Long-tailed Wagtail Motacilla clara
Grassveld Pipit Anthus cinnamoneus
Wood Pipit Anthus nyassae
Striped Pipit Anthus lineiventris
Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis
Yellow-throated Longclaw Macronyx croceus
Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor
Fiscal Shrike Lanius collaris
Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio
Tropical Boubou Laniarius aethiopicus
Puffback Dryoscopus cubla
Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegala
Bokmakierie Telophorus zeylonus
Gorgeous Bush Shrike Telophorus quadricolor
Black-fronted Bush Shrike Telophorus nigrifrons
Olive Bush Shrike Telophorus olivaceus

Grey-headed Bush Shrike Malaconotus blanchoti
White Helmet-Shrike Prionops plumatus
Red-billed Helmet-Shrike Prionops retzii
Amethyst Starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster
Red-winged Starling Onychognathus morio
Gurney's Sugarbird Promerops gurneyi
Malachite Sunbird Nectarinia famosa
Bronze Sunbird Nectarinia kilimensis
Miombo Double-collared Sunbird Nectarinia manoensis
Yellow-bellied Sunbird Nectarinia venusta
White-bellied Sunbird Nectarinia talatala
Grey Sunbird Nectarinia veroxii
Olive Sunbird Nectarinia olivacea
Black Sunbird Nectarinia amethystina
Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis
Yellow-throated Sparrow Petronia superciliaris
Forest Weaver Ploceus bicolor
Spectacled Weaver Ploceus ocularis
Golden Weaver Ploceus xanthops
Red-billed Quelea Quelea quelea
Red Bishop Euplectes orix
Yellow-rumped Widow Euplectes capensis
Red-collared Widow Euplectes ardens
Red-faced Crimsonwing Cryptospiza reichenovii
Blue-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta rubricata
Jameson's Firefinch Lagonosticta rhodopareia
Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild
Swee Waxbill Estrilda quartinia
Red-backed Mannikin Spermestes bicolor
Pin-tailed Whydah Vidua macroura
Yellow-eyed Canary Serinus mozambicus
Cape Canary Serinus canicollis
Bully Canary Serinus sulphuratus
Streaky-headed Canary Serinus gularis
Black-eared Canary Serinus mennelli
Golden-breasted Bunting Emberiza flaviventris
Cape Bunting Emberiza capensis
Cinnamon-breasted Rock Bunting Emberiza tahapisi
ANNEX 9. BIRD CHECKLIST OF THE LOWER RUSITU VALLEY

This checklist of 262 bird species was compiled by Peter Mundy from various sources,
including records from members of BirdLife Zimbabwe (source: Childes & Irwin in BFA
2000, unpublished). Arranged under family following Irwin (1981). This can be treated as
complementary to Annex 8.
Habitat: E = edge of forest F = within forest R = found near rivers

W = woodland G = grassland/agricultural fields M = mountains
where the species occurs in a range of habitats, both are given, e.g. G/R
Status: r = resident sv = summer visitor wv = winter visitor
(if known) e = threatened vu = vulnerable nt = near threatened
* = unusual or rare species in Zimbabwe
species Common name habitat status

Podicipedidae (grebes)
Tachybaptus ruficollis Dabchick R
Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants)
Phalacrocorax africanus Reed Cormorant R
Anhinga melanogaster Darter R
Ardeidae (herons, egrets, bitterns)
Ardea purpurea Purple Heron R
Butorides striatus Green-backed Heron R
Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern R
Scopus umbretta Hamerkop R
Plateleidae (ibises, spoonbills)
Bostrychia hagedash Hadeda Ibis R/E
Anatidae (ducks, geese)
Anas sparsa African Black Duck R r
Accipitridae (raptors)
Milvus migrans Yellow-billed Kite W sv
Elanus caeruleus Black-shouldered Kite G
Aquila verreauxii Black Eagle M
Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle M sv
Hieraaetus ayresii Ayre's Eagle W t
Lophaetus occipatilis Long-crested Eagle E ?r
Polemaetus bellicosus Martial Eagle W vu
Stephanoaetus coronarus Crowned Eagle F r, nt
Circaetus cinereus Brown Snake Eagle W
* Circaetus fasciolatus Southern Banded Snake Eagle E r, vu
Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur W vu
Buteo buteo Steppe Buzzard F sv
Buteo augur Augur Buzzard M
Kaupifalco monogrammicus Lizard Buzzard W
species Common name habitat status

Accipiter melanoleucus Black Sparrow Hawk E r
Accipiter badius Little Banded Goshawk W
Accipiter tachiro African Goshawk F/W r
Micronisus gabar Gabar Goshawk W
Polyboroides radiatus Gymnogene W
Falconidiae (falcons, kestrels)
Falco subbuteo European Hobby M
* Falco fasciinucha Taita Falcon M e
Falco amurensis Eastern Red-footed Falcon W
Falco dickinsoni Dickinson's Kestrel W
Phasianidae (francolins, quails)
Francolinus afer Red-necked Francolin E r
Coturnix delegorguei Harlequin Quail G
Coturnix adansonii Blue Quail G
Numididae (guineafowl)
Guttera pucherani Crested Guineafowl E r
Numida meleagris Helmeted Guineafowl G
Turnicidae (button-quail)
Turnix sylvatica Kurrichane Button-quail G
Rallidae (rails, crakes, coots)
Amaurornis flavirostris Black Crake R
Sarothrura rufa Red-chested Flufftail G
Sarothrura elegans Buff-spotted Flufftail F ?sv
Heliornithidae (finfoots)
Podica senegalensis African Finfoot R ?r, vu
Scolopacidae (sandpipers, snipes)
Tringa hypoleucos Common Sandpiper R sv
Columbidae (pigeons, doves)
Columba guinea Speckled Rock Pigeon M
Columba arquatrix Rameron Pigeon F
Columba delegorguei Delegorgue's Pigeon F r, vu
Streptopelia semitorquata Red-eyed Dove W
Streptopelia capicola Cape Turtle Dove W
Turtur afer Blue-spotted Wood Dove F r
Turtur tympanistra Tambourine Dove F r
Aplopelia larvata Cinnamon Dove F ?wv
Treron australis African Green Pigeon F
Musophagidae (louries, turacos)

Tauraco persa Green Lourie F r
Gallirex porphyreolophus Purple-crested Lourie W
Cuculidae (cuckoos, coucals)
Cuculus gularis African Cuckoo W sv
Cuculus poliocephalus Lesser Cuckoo F sv
Cuculus solitarius Red-chested Cuckoo F sv
Cuculus clamosus Black Cuckoo E sv
* Cercococcyx montanus Barred long-tailed Cuckoo F sv
Pachycoccyx audeberti Thick-billed Cuckoo E wv
Chrysococcyx cupreus Emerald Cuckoo F sv
Chrysococcyx klaas Klaas' Cuckoo E sv
Chrysococcyx caprius Diederik Cuckoo W sv
Ceuthmochares aereus Green Coucal F r
Centropus superciliosus Burchell's Coucal G/E r
Tytonidae (barn & grass owls)
Tyto alba Barn Owl W
Strigidae (typical owls)
Strix woodfordii Wood Owl F r
Glaucidium capense Barred Owl R
Bubo africanus Spotted Eagle Owl W
Scotopelia peli Pel's Fishing Owl R ?r, vu
Caprimulgidae (nightjars)
Caprimulgus europaeus European Nightjar W sv
Caprimulgus pectoralis Fiery-necked Nightjar W
Caprimulgus tristigma Freckled Rock Nightjar M
Apodidae (swifts)
Apus aequatorialis Mottled Swift M
* Schoutedenapus myoptilus Scarce Swift M
Cypsiurus parvus African Palm Swift R
Telacanthura ussheri Mottled Spinetail E
Neafrapus boehmi Bohm's Spinetail E
Coliidae (mousebirds)
Colius striatus Speckled Mousebird E r
Trogonidae (trogons)
Apaloderma narina Narina Trogon F r
Alcedinidae (kingfishers)
Ceryle maxima Giant Kingfisher R r
Alcedo semitorquata Half-collared Kingfisher R r, nt
Corythornis cristata Malachite Kingfisher R

Ceyx picta Pygmy Kingfisher F sv
Halcyon albiventris Brown-hooded Kingfisher E r
Halcyon leucocephala Chestnut-bellied Kingfisher W sv
Halcyon chelicuti Striped Kingfisher W
Meropidae (bee-eaters)
Merops apiaster European Bee-eater W sv
Merops superciliosus Blue-cheeked Bee-eater W sv
Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater G/R
Merops hirundineus Swallow-tailed Bee-eater G
Coraciidae (rollers)
Coracias caudata Lilac-breasted Roller W
Eurystomus glaucurus Cinnamon Roller W/E sv
Phoeniculidae (woodhoopoes)
Phoeniculus purpureus Red-billed Woodhoopoe W
Phoeniculus cyanomelas African Scimitarbil W
Bucerotidae (hornbills)
Bycanistes bucinator Trumpeter Hornbill F
* Bycanistes brevis Silvery-cheeked Hornbill F r
Tockus albominatus Crowned Hornbill W/E r
Capitonidae (barbets)
Stactolaema leucotis White-eared Barbet F r
Pogoniulus bilineatus Golden-rumped Tinker Barbet F r
Indicatoridae (honeyguides)
Indicator indicator Greater Honeyguide W
Indicator variegatus Scaly-throated Honeyguide F r
Indicator minor Lesser Honeyguide E r
* Indicator meliphilus Eastern Least Honeyguide F ?r
Prodotiscus zambesiae Slender-billed Honeyguide W
Picidae (woodpeckers)
Campethera bennettii Bennett's Woodpecker W
Campethera albigoni Golden-tailed Woodpecker E r
* Campethera cauiliautii Little Spotted Woodpecker E r
Dendropicos fuscescens Cardinal Woodpecker W
Thripias namaquus Bearded Woodpecker W
Eurylaimidae (broadbills)
Smithornis capensis African Broadbill F r, nt
Pittidae (pittas)
Pitta angolensis Angola Pitta F sv
Hirundinidae (swallows, martins)

Hirundo rustica European Swallow G/W sv
Hirundo smithii Wire-tailed Swallow R
Hirundo senegalensis Mosque Swallow W
Hirundo abyssinica Lesser Striped Swallow W
Hirundo fuligula African Rock Martin M
Delichon urbica European House Martin M sv
Hirundo griseopyga Grey-rumped Swallow G
Riparia paludicola Brown Sand Martin R
Psalidoprocne orientalis Eastern Roughwing E r
Campephagidae (cuckoo-shrikes)
Campephaga flava Eastern Black Cuckoo-shrike W/E wv
Coracina pectoralis White-breasted Cuckoo-shrike W
Coracina caesia Grey Cuckoo-shrike F ?wv
Dicruridae (drongos)
Dicrurus adsimilis Fork-tailed Drongo W
Dicturus ludwigii Square-tailed Drongo F/R
Oriolidae (old-world orioles)
Oriolus oriolus European Golden Oriole W/E sv
Oriolus auratus African Golden Oriole W/E wv
Oriolus larvatus Eastern Black-headed Oriole W/E wv
Corvidae (crows)
Corvus albus Pied Crow
Corvus albicollis White-necked Raven M
Paridae (tits)
Parus niger Southern Black Tit W
Parus rufiventris Rufous-bellied Tit W
Timaliidae (babblers)
Turdoides jardineii Arrow-marked Babbler W/G
Pycnonotidae (bulbuls)
Pycnonotus barbatus Black-eyed Bulbul W r
Phyllastrephus terrestris Terrestrial Bulbul E r
Phyllastrephus flavostriatus Yellow-streaked Bulbul F r
Phyllastrephus debilis Slender Bulbul F r
Andropadus importanus Sombre Bulbul E r
Andropadus milanjensis Striped-cheeked Bulbul F wv
Chlorocichla flaviventris Yellow-bellied Bulbul E r
Nicator gularis White-throated Nicator E r
Turdidae (thrushes, chats, robins)

Turdus libonyana Kurrichane Thrush W
Turdus olivaceus Olive Thrush F wv
Zoothera gurneyi Orange Thrush F wv,nt
Turdus litsitsirupa Groundscraper Thrush W
Monticola angolensis Miombo Rock Thrush W
Saxicola torquata Stonechat G
Cossypha heuglini Heuglin's Robin R r
Cossypha natalensis Red-capped Robin F r
Erythropygia quadrivirgata Eastern Bearded Scrub Robin E r
Pogonocichla stellata Starred Robin F ?wv
Cichladusa arquata Collared Palm Thrush R
Sylviidae (warblers, cisticolas)
Sylvia borin Garden Warbler W sv
Hippilais icterina Icterine Warbler W sv
Acrocephalus arundinaceus Great Reed Warbler R sv
Acrocephalus palustris European Marsh Warbler R/F sv
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus European Sedge Warbler R/G sv
Acrocephalus gracilirostris Lesser Swamp Warbler R/G
Chlolopeta natalensis African Yellow Warbler G
Bradypterus baboecala Little Rush Warbler R/G
Bradypterus barratti Barratt's Warbler E wv
Schoenicola brevirostris Broad-tailed Warbler G nt
Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler W sv
Seicercus ruficapilla Yellow-throated Warbler F wv
Apalis thoracica Bar-throated Apalis E ?wv
Apalis chirindensis Chirinda Apalis F wv
* Apalis melanocephala Black-headed Apalis F r
Apalis flavida Yellow-breasted Apalis E r
Sylvietta whytii Redfaced Crombec W
Eremomela scotops Green-capped Eremomela W
Camaroptera brachyura Green-backed Bleating Warbler E r
Camaroptera stierlingi Stierling's Barred Warbler W
Cisticola juncidis Fan-tailed Cisticola G
Cisticola lais Wailing Cisticola G
Cisticola cantans Singing Cisticola G
Cisticola erythrops Red-faced Cisticola R/G
Cisticola natalensis Croaking Cisticola G
Cisticola aberrans Rock Cisticola W
Cisticola brachyptera Shortwing Cisticola W
Heliolais erythroptera Red-winged Warbler G
Prinia subflava Tawny-flanked Prinia G
Muscicapidae (flycatchers)
Muscicapta striata Spotted Flycatcher W sv
Muscicapta adusta Dusky Flycatcher E r
Muscicapta caerulescens Blue-grey Flycatcher E r
Myloparus plumbeus Fan-tailed Flycatcher E R
Melaenornis pammelaina Black Flycatcher W
* Bias musicus Black & White Flycatcher E ?r
Batis capensis Cape Batis F wv
Batis molitor Chinspot Batis W
* Batis soror Mozambique Batis W/E
* Batis fratrum Woodwards' Batis E r, nt
Platysteira peltata Black-throated Wattle-eye F/R r, nt
Trochocercus cyanomelas Blue-mantled Crested Flycatcher F r
Trochocercus albonotatus White-tailed Crested Flycatcher F wv
Terpsiphone viridis Paradise Flycatcher R/E sv
Motacillidae (wagtails, pipits)
Motacilla aguimp African Pied Wagtail R
Motacilla clara Long-tailed Wagtail R r
Anthus lineiventris Striped Pipit W
Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit W sv
Macronyx croceus Yellow-throated Longclaw G
Laniidae (shrikes)
Lanius collurio Red-backed Shrike G sv
Malconotidae (bush shrikes)
Laniarius aethiopicus Tropical Boubou W/E R
Dryoscopus cubla Southern Puffback W/E r
Tchagra australis Brown-headed Tchagra W/G
Tchagra senegala Black-crowned Tchagra W/G
Telophorus quadricolor Gorgeous Bush Shrike E r
Malaconotus sulphureopectus Orange-breasted Bush Shrike E r
Malaconotus nigrifrons Black-fronted Bush shrike F r
Malaconotus olivaceus Olive Bush Shrike F ?wv
Malaconotus blachoti Grey-headed Bush Shrike E r
Prionopidae (helmetshrikes)
Prionops plumata White Helmet Shrike W
Prionops retzii Red-billed Helmet Shrike W/E r
* Prionops scopifrons Chestnut-fronted Helmet Shrike F r
Sturnidae (starlings)
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Amethyst Starling W
* Lamprotornis corruscus Black-bellied Glossy Starling F ?r
Onychoganthus mono African Red-winged Starling M/F

Nectariniidae (sunbirds)
Nectarinia bifasciata Purple-banded Sunbird E ?sv
Nectarinia manoensis Miombo Double-collared Sunbird W
Nectarinia venusta Yellow-bellied Sunbird W/E ?r
Nectarinia talatala White-bellied Sunbird W
Nectarinia olivacea Olive Sunbird F r
Nectarinia senegalensis Scarlet-chested Sunbird W/F
Nectarinia amethystina Black Sunbird W/F
Anthreptes collaris Collared Sunbird F r
* Anthreptes reichenowi Blue-throated Sunbird F ?sv
Anthreptes longuemarei Violet-backed Sunbird E sv
Zosteropidae (white-eyes)
Zosterops senegalensis Yellow White-eye E r
Ploceidae (weavers, sparrows)
Passer domesticus House Sparrow G
Passer griseus Grey-headed Sparrow W/G
Petronia superciliaris Yellow-throated Sparrow W/G
Ambylospiza albifrons Thick-billed Weaver G/E r
Ploceus bicolor Dark-backed Weaver F r
Ploceus ocularis Spectacled Weaver R/E
Ploceus xanthops Large Golden Weaver R
Quelea quelea Red-billed Quelea G
Euplectes hordeaceus Fire-crowned Bishop G/R
Euplectes albonotatus White-winged Whydah G
Euplectes ardens Red-collared Whydah G
Vidua macroura Pin-tailed Widow G
Vidua funerea Brown-backed Firefinch Indigobird G
Vidua chalybeata Red-billed Firefinch Indigobird G
Estrildidae (waxbills, fire finches)
Pytilia melba Green-winged Pytilia G
Mandingoa nittidula Green Twinspot E sv
Pyrenestes minor Lesser Seedcracker E ?sv
Hypargos niveoguttatus Red-throated Twinspot F r
Lagonosticta rubricata Brown-backed Firefinch E r
Lagonosticta rhodopareia Pink-backed Firefinch G/E
Lagonosticta senegala Red-billed Firefinch G
Uraeginthus angolensis Southern Blue Waxbill G/W
Estrilda astrild Common Waxbill G
Estrilda perreini Black-tailed Grey Waxbill G/E r
Estrilda quartinia East African Swee G/E ?wv
Spermestes cucullatus Bronze Mannikin G/W

Spermestes bicolor Red-backed Mannikin G/E r
Fringillidae (canaries, buntings)
Serinus mozambicus Yellow-eyed Canary W
Serinus sulphuratus Bully Canary G
Serinus gularis Streaky-headed Seedeater G/W
Serinus mennelli Black-eared Seedeater W/G
Emberiza cabanisi Cabanis's Yellow Bunting W
Emberiza tahapisi Cinnamon-breasted Rock Bunting M
ANNEX 10. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

Checklist of reptiles and amphibians from the Chimanimani Mountains and Rusitu Valley
areas with Portuguese common names. Most records are from the Zimbabwe side. Sources:
Don Broadley in Dutton & Dutton (1975), plus records from the unpublished Haroni-Rusitu
Visitor's Guide (BFA 2000). Nomenclature updated by Werner Conradie (March 2017).
E = endemic; (M) = confirmed for Mozambique side; (p) = probably present in area
Scientific name Common name (Port.)

REPTILIA
Order Testudinata
Pelusios sinatus Cágado de carapaça serrada (p)
Kinyxs bellian bellian (p)
Order Crocodylia
Crocodylus niloticus Crocodilo do nilo
Order Squamata
Suborder Sauria
Family Gekkonidae
Hemidactylus tasmani Osga de Tasman (M)
Hemidactylus platycephalus Osga dos inbondeiros
Lygodactylus capensis capensis Osga anã do Cabo
Family Agamidae
Agama armata Agama espinhosa
Agama kirkii Agama das rochas (M)
Agama mossambica Agama de Moçambique (M)
Family Chamaeleonidae
Chamaeleo dilepis dilepis Camaleão comum
Rhampholeon marshalli Camaleão anãi
Family Scincidae
Trachylepis boulengeri Lagarticha de boulengeri
Trachylepis margaritifera Lagarticha multi-colorida (M)
Trachylepis varia Lagarticha variegada (M)
Trachylepis striata Lagarticha comum listrada
Panspis wahlbergii Lagarticha wahlberg
Acontias plumbeus Lagarticha despernada gigante (M)
Family Cordylidae
Matobosaurus validus validus Lagarto escamoso das rochas (M)
Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Lagarto escamoso de garganta amarela (M)
Smaug mossambicus Lagarto de Moçambique de cauda espinhosa
Cordylus rhodesianus Lagarto da Rodésia de cauda espinhosa (M)
Platysaurus ocellatus E Lagarto achatado das rochas (M)
Platysaurus intermedius rhodesianus Lagarto achatado da Rodésia
Chamaesaura macrolepis macrolepis Lagarto escamoso despernado (M)
Family Lacertidae
Nueras ornata Lagarto da areia listrado (p)
Family Varanidae
Varanus niloticus Varamo da água (p)
Family Amphisbaenidae
Chirindia swynnertoni Lagarto-verme de swynnerton (M)
Suborder Serpentes
Family Typhlopidae
Afrotyphlops mucruso Cobra cega do Zambeze
Family Leptotyphlopidae
Leptotyphlops scutifrons Cobra cega de rosca
Family Boidae
Python natalensis Pitão
Family Colubridae
Lycodonomorphus leleupi mlanjensis Cobra aquática de Milange
Lycodonomorphus rufulus Cobra aquática castanha (M)
Boaedon fulignosus fulignosus Cobra das casas castanha
Lycophidion capense capense
Lycophidion nanus
Gonionotophis capensis capensis Cobra dorso de lima (p)
Natriciteres sylvatica
Pseudaspis cana Cobra toupeira (p)
Duberria rhodesiana Cobra papa-lesmas
Philothamnus hoplogaster Cobra verde Oriente
Philothamnus irregularis irregularis Cobra verde do Ocidente
Prosymna ambigua ambigua Cobra focinho de pá da África Oriental (p)
Amphlorhinus multimaculatus Cobra multimaculada (M)
Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia
Dispholidus typus viridis Cobra das árvores (M)
Thelotornis capensis capensis Cobra trepadoura do Cabo
Psamophylax tritaeniatus Cobra verde do capim
Psammophis sibilans sibilans
Psammophis crucifer (M)
Aparallactus guntherii Cobra papa-eentopeias de Gunther
Aparallactus capensis Cobra papa-centopeias do Cabo
Dasypeltis scabra Cobra papa-ovos (p)
Dasypeltis medici medici Cobra papa-ovos de Medici
Family Elapidae
Naja melanoleuca Cobra de floresta
Dendroaspis augusticeps Mamba verde
Family Viperidae
Atractaspis bibroni Víbora escavadoura
Causus rhombeatus Víbora nocturna
Causus defilippii Víbora nocturna focinhuda (M)
Bitis atropos atropos (M)
Bitis arietans arietans Víbora sopradoura
Bitis gabonica gabonica Víbora do gabão
AMPHIBIANS
Order Anura
Família Pipidae
Xenopus laevis laevis Rã de garras
Family Bufonidae
Sclerophrys gutturalis Sapo malhado (M)
Sclerophrys pusilla Sapo pequeno malhado
Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti [was considered endemic as Bufo vertebralis
grindleyi, now not] (M)
Mertensophryne anotis (M)
Family Microhylidae
Breviceps adspersus Rã das chuvas do Kalahari
Breviceps mossambicus Rã das chuvas de Moçambique
Family Ranidae
Amietia delalandii Rã (M)
Strongylopus rhodesiana Rã de Gray
Strongylopus fasciatus Rã listrada (M)
Amnirana darlingi Rã de costas douradas
Ptychadena oxyrhynclius Rã de nariz ponteagudo
Ptychadena anchietae Rã rugosa da savanna
Ptychadena porosissima (p)
Ptychadena uzungwensis Rã rugosa da montanha
Ptychadena guibei Rã rugosa de ventre amarelo (p)
Phrynobatrachus natalensis Rã do Natal
Phrynobatrachus acridoides Rã dos charcos tropicais
Phrynobatrachus stewartae
Phrynobatrachus mababiensis Rã dos charcos
Arthroleptis stenodactylus Rã guinchadoura de dedos finos
Arthroleptis troglodytes E Rã guinchadoura troglodita
Arthroleptis xenodactyloides xenodactyolides Rã guinchadoura da floresta
Leptopelis flavomaculatus Rela de manchas amarelas
Leptopelis broadleyi Rela
Kassina senegalensis Rã corredoura do Senegal
Afrixalus brachycnemis brachycnemis Rela
Afrixalus fornasinii fornasinii Rela de fornasni
Hyperolius argus Rela malhada
Hyperolius tuberilinguis Rela verde
Hyperolius inyangae Rela de nariz ponteagudo
Hyperolius swynnertoni swynnertoni Rela de Swynnerton (M)
Hyperolius swynnertoni broadleyi Rela de Broadley
Hyperolius marmoratus taeniatus Rela listrada
ANNEX 11. CHECKLIST OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM

LOWER RUSITU VALLEY, ZIMBABWE
Checklist with Engish common names compiled by Don Broadley from collections from the
Lower Rusitu valley area of south-eastern Zimbabwe over a number of decades. Source:
unpublished Visitor's Guide to the Lower Rusitu Valley (BFA 2000). Nomenclature corrected
and updated (2017) by Werner Conradie (BayWorld, Port Elizabeth, South Africa).
* = species with a very restricted range in Zimbabwe

** = species endemic to the Chimanimani National Park and environs
Family/species common name

SAURIA (lizards)
Agamidae (agamas)
Agama kirkii Kirk's Rock Agama
* Agama mossambica Mozambique Agama
Chamaeleonidae (chameleons)
Chamaeleo dilepis Flap-necked Chameleon
Gekkonidae (geckos)
Hemidactylus platycephalus Baobab Gecko
Hemidactylus tasmani Tasman's Rock Gecko
Lygodactylus capensis Cape Dwarf Gecko
Scincidae (skinks)
Acontias plumbeus Giant Legless Skink
* Trachylepis boulengeri Boulenger's Skink
Trachylepis margaritifera Rainbow Skink
Trachylepis striata Common Striped Skink
Trachylepis varia Common Variable Skink
Gerrhosauridae (plated lizards)
Gerrhosaurus flavigularis Yellow-throated Plated Lizard
Cordylidae (girdled and flat lizards)
* Smaug mossambicus Mozambique Girdled-lizard
** Platysaurus ocellatus Spotted Flat-lizard
AMPHISBAENIA (worm lizards)

* Chirindia swynnertoni Swynnerton's Worm-lizard
SERPENTES (snakes)
Typhlopidae (blind snakes)
Typhlops mucruso Zambezi Blind-snake
Leptotyphlopidae (worm snakes)
Leptotyphlops incognitus Incognito Worm-snake
Leptotyphlops scutifrons Peters' Worm-snake
Pythonidae (pythons)
Python natalensis Southern African Python
Viperidae (vipers)
Bitis arietans arietans Puffadder
Bitis gabonica Gaboon Viper
Causus defilippii Snouted Nightadder
Causus rhombeatus Rhombic Nightadder
Atractaspididae (stiletto snakes)
Aparallactus guentheri Günthers Centipede-eater
Aparallactus capensis Cape Centipede-eater
Atractaspis bibronii Bibron's Stiletto Snake
Elapidae (elapids)
Dendroaspis angusticeps Green Mamba
Naja melanoleuca Forest Cobra
Colubridae (typical snakes)
Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia Herald Snake
* Dasypeltis medici East African Egg-eater
Dispholidus typus Boomslang
Lamprophis capensis Brown House-snake
Lycophidion capense Cape Wolf-snake
* Lycophidion nanum Dwarf Wolf-snake
Philothamnus angolensis Angolan Green-snake
Philothamnus hoplogaster Eastern Green-snake
Philothamnus semivariegatus Variegated Bush-snake
Psammophis mossambicus Olive Grass Snake
Thelotornis mossambicana Eastern Savanna Vine-snake
CROCODYLIA (crocodiles)
Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile (? waif)
AMPHIBIA (amphibians)
Bufonidae (toads)
Sclerophrys gutturalis Guttural Toad
Sclerophrys pusilla Flat-back Toad
Microhylidae (rain frogs)
Breviceps mossambicus Mozambique Rain-frog
Ranidae (ranids)
Amnirana darlingi Golden-backed Frog
Phrynobatrachus acridoides Zanzibar Puddle-frog
Phrynobatrachus natalensis Natal Puddle-frog
Phrynobatrachus parvulus Dwarf Puddle-frog
Ptychadena anchietae Plain Grass-frog
* Ptychadena guibei Guibe's Grass-frog
Ptychadena oxyrhynchus Sharp-snouted Grass-frog
Ptychadena uzungwensis Udzungwe Grass-frog
Amietia delalandii Common River Frog
Strongylopus rhodesianus Hewitt's Long-toed Frog
Arthroleptidae (squeakers)
Arthtroleptis stenodactylus Shovel-footed Squeaker
Arthroleptis xenodactyloides Hewitt's Forest Squeaker
Hyperoliidae (tree and reed frogs)
Afrixalus crotalus Rattling Spiny Reed-frog
Afrixalus fornasinii Fornasini's Spiny Reed-frog
* Hyperolius argus Argus Reed-frog
Hyperolius inyangae Sharp-snouted Reed-frog
Hyperolius swynnertoni Swynnerton's Reed-frog
Hyperolius tuberilinguis Tinker Reed-frog
Kassina senegalensis Senegal Running-frog
* Leptopelis broadleyi Broadley's Tree-frog
Leptopelis flavomaculatus Yellow-spotted Tree-frog
Leptopelis mossambicus Mozambique Tree-frog
Hemisotidae (shovel-snouted frogs)
Hemisus marmoratus Marbled Shovel-snouted Frog
APPENDIX 12. CHECKLIST OF FRESHWATER FISHES

Checklist of freshwater fish found in the Chimanimani area of Mozambique and Zimbabwe
with English common names. Ssources: Graham Bell-Cross (1973) in Dutton & Dutton
(1975), with additions from Minshull & Marshall in BFA (2000). Nomenclature updated by
Roger Bills (2017).
R = Rusitu River, Zimbabwe; o = caught in open water; r = caught under rocks

mo = typical montane species; low = typical lowland species
Family/species Common name (Eng.) Notes

LEPIDOSIRENIDAE
Protoptents annectens brieni Lungfish
ANGUILLIDAE
Anguilla bengalensis labiata African Mottled Eel
Anguilla mossambica Long-finned Plain Eel
MORMYDAE
Mormyrops anguilloides Cornish Jack
Hippopotamyrus ansorgii Slender Stonebasher low,R,r
Cyphomyrus discorhynchus Zambezi Parrotfish
Gnathoneumus macrolepidotus Bulldog
Mormyrus longirostris Eastern Bottlenose
KNERIIDAE
Kneria auriculata Kneria mo,r
HARACIDAE
Hydrocynus vittatus Tigerfish
Brycinus imberi Imberi
Brycinus lateralis Striped Robber
Micralestes acutidens Silver Robber R,o
DISTICHODONTIDAE
Distichodus mossambicus Nkupe
Distichodus schenga Chessa
CYPRINIDAE
Labeobarbus marequensis Large-scaled Yellowfish R,o
Barbus trimaculatus Threespot Barb
Barbus afrohamiltoni Hamilton's Barb
Barbus autaenia Orange-finned Barb R
Barbus manicensis Yellow Barb
Barbus lineomaculatus Spotted Barb
Barbus viviparus Twinstriped Barb
Barbus barnardi Barnard's Barb
Barbus radiatus Red-eyed Barb
Barbus toppini Toppin's Barb
Varicorhinus pungweensis Pungwe Yellowfish mo,R,p
Labeo cylindricus Striped Mudsucker
Labeo molybdinus Leaden Mudsucker

Labeo rubropunctatus Red-spotted Mudsucker
Labeo congoro Purple Mudsucker
Labeo altivelis Hunyani Salmon
Opsaridium zambezense Barred Minnow o
BAGRIDAE
Chrysichthys hildae Hilda's Grunter
Leptoglanis rotundiceps Spotted Catlet
SHILBEIDAE
Eutropius depressirostris Butter Barbel
Schilbe intermedius Silver Barbel low,R
AMPHILIIDAE
Amphilius platychir Mountain Barbel
Amphilius uranoscopus Common Mountain Catfish mo,r
CLARIIDAE
Clarius gariepinus Sharp-toothed Catfish R
MALAPTERURIDAE
Malapterurus electricus Electric Barbel
MOCHOKIDAE
Synodontis zambezensis Brown Squeaker
Chiloglanis pretoriae Limpopo Rock-catlet
CYPRINODONTIDAE
Aplocheilichthys johnstoni Johnston's Top-minnow
CICHLIDAE
Oreochromis placidus Black Tilapia
Oreochromis macrochir Green-headed Tilapia
Oreochromis mossambicus Mozambique Tilapia R,o
Tilapia sparrmanii Banded Tilapia
Tilapia rendalli Red-breasted Tilapia
Astatotilapia calliptera Eastern Dwarf Tilapia low,R,o
GOBIIDAE
Awaous aeneofuscus Small-scaled Goby
Glossogobius giurus Large-scaled Goby
ANNEX 13. FISH CHECKLIST FROM LOWER RUSITU VALLEY,

ZIMBABWE
Checklist of freshwater fishes with English common names recorded from the lower Rusitu
Valley part of Zimbabwe (from J.L. Minshull & B. Marshall in BFA 2000). Compiled from
collections made by the Rhodesian Schools Exploration Society and records from the Natural
History Museum, Bulawayo.
R = caught under rocks, O = caught in open water,

P = caught in pools near Haroni Gorge, Rus = recorded from Rusitu River,
* = typical mountain species, ** = typical lowland species.
Species Common name Notes

Hippopotamyrus ansorgii ** Slender Stonebasher R,P,Rus
Anguilla bengalensis labiata African Mottled Eel P
Kneria auriculata * Southern Kneria R
Barbus eutaenia Orange-finned Barb P,Rus
Barbus marequensis Large-scaled Yellowfish O,P,Rus
Barbus 'zambezense' (possibly B. radiatus,
B. toppini, B. manicensis or B. trimaculatus) Barbs (minnows) O
Varicorhinus pungweensis * Pungwe Chiselmouth P,Rus
Opsaridium zambezense Barred Minnow O
Micralestes acutidens Silver Robber O,Rus
Amphilius uranoscopus* Common Mountain Catfish P,R
Clarias gariepinus African Catfish (barbel) P,Rus
Schilbe intermedius ** Silver Barbel Rus?
Astatotilapia calliptera ** Eastern Happy O,P,Rus
Oreochromis mossambicus Mozambique Tilapia O,P,Rus
ANNEX 14. CHECKLIST OF BUTTERFLIES FROM THE LOWER

RUSITU VALLEY
Checklist of butterflies with English common names compiled by Alan Gardiner from
personal and museum records as part of the unpublished Visitors Guide to the Lower Rusitu
Valley (BFA 2000). Nomenclature follows Pennington (1994).
* = rare or species of restricted range in Zimbabwe
SUPERFAMILY HESPERIOIDEA
Family Hesperiidae
Subfamily Coeliadinae
Coeliades forestan forestan Striped Policeman
* Coeliades libeon Spotless Policeman
Coeliades pisistratus Two Pip Policeman
Subfamily Pyrginae
Calleagris jamesoni Jameson's Flat (Skipper)
Celaenorrhinus galenus Orange Flat
Eretis melania Dusky Elf
Spialia diomus diomus Diomus Grizzled Skipper
Spialia diomus ferax Diomus Grizzled Skipper
Spialia spio Common Grizzled Skipper
Tagiades flesus Clouded Flat
Subfamily Hesperiinae
Acada biseriata Axehead Skipper
Acleros mackenii Macken's Skipper
Andronymus caesar philander White Dart
Andronymus neander neander Nomad Dart
Borbo borbonica borbonica Olive Haired Swift
Borbo fanta fanta Fanta Swift
Borbo fatuellus fatuellus Long Horned Swift
Borbo holtzi Variable Swift
Borbo lugens Lesser-horned Swift
Fresna nyassae Variegated Acraea Skipper
Gegenes niso Common Hottentot Skipper
* Gorgyra johnstoni Johnston's Skipper
* Metisella orientalis orientalis Eastern Sylph
Parnara naso monasi Water Watchman
Platylesches galesa White-tail Hopper
* Semalea pulvina Silky Dart
Teniorhinus harona Arrowhead Orange (Arrowhead Skipper)
Zenonia zeno Orange-spotted Skipper
Zophopetes dysmephila Palm Tree Nightfighter
SUPERFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEA
Family Papilionidae
Subfamily Papilioninae
Graphium angolanus angolanus Angolan White Lady
Graphium antheus Large Striped Swordtail
Graphium leonidas leonidas Veined Swordtail
Graphium policenes policenes Small Striped Swordtail

Graphium porthaon porthaon Cream-Striped Swordtail
Papilio constantinus constantinus Constantine's Swallowtail
Papilio dardanus cenea Mocker Swallowtail
Papilio demodocus demodocus Citrus Swallowtail
* Papilio echerioides chirindanus White-banded Swallowtail
Papilio nireus lyaeus Narrow Green-Banded Swallowtail
* Papilio ophidicephalus chirinda Emperor Swallowtail
Family Pieridae
Subfamily Coliadinae
Catopsilia florella African Emigrant
Eurema brigitta brigitta Small Grass Yellow
Eurema desjardinsii marshalli Angled Grass Yellow
Eurema desjardinsii marshalli f. regularis Angled Grass Yellow
* Eurema hapale Marsh Grass Yellow
Eurema hecabe solifera f. solifera Common Grass Yellow
* Eurema hecabe solifera f. senegalensis Common Grass Yellow
Subfamily Pierinae
Appias epaphia contracta African Albatross (Diverse White)
* Appias sabina phoebe Albatross White
Belenois aurota aurota Caper (Brown Veined) White
Belenois creona severina African Caper (Common White)
Belenois gidica abyssinica Pointed Caper (African Veined White)
* Belenois thysa thysa False Dotted Border
Colotis celimene amina Magenta Tip
Colotis eris eris Banded Gold Tip
Colotis euippe omphale Round-Winged Orange Tip
Colotis evagore antigone Tiny Orange Tip
Colotis ione Purple Tip
Leptosia alcesta inalcesta African Wood White
Mylothris agathina agathina Eastern Dotted Border
Mylothris rueppellii haemus Rueppell's (Twin) Dotted Border
* Mylothris yulei yulei Yule's Dotted Border
Nepheronia argia mhondana Large Vagrant
Nepheronia thalassina sinalata Blue or Cambridge Vagrant
Pinacopteryx eriphia eriphia Zebra White
Family Nymphalidae
Subfamily Acraeinae
Acraea (Acraea) acrita Angolan Fiery Acraea
Acraea (Acraea) aganice aganice Common Wanderer
Acraea (Acraea) aglaonice Clear Spotted Acraea
Acraea (Acraea) anemosa Broad Bordered Acraea
Acraea (Acraea) caldarena caldarena Black Tip Acraea
* Acraea (Acraea) egina areca Elegant Acraea
Acraea (Acraea) natalica Natal Acraea
Acraea (Acraea) nohara halali Light Red Acraea
Acraea (Acraea) oncaea Window Acraea
* Acraea (Acraea) satis East-coast Acraea
* Acraea (Actinote) cabira Yellow-banded Acraea
Acraea (Actinote) encedon encedon Encedon (White Barred) Acraea

Acraea (Actinote) eponina Orange Acraea
* Acraea (Actinote) esebria esebria Dusky Acraea
* Acraea (Actinote) igola Dusky-veined Acraea
* Acraea (Actinote) johnstoni johnstoni Johnston's Acraea
* Acraea (Actinote) pentapolis epidica Scarce Tree-top Acraea
Subfamily Danainae
Amauris (Amaura) echeria lobengula Chief Friar
Amauris (Amaura) ochlea ochlea Novice Friar
Amauris (Amauris) niavius dominicanus Common Friar
Danaus (Anosia) chrysippus aegyptius Common Tiger (African Monarch)
Subfamily Satyrinae
Bicyclus anynana anynana Squinting Bush Brown
* Bicyclus campina campina Chirinda Bush Brown
Bicyclus safitza safitza Common Bush Brown
* Gnophodes betsimena diversa Banded Evening Brown
Henotesia perspicua Marsh Patroller
Melanitis leda helena Common Evening Brown
Stygionympha wichgrafi lannini Wichgraf's Brown
Ypthima impura paupera Bushveld Ringlet
Ypthimomorpha itonia Swamp Ringlet
Subfamily Argynninae
Lachnoptera ayresii Blotched Leopard
* Phalanta eurytis eurytis Forest Leopard
Phalanta phalantha aethiopica Common Leopard Fritillary
Subfamily Nymphalinae
Catacroptera cloanthe cloanthe Pirate
Cynthia cardui Painted Lady
Hypolimnas anthedon wahlbergi Variable Diadem
* Hypolimnas deceptor deceptor Deceptive Diadem
Hypolimnas misippus Diadem (Danaid Eggfly)
Junonia archesia archesia Garden Inspector
Junonia artaxia African Pansy (Commodore)
Junonia hierta cebrene Yellow Pansy
Junonia natalica natalica Natal Pansy
Junonia octavia sesamus Gaudy Commodore
Junonia oenone oenone Dark Blue Pansy
Junonia terea elgiva Soldier Pansy
Junonia tugela tugela Dry Leaf (Eared) Commodore
Salamis parhassus Common Mother-of-Pearl
Subfamily Limenitinae
* Aterica galene theophane Forest Glade Nymph
* Bebearia orientis orientis Eastern Palm Forester
Byblia anvatara acheloia African Joker
Byblia ilithyia Joker
* Cymothoe coranus Coast Glider
* Cyrestis camillus sublineata African Map Butterfly
* Euphaedra neophron neophron Gold-banded Forester
* Euphaedra orientalis Orange Forester (Fig Eater)
* Euriphene (Euryphura) achlys Mottled Green

Eurytela dryope angulata Golden Piper
Eurytela hiarbas lita Pied Piper
Hamanumida daedalus Guineafowl
* Neptidopsis ophione Scalloped Sailer
Neptis alta High (Old) Sailer
* Neptis goochii Streaked Sailer
Neptis kiriakoffi Kiriakoff's Sailer
Neptis laeta Common Sailer
Neptis saclava marpessa Small Spotted Sailer
Neptis serena serena River Sailer
Pseudacraea boisduvalii trimeni Boisduval's False Acraea
Pseudacraea lucretia expansa False Chief (Pied False Acraea)
* Sallya amulia rosa Lilac Tree Nymph
Sallya boisduvali boisduvali Boisduval's Tree Nymph
Sallya moranti moranti Morant's Tree Nymph
* Sallya natalensis Natal Tree Nymph
Subfamily Charaxinae
Charaxes achaemenes achaemenes Bush Charaxes
* Charaxes acuminatus vumba Mountain Pearl Charaxes
Charaxes bohemani Large Blue Charaxes
Charaxes brutus natalensis White Barred Charaxes
Charaxes candiope candiope Green-Veined Charaxes
* Charaxes castor flavifasciatus Giant Charaxes
* Charaxes cithaeron cithaeron Blue Spotted Charaxes
Charaxes druceanus stevensoni Silver Barred Charaxes
* Charaxes etesipe tavetensis Savannah Charaxes
Charaxes ethalion ethalion Satyr Charaxes
Charaxes guderiana guderiana Guderian's Charaxes
Charaxes macclounii Red Coast (MacClounie's) Charaxes
Charaxes manica Manica Charaxes
* Charaxes pollux gazanus Black-Bordered Charaxes
* Charaxes protoclea azota Flame Bordered Charaxes
Charaxes varanes vologeses Pearl Charaxes
* Charaxes violetta melloni Violet Spotted Charaxes
* Charaxes xiphares vumbui Forest King Charaxes
Charaxes zoolina zoolina Club Tailed Charaxes
* Euxanthe wakefieldi Forest Queen
Subfamily Libytheinae
Libythea labdaca laius Trimen, 1879 African Beak or Snout
Family Lycaenidae
Subfamily Lipteninae
* Baliochila barnesi Barnes's Buff
* Ornipholidotos peucetia peucetia White Mimic
* Pentila tropicalis tropicalis Spotted Buff
* Teriomima puellaris Two-dotted Buff
Subfamily Miletinae
Lachnocnema bibulus Woolly Legs
Subfamily Theclinae
Aphnaeus erikssoni Eriksson's Silver Spot
* Axiocerses punicea Rainforest Scarlet
Axiocerses tjoane Eastern Scarlet
Deudorix (Pilodeudorix) caerulea Blue Heart Playboy
Deudorix (Virachola) antalus Brown Playboy
* Deudorix (Virachola) dariaves Black & Orange Playboy
Deudorix (Virachola) dinochares Apricot Playboy
* Deudorix (Virachola) dinomenes Orange Playboy
Deudorix (Virachola) diocles Orange-Barred Playboy
* Deudorix (Virachola) lorisona coffea Coffee Playboy
* Hypolycaena buxtoni buxtoni Buxton's Hairstreak
Hypolycaena phillipus phillipus Common Hairstreak
* Hypolycaena tearei Teare's Hairstreak
Iolaus (Argiolaus) silarus Sapphire
Iolaus (Epamera) australis Eastern Sapphire
Iolaus (Epamera) bakeri Baker's Sapphire
Iolaus (Epamera) mimosae rhodosense Mimosa Sapphire
Iolaus (Epamera) sidus Red-Line Sapphire
Iolaus (Iolaphilus) trimeni Trimen's Sapphire
* Iolaus (Pseudiolaus) poultoni Poulton's Sapphire
Iolaus (Stugeta) bowkeri tearei Bowker's Marbled Sapphire
* Lipaphnaeus aderna spindasoides Bramble False Hairstreak
Spindasis ella Ella's Silverline
Spindasis natalensis Natal Silverline
* Spindasis victoriae Victoria Silverline
Subfamily Polyommatinae
* Anthene kersteni Kersten's Hairtail
* Anthene sheppardi Sheppard's Hairtail
Azanus mirza Pale Babul Blue
Cacyreus lingeus Common Bush Blue
Eicochrysops hippocrates White Tipped Blue
Euchrysops malathana Smoky Bean Cupid
Lampides boeticus Pea Blue
Leptotes brevidentatus Tite's Zebra Blue
Leptotes pirithous pirithous Common Zebra Blue
* Oboronia bueronica Ginger Blue
Zizula hylax Tiny Grass Blue
ANNEX 15. ODONATA (DRAGONFLY) CHECKLIST FROM LOWER

RUSITU VALLEY, ZIMBABWE
Checklist compiled by Moira Fitzpatrick for the unpublished Visitor's Guide of the Lower
Rusitu Valley (BFA 2000) from specimens held at the Natural History Museum, Bulawayo
and field collections by Rafael Chiwanga (2000).
Species Notes
Chlorocnemis marshalli Found in forest or thick bush
Ceriagrion glabrum Occurs in dense bush and light forest at pool
Pseudagrion gamblesi Found in reedy verges of fast streams
Pseudagrion hageni Occurring in forest and bush along well shaded
streams
Pseudagrion kersteni very common throughout the continent in all habitats
Enallagma subtile Pools in shade, sometimes forest clearings
Platycypha caligata widespread, along running streams
Phaon iridipennis widespread in woodland
Gomphidia quarrei reedy or wooded margins of streams and nearby
forest clearings
Anax imperator common migrant found in most open localities
Anax speratus flies along running water, widespread species
Tetrathemis polleni found in quiet well-shaded pools in low lying bush or
thin forest
Hadrothemis scabrifrons thick bush, forest or gallery forest
Orthetrum julia in thick forest, widespread
Nesciothemis farinosa open bush and woodland throughout Africa
Hemistigma albipuncta bush, woodland and light forest
Eleathemis quadrigutta only known from Haroni river
Crocothemis sanguinolenta widespread along pools, streams and bush
Trithemis arteriosa widespread and very common throughout Africa
Trithemis kirbyi widespread and common in Africa
Trithemis pluvialis thick bush or forest along streams
Zygonyx natalensis hovers over waterfalls and rapids in thin forest

1544518689-Biodiversity Knowledge On Chimanimani TFCA - FINAL, July2017

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1544518689-Biodiversity Knowledge On Chimanimani TFCA - FINAL, July2017

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Biodiversity Knowledge on the Chimanimani TFCA_final, July 2017, page 1

BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE FROM THE

Jonathan Timberlake, July 2017

As part of a Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF)-funded project to assist

3.Figure 1. Extent of TFCA in Mozambique. Core

Table 1. Number of endemic or near-endemic taxa in the Chimanimani area.

Table 2. Conservation assessments of Chimanimani endemics and near-

The various groups are discussed in more detail below.

A montane species of particular conservation interest is the Blue Swallow Hirundo

5.3 Reptiles & Amphibians

6.2 Other Invertebrates

A bibliography of all references located concerning the biodiversity of the Chimanimani

Plants & Vegetation

Ecology & Conservation

15) In terms of information specifically on scientific conservation, the only publications

Vernonanthera phosphorica. This introduced species forms dense stands in disturbed or

10. REFERENCES (only those not given in Annex 1, Bibliography)

ANNEX 1. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

1. Anderson, M. (1965). Botany. In: Prince Edward School Chironi Expedition

water table soils

Moist but well-

ANNEX 3. LIST OF PLANTS FROM THE LOWER RUSITU VALLEY

Compiled from collections made by:

Life-form: t tree Habitat: F forest

FAMILY/Species/authority l/f habitat

Thelypteris hispidula (Decne.) Reed (=T. quadrangularis) h

Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop h

Chaseella pseudohydra Summerh. e

Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Moss (=S. anceps) h

Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) Wight

Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. h C

Stictocardia laxiflora (Baker) Hall.f. var. laxiflora cl W

Phyllanthus angolensis Müll.Arg.

Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. t W

Rhynchosia stipata Meikle h

Catunaregum obovata (Hochst.) A.E.Gonç. (=Xeromphis obovata)

Clausena anisata (Willd.) Benth. s F

Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. h C

ANNEX 4. RANGE-RESTRICTED PLANT SPECIES ASSOCIATED

Endemism: E = endemic, confined solely to Chimanimani Mts

Taxon Endemism IUCN assessment

Taxon Endemism IUCN assessment

Eragrostis desolata Launert E LC

ANNEX 5. MAMMAL CHECKLIST OF THE CHIMANIMANI MOUNTAINS

x = observed during Dutton & Dutton fieldwork; P = previous record

Family / Scientific name Common name (Port.) notes

Cricetidae & Muridae

Subfamilies Dendromurinae, Cricetomyinae & Petromyschinae

ANNEX 6. MAMMAL CHECKLIST OF LOWER RUSITU VALLEY,

ARTIODACTYLA (even-toed ungulates)

ANNEX 7. BIRD CHECKLIST OF THE CHIMANIMANI MOUNTAINS

Scientific name Common name (Port.) Alt.

Rhinopomastus cyanomelas Bico de cimitarra M

Cisticola cantans munzneri Cisticola cantadora M

Coccopygia quartinia stuartirwini Bico de lacre da Africa M

Additional records from H.D. Jackson

Additional records from T.P. Dutton

ANNEX 8. BIRD CHECKLIST

Common name Scientific name

Black Swift Apus barbatus

Familiar Chat Cercomela familiaris

Olive Bush Shrike Telophorus olivaceus

ANNEX 9. BIRD CHECKLIST OF THE LOWER RUSITU VALLEY