RIO MAYO PLANTS

A STUDY OF THE FLORA A N D VEGETATION OF

THE VALLEY OF THE RIO MAYO, SONORAv.

• - wsm
HOWARD SCOTT GENTRY

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON PUBLICATION 527

WASHINGTON, D. C.

1942
 RIO MAYO P L A N T S
A STUDY OF THE FLORA AND VEGETATION OF
THE VALLEY OF THE RIO MAYO, SONORA

HOWARD SCOTT GENTRY

CARNEGIE I N S T I T U T I O N OF W A S H I N G T O N P U B L I C A T I O N 527
W A S H I N G T O N , D. C.

1942
 T h i s book first issued N o v e m b e r 30, 1942

THE LORD BALTIMORE PRESS, B A L T I M O R E , M A R Y L A N D

T H E MERIDEN GRAVURE C O M P A N Y , M E R I D E N , C O N N E C T I C U T
 FOREWORD

The lowlands of the west coast of Mexico are either arid or semiarid almost
throughout their entire extent. The very arid region which faces the Gulf of
California in northern Sonora merges into an arboreal desert in the vicinity of
Guaymas. Near the southern boundary of Sonora this gives way in turn to an
arid thorn forest. With little change in vegetational characteristics, this type of
low, thin forest extends intermittently as far south as the Isthmus of Tehuan-
tepec. In the remarkably short distance of 70 miles in southern Sonora may
be witnessed the transition from the continental desert, extending 1500 miles
to the north, and the coastal thorn forest, extending 1200 miles to the south.
The location of the transition from desert to thorn forest appears to be deter­
mined by a number of factors. The most important of these are its coincidence
with the southern limit of frost and with the narrowing of the lowland plains.
The great western cordillera of Mexico is far inland at the international
boundary, but converges with the coast and is near it from the southern end
of the desert to the southern limit of thorn forest.
The Río Mayo drains the western face of the cordillera opposite the transition
from desert to thorn forest. The botanical features of its drainage area are
doubly interesting because of its location near the important transition in low­
land vegetation, as well as by reason of the cross section which it gives of the
gradient of vegetation from arid lowlands to the mesic forests of the Sierra
Madre Occidental. The steep slopes and well watered canyons of the Mayo
Valley are part of an innumerable series of similar habitats which descend the
slopes of the entire cordillera. These canyons, or barrancas, enjoy nearly as
much moisture as the mountaintops without their low winter temperatures,
and share with the lowlands their warm temperatures without suffering their
aridity.
The author of this publication had the opportunity, on his own initiative
and support, of spending over half his time for four years in exploration
of the Mayo Valley. He made an important collection of plants throughout
the area, into which no botanist had previously penetrated. The aim of this
volume is to bring together the record of his Collections and his observations on
the distribution and composition of the vegetation, as well as the information
he gathered on the geography and physical features of the area. Through
familiarity with Spanish and with the language of the indigenous Guarijio
(Warihio) Indians, Mr. Gentry was enabled to learn the vernacular names and
economic or medicinal uses of plants, and much of this material is embodied
in the text.
In 1890 C. V . Hartman and F . E . Lloyd accompanied the expedition made
by Carl Lumholtz across the Sierra Madre from the Bavispe Valley, in Sonora,
iv FOREWORD

to Casas Grandes, Chihuahua. They made a collection of over iooo numbers,

of which the writer has a manuscript list, but no catalogue of their collection
has been published, nor any record of their observations on the character or
distribution of the vegetation. Mr. Gentry's collection was made about 125
miles south of Hartman and Lloyd's and reveals a very considerable number of
endemic and subtropical species not collected in the more northern locality.
This paper constitutes the first publication of a comprehensive botanical study
of any area in the Pacific drainage of Mexico. The faithful record of the flora
and vegetation of the Mayo Valley is one of the fullest of the very few existing
contributions to the plant geography of Mexico. Mr. Gentry collected 3200
numbers, representing 1276 species and varieties, of which 90 have already
been detected as new. He greatly extended the ranges of a considerable num­
ber of plants of both northward and southward distribution. His work shows
that the barrancas of southern Sonora have been penetrated by many species
and genera which are associated with tropical vegetation. His observations add
much to existing knowledge of the interpénétration of subtropical and desert
life forms, types of behavior, and seasonal response, and also contribute to the
knowledge of habitat selection on the part of the plants of the two great vege-
rational regions which meet at the Rio Mayo.
FORREST SHREVE
Desert Investigations
Carnegie Institution of Washington
Tucson, Arizona
 CONTENTS
PAGE
V 1
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1
INTRODUCTION
1
Acknowledgments

PART I. GEOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION

GEOGRAPHY 5
Rivers and T r i b u t a r i e s 5
Q
Mountains
The Barranca Region 9
1 0
Geological Formations
1 2
Climate
Roads and Trails *7
l
L i s t of Localities ^
2
VEGETATION 7
2
T h o r n Forest 7
Short-Tree Forest 3°
O a k Forest 34
Pine Forest 37
Plant Habitats 39
2
Habitat Table 4
"Island" Habitats 49
1
PLANT CENSUS, SUCCESSION, AND USE 5
1
Plant Census 5
Successions in D i s t u r b e d A r e a s 6o
Plants in Use 62

PART 2. ANNOTATED LIST OF PLANTS

EXPLANATION OF LIST 73
LIST OF FLORA 74
NEW SPECIES, VARIETIES, AND COMBINATIONS PUBLISHED IN THIS VOLUME 280
NEW SPECIES BY OTHER WORKERS BASED ON THE AUTHOR'S R í o MAYO COLLEC­
TIONS 281
2 2
LIST OF SPECIMENS °

BIBLIOGRAPHY 3*6
PLATES 2 TO 29 following 316
J
INDEX 3 7
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

1. Frontispiece: In the green of the summer rainy season near San Bernardo, Sonora

(Plates 2 to 29 following page 3 1 6 )

Part 1

2. F i g . 1. Tertiary sediments along the Rio Cedros: red clays

F i g . 2. Tertiary sediments along the Rio Cedros: secondary limestones and sand­
stones
3. F i g . 1 . Olneya tesota at Chinobampo
F i g . 2. Salpianthus macrodontus with roots exposed
4. Arroyo de los Mescales below Mescales
5. Short-tree Forest above Arroyo de Loreto near Guasaremos
6. F i g . 1. Canyon near Canelo
F i g . 2. Oak savanna east of Batopilillas
F i g . 3 . Oak savanna east of Batopilillas, featuring Quercus albocincta
7. Oak Forest at Curohui
8. Igneous berg rising from oak savanna
9. Mountain and meadow above Memelichi in the H i g h Pine Forest
0. F i g . 1. Large Ficus radulina in Arroyo de los Mescales.
F i g . 2. Desert island in the area of Short-tree Forest
1. F i g . 1. V i e w on the Rio Cedros near Tesopaco
F i g . 2. Short-tree Forest three and a half miles southeast of San Bernardo
2. F i g . 1 . Advanced Thorn Forest seven to eight miles south of Alamos
Fig. 2. Thorn Forest on coastal plain near Huatabampo

Part 2

3. F i g . 1 . Hymenocallis sonorensis near Alamos

Fig. 2. Oak limb at Tepopa with a colony of orchids
4. F i g . 1. Young plant of Agave mayoensis
F i g . 2. Agave colorata
5. F i g . 1. Large specimen of Agave bovicornuta at Tepopa
F i g . 2. Undescribed Agave in the valley of Guasaremos
6. Type specimen of Agave Shrevei
7. Type specimen of Agave wocomahi
8. F i g . 1. Quercus pennivenia on Sierra Saguaribo
Fig. 2. Leaf of Quercus albocincta
9. F i g . 1 . Ficus Goldmanii near Alamos
F i g . 2. Rape of Bursera arborea by Ficus cotinifolia
o. F i g . 1 . Bole of Pithecolobium sonorae
F i g . 2. Thorns on second-growth Ceiba acuminata
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS VÜ

2 1 . Fig- i . T h e white bark of Piscidia mollis

Fig. 2. T h e deeply fissured, corklike bark of Diphysa suberosa
Fig. 3- T h e peeling bark of Jatropha cordata
22. Fig- i . Randia obcordata in a xeric habitat
Fig. 2. Jatropha platanifolia on basaltic hilltop
23. F i g . i . Staminate tree of Randia echinocarpa
Fig. 2. Flowering branch of staminate Randia echinocarpa
Fig- 3- Fruit and branches of Randia obcordata
Fig- 4- Flower of Randia obcordata
24. F i g . i . Large specimen of Erythrina flabelliformis
Fig. 2 . Bark and leaf of Erythrina flabelliformis
2
5 - Fig. i . Forchammeria Watsoni near the foothills
Fig. 2. Wilcoxia Mariana near Aquibiquichi
26. F i g . i . Cochlospermum vitifolium; flower, fruit, and branches
Fig. 2. Phyllanthus micrandrus on the bank of Rio Batopilillas
27. F i g . i . Flower of Guaiacum Coulteri
Fig. 2 . Amoreuxia palmatifida; flower and fruit
Fig. 3- Inflorescence of Jacquinia pungens
Fig. 4- Commelina elegans
28. F i g . i . Flowering crown of Coutarea latiflora
Fig- 2 . Macrosiphonia Woodsoniana
29. F i g . i . Ipomoea chilopsidis in Oak Forest above Guasaremos
Fig. 2. Jarilla chocola, male and female plants

MAPS
PAGE
1. Contour map of the Río Mayo basin, showing roads and trails facing 18
2. Vegetation map of the Rio Mayo basin 28

FIGURES

1. Cross section along axis of Rio Mayo 6

2. Duration of summer rain periods correlated with elevations 13
3. Comparisons of forest stature and elevations with temperature and rainfall. . 16
4. Conzattia sericea and associates 35
5. Forest types and statures of the vegetation areas 40
6. Distribution of Jarilla chocola along the Rio Mayo 187
 INTRODUCTION

I first became interested in the Rio Mayo country in the fall of 1933. I quite
blindly set out eastward from Ciudad Obregón, cutting across the Río Cedros
and Arroyo Guajaráy, which drain the high mountain country of the Upper
Mayo Plateau in Chihuahua. T w o sets of plants were collected, one of which
went to the University of Michigan, and the other to Stanford University. In
the fall of 1934 I returned to San Bernardo and took up exploration of the
Río Mayo in earnest. The subsequent field work is represented by the fol­
lowing periods: October 1934—March 1 5 , 1935 (5!^ months); June 1 5 —
November 1 5 , 1935 (5 months); May 1—November 1, 1936 (6 months);
December 1 5 , 1936—May 25, 1937 (5 months); March 30—April 1 5 , 1938
( 5 4 month); October 26—November 6, 1939 (10 days); a total of more
than 27 months.
The following pages show the botanical results of those efforts. I hope they
will give a general as well as an accurate picture of a region which had never
been visited by botanists except in the lower extremity. Dr. Edward Palmer
collected a few specimens on the coast at Huatabampo on his way to Alamos.
His Alamos collections are not properly from the Mayo Valley, since Alamos
lies in the drainage basin of the Río Fuerte. Dr. Rose passed through Navojoa
in 1910 with Standley and Russell. They must have made some collections
in the vicinity of Navojoa, but if so, comparatively few. I have no record of
them. Dr. Forrest Shreve obtained 38 numbers in the vicinity of Tesopaco in
1933, and I have included them in this work. Dr. Francis W. Pennell visited
Sierra Saguaribo for a week during August 1935.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my thanks and sincere appreciation to the following per­

sons, without whose assistance this book would not have been prepared: Dr.
Forrest Shreve, who offered the facilities of the Desert Laboratory for the prepa­
ration of this report and gave advice and help in the formulation of the manu­
script; Mr. Paul C. Standley, of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago,
who made general determinations of the majority of the species listed; Dr.
Francis W. Pennell, who named the Scrophulariaceae; Dr. Ira Wiggins, of
Stanford University, who cooperated in many ways in making up the annotated
list; Dr. Carl Epling, who determined the Labiatae; Dr. S. F . Blake, who
named many difficult Compositae; Dr. Hugh O'Neill, who named the
Cyperaceae; Dr. I. M . Johnston, who named many of the Boraginaceae; Mr.
Charles Schweinfurth, who named many of the Orchidaceae; Dr. R . C. Craig,
who segregated a number of Rio Mayo Mammillarias; Miss Bernice G.
2 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Schubert, who determined the Desmodiums; Mrs. Rhoda Adamson, who sup­
plied photographic equipment; and Mrs. Marie Gentry, who accompanied
me on many of the journeys and assisted with collecting and listing, and also
helped in the preparation of many of the notes.
I wish also to make acknowledgment to the Rio Mayo people, who lent aid
and hospitality to an interloper in their domain.
 PART 1

GEOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION

 GEOGRAPHY

RIVERS AND TRIBUTARIES

The Río Mayo is one of the principal rivers in the state of Sonora, Mexico,
originating in the Sierra Madre of western Chihuahua and discharging into the
Gulf of California 40 miles north of the boundary between Sonora and Sinaloa.
The area of its drainage basin is approximately 6814 square miles. The
boundary of the basin is a ragged line following the mountain divides which
separate it from the Rio Yaqui watershed on the north and from the Río Fuerte
watershed on the south. The general direction of its long axis is northeast by
east from its mouth. Though the area includes parts of two states, it consti­
tutes a definite geographic area highly convenient for biological studies. It is
a northern cross section of the poorly known barranca region of western
Mexico, the northern limits of which lie in the valley of the Rio Yaqui to the
north (fig. 1 ) .
On the broad coastal plain the Rio Mayo becomes an intermittent stream
with its flow of water partly subterranean. Its bed is a broad expanse of white
shifting sand, through which the stream wanders when its discharge is suf­
ficient to carry it over the sands as well as below them. In time of floods, which
come in late winter and more heavily again in summer, it overflows its broad,
shallow channel and deposits alluvial pockets of silt. In this respect it is a Nile
river, enriching the adjacent agricultural lands. Except for a short period in the
fall and another in the spring, travelers must depend on the small ferries to
cross the Río Mayo at Navojoa. The river in its upper reaches through the
foothills and mountains ordinarily carries a flow, highly variable in volume,
throughout the year. This fact is due to the proximity of bedrock and a conse­
quent shallowness of sand. Short rapids commonly alternate with long, quiet
pools backed against high basaltic or conglomerate cliffs. Between San Ber­
nardo and Chorijoa the river cuts through a hill of basalt between steep cliffs
and with no alluvial shelf. Among the large rivers of the west coast the Rio
Mayo is exceeded in length and flow of water by its two neighboring streams, the
Rio Yaqui and the Río Fuerte.
The principal tributaries of the Rio Mayo are the following:
The Río Cedros, the first northern arm, drains the Quiriego-Tesopaco area,
eroding the surrounding volcanic slopes and, in the Tesopaca area, channeling
Tertiary lake sediments of clay. At Quiriego the channel is a valley 2 miles
wide with the actual stream running intermittently on the east side over very
coarse rock and gravel. Agriculture by irrigation is found along the river
valley.

The Arroyo Guajaráy carries the heaviest surface flow of all the lowland
tributaries of the Rio Mayo, and one that is relatively great as compared with
 COASTAL PLAIN FOOTHILLS BARRANCAS PLATEAU ON

ELEVATION
(FEET)
10.000

6 0 0 0 2
5 0 0 0 <5 / ^ / \ / / / / / / / / / /
2
>
3 0 0 0
O
/«2» V c c
•o
t-
1000 ¿/ éf/'í* t> O «S» ¿ «S» «3» # * >

SEA— -™<v^>^v^rd \\\\\\\\\\\\\\^^^^

HIGH PINE F O R E S T
HORIZONTAL SCALE
c^o c"? c'io S H O R T - T R E E FOREST
20 MILES
//////X L O W E R PINE F O R E S T 1 !
SXSSS THORN FOREST
OAK FOREST VERTICAL SCALE EXAGGERATED

FIG. I . Cross section along axis of Río Mayo, on line drawn through Navojoa and Memelichi
1. Río Cedros 5. Río Mayo 9. Río Batopilillas
2. Sierra Sutucame (south tip) 6. Sierra Charuco 10. Arroyo de Santísimo
3. Arroyo Guajaráy 7. Arroyo de Loreto 1 1 . Sierra Cajurichi
4. Sierra de la Ventana (south tip) 8. Sierra Canelo 1 2 . Sierra Madre
 GEOGRAPHY 7
that of the parent river. This fact is due to the constant volcanic bedrock over
which it flows. Coarse gravel bars are moving inevitably down the stream
beds, propelled by clear water rushing over them continuously. Alternating
with these shallow rapids are long pools, sometimes a mile in length, commonly
75 to 150 feet in width and reaching depths of 20 or 30 feet. The stream
is bordered for most of its length on one side or the other by volcanic cliffs,
often several hundred feet high. There is very little riparian land and a conse-
quent dearth of inhabitants. The stream drains, in its origins, a comparatively
large area of oak savanna.
Arroyo San Bernardo drains a small part of Sierra Charuco (southwestern)
and the west side of Sierra Saguaribo. Its tributaries are many and complex,
cutting deep canyons back into the sierran axis. The whole system consists of
arroyos bedded with sand, with occasional alluvial margins of soil, and travel-
ing boulders which increase in size and number toward the headwaters. The
Arroyo de los Mescales, Arroyo Gochico (Wochico), and Arroyo de Curohui
also carry water the year round over a considerable part of their courses. In
others, springs and seeps are commonly found during the dry periods.
Arroyo de Loreto cuts a profound canyon between Sierra Charuco and Sierra
Canelo and hurries down from the highlands in the vicinity of Loreto. In the
"tierra templada" (temperate land) it is a stream of constant flow; in the
"tierra caliente" (hot land) it relapses into the typical arroyo, with its water
running under a cover of sand except in flood seasons. All along its narrow
lower reaches it provides little if any marginal soil, being but a winding trough
in wild, precipitous mountains.
Arroyo Guicorichi drains Cerro Guicorichi on the west and part of Sierra
Canelo, and enters the Río Mayo a few miles below Carimechi.
At Carimechi three short canyons from Sierra de la Ventana and Sierra
Garcia enter the river. These are called by the natives, beginning with the
lowest, Canon Narcissus, Cañón Salitrero (so named on account of a cave
containing deposits of potassium nitrate), and Cañón Carrizo.
Arroyo Barbarocos enters the river at San Luis Barbarocos and cuts deep
canyons back into Sierra Garcia and Sierra Obscura ("Escura"), which it
partially drains.
The Rio Babanore or Arroyo de Bermudes also forms profound canyons,
several thousand feet in depth, as it cuts back into the Upper Mayo Pla-
teau.
The Rio Batopilillas, uniting with the Arroyo de Santísimo, drains a broad
basin which, although in a young topographic state, contains steppe and oak
savanna and is surrounded by mountains reaching elevations over 8000 feet.
I have been unable to find the Rio Batopilillas on any map. When I crossed
its meandering course near the village of Batopilillas in the summer of 1936, it
carried a smooth flow of water 2 feet in depth and 40 to 50 feet in width. It
2
8 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

issues from the valley through a gorge of massive igneous rock, below which
it probably assumes the character of a rapidly falling stream. It enters the
valley tumultuously through another rocky gorge.
The Rio Moris and the Río Candameña are the two principal northern
tributaries. These with the Rio Babanore drain high mountain masses of the
Sierra Madre proper. On the Río Candameña between Basaseachic and
Cajurichi is a high waterfall, the Cascada Candameña, which the natives claim
to be the highest in the world. It is reported to fall out of the tierra templada
into the tierra caliente (from Pine Forest to Short-tree Forest), which would
indicate a drop of about 3000 feet.

MOUNTAINS

There is no general name for the mountain mass in extreme western

Chihuahua above the Rio Mayo, hence I have referred to it as the Upper
Mayo Plateau. Except for my brief stay on its western edge at L a Mesa Colo-
rada, it has never been visited by biologists. On the west it is bordered by a
spectacular basaltic escarpment, the Guajaráy Rim, rising one to two thousand
feet above the oak country. It is thus a distinct line between Oak Forest and
Pine Forest. The oak region is in a stage of physiographic maturity, and,
except for occasional volcanic cones footing the rim, presents gentle rolling
contours of grassy oak savanna covered with a coarse calcareous soil. The
plateau region is riven with great canyons, their depths revealing a hetero-
geneous virgin forest of great beauty, which in September appears more
tropical than temperate.
Running southward from the Upper Mayo Plateau is a mountain axis car-
ried on in turn by Sierra Obscura and Sierra Garcia, and ending in the long,
attenuated, knifelike high ridge of Sierra de la Ventana. This range has
blocked the Río Mayo on the west and turned it southward.
The southeastern boundary of the Río Mayo basin is formed, from north
to south, by Sierra Cajurichi, Sierra Chuchupate, Sierra Canelo, Sierra Charuco,
Sierra Saguaribo (Sierra Chiribo), and Sierra de Alamos. The general direc-
tion of the axis from the Sierra Madre is southwest, with its lower tip turning
southward. Floristically, Sierra Saguaribo is the most interesting of these
mountains, for it supports the greatest number of species in a wide range of
relationships. Though it is adjacent to a generally arid region, it contains many
forms which are related to those of tropical or subtropical environments. Its
flora is partially represented on the Sierra de Alamos, an isolated peak of small
area and less favored with soil and rainfall. Tepopa and Curohui, on the north-
western lap of Sierra Saguaribo, display a highly varied and interesting flora.
 GEOGRAPHY 9

Sierra Sutucame, like Sierra de Alamos, is an isolated peak with pines on

the summit. Its area is larger than that of Sierra de Alamos, and since it
remains unvisited, the exact relationships of its flora are unknown.
Though the entire Mayo Valley is forested, it is in a stage of moderate
degradation. The river is eating back into the central plateau and in time may
rob the Rio Yaqui of part of its drainage area, particularly the tributaries T u -
tuaca and Papagochic. Such a capture would be favored by the fact that the
course of the Rio Mayo offers a more direct outlet with a consequently steeper
gradient. The only features known that resemble lakes are one small playa high
in the Guajaray country, another in the "hanging" valley of Guasaremos, and
the mineral-spring lagoon at Agua Caliente, north of Alamos along the bank
of the Rio Mayo. In none of them does the area of inundation exceed 20 or
30 acres.
0
The slopes of the canyons commonly rise at an angle of 3 0 to 60 °, bearing
loose soil, talus, humus, and rocks of unstable position. The greater part of the
area is volcanic and limestone. Basaltic rocks break quickly under the action
of sun, temperature, and rain. Roots quickly gain access to cracks and con­
tribute materially to the weathering and degradation. The limestones are
variously soluble in water, erode comparatively rapidly, and contribute the
calcium common in the argillaceous soils. Normally the streams are clear,
but in rainy seasons the waters are gray or brown with vast loads of organic
and soil particles.

THE BARRANCA REGION

The barranca region may be defined as the precipitous belt along the west
coast in which the rivers have eaten back into the central plateau. T o the
south, in Nayarit and Jalisco, it is coastal; to the north in Sonora it lies inland,
separated from the sea by a distance of 75 to 225 miles and several ranges of
low mountains. It is, in effect, a long, narrow, intermittent strip of land,
across which the rivers and tributaries cut, forming an infinite number of
salient corners jutting into the eastern highland. Because of these conditions
it must remain a roughly designated area, without clear-cut and distinct
borders. The name "barranca" designates the area and describes its nature
better than any other term that has been suggested.
In the Rio Mayo region the barrancas are entered immediately east of San
Bernardo. The traveler soon finds himself surrounded by the innumerable
ridges flanking out from the major sierran axis (pis. 1 , 4 ) . Except for the
arroyo beds and their occasional margins of alluviation, there is no level terrain
until the indeterminate mesas of the hilltops are reached.
10 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS

Aside from the major factors responsible for the formation of the Sierra
Madre, the mountains of the Río Mayo region in their present outlines have
been formed by volcanism, uplift, and erosion.
Judging from the volcanics in the vicinity of Tesopaco, the volcanic period
appears to have been contemporaneous with lacustrine clays of the Upper
Tertiary, probably Pliocene. Late Pleistocene fossiliferous caliche beds in the
same vicinity carry considerable ash of riparian deposition. They have been
undisturbed by volcanism, a fact which shows that they followed the volcanic
period, though rather closely. The volcanic period must have ended about the
Middle Pleistocene. Near Sahuaro and Tablón, lavas have capped massive
bedrocks of a dark volcanic breccia or agglomerate. Sierra Sutucame, Sierra de
Alamos, and countless other smaller hills throughout the foothill area are of
volcanic origin and flanked in many instances with conspicuous flows of lava.
Stringers of rhyolite, andalusite, andésite, and porphyry are common across
arroyo beds. On L a Mesa Colorada and Sierra Saguaribo, lavas overlie mas­
sive limestones of marine origin. Calcareous gravels are common on the slopes
of the oak zone. In the canyon of the Rio Yaqui near Guaynopita, Hovey
(1905) found nineteen successive flows of lava, a fact which gives an indication
of the part played by volcanism in the northern barranca area.
Over much of the lowland area a dark, massive volcanic breccia is evident
in exposures from Tablón and Sahuaro to the Arroyo Cuchujaqui; in the latter
place water has worn a clear channel. Along with lavas and conglomerates,
it often forms cliffs banking arroyos and canyons. Near Memelichi along the
summit of the mountain eastward is a sandstone eroded into strangely con­
voluted and comblike shapes.
Limestone is common in the sierras east of San Bernardo, where it occurs
in stalactites on canyon cliffs. In Sierra de las Colas, a hard blue limestone
carrying fossil shells forms the core of the mountain, as may be seen in the
exposure of a recent mining development, L a Esperanza. A massive limestone
also occurs in the sierras of La Mesa Colorada and Canelo, where it is evident
in the sides of deep canyons, and thus appears to be a substratum of major
importance. This may be the same stone that Hovey (1905, p. 539) mentions:
"Waterworn fragments of bluish limestone occurring loose in the river gravel
terraces of the canyon of the Mayo (Rio Moris) prove the existence farther
upstream of marine beds, apparently of Cretaceous age."
Granites are relatively scarce. Decomposed granite is to be found at the
eastern foot of Sierra de Alamos, again on the mesa near San Bernardo, and
in other lowland localities. In the Arroyo San Bernardo and its tributaries
granitic boulders are common, and in the Arroyo de los Mescales, between
Mescales and Jecopaco, the canyon stream has exposed stringers of a hard gran-
 GEOGRAPHY II

ite. In Sierra Canelo granite appears on the surface. A t C a n e l o it shows a

peculiar grooved surface, suggesting glaciation.
H o v e y makes further comments on the geology of the northern R í o M a y o
country (1905, pp. 5 3 9 - 5 4 3 ) - In the canyon of the R i o M o r i s , he f o u n d :
T h e dark blue conglomerate is massive, hundreds, if not thousands of feet thick,
is tilted at an angle of about 1 5 degrees towards the southeast, and is separated from
the later overlying beds by a long erosion interval, during which there was consider­
able deformation of the conglomerate. W e propose to call this formation the Navo-
saigame. . . .
The trail led out of the Mayo canyon over the Cumbre Potrero into the Arroyo
Rosario, which is tributary to the canyon in which Ocampo is located. T h e region
is one of decomposed tuffs and lava beds lying unconformably upon Navosaigame
conglomerate, and the whole series is cut by dikes of all sizes. . . .
T h e journey to Minaca (from Ocampo) lies over the high mesa at altitudes from
6900 to 7300 feet above the sea. T h e mesa is partly dissected by the headwaters of
the Río de Mayo, the Tutuaca, the Verde and their tributaries, and north northwest-
south southeast ridges rise from 1000 to 2000 feet above the general level. T h e highest
points are said to be about 9000 feet above tide. Extensive flows of basalt are asso­
ciated with beds of rhyolite, andesite, and tuffs. Beds of sandstone, apparently old
mesa formations dip toward the northeast at an angle of about 20 degrees.

A s i d e from local conglomerates, T e r t i a r y sedimentarles are represented by

the f o l l o w i n g : "caliche beds" pocketed through the lowland a n d representing
the U p p e r Pleistocene; the T a b l ó n and R í o Cedros lake sediments (Upper
P l i o c e n e ? ) , the latter beautifully stratified in anticlinal exposure of the river
bank at Quiriego, s h o w i n g limes, clays, and sandstones (see pi. 2, figs. 1 , 2 ) ;
stratified sediments in L o s T a n q u e s V a l l e y ( P l i o c e n e ? ) ; and a f e w pocket
exposures of tuffs and clays around the base of Sierra de A l a m o s .
E x c e p t for this local l o w l a n d intermission in the U p p e r Tertiary, the country
has been in a state of erosion rather than deposition since earlier times, w h e n
the massive limestones and conglomerates w e r e placed. Recent local alluvia-
tion is also being rapidly carried off, partly because of an erosive l o w e r i n g
of arroyo bedrock locally, a n d partly because of the general uplift of the
coastal region n o w g o i n g on. Studies along the coast of Sonora and Baja
California a n d the presence of shell in several of the lime beds indicate that
the sea covered nearly the entire coastal plain in uppermost Pleistocene or
lowermost Recent.
T h e R i o M a y o slopes w i d e n into a comparatively broad basin above S a n
L u i s Barbarocos. T h e topography suggests that at one time the river m a y
have been upheld to a meandering or even a lake level by a massive core of
intrusive rock, k n o w n as Sierra Bajura. T h r o u g h this the river has cut a
narrow gorge about t w o leagues below S a n L u i s Barbarocos.
12 RIO MAYO PLANTS

CLIMATE

The Mayo Valley lies in a region of moderate temperatures and of rainfall

which is unequally distributed through the year. The range of elevation,
from sea level to over 8000 feet, is responsible for the great difference between
lowland and mountain climate, which leads the inhabitants to designate these
regions as the "tierra caliente" and "tierra templada." The primary influence of
altitude on climatic conditions is strongly modified by the complex topography.
The paths and behavior of rainstorms and the ascending and descending cur­
rents of air are profoundly influenced by the abrupt mountain ridges and deep
canyons. Not only is there the great difference of climate between the coastal
plains and the pine-clad summits, but very strong contrasts may be found in
close proximity throughout the middle elevations.
The lowlands are annually subjected to long periods of drought and are
nearly frostless. The climate of the lower mountain elevations is essentially
semiarid, and the mesic vegetation found there owes its existence to the
ever running streams, the moist alluvial margins, the moist soil of the lower
slopes, and the shade afforded on mountainsides of northern aspect.
In the high mountains are evergreen coniferous forests, on the coastal plain
is a stunted arid Thorn Forest, and between the two extremes are an infinite
number of plant forms which have adjusted themselves to the numberless
gradations of climatic and soil conditions.

Rainfall

Throughout the lowlands and mountains below 6000 feet elevation the im­
portance of the annual total of rain is overshadowed by its being chiefly
restricted to two well defined seasons. These periods fall in the midsummer
and midwinter. The heavy rains of the summer are called by the people "las
aguas" and the gentler ones of winter "las equipatas" (fig. 2 ) .
"Las aguas" begin in the sierras, at Cajurichi and Canelo, and southward in
the mountains of the Rio Fuerte in May, but they do not reach San Bernardo
and Alamos until late June (Dia de San Juan, June 24, often bringing the
first showers), and they first reach the low country of Navojoa and Cajeme
(Ciudad Obregon) in July. These dates are based on two summers of observa­
tion, Mexican weather reports, and reports of the resident natives. Exceptions
and local variations occur, which this paper does not attempt to treat, its purpose
being rather to give a general summation of climatic features. The vegetation
is another source of verification, for in traveling from Navojoa (lowland) to
Sierra Charuco (highland) in the first part of July 1936, I found the vegetation
in a progressively advanced stage of leaf and general activity. That of the
Thorn Forest near Navojoa was still in the drought condition of late spring,
that around Alamos was already green with new summer leaf, and that of
the barranca forest beyond San Bernardo was even farther advanced, in almost
 GEOGRAPHY 13
a full spread of leaf. T h e corn at Alamos was knee-high, that at Algodones over
head-high. Both had been planted following the first substantial summer rain
and both were lowland varieties with the same requirements.
Observation indicates that the summer rains increase in propordon to altitude
and distance from the coast. Clouds originate over the high mountains, which
therefore receive the first precipitation. As the summer rainy period progresses,
the storms spread widely out over the lower western area, until by August
storm centers develop around outlying peaks, such as Sierra de la Ventana,
ELE­
VATION
(FEET)

6000

5000 _

4000 -

3000 _
2000 _

1000 -

MONTH M J JU A S 0
F I G . 2 . Duration of summer rain periods correlated with elevations (approximate)

Sierra Sutucame, and Sierra de Alamos. T h e Thorn Forest area, lying farthest
from the center of the storms, thus receives the least precipitation, which is,
as it were, a mere spillage from the heavy "rain sponge" to the east (pi. 1 2 ) .
T h u s the rainy season, which inaugurates the summer growing period, may
be roughly computed for the four vegetative areas as follows:
PERIOD OF SUMMER RAINS
Thorn Forest July 10—September 15: 10 weeks
Short-tree Forest June 24—September 15: 12 weeks
Oak Forest June 15—September 15: 13 weeks
Pine Forest May 20—September 25: 22 weeks

T h e summer rains tend to follow certain variable paths as they form and
move out of the sierras. At Guasaremos they were observed to sweep most
often along the western rim of Sierra Canelo. Bartolo Hernandez, a resident
of the valley for twenty years, confirmed the observation, saying it was generally
true from year to year. As the clouds began to form in the late afternoon
and the white films changed to dark, he would predict with variable success
whether they would follow the sierran route or cross the valley.
 i4 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

The paths of the rainstorms often leave a marked impression on the vegeta­
tion. It was noticed at Bacachaca in July that while part of the hill area north­
ward was out in green leaf, a part of it remained in the dormant condition of
the spring dry season, forming a strong contrast in the landscape. A n instance
of localized drought was observed in a small area crossed by the road 2 leagues
southwest of Los Tanques, where during the entire summer of 1935 not enough
rain fell to bring leaves to maturity.
The light rains of winter apparently move in from two different sources:
directly from the sea (southwest), and indirectly from the north. Though the
high elevations receive more rainfall, the storms are usually general over the
area, so that all localities within certain altitudinal limits receive approximately
equal amounts of precipitation. Because of temperatures, immediate plant
reaction is least in the Pine Forest, greater in the Thorn Forest, and probably
greatest in the Short-tree and Oak forests, where the temperatures are highest.
The only rainfall data available for the Short-tree Forest area are the
author's measurements for the year from June 1, 1936 to June 1, 1937. The
winter rain and the early summer showers were caught in a Sykes rain
gauge in Alamos, and the rest was obtained in the barrancas, principally at
Guasaremos. The rainfall figures obtained are: winter, 4.48 inches; summer,
14.64 inches; annual total, 19.12 inches.
On account of the lack of data it is difficult to compute rainfall for the
different vegetational areas. Judging from the author's meager measurements,
limited data from the Servicio Meteorológico Mexicano for neighboring local­
ities, observation of storm trends, and the vegetation, the respective rainfalls
may be estimated tentatively as follows:

RAINFALL (IN INCHES)

Winter Summer Annual

Thorn Forest 4 8 12
Short-tree Forest 5 15 20
Oak Forest 6 19 25
Pine Forest 10 28 38

Temperature

The temperatures for the area vary from the extremes of the low country
(tierra caliente) to those of the high country (tierra templada). For brief
0
periods in the dry season temperatures may show a daily variation of 4 0 or
0
5 0 F., reflecting a condition comparable to that in desert regions. During the
0
winter and the long summer months the daily fluctuation rarely exceeds 3 0
0
and commonly remains near 2 0 . This evenness in temperature is highly
advantageous to plant growth, particularly through the summer growing
season.
 GEOGRAPHY 15

The most equable and pleasant climates are to be found in localities in the
Lower Pine Forest or the Oak Forest, as at Tepopa, where banana and papaya
trees grow at the same elevation as the lower pines. Yet in the valley of
Guasaremos, 50 miles to the north and occupying a comparable position, frosts
are of regular winter occurrence. The natives have been unable to grow
bananas and papayas there, though a league away in a Short-tree Forest canyon,
on the same slope of the sierra, stands a thriving clump of bananas. This all
indicates a local complex of conditions highly variable in nature, but playing
an important part in the distribution and nature of the vegetation.
In the Thorn Forest frost occasionally occurs, and during the excessive cold
wave of January 1937 frost struck into the Short-tree Forest region (Turnage
and Hinckley, 1938). Its effect was registered by the plants active during
winter, such as Ficus, Guazuma ulmijolia, Ipomoea arborescens (flowers), and
Albizzia sinaloensis. N o damage was detected in plants of the Thorn Forest
and Short-tree Forest, which were in a leafless condition. Their winter
dormancy is a habit fitting these plants to survive not only drought, but frost
0
as well. The minimum recorded at Cedros for the freeze was 2 9 . Frost oc­
0
curred during five nights, and no doubt minima i° or 3 lower occurred in
many neighboring localities.
Old dead tops of Pithecolobium dulce, Ficus cotinifolia, and other trees are
commonly seen in the low country and appear to represent frost visitations of
earlier years.
In Sierras Saguaribo and Charuco snow is practically unknown, but it falls
regularly in the sierras from Loreto eastward and over the Upper Mayo
Plateau.
Temperature records, other than those of the writer, are not available for the
Rio Mayo. The Richardson Construction Company, of Ciudad Obregon, has,
however, kindly made available data for various localities in the neighboring
Rio Yaqui watershed. Using these figures with my own, it is possible to make
an approximation of temperature conditions for the four vegetative areas
during the summer growing season. T o obtain a general figure, the means
between recorded extremes for the summer have been computed. Thus, at
0
Tepopa, in the Oak Forest, the maximum reading obtained was 87 and the
0 0
minimum 6 1 F., from which an average of 7 4 was computed.

TEMPERATURES FOR THE SUMMER GROWING SEASON, "LAS AGUAS"

(IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT)

Max. Min. Mean

Thorn Forest 105 75 90
Short-tree Forest (San Bernardo-Guasaremos) 102 63 82
Oak Forest (Tepopa-Guasaremos) 87 61 74
Pine Forest (Canelo-Memelichi) 84 5i 68
IO RIO M A Y O PLANTS

T h e relation between the stature of the types of vegetation and the altitudinal
differences of rainfall and temperature is s h o w n in figure 3 .
ELEV.
500 1500 3500 600
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1-
<r>
1- ìli 1- t-

FOf
(0 co 10
u bl
DC oc oc
0 Id 0 0
ll HI u. u.
z rr
DC \— Ul
O H <0 2
I oc
DHS

H Q.

INCHES
40 _ RAINFALL, ANNUAL
30
20
10

6
F. TEMPERATURE, SUMMER AVERAGE
60

FEET
60 FOREST STATURE
50
40
30
20

ELEV.
1
( F E E T ) 500 1500
1
3500 6000

FIG. 3 . Mean comparisons of forest stature and elevations with temperature and rainfall
(approximate).
Wind

T h e g r o u n d w i n d s of las aguas are highly variable in direction, velocity, a n d

frequency. T h e y ordinarily accompany as a direct prelude the afternoon
thunderstorms, and at such times reach considerable violence. O n crossing the
 GEOGRAPHY 17

plaza in San Bernardo during the start of a thunderstorm, I found after I had
gained the shelter on the other side that my hair contained as much dirt as
water. The rain, striking the ground furiously at a sharp angle, raised loose
soil, which, caught by the wind, was carried onward and upward with the air.
The thunderstorm is usually followed by gentle nocturnal breezes cooled by
the day's rain.
During the fall the air moves in sporadic gusts, which seem to have no other
direction than that of the colored autumnal leaves they disturb and carry down­
ward from the trees. They suddenly startle the great infinity of forest silence
into a local multitudinous rustle of descending leaves, of flapping paper-like
copal bark, of rubbing branches, only to drop as suddenly back again into a
pervasive silence.
Out of the sea in the spring come the westerlies which blow over the coastal
valleys and the Thorn Forest. They are hardly felt over the Short-tree Forest,
for the outer ranges buffet the winds aloft and they gain little purchase against
the canyon sides and bottoms. On the plains the forest stands withering under
the clear sun, until nearly all but the riparian plants are stayed into a spring
dormancy. The arid breath of the westerlies aggravates the dry season and
increases the transpiration of the plants, and during its continuation many of
the deciduous trees shed the last of their leaves: Acacia cymbispina, Guazuma
ulmijolia, Ficus cotinijolia, Quercus albocincta, Q. tuberculata (pi. 10, fig. 2;
pi. 1 1 , fig. 2 ) .
ROADS AND TRAILS

The Rio Mayo country may at present be entered by automobile from the
east and from the west. The eastward route lies through Chihuahua, and may
be followed from Chihuahua City by proceeding westward via Guerrero to
Basaseachic. The condition of the road from Guerrero to Basaseachic is primi­
tive, and difficulties are encountered by cars with little under-clearance. Basa­
seachic is in the high mountains of the Rio Mayo headwaters, and farther travel
proceeds by foot.
The natural entrance to the Rio Mayo country is from the west. From
Nogales south to Guaymas, a distance of 285 miles, there is a nearly complete
graded gravel road, which can be covered in one day. From Guaymas to
Ciudad Obregón (Cajeme) there is a very slow road, running in many parallel
tracks across the coastal alluvium. A cloud of dust often trails and envelops
the traveler, of the fineness of powder, entering everything that is not airtight.
Care against it should be taken for equipment, such as cameras and films.
Travel on this stretch during July, August, and the first half of September is
uncertain because of the rains, which turn the road into a mire. Motorists often
put their cars on a flatcar and so travel the distance by rail. From Ciudad
Obregón to Navojoa the road improves.
i8 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

T h e road from N a v o j o a to A l a m o s and S a n B e r n a r d o is open throughout

the year. It is of course also visited by s u m m e r rains, w h i c h cause local w a s h ­
outs, but since the roadbeds contain more gravel than clay, travel is very little
hindered. F r o m N a v o j o a , a railroad station, mail a n d passenger busses run
daily to A l a m o s and, beginning in 1936, to S a n B e r n a r d o also.
F r o m S a n Bernardo, lying at the foot of the mountains, all travel is by mule
or by foot over mountain trails. Because of the c o m i n g a n d g o i n g of the natives,
trails are a labyrinth over the wilderness a n d thus provide a w a y for visiting
any point, no matter h o w remote. G u i d e s are essential, and one can find them
in S a n B e r n a r d o . A n i m a l s m a y be hired from D o n J u a n A r g u e l l e s or R e n a l d a
M a t a n at 1.00 to 1.50 pesos a day, a n d these people will also r e c o m m e n d or
furnish guides. O n e should g o prepared for r o u g h riding over rocky m o u n ­
tains. Side trails are usually c r o w d e d by brush, "monte," and l o w limbs.
Two dangerous trails are to be mentioned: the lumber trail d o w n Sierra
C h a r u c o to A l g o d o n e s , w h i c h is precipitous, full of loose rock, and with pre­
carious footing; and one in the narrow, steep defile ascending Sierra S a g u a r i b o
above T e p o p a . E i t h e r is perfectly safe by foot, but loaded animals m a y fall
and be lost.
O n m a p 1 are s h o w n the principal trails w h i c h give access to the moun­
tainous region above S a n B e r n a r d o .

L I S T OF L O C A L I T I E S

F o l l o w i n g is g i v e n a list of localities from w h i c h plant specimens have been

distributed and to w h i c h frequent reference is m a d e . T h e location of m a n y of
these places is s h o w n on m a p 1 .

ADUANA. Settlement 5 or 6 miles northwest of Alamos, and one of the Alamos

silver mines active up to about 1 9 1 4 . It lies at the east base of the northern ridge
of Sierra de Alamos. Vegetation in the steep canyon above the settlement is rather
typical Short-tree Forest type.
AGIABAMPO. Southwesternmost settlement in Sonora, on a lagoon of the sea. It
was visited in 1890 by Edward Palmer on his way to Alamos, and is the type locality
of several of his plants. The locality has not been visited by the author, but the
vegetation must be predominantly of the succulent coastal Thorn Forest with the
usual littoral halophytes. Judging from some of the plants that Palmer obtained
there, however, for example Malpighia umbellata, Krameria Palmen, and Serjania
rutaefolia, some local volcanic hills must occur; for these plants are not salt-tolerant,
and require coarse, rocky, well drained soil.
AGRIMENSOR. Intermittently inhabited rancho on the west slope of the Cedros
range. It stands by a pleasant stream of running water lined with palms, at the foot
of the oak belt.
A G U A C A L I E N T E . Small settlement on the Río Mayo north of Alamos, notable for
its small lake of mineral water, volcanic in origin.
MAP I. CONTOUR M A P OF THE Río M A Y O BASIN, SHOWING ROADS AND TRAILS
 GEOGRAPHY 19

A G U A C A L I E N T E . Small settlement about 2 leagues southeast of Guirocoba, with

warm flowing springs. Gentry plant numbers 8 9 7 to 9 0 7 were collected in the
vicinity of this place. It is set in extensive formations of brecciated lavas, dissected
by canyons populated with numerous succulent species, especially cactus. Cephalo-
cereus alensis and Mammillaria spp. abound. T h e Short-tree Forest there is essentially
diverse and much broken by the physical conditions of the terrain.
ALAMOS. Pueblo of about 3 0 0 0 inhabitants, which in 1 9 1 0 numbered 6 0 0 0 . A
beautiful, quiet old town with a provincial aristocracy, remnant of the mining heyday
of thirty years ago. It has many beautiful old houses, two or three primitive hotels,
very poor restaurants, and busses coming and going several times a day. T h e
cathedral, the architecture of the whole town, and the salubrious climate are note-
worthy. It lies in the Río Fuerte watershed.
ALGODONES. Small mountain pueblo of about 1 0 0 or 2 0 0 people, at the lower
limit of oaks and at the foot of the great Charuco rampart. It lies very much
scattered in a small, picturesque valley. Spanish: "algodón," cotton.
ALGODONES, Cedros range. Rancho several leagues east of Tesopaco, intermittently
inhabited. T h e arroyo is beautifully lined with Sabal uresana. A few early numbers
( 4 5 3 - 4 6 9 ) were collected there.
ANGOSTURA. Rancho and Indian settlement on the Río Cedros. It has two Mexican
and a half-dozen Indian families, the members of which have forgotten their identity
but say they are not Mayo.
AQUIBIQUICHI. Settlement of three or four Mexican families. Near by is a lime-
stone outthrust, to which the natives refer as Peñasco or Peñas Blancas.
ARECHUIBO. Warihio Indian settlement perched high on top of a mountain. A
few Mexicans are also in residence. Self-supporting by the usual agrarian pattern
of the high mountains. Population 1 5 0 .
ARROYO A G U A BLANCA. Northwestern tributary of Arroyo Guajaráy, across which
the trail from Tesopaco to L a Mesa Colorado passes, in beautiful oak-savanna coun-
try. F l o w is intermittent, but pools are present throughout the year.
ARROYO BARBAROCOS. Originates in Sierra Obscura and flows southward to dis-
charge into the Rio Mayo at San Luis Barbarocos. T h e word "barbarocos" is Spanish,
from "bárbaro," meaning barbarous or rude; quite suitable in this case. It is mis-
spelled on the Mexican government maps, the first r having been left out.
ARROYO C U C H U J A Q U I . Large arroyo discharging into the Río Fuerte south of
Alamos, and draining in its origins the southwest part of Sierra Saguaribo. South
of Alamos it has carved a large channel in basic brecciated lava, has large pools,
Taxodium mucronatum, and a varied fish fauna.
ARROYO DE CUROHUI. Originates on Sierra Saguaribo in the pine lands, flows
northward down past Curohui, turns west through Short-tree Forest country, and
discharges into the Arroyo San Bernardo.
ARROYO HONDO. Deep, moist canyon draining a large part of the east (Chihuahua)
side of Sierra Charuco and discharging into the Rio Chinipas. Travel up or down
the canyon is greatly hindered by frequent high waterfalls. It has a varied mountain
flora.
20 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

ARROYO MAGUARICHI. One of several arroyos draining the Charuco-Saguaribo

sierran axis, discharging into the Arroyo de los Mescales. It is roughly parallel to
and south of the latter. Originates in Sierra de las Colas.
ARROYO DE LOS MESCALES. Originates on the southwestern slope of Sierra Charuco
and discharges into the Río Mayo south of San Bernardo. T h e trail (foot highway)
from San Bernardo to Chinipas follows along the bottom of the arroyo for several
miles, crossing and recrossing many times the small intermittent stream. T h e rocks
are to a great extent volcanic and in places form a spectacular narrow canyon. This
arroyo throughout most of its length is encompassed by typical and floristically rich
Short-tree Forest.
BACACHACA. Uninhabited place on the northwestern slope of Sierra Saguaribo. It
occupies a narrow bench halfway up the Saguaribo cliffs, and has a canyon with
running water.
BACHOCO. Rancho 1 2 miles northeast of Ciudad Obregón, containing fossiliferous
lime beds. In the Y a q u i uprising of 1927 it was the scene of several local battles.
T h e name signifies salty or bad water in the Mayo and Yaqui languages.
BARBAROCOS. Warihio Indian settlement on the Barbarocos tributary of the Rio
Mayo; three families.
BASASEACHIC. Pueblo of Sierra Jesús María, and the end of the road from Chihua­
hua City via Guerrero.
BATOPILILLAS. Isolated pueblo of about 1000 souls, with a church and substantial
buildings, in a valley of grasslands in the oak-savanna country. A meandering stream
lined with tall willows divides it.
BERMUDES. Isolated settlement, one of the chief occupations of which is the panning
of placer gold from the stream beds. It is one of the few large settlements of the
Upper Mayo Plateau.
L A S BOCAS. Small fishing village by the sea southwest of Masiaca. In low, mo­
notonously flat coast land with halophytic and succulent coastal Thorn Forest. A d ­
jacent are very extensive thick stands of Lemaireocereus Thurberi.
L A BOTANA. In the hills several leagues west by slightly north of Tesopaco. A n
uninhabited small summit valley entering a stage of erosion in its lower part. Here a
Quaternary calcareous and argillaceous member is exposed, in which fragments of
fossilized (calcified) tree root were found, which quite possibly represent Taxodium
mucronatum. N o studies have been made of this wood. T h e following fossil animals,
typical of the Upper Quaternary, were collected by the author for Childs Frick, of
the American Museum of Natural History: mammoth, bison, horse, deer, antelope,
Glyptodon, and carnivore species.
BUROPACO. Rancho in arid terrain on the Río Mayo above Chorijoa.
CAJEME. See CIUDAD OBREGÓN.
C A J Ó N . Rancho with three families at the mouth of a narrow canyon issuing from
basaltic hills.
C A J U R I C H I . Pueblo of about 1000 people in high mountain country, locally noted
for its orchards of apples, peaches, and pears. It contains wooden houses with wooden
floors and glass windows, and a store which also serves meals.
 GEOGRAPHY 21

CANELO. Rancho of the Italian Russo, with a blacksmith in residence. In parklike

country on top of the mountain. Has a decaying peach orchard, whose fruit delights
the traveler.
CAÑÓN CARRIZO. Short canyon opening into the Río Mayo at Carimechi.
CANON CHÁÑATE. Small canyon just south of the valley of Guasaremos, pitching
steeply down out of Sierra Canelo through the rank Short-tree Forest to discharge
into the Arroyo de Loreto.
CANON DURASNOS. One of the tributaries draining the Upper Mayo Plateau which
has cut deeply between La Mesa Colorada and Sierra de Papas.
CANON ESTRELLA. Runs westward out of the Cedros range and issues abruptly
from the hills about 2 leagues northwest of Cedros, where there is a settlement of
Mayo Indians. These Indians are friendly. The canyon is of singular beauty and
fertility, and supports a unique assortment of plants of numerous species, among
which is a magnificent grove of sabino trees (Taxodium mucronatum), which is
under the protection of the Departamento de Forestal. The upper reaches drain
rough oak-grassland. The mouth of the canyon and the Mayo village can be reached
by a rugged car, provided a local guide is obtained in Cedros.
CANON GUADALUPE. Small canyon originating on the northwest side of Sierra
Saguaribo and discharging into Arroyo San Bernardo.
CANON NARCISSUS. Short canyon pitching down out of Sierra de la Ventana and
opening into the Río Mayo at Carimechi.
CAÑÓN SALITRERO. Originates on the east slope of Sierra de la Ventana and after
a short run discharges into the Río Mayo at Carimechi.
CANON SAPOPA. Small canyon 4 or 5 miles southwest of San Bernardo at the
north end of Sierra La Chuna. Its vegetation is typically Short-tree Forest, with
mixed dominants of Pachycereus, Ceiba acuminata, Lysiloma divaricata, L. Watsoni,
Tabebuia, etc., which, however, have recently been rather extensively cut into by
natives in making milpas. Near the head of the canyon is a mining tunnel, and
perhaps a quarter of a mile above this a large cavern with Maurandia flaviflora draped
about its mouth.
CANON SAUCITO. A northwestern tributary of Arroyo Guajaráy, along which the
trail passes between Agrimensor and Rancho Santa Barbara del Agua Blanca. It
carries a small flow of water lined with tall palms, and supports a rich vegetation.
Uninhabited.
CARIMECHI. Indian locality of four or five families, with a Mexican family in
residence during the winter, tending a herd of milk cows. It is bordered on the west
by the high ramparts of Sierra de la Ventana, from which three short tributaries
discharge into the Mayo at Carimechi.
CASCADA CANDAMEÑA. Very high waterfall on the Río Candameña below Basa-
seachic. LeSueur, on his plant labels, refers to this waterfall as the "Cascada de
Basaseachic," which is only another case of the local duplication of place names so
common in Mexico.
Los CASCARONES. T W O isolated peaks between which the trail enters the valley of
Memelichi. There are no habitations in the vicinity.
22 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

CEDROS. Old pueblo on the banks of the river of the same name. T h e place is
falling into decay and the natives into lassitude. Population over 400.
CHI'NIPAS. T o w n of about 4000, center of the Chinipas basin and mining district.
Though it is afflicted with a considerable degree of civilized activity, it is isolated
from the rest of the world by lack of roads.
CHINOBAMPO. Rancho, practically abandoned, at the western base of the Sierra
de Alamos foothills. It is a watering place for cattle. Significant for its fossiliferous
lime beds. "Chino," Chinaman; ( M a y o ) "bampo," water.
CHORIJOA. Old Indian pueblo of the Warihios or Macoyahuis, now in decay.
Eight or ten families of mixed blood remain in residence.
CIENEGITA. Straggling canyon settlement of about fifteen houses in the upper
limits of the Short-tree Forest zone. On the precipitous canyon slopes are extensive
plantings of maize.
CONEJOS. Locality of Warihio Indians, who are reported to have moved out
recently. In 1934 there were five families in residence, living principally on maize
and fish from the Guajaráy. A league southward is the Mexican rancho of Gua-
muchil.
CONICARI. Small pueblo, principally Indian (Mayo, Macoyahui?, and Warihio),
on a mesa at the confluence of the Cedros and Mayo rivers. T h e site of a Jesuit
mission. Population 300.
CUCHUJAQUI. Rancho on the banks of the Arroyo Cuchujaqui, where the Alamos-
Fuerte road crosses the stream. Population 50. Mayo: "cuchu," fish; "jaquia," arroyo
or stream.
CUROHUI. Settlement on northwestern slope of Sierra Saguaribo; population 2 5 .
Supports itself with cattle, maize, beans, and squash.
CUROPACO. Mexican settlement with about five families in a canyon at the foot
of the Guajaráy R i m . T h e people are said to be hostile to white outsiders. Wool
blankets are made there, a fact which indicates the presence of Warihios also.
E L DESIERTO. Beautiful canyon of sabinos on the west slope of the Cedros range.
T w o or three families inhabit the upper part of the canyon.
ESPERANZA. Pueblo about 7 miles north of Ciudad Obregón on the hot, dusty
coastal plain bordering the Rio Y a q u i .
ESTRELLA. Mayo Indian settlement at the mouth of the Cañón Estrella, which see.
Six or eight families.
G U A J A R Á Y . T h e old Guajaráy is an abandoned rancho, but near by on the banks
of the arroyo is a small company of Indians. Three families.
GUASAREMOS. Rancho situated in a picturesque valley on the western slope of
Sierra Canelo. Bought from the Warihios for a "song" about sixty years ago, it was
later taken over by the Italian Russo, and a fortlike house was constructed. T h e
valley is under intensive cultivation. It lies at the upper limits of the Short-tree
Forest and is bordered by oak hills. Population 20.
GUÁSIMAS. Cattle ranch 6 or 8 ( ? ) miles east of Navojoa on the road to Alamos.
It lies on the coastal plain, and the vegetation on the arid mesas thereabouts is poorly
developed Thorn Forest. Wilcoxia Mariana was observed in one instance a few miles
beyond this rancho.
 GEOGRAPHY 23
GUICORICHI. Rancho of a family of mountaineers at the western foot of Cerro
Guicorichi. About 6000 feet altitude in the pine country, with a small meadow. Popu­
lation 1 0 .
GUIROCOBA. Setdement and rancho, now principally owned by McCartys, Ameri­
cans. A picturesque valley of grass and palm land, with a stream lined by sabinos,
and oaks on the slopes. Population 200. "Guirocoba" is an Indian word (Cajitan)
meaning buzzard head, and refers to a volcanic berg north of the valley.
GUISIECO. Rancho isolated in a deep canyon on south slope of Sierra Canelo.
Formerly a Warihio settlement, now inhabited by a major-domo of the Russo family.
It is backed by high sandstone and basaltic cliffs.
JECOPACO. Small settlement with a population of about 75, in Arroyo de los Mes-
cales. Travelers from San Bernardo often stop in the vicinity on their first night out.
It is in a deep and verdant canyon. Warihio: "jeco," pine; "paco," arroyo.
TICAMORACHI. Tarahumare settlement in the Cajurichi cordillera. T h e inhabitants
make pottery and blankets painted with native vegetable dyes.
L A S L A J A S . Settlement with about 100 people. It carries on a local industry of
burning lime, which is common in the arroyo running along the west side of the
settlement.
E L LIMON. Rancho established by the Italian Russo about forty-five years ago.
The main building, set in a profound canyon, is fortlike in structure; two stories,
thick walls of adobe, roof of native-made tile. One family in residence. Spanish:
"limon," lime (tree).
E L L I M O N , R I O Fuerte. Small pueblo near the junction of the three states, Sonora,
Chihuahua, and Sinaloa. A n American in residence.
LORETO. Settlement of Mexicans and Warihios; population about 500. In rolling,
parklike country of the sierra top, and well watered. Self-supporting with cattle,
mountain maize, beans, potatoes, and some garden truck. On the main trail from the
upper Mayo country to the Chinipas basin.
MACOYAHUI. Small pueblo on the banks of the Rio Mayo. A large part of its popu­
lation is Indian: Mayo, Warihio, and Macoyahui ( ? ) . So called from the group of
Indians formerly inhabiting it, the Macoyahui.
M E M E L I C H I . Village of 300 to 400 people, set in a high mountain meadow valley
covered with flowers (mostly composites). Self-supporting with cattle, mountain
maize, beans, potatoes, apples, peaches, and pears. Houses are of rough wood with
double plank ceilings. There are scattered settlements of Tarahumares in the sur­
rounding country.
L A M E S A COLORADA. High, indefinite mountain locality with a rather large scattered
population of highland farmers, guided principally by the Clarke brothers (eight),
who are mestizos of the second generation. Potatoes, beans, maize, and cattle are the
principal products.
MESCALES. Settlement on the Arroyo de los Mescales, about 3 leagues from San
Bernardo on the trail to Chinipas; four or five families are in residence.
M I L P I L L A S . Setdement on the Saguaribo plateau, supporting itself by agriculture:
cattle, sugar cane, maize, beans, peaches, and mescal.
 24 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

MOVAS. Pueblo of Mexicans, formerly of Indians (tribe u n k n o w n ) , population

2 5 0 0 . In the marginal lands of the valley wheat and maize are grown. It is the
site of an old mission.
MULETO. Small settlement on a western spur of Sierra Cajurichi, above Cienegita,
on the trail from Santísimo to Memelichi. Population perhaps eight or ten families.
MÚTicA. Settlement of two or three families on Sierra de los Muertos. Mescal is
distilled there. It is in a well watered canyon. A quarter of a mile above the houses,
to the left within 1 0 0 feet of the road, is a hidden spring of excellent cold water, in a
fine grove of Albizzia sinaloensis (palo joso) and Celtis reticulata.
NAVOJOA. Old but growing pueblo on the banks of the Río Mayo; population
about 9000. Center of the Río Mayo agricultural district, and the railroad dispersion
point for trade up the Mayo Valley and into the Chinipas basin of Chihuahua. A n
interesting town of some color, containing hotels, restaurants, and garages. T o w n
well water may be contaminated, but the river water is good and is brought in on
water carts and peddled from house to house daily.
N U R I . Mexican pueblo bound far inland by the Cedros range, and famous for its
oranges, which, carried by mule and burro, are sold in the markets of Ciudad
Obregón. T h e orange trees are said to be very old and of great size, and in good
years to yield thousands of fruits on each tree. Population 600.
CIUDAD OBREGÓN or C A J E M E . Modern pueblo, about twelve years of age in 1 9 3 7 ,
population perhaps 1 0 , 0 0 0 . It is the most active town in Sonora and is charac-
terized by a heavy industry of rice and wheat mills. It is also the center for the wide
coastal-plain valley of the Rio Yaqui, a large part of which is under modern cultiva-
tion. Hotels, restaurants, and garages.
OCAMPO. Mining town in a canyon of Sierra Jesús María. Center of a mining
district and capital of the District of Ocampo.
OTATESO. Abandoned rancho in the Short-tree Forest about 6 miles southeast of
San Bernardo.
PEÑASCO, PEÑASCO BLANCO, or PEÑAS BLANCAS. See under AQUIBIQUICHI.
PIEDRAS VERDES. Settlement along a large arroyo north of Alamos on the road to
A g u a Caliente by the Río Mayo.
PINAL, Sierra Charuco. There are two ranchos on Sierra Charuco known locally
as Pinal. A s far as can be determined, one lies on the Chihuahua side of the state
boundary, the other on the Sonora side. T h e latter, on the western ramparts of Sierra
Charuco, is in rocky, broken pine lands with spectacular rock formations standing
about; this is the locality visited by the author, to which citations refer.
QUIRIEGO. Old Mexican pueblo of about 1 0 0 people. Besides summer plantings of
maize, wheat is planted in the winter along the wide river valley. A n old church still
stands, in good repair.
RANCHO DEL MEDIA. Rancho with two families, subsisting on cattle.
RANCHO SANTA BARBARA (del A g u a Blanca). A summer camp for Mexicans
tending cattle. It is in the oak-savanna country of the upper Guajaráy.
RANCHO V I E J O . Old cattle and planting ranch east of Navojoa and northwest of
Alamos in a broad foothill valley. A small local limekiln industry is operated from
a Quaternary deposit of lime.
 GEOGRAPHY 25
SAGUACOA. Warihio locality 6 miles north of Guasaremos, with three families in
small palm huts in the deep canyon, which is forested with short-tree vegetation.
SAGUARIBO. Rancho on northern Sierra Saguaribo. Intermittendy inhabited. A
mile or two west of the houses is a narrow limestone canyon containing abandoned
cliff dwellings.
SAHUARO. Rancho near the site of an old setdement, the inhabitants of which
disappeared in raids of the Y a q u i Indians twenty or thirty years ago. There are a
few scattered sahuaros on the ranch.
SALITRAL. Rancho with a spring and marsh of warm mineral water, carrying
sodas and salts.
SAN BERNARDO. Pueblo of about 3 0 0 people with some outlying agricultural
lands. It is the end of the automobile road and thus a junction between wheel and
foot travel on the route to Chinipas in Chihuahua. It has two or three very meager
shops, and good meals may be obtained at the house of Senora Matan. There are a
few families of Warihios.
SAN FRANCISCO. Rancho on an arroyo of that name.
SAN JOSÉ DE PINAL. Isolated rancho inhabited only during the summer, by dairy­
men. Has a small meadow valley and a peach and apple orchard.
SAN LUIS BARBAROCOS. Warihio Indian pueblo and site of an old Jesuit mission
founded in the early part of the seventeenth century. One Tarahumare Indian was
in residence in 1934, with two wives. Population 5 0 . T h e church, newly roofed over
with palm thatch, is still in use by the Indians.
SAN PEDRO. Rancho on the upper Arroyo Cuchujaqui, and on the trail from
Alamos to Sierra de Milpillas (Sierra Saguaribo).
SANTA ROSA. Small rancho northeast of Tesopaco on the west slope of the Cedros
range. It is in a small valley with very little surface soil. Along the arroyo of the
valley is a good stand of Taxodium mucronatum, the northernmost record of the
species on the Mexican west coast.
SANTI'SIMO. Pueblo on the arroyo of that name. Population 300. T h e margins of
the valley are planted to maize, and peach orchards are around the houses. It lies
in the tierra caliente, but oaks soon gain place on the surrounding hills.
SIERRA BAJURA. L a r g e extrusive igneous formation on the Rio Mayo a few miles
below San Luis Barbarocos.
SIERRA CALABASAS. Synonym of SIERRA CHARUCO.
SIERRA CHIRIBO. Western part of Sierra Saguaribo. Following the government
map of Mexico, the author has given Saguaribo preference as a general term.
SIERRA CHUCHUPATE. H i g h mountain just east of Loreto in the Sierra Cajurichi-
Canelo axis. So called from the fabulous herb of that name, reputed to have un­
doubted medicinal values for injuries, sores, "dolores," etc. T h e higher elevations
of this mountain are clothed with H i g h Pine Forest.
SIERRA DE LAS COLAS. Northeast of San Bernardo around the origins of Arroyo
Maguarichi on the Charuco-Saguaribo cordillera. So named because of the many
steep subsidiary slopes branching out from the main sierran axis. Spanish: "cola,"
tail.
26 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

SIERRA DOS CUATES. Rugged volcanic mountain of over 4 0 0 0 feet elevation, border­
ing the Arroyo Guajaráy northwest of Guajaráy. Until recently it was inhabited by
Warihios, who found the isolation of high, secluded arid canyons to their liking.
SIERRA DE PAPAS. In Chihuahua above the Guajaráy R i m between Sierra Obscura
and L a Mesa Colorada. When visited in 1 9 3 3 it had no permanent inhabitants. There
was, however, an isolated dairy corral and potato patch. Its elevation rises to about
6 0 0 0 feet.
T A B L Ó N . Cattle rancho inhabited by two families. In the vicinity are fossiliferous
lime beds representing the Upper Pleistocene, and lake sediments of clays, probably
Pliocene.
Los TANQUES. Pueblo of about 1 2 0 0 souls, center of the agricultural valley of Los
Tanques.
TÁSCATE. Settlement on the Saguaribo plateau, supporting itself by agriculture:
cattle, sugar cane, maize, beans, and peaches. Spanish: "táscate," Cupressus arizonica.
T E P A H U E . Small pueblo of mixed inhabitants. Jesuits reported a tribe of Indians
under that name as inhabiting the upper Cedros.
T E P I S T A T E . Rancho in a foothill valley several miles north of Alamos. T h e soil
is a deep sandy clay. T h e vegetation has been disturbed by cultivation, but there are
some trees and shrubs forming a dispersed cover. It is the southernmost collection
locality for ]atropha cardiophylla.
TEPOPA. Abandoned rancho on the northwest slope of Sierra Saguaribo. Founded
about twelve years ago by two brothers, who terraced a steep canyon slope watered
by cold springs, planting bananas, papayas, mangos, avocados, apricots, and peaches.
T h e locality has a rich native flora.
TESOCOMA. Rancho on the Río Cedros, now owned by an American. Rainfall is
greater there than in the immediately surrounding country, hence the vegetation shows
a corresponding richness of growth, resembling the typical Short-tree Forest of the
barrancas.
TESOPACO. Pueblo of 1 0 0 0 , center of the upper Río Cedros country and trading
post of natives from as far east as L a Mesa Colorada. A town barren of plants, a
plain labyrinth of adobe walls and stony streets. A highly social town; fiestas are often
held, with dancing in the plaza at night.
T R E S MARÍAS RANCHO. Also referred to as Rancho Tres Marías. About 1 5 miles
northwest of Alamos on the road to Navojoa, in a foothill valley. "Palo santo"
(Jpomoea arborescens) seems to thrive unusually well in the vicinity and is a con­
spicuous part of the vegetation. T h e valley soils in this sector are relatively deep
and composed for the most part of argillaceous gravels.
L A TROMPA. Mixed pueblo of Mexicans and Warihios at the southern base of
Sierra L a Trompa. Population 2 0 0 .
V I N A T A . Uninhabited place in a canyon of the foothills of Sierra Saguaribo, west
of Curohui. It is quite hidden in the vast Short-tree Forest, and rarely visited. Mescal
was formerly distilled there; hence the name. A German lepidopterist is said to have
visited it several years ago.
VOLADOR. Rancho with three families, in the southern end of a valley by the same
name.
 VEGETATION

The vegetation falls naturally into four major divisions. These are described
below, using the most simple and appropriate names: Thorn Forest, Short-
tree Forest, Oak Forest, and Pine Forest (fig. 5 ) . Use of the Merriam system
of life zones has been avoided because its tropical extensions have never been
well characterized and because the desirability of the system is questioned by
many ecologists. The vegetative areas herein recognized may be interpreted
in terms of the Merriam system of life zones, but it will be found necessary to
inject a subtropical zone, as a northern extension of the tropics, between the
Lower Sonoran and the Upper Sonoran life zones. The close equivalence of
the two classifications may then be shown as follows:
Thorn Forest Lower Sonoran life zone
1
Short-tree Forest Subtropical life zone
Oak Forest Upper Sonoran life zone
Lower Pine Forest Transition life zone
High Pine Forest Canadian and Hudsonian life zones

THORN FOREST

Thorn Forest as a geographic term has been in use for many years, being a
highly suggestive designation which has been applied widely over the world
in Africa, Australia, and South America as well as in Mexico (Schimper, 1903).
The term has not always been specifically defined and hence carries a loose
rather than a precise meaning, thus often covering a multitude of sins. In
trying to formulate even roughly the vegetation of the Río Mayo valley, it has
been found useful to limit the term from its general usage.
Thorn Forest is a type of vegetation dominated by xeromorphic components
alternating growth with dormancy relative to two wet periods (winter and
summer rains) and to two dry periods (fall and spring). It is transitional be­
tween desert and subtropics, with a heterogeneous vegetation and a strong
infusion of succulent and thorny plants. In the Río Mayo region the Thorn
Forest has an average height of about 20 feet, or 6.5 meters, with a consistent
rather spindling shrub population and lesser forest underlings, the whole of
which totals in typical stands 4000 to 5000 perennials per acre (see Plant Census
plots 6 and 7, pp. 58-59). It occupies the lowland basaltic hills and mesas
and to a less extent the lowland valleys. It ranges in elevation from sea level
to 2000 feet. It is bounded on the west by the sea and on the north by the
desert, and on the east it intergrades with the Short-tree Forest. Thus in the
lower Mayo Valley four vegetative areas conjoin; see map of vegetation areas
1
Tropical Sonoran on the author's plant labels.
MAP 2. Vegetation map of the Rio Mayo basin
 VEGETATION 20

(map 2 ) . In general, the cover of the Thorn Forest is either close and uniform
(hill slopes) or dispersed (valley slopes and plains).
The leaf of the Thorn Forest, though varied, is dominated by xeromorphic
deciduous types, such as small pinnatifid leaflets, the areas of some of which
have been computed by Shreve (1937). Stem growth may be erect and single,
but is more often angularly ascending and cespitose (Acacia cymbispina, Bur-
sera spp., Lemaireocereus Thurberi); it may be woody and dense (Acacia spp.)
or soft, thick, and semisucculent (Bursera spp., Fouquieria Macdougalii) or
strictly succulent (Cactaceae, Pedilanthus macrocarpus).
Within the Thorn Forest area are two major types of vegetation, determined
chiefly by the nature of the terrain: the Thorn Forest itself (mesas and
slopes) and the mixed associations (arroyo margins and valleys). The former
is uniform in type of growth, with close, regular spacing of individuals, the
whole rather compact, and the plants elongated and crown-branched; the latter
is varied and irregular in formation and individual spacing.
The valleys are often dominated by stands of Prosopis chilensis (mesquite).
In the valley of Tesopaco in April this species is out in full leaf and forms a
continuous bright-green forest with margins fingering back into the hills
through the bottom land—a bright island of mesquite forest surrounded on
every side by the parched Thorn Forest of the arid hills. In the fertile black
adobe soil of the valley of Cedros the mesquite trees reach admirable propor­
tions: trunks 2 to 3 feet in diameter, limbs high-spreading and oaklike, height
50 feet or over. On the valley slopes the cover is sometimes broken by open
spaces of thin grassland, interspersed with trees, shrubbery, and large cactus.
The arroyo margins support a riparian vegetation with evergreens and
partially deciduous types including Vallesia glabra, Guazuma ulmifolia, Pis-
cidia mollis, Franseria ambrosioides, Baccharis glutinosa, Salix, Lycium, and
others. Shrubbery commonly develops under the trees as leafy mounds or inter­
laced thickets.
Though the Thorn Forest area is a rather distinct phytogeographic entity,
it embraces a wide variety of plant life in adaptation to diverse and local
habitats. Mingled with its own characteristic plants are species from the
northern desert and the barrancas to the east. Forchammeria Watsoni (palo
jito) has a disproportionately large trunk as though water storing, is scattered
over the coastal lowlands, and near Bachoco grows with Carnegiea gigantea
(sahuaro). Opuntia mammillata (cholla) commonly forms dense, low stands
on grassy foothill slopes. Lemaireocereus Thurberi (pitahaya) is everywhere,
and adjacent to the beach south of the river forms dense, almost pure stands
extending for miles. Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (hecho) is a dominant
species throughout the Rio Mayo lowlands, but presents a stunted aspect as
compared with its growth in the Short-tree Forest. Acacia cymbispina, with its
30 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

flaring boat-shaped thorns, is abundant and universal in distribution. It is quick

to take advantage of cleared lands, so is usually the d o m i n a t i n g successionist in
milpa clearings and along roads and trails.
T h e distribution of all these abundant plants reflects the general conditions
determining the t w o major types of vegetation in the T h o r n Forest area, the
T h o r n Forest proper and the intervening valley cover. F u r t h e r details of this
area are g i v e n below under " P l a n t habitats." T h e f o l l o w i n g is a list of the
dominant a n d abundant species of the T h o r n Forest as found in the t w o kinds
of terrain w h i c h prevail there.

SLOPES AND MESAS LOWLANDS

Coursetia glandulosa Prosopis chilensis
Jatropha cordata Acacia cymbispina
Fouquieria Macdougalii Cercidium Torreyanum
Mimosa Palmeri Lemaireocereus Thurberi
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum
Bursera confusa Pithecolobium sonorae
Bursera laxiflora Vallesia glabra
Acacia cymbispina Karwinskia Humboldtiana
Lysiloma divaricata Randia obcordata
Brongniartia alamosana Acacia Farnesiana
Willardia mexicana Acacia occidentalis
Haematoxylon brasiletto Pithecolobium mexicanum
Randia obcordata Guazuma ulmifolia
Lantana velutina Randia echinocarpa
Lippia Palmeri Condalia lycioides
Cassia biflora Lycium Berlandieri var. longistyl
Crotón fragilis Opuntia fuliginosa
Opuntia Thurberi Opuntia Thurberi
Lemaireocereus Thurberi Celtis iguanea
Franseria cordifolia Stegnosperma halimifolium
Jatropha cardiophylla ( ? ) Forchammeria Watsoni

SHORT-TREE FOREST

T h e Short-tree Forest is a heterogeneous deciduous forest w i t h a strong

infusion of tropical elements. It also alternates periods of g r o w t h w i t h periods
of dormancy, relative to the t w o w e t seasons a n d the t w o dry seasons. T h o u g h
it intergrades w i t h the T h o r n Forest, it is in the aggregate distinguished from
it by greater height, by larger leafage, by a greater proportion of mesomorphic
and h y d r o m o r p h i c elements, a n d by the relative infrequency of thorny and
succulent plants. L a r g e r trees are present, d o m i n a t i n g lesser trees. T h e variable
but unbroken forest canopy is 30 to 50 feet above g r o u n d , w i t h a m i x e d peren­
nial population in typical stands n u m b e r i n g 3000 to 5000 individuals per acre
(Plant Census plots 2 and 3, p p . 5 3 - 5 5 ) .
 VEGETATION 31

The Short-tree Forest lies principally within the canyons, is nearly confined
to the barranca region, and is characterized by steep slopes. Its range in eleva­
tion is from about 1000 to 3500 feet above sea level. It is bordered on the east
by the Oak Forest. T o the north it is like a tail pinching out in the northern
barrancas. Its southern extensions are unknown, but it probably merges with
typical rain forest in the region of Jalisco. Its position is phytogeographically
peculiar, being a long, rough transitional salient, by way of which the tropics
have all but put a finger in northern climes (pi. 5 ) .
The tropical element is represented in the Short-tree Forest by the hydro-
morphic Ficus, the lianas Arrabidaea littoralis, Marsdenia edulis, and Gouania
mexicana, and the scandent form of Pisonia capitata. Epiphytes are exemplified
by the orchid Oncidium cebolleta, and the bromeliads by Tillandsia inflata and
Hechtia sp. Other prominent plants of tropical distribution are: Guazuma
ulmifolia, Solatium verbascifolium, S. umbellatum, S. madrense, Cestrum
lanatum, Drypetes lateriflora, Bursera grandifolia, B. stenophylla, Coutarea
latiflora, Stemmadenia Pahneri, Cassia emarginata, C. occidentalis, Trichilia
hirta, Sassafridium macrophyllum, Vitex mollis, Urera caracasana, and many
others. Most of these plants have leaves or leaflets of comparatively large size,
of a mesomorphic character, and without hirsute covering, epidermal thicken­
ing, or other features commonly found in arid environments. The largest leaf is
that of Solatium tequilense, which is about 320 by 450 mm. Many of the leaves
are deciduous, however, so that their existence is confined to the warm, moist
summer. The leaf of Conzattia sericea is interesting as displaying the probable
maximum development of size in the leguminous pinnatifid type of leaf.
Though the leaflets are small—8 by 25 mm.—they number 500 to 600 and are
spread over an area of nearly half a square meter. The entire leaf is about 45
by 75 dm. in size, and forms a thin, lacy canopy 40 to 60 feet above ground and
overtopping the lesser forest trees.
Jarilla chocola, which may be endemic to the Short-tree Forest of the Rio
Mayo, admirably reflects the nature of its environment. It is a dioecious,
tolerant forest underling, perennial from a crown of erectly placed tubers (see
pi. 29, fig. 2 ) . It springs forth quickly with the summer rains, putting out
leafy, turgid stems, which in several brief weeks attain heights of 2 or 3 feet.
It fades quickly with the last dwindling rains, leaving its fruit to lie on the
ground for an indefinite period. It is typical of the general behavior of plants
of the barrancas in its rapid response to summer moisture and tropical tempera­
tures, alternating with a long period of dormancy through the months of
drought and lower temperatures. In its location among the forest shrubbery
it receives the double advantage of constant soil moisture and the reduced trans­
piration afforded by shade. Its ability to persist in the highly competitive
"jungle" growth is also a characteristic of tropical vegetation. The two other
32 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

known species of Jarilla occur in tropical or subtropical climates: / . hetero-

phylla in southern Mexico, / . caudata from Baja California to Sinaloa and
southern Mexico. Yet coupled with the hydromorphic activity of the three
summer months are xeric adjustments, adapting Jarilla chocóla to existence
through the nine months of the year which are characterized by drought and
higher temperatures. Besides the regular annual production of seeds, Jarilla
forms each year of its mature life a new plant, rising from the old underground
root crown.
Many other plants have root storage systems, providing them with a reserve
which enables them to make a quick response to summer rains, and giving
them the advantage of a longer growing season. Among the plants with sub­
terranean reserves adjusting their activities to the wet and dry seasons of the
Short-tree Forest are the following: Ceiba acuminata (tree; young plant with
storage root), Ipomoea arborescens (tree; young plant with storage root),
Exogonium bracteatum (vine with tuberous root), Dioscorea convolvulácea
var. grandifolia (vine with tuberous root), Hymenocallis sonorensis (lily with
bulb), Phaseolus caracola (vine with thickened root), Amoreuxia palmatifida
(tuberous root), Vincetoxicum caudatum (tuber), Manihot angustiloba
(tuber), M. isoloba (tuber ? ) , Salpianthus macrodontus (tuberous root),
Tigridia Pringlei (bulb).
The forest stature is highly variable. The lesser trees, including Bursera
confusa, Coutarea pterosperma, and Haematoxylon brasiletto, rarely exceed
25 feet in height, whereas among the tallest are Conzattia sericea, Cochlosper-
mum vitifolium, Ceiba acuminata, Bursera inopinnata, and Lysiloma Watsoni,
rising 40 to 60 feet above ground. Along the arroyos are leafy mounds of
Celtis, Guazuma ulmifolia, Montanoa Rosei, and many other shrubs, as well
as the large, spreading trees Taxodium mucronatum, Platanus racemosa, and
several species of Ficus, rising to heights of 60 or 80 feet. On the whole one
may safely indicate the average height of the forest as about 40 feet (see fig. 4 ) .
The Short-tree Forest lacks the broken canopy characteristic of much of
the Thorn Forest. Except for the interruptions of clearings and arroyos, it
presents an unbroken canopy of luxuriant leafage in the summer rainy season
and a myriad of living sticks in the spring dry season. Though the dominant
color of moist summer is green, it is highly varied between the pale, ashy leaf
of Manihot isoloba and the deep green of Ficus species. In fall and winter
it is broken and colored by trees in various stages of deciduation. Variegation
of autumn coloring includes the continued green of Tabebuia (amapa), the
red and vermilion of Caesalpinia platyloba, the changing yellow leaves of
Ipomoea arborescens (palo santo), and countless other hues determined by the
pigmental variation of the plants. In winter its beauty is continued by the
bright red flowers of Tabebuia Palmeri, the intense yellow flowers of Tabebuia
 VEGETATION 33

chrysantha, the white starlike canopies of Ipomoea arborescens, and other

winter bloomers.
In the long spring dry season the forest is a dreary scene: a naked infinite
host of trunks and branches, spreading interminably over the volcanic hills and
mesas, bared to the fiery sun, under which the last leaf seems to have withered
and died. He who walks this land in the month of May walks with a parched
throat. The plants are waiting for the rains and their union with the soil,
when like a piece of magic they turn the look of the dead into a fiesta of
voluptuous growth, all in a few brief days. The sudden starting of new leaves
with the first summer rain is aided greatly in many plants by the advanced
development they have attained in the bud. Ten days is sufficient to bring the
bare forest into green leaf, though it requires several weeks to bring the leaves
to maturity.
Like the Thorn Forest area, the Short-tree Forest is composed of two major
vegetative types: the deciduous uniform forest of the slopes, and the partially
evergreen cover of the canyon bottoms and arroyo margins. Thus the Short-
tree Forest proper is indented and irregularly striate with ribbons of green in
the dry season. These are riparian plants of variable associations, which will be
discussed below under "Plant habitats." In general it is a mesic group less
markedly affected by drought. Many of the plants have established root sys­
tems in the subterranean waters and are evergreen, as some of the species of
Ficus, Sassajridium macrophyllum, and Celtis iguanea, or partially spring de­
ciduous, as Taxodium mucronatum, Guazama ulmijolia, Montanoa Rosei, and
others. In the hot spring months the arroyos are oases between the arid and dull
hillsides. Small grasses and various flowers enliven the scene, cool air eddies
down the deep channels, and shade and water may be found to refresh the
traveler. Trails often take advantage of the clear strip offered by the stream
beds and follow them for miles.
Lists follow of prominent plants found on the Short-tree Forest slopes and in
the Short-tree Forest arroyo and canyon bottoms.

SLOPES (DECIDUOUS) BOTTOMS (EVERGREEN-DECIDUOUS)

Ceiba acuminata Taxodium mucronatum

Bursera inopinnata Platanus racemosa
Bursera grandifolia Sassafridium macrophyllum
Bursera fragilis Vitex mollis
Bursera stenophylla Guazuma ulmifolia
W i l l a r d i a mexicana Pithecolobium dulce
Conzattia sericea Celtis iguanea
Caesalpinia platyloba Prosopis chilensis
Caesalpinia Standleyi Pithecolobium mexicanum
Cassia emarginata Cassia emarginata
Cassia biflora Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Calliandra rupestris Cassia occidentalis
34 Rfo MAYO PLANTS

SLOPES—continuai BOTTOMS—continued
Acacia Coulteri Leucaena lanceolata
Lysiloma divaricata Lysiloma divaricata
Lysiloma Watsoni Randia echinocarpa
Tabebuia Palmeri Ficus cotinifolia
Tabebuia chrysantha Ficus padifolia
Pisonia capitata Pisonia capitata
Haematoxylon brasiletto Haematoxylon brasiletto
Coutarea pterosperma Franseria ambrosioides
Coutarea latiflora Solanum madrense
Wimmeria mexicana Solanum verbascifolium
Arundinaria longifolia Stemmadenia Palmeri
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum
Lemaireocereus Thurberi Opuntia spp.
Lemaireocereus montanus Piscidia mollis
Cephalocereus alensis Tithonia fruticosa
Hybanthus mexicanus Montanoa Rosei
Croton fragilis Urera caracasana
Jatropha platanifolia Hymenoclea monogyra
Jatropha cordata Baccharis glutinosa
Ipomoea arborescens Pithecolobium undulatum
Cochlospermum vitifolium

The Short-tree Forest tends to form three layers of foliage. The top-layer
dominants are, however, usually scattered, with the most common members not
adapted to colonial existence, hence the forest level is uneven in appearance;
see plate 5. Dominant species forming the leafy mounds above the more
uniform middle layer are the following: Ceiba acuminata, Lysiloma Watsoni,
L. divaricata, Bursera inopinnata, and Cochlospermum vitifolium, the tops of
which are 40 to 50 feet above ground. Conzattia sericea is the only high domi­
nant forming colonies in itself, and its presence leads to the most definite three-
layered forest. The species listed in figure 4 were either collected or observed
growing under Conzattia sericea.
Because of the wide and thin spacing of the leaves, Conzattia sericea forms
a light shade which is a benefit rather than a deterrent in the light factor for
many plants. The association is found only on steep slopes with a gradient
0
of 4 0 to 6o°. Annuals and herbaceous species are, however, greatly restricted
because of the shade aggregate of the several arborescent forms. The associa­
tion occurs high in the Short-tree Forest, above 2000 feet altitude, in the heart
of the area.

O A K FOREST

Of all the vegetation areas or life zones, the Oak Forest is the most distinct,
the most easily recognized, and the most readily characterized. It is a relatively
 VEGETATION 35

narrow strip on the western slope of the Sierra Madre dominated by deciduous
oaks and harsh bunch grasses, occupying elevations between 3000 and 5000 feet.
Growth is highly responsive to summer rains, somewhat so to winter rains, and
retarded by fall and spring dry seasons. There is a greater amount of activity
during the early spring than there is in the lower vegetation areas, and in favor­
able localities, particularly in canyons and on moist slopes, bloom is abundant.
The average perennial population is between 3000 and 4000 individuals per

FEET

60

FIG. 4. Conzattia sericea and associates

at 60-foot level: Conzattia sericea
under 40-foot level: Tabebuia Palmeri or
Bursera inopinnata or
Bursera fragilis
under 15-foot level: Montanoa Rosei or
Hybanthus mexicanus or
Calliandra rupestris

acre, of which 50 to 350 are trees with an average height of about 30 feet (Plant
Census plots 4 and 5, pp. 56-57).
The Oak Forest occupies two distinct types of terrain: the sierran slopes,
often steep, broken, and covered with fractured rock and litter (pi. 7 ) , and the
rolling hill land and mesas (savanna). The soil is principally of volcanic or
limestone origin, the slopes carrying considerable broken rock mixed with a
loose soil, and the mesas being commonly covered with a firm layer of cal­
careous clay and pebbles. Runoff is therefore rapid, with a consequent small
percentage of moisture retention. This is correlated with a strong xeromorphic
element in plant life: drought-deciduous oaks, harsh leaves, as in the grasses,
Perezia, Eupatorium, Macrosiphonia, and others, and a strong tendency to dis-
 RIO M A Y O P L A N T S

persion of cover. As in the Thorn and Short-tree forests, the cover is leafless
during the spring dry season—late February, March, April, May, and most of
June—and stands in a vast community of barren sticks and stems, the whole a
russet brown, like the tawny deer. Only the moist canyon bottoms are ever­
green. There is a prevailing litter of leaves.
The most common tree is Quercus chihuahuensis, which is found throughout
the area in abundance. It is displaced locally by Quercus albocincta, Q. tubercu-
lata, and others in moist or shady bottoms and slopes. The first is a small oak,
irregularly branched, with a trunk i foot or more in diameter, and growing
to a height of 15 to 25 feet. It forms an open, evenly spaced type of cover,
varying according to the available soil moisture and the nature of the terrain.
On the arid open slopes and mesas the trees are commonly 30 to 50 feet apart,
but in better-watered soils they are close enough for their crowns to touch, and
may attain a symmetrical outline and greater stature. The tree is deciduous
during the spring dry season.
With the oaks are the ubiquitous harsh bunch grasses, among the dominant
species of which are Muhlenbergia gracilis, M. Emersleyi, Andropogon cirrhatus,
and Heteropogon contortus. The latter often forms thick colonies thigh-high
on the lower slopes. The grama grasses are generally confined to local spots,
and Pennisetum Karwins\yi, Setaria geniculata, and Sorghum halapense form
local colonies in fertile open bottoms.
The palm Sabal uresana often occurs in the lower Oak Forest in the valleys,
particularly along watercourses. Nolina matapensis is widely distributed in
scattered colonies on the high arid slopes, and several species of Agave are
common about rock outcroppings and sunny exposures.
Shrubbery is commonly interspersed between and under the oaks, occa­
sionally forming colonies of single species, as with Tephrosia leiocarpa and
Dodonaea viscosa. Tithonia calva var. lancifolia is persistently scattered over
the oak mesas, and Calliandra Houstoniana is regularly found, usually under
the larger oaks in the moist bottoms and slopes.
The break between Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest is usually very dis­
tinct. Indeed, the line of separation may be as obvious as that between forest
and meadow in the pine country. There is almost no overlapping of respective
plant dominants, though there is overlapping in elevation occupancy. This is
evident when the Short-tree Forest follows a canyon above the elevation of oaks
on a neighboring mesa, and when the Short-tree Forest ascends several hundred
feet higher on southern exposure slopes than on northern. In the margins of
the two areas Randia laevigata and Wimmeria mexicana find congenial
habitats. Randia laevigata is apparently limited to a very closely confined
margin along the lowermost oaks.
The canyons of the Oak Forest are usually well watered and carry a highly
mixed arborescent flora and in open margins a great variety of herbaceous
 VEGETATION 37

species. They may be plants requiring equable temperatures, like those of

Sierra Saguaribo, or subject to winter frosts, like those near Guasaremos. In
the Saguaribo canyons are found many species previously known only from
more southern localities. Among these north-ranging plants of tropical lati­
tudes are the following: Cornus disciflora, Oreopanax peltatum, Hoffmannia
Rosei, Piper Palmeri (sp. uncertain), Buddleia parviflora, Solatium madrense,
Capsicum stramoniifolium, Vitex mollis, and Salvia elegans.
Here also are found far northern examples of the epiphytic habit, including
the bromeliad Tillandsia infiata, the orchids Laelia autumnalis and Epiden-
drum microbulbon, occurring on oak limbs (pi. 13, fig. 2 ) , and the pteridophyte
Psilotum nudum.
Overlapping of species between the Oak Forest and Short-tree Forest occurs
chiefly in the canyons, where equable temperatures and abundant moisture
afford suitable conditions for the intermingling of less narrowly adapted
species. Plants which are found in both these areas are commonly abundant
in one and restricted in occurrence in the other. Thus, Solarium madrense
is common in the Oak Forest and occurs only infrequently along arroyos at
lower elevations. The following table lists some of the principal plants common
to the Oak Forest and the Short-tree Forest:

OAK FOREST PLANTS DESCENDING SHORT-TREE FOREST PLANTS AS-

INTO SHORT-TREE FOREST CENDING INTO OAK FOREST
Solanum madrense Cestrum lanatum
Mimulus guttatus Vitex mollis
Mimulus verbenaceus Eysenhardtia polystachya
Acacia pennatula Lysiloma Watsoni
Dodonaea viscosa Polygonum pennsylvanicum
Manihot isoloba Erythrina flabelliformis (cliffs)
Platanus racemosa

Acacia pennatula is about the only dominant of the lower Oak Forest that
descends to the Short-tree Forest, where it is rather isolated and scattered. Acacia
cymbispina is another notable exception, mentioned before.

PINE FOREST

The Pine Forest area comprises the sierran region dominated by pines,
occupying elevations from about 5000 to 9000 feet above sea level. In the
Merriam zonal classification the region represents the Transition, Canadian,
and Hudsonian life zones. It is a heterogeneous and partly deciduous forest,
generally with an open type of cover, but may become dense in stands of oak,
pine, or fir on the moist shaded slopes, or parklike with high mountain
meadows. The population of forest trees and shrubs varies between 50 and 300
per acre.
38 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

The response to summer and winter rains is less immediate and pronounced
in the Pine Forest than in the lower regions, so that in place of a dual alter­
nating cycle, growth is merely abated or advanced with winter and summer.
Temperature is a factor more important than moisture in determining periods
of growth, indicating more of an affinity with temperate zones than with
tropic zones. The lower Pine Forest, where it intergrades with the Oak
Forest, however, commonly occupies a rocky terrain of fairly equable tempera­
tures, and, owing to rapid runoff, is comparatively arid.
The lower pines are an arid forest mixed with oaks, some of which are
deciduous, and with the widely distributed Arbutus arizonica (madrono)
and Clethra lanata, which is found locally on canyon slopes. There are a large
number of herbaceous species which are common to the Pine and Oak forests,
indicating a close ecologic relationship. The presence or dominance of pines,
whatever may be the factors supporting them, probably has most to do with
limiting many of the oaks and shrubs of the Oak Forest slopes. That is, the oak
associations would probably continue to higher elevations generally, if pines
were not established.
Much of the broad top of Sierra Saguaribo is covered with an arid pine
forest, made up largely of Pinus reflexa. On the slopes the soil is often cal­
careous and usually sparsely covered with grasses, and the pine stature is no
more than 40 to 50 feet. On the steeper gradients the "hand-basin" oak,
Quercus pennivenia, occurs mixed with the pines. Such elevations are over
5000 feet. Three pines common to the lower mountains were collected on
Sierra Canelo: Pinus reflexa, dominant on arid slopes; P. ayacahuite, dominant
on moist canyon slopes; and the sad pine, P. Lumholtzii, from a colony on an
arid chalky hill. Quercus epileuca often forms pure stands 40 to 60 feet high
on shaded canyon slopes. Arctostaphylos pungens and oaks form local colonies
on sunny slopes.
Canyon sides and streams support mixed groups, among which are Cupressus
arizonica, Alnus oblongifolia, Montanoa patens, Rhus tepetate, Ilex tolucana,
Senecio Hartwegii, and Prunus sp. Many riparian herbs occur, including
Begonia, Geranium, Trifoliutn, and grasses. On sunny moist slopes, such as
old milpa clearings, local jungle growth may occur, with a great mixture of
woody, herbaceous, and scandent types of growth. The following mixture was
collected in one such area on Sierra Canelo: Sicyosperma gracile, Dalea diffusa,
Cuphea llavea, Amicia zygomeris, Stachys coccinea, Salvia hispanica, Litsea
glaucescens, Mirabilis Wrightiana, Erythrina flabelliformis (observed on ad­
jacent rocks).
In the transition area between oaks and pines there is considerable over­
lapping of Oak Forest and Pine Forest species, especially of arid slope peren­
nials. The pines sometimes descend to localities as low as 3500 feet, as at
 VEGETATION 39

Tepopa and Guirocoba in the Rio Fuerte drainage, though they are too scat­
tered to form a forest. Quercus chihuahuensis and other Oak Forest oaks fre­
quently ascend on sunny open slopes to areas high above the lower limit of
pines. The transitional area is characterized also by rock outcroppings and
volcanic rims (see pi. 7 ) , to which lowland xerophytes ascend, as Erythrina
flabelliformis, Bursera laxiflora, Sabal uresana, Agave spp., Mammillaria spp.;
and on which certain indigenous species are found, as Ipomoea chilopsidis and
Tillandsia inflata. The rocks are often tinged green by a small alga. The
Guajaray Rim and the cliffs defining Sierra Saguaribo on the northwest are
two of the most spectacular rims in the Rio Mayo country. Together they
help to form a region of steep mountain faces with a scant vegetation highly
diversified in species and unique adaptations, all rather precariously rooted
on a perpendicular gradient and fanned by the winds of an open world.
The high pine region above 7000 feet receives the greatest precipitation, with
winter snows of annual occurrence. The pine stands become denser and on
the moist slopes reach heights of 100 feet and over; on shaded slopes they
may be locally displaced in dominance by stands of fir, Pseudotsuga mucronata,
and aspen, Popidus tremuloides. The dominant pine is probably Pinus ari-
zonica. Seeping meadows occur in the level intervening valleys and are
variably covered with grasses and herbs (pi. 9), the latter running preponder­
antly to composite species. A large dark oak, Quercus durifolia, and Quercus
sp. often form a marginal forest around the meadows. The soil on the whole
is argillaceous gravel.
Many of the slopes are rocky (lava, granite, sandstone), with thin soil, and
the forest is reduced in stature, of an open, regular dispersion with little shrub­
bery and intervening grasses and herbs. Species apparently restricted to the
high pine region are:

TREES AND SHRUBS HERBS

Pinus arizonica Peteria scoparia
Pseudotsuga mucronata Aquilegia Skinneri
Populus tremuloides Delphinium calcar-equitis
Arctostaphylos polifolia Stachys Bigelovii
Holodiscus dumosus Conioselinum mexicanum
Quercus incarnata Ranunculus pentadontus
Rhamnus pinetorum Cacalia pratensis
Cacalia decomposita
Iostephane heterophylla

PLANT HABITATS

The four vegetational areas fall readily into subdivisions based on local
topographic and soil conditions, and to some extent on climatic conditions.
Many species are dominant in one or another of these habitats and many are
4
4 o RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

restricted to a single habitat. The following lists have been made to indicate
the species that are restricted to each of the habitats or are dominant in them.
In most cases the lines of demarcation between the habitats are not rigid,
particularly where streams or streamways traverse one of the vegetational areas.
In general the vegetations are more distinct than the lists of species would
indicate.
The various habitats which form a natural basis for subdivision of the
vegetational areas may be characterized as follows:
Beach. The narrow littoral margin extending several hundred yards inland.
It is a low mixed association of shrubs with many succulents. The list of beach

THORN SHORT-TREE OAK PINE

FOREST FOREST FOREST FOREST

FEET FEET
60

i ; V
;
IP.

f ^ *' 20
\/ \
v

F I G . 5. Forest types and statures of the vegetation areas. Left to right: Lemaireocereus
Thurberi, Acacia cymbispina, Lemaireocereus montanus, Tabebuia Palmeri, Sabal uresana,
Quercus chihuahuensis, Pinus ayacahuite. Soil structure and bedrock diagrammatically
indicated.

plants is mainly based on observations at Las Bocas, 20 miles south of the

mouth of Río Mayo, where the association is about a quarter of a mile wide.
Coastal plain. A belt from 30 to 50 miles wide, merging into the foothill
valleys and encompassing several isolated volcanic peaks. Hundreds of square
miles are characterized by a close mixed vegetation of uniform height and
composition.
Mesa. These areas have a slight gradient, lie above the coastal plain, and
occur at various elevations. The mesas lie chiefly in the Thorn Forest area.
Where they occur in the Short-tree Forest they include Thorn Forest species.
Arroyo margin. This habitat adjoins or borders the arroyo banks and the
channel itself, lying between the latter and the contiguous slopes, and should be
conceived as apart from the streamways. Its soil is composed of a heterogeneous,
 VEGETATION 41

coarse, poorly sorted, usually rocky fill, and is commonly transient along degrad­
ing channels of the Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest areas. The plants have
less available soil moisture than those of the streamway habitat and those of
the canyon bottoms. This habitat is much less common in the Oak Forest and
generally lacking in the Pine Forest regions.
Streamways. These are the streamways themselves, with, on the whole, a
better-sorted burden than the arroyo margins, grading from cobblestones to
sand, and containing less clay. Most of the streams are intermittent. The plants
occupy the bed of the streamway or its banks, and are thus growing within the
influence of running, standing, or subterranean water.
Canyon bottoms. These are the steep slopes or narrow alluvial bands along
a stream which flows between abrupt, high walls. The water supply is adequate
and constant, as in the streamways, but the temperature and light intensity are
slightly lower than in that habitat, insolation is reduced or eliminated, and wind
movement is less.
Canyon and mountain slopes. In this habitat are included large areas with
0
gradients of 1 5 to 6o°, lying above the streamways and almost invariably
forested.
Cliffs. Whether overlooking streams or talus slopes, these are one of the
most arid habitats of the region, and support a distinctive association of plants.
Succulent and semisucculent plants are among the characteristic forms.
Hilltops and ridges. This habitat is confined to small areas in the rugged
mountain country, usually characterized by shallow soil and rock outcroppings.
The habitat is an arid one, very distinct from the mountain slopes and the
mesas.
Swamps. Swamps are rare and small in the Río Mayo region. In the Short-
tree Forest a few surround warm mineral springs of volcanic origin, carrying
salts which are apparently toxic to many species. Other swamps occur in the
playa of the valley of Guasaremos at the foot of the Oak Forest, and locally in
the Pine Forest.
In the tables on pages 42-48 the plants are listed in the order of their
abundance, making possible a rough comparison of the vegetation of a given
habitat in the several vegetational regions. The rare species have seldom been
included.
 4 2 RIO MAYO PLANTS

HABITAT TABLE

CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS OF THE BEACH IN THE THORN FOREST AREA

Rhizophora mangle Pedilanthus macrocarpus

Lemaireocereus T h u r b c r i S c a n d e n t composite, sp.
Maytenus phyllanthoides M a m m i l l a r i a sp.
L y c i u m sp. Stegnosperma halimifolium
Pachycereus pccten-aboriginum Prosopis chilensis
Rathbunia alamosensis

CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS OF THE COASTAL PLAIN IN THE THORN FOREST AREA

Prosopis chilensis Pedilanthus macrocarpus

Cercidium Torreyanum Forchammeria Watsoni
Lemaireocereus Thurberi Acacia cymbispina
Pachycereus pccten-aboriginum Opuntia mammillata
Opuntia fuliginosa T r i x i s californica
Rathbunia alamosensis Hclenium laciniatum
Opuntia Thurberi Mascagnia macroptera
Opuntia (small cylindropuntia) Condalia spathulata
Karwinskia Humboldtiana Cassia Covesii
Condalia lycioides Sphaeralcea Coulteri var. californica
Lycium exsertum Malpighia umbellata
Tillandsia rccurvata Serjania rutaefolia
Pithecolobium sonorae Acacia constricta
Jatropha cardiophylla Jatropha cinerea

CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS OF MESAS

Thorn Forest Short-tree Forest Oa\ Forest Pine Forest

Jatropha cordata Lysiloma divaricata Quercus chihuahuensis Pinus reflexa
Acacia cymbispina Acacia cymbispina Muhlenbergia Emersleyi Pinus L u m h o l t z i i
Lemaireocereus Thurberi Lemaireocereus Thurberi and other grasses Qucrcus pennivenia
Fouquieria Macdougalii Brongniartia alamosana Quercus albocincta Sec u n d e r "Characteristic
Cercidium Torreyanum Pachycereus pecten- Nolina matapensis plants o f canyon and
Bursera laxiflora aboriginum T i t h o n i a calva var. lanci- m o u n t a i n slopes"
Bursera filicifolia Franseria cordifolia folia
Opuntia spp. Jatropha cordata Dodonaea viscosa
Ffaematoxylon brasiletto Bursera spp. Dalea revoluta
Karwinskia Humbold­ Croton fragilis Vernonia Palmeri
tiana Haematoxylon brasiletto Castelleja lithospermoides
Brongniartia alamosana Jatropha platanifolia Lysiloma W a t s o n i
T a b e b u i a Palmeri T a b e b u i a Palmeri Lippia G c n t r y i
Caesalpinia caladenia Karwinskia Humbold­ Dalea tomentosa
Lippia P a l m e r i tiana Acacia cymbispina
Cordia sonorae Ferocactus sp. Buddleia parviflora
Pachycereus pecten- Ceiba acuminata V i t e x pyramidata
aboriginum Caesalpinia platyloba K r a m e r i a prostrata
Randia obcordata Caesalpinia Standleyi Polygala glochidiata
Krameria paucifolia Pectis stenophylla T h r y a l l i s glauca
Acacia constricta Coutarea pterosperma Eriosema grandiflorum
Jatropha cinerea [pomoea arborescens Echinocereus sp.
Acacia pennatula Opuntia spp.
C o n o b e a intermedia Dyssodia cancellata
K r a m e r i a prostrata
Porophyllum gracile
Funastrum cumanense
 VEGETATION
43
HABITAT TABLE—Continued
CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS OF ARROYO MARGINS, INCLUDING MEADOWS IN P I N E FOREST

Thorti Forest Short-tree Forest Oa\ Forest Pine Forest

Prosopis chilensis Prosopis chilensis Grasses M e a d o w grasses and
Acacia cymbispina Pachycereus pecten- Quercus albocincta sedges
Lemaireocereus T h u r b e r i aboriginum Quercus tuberculata Quercus durifolia
Pachycereus pecten- L y s i l o m a divaricata Calliandra Houstoniana Stevia viscida
aboriginum Acacia occidentalis D e s m o d i u m cinerascens T a g e t e s jaliscana
Pithccolobium m e x i - Piscidia mollis Acacia pennatula T a g e t e s lucida
canum J a c q u i n i a pungens Heliocarpus polyandrus Tagetes filifolia
Opuntia mammillata R a n d i a echinocarpa M i m o s a laxiflora Mendia canadensis
Cercidium Torreyanum Cassia emarginata Zinnia linearis Eryngium gramineum
Vallesia glabra Erythroxylon mexicanum Ipomoea heterophylla Dalea polygonoides
Olncya tesota Acacia cymbispina Ipomoea leptotoma Dalea filiformis
Acacia occidentalis Guaiacum Coulteri Acacia cymbispina Pentstemon Gentryi
Lycium Berlandieri var. B r o n g n i a r t i a alamosana Desmodium angusti- Bouteloua spp.
longistylum Croton fragilis folium Xanthocephalum gymno-
Jacquinia pungens Caesalpinia p u l c h e r r i m a Pectis imberbis spermoides
Janusia californica Bursera penicillata T e p h r o s i a leiocarpa V i g u i e r a cordifolia
Mascagnia macroptera Bursera sp. Acuan bicornutus Gnaphalium spp.
Condalia spathulata Caesalpinia Standleyi Mellichampia ligulata Galinsoga parviflora
Opuntia Thurberi Lemaireocereus Thurberi Ipomoea Gentryi Ipomoea leptoloma
Rathbunia alamosensis Cercidium Torreyanum Opuntia sp. Sidalcea n e o m e x i c a n a
Ferocactus sp. Cassia biflora Lysiloma W a t s o n i Opuntia sp.
Pithecolobium sonorae Mascagnia macroptera Castelleja patriotica
Mimosa P a l m e r i H a e m a t o x y l o n brasiletto Verbena elegans var.
Grasses Bunchosia sonorensis asperata
Opuntia fuliginosa Diphysa racemosa Aster G e n t r y i
Acacia F a r n e s i a n a Diphysa occidentalis Brassica campestris
Acuan virgatus Janusia californica R a n u n c u l u s pentadontus
Lycium exsertum Marsdenia edulis Sicyos parviflorus
Passiflora m e x i c a n a M i m o s a purpurascens Heliopsis parvifolia
Asclepias subulata Acuan virgatus Gentiana superba
Populus sp. Vincetoxicum caudatum Erigeron divergens
V i n c e t o x i c u m tristeflorum G a u r a gracilis forma
I p o m o e a pedicellaris glandulosa
I p o m o e a lactescens Stevia Pringlei
I p o m o e a arborescens Agastache ionocalyx
Serjania Palmeri L u p i n u s Sitgreavesii
Solanum amazonium Monarda austromontana
Hyptis albida Prunella vulgaris
Tournefortia Hartwegi- Guardiola arguta
ana Cologania humilis
Lantana achyranthifolia Zornia diphylla
Anisacanthus T h u r b e r i Trifolium involucratum
Passiflora foetida Geranium niveum
Populus sp. Cosmos Pringlei
Salix Bonplandiana
 44 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

HABITAT TABLE—Continued

CHARACTERISTIC STREAMWAY PLANTS

Thorn Forest Short-tree Forest Oa\ Forest Fine Forest

Prosopis chilensis Guazuma ulmifolia Grasses and sedges Cupressus arizonica
Baccharis glutinosa Celtis iguanea Quercus albocincta Quercus durifolia
Franseria ambrosioides Baccharis glutinosa Sabal uresana Grasses and sedges
Pithecolobium mexi- Franseria ambrosioides Quercus tuberculata Montanoa patens
canum Montanoa Rosei Salix sp. Eryngium gramineum
Hymenoclea monogyra Hymenoclea monogyra Platanus racemosa Desmodium cinerascens
Guazuma ulmifolia Pisonia capitata Desmodium cinerascens Geranium niveum
Celtis iguanea Ficus cotinifolia Desmodium purpureum Platanus racemosa
Albizzia sinaloensis Ficus petiolaris Jussiaea suffruticosa Prunella vulgaris
Salix Bonplandiana Pithecolobium dulce Montanoa patens Cornus disciflora
Pithecolobium dulce Piscidia mollis Mimosa laxiflora Trifolium involucratum
Sphaeralcea Coulteri Randia echinocarpa Lobelia laxiflora Zornia diphylla
Populus sp. Randia Watsoni Cornus disciflora Oxalis albicans
Lycium exsertum Prosopis chilensis Stevia trifida Geranium geoides
Lycium Berlandieri var. Pithecolobium undulatum Randia Rosei (sp.?) Mimulus guttatus
Pithecolobium mexi- Kosteletzkya Thurberi Mentha canadensis
longistylum
Quercus chihuahuensis Scutellaria sp.
Stegnosperma halimi- canum
Persea podadenia Begonia spp.
folium Taxodium mucronatum
Echinocystis cirrhope- Stenorrhynchus auranti-
Piscidia mollis Pachycereus pecten-
Acacia cymbispina aboriginum dunculatus acus
Randia echinocarpa Salix Bonplandiana Agave mayoensis Prunus Capuli
Lysiloma divaricata Stemmadenia Palmeri Erythraea Douglasii Prunus Gentryi
Pachycereus pecten- Mascagnia macroptera Mimulus pallens Tripsacum lanceolatum
aboriginum Ipomoea arborescens var. Tithonia sp. Minkelersia galactoides
Taxodium mucronatum glabrata Tagetes alamensis
Ficus cotinifolia Lagascea decipiens Mimulus pallens
Mascagnia macroptera Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Brickellia Coulteri Iresine interrupts
Lagascea decipiens Clematis Drummondii
Funastrum clausum
Populus sp.
Croton ciliato-glandu-
losus
Cassia uniflora
Cassia occidentalis
Datura meteloides
Datura inoxia
Tithonia fruticosa
Indigofera suffruticosa
Euphorbia cuphosperma
Calliandra eriophylla
Heliotropium angiosper-
mum
Heliotropium mexicanum
Solanum madrense Short-tree—continued
Sideroxylon angustifo- Bidens sambucifolia
lium Anisacanthus abditus
Jarilla chocóla Jacobinia mexicana
Mimulus floribundus Solanum nigrum var.
N a m a jamaicense Cosmos sulphureus
Stellarla montana Lysiloma divaricata
 VEGETATION 45
H A B I T A T TABLE—Continued

CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS OF CANYON BOTTOMS

Short-tree Forest Oa\ Forest Pine Forest

G u a z u m a ulmifolia Quercus albocincta Cupressus arizonica
Ficus cotinifolia Quercus epileuca Quercus epileuca
Platanus racemosa Alnus oblongifolia Alnus oblongifolia
L y s i l o m a divaricata Platanus racemosa Platanus racemosa
Pisonia capitata Ilex rubra Hex tolucana
Ficus radulina Baccharis thesioides Cornus disciflora
Ficus padifolia T i t h o n i a fruticosa Pseudotsuga mucronata
Taxodium mucronatum Oreopanax peltatum T r i u m f e t t a chihuahuensis
V i t e x mollis Cornus disciflora Salvia elegans var. sono-
Sassafridium macrophyl- Calliandra Houstoniana rensis
lum D e s m o d i u m cinerascens Equisetum laevigatum
Solarium verbascifolium Guardiola platyphylla Prunus Capuli
Sapindus Saponaria Acalypha subviscida Hyptis mutabilis
Heliocarpus polyandrus T h a l i c t r u m Fendleri Monarda austromontana
Celtis iguanea Lobelia laxiflora M e l a m p o d i u m perfolia-
Sideroxylon angustifo- Cestrum lanatum tum
lium S o l a n u m n i g r u m var.
M i m u l u s pallens
Serjania m e x i c a n a Mimulus verbenaceus
Valeriana apiifolia
T r i c h i l i a hirta M i m u l u s guttatus
Geranium Wislizeni
Stemmadenia Palmeri Muhlenbergia gracilis
Gnaphalium Wrightii
Psidium Sartorianum Eupatorium spp.
Saracha j a l t o m a t a
Leucaena lanceolata Phytolacca icosandra
Cuphea W r i g h t i i
Achras zapota Solanum madrense
Hypoxis decumbens
Ceiba acuminata Cuphea W r i g h t i i
M o n t a n o a patens
Acalypha polystachya Dalea diffusa
I p o m o e a muricata
Lysiloma Watsoni T r i p s a c u m lanceolatum
Kosteletzkya Thurberi
Prunus Zingii Vitis arizonica
Brickellia betonicaefolia
Arundinaria longifolia Hyptis mutabilis
Euphorbia Plummerae
Dryopteris sp. Eupatorium filicaule
Crusea cruciata
Dorstenia Drakeana Calea scabrifolia
Prunus Gentryi
Sclerocarpus spathulatus Cyperus lanceolatus var.
Carminatia tenuiflora
Milleria quinqueflora compositus Eriosema p u l c h e l l u m
Alvaradoa amorphoides Ipomoea heterophylla Ophryosporus scabrellus
Cestrum lanatum Prunus virens Senecio Hartwegii
S o l a n u m gracile Capsicum stramoniifo-
Hyptis suaveolens lium
Lantana hórrida Hoffmannia Rosei
Lagascea decipiens Prunus Zingii
B o n p l a n d i a geminiflora Lotus alamosanus
C o m m e l i n a elegans Phaseolus sonorensis
U r e r a caracasana Rhynchosia macrocarpa
Lasiacis ruscifolia D e s m o d i u m purpureum
Persea podadenia Dryopteris Féeì
Physalis leptophylla C o m m e l i n a elegans
Gronovia scandens Lagascea helianthifolia
Pithecolobium u n d u l a t u m var. suaveolens
B u m e l i a arborescens
Eupatorium filicaule
Sho rt-tree—co ntimied
R i v i n a humilis
Mellichampia ligulata
Ayenia P a l m e r i
A d i a n t u m sp.
V i n c e t o x i c u m tristeflorum
Dryopteris parasitica
 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

HABITAT TABLE—Continued

CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS OF CANYON AND MOUNTAIN SLOPES

Thorn For est Short-tree Forest Oa\ Forest Fine Forest

Coursetia glandulosa Lysiloma divaricata Quercus chihuahuensis Pinus ayacahuite
Jatropha cordata Pachycereus pecten- Quercus albocincta Pinus reflexa
Fouquieria Macdougalii aboriginum Quercus tuberculata Arbutus arizonica
Mimosa Palmerl Ceiba acuminata Grasses Quercus epileuca
Bursera spp. Bursera inopinnata Nolina matapensis Quercus pennivenia
Acacia cymbispina Bursera confusa D o d o n a e a viscosa Quercus diversicolor
Lcmaircocercus Thurberi Bursera fragilis T e p h r o s i a lciocarpa Quercus arizonica
Croton fragilis Lysiloma W a t s o n i Z e x m e n i a fasciculata Pseudotsuga m u c r o n a t a
Karwinskia Humbold- T a b e b u i a Palmeri Eriosema grandiflorum Populus tremuloides
tiana Ipomoea arborescens Sabal uresana Pinus arizonica

Pachycereus pccten- Caesalpinia platyloba Lysiloma Watsoni Quercus incarnata

aboriginum Bursera grandifolia Agave bovicornuta Arctostaphylos pungens

Opuntia T h u r b e r i Conzattia sericea Agave Shrevei Bouvardia glaberrima

Opuntia (platyopuntia Willardia m e x i c a n a Z e x m e n i a ceanothifolia Ceanothus coeruleus

sp.") Jatropha platanifolia Zexmenia podocephala Ceanothus depressus

Lemaireocereus T h u r b e r i Perezia T h u r b e r i Ceanothus ochracea
Lysiloma divaricata
Lemaireoccreus m o n t a n a Baccharis alamosana Salvia muscarioides
Brongniartia alamosana
Bursera stenophylla Salvia alamosana V a l e r i a n a apiifolia
Coutarea pterosperma
H a e m a t o x y l o n brasiletto T h r y a l l i s glauca T e p h r o s i a leucantha
Cassia emarginata
Brongniartia alamosana M a n i h o t isoloba Vicia pulchella
Randia obeordata
Croton fragilis Dalea Grayi Salvia G o l d m a n i i
H a e m a t o x y l o n brasiletto
Jatropha cordata Dalea revoluta D e s m o d i u m sp.
Elytraria squamosa
Cassia biflora Ferocactus alamosanus Desmodium batocaulon
L a n t a n a velutina
G u a i a c u m Coulteri T r i u m f e t t a spp. Desmodium mexicanum
Lippia Palm cr i
Hybanthus mexicanus Eysenhardtia polystachya W o o d w a r d i a spinulosa
Franscria cordimi ia
Coursetia glandulosa Brickellia Pringlei Gaultheria odorata
Diphysa occidentalis
Cephalocereus alensis Perezia m o n t a n a Pentstemon sp.
Cacsalpinia caladenia
T a b e b u i a chrysantha T e p h r o s i a leucantha Pentstemon sp.
Cordia sonorae
Calliandra rupestris Acacia crinita Seymaria chihuahuana
Cassia biflora
M u h l e n b e r g i a dumosa Milla biflora Lotus puberulus
Erythrina flabelliformis
Arundinaria longifolia Echeandia brevifolia Grasses
T a b e b u i a Palmeri
Guaiacum Coulteri Coutarea latiflora B u c h n e r a pusilla
M o n t a n o a patens
Ipomoea arborescens Sebastiania Pringlei Castelleja lithospermoides
D a l e a spp.
Cacsalpinia Standleyi S a p i u m appendiculatum Vernonia Palmeri
Geranium Wislizeni
Cacsalpinia platyloba Acacia Coulteri Lippia G e n t r y i
Stevia P l u m m e r a e
Scrjania Palmeri Dioscorea convolvulácea Laelia autumnalis
Macrosiphonia hypoleuca
Bursera confusa M a m m i l l a r i a spp.
var. grandifolia Schoenocaulon Drum-
Dalca Palmeri D a l e a leucostachys
Nissolia P r i n g l e i mondii
Operculina Palmeri Dalea tomentosa
Jarilla chocóla Mimosa Lindheimeri
Dalea occidentalis Pinus ayacahuite
M a n i h o t isoloba I p o m o e a Iaeta
Janusia californica Pellaea flexuosa
Marsdenia edulis Cologania angustifolia
Solanum amazonium Buddleia parviflora
M o n t a n o a Rosei Borreria suaveolens
Euphorbia plicata (sp.?) T e p h r o s i a arcuata
Randia echinocarpa Habenaria spp.
Mascagnia macroptera Hoffmanseggia m u l t i j u g a
E u p h o r b i a colletioides Indigofera sphaerocarpa
Mimosa sp. Guardiola platyphylla
A n t i g o n o n leptopus Perymenium stenophyl-
Hyptis S e e m a n n i i
Jacobinia candicans lum
Trixis Wrightii
Capsicum baccatum Erigeron orcophilus
Acacia pennatula
Short-tree—continuai Tetramerium sp. L a m o u r o u x i a coccínea
R a n d i a Rosei
Bignonia unguis-cati Lagascea decipiens Eriosema pulchellum
Brickellia betonicaefolia
Arrabidaca littoralis Perymenium sp. Stevia spp.
Ipomoea pcdicellaris Tradescantia s e m i s o m n a
Operculina Palmeri Calliandra Gentryi
Solanum amazonium T i g r i d i a Pringlei

t
 VEGETATION 47

H A B I T A T TABLE—Continued

CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS OF CLIFFS

Thorn Forest Short-tree Forest Oa\ Forcst Lower Pine Forest

Lemaireocereus Thurberi Agave mayoensis Agave mayoensis Pinus reflexa
Bursera laxiflora Bursera laxiflora Ferocactus alamosanus Quercus chihuahuensis
Bursera filicifolia Bursera sp. Agave bovicornuta Agave mayoensis
Agave mayoensis M a m m i l l a r i a spp. M a m m i l l a r i a spp. M a m m i l l a r i a spp.
Mammillaria spp. P l u m e r í a mollis Nolina microcarpa Ferns
Ficus petiolaris Ficus petiolaris Sabal uresana Erythrina flabelliformis
Fouquieria Macdougalii Lemaireocereus Thurberi Ferns Clethra lanata
Perityle cordifolia Erythrina flabelliformis Laelia autumnalis Heuchera rubescens
Rucllia californica Sabal uresana Quercus chihuahuensis Yucca sp.
lacobinia m e x i c a n a Lysiloma Watsoni Bursera laxiflora Randia mollifolia
Agave spp. Dasylirion W h e e l e r i Perityle Lloydii
Hcchtia sp.
F o u q u i e r i a Macdougalii Erythrina flabelliformis Psilotum n u d u m
T i l l a n d s i a inflata Maurandia flaviflora Ipomoea chilopsidis
Iresine H a r t m a n n i i Pinus reflexa Ferocactus alamosanus
Jacobinia m e x i c a n a Ficus petiolaris Nolina microcarpa
Cheilanthes Kaulfussii Tillandsia inflata Echinocereus Gentryi
Cheilanthes Lindheimeri Lysiloma Watsoni
Notholaena candida Echinocereus Gentryi
Notholaena sinuata
Selaginella cuspidata
Ficus cotinifolia
Echinocereus Gentryi
E u c n i d e hypomalaca
B o n p l a n d i a geminiflora
H e c h t i a sp.
Russellia multiflora
Russellia verticillata
Perityle cordifolia
Laelia autumnalis
Maurandia flaviflora
Henrya Ortegana
Phaseolus speciosus
 48 RIO MAYO PLANTS

H A B I T A T TABLE—Continued

CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS OF HILLTOPS AND RIDGES

Thorn Forest Short-tree Forest 0a\ Forest

Jatropha cordata Bursera Iaxiflora Quercus chihuahuensis
Lemalreocereus Thurberi Bursera confusa Ipomoea arborescens var.
Acacia cymbispina Wimmeria mexicana pachylutea
Karwinskia Humbold- Randia laevigata Bursera confusa
tiana Krameria paucifolia Bursera stenophylla
Agave yaquiana Krameria parvifolia Erythrina flabelliformis
Bursera spp. Erythrina flabelliformis Randia laevigata
Sapium appendiculatum Agave bovicornuta
Krameria paucifolia
Sebastiania Pringlei Dodonaea viscosa
Mammillaria spp.
Lemaireocereus Thurberi Muhlenbergia Emersleyi
Acacia Willardiana
Pachycereus pecten- Muhlenbergia gracilis
aboriginum Andropogon sp.
Tabebuia Palmeri Heteropogon spp.
Cardiospermum halicaca- Mammillaria spp.
bum Echinocereus spp.
Chiococca petrina Tephrosia leiocarpa
Ceiba acuminata
Agave spp.
Mammillaria spp.
Porophyllum macro-
cephalum
Acacia cymbispina
Manihot angustiloba
Cheilanthes sp.
Talinum triangulare
Lysiloma divaricata
Pectis imberbis

CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS OF SWAMPS

Short-tree Forest Pme Forest

Sesbania sesban Cyperus niger var. cas-
Cyperus digitatus taneus
Cyperus polystachyos var. Cyperus spp.
leptostachyus Muhlenbergia rigens
Scirpus americanus Eryngium gramineum
Sartwellia mexicana Heteranthera limosa
Fuirena simplex Mimulus guttatus
Arundo donax Mimulus pallens
Bramia monnieri Sisyrinchium scabrum
Rotala ramosior Cacalia pratensis
Eustoma exaltatum Gentiana superba
Vallesia glabra Mentha canadensis
Heteranthera limosa Tagetes Pringlei
Ilysanthes inequalis
Samolus ebracteatus
Prosopis chilensis
 VEGETATION

"ISLAND" HABITATS

"Island" habitats are isolated plant associations surrounded by a different

type of vegetation. They appear to be determined by local conditions of soil or
topography. A few significant ones were observed in the Río Mayo country and
are listed and briefly described.

San Bernardo Thorn Forest Island

Immediately west of the pueblo of San Bernardo is a low mesa comprising
some 40 or 60 square acres. The soil is poor and thin, being for the most part
gravel from disintegrating granite, outcrops of which show frequently on the
mesa. Because of this poverty of soil and slightly lower precipitation than in
the surrounding area, the cover is much reduced in density. The general aspect
of the cover is open dispersion like that of arboreal desert or Thorn Forest. The
average tree stature is low (18 to 20 feet), with Acacia cymbispina the most
common tree. A thriving Short-tree Forest surrounds the area and contributes
several species, which, however, are comparatively stunted in growth on the
mesa. Interspersed with the trees are giant cactus. There is a thin ground
cover of grasses and Pectis stenophylla. In the summer rainy season small
alluvial pockets send up thick colonies of annuals, as Cassia uniflora and
Boerhaavia sp. Following is a list of the principal plants, approximately in the
order of their abundance:
WOODY PLANTS HERBS
Acacia cymbispina Grasses
Lemaireocereus Thurberi Pectis stenophylla
Mimosa Palmeri Cassia uniflora
Lysiloma divaricata Boerhaavia Torreyana
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum Boerhaavia Xanti
Karwinskia Humboldtiana Commicarpus scandens
Ferocactus sp. Nicotiana trigonophylla
Haematoxylon brasiletto Martynia altheaefolia
Mascagnia macroptera
Piscidia mollis
Ipomoea pedicillaris
Ipomoea arborescens var. glabrata
Acacia Farnesiana
Bunchosia sonorensis
Malpighia umbellata

Tablón Oa\ Forest Island

In the Thorn Forest hills near Tablón occurs a remarkable instance of oak
isolation. Between hills covered top to bottom by Thorn Forest is a low hill
of red, coarse volcanic soil inhabited solely by a small species of oak, probably
50 RIO M A Y O PLAN'IS

Quercus chihuahuensis. The Thorn Forest hills rise iooo feet or more above
the low oak hill. The nearest neighboring oaks are several miles away, on
higher mountains above the 2500-foot elevation. The obvious explanation of the
oak occurrence is the red volcanic soil with which they are here associated.
It is distinct from the surrounding soils and appears more closely related to
soils of ordinary Oak Forest elevations. Apparently soil may be as important
in determining the distribution of oaks as elevation and rainfall. It is also to be
noted that the gradient of the island hill is moderate, a circumstance which
may affect the establishment of either Oak or Thorn Forest.

Alamos Desert Island

Immediately northeast of Alamos is an area stretching over a foothill plain

and foothill slope of westerly exposure. It is covered by a regularly dispersed
plant population composed almost entirely of Jatropha cordata and Karwins\ia
Humboldtiana. They have about the height and density of the stands of
Larrea divaricata in southern Arizona, and strongly suggest that type of desert
cover. The island lies in the Short-tree Forest area with an annual precipita­
tion of about 20 inches, which is far above that of desert areas. The soil again
suggests itself as the determining factor in limiting plant growth. It is thin,
compact, and gravelly, with a rapid runoff. See plate 10, figure 2.
 P L A N T CENSUS, SUCCESSION, A N D U S E

PLANT CENSUS

The following population counts were taken in the latter part of March and
early part of April 1938. The plots were selected as typical of the different
types of forest: 6 and 7 Thorn Forest, 2 and 3 Short-tree Forest, 4 and 5 Oak
Forest. Though the general composition of the forests is uniform, there is still
considerable variability in the former two. For example, in the Short-tree
Forest, on plot 2 Bursera inopinnata is the dominant tree; on plot 3 dominance
is maintained collectively by Lysiloma divaricata, Ceiba acuminata, Tabebuia
Palmeri, and Bursera inopinnata. Had more plots in other areas of the Short-
tree Forest been made, still more shifting of dominants would have been
apparent, and Conzattia sericea, Bursera confusa, Ipomoea arborescens var.,
and others would have come in strongly. Yet they do not appear on any of
the plots. The same is true of shrub populations.
Plot 1 was made for comparative purposes in the Rio Fuerte watershed south
of Alamos. I had previously taken the cover to be Thorn Forest, but the results
indicate a cover intermediate between Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.
Though the forest stature and the species Acacia cymbispina, Mimosa Palmeri,
and Opuntia Thurberi, all of which figured strongly in the vegetation, are
typical of Thorn Forest, the general complexion and the occurrence of Lysiloma
divaricata are very like Short-tree Forest.
The counts were made during the dry season, and most of the plants were
leafless. Though this improved the visibility, it made identification a little
difficult, particularly for quick recognition of species in counting.
The great majority of the unknowns were small leafless perennials, such as
the root crowns of browsed bushes, leafless seedlings, and the like. They repre­
sent the unidentifiable remnants of listed species with but few exceptions. On
no plot would they increase the number of species by more than 3 or 4. Their
utility in the table is to fill out to totality the number of perennial plants per acre,
and in most instances I allowed a small overcount in the "unknowns" to com­
pensate for the missing of plants by the eye in crowded populations.
Dead wood counts represent stumps of cut trees, and trees and shrubs dead
from a natural cause, fallen or standing. These are not included in the totals.
On all plots all the trees and shrubs over 5 feet high were counted. The
seedlings, small saplings, and perennial herbs when abundant, for example
Lantana velutina, Croton fragilis (plot 1 ) , and numerous others, were counted
in one lane only, which represented one-third of the plot; totals were then
calculated.
Mrs. Marie Gentry assisted in the work and tabulated the tables as the names
of the plants were called out to her.
52 RIO MAYO PLANTS

PLANT CENSUS

PLOT I

(Plate 1 2 , figure i )
Transition from Thorn Forest to Short-tree Forest, 5 miles south of Alamos; exposure
south, gradient about 5 per cent, soil red gravelly clay with basaltic
cobbles and boulders. Elevation 1000 feet.

Maximum No. No.

Total
Perennial species stature under over
5 ft. (est.)* per acre f
(ft.) 5 ft.
Lysiloma divaricata 25 654 72 1452
Haematoxylon brasiletto .... 20 162 18 360
Brongniartia alamosana .... 20 84 56 280
.... 20 60 40 200
Mimosa Palmeri .... 20 6 48 I08
.... 20 4 14 36
.... 20 4 14 36
.... 20 15 3°
Karwinskia Humboldtiana .... 20 6 6 24
12 IO 20
Randia obcordata 15 5 IO
Cassia emarginata l8-20 4 8
Bursera grandifolia . . . . l8-20 3 6
Lemaireocereus Thurberi 20 3 6
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum .... 25 1
Opuntia Thurberi 12 40
Opuntia sp I 24
6
Stature
1-6 3078
1-12 800
Abutilon sp 1-3 100
Solanum amazonium 1-3 100
I- 6 100
Carlowrightia sp *> 5 52
vine 44
Benthamantha sp 1- 4 24
vine 4
Exogonium bracteatum vine 2
Caesalpinia pulcherrima 6 1

Unknown 1000
164

Elytraria squamosa, common

Grass (annual), scattered
Total: species, 30 individuals, 7952$

* The number of saplings in proportion to the number of trees over 5 feet in height is estimated
for this plot on a percentage basis of the counted total. In the following plots it is based on actual
counts.
t Totals per acre are based on actual counts for a half-acre, here and in the following plots.
I Dead wood is not included in the total, here and in the following plots.
 P L A N T CENSUS, SUCCESSION, AND U S E 53

PLANT CENSUS—Continued
PLOT 2

Climax Short-tree Forest, 1.5 miles east of San Bernardo; exposure northwest,
gradient about 25 per cent, sandy basaltic soil. Elevation 1000 feet.

Adult No. No.

Total
Perennial species stature under over per acre
(ft.) 5 ft. 5 ft.

Bursera inopinnata ... 40-50 12 24

Lysiloma divaricata .... 40-50 2 6 16
Ceiba acuminata .... 40-50 2 4
Cassia emarginata .... 20-30 IO 20
Bursera grandifolia .... 40-50 2 4
Jatropha cordata .... 15-25 18 50 136
Jatropha platanifolia 10-12 38 100 276
Willardia mexicana . . . . 20-30 7 14
Guaiacum Coulteri 20-25 17 34
-20 19 38
Karwinskia Humboldtiana -20 19 38
. . .. -15 11 22
5 IO
i 2
i 2
i 2
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum • • • • -35 40 21 122
Lemaireocereus Thurberi .... -25 8 6 28
.... -15 2 4
Pithecolobium undulatum 2
Under Over
ft.
3 3 ft.
- 8 153 361 1028
- 6 31 71 204
- 2 582
.... - 3 288
112
vine 60
68
Tournefortia Hartwegiana (?) .... -5 24
Lycium Berlandieri var. longistylum ( ? ) . ... 2
- 6 316
I
Opuntia Thurberi ••• ••• 4
Ferocactus sp
2
Unknown • •• •'• • 9
6 0
Dead wood ••• •••
Salvia galinsogifolia, present
Phacelia sp., present
Total: species, 34 individuals, 3596
 RIO M A Y O P L A N T S
54

PLANT CENSUS—Continued

PLOT 3

(Plate 1 1 , figure 2)

Climax Short-tree Forest, 3.5 miles southeast of San Bernardo above A r r o y o San
Bernardo; exposure southeast, gradient about 40 per cent, soil basaltic loam
with fractured cobbles and boulders. Elevation 1000 feet.

Maximum
Perennial species stature
(ft.)

40-50 50
32
40 20
40 36
30 18
30 4
25 8
25 8
25 2
20 122
20 60
25 8
20 32
8
20 4
22
10
14
22
2
25 2
25 2
40 34
25 4
10
34
5 1130
6 534
l8 214
6 196
5 282
2 324
7 140
4 100
5 72
36
64
M
4 6
6 26

{Continued on following page)

 PLANT CENSUS, SUCCESSION, AND USE 55

PLANT CENSUS—Continued

PLOT 3—Continued

Maximum
Total
Perennial species stature per acre
(ft.)
Antigonon leptopus vine 32
Marsdenia edulis vine 30
Mascagnia macroptera vine 16
Cissus sp. (?) vine 4
Tournefortia volubilis vine 1
Unknown, sparingly present, including Lantana
velutina, Plumbago scandens, Berginia virgata,
Tetramerium sp 626
Dead wood 60

Seedlings and saplings generally lacking

Total: species, 49 individuals, 4415

56 RIO M A Y O P L A N T S

PLANT CENSUS—Continued

PLOT 4

Climax Oak Forest, Curohui, valley slope; exposure northwest, gradient 5 to 1 5 per cent,
soil calcareous black loam with limestone rocks partly covered with oak-leaf
litter and humus. Elevation about 3500 feet.

Maximum No. No.

Total
Perennial species stature under over
per acre
(ft.) 5 ft. 5ft.

Quercus chihuahuensis 30 81 60 282

Quercus tuberculata _
35 4<3 81 25 212
Quercus albocincta 40-50 60 44 208
Acacia pennatula 30 57 23 160
Lysiloma Watsoni 25 27 5 64
Pinus ayacahuite (?) 60 2
Agave bovicornuta 6
Ferocactus alamosanus
Stature
Brickellia betonicaefolia 1-4 492
Zexmenia sp 1-5 408
Brickellia Pringlei 1-4 264
Tephrosia leiocarpa 1-3 162
Zexmenia Seemannii 1-4 132
Salvia alamosana 1-3 108
Eriosema grandiflorum 1-2 72
Triumfetta discolor 42
Rhus allophyloides 1-3 36
Composite sp 30
Desmodium sp 18
Randia Rosei 1-6 12
Phoradendron scaberrimum 6
Acacia crinita 6
Stevia sp 6
Vernonia Palmeri 6
Corallorrhiza grandiflora 6
Senecio sp i
Guardiola platyphylla t

Unknown 792
Dead wood 18

No grass

Total: species, 27 individuals, 3538

 P L A N T CENSUS, SUCCESSION, AND USE 57

PLANT CENSUS—Continued

PLOT 5

(Plate 7 )

C l i m a x O a k Forest, Curohui, hill slope; exposure west, gradient 1 5 to 20 per cent,

soil thin a n d rocky. Elevation about 3500 feet.

Maximum No. No.

Total
Perennial species stature under over
per acre
(ft.) ft.
5 5 ft.

Quercus chihuahuensis . . 20 14 28
Quercus tuberculata . . . . 20 8 16
Lysiloma Watsoni 25 5 5 20
Eysenhardtia polystachya 15 1 6 14
15 4 8
Acacia pennatula 15 2 2 8
4

Stature
Plumeria mollis O.5-6 14
Ferocactus alamosanus . . 8
2
Zexmenia fasciculata . . . . 1-4 1896
Tephrosia leiocarpa 1-3 522
Brickellia betonicaefolia . 1-4 36
D e s m o d i u m cinerascens . 1-5 36
Guardiola platyphylla . . . 1-4 108
1-2 30
Eriosema grandiflorum . 24
1-4 20
1-5 132
1-3 18
6
Ampelocissus acapulcensis vine 4

486
2

Harsh bunch-grass cover of Muhlenbergia gracilis ?

indiv iduals, 3440

58 RIO M A Y O P L A N T S

PLANT CENSUS—Continued
PLOT 6

Thorn Forest, 10 miles east of Navojoa, hill slope to sandy bottom;

exposure southeast, gradient 3 to 10 per cent; soil rocky sand and
some sandy bottom soil. Elevation 500 feet.

Maximum
Perennial species

Fouquieria Macdougalii 20 124

Jatropha cordata 20 120
Coursetia glandulosa 18 90
Mimosa Palmeri 20 36
Bursera sp 20 36
Bursera sp 20 34
Acacia cymbispina 20 32
Lysiloma divaricata 25 30 *
Karwinskia Humboldtiana 4

Stature
- 1 0 J
Randia obcordata 4 8
- 1 0
Mimosa sp 4 M
Lycium Berlandieri var. longistylum (sp.?) 6
Caesalpinia Palmeri 4-8 6
Piscidia mollis 2
Cercidium Torreyanum 2
Lemaireocereus Thurberi 8
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum 1
Opuntia Thurberi 5°
Opuntia sp 10
Rathbunia alamosensis 12
Croton fragilis 2-6 1160
Sida sp 1-3 1200 f
Lippia Palmeri 2-4 334
Franseria cordifolia 1-3 454
Solanum amazonium 1-3 40 f
Jatropha cardiophylla 1-5 18
Janusia californica vine 20 f
Mascagnia macroptera 16
Cassia biflora 2
Operculina Palmeri 2

Unknown 46
Dead wood 118

Seedlings and saplings generally lacking

Total: species, 30 individuals, 3927

* Count for i acre: 1 3 saplings, 2 adults,
f Estimated.
 P L A N T CENSUS, SUCCESSION, AND U S E 59

PLANT CENSUS—Continued

PLOT 7

Thorn Forest, 10 miles east of Navojoa, hill slope; exposure west, gradient
about 6 per cent, soil gravelly. Elevation 500 feet.

Maximum
Total
Perennlal species stature
(ft.) per acre

Coursetia glandulosa 18-20 180

Jatropha cordata 20 104
Bursera sp 20 64
20 60
Fouquieria Macdougalii 20 42
Karwinskia Humboldtiana 15 30
Acacia cymbispina 20 26
Lysiloma divaricata 25 20
Coutarea pterosperma 20
Caesalpinia platyloba 6
Malpighia umbellata 6
Cercidium Torreyanum 20 2
Guaiacum Coulteri 2
Caesalpinia caladenia 2
2
14
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum 25 6
Opuntia Thurberi 180
66
12

Stature
1-6 1020
2-4 708
I304
354
1-4 154
2-10 112
54
2-4 14
8
4-8 16
12
2
2

390
40

Seedlings and saplings generally lacking

Total: species, 33 individuals, 4988

6o RIO MAYO PLANTS

SUCCESSIONS I N D I S T U R B E D A R E A S

On the whole, the great Mayo forest has remained unchanged through his­
toric time. There are, however, certain local changes, due principally to the
presence of man, which may be distinguished from the slower natural changes.
Except for the coastal Mayo Valley around Navojoa, there has been but little
increase in the cultivated area since the coming of the first Spaniards. The
present area of fields (milpa) may be estimated at about 2 per cent of the
total. Old abandoned milpas are encountered often, occasioned to a small
degree by a general lessening of activity and in greater part by the custom of
clearing out new ground every few years and abandoning the old, sterile soil.
Since this is a practice many hundreds of years old, the country has in areas
of settlement been going through a constant change from forest to milpa, and
back again from milpa to forest.
The plants rapidly reoccupy the milpa. First comers are the annual and
perennial weeds, Amaranthus, Martynia, Franseria, Cassia uniflora, and others.
These are shortly superseded by a malvaceous group of perennials including
Sida glutinosa, Sida cordifolia, Abutilon lignosum, and Gayoides crispum, with
Solatium amazonium, Salvia galinsogifolia, and others common among them.
Above the stature of the mallows, forest trees and shrubs soon begin to appear,
among whose foremost members are Acacia cymbispina, Diphysa racemosa,
Lysiloma divaricata, and several species of Randia. Finally the old heterogene­
ous forest of Bursera, Ceiba, Tabebuia, and other trees reappears. Lists of milpa
successionists were obtained in the vicinity of San Bernardo from areas aban­
doned over two distinct intervals of time.

Milpa Four Years Abandoned

Originally cleared from forest of Ceiba acuminata, Cassia emarginata, Acacia

cymbispina, Guaiacum Coulteri, Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum, Erythroxy-
lon mexicanum, Randia echinocarpa, Willardia mexicana, Lemaireocereus
Thurberi, Croton fragilis, Bursera sp., and Cordia sonorae.

Height
Species Species
(ft.)
Franseria ambrosioides . . 5- 8 Karwinskia Humboldtiana
Mallows . - 8 Caesalpinia sp.
Acacia cymbispina 6-10 Salpianthus macrodontus
Mascagnia macroptera Acacia Farnesiana
G u a z u m a ulmifolia 8-10 Croton fragilis
Randia echinocarpa 4-6 Second g r o w t h from stumps:
Diphysa racemosa 5-6 Jacquinia pungens
Tournefortia H a r t w e g i a n a - 6 G u a z u m a ulmifolia
Dalea Palmeri C o r d i a sonorae
Mimosa sp 6- 8 Erythroxylon mexicanum
Cassia emarginata
 P L A N T CENSUS, SUCCESSION, AND USE 6l

Milpa Twelve to Twenty Years Abandoned

Cleared originally from forest of Ceiba acuminata, Lysiloma divaricata,

Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum, etc.

. Height
Speaes Species

Acacia cymbispina 18 Heliocarpus polyandrus

Croton fragilis 6-7 Cassia emarginata
Sida spp. G u a z u m a ulmifolia
Abutilon sp. Lysiloma divaricata
Coursetia glandulosa 16 Cassia biflora
Karwinskia Humboldtiana 8 Mascagnia macroptera
Randia echinocarpa 6 Cardiospermum halicacabum
Willardia mexicana 16 Tournefortia Hartwegiana
Hyptis albida 18 Dyssodia anomala
Jatropha cordata 6 Salvia galinsogifolia
E x o g o n i u m bracteatum Opuntia sp.
Ceiba acuminata 25 Dalea sp.
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum .... 7

These observations give no indication of the changes during the first three
years and prior to the establishment of a predominantly perennial population.
In the milpa abandoned for four years there are seven species which are absent
from the area abandoned from twelve to twenty years. In the latter there are
fourteen species not represented in the four-year area, including several trees
and shrubs which are common in the undisturbed surrounding vegetation.
Since the total milpa area is very small, there is little likelihood that this
type of cultivation has ever resulted in the extermination of a plant species.
There has, no doubt, been local extermination of certain plants by livestock.
Because of the absence of grass over much of the area, particularly throughout
the Short-tree Forest, the domestic animals are herbivorous rather than graminiv­
orous, hence small annuals and perennials such as Stellaria montana, Pentste-
mon Parryi, Dalea Parryi, and even trees and shrubs suffer. I have seen trees
of Bursera and Acacia girdled by the teeth of burros and horses. In the pueblo
of San Bernardo, lime and orange trees were stripped of their bark and killed
by hungry animals tied to them during the days of the revolution.
Grass fires are common in the Oak Forest belt during the height of the dry
season in May and the early part of June. In 1935 they were observed burning
for days at a time on the slopes of the Cedros range east of Tesopaco, on the
range of the Sierra Baroyeca, and on Sierra de Alamos. The natives at night
watch the bright, lurid paths of the flames with indifference. Except for occa­
sional patches where shrubbery has closely pressed upon the oaks, the fire does
not mount to the forest trees, and usually only the dry stalks of perennials are
affected, in many instances being burned back to the root crown or wholly
destroyed.
62 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

It is probable that on the whole the grass fires do more good to the natural
cover than harm, clearing the ground of old dead grass, eliminating senile
plants, depositing potash and phosphorus in the soil, and assisting in the
germination and spread of young plants. In July 1935 we found that grass
and many young herbs and shrubs had sprung anew after the spring fires. The
dark, boulder-strewn stream of Arroyo Hondo was dull black with its charge
of cinders. Many plants which had appeared rarely on the previous year's
trip were now conspicuous owing to the elimination of choking grass. T w o
perennial species which had apparently gained a new foothold on the mountain
in burnt-over areas are Acacia crinita and Tephrosia leucantha.
In the Thorn Forest area, as near Volador, grass fires may be an augmenting
factor in forming local eroded areas, which are commonly stripped of all
vegetation.
1
The "chubasco" winds of the summer sometimes cut swaths through the
forest, and many of the trees, being at the time in full leaf and heavy with sap,
are broken and uprooted. This is another cause of local change which in no
way disturbs the great continuity of the ubiquitous forest. The broken trees
usually recover and in time heal their wounds and go on as before. Those
prostrate may continue living for an indefinite period.
Floods along the arroyo and river banks rip out marginal plants of all sizes.
The roots of trees and shrubs, otherwise hidden, are thus exposed to view
(see photograph of Salpianthus macrodontus, pi. 3, fig. 2 ) . Erosion becomes
serious when it attacks shallow soils underlain by a hard substratum impervious
to roots. Such are the lime beds, which are little cleared pockets infrequently
occurring in the Thorn Forest lowlands. At Chinobampo the last of the plants
to fall under the cutting of the stream is Olneya tesota, which persists on
stiltlike roots on small pyramids of soil (pi. 3, fig. 1 ) . The age of these trees
gives a fairly accurate idea of the rate of erosion of Recent adobe soil, which
roughly computed is a yard per half-century.

PLANTS IN U S E

Cultivated

There are a large number of cultivated plants in the Río Mayo region, and
the list includes such opposite delicacies as the northern apple and the tropical
banana. This is possible because of the great range in elevation, yet there are
fertile, equable spots in the oak belt where the temperate apricot and tropical
papaya grow side by side. Of this large variety of cultivated food plants, few
are in general cultivation, the latter including such staples as corn, beans, and
squash. The large list below must not be taken to indicate a generally advanced

1
"Chubasco" is the vernacular word for thunderstorms of violent wind and rain.
 P L A N T CENSUS, SUCCESSION, AND USE

type of agriculture, for only in the lowlands is large-scale and efficient agricul­
ture practiced, for e x a m p l e below N a v o j o a , where quantities of cereals (wheat,
rice, barley, g a r b a n z o s ) are produced. F o r the rest, orchards and gardens and
even milpas, the practice is simple and comparatively haphazard, as the peasant
sows for today rather than for tomorrow. R a r e is the father w h o w i l l plant
for his sons.
1
Achras zapota. Chapote
Agave americana. Maguey (mescal)
Allium cepa. Onion (cebolla)
Allium sativum. Garlic (ajo)
Amaranthus hybridus. Bledo, weywi ( W )
Cultivated by the Warihio Indians for the seeds, which are either eaten entire
or ground into pinole and drunk with water or milk, sweetened or unsweetened.
Amygdalus persica. Peach (durazno)
Annona cherimoya. Cherimoya
Annona squamosa. Anona
Arachis hypogaea. Peanut (cacahuate)
Avena sativa. Oats (avena)
Beta vulgaris. Beet (betabel)
Brassica oleracea. Cabbage (repollo)
Capsicum annuum. Chili
Carica papaya. Papaya (melon camote)
Cicer arietinum. Garbanzo
Citrullus vulgaris. Watermelon (sandia)
Citrus aurantium. Orange (naranja)
Citrus decumana. Grapefruit (toronja)
Citrus limonium. Lemon (limon)
Citrus spinosissima. L i m e (lima)
Citrus vulgaris. Bitter orange (toronja)
Coix lacryma-jobi. Job's-tears
Cultivated by the Warihio Indians for the large seeds, which are used as
beads.
Crescentia alata. Calabash (ayale)
Cucurbita sp. Squash (calabaza)
Daucus carota. Carrot (zanahoria)
Faba vulgaris. Horse bean (aba)
Ficus carica. F i g (higo)
Hordeum sp. Barley (cebada)
Hyptis suaveolens. Cham, konivari ( W )
Cultivated by the Warihio Indians. The seeds are mixed with water and sugar
and the resulting liquid is drunk.
Lactuca sativa. Lettuce (lechuga)
Lagenaria siceraria. Gourd (buli, wuli [ W ] )
Lagenaria vulgaris. Gourd (buli, wuli [ W ] )
Cultivated by the Warihio Indians.
Lycopersicon esculentum. Tomato (tomate)

1
See page 73 for explanation regarding vernacular names.
64 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

Mangifera indica. Mango

Medicago sativa. Alfalfa
Musa sapientum. Banana (plátano)
Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco (tabaco, wípa [ W | )
Oryza sativa. Rice (arroz)
Panicum miliaceum. Broomcorn millet (mijo)
Panicum sonorum. Sauwi ( W )
Cultivated by the Warihio Indians.
Papaver somnijerum. Opium poppy
Grown as contraband in the obscure barrancas. There was one such planting in
the valley of Curohui in 1937.
Persea gratissima. Avocado (aguacate)
Phaseolus or Dolichos sp. Bean (frijole)
Pisum sativum. Pea (chícharo)
Prunus armeniaca. Apricot (melacatón)
Psidium guajava. Guava (guayaba)
Púnica granatum. Pomegranate (granada)
Pyrus communis. Pear (pera)
Pyrus Malus. Apple (manzana)
Raphanus sativus. Radish (rábano)
Saccharum officinarum. Sugar cane (caña)
Sesamum indicum. Ajonjolí
Recently introduced in Los Tanques valley.
Solanum tuberosum. Potato (papa)
Cultivated in the pine lands.
Sorghum vulgare var. saccharatum. Caña, tasauwi ( W )
Cultivated by the Warihio Indians as sugar cane.
Triticum sativa. Wheat (trigo)
Vitis labrusca. Grape ( u v a ) , N e w World
Vitis vinifera. Grape ( u v a ) , Old World
Zea mays. Corn (mais)

Wild Plants

T h e f o l l o w i n g list of native w i l d plants includes those w h i c h the R í o M a y o

people c o m m o n l y put to some use, as for food, building material, fuel, tools, etc.
A m o n g the barranca inhabitants and other isolated people the w i l d plants are
often important contributors to a limited diet, and m a n y even find their w a y to
the markets of A l a m o s and N a v o j o a , for e x a m p l e Sideroxylon angustijolium
a n d Vitex pyramidata. A l l the indigenous peoples rely on the various native
woods for fuel a n d construction.

Fruits
Achras zapota. Chapóte
A tall, solitary tree of the more open canyons, bearing an edible fruit as large as a
small apple, almost filled with three or four large, hard seeds; sweet, granulate.
Arctostaphylos pungens. Manzanilla, uhí ( W )
Warihios and Tarahumares eat the berries. Summer.
 PLANT CENSUS, SUCCESSION, AND USE

Capsicum baccatum. Chiltepin

Berries widely used as a red-pepper seasoning. It is gathered by the natives for
export to the United States. Fall.
Celtis ¿guanea. Garabato
Orange-ripe berries casually eaten. November through winter.
Cephalocereus alensis. Pitahaya barbón, matagochi ( W )
Fruit eaten raw. July and August.
Cucumis anguria. Melón de coyote, hálu ( W )
A wild gourd. Though it is bitter, the Warihios admit eating the young, tender
fruit. Late summer.
Ficus cotinifolia. Nacopuli, chuna, wohtoli ( W )
Large tree. Fruit eaten fresh or dried.
Ficus petiolaris. Tescalama
Large tree. Fruit eaten fresh or dried.
Ficus radulina. Chalate, wowulí ( W )
Large tree of the arroyos. Fruit eaten fresh or dried. Best of the wild figs.
Guazuma ulmifolia. Guásima, ahiyá ( W )
A spreading leafy tree. Young fruit eaten raw when in the formative stage.
The mature seeds and fruit are ground for making tortillas, atole, and pinole,
and the seeds are roasted and ground for coffee when the real coffee bean is
unobtainable. One of the most common and useful trees found throughout
the lower arroyos and canyons.
Lemaireocereus Thurberi. Pitahaya, mewele ( W , M )
Fruit eaten raw or cooked into jam. June.
Mammillaria, several species. Chollitas
Fruit eaten raw. Various species produce at different seasons.
Marsdenia edulis. Tonchi
A large vine of the forest. Young fruit eaten raw. Summer.
Opuntia, several species. Tuna
Prickly pear. The fruit is collected, peeled, boiled in large ollas, then ground,
seeds and all, on the metate and eaten by the Warihios. The fruit is also eaten
raw. Summer. The large, flat, tender joints are also eaten by the rural people.
They are first boiled, then stripped of the outer skin and spines, then fried in
lard with onions and chiles and seasoned with salt and pepper, making a slimy,
acid, palatable green.
Pithecolobium dulce. Guamuchil, makachuni ( W )
A large tree of the foothill valleys. The meat of the seed pod is eaten raw or
dried. In June, when the fruit ripens, the Indians journey along the arroyos to
dry and carry it away. It is also eaten extensively by the Mexicans and sold in
the markets of Alamos and Navojoa. At San Bernardo, trees growing on private
land are regarded as the property of the owner, just as lime or orange trees are.
Prunus Capuli and Prunus Zingii. Jeco ( W ) , wasiki ( W )
Trees of the canyons. When the ripe fruit falls it is gathered and dried by the
Warihios. The dried skin and meat is then scraped and worked off the black
seeds on the metate with the small one-handed "mano de metate." The seeds
are ground and cooked into atole or made into tortillas. May, June, July.
Psidium Sartorianum. Arellane, chokey ( W )
A canyon tree bearing a small fruit, lemon yellow when ripe. The fruit, which
is sour, is mashed and mixed with sugar or panocha. Winter.
66 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Randia echinocarpa. Papache, hosokola ( W )

The grotesque fruits are gathered by the Warihios as they begin to ripen. If
they are left on the trees to ripen, birds and mammals soon devour them. They
are eaten raw by both Indians and Mexicans; children especially enjoy them.
The pulp is a black, pudding-like mass congested with seeds and with a rich,
bittersweet flavor. Late fall and winter.
Randia laevigata. Sapuchi
A small, unsymmetrical tree growing at the lower limit of oaks. It bears a pear-
shaped fruit which ripens in November. Eaten raw.
Sassafridium macrophyllum. Bebelama
Tree; fruit eaten raw. Fall.
Sideroxylon angustijolium. Tempisque
Tree of the foothill arroyos and valleys. The fruit is eaten raw, though a few
quickly cauterize the mouth; also made into a sweet jam. It is sold in the
markets. Summer.
Vitex mollis. Uvulama, huhuwali ( W )
Tree of the canyons and foothill valleys. The fruit is eaten raw or mashed
and mixed with sugar. Summer.
Vitex pyramidata. Uvulama, hupari (Cájitan)
Tree of the foothills and lower oaks. Eaten like Vitex mollis and reported to
have a market value in Alamos and Navojoa. Summer.
Yucca sp. Socol
Young pods eaten by the Indians.

Seeds

Acacia cymbispina. Chirowi, guinora, sínala ( W )

A n abundant tree of the Thorn Forest. Seeds roasted, ground, and eaten in
the form of atole; or seeds ground and made into tortillas. Winter.
Acacia pennatula. Algarroba, yepowecha ( W )
Seeds, as for Acacia cymbispina.
Caesalpinia platyloba. Palo colorado, weylaki ( W )
Seeds used for food like those of Acacia cymbispina. November and December.
Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Tavachin, talpakapache ( M )
Seeds eaten raw when young and tender. Muleteers grab the pods hanging by
the trail side, splitting them and nibbling the seeds as they go. The seeds are
sweet as a tender pea, but the seed coat must first be removed. August and
September.
Crotalaria sp. Ajonjolí, tenégara ( W )
Seeds ground and eaten as pinole (jojolino).
Ferocactus sp. Bisnaga, toiwe ( W )
Seeds eaten raw or ground and eaten as pinole or atole, or used for making
tortillas. It is a common cactus throughout the lower hills and produces an
abundance of seed in late summer.
Lysiloma divaricata. Mauuta, sahi ( W )
A dominant forest tree. Seeds roasted, ground, and made into atole. Fall.
Lysiloma Watsoni. Tepeguaje, machauwi ( W )
Seeds roasted, ground, and made into atole (Warihio report). Fall. The bark
is chewed for ailing teeth and gums and to "tighten" loose teeth. It is a tree of
hard, strong, durable wood.
 PLANT CENSUS, SUCCESSION, AND USE

Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum. Hecho, chiki ( W )

A giant cactus. Seeds boiled to separate them from the pulp, then ground and
boiled again, producing a thick, nourishing oily paste. The pulp and inner
rind are cooked into a jelly or jam, known as "miel de hecho."
Par\insonia aculeata. Wacoporo
A green-stemmed tree. Seeds eaten raw when green and tender. Spring.
Pithecolobium undulatum. Palo fierro
A tree similar in habit to mesquite. Seeds roasted, ground, and eaten as atole,
or prepared as tortillas. Fall.
Prosopis chilensis. Mesquite, hupala ( W )
The meat of the seed pod is pounded up and eaten raw or boiled. Spring.
Quercus albocincta. Kusi ( W ) , hachuka ( W )
The sweet acorns are eaten raw or baked. Another species of oak, never pointed
out to the writer, is also reported to produce sweet, edible acorns; probably
Quercus arizonica.

Roots and Herbage

Agave spp. (chiefly A. yaquiana). Mescal

Stalk and basal part of leaves used for making batari, mescal, and dulce. Batari
is a Warihio alcoholic beverage prepared by brewing the pit-baked heart. It is
put into large ollas of water with the root of Phaseolus caracala as a catalyzing
agent. W h e n the brew stops bubbling it is ripe for drinking. It has a mildly
intoxicating effect. Three or four native species of Agave are used. Mescal is
distilled from the pit-baked pith and makes strong, highly intoxicating liquor.
W h e n well aged it is smooth and palatable. Dulce is the pit-baked juicy pith,
which is also eaten. The flowering stalk before blooming, when it is still young
and tender, is cut up into sections and baked in the coals. The flowers are boiled
or steamed in an olla and eaten "como calabazas."
Agave Hartmani ?. Taiehcholi ( W )
Reported to be used occasionally for making dulce. The flower stalk is reported
to have been used formerly as a shaft for arrows. It is an infrequent plant.
Allium scaposum. Cebollfn
W i l d onion. This species was collected in Canelo. A sweeter one is reported
to grow on the west slope of Cerro Guicorichi. Eaten raw. Summer.
Amaranthus hybridus. Quelite, bledo, weywi ( W )
Eaten in the summer rainy season when the plant first puts forth young green
leaves, which are boiled as greens. This and related species are widely used in
Mexico and are an important part of the peasant diet. Cultivated by the Warihio
Indians.
Amoreuxia paltnatifida. Saiya, saiya ( W )
Perennial herb. Roots and young immature fruit eaten, roots roasted, fruit raw.
The latter has a piquant, condiment-like, extraordinary, and not unpleasant taste.
Summer.
Ceiba acuminata. Pochote, wakapi ( W )
The kapok tree. Young plants form a corm or thickened rootstock below the
surface of the ground. It is succulent and tender, and is prepared for eating by
baking. The dark-brown seeds have a nutlike flavor, ripen in winter, and are
reported to be eaten.
68 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

Dioscorca convolvulácea var. grandifolia. Chichiwo ( W )

Perennial vine, leafing out during the summer rains. T h e long, tuberous roots,
an inch or more in diameter, are eaten raw or roasted, especially in the spring
months. It is a species of yam. T h e cultivated species are Dioscorea sativa and
D. aculeata.
Exogonium bracteatum. Jicama
A perennial vine with a large, tuberous root deep in the ground; said to be as
sweet as a yam. It is baked in hot ashes. Flowers in winter on a long, twining
stem naked of leaves.
Jarilla chocóla. Chocóla ( W ) , kapiah ( W )
A leafy root perennial of the forest. Root roasted in the ashes under coals;
strong, woody, slightly bitter taste. T h e fruit is eaten raw. Its pulp is a light,
white, pudding-like mass, of a slightly acid flavor and suggestive of lemon. It
ripens in October and remains scattered on the ground in the wilderness all
winter.
Oxalis albicans. Socoyole
Small herb of the pine country. In Canelo it was reported that the leaves were
commonly eaten as greens.
Sabal uresana (or Erythea sp.). Palma, tahcú ( W )
Heart of the young palms eaten raw or roasted.
Salpianthus macrodontus. Guayavilla
Perennial spreading bush with large, fleshy roots, i to 3 inches in diameter and
2 to 3 feet long. In former times it is reported to have been one of the Warihios'
chief sources of food. T h e root was beaten up, dried, and ground to fine powder.
Mixed with a little water, it was made into tortillas. See plate 3, figure 2.
Sisymbrium auriculatum. Mostasa, wachelaí ( W )
Herb; leaves cooked as greens; seeds mixed with water and the resulting liquid
drunk as food or for medicinal purposes. Winter.
Tagetes filifolia. Anisilla
Annual herb of the pine country, brewed as a tea. It has a bouquet like licorice.
Summer.
Tagetes jaliscana. San Pual
Annual herb of the pine country, brewed as a tea. Summer.
Tagetes lucida. Yerbanís
A composite herb of the meadows of the high pine country that makes a refresh­
ing, odorous tea. It has a wide use among the Mexicans, Warihios, and Tara-
humares. Summer.
Tigridia Pringlei. Chaqual
Of the iris family and closely related to the Aztec tiger lily. Bulb roasted bv the
Warihios.

Construction, Fuel, and Miscellaneous Uses

Acacia cymbis fina. Chirowi, guinora, sínala ( W )

Acacia Farnesiana. Vinorama, kuká ( W )
Acacia pennatula. Algarroba, yepowecha ( W )
Arundinaria longifolia. Otate
T h e long, bamboo-like poles are used in making palm roofs and racks, as fish
and pitahaya poles, and in numerous other ways.
 P L A N T CENSUS, SUCCESSION, AND USE

Brongniartia alamosana. Vara prieta

Caesalpinia platyloba. Palo colorado, weylaki ( W )
Coursetia glandulosa. Kowusamo ( W )
Coutarea pterosperma. Copalquin, hutetiyo ( W )
Uprights and posts.
Crotón jragilis. Vara blanca
Used in roofs over the beams to hold up grass and earth, and as wattle in mud-
wattle walls.
Eysenhardtia polystachya. Palo duke
Used for tool handles. The wood is said to be especially hard and durable.
Grasses. Sacate
T h e large, coarse species are used as a lay-bed for earthen roofs. Muhlenbergia
gracilis is used for stuffing aparejos, the Mexican packsaddles.
Guaiacum Coulteri. Guayacán
Uprights and posts.
Guazuma ulmifolia. Guásima, ahiyá ( W )
Has a great variety of household uses: furniture, crates, handles, spoons, etc.
T h e wood is light, soft, pliable, and strong.
Haematoxylon brasileño. Brasil, huchachago ( W )
Burns green. A pink or red dye is made by boiling the heartwood in water.
Lysiloma divaricata. Mauuta, sahi ( W )
Bark used for tanning.
Lysiloma Watsoni. Tepeguaje, machauwi ( W )
Bark used for tanning.
Mimosa Palmeri. Chopo, cho'po ( W )
Montanoa Rosei. Batayáqui, talakáo ( W )
Used in roofs over beams to hold up grass and earth, and as wattle in mud-wattle
walls. Also for crates, poles, etc.
Pinus sp. Pino
The chief source of lumber. Pitch slabs are used for torches and for lighting
houses in the mountains, and are known as "ocotes."
Piscidia mollis. Palo bianco
Pithecolobium mexicanum. Palo chinu
Bark used for tanning.
Pithecolobium undulatum. Palo fierro
Prosopis chilensis. Mesquite, hupala ( W )
Bark used for tanning.
Quercus sp. Encino
Sabal uresana. Palma, tahcú ( W )
Leaves used in making palm roofs.
Tabebuia Palmeri. Amapa colorada
Taxodium mucronatum. Sabino, cedro, hawolí ( W )
Used in woodwork: chests, doors, benches, coffins, etc.

B y including medicinal and other miscellaneous uses, the list could be greatly
extended. F o r such particulars the reader is referred to the plant list in part 2
of this w o r k .
 PART 2

ANNOTATED LIST OF PLANTS

 E X P L A N A T I O N OF L I S T

The list of plants of the Río Mayo which occupies the following pages is
based on the collections made by the author from 1933 to 1939. The order of
families and genera follows that of Dalla Torre and Harms' Genera Siphono-
gamarum, except in the Polypodiaceae, where the genera are arranged alpha­
betically. Under each species is given the distribution in the Mayo Valley, both
in terms of the general regions and as supported by collections. The habitat of
each species is also briefly characterized. A final paragraph has been added in
many cases to give a brief description of the appearance of the living plant, its
seasonal habits, relative abundance, and indigenous uses. These are aspects of
the plants which cannot be learned from herbarium specimens and are un­
known for a large percentage of Mexican plants. Citations of the place of
publication are given for all the species based on recent collections from the
Río Mayo country or adjacent thereto. The type locality is stated wherever it
has been possible to determine it. Elevations are given in feet and are based
on a small number of accurately known elevations, supplemented by knowledge
of the vertical limits of the zones of vegetation.
Vernacular names, so far as they are known, are given opposite the scientific
names. These are the names most commonly used by the Mexicans of the
region, but a moderate amount of selection has been done, in order to avoid the
ambiguity which is all too common even in a small area. Indian names for
plants are indicated by a letter following in parentheses, (W) for Warihio and
(M) for Mayo.
In the paragraph giving distribution, numbers in parentheses without other
designation refer to the author's collection. The names of other collectors are
inserted within the parentheses, preceding their number.
 LIST OF FLORA

EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum laevigatum A . Br. Horsetail

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Durasnos ( ? ) , Saguaribo ( 2 1 0 8 ) .
H A B . Cool, shady pine canyons. 5000-6000 feet.
Colonial, and marginal to running water or pools.

PSILOTACEAE

Psilotum nudum ( L . ) Griseb.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Saguaribo ( 2 1 1 0 ) .
H A B . Cliff canyon in Pine Forest. 5500 feet.
In large cespitose groups pendent from cliff crevices. This is a marked extension
in the known range of a southern plant.

POLYPODIACEAE

Adiantum capillus-veneris L .
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Saucito ( 6 8 5 ) , Guirocoba ( 7 6 4 ) . T y p e locality:
Europe.
H A B . Moist canyon slopes and bottoms; Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 1 0 0 0 -
4000 feet.

Adiantum Poiretii Wikstr.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 7 7 ) .
H A B . Moist shady banks of arroyos and canyons; Short-tree Forest. 800-2500 feet.

Asplenium Palmeri Maxon

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Saucito (698).
H A B . Canyon at lower limit of oaks.

Bommeria hispida (Mett.) Underw.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas ( 6 0 7 ) .
H A B . Shady slopes in Pine Forest.

Botrychium sp.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 0 1 8 ) .
H A B . Gully in pine slope.
Fern with a paired spike subtended by a frond.

Cheilanthes Kaulfussii K u n z e
D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Saguaribo ( 2 1 2 5 ) .
H A B . Base of rocks in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Cheilanthes Lindheimeri Hook.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 9 6 ) .
H A B . Shade of rocks and cliff side; Short-tree Forest. 1500 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA 75

Dennstaedtia mexicana Rosenst.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; below Cascada Candameña (LeSueur 1 1 3 2 ) .

Dic\sonia af. rubiginosa Kaulf.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 3 9 5 ) .
H A B . Moist springy ground on shade slope of canyon; Oak Forest. 3500 feet.

Dryopteris Féei С . Chr.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Saucito (697a), Curohui (3659).
H A B . Rocky canyon slope or bottom with the lower oaks.

Dryopteris oligocarpa ( H u m b . & Bonpl.) Kuntze

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; below Cascada Candameña (LeSueur 1 1 3 7 ) .

Dryopteris parasitica ( L . ) Kuntze

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 6 4 6 ) .
H A B . Around spring at shady foot of high cliffs. 2500 feet.

Dryopteris pilosa (Mart. & Gal.) C . Chr.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Sierra Saguaribo ( 2 1 1 2 ) .
H A B . On limestone rocks in canyon; Lower Pine Forest. 5500 feet.

Dryopteris pilosa var. procurrens (Fee) C . Chr.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; below Cascada Candameña (LeSueur 1 1 3 3 ) .
Notholaena bonariensis (Willd.) C . Chr.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas ( 6 1 8 ) .
H A B . Shady pine slope. 5000-6000 feet.
Notholaena candida Hook.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 9 8 ) .
H A B . Shady side of rocks and cliffs in Short-tree Forest. 1500 feet.
Notholaena sinuata ( S w . ) Kaulf.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 9 5 ) .
H A B . Shade side of cliffs in Short-tree Forest. 1500 feet.

Pellaea flexuosa ( K a u l f . ) L i n k
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 3 8 ) .
H A B . A m o n g rocks and harsh grasses on oak slopes. 4000 feet.
A large Pellaea with stems 6-8 dm. high. Rare.

Woodwardia spinulosa Mart. & Gal.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Saguaribo ( 2 1 1 1 ) .
H A B . South-exposure slope in Pine Forest. 5500 feet.
A large fern, forming brakes on cool, moist slopes and at base of cliffs.

SELAGINELLACEAE
Selaginella cuspidata L i n k
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Saucito ( 6 8 1 ) , Cari-
mechi ( 1 1 9 7 ) .
H A B . Shade side of cliffs in Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 1500-4000 feet.
 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. & G r e v . ) Sprcng.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Canon Durasnos ( 5 9 3 ) .
Н А Б . Canyon in Lower Pine Forest.

Selaginella sp.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 9 4 ) .
H A B . Shade side of cliffs in Short-tree Forest. 1500 feet.

CYCADACEAE

Dioon Purpusii Rose ? Palma de la Virgen, palmita

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Conejos ( 1 1 3 6 ) , Guirocoba (2955, 5957). T y p e locality:
Canon Tomellin, Oaxaca.
H A B . Bottoms or slight gradients in the Short-tree Forest and lower Oak Forest.
1500—3000 feet.
A tolerant plant, adapted to pockets of rich soil and equable temperature. T h e
trunk rarely rises 30 cm. above the ground, the whole making a plant 1 m. or so
high with the numerously pinnate leaves approaching 1 m. in length. T h e collections
add a new plant to the Sonora flora and one which may also be new to science. A plant
was observed in cultivation at L a Colorada mine near Hermosillo, Sonora, which was
said to have been brought thither from Mazatan in eastern central Sonora. When the
plant is transplanted from its native habitat, the leaves, so far as is known, invariably
die, but after the thick stalk has re-established itself new leaves appear. In Guirocoba
the natives regard the seeds as of medicinal value in treating sore eyes. After the seeds
are finely ground, a paste is made and inserted in the eye.
c m n a n J c m m
T h e large, cone-shaped, hairy fruits, 2 0 - 2 5 - l ° g d 5 - diameter, were
found on several plants near Guirocoba in October. They are borne at the base of
the leaf whorl and lie on the ground still attached to the stem by a short petiole. T h e
fruits soon divide into pieces with handling.

PINACEAE
Pinus ayacahuite Ehrenb. ? Pino
(Plate 7 )

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 2 0 3 6 ) . Recorded observa­

tions: Sierra Saguaribo, Sierra Canelo, Sierra Cajurichi, San Jose de Pinal. T y p e
locality: Omitlan, Hidalgo.
H A B . Northern slopes of the mountains or more favorable moist slopes and bottoms;
Lower Pine Forest and straggling down into Oak Forest. 4000—6000 feet.
T h e dominant pine of the L o w e r Pine Forest over the western branches of the Sierra
Madre. On the mesas and less precipitous slopes it often forms stands of good timber.
On Sierra Saguaribo and Sierra Charuco the natives rip out planks approximately
3 inches by 10 inches by 16 feet with handsaws, one standing above on a platform,
the other below on the ground. T h e woodcutters sell to the arrieros (muleteers), who
in turn transport the planks and sell to the merchants in the lowlands. A l l need per­
mits and the wood sales are taxed, hence the poor arrieros often go out of the way
by trails little used to deliver their cargoes contraband. T h e ends of two planks are
lashed across the back of the pack beast, and the other ends are allowed to drag
along behind on the ground. T h e planks are in transit from one to two weeks before
 LIST OF FLORA
77
they reach their destination, and are sold by the arrieros for from 1.50 to 3.00 pesos
apiece. They are used principally as ceiling beams in the adobe houses, but also for
making furniture and other objects. T h e Warihio and Mayo Indians use the wood
for making violins and cellos.
On thin soil and on sierran bergs the pine is small and round-topped in outline,
whereas on deep soil its outline may approach the more usual conic shape and the
tree a height of 40 to 50 m. T h e diameter of the trunk is commonly 75-200 cm.
T h e leaves at the branch tips are voluminous whorls, with the long needles gradually
decurving.

Pinus Lumholtzii Rob. & Fern. Pino triste, pino

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua (and Sonora?); Sierro Canelo (2873). Type locality:
Coloradas, Chihuahua.
H A B . Specimens were taken from a small stand on an arid ridge with coarse cal­
careous soil in the L o w e r Pine Forest. T h e trees were small, 10 m. high and 30 cm.
in diameter. 4000-5500 feet.

Pinus reflexa E n g e l m . ? Pino

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 9 8 ) . Observed also near Loreto. Type
locality: Santa Rita Mts., Arizona.
H A B . Moderate slopes and ridges in coarse, shallow soil of the Lower Pine Forest.
5000—6000 feet.
A small pine, 1 0 - 2 0 m. high and less than 0.5 m. in diameter. It forms scattered
open stands.

Pseudotsuga mucronata ( R a f . ) Sudw. Pino bete

D I S T . H i g h montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2718, 2 7 2 5 ) , Loreto (2858). Type
locality: mouth of the Columbia River.
H A B . Slopes and canyons of shady exposure in the High Pine Forest. 6500-8500
feet.
Reaches a height of 50 m. or more and associates with the trembling aspen. T h e
Loreto specimens (leaves only) were collected from a colony flanking both sides of a
running canyon stream.

Taxodium mucronatum Ten. Cedro, sabino, hawoli ( W )

(Plate 1 1 , figure 1 )
D I S T . Foothill canyons, Sonora; Cedros (Shreve 6 1 7 0 ) , Santa Rosa (3049), Arroyo
Cuchujaqui (849).
H A B . Along canyon and arroyo bottoms marginal to running water; Thorn Forest
and Short-tree Forest. 600-2500 feet.
Forms fine, large groves of tall, straight-boled trees, 1 5 - 2 5 m. in height. A large
macaw nests in the high branches and with raucous cries and brilliant plumage
enhances the somber atmosphere of the groves. There is a fine grove of these trees
along the arroyo at Guirocoba, and others in Canon Estrella and other canyon
tributaries of the Rio Cedros. U p these canyons the sabinos leave off where the oaks
begin. T h e wood is strong and very durable, and is still much in demand for all
sorts of building purposes, but the Departamento de Forestal is judiciously limiting
exploitation. T h e use at present is chiefly restricted to coffins and school benches.
7 8 RIO MAYO PLANTS

Cupressus arizonica Greene Tascate

(Plate 6)
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2005). Recorded observa­
tions: Sierra Saguaribo, Sierra Charuco, Sierra Cajurichi. Type locality: Arizona.
HAB. Riparian (chiefly) in arroyos and open canyons in Pine Forest. 5000-7000
feet.
A large tree, 15-20 m. high, with characteristic conic outline. It is rather infre­
quently but widely scattered along the shallow mountain watercourses. No native
use observed.
NAIADACEAE
Naias flexilis (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella (420). Type locality: Pennsylvania.
HAB. Aquatic, in pools under Taxodium mucronatum.
Forms large stringy masses in quiet pools.

ALISMACEAE
Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella (421).
HAB. Forested canyon. 2000—3000 feet.

GRAMINEAE
Tripsacum lanceolatum Rupr. Milpa de venado
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella (425), Sierra Canelo
(1892, 2496), Sierra Charuco (2914), Guirocoba (2953). Type locality: Aguas-
calientes.
HAB. Steep rocky slopes in Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 2500-6000 feet.
A large, stiff grass infrequently scattered in small colonies, reaching a height of
2 m. On Sierra Charuco it was found growing in a dry arroyo bed as husky clumps
1 m. high and 1 m. broad, pressed by the weight of flood waters.
Hac\elochloa granulans (L.) Kuntze Sacate
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella (437).
HAB. Heavily forested canyon.
Andropogon cirrhatus Hack.
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guirocoba (2954). Type locality: Texas.
HAB. Arid hill slope in Oak Forest. 3000—5000 feet.
One of the harsh colonial grasses common to the broken basaltic hill slopes.
Andropogon fastigiatus Sw.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (781).
HAB. Rocky lava slopes in the Oak Forest.
A rather coarse bunch grass characteristic of the arid slopes of the Oak Forest.
It probably occurs in the Rio Mayo basin also.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. Sacate aceitillo
DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella (386,387),
Guasaremos (2890). Type locality: India.
 LIST OF FLORA
79

H A B . Sunny, rocky hillsides and flats with the lower oaks. 2000-4000 feet.
A harsh colonial grass occurring widely throughout the region. It is apparendy
repellent to livestock by its very harshness, and the thick colonies are impediments
to the human foot. Cetoniid beetles frequent the flowers.

Heteropogon melanocarpus (Ell.) Benth.

D I S T . Barranca region or foothills, Sonora; Cafion Estrella (407). Type locality:
between Altamaha and Jefferson, Georgia.
H A B . Rocky canyon bottom in volcanic soil in oak savanna country. 3000-4000 feet.
Another harsh-leaved grass of the oak country, similar in habit to Heteropogon
contortus, with which it might be confused by the casual observer.

Sorghastrum nudipes N a s h
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Arroyo A g u a Blanca ( 5 1 0 ) . Type locality: Chihuahua.
H A B . H i g h oak slopes.

Sorghastrum nutans ( L . ) Nash

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 6 5 ) . Type locality: "Virginia,
Jamaica."
H A B . Rocky pine slope, in scattered bunches.

Sorghum halapense ( L . ) Pers. Sacate de Johnson, Johnson grass

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 7 5 ) .
H A B . Valley bottom lands.
A rank grass 2 m. high, forming extensive colonies.

Sorghum vulgare var. saccharatum ( L . ) Boerl. Cana, tasauwi ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 4 5 ) .
H A B . Milpas. 1000-3000 feet.
A tall, slender form of sugar cane cultivated by the Warihio Indians. The Mexicans
cultivate a shorter, thicker-stemmed variety, of better substance. It is widely known
under its Spanish name, cana.

Aegopogon cenchroides H u m b . & Bonpl.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 8 1 6 ) . Type locality:
Venezuela.
H A B . Meadow margin in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Aegopogon tenellus ( C a v . ) T r i n .
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (1760, 1 7 9 4 ) , Curohui
(3664).
H A B . Meadows and moist bottoms in Pine Forest and Oak Forest. 3500-5500 feet.
A delicate, inconspicuous, colonial, summer annual.

Arundinella Palmeri Vasey

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 3 1 8 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Canyon bottom, moist soils; Short-tree Forest.
A rank grass in moist bottoms under Taxodium mucronatum.

Paspalum Langei (Fourn.) Nash

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 3 3 7 ) . Type locality: Veracruz.
H A B . Canyon slopes in Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest.
8o RIO MAYO PLANTS

Panicum arizonicum Scribn. & Merr.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; near Bachoco ( 2 8 4 ) . Type locality: Camp Lowell,
Arizona.
Н А Б . Basaltic promontory in foothill valley; Thorn Forest.

Panicum bulbosum H . В . K .
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 5 9 ) . Type locality: near Guanajuato.
H A B . Pine meadow lands.
In fertile spots it reaches a height of 2 m. Stems are single and form scattered
colonies.

Panicum sonorum Beal Sauwi ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 4 1 ) . T y p e
locality: Lerdo, Sonora.
H A B . Milpas. 1000—3000 feet.
One of the indigenous plants cultivated by the Warihio Indians. Scattered plants
were observed growing among the corn, where they had been planted, on a steep-
sloping milpa. The seeds are ground into flour. Seasoned with a little salt and sugar,
they make an excellent pinole. Mixed with milk, they make a palatable, nourishing
drink.

Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell.

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Cascada Candamena (LeSueur 0 1 0 5 ) .
!
Panicum trichoides S w .
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 3 4 0 ) . Type locality: Jamaica.
H A B . Moist soil in canyon bottoms; Oak Forest.

Oplismenus Burmanni (Retz.) Beauv.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 3 4 1 , 4 1 1 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottom in Oak Forest.

Oplismenus hirtellus ( L . ) Roem. & Schult.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 4 1 1 ) . Type locality: Jamaica.
H A B . Canyon bottom in Short-tree Forest.
Growing under Taxodium mucronatum.

Pennisetum Karwins\yi Schrad.

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella (383, 3 8 4 ) ,
Guasaremos ( 1 5 6 8 ) .
H A B . Valley margins and basaltic slopes; Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 2 0 0 0 -
3500 feet.
In the valley of Guasaremos the heads were fouled by a black smut.

Setaria geniculata ( L a m . ) Griseb.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 8 0 4 ) .
H A B . Riparian in L o w e r Pine Forest. 4000-5000 feet.
In large clumps marginal to running water, with slender stems 1 m. long, waving
with light winds.
 LIST OF FLORA 81

Setaria Grisebachii Fourn.

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; Ciudad Obregon (308), Chorijoa ( 1 6 0 0 ) .
Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Rocky shaded slopes in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 400-1500 feet.
A tolerant, infrequent grass, playing a minor role ecologically.

Aristida marginalis Ekman

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 7 3 ) .
H A B . Growing in scattered tufts in old milpa clearing. 3000 feet.

Aristida ternipes var. minor (Vasey) Hitchc.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 3 6 1 2 ) .
H A B . In sandy granitic soil; Short-tree Forest area. 800 feet.

Muhlenbergia dumosa Scribn. Otatillo

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( 1 1 0 2 ) . Type locality: Santa
Catalina Mts., Arizona.
H A B . Shaded forest slopes, wash, or arroyo margins; Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000
feet.
Grows in colonies 1 - 2 m. high and prevails throughout the region in widely
scattered colonies. T h e natives make a decoction of the leaves for the treatment of
such illnesses as indigestion and fevers.

Muhlenbergia elongata Scribn.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 7 3 0 ) . Type locality: near Chihuahua, Mexico.
H A B . Arroyo with palm and oaks.

Muhlenbergia Emersleyi (Vasey) Hitchc. Cola de raton, cola de zorra

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella (394), Guasaremos ( 1 8 7 4 ) .
H A B . A r i d slopes and hilltops in Oak Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
Occurs in scattered colonies, and in certain localities is the dominant grass. T h e
tall flowering spikes are showy plumes.

Muhlenbergia gracilis T r i n . ? Sacate aparejo

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 2 8 9 ) .
H A B . Rough rocky slopes of the Oak Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
A harsh bunch grass, in places assuming the dominant role. It is used by the
natives for packing the aparejo, the Mexican packsaddle, whence the name.

Muhlenbergia microsperma ( D C . ) Kunth

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 3 6 1 1 ) , Curohui (3665).
Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Sandy soils in milpa and meadow; Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 800-
3500 feet.

Muhlenbergia quitensis ( H . В . K . ) Hitchc.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 0 1 ) .
H A B . Riparian in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
Infrequent. A t Tepopa it was found growing in scattered clumps out of rock
crevices along a watercourse.
82 RIO MAYO PLANTS

Muhlenbergia rigens Benth.

DIST. Foothills and sierras, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella (442), Sierra
de Papas (643), Chorijoa (2046), Guicorichi ( 1 9 3 1 ) .
HAB. Marshes and meadows; Short-tree Forest to Pine Forest. 500-5500 feet.
A tall, slender, harsh grass growing in isolated clumps. Its one major require­
ment seems to be a swampy situation, and throughout the large altitudinal range no
appreciable difference in habit or occurrence was observed.
Muhlenbergia tenella (H. B. K.) Trin.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Canon Saucito (682), Guirocoba (740, 8 1 1 ) . Type
locality: Jalapa, Mexico.
HAB. On top of moist rocks in arroyos and canyons; Short-tree Forest to Oak
Forest. 2000-4000 feet.
Sporobolus microspermus (Lag.) Hitchc.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada (558).
HAB. Open slopes in Pine Forest.
Bouteloua aristidoides Thurber
Dist. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 6 1 ) . Type locality: near Toluca,
Mexico.
HAB. Highland meadow in Pine Forest.
This small grass was in a thriving association with other diminutives: Aegopogon
tenellus, Tagetes filifolia, and T. jaliscana.
Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella (382). Type locality: Illinois.
HAB. Rocky basaltic canyon slope; Oak Forest. Probably also in Thorn Forest.
Bouteloua eludens Griff.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (792). Type locality: Santa Rita Mts.,
Arizona.
HAB. Granitic soils in open areas; Short-tree Forest. 1000—3000 feet.
This small, turflike grass was often observed in certain lowland localities, such
as the valley slopes around Alamos and on the Thorn Forest island in the valley of
San Bernardo. It withstands a great deal of close grazing; burros especially crop it
down to the root crown.
Bouteloua gracilis (H. B. K.) Lag.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2788). Type locality: Guanajuato.
HAB. Open meadows in High Pine Forest area.
Specimens were taken from a small colony where a horde of small bees had gone
to roost on the waving heads. It was not observed to be a dominant grass, but rather
to be confined to localized areas.
Bouteloua radicosa (Fourn.) Griff.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (796). Type locality: Mexico, D . F.
HAB. Riparian in palm-oak valley.
Bouteloua Rothroc\ii Vasey
DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Ciudad Obregon (268). Type locality: Cottonwood,
Arizona.
HAB. Arroyo margin on coastal plain; Thorn Forest.
 LIST OF FLORA

Leptochloa filiformis ( L a m . ) Beauv.

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Ciudad Obregon (285, 298). Type locality: Central
America.
Н А Б . Valley arroyo margin; Thorn Forest.

Leptochloa mucronata (Michx.) Kunth

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (794).
H A B . Riparian in palm-oak valley.

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) L i n k

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 5 3 ) .
H A B . Old milpa. 3500 feet.

Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem) L i n k

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 5 4 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
Н А Б . Old milpa. 3500 feet.
Distributed as Eragrostis limbata Fourn. and corrected by L . H . Harvey.

Poa involuta Hitchc.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 1 6 ) .
H A B . Cool northern slope on high mountain with pine and fir. 8000 feet.
In small scattered tufts among rocks.

Bromus Porteri (Coult.) Nash

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2789). Type locality: T w i n Lakes,
Colorado.
H A B . Meadow in Pine Forest area.

Arundinaria longijolia Fourn. Otate

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua and Sonora; Conejos ( 1 1 0 3 ) . Type locality: Jical-
tepec, Mexico.
H A B . Moist forested slopes and canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest area. 2000—
3500 feet.
T h e bamboo of the Rio Mayo. A tall colony grows under the sabinos {Taxodium
mucronatum) in Canon Estrella. It often forms extensive colonies 6-8 m. high on
shaded moist slopes. T h e poles are locally used for building roofs, granaries, corrals,
etc., and as pitahaya and fishing poles. Barranca dwellers cut and carry them to the
lowlanders, selling them by the piece, especially as fishing and pitahaya poles.

Lasiacis ruscijolia ( H . В . K . ) Hitchc.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2402).
H A B . Shady canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
A riparian plant, cespitose, with weak, reclining stems.

Lasiacis sorghoides (Desv.) H . & C .

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Mescales (2290).
H A B . Wooded slopes and arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Widely distributed in the Rio Mayo country. Forms low, open bushes, irregular
in outline, with stems 1 m. long, many and naked from the root crown to the
terminal branchlets.
8 4
RIO M A Y O PLANTS

CYPERACEAE
Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl.) Pax
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Conejos ( 1 1 1 4 ) .
H A B . Moist arroyo margin. 2000 feet.
Cyperus albomarginatus Mart. & Schrad.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 8 0 6 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottom in Pine Forest. 5000 feet.

Cyperus Aschenbornianus Boekl.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 3 9 2 ) .
H A B . Riparian in Oak Forest canyon.
A delicate, elongated herb, 3—4 dm. high.

Cyperus Botteri Boeck.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 3 6 ) .
H A B . Slopes in Pine Forest. 5000 feet.

Cyperus canus Presl

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Arroyo Gochico ( 3 6 2 6 ) .
H A B . Moist ledges on shady cliff in deep canyon; Short-tree Forest. 1200 feet.
Forms large, compact, showy clumps, over 1 m. high. The only observed locality.

Cyperus digitatus Roxb. Tule

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 5 6 7 ) .
H A B . Swamp in Short-tree Forest. 2000—4000 feet.
In the playa of Guasaremos it makes a vigorous growth, rather densely covering
several acres of marginal swampland. It has a uniform height of about 1 m.
Cyperus hermaphroditus (Jacq.) Standi.
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 0 5 8 ) .
H A B . Milpas and valley margins; Short-tree Forest.
A common summer herb, adventive in the disturbed soils of cultivation.

Cyperus hermaphroditus var. longespicatus (Boekl.) K u k .

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 8 0 7 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottoms and slopes in Pine Forest. 4000-5500 feet.
Widely dispersed in moist, shady situations; stems about 1 m. long. Flowers
September.
Cyperus lanceolatus var. compositus Presl
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 9 5 ) , Guasaremos (2408).
H A B . Along shady watercourses in canyon bottoms; Short-tree Forest to L o w e r
Pine Forest. 2500—5000 feet. 1
Cyperus Mutisii ( H . B . K . ) Griseb.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 4 4 ) , Guasaremos ( 2 3 9 7 ) .
H A B . Rocky slopes of Oak Forest. 4000—5000 feet.
Scattered infrequently with the harsh grasses; flowers August and September.
Cyperus niger var. castaneus (Wats.) K u k .
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 9 6 ) .
H A B . Swampy meadow, Pine Forest. Collected in standing water. 5000 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA 85

Cyperus polystachyos var. leptostachyus Boekl.

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Salitral ( 1 5 7 6 ) , Chorijoa (2045).
HAB. Swamps and river banks in Short-tree Forest. 500-1500 feet.
Colonial in the warm mineral waters of springs.
Cyperus seslerioides H . B . K .
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 2 5 ) .
HAB. Seeping meadows in Pine Forest. 500 feet.
Cyperus spectabilis L i n k
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo (1800), Guasaremos (2396), Sierra
Canelo (2495).
HAB. Steep rocky slopes of Pine Forest and Oak Forest. 4000-6000 feet.
Infrequent and scattered. A tall ( 1 m.), slender plant with 1 to 3 stems; flowers
August and September.
Cyperus surinamensis Rottb.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 7 6 5 ) .
HAB. Riparian in palm-oak country.
Eaten by deer and cattle.

Cyperus tenerrimus Presl

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 5 8 6 ) .
HAB. Moist margins and bottom lands in shade of the Short-tree Forest.
A tolerant summer herb, found in occasional colonies under the forest trees in the
environs of San Bernardo.

Fuirena simplex Vahl

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Chorijoa ( 2 0 4 1 ) .
HAB. Marginal to water of warm mineral springs. 700 feet.
Fuirena sp.
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 1 2 ) .
HAB. Waters of mountain spring in Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.
Stems 1 m. long, weak, reclining on other plants and on fallen logs, in a very
rank association of canyon vegetation. *

Scirpus americanus Pers. '

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Salitral ( 1 5 7 5 ) .
HAB. W a r m mineral-spring swamp in Short-tree Forest. 700 feet.
Eleocharis atropurpúrea (Retz.) K u k . Sacatito del agua
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (802).
HAB. Riparian; Thorn Forest to Oak Forest.
Eleocharis capitata ( L . ) R . Br.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Conejos ( 1 1 1 3 ) .
HAB. Arroyo margins. 2000 feet.
Eleocharis montevidensis Kunth
DIST. Montane, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 1 8 ) , Sierra Charuco (3667).
HAB. Meadow seeps and springs in Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.
Forms dense colonial clumps 30 cm. high. A small rodent has well beaten run­
ways through this rush in Tepopa.
86 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Fimbristylis annua (All.) Roem. & Schult.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 8 0 1 ) .
H A B . Riparian in palm-oak country.
Car ex leucodonta Holm
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 1 4 ) .
H A B . Flat in pine canyon; Pine Forest. 5000 feet.
Carex nebras\ensis Dewey
D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 1 3 ) .
H A B . In cold spring water; Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.
Carex praegracilis W . Boott
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; above Cascada Candameña (LeSueur 1 1 1 8 ) .

PALMAE
Sabal uresana Trel. Palma, tahcú ( W )
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cerro Orejón ( 1 2 1 0 ) .
Recorded observations: Cedros range, Conejos, Guasaremos, Sierra Saguaribo,
Sierra Charuco, Sierra Canelo, and Rancho del Media. T y p e locality: near Ures,
Sonora.
H A B . Along arroyos and on cliffs, occasionally in valley soils; Oak Forest. 1800—
4000 feet.
A frequent and picturesque palm throughout the foothill country, at times with
a very small crown of leaves spread on a tall ( 1 5 m . ) , slender column. Old plants
are usually well spaced and scattered; the young often grow in thick colonies,
especially along streams. T h e Guajaráy region is said to have nurtured a
great population of these plants in earlier years. T h e natives attribute the present
comparative paucity to a diminution of rainfall during the past twenty years.
Both Mexicans and Indians use the leaves in thatching roofs, which if properly
laid will endure from eight to twelve years with but little repair or attention, will
shed the heaviest of rains, and will provide a clean, airy shade from a hard-burning
sun. The Warihios collect the terminal leaf buds and strip out the tender young
leaves for basket-making. T h e soft, white vascular tissue of the heart is eaten raw
or roasted in the coals. T h e trunks are occasionally used in house building. A l l
together, it is one of the most useful plants of the Río Mayo.
T h e species seems to be losing ground rapidly owing to the onslaughts of human-
kind and the rigors of a drought cycle. A species of beetle is also a persistent pest,
destroying the seeds. A s a larva it matures to the adult by feeding inside the seed,
leaving a large hole when it emerges.

Erythea af. aculeata Brandeg.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (4919, 5959)- T y p e locality: Cerro Colorado,
east of Culiacan, Sinaloa.
H A B . Arroyos and valley slopes in grassland and thin or very open forest cover.
1500—3000 feet.
A small palm, 3-8 m. high, sometimes thickly colonial; the petioles are highly
variable in length on different trees irrespective of sex, and this together with the
very heavy armature of many of the petioles, the generally larger stature, and the
roughly rugose, striate fruits makes its assignment to Erythea aculeata uncertain.
Topotypic material of E. aculeata has a much smoother and even more asymmetrical
 LIST OF FLORA
87

fruit. They both flower prolifically in March and April, and the fruits are mature in
October or November.
Erythea aculeata probably occurs also in the Río Mayo country, and some of the
recorded observations under Sabal uresana may refer to this species, especially those
about Conejos on the Arroyo Guajaráy. It has the same uses as Sabal uresana, and
its leaves are preferred for roofing.

BROMELIACEAE
Pitcairnia Palmeri Wats.
DIST. Montane, Sonora; Tepopa (2230). Type locality: Rio Blanco, Jalisco.
H A B . Crevices in cliff, northern exposure; Oak Forest. 4000 feet.
Herb with a single scape from a harsh-leaved bulbous base. Flowers bright
orange-red in June, at the height of the spring dry season.
Hechtia sp. Mescalito
(Plate 14, figure 2)
DIST. Foothills, Sonora. Recorded observations: Guirocoba, Sierra de Alamos,
and near Aquibiquichi.
Н А Б . Loose humus in crevices of basaltic cliffs and rocks. 500-2000 feet.
The particular habitat of these plants is a xeric one on the hot rock bases, where
they sometimes form close and extensive colonies in either shady or sunny exposures.
Tillandsia infiata Mez Mescalito, hichikoni ( W )
DIST. Western slopes of Sierra Charuco and Sierra Saguaribo; Sierra Charuco
(2032). Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Shade side of cliffs in Oak Forest and Short-tree Forest. Epiphytic on
Quercus albocincta. 2000-5000 feet.
Usually occurs on the perpendicular faces of cliffs well protected from the sun.
The roots do not follow deeply into the cracks, but rather mass themselves within
the circumscribed space of niches and irregularities in the surface of the chocolate-
colored rock. The plant grows erect, parallel with the face of the cliff; one was
observed perfectly saddling the crotch of a large oak.
The basal leaves are very numerous and form a large ornamental cluster. This
and the bright pink color of the bracts on the flowering spike make the discovery
of the plant a very pleasant experience. It blooms at a time when the fall drought
has already withered most other plants and driven them into their cyclic "slumber."
One might very well seek this immaculate cliff dweller for a drink of water, for
as much as a large cupful was found in the axial pockets of the leaves on one plant,
and that two weeks or so after the last rain.
The flowering plants are about 1 m. high. A purple tubular flower with a fine,
sharp white margin on the petals is exserted from the pink bracts. The flowers
appear in October. Dr. Lyman B. Smith, who determined the specimens, states
that "the only previous collection is the type specimen, the origin of which is un­
known." The species is common in the gorge of Arroyo Gochico about 2 leagues
above San Bernardo.
Tillandsia recúrvala L. Mescalito, hichikoni ( W )
(Plate 12, figure 2)
DIST. Foothills and coastal plains; Cerro Orejón (1203). Recorded observation:
near Huatabampo. Type locality: Jamaica.
H A B . Epiphytic on trees and shrubs in Thorn, Short-tree, and Oak forests.
10-3500 feet.
88 RIO MAYO PLANTS

T h e common epiphyte of the Rio Mayo. A m o n g the trees it frequents are

Prosopis chilensis, Haematoxylon brasiletto, Wimmeria mexicana, Pachycereus
pecten-aboriginum.

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina dianthijolia Delile Kasala ( W )

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2470), Sierra Canelo (2506), Cienegita
(2642), Mesa Colorada ( 5 2 8 ) .
H A B . Rock crevices of cliffs and rocky slopes in the Pine Forest. 4500-6000 feet.
Growing in spreading clumps with stems 30-60 cm. long. Flowers with blue
petals and yellow stamens, a showy, ethereal blue with a frosty fresh glaze; August
and September.

Commelina elegans H . B . K . Kasala ( W )

(Plate 27, figure 4)
D I S T . Lowlands and highlands, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 5 5 2 , 2339, 2350,
2403), Canon Estrella ( 3 7 4 ) .
H A B . Moist soils of slopes and bottoms in Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest.
2000-5000 feet.
A low, cespitose herb with weak, spreading stems, and flowers with blue petals
and yellow stamens; August and September. It is variable in flower color and leaf,
the flower blue to white, the leaf narrow to broad. Quite common.

Tinantia erecta (Jacq.) Schlecht.

D I S T . Barrancas and montane, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 4 4 1 ) , Sierra Canelo
( 2 5 2 5 ) , Memelichi ( 2 7 7 4 ) .
H A B . Moist bottoms of canyon and meadow from Short-tree Forest to H i g h Pine
Forest. 2800—7500 feet.
A turgescent summer annual, solitary in habit, with blue to purple flowers and
with the hairs of the upper stamens yellow.

Tinantia leiocalyx Clarke

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 6 5 5 ) .
H A B . Valley forest. 800 feet.
In rank knee-high growth with other summer herbs under the trees.

Tradescantia amplexicaulis Klotzch

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 0 6 ) .
H A B . Marginal to arroyo in Pine Forest. 5000 feet.
A weak-stemmed summer annual with lavender flowers; among rocks on moist
banks.

Tradescantia brachyphylla Greenm.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 7 5 ) .
H A B . Meadow of the Pine Forest. 7500 feet.

Tradescantia chihuahuensis Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 227.
*937
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2365 type). Type locality: Guasa­
remos, Chihuahua.
 LIST OF FLORA 8 9

H A B . Moist canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 2800 feet.

A few scattered plants were collected in Canon Chanate in the Guasaremos
vicinity, the only instance of its being observed. T h e flowers are pale blue or
white; August.

Tradescanlia disgrega Kunth

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Chorijoa (1598, 1599).
H A B . In loose, rich soil among rocks under the shade of the Short-tree Forest.
900 feet.
A diminutive mesophytic summer herb; flowers August.

Tradescantia pinetorum Greene

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Algodones (2294), Memelichi ( 2 7 7 1 ) .
H A B . Meadows in the Pine Forest. 5000-7500 feet.
The flowers are purple with yellow anthers. The species is small, specimens
averaging 15—25 cm. in height. Summer annual.

Tradescantia rhodanthera Torr.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 0 4 ) .
H A B . In the humus on boulder tops in a mixed forest of pine and oak.
5000 feet.
A tolerant summer annual with bright-blue flowers spread in a wide panicle.
Rare in the field.

Tradescantia semisomna Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 228,
!937
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (1658 type), Cienegita
(2630). T y p e locality: San Bernardo, Sonora.
H A B . Shaded forest slopes in the Short-tree Forest. 800-3000 feet.
A turgescent, leafy summer herb growing in the rich humus of rock crevices.
The flowers are pale blue and wilt shut in the afternoon. The plant quickly wilts
with the first of the obliterating droughts of fall, and dies soon after. It is uncom­
mon. LeSueur is reported to have collected the species recently in the Sierra Madre
in Chihuahua.

Callisia monandra ( S w . ) Schult.

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 5 4 ) .
H A B . Marginal soil of arroyo; Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
A small, delicate winter annual, rooting at the nodes; flowers January and
February.

PONTEDERIACEAE

Heteranthera limosa ( S w . ) Willd. Patitos

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 7 5 ) . Type locality: "Jam. Hispa-
niola."
H A B . S w a m p margin in Short-tree Forest. 3000 feet.
Scattered in the mud under rank clumps of Cyperus digitatus.
90 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

JUNCACEAE
funcus macer S. F . Gray
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; above Cascada Candameña (LeSueur 1 1 1 7 A ) .
LeSueur's label reads "Above Basaseachic Falls," which the author understands
to be Cascada Candameña; see map 1 .

LILIACEAE

Schoenocaulon Drummondii Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 2 3 1 5 ) , Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 1 5 ) . T y p e
locality: Southwestern Texas.
H A B . Black, loose soil among rocks under the pines. 5000-6000 feet.
Infrequent. Flowers summer.

Zygadenus mexicanus Benth.

D I S T . H i g h montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 2 1 ) .
H A B . Steep, moist slope with pine and fir. 8000 feet.
T h e only observed locality. Flowers summer.

Anthericum Torreyi Baker Coyamol

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 6 8 9 ) , Sierra Canelo
( 1 8 9 1 ) , Guasaremos (2466, 2896). Type locality: Copper Mines, N e w Mexico.
H A B . Mainly in the Pine Forest area, on moist, cool rocky slopes with harsh
ЬцпсЬ grasses. 4000—6000 feet.
T h e roots are a spread of many stout parts. Flowers yellow with three narrow
green medial stripes on sepals and petals; September. T h e distribution is irregular
and it is nowhere a common or abundant plant.

Echeandia brevifolia Wats. Azucena del monte

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (1858, 2880), Canon
Estrella ( 3 3 3 ) .
H A B . On rocky slopes with harsh grasses in Oak Forest area. 2800-4000 feet.
A solitary species, widely distributed but infrequent in occurrence. Flowers early
fall; petals white, anthers yellow. It occurs mixed with dominating colonies of
grass.

Allium scaposum Benth. Cebollin

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto ( 2 5 5 8 ) . T y p e locality: "Secus rivulos, Aguas
Calientes," Mexico.
H A B . T h i n gravel soil in moist grasslands; Pine Forest area. 5500 feet.
Infrequently occurring, in scattered colonies. T h e flowers are white with purple
anthers. T h e bulbs are occasionally eaten by the natives. Summer.

Milla biflora C a v . Lilia cimarrón

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 6 9 4 ) , Cienegita
( 2 8 1 2 ) , Cañón Estrella ( 3 6 9 ) , Arroyo A g u a Blanca ( 5 1 7 ) . T y p e locality: "Habitat
in Imperio Mexicano."
Н А Б . Open grassy slopes with the oaks and the lower pines. 3000-5500 feet.
A solitary species, scattered generally throughout the Oak Forest area. Flower
a refreshing snow white; late summer and fall. Another collection from west
 LIST OF FLORA
91

of Los Cascarones (2659«) may represent a distinct species. It is a much smaller

plant, 1 5 cm. high, with a pale-purple corolla.

Calochortus fuscus Schult.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (1896, 2 5 3 2 ) , Guasaremos ( 2 3 8 5 ) .
Type locality: "In Mexico ad Arismendi."
H A B . In loose soil and humus on rocky slopes of the Oak Forest. 4000-5000 feet.
The plants grow 2 0 - 3 0 cm. high on weak stems from a single small bulb. Petals
ochraceous, hairy within; August. Rare.

Calochortus venustulus Greene

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 8 1 9 ) , Guasaremos
(2392), Los Cascarones (2670). Type locality: west of Durango, alt. 2430 m.,
Sierra Madre, Durango.
H A B . In the thin, gravelly soils of Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 4000-7500 feet.
In scattered colonies, the plants 1 5 - 2 5 cm.' high. Flowers white to yellow, with
the central hairs yellow and the sepals with a purple tinge basally on the ventral
side; August and September. It is not a common species, but apparently occupies
a much wider zonal range than Calochortus fuscus.

Hypoxis decumbens L .
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 3 2 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottom in Pine Forest. 4000-5000 feet.
Inconspicuous procumbent herb under the pines. Flowers summer. Infrequent.

Yucca rígida (Engelm.) Trel. Socol

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (2304).
H A B . Rocky slopes and canyons; Oak Forest. 3500-5000 feet.
Plant 1 m. high with short, inconspicuous trunk and white flowers; July. T h e
Warihios eat the young, immature fruits while they are yet tender. A vigorous
colony of yuccas was observed on the peak of Cerro Orejón.
Nolina matapensis Wiggins, Contr. Dudley Herb., vol. 3, p. 65, 1940
Palmita, sotol, tuya ( W )
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cerro Orejón ( 1 2 0 9 ) . Recorded observa­
tions: near Conejos, Guasaremos, Sierra Charuco, Sierra Canelo. Type locality:
near Mátape, between Hermosillo and Suaqui, Sonora.
H A B . Open, sunny grass slopes in the Oak Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
Widely distributed throughout the oak belt, where it is a conspicuous element in
the landscape. T h e old, yellowish flowering stalks persist, sticking out of the
leaf crowns like wry skeletons, for a year or more. The plants are commonly 3 - 4 m.
high with three or four short, ascending arms.
T h e Warihio Indians employ the leaves in making baskets. Only the young,
tender leaves are used; they are collected by breaking out the conical leaf bud. Care
must be taken, for the leaf edges cut like a razor. The Indians denied that this
hurt the growth of the plant, saying that a new cone was formed and growth
continued as before.

Nolina microcarpa Wats. Sotol chiquito

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Sierra Saguaribo, Tepopa (2228). Type locality: Rock
Canyon, Arizona.
9 2 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

H A B . Cliffs of the Oak Forest. 4000 feet.

Mature plants have a trunk 30 cm. long, usually twisted upward parallel with the
face of the cliff. Flower stalk 1 m. or more in length; June. Infrequent.

Dasylirion Wheeleri Wats. Sotol, sawo ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 8 2 2 ) . T y p e locality:
Ash Creek, western Texas to Arizona.
H A B . Rocky, sunny slopes in Oak Forest area. 3000—5000 feet.
Though distributed throughout the Río Mayo oak country, this is nowhere
a common or abundant plant, and shows a marked preference for rocky promon­
tories. T h e Warihios use the young leaves for weaving baskets. T h e marginal
spines are stripped off, but even so the women complain of the harshness to the
hands. T h e baskets are heavy and durable and are used to hold heavier articles.

AMARYLLIDACEAE

Hymenocallis sonorensis Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 229,

(Plate 1 3 , figure 1 )
D I S T . Foothill valleys, Sonora; Alamos (2267 type). T y p e locality: Alamos,
Sonora.
H A B . Margins of arroyos and banks in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.
500—2000 feet.
T h e flower is white, and opens in the early morning but droops in the later,
hotter hours. T h e plants most commonly occur as riparian colonies with sprawling
leaves and fleshy pedicels holding the large fruits, which persist on the stalks long
into the fall. It is among the first of the plants to come into leaf and flower with
the summer rains. Shreve collected it (7677) 1 5 miles south of Nogales, indicating
a surprising range for a species so long unknown.

Manjreda jaliscana Rose

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 2 9 0 ) . Type locality: near Guadalajara,
Jalisco.
H A B . In loose soil among rocks on grassy slope in Oak Forest. 3200 feet.
T h e leaves are many, 1 cm. wide, 3 0 - 5 0 cm. long, weak and reclining, grasslike;
infrequent.

Manjreda singuliflora (Wats.) Rose

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 7 8 ) , Los Cascarones ( 2 6 7 1 ) , Sierra
Charuco ( 2 9 1 5 ) . Type locality: mountains near Chihuahua (city).
H A B . Shaded slopes in Pine Forest. 5000—8000 feet.
A slender, delicate plant with 4-6 basal leaves about 30 cm. long and 1 cm. wide.
Flowering stalks 1 - 2 m. long; perianth purplish. It was found adventive in an
old milpa near Guicorichi, and will probably also be found in Sonora.

A g a v e b o v i c o r n u t a , sp. nov. Lechuguilla, sabali ( W ) , sapuli ( W )

(Plate 15, figure 1 )
Mature plants large, with rosettes up to 1 m. high and 1.5 m. broad, often
m
smaller, and with flowering stalks 1 . 5 - 3 - high with several paniculate branches
on upper one-third of stalk.
 LIST OF FLORA
93

Leaves i m. long, 20-30 cm. wide above the middle, 6-8 cm. wide 1 cm. above
base, and 2 - 3 cm. thick, glabrous, deep green, armed, spatulate-lanceolate, ascend­
ing after first spreading with thickened mid-bases, and with strongly astringent
sap, producing a rash on human epidermis. Terminal spine straight, slender,
4-5 cm. long, 6 mm. wide at base, widely sulcate at base but with groove finely
terminating 1 cm. from tip. Marginal teeth large, 1 0 - 1 8 mm. long on continuous
horny margins, descending but often flexed upward to form a cow-horn shape,
the largest borne on spatulate width of leaf, and with 1 - 4 secondary teeth on bases,
some of which are minute. Perianth yellow, 28 mm. long (dried specimens),
numerous; tube campanulate, 6-8 mm. long, 1 0 - 1 2 mm. wide at orifice; segments
lanceolate, 2 cm. long, 5 mm. wide at base, gradually tapering to a coriaceous tip;
filaments inserted midway in tube and exserted for 2 - 3 cm., or more than half
their length; stigma trilabial, the pair exceeding the single. Capsules on short stipes
or constrictions 5 mm. long, round-ovoid, 40-45 mm. long, 1 5 - 1 8 mm. in diameter;
seeds very thin, tomentulose, 4 - 5 mm. in diameter, notched on one corner, black
and shining, reticulate. T y p e (3672) in Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University,
California, collected on the slopes of the valley of Curohui, Río Mayo, Sonora,
April 4, 1938, by H o w a r d Scott Gentry.
Planta acaulis perennis; folia spathulato-lanceolata 2 - 3 cm. crassa basi 6-8 cm.
lata medie 20—30 cm. lata viridia glabra, spina terminali angusta 4 - 5 cm. longa
basi 6 mm. lata et sulcata late, marginibus foliorum cartilagineis, spinis lateralibus
10—18 mm. longis anguste conicis descensis vel ascensis et cornu bovis simulantibus,
m
dentibus minoribus ad basim dentium maximorum; caulis florifer 1 . 5 - 3 - altus;
perianthium flavum circa 28 mm. longum, tubo campanulato 6-8 mm. longo 1 0 - 1 2
mm. lato, segminibus lanceolatis 2 cm. longis 5 mm. latis, staminibus in tubo medie
insertis 2 - 3 cm. exsertis; capsulae ellipticae 1 5 - 1 8 mm. diámetro 40-45 mm. longae,
seminibus tenuibus 4 - 5 mm. latis nigris nitidis lateraliter reticulatis.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Curohui (3672 type and isotypes),

Alamos ( 1 3 4 ) . T y p e locality: Curohui, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky hill slopes and arroyo sides throughout the Oak Forest. 2800-
4500 feet.
T h e name is suggested by the marginal spines, many of which perfectly resemble
a cow horn in shape. This species belongs in the subgenus Euagave, and is the
largest species in the section Applanata known to the author. It is the most common
of the upland Agaves in the Río Mayo basin, where it is endemic to the Oak Forest,
and is quickly recognized by its large size and bright-green leaves. In shady situa­
tions the rosettes are comparatively lax and fewer-leaved, and the plants are smaller.
In dry, open places the plant is more compact. It makes a very poor mescal, and is
avoided by the natives, who speak of it as "bravo." The juice of the leaves is very
caustic on the skin.

Agave colorata, sp. nov.

(Plate 14, figure 2)
Plants rather small, with transverse pink bands on ashy leaves, with rosettes
low, spreading, up to 0.50 m. high and 0.75 m. broad, and with flowering stalks
2 - 3 m. high with few, widely spaced paniculate branches on upper half. Leaves
94 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

c m n c m
25—35 - l ° g > 1 0 - 1 5 - broad, 1 - 2 cm. thick, ascending to horizontal, concave
to flat, ovate and abrupdy acuminate, armed, glaucous, with transverse pink (vari­
able) bands. Terminal spines 25 mm. long, stout, sulcate at base. Marginal teeth
5 - 1 0 mm. long, simple, regularly spaced on acute fleshy prominences. Flowers un­
known. Type (3050) in Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University, California,
from live specimen no. 1 3 1 in Desert Laboratory Garden, Tucson, Arizona,
collected on secondary limestone berg, "Penasco Blanco," near Aquibiquichi, Rio
Mayo, Sonora, February 1 2 , 1937, by Howard Scott Gentry.
Planta acaulis perennis circa 0.5 m. alta 0.75 m. lata, caulibus floriferis apice
c m i a t a
paniculatis 2—3 m. altis; folia concavo-convexa ovata acuminata 1 0 - 1 5 l
1 - 2 cm. crassa 25—35 cm. longa glauca et redimicula rosea transversaria, spina
terminali crassa basi sulcata 25 mm. longa, dentibus lateralibus simplicibus 5 - 1 0 mm.
longis ab prominentiis carnosis acutis; flores ignoti.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Aquibiquichi (3050 type). Type locality: Aqui­

biquichi, Sonora.
HAB. Strong sun exposures on white lime rock in Thorn Forest.
A distinct species of the subgenus Euagavc, characterized by the reddish cross-
bands on the leaves. These vary from very pale to bright in different individuals
growing on the same acre of rock, and it is quite possible that the strongly cal­
careous nature of the substratum has a great deal to do with the coloration. It is
very localized, having been observed only on the limestone berg.

Agave Hartmani Wats. ? Taiehcholi ( W )

DIST. Sonora and Chihuahua; San Jose de Pinal (2850). Recorded observation:
Curohui. Type locality: Sierra del Pajarito, Northern Sonora.
HAB. Open rocky slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 4000-5000 feet.
T h e collection and observed plants are tentatively assigned to Agave Hartmani,
since the author has not seen authentic material of Watson's species. It is not
an abundant plant, but rather occurs sporadically in scattered localities, where it
shows a preference for rocks. T h e Warihios report that it is used occasionally for
making dulce (candy) and that formerly the straight, half-inch-thick flowering stalks
were used as shafts for arrows.
This is a small acaulescent plant with a rosette of leaves 6—8 inches in diameter,
filiferous, and with white angled lines which appear as if laid on with a brush.
T h e flowering stalk is 1 - 2 m. long, supporting a spicate inflorescence.

A g a v e m a y o e n s i s , sp. nov. Amole, hauwe (W)

(Plate 6, figure 1; plate 14, figure r)
Plants medium-sized, unarmed, acaulescent, with long, slender, limber, decurved
leaves, suggesting the limbs of an octopus, and with flowering stalks 2 - 3 m. long,
spicate, flowering on upper three-fourths of their length.
Leaves unarmed, fleshy, deep green, strongly involute, limply decurved, the
lower declined to ground, 7 5 - 1 5 0 cm. long, 5-8 cm. broad, linear-tapering to a
very elongate tip, which only on ultimate leaves is spinelike, and with deep,
thickened, ventral midrib at base tapering out 30-50 cm. from base. Flowering
stalk 2 - 3 m. long, striate, with intermittent open glands excreting a resinous yel-
 LIST OF FLORA
95

lowish fluid in dried specimens, and with numerous dichotomously branched

pedicels, 1 . 5 - 2 cm. long; the pedicels also glandular and bracteate, the lower bract
threadlike, 3 - 5 cm. long, scarious-margined at base, and borne on ventral base of
pedicel above a large gland. Flowers in fours, yellowish white, funnelform; tube
5 mm. long, 5 mm. wide at orifice; segments linear from a flaring base, bluntly
tipped, 15 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide; filaments 20-30 mm. long, inserted on base of
segments. Capsule (only one at hand, scarcely mature) 25 mm. long, 7 mm. in
diameter at widest place above middle, constricted toward base, with a beak 1 - 2 mm.
long. Type (3673) in Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University, California, col­
lected on basaltic cliff in Arroyo Gochico about 1 league above San Bernardo,
Sonora, April 5, 1938, by Howard Scott Gentry.
Planta acaulis perennis; folia carnosa viridia lanceolato-linearia involuta 7 5 - 1 5 0
cm. longa basi 5-8 cm. lata deflexa; spina terminali angusto-acuminata, spinis
lateralibus nullis; caulis florifer 2 - 3 m. altus striatus glandulosus, pedunculis
bis bipartitis 1 . 5 - 2 cm. longis, bracteis 3 - 5 cm. longis flexuosis scariosis attenuato-
acuminatis; floribus quaternariis luteo-albis, tubo 5 mm. longo et lato, segminibus
linearibus 2.5 mm. latis 15 mm. longis, staminibus 20-30 mm. longis ad basim
segminum insertis; capsulae 7 mm. diametro 25 mm. longae ad basim constrictae,
rostro 1—2 mm. longo.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Gochico (3673 type and co-
types). Recorded observations: Arroyo Guajaray, Tepopa, Curohui, Arroyo de los
Mescales, Carimechi, and near Canelo. Type locality: Arroyo Gochico, Sonora.
H A B . Cliffs, mostly in Short-tree Forest, but also through Oak Forest. 1 0 0 0 -
4000 feet.
This remarkable Agave belongs in the subgenus Littaea, section Anoplagave of
Berger, and is closest to Agave bracteosa Wats, from northeastern Mexico, from
which it is amply distinguished by its larger size, unarmed leaves, smaller flowers,
and other characters. It is common above Los Tanques valley wherever the
arroyos or canyons are bordered by high basaltic cliffs. On the shady sides of these
cliffs it forms extensive vertical colonies, associated with Mammillaria, Ficus
petiolaris, Eucnide hypomalaca, ferns, and numerous other cliff dwellers. In the oak
elevations it occurs with Ferocactus alamosanus, Agave bovicornuta, Mammillaria,
and other plants of the Oak Forest. Its area of abundance, however, is in the Short-
tree Forest. T h e natives use the raw pulp of the leaves in washing their clothes,
rubbing handfuls over the fabric as they do soap. This plant is not cut for mescal,
nor eaten in any way, so far as is known.

A g a v e S h r e v e i , sp. nov. Lechuguilla ceniza, totosa ( W ) , totosali ( W )

(Plate 16)
Plants rather small, with ashy, depressed, few-leaved rosettes up to 30 cm. high
and 1 m. broad, and with flowering stalks 2 - 3 m. high, bearing 3 or 4 panicles on
upper third of length and with stiff, armed cauline bracts.
c m
Leaves 30-40 cm. long, 1 0 - 1 5 - broad at middle, 1 - 2 cm. thick, slightly
ascending to horizontal or sagging, very ashy, flat, coriaceous, spatulate-lanceolate,
armed. Terminal spine slender, 5 cm. long, 4 mm. wide at base, sulcate to within
96 RIO M A Y O P L A N T S

2 cm. of tip. Marginal teeth simple, some mildly flexed, 5-8 mm. long, 1 - 2 cm.
apart, and on small horny bases capping fleshy prominences. Perianth yellowish,
tubular, numerous, 35 mm. long (dried specimens); tube relatively deep, 25 mm.
long, 10 mm. wide at orifice; segments 10 mm. long, less than half as long as
tube, dissimilar, 3 ovate, 3 ovate-lanceolate exceeding the former by 1 - 2 m m . and
with coriaceous tips; filaments exserted 2 5 - 3 0 mm. and inserted in lower half
of tube; stigma trilabial, with the 3 lips separated by a relatively broad emargina-
tion. Capsules on short stipes or constrictions 3 mm. long, beaked, 4 5 - 5 0 mm. long,
17 mm. in diameter, fusiform. Seeds brownish (immature?), hemispherical, 3.5
mm. wide, 5 mm. long, with a strong encircling ring, concave, with one salient
corner from which faintly radiate striae, otherwise smooth. Type (2028) in Dudley
Herbarium of Stanford University, California, collected on Oak Forest slope of
Sierra Canelo above Guasaremos, Chihuahua, October 8, 1 9 3 5 , by Howard Scott
Gentry.
Planta acaulis perennis ad 30 cm. alta et 1 m. lata; folia spathulato-lanceolata
c m a t a
cineracea 1 - 2 cm. crassa 1 0 - 1 5 - l 30—40 cm. longa, spina terminali angusta
basi 4 mm. lata 5 cm. longa ad 2 cm. inferum apicem sulcata, dentibus lateralibus
simplicibus 5—8 mm. longis separatim 1—2 cm. ab prominentiis carnosis; caulis
florifer 2—3 m. altus ad apicem paniculatus, bracteis rigidis; perianthium flavum
tubulatum 35 mm. longum, tubo 25 mm. longo ad apicem 10 mm. diametro, seg-
minibus 10 m m . longis dissimilibus tribus ovatis tribus ovato-lanceolatis quam
alteris 1 - 2 mm. longioribus, staminibus 25—30 mm. exsertis in dimidio inferiore
tubi insertis; capsulae fusiformales 1 7 mm. latae 45—50 mm. longae, rostro brevi,
seminibus 3.5 mm. latis 5 mm. longis plano-convexis vel concavo-convexis fuscis.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2028 type and isotypes).
Type locality: Sierra Canelo, Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky outcroppings, basaltic or calcareous, in Oak Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
In the field this species is most readily distinguished by its grayish, few-leaved,
and depressed rosette. It belongs in the subgenus Euagave, section Applanata of
Trelease. It occurs in widely scattered colonies throughout the mountains, some­
times overlapped by pines, and is never abundant. T h e natives report that it makes
a good mescal, and the pulp, flowers, and young flowering stalks are very edible.
Named in honor of that incomparable botanist of the desert, Forrest Shreve.

Agave wocomahi, sp. nov. Wocomahi ( W )

(Plate 17)
Mature plants large, with open rosettes up to 1.5 m. high and 2 m. broad, the
old leaves often weakened and prone, and with relatively large flowering stalks
5 - 7 m. high, bearing a loose pyramid of paniculate branches on upper part of stem.
Leaves 7 5 - 1 5 0 cm. long, 1 5 - 2 0 cm. broad, 2 cm. thick, glabrous, light green,
armed, linear-lanceolate, at first horizontal then ascending. Terminal spine straight,
strong, 5 cm. long and almost 1 cm. wide at base, openly sulcate to within 1 2 mm.
of apex; marginal teeth simple, 6 - 1 0 mm. long, mostly descending and occasionally
flexed upward or downward, on separate ( 1 - 3 cm. apart) horny bases along rela­
tively straight leaf margin. Flowers tubular, yellowish, numerous, with perianths
 LIST OF FLORA
97
35-38 mm. long (dried specimens); tube 20 mm. long, 9 mm. wide at opening;
segments shorter than tube, 1 5 mm. long, 4 mm. wide at base, narrowing rapidly
above base to linear form, slightly broadened or saccate at tip under a coriaceous
terminus; filaments inserted above middle of tube; stigma large, trilabiate with the
single lobe exceeding the pair, all rimmed with a coriaceous margin. Capsule
oblong on stipe 6 - 1 0 mm. long, 1 5 mm. wide and 50-60 mm. long. Type (1989)
in Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University, California, collected on open slope
in Lower Pine Forest near Guicorichi, Chihuahua, October 7, 1936, by Howard
Scott Gentry.
Planta acaulis perennis 1.5 m. alta 2 m. lata, caulibus floriferis ad apicem panicu-
latis 5 - 7 m. altis; folia glabra viridia lanceolato-linearia 2 cm. crassa 1 5 - 2 0 cm.
lata 7 5 - 1 5 0 cm. longa, spina terminali recta forti 5 cm. longa basi 1 cm. lata ad
12 mm. inferum apicem sulcata, dentibus lateralibus simplicibus 6 - 1 0 mm. longis
ascensis nonnullis sursum vel deorsum flexis ab prominentiis carnosis 1—3 cm.
separatim; perianthium tubulatum flavum 35-38 mm. longum, tubo 20 mm. longo,
segminibus linearibus 1 5 mm. longis basi 4 mm. latis, apicibus coriaceis, staminibus
supra medium tubi insertis; capsulae oblongae 1 5 mm. latae 50-60 mm. longae,
parte inferiore capsulae constricta 6—10 mm. longa; seminibus ignotis.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi (1989 type). Type locality: Guicorichi,

Chihuahua.
H A B . Open sun slopes in Pine Forest. 5000—6000 feet.
The largest of the indigenous Rio Mayo Agaves, which because of the open
and symmetrical spacing of its basal leaves is quite distinctive and attractive. It
belongs in the subgenus Euagave, but its sectional relationships are not clear. It is
known only from a small area surrounding Cerro Guicorichi, to which the Warihio
Indians say it is confined. Fortunately it is unfit for making mescal or for baking,
for otherwise it would doubtless have been exterminated long ago.
Agave yaquiana Trel. ? Mescal
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Guajaray ( 1 1 3 9 ) -
H A B . Rocky slopes and promontories in foothills; Thorn Forest and Short-tree
Forest. 500—2500 feet.
The most common and widely distributed Agave in the Rio Mayo lowlands.
The Warihios, Mayos, and Mexicans roast the trunk and the young flowering
stalk over coals and devour them. The flowers they boil as they do squash. This is
also the species generally used in southern Sonora for making the distilled liquor
mescal. After the trunk and basal part of the leaves have been baked, they are
chopped up and put through the distillery, usually a crude apparatus erected in
the backwoods near the wild haunt of the agaves. Large areas have recently been
cut over and depopulated of all but the young plants.
Agave sp.
(Plate 15, figure 2)
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua. Recorded observations: in foothills
west of Sierra Charuco, and at Guasaremos.
H A B . Grassy open slopes in lower limits of Oak Forest. 2500-3500 feet.
A medium-sized species with symmetrical rosettes of ashy leaves. It is rare and
was observed in only a few localities.
98 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

DIOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea convolvulácea var. grandijolia (Schlecht.) Uline Chichiwo ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Sapopa ( 1 6 3 4 ) , Guasaremos
(1562, 2328).
H A B . In rich basaltic soils of slope and valley; Short-tree Forest area. 1 0 0 0 -
3000 feet.
A common perennial vine, with a long, fleshy root eaten raw or roasted by the
Warihio and Mayo Indians and Mexicans. It is the yam of the Río Mayo, and an
important food in the diet of the Warihio, especially in times of scarcity of corn
during late spring and early summer. It has been found in close association with
Guazuma ulmifolia, Acalypha subviscida, A. polystachya, and Montanoa Rosei.
It grows and is in leaf only through the moist summer rainy season, and dries down
to the root in the fall dry season.

IRID A C E A E

Sisyrinchium arizonicum Rothr.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 2 3 1 6 ) .
H A B . In loose, black soil of rocky slopes under trees; Pine Forest. 4000-
5500 feet.

Sisyrinchium scabrum Cham. & Schl.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 8 1 7 , 2 3 1 8 ) , Memelichi ( 2 7 7 7 ) .
H A B . Slopes and meadows of Pine Forest area. 5000—8000 feet.
Apparently found throughout the Pine Forest of the Rio Mayo, but nowhere
observed as a common plant.

Tigridia Pringlei Wats. Chaqual

D I S T . Barrancas and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 7 3 ) ,
Guasaremos (1827, 2400). Recorded observations: Guirocoba, above Loreto, Meme-
lichi. Reported from Sierra Sutucame.
H A B . Moist, rich volcanic soils from Short-tree Forest to H i g h Pine Forest.
2500-7000 feet.
Stems ascend from a single bulb 1 m. or more above ground, and bear with
favorable rains as many as three or four successive flowers in a week. T h e color
and pattern of the flowers are highly variable. The most common form is with
outer petals red, cup yellow within spotted with large dots, and a yellow margin.
The flowers open with the first touch of sunlight. The Warihios are reported to eat
the bulbs roasted. The species is common around Guasaremos.
Nemastylis Pringlei Wats. ?
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 3 5 ) .
H A B . In short grass on chalky sun slope; pines. 5000 feet.
Rare. Flowers light purple; summer.

ORCHID ACEAE

Habenaria clypeata Lindl.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 1 3 ) .
H A B . Humus soils in canyon bottoms; Pine Forest. 4000-5500 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
99

Habenaria jaliscana Wats.

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 0 8 ) , Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 3 0 ) .
H A B . Coarse soil on dry, open slopes of Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
Terrestrial orchid 1 0 - 3 0 cm. high, with the taproot ending in a bulb.

Habenaria noaemfida Lindl.

Habenaria diffusa Rich. & Gal.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (1906), San Jose de Pinal (2854a).
H A B . Rocky terrain; Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Habenaria oreophila Greenm.

DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Saguacoa (2452).
H A B . In moist soil of forested canyon slope; Short-tree Forest. 2800 feet.

Habenaria Schaffneri Wats. ?

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2530a).
H A B . Coarse soil in Pine Forest opening. 5500 feet.

Sarcoglottis pauciflora (Rich. & Gal.) Schult.

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 8 7 1 ) .
H A B . In humus with grass on sunny oak slope. 5500 feet.
Plant 30-50 cm. high; root with rhizomes. Flowers greenish; September. Rare
in the field, the instance of collection being the only observation. Schweinfurth says,
in a letter to the author: "Probably this species . . . is a good match for Hondurian
specimens so determined."

Stenorrhynchus aurantiacus Lindl.

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 3 1 ) .
H A B . Along cool stream banks in Pine Forest area. 5000-6500 feet.
Scattered individuals were observed across Sierra Canelo to Loreto, most of which
were collected in making up a set of ten specimens. It stands 50-60 cm. high and
is brightly conspicuous, with a flowering spike of orange, resembling Castelleja.

Corallorrhiza grandiflora Rich. & Gal.

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui (3670).
H A B . Calcareous oak humus on rocky limestone slope in climax Oak Forest.
3500 feet.
Three flowering scapes were collected from a colony of scattered rhizomes em­
c m m
bedded 1 0 - 1 5 - oak-leaf humus on Plant Census plot 4 (p. 5 6 ) . T h e scape
is 1 5 - 2 0 cm. high, with 3 or 4 lanceolate, auriculate, acuminate, entire leaves, 8 - 1 0
mm. long. Both stem and leaves are reddish brown. Flowers pedunculate, single,
axillate (pedicels less than 1 cm. long), purple; May. Rare in herbaria and in
the field.

Malaxis fastigiata (Reichenb. f.) C . Kuntze

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 1 3 ) .
H A B . Pine-needle humus in Pine Forest. 4000 feet.
A tolerant, inconspicuous, infrequent, terrestrial summer herb.
100 RIO MAYO PLANTS

Microstylis ophioglossoides Nutt.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 2 2 ) .
H A B . Pine-needle humus in canyon bottom. 4000-5000 feet.
A small, inconspicuous species, growing principally in canyon shade.
Epidendrum microbulbon Hook.
(Plate 13, figure 2)
D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Tepopa ( 2 2 1 4 ) .
H A B . Oak limbs on airy slopes and cliffs. 3000—4500 feet.
A small colonial epiphyte, abundant in the vicinity of Tepopa. Flowers yellowish
brown with upper petal white finely striped with purple lines. Flowers and fruits
May and June.
Laelia autumnalis Lindl. Kiki ( W )
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2026), Tepopa ( 2 2 2 5 ) .
H A B . On oaks and rocks in Oak Forest and locally down into Short-tree Forest
on shady cliffs. 3000-5000 feet.
T h e most common species of highland orchid in the Rio Mayo country, commonly
forming colonies on oak limbs and on cliffs. Flowers large and showy, in various
shades of lavender, 3—6 in a cluster, and borne on a woody scape 30—40 cm. long;
October. Mature fruits were collected in June.
T h e Warihios use the mucilaginous sap of the bulbs as a glue in making musical
instruments, principally the violin. It is applied directly by rubbing the skinned bulb
along the seam or wood surface to be jointed. There is a belief that where " k i k i "
grows is no place to plant maize, for the maize will fail or do poorly.

Hexalectris mexicana Greenm.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Cajurichi ( 2 7 0 2 ) .
H A B . Dry, open, sunny pine slope. 7000 feet.
Infrequent. Apparently a plant without chlorophyll, and parasitic on roots.
Bletia amabilis Schweinfurth, Harvard Univ. Bot. Mus. Leaflets, vol. 6, pi. 62, 1938
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (2302 type), Guasa-
remos (2449). Type locality: Sierra Charuco, Sonora.
H A B . Loose humus soil on rocky slopes in Oak Forest. 3500-4500 feet.
A large-flowered, showy terrestrial with scape 1 m. long bending under a heavy
bloom. T h e lateral petals are yellow with purple veins, the upper petal purple.
Rare. Flowers in summer.
Bletia Roezlii Reichenb.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 8 9 ) , Sierra Canelo (1905, 2 4 7 7 ) ,
Los Cascarones (2667).
H A B . Arid soils of the open Pine Forest. 4500-7000 feet.
Widely and very thinly distributed. A terrestrial orchid with a slender woody
scape 20-50 cm. high. Sepals pale green, rest of flower yellow with deep-red mark­
ings and lines radiating out laterally on lower lip. Flowers in summer. It has the
look and occupies the habitat of a xerophyte.
Oncidium cebolleta (Jacq.) S w .
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; Otateso ( 2 2 1 3 ) , Arroyo Gochico ( 3 6 2 8 ) .
H A B . Epiphytic on trees in the Short-tree Forest. 1000-2500 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA IOI

A colonial species with a scape 50-70 cm. long. The small flowers are yellow and
reddish, attractively marked; leaves rigidly fleshy, round, 1 cm. or more in diameter,
and 1 5 - 2 0 cm. long. Flowers April and May. Shows a preference for dead tree
limbs, and is infrequent in occurrence.

SALICACEAE

Populus tremuloides Michx.

D I S T . H i g h montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2722). Type locality: Canada.
H A B . Cool slopes in the High Pine Forest area. 7000-9000 feet.
Closely colonial and sometimes scattered with pine and fir. Reported by Hovey
(1905) from the Upper Mayo Plateau.

Salix Bonplandiana H. В. K. Sauce, saus

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( 1 1 0 5 ) . Type
locality: Hidalgo.
H A B . Arroyo margins and along Río Mayo in Thorn Forest and Short-tree
Forest. 500—2500 feet.
Attains a height of 1 0 - 1 5 m. Willows observed far up the Río Mayo at Bato-
pilillas may be of this species, and if so indicate its presence in the Oak Forest area.

PIPERACEAE
Piper Palmeri Trel. ?
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa (2242). Type locality: Colima, Colima.
H A B . With spring water in canyon of Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
Observed only at Tepopa, where several plants in leaf occurred in a complex
association of numerous mesophytic plants.

JUGLANDACEAE

Juglans major ( T o r r . ) Heller Nogal

D I S T . Montane and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Curohui (3642). Re­
ported near Guasaremos. Type locality: 'Western N e w Mexico"—Arizona.
H A B . Moist canyon bottoms in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 3000-5000
feet.
At Curohui is a small natural grove of these trees, 1 2 - 1 6 m. high. They have
gray bark and slender, horizontal branches.

BETULACEAE

Alnus oblongijolia Torr.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 3 0 ) , Sierra Canelo
(2875). Type locality: southern N e w Mexico.
H A B . Canyon bottoms in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 4000-6000 feet.
A riparian tree 1 0 - 1 5 m. high, with long, pliant, spreading branchlets. In its
lower distribution it was found associated with Platanus racemosa.
102 RIO MAYO PLANTS

FAGACEAE

Quercus albocincta Trel. Kusi ( W ) , hachuka (W)

(Plate 6, figures 2, 3; plate (8, figure 2)
D I S T . Western Sierra Madre; Bacachaca ( 1 4 6 0 ) , Canon Saucito ( 8 4 1 ) . Recorded
observations: Sierra de Alamos, Sierra Saguaribo, Sierra Charuco, Sierra Canelo,
Batopilillas. Type locality: Sierra de Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Canyons, slopes, valleys; Oak Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
Most closely adapted to the canyons and rolling hill lands, and replaced generally
on the hillsides by Quercus chihuahuensis. It is a symmetrical, wide-spreading oak;
the largest specimens attain a trunk diameter of 0.5 m. and a height of 1 0 m.
The leaves are edged with elongated serrations. This species is spring deciduous,
and flowers in early summer soon after the first rains. T h e trees may commonly
skip a few years without bearing acorns.
The Warihios report that the acorns are sweet and edible without any preparation
and were formerly a regular part of their diet.

Quercus arizonica Sarg. Encino blanco

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (629), Guicorichi ( 1 9 7 0 ) . Type
locality: Huachuca Mts., Arizona.
H A B . High canyon slopes and meadow margins in Pine Forest. 5000-6500 feet.
A large, spreading oak.

Quercus chihuahuensis Trel. Encino roble, sahawó ( W )

(Plate 7; plate 15, figure 1)
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cerro Orejón (1200,
1 2 0 1 ) . Recorded observations: near Mescales, Conejos, Guasaremos, Batopilillas,
Cienegita, Sierra de Alamos, Sierra Charuco, Sierra Canelo, Sierra Saguaribo. Type
locality: near City of Chihuahua, Chihuahua.
H A B . Grassy slopes and mesas of the Oak Forest area. 2500-4500 feet.
The most dominant or universal oak in the Río Mayo basin. It is a small
irregularly branched tree, creating a foliage of broken mass; spring deciduous. Its
habitat is comparatively arid, on compact argillaceous soils, gravels, conglomerates,
or steep gradients where runoff is rapid. There are broad mesas of oaks in the
Sierra Baroyeca west of Tesopaco and Cedros which may also be covered by this
xeric oak. It has a limited local use for firewood and building posts. The bark is
"white."

Quercus diversicolor Trel. Encino

D I S T . High montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 4 6 ) . Type locality: Sierra
Madre, Chihuahua.
H A B . Shady pine slope. 6000 feet.

Quercus durijolia Seem. Encino

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Saguaribo ( 2 1 0 1 ) . T y p e locality:
Durango.
H A B . Open meadow margins and valleys in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
A large, tall, symmetrical oak, with dark bark; in outline the foliage is regu­
larly oval.
 LIST OF FLORA
103
Quercus epileuca Trel.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tepopa ( 2 2 1 8 ) . Recorded observa­
tion: on Sierra Charuco. Type locality: Sierra del Nacori, Sonora, 1 8 0 0 m.
H A B . Shady moist slopes and canyons in Lower Pine Forest and occasionally
locally in Oak Forest and canyon bottoms. 3 5 0 0 - 5 5 0 0 feet.
A tall, slender, tolerant oak, 2 0 - 3 0 m. high, sometimes forming pure stands
on the cool mountainsides of northern aspect.

Quercus incarnata Trel.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Cajurichi ( 2 7 1 3 ) . Type locality: between Ojitos
and Bocoyna, Chihuahua, 2 5 0 0 m.
H A B . Bottom of shallow canyon in High Pine Forest. 7 5 0 0 feet.
A tall, straight oak, oval or round in foliage outline, depending on light condi­
tions in the pine stands, in which it is found.

Quercus pennivenia Trel. Hand-basin oak

(Plate 1 8 , figure 1 )
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Saguaribo ( 2 2 2 6 ) . Recorded
observations: on Sierra Canelo and Sierra Charuco. Type locality: unknown
locality in northern Sierra Madre.
H A B . Dry, calcareous slopes of the Lower Pine Forest. 4 5 0 0 - 6 0 0 0 feet.
A small, spreading oak, depressed oval in outline, with extraordinarily large
leaves. These are tough, and endure long on the ground after they fall, where
they crackle loudly under foot. They curl into basins and may catch rain water,
ready for the sleepy morning face of the dry-camper. The largest of the leaves
are 1 5 — 1 8 cm. wide and 20—24 cm. long.

Quercus tuberculata Liebm. Encino, toche ( W )

D I S T . L O W montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Bacachaca ( 1 4 6 7 ) . Type locality:
between Agua Caliente de Huachara and Basagote, Chihuahua.
H A B . Hill slopes and canyons in Oak Forest. 3 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 0 feet.
A small, spreading, deciduous oak, commonly associated with Quercus chihua-
huensis and 0. alboclncta. Flowers June.

ULMACEAE

Celtis iguanea (Jacq.) Sarg. Garabato

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 5 0 0 ) . Recorded ob­
servations: near Navojoa, Alamos, Los Tanques, Tesopaco, Carimechi, and
Guasaremos.
H A B . Arroyo margins in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 - 2 5 0 0 feet.
Hemispherical, stiff-branched bramble shrub 2 - 6 m. high, 3 - 6 m. broad,
wickedly inconvenient to those who stray from trails and do not heed its catlike
thorns. It is more abundant through the rainier Short-tree Forest, and is a dominant
shrub along the arroyo margins. Foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), brown coatis
(Nasua narica), birds of many kinds, especially the chachalaca {Ortalis vetula
vetula), and people eat the drupaceous fruits, which turn a bright orange color
when they ripen in December. The dung of foxes and coyotes was often observed
packed with the entire seeds, suggesting a means of seed dispersal.
8
 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS
104
Celtis reticulata Torr. Gumbro, uchiká ( W )
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 4 1 2 ) .
Type locality: Rocky Mountains.
Н А Б . Arroyo margins and valleys of the Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Through the lower valleys of the Río Mayo region the tree is common, and at
Mútica is a fine stand of tall, symmetrical trees with smooth boles, rising 8 - 1 0 m.
without a branch. Within the barrancas it is rare, and appears little able to com­
pete in the close growth prevailing there.

MORACEAE
Moms microphylla Buckl.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui (3641, 3 6 5 7 ) . T y p e locality: western Texas.
Н А Б . Moist, shady canyon bottom, in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
A slender tree 6 - 1 0 m. high, with slender, pliant branches, horizontal descending,
and gray bark slightly seamed. Flowers spring.

Trophis racemosa ( L . ) Urban

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 7 3 6 ) .
Н А Б . Heavily forested canyon bottom; Short-tree Forest. 2000 feet.
Tree with large, heavy green leaves. T h e small fruits, with their characteristic
and persistent divided stigmas, are borne closely along the branchlet stems in short
racemes. This is the first Sonoran record of the species, and though the record is
not in the Río Mayo region, it probably will be found there.

Dorstenia Dra\eana L. Barboria

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 0 2 6 ) , Guasaremos
(i55i)-
H A B . Moist, rocky bottoms with humus-covered soils in shady canyons; Short-
tree Forest.
A colonial, low herb, perennial from apex of corm, with large, lobately divided
leaves, which vary in size according to the fertility of the locality and moisture
conditions.
A decoction is made of the roots for fevers. Children play with the plant by
stealthily shooting the seeds at another person's ears or neck. T h e seeds strike
against the skin with considerable force, producing a tickling sensation. When the
seeds are nearly ripe their natural ejection is hastened by gently pressing the
receptacle between the thumb and forefinger.
Ficus cotinifolia H . В . K . Nacopuli, chuna, wohtoli ( W )
(Plate 19, figure 2)
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 4 3 ) , Carimechi
( 1 2 2 0 ) , Alamos (2258, 2259), San Bernardo (3606). Type locality: on Acapulco
road near L a Venta del Ejido, Guerrero.
Н А Б . Arroyos and shallow canyons, usually marginal to running water, surface
or subterranean; Short-tree Forest. 600—2000 feet.
A tall, symmetrical tree with light-gray bark, or in very rocky arroyos a low,
dense, wide-spreading tree. Trunk as much as 1 m. in diameter and ascending
1-4 m. before branching. In the drier situations it sheds all its leaves in the spring
dry season; it is pardy deciduous even when adjacent to running water. It is one
 LIST OF FLORA I0 5

of the most common of the Río Mayo figs, and the small dry fruits are occasionally
eaten by the natives, especially boys.

Ficus Goldmanii Standi. Higuera

(Plate 19, figure 1 )
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos ( 2 2 5 1 ) . Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky (traveling boulders) arroyo margins in the valley at foot of Sierra
de Alamos; Short-tree Forest. 1300 feet.
The tree has a low, wide-spreading habit and attains immense proportions:
10 m. high, 30 m. broad, trunk 2 - 3 m. in diameter. The bark is dark gray, and
the root buttresses form a complex pattern of radiating fissures.

Ficus padifolia H . B . K . Chuna, chuna ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; El Limón, Chihuahua ( 1 5 4 3 ) , Arroyo
Gochico ( 3 6 3 1 ) . Type locality: Acapulco, Guerrero.
H A B . Deep canyons adjacent to running water; Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000
feet.
A wide-spreading tree with dense foliage, hemispherical in outline. In Arroyo
m
Gochico some of the trees are immense, 1 0 - 1 5 - h'gh> 30 m. across the crown,
and with trunks over 1 m. in diameter. This is the only locality observed where
the species is abundant.

Ficus petiolaris H . B . K . Tescalama

(Plate 4)
D I S T . Foothills and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 2 2 1 ) .
Recorded observations near: Alamos, Los Tanques, San Bernardo, Mescales, Conejos,
Tesopaco, Guasaremos. Type locality: near Mazatlán, Guerrero.
H A B . Arroyo rocks and canyon rims in Short-tree Forest and with lower oaks.
1000-3500 feet.
Large or scraggly tree with regular or unsymmetrical branching, rather widely
and evenly spaced leaves, and light yellowish bark. The great roots conspicuously
grip rocks and other trees, or drop white and strong 1 0 - 2 0 m. down cliff sides
to reach the moist sands below. This species occupies a more arid niche generally
than any of the other Río Mayo figs. With the oaks, it is confined to arid rocks
or rims and does not attain large size.

Ficus radulina Wats. Chalate, wowulí ( W )

(Plate 10, figure 1 )
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mescales (2289, 2288). Recorded ob­
servation: Arroyo San Bernardo. Type locality: near Batopilas, Chihuahua.
H A B . Arroyos and canyons, marginal to water; Short-tree Forest. 1000-2500 feet.
Tree with a tall, erect habit; height up to 20 m. or more, trunk dark gray,
smooth, 1 m. or more in diameter, often rising for 6-7 m. before branching. T w o
species of "beebe" parrots frequent the voluminous boughs, their chattering voices
clearly audible to the person below, while they remain entirely hidden from the
searching eye. In the summer rainy season a fine mist falls from the leaves of
Ficus radulina and F. cotinifolia, vanishing as the sun mounts.
io6 RIO MAYO PLANTS

URTICACEAE

Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Griseb.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; E l Limon, Chihuahua ( 1 5 4 4 ) . Re­
corded observation: Arroyo de los Mescales. Type locality: Caracas, Venezuela.
H A B . Moist canyon bottoms in the Short-tree Forest. 1500-2500 feet.
Shrub 2 m. high, with very large, luxuriant leaves in summer, and leafless during
winter. Flowers paniculate, forming round balls along the pithy stems; summer.
The nettles are quite painful, especially those of the branchlets. Associated with
Ficus padifolia, Acalypha polystachya, Montanoa Rosei, and Lysiloma divaricata
adjacent to streams.

Parietaria debilis Forst. Tumali

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 5 3 ) . Type locality: N e w Zealand.
H A B . Shady arroyo banks in Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
A small, leafy winter annual with many branches from the base; with other
riparian plants, as Stellaria montana, Montanoa Rosei, and Guazuma ulmijolia.
A n uncommon, delicate mesophytic herb.

LORANTHACEAE

Struthanthus Haen\eanus (Presi) Standi. Tohi ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 0 1 ) . T y p e locality: Acapulco
[Guerrero].
H A B . Parasitic on trees in valleys of the Short-tree Forest.
Collected from Piscidia mollis; pendent for about 1 m. A decoction is made of
the herbage by boiling it in water, as a wash for insect bites and stings.

Phoradendron californicum Nutt. Tohi ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Quiriego (Shreve 6 1 8 3 ) . Type locality: California.
HAB. On Pithecolobium sonorae. 1000 feet.

Phoradendron Engelmannii Trel.

D I S T . H i g h montane, Chihuahua; Muleto ( 2 6 5 3 ) , Sierra de Papas (620). Type
locality: Texas.
H A B . On oaks in Pine Forest area. 5500 feet.

Phoradendron scaberrimum Trel. Tohi ( W )

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 3 7 ) . Type locality:
Santa Teresa, Tepic.
H A B . On oaks. 3500—5000 feet.
Observed only on Quercus albocincta. It is commonly pendent in large masses,
dropping as far as 2 - 3 m. from the host limb.

Razoumofs\ya vaginata ( H . В . K . ) Kuntze

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 8 7 ) . Type locality: Cofre de
Perote, Oaxaca.
H A B . On pine. 5000-6000 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
107
OPILIACEAE
Agonandra racemosa ( D C . ) Standi.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 3 2 ) .
H A B . Hill and canyon slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Below Tepopa this is a slender tree 10 m. high, growing under the taller Lysiloma
divaricata. Near San Bernardo it was observed associated with Pachycereus pecten-
aboriginum and Ceiba acuminata, where it formed a small colony on a sparsely
forested steep hill slope. Flowers March.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Aristolochia brevipes Benth. Yerba del Indio
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Sierra de Alamos (2999).
H A B . On short-grass slope under Acacia cymbispina. 1000 feet.
An infrequent plant, scattered widely over the gravelly terrain. The flowers are
purple, with the green spot in the throat orifice spotted with purple. From the roots
the natives make a decoction for kidney and stomach ailments. Flowers February.

Aristolochia quercetorum Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 239,
1937 Yerba del Indio
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 7 2 type, 2455). Type locality:
Guasaremos, Chihuahua.
H A B . Argillaceous soils with sparse grass on mesa and slope; Oak Forest. 2800-
3800 feet.
A prostrate perennial, with several ground-trailing branches 1 m. or less long.
Flowers are a dull, inconspicuous purple, and some were observed to contain dead
insects; summer. A decoction is made from the roots, and is drunk for "empache"
and used as a wash for sores.

POLYGONACEAE

Eriogonum atrorubens Engelm.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Cajurichi (2709). Type locality: Cosihuiriachi,
Chihuahua.
H A B . Open sun slope in clearing of High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
About 1 m. tall. T h e small, compact heads of flowers are a deep red-purple;
summer. Infrequent.
Rumex obtusifolius L .
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2743). Type locality: Europe.
H A B . Moist meadow ground marginal to fields; High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.

Polygonum bistortoides Pursh

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2782).
H A B . Meadow waters of the H i g h Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Colonial aquatics with pink heads; summer.

Polygonum mexicanum Meisn.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto (2579).
H A B . Meadow waters in Pine Forest area. 5500-6500 feet.
Colonial, with stems 1 m. long and pink heads; summer.
 io8 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

Polygonum pennsylvanicum L.
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 3 4 ) .
H A B . Aquatic in arroyos of Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 500-2000 feet.
Flowers Feburary.

Antigonon leptopus Hook. & A r n . San Miguelito, masasai ( W )

D I S T . Foothills and lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; A g u a Caliente, north
of Alamos (4854). Type locality: west coast of Mexico, Tepic?
H A B . Rocky slopes, fences, gardens; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 -
3000 feet.
A common vine, climbing over shrubs, trees, and fences; showy through the
late summer, with bright-pink sprays of bloom; drought deciduous, leafless through
most of the winter and spring.

CHENOPODIACEAE
Chenopodium album L . var. Kotasula ( W )
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 6 2 1 ) . Type locality: Europe.
H A B . Milpas in valley of the Short-tree Forest.
Rank weed with a rank odor; associated with Parthenice mollis.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Lipasote, pasote (W)
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Vinata ( 1 4 7 5 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Arroyo in Short-tree Forest. 1200 feet.
Infrequent.
Chenopodium incisum Poir.
D I S T . H i g h montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 5 4 ) . T y p e locality unknown.
H A B . Meadows of the H i g h Pine Forest. 7000-8000 feet.

AMARANTHACEAE
Amaranthus hybridus L . var. Quelite, bledo, weywi ( W )
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 4 3 ) . T y p e locality:
Virginia.
H A B . Milpas of the Warihio Indians; Short-tree Forest area. 1000—3000 feet.
A rank pigweed, 2 m. high; heads often crimson, hanging heavy with a load of
seed. Cultivated by the Warihio Indians for the seeds, which they grind into pinole
or eat entire with milk or water; a wholesome, nourishing food.

Amaranthus Palmeri Wats. Quelite

D I S T . Coast to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; A g u a Caliente, north of
Alamos ( 4 8 5 1 ) . T y p e locality: Larkins Station, San Diego County, California.
H A B . Milpas, valley margins; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 100-3000
feet.
Ubiquitous throughout the cultivated areas. T h e young, tender leaves are eaten
by the Mexicans and Indians as greens, and since it is among the first of the sum­
mer's food plants, it is highly appreciated by the natives in that respect. But being
unable to cut all that springs up with the warm rains, much less to eat it, they must
fight it all summer in their milpas, where it rapidly becomes an aggressive,
troublesome weed.
 LIST OF FLORA 109

Tidestromia lanuginosa (Nutt.) Standi.

Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Arroyo Cuchujaqui (865), San Bernardo ( 1 0 2 1 ) , near
Tepistate (4838). T y p e locality: sand beaches of the great Salt River, Oklahoma.
H A B . Sandy valley lowlands in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 500-2000
feet.
Froelichia interrupta ( L . ) Moq.
DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2889).
H A B . Grassy slope in Oak Forest (lower margin). 3000 feet.
Infrequently scattered among the coarse grass clumps. Flowers summer.

Alternanthera stellata (Wats.) Uline & Bray

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Pichiquate Canyon (953), Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 7 7 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
A grasslike summer herb, common in the moist canyon bottoms; much eaten by
insect larvae.

Gomphrena nitida Rothr.

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto ( 2 5 5 2 ) . Type locality: Chiricahua Mts.,
Arizona.
H A B . Drier meadow slopes of the Pine Forest. 6000 feet.

Gomphrena sonorae Torr.

DIST. Coastal plain; Ciudad Obregon ( 3 0 1 , 3 0 7 ) . Type locality: mountain near
Santa Cruz, Sonora.
H A B . Arroyo margins in Thorn Forest.

Iresine Calea (Ibanez) Standi. Pelucita, pelusa ( W )

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Sierra L a Chuna ( 1 3 7 4 ) . Type locality: Disto. Izucar
de Matamores, Puebla.
H A B . Wooded ridge in Short-tree Forest. 2000 feet.
Low, spreading shrub 1 m. or more high, in a scattered colony under Lysiloma
divaricata and Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum. Flowers February.

Iresine Celosia L .
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 8 7 ) , Canon Estrella
(349). Type locality: Jamaica.
H A B . Shady canyon bottoms and milpa margins in Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 0 -
3000 feet.
Winter herb 4 - 5 dm. high; tolerant.

Iresine Hartmanii Uline Laurelito ( ? )

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 9 0 ) , San
Bernardo ( 1 3 5 2 , 3609), near Tesopaco (Shreve 6 1 6 2 ) . Type locality: Granados,
Sonora.
H A B . Arroyos and canyon slopes; rocky places in Short-tree Forest. 500-2500
feet.
A widely branching shrub, abundant on rocks. On Plant Census plot 3 (p. 54)
it formed elongated, slender shrubs full of white, fuzzy bloom or seed. Apparently
endemic to the barranca region of western Mexico. Flowers spring.
 RIO MAYO PLANTS
no
Iresine interrupta Benth.
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 6 0 ) , Arroyo Gochico ( 3 6 1 7 ) . Type
locality: Tepic.
H A B . Arroyo banks in the Short-tree Forest. 500-2000 feet.
A large vine, laying itself in a dull-white spray on Pisonia capitata, Celtis iguanea,
and other shrubs. It has a strong feral odor, not unlike urine. Flowers winter,
common. T h e Arroyo Gochico number is summer flowering and is questionably
referred to this species.

NYCTAGINACEAE
Mirabilis jalapa L . Mayavilla
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 8 8 ) , Sierra de Papas (672),
Canelo ( 1 9 1 1 ) .
H A B . Fields, yards, and meadow margins; Pine Forest area. 4500-6000 feet.
A showy bush, found growing both wild and cultivated at Canelo. T h e flowers
are of diverse shades of red and yellow.

Mirabilis Wrightiana Gray Mayavilla

D I S T . Mountain and valley, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (1549, 2346), Muleto (2654).
Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Moist slopes and bottoms in Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 2000-
4000 feet.
A low, spreading, leafy bush. The lowland plants have smaller flowers, pink to
white with purple stamens and yellow anthers, open at evening or on cloudy days,
and in the early mornings during August. T h e mountain specimens from Muleto
show a much more robust plant, with the corolla tube a third again as long as
in the lowland forms. Not observed in Sonora, though it doubtless occurs there.

Wedeliella incarnata ( L . ) Cockerell

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; near Tres Marias Rancho, Navojoa-Alamos road (4877).
Type locality: near Cumana, Venezuela.
H A B . Sandy valley slopes and bottom land; Thorn Forest.

Boerhaavia caribaea Jacq. Mochi

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 5 3 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 6 6 6 ) . Type
locality: West Indies.
H A B . Valley margins in Short-tree Forest. 500-2000 feet.
A spreading, perennial herb, with viscid herbage and weak, reclining stems.
It is active during the summer rains and has flowered and fruited by the first of
October.

Boerhaavia Coulteri (Hook, f.) Wats.

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Salitral ( 1 5 8 1 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Clay soil in valley of the Short-tree Forest. 700 feet.
Small summer annual with delicate spicate flowers, white to pink.

Boerhaavia erecta L . Mochi

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 4 5 ) , Salitral ( 1 5 8 2 ) ,
Guasaremos ( 2 4 2 7 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Valleys and canyons in the Short-tree Forest. 500—2500 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA III

Erect, finely branched summer annual; flowers white to pink, summer. Common
around milpas. A decoction of the herbage is made as a wash for sores.

Boerhaavia gracillima Heimerl. Kumememi ( W )

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Chorijoa ( 1 6 0 3 ) . Type locality: near Chihuahua.
Н А Б . Wooded slope in Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.
A delicate, small, perennial vine inconspicuously lying on the forest floor among
rocks. T h e small flowers are a showy red; summer. Infrequent.
Boerhaavia lateriflora Standi.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Ciudad Obregon (267). Type locality: Guaymas,
Sonora.
H A B . Arroyo margins in mesquite valley. 500 feet.

Boerhaavia spicata Choisy Juanamipili

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 5 9 4 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Sandy soil pockets on granitic terrain in Thorn Forest island. 800 feet.
Small summer annual, waxing and waning with the summer showers. The leaves
and stems are strongly viscid, and small birds and mammals are said to become
entangled and helpless in the diminutive thickets.

Boerhaavia Torreyana Standi.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo (collected in 1 9 3 5 ) . Type locality unknown.
H A B . Sandy valley soil; Short-tree Forest. 800—1000 feet.

Boerhaavia Xanti Wats. Juanamipili

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 5 9 3 ) . Type locality: Cabo San Lucas,
Baja California.
H A B . Valley and mesa, sandy soil; Short-tree Forest. 800-1500 feet.
Summer annual with showy white or pink flowers, closing at midday; visited
by Hymenoptera and Buprestidae. It forms extensive, colorful colonies around San
Bernardo in the sandy, colluvial granitic pockets.

Commicarpus scandens ( L . ) Standi.

D I S T . Lowlands and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 0 6 1 ) ,
Guasaremos (2907). Type locality: Santiago de la Vega, Jamaica.
H A B . Valleys, mesas, canyons in the Short-tree Forest. 500-2500 feet.
Open, spreading bush, or vinelike and climbing over its neighbors. Flowers
greenish white; summer and fall.

Salpianthus macrodontus Standi. Guayavilla

(Plate 3, figure 2)
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 7 2 3 ) , Alamos ( 2 9 2 1 ) . Type locality:
Mazatlan, Sinaloa.
H A B . Deep, sandy valley soils in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 600-
2000 feet.
A spreading, dense, bushy shrub 1 - 2 m. high, with ascending branches forming
a symmetrical and rather flat-topped crown. Flowers summer. The Warihios
report that formerly it was a staple food with them. The fleshy roots, 3-8 cm.
in diameter and 7 5 - 1 0 0 cm. long, were beaten up, dried, then ground into a fine
powder like flour. Mixed with a little water, it was made into tortillas. It is not
eaten now; they have maize.
112 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

Salpianthus purpurascens ( C a v . ) Hook. & A r n .

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; canyon above Aduana, near Alamos ( 4 8 1 8 ) . Type
locality: Cuba.
H A B . Shady canyon bottom under trees; Short-tree Forest. 1500—2500 feet.
A tolerant perennial forest herb, 1 - 1 . 5 m. high on slender, leafy stems.

Pisonia capitata (Wats.) Standi. Garabato, kaloka (W)

D I S T . Lowlands and barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 7 3 ) , Arroyo Gochico
( 3 6 2 7 ) . Recorded observations near: Alamos, Cedros Valley, Mescales. T y p e
locality: near Guaymas, Sonora.
H A B . Arroyo margins and canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest and sparingly
in Thorn Forest. 500-2500 feet.
A compact, spreading shrub, sometimes forming dense thickets along alluvial
arroyo margins. In the forest it may take a scandent form and, with stems 7—15
cm. in diameter, wander around most irregularly through and upon the branches
of other trees like a liana. Eventually it arrives overhead to make a spread of
leaves near the top of the forest, 10 m. or more above ground. Flowers February
and March. Though it is common throughout the Sonoran Short-tree Forest, it is
little used by man; even its wood makes a poor fire.

PHYTOLACCACEAE

Rivina humilis L. Ucuquiro, teywesi ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella ( 3 7 2 ) , Canon Sapopa
( 1 0 7 8 « ) , Chorijoa ( 1 6 0 6 ) , Guasaremos ( 1 8 4 6 ) .
H A B . Rich basaltic soils in valleys and canyons; Short-tree Forest. 800—2800
feet.
A tolerant, low, spreading, leafy perennial herb, 40—70 cm. high, with spicate
white flowers and bright-pink fruits. In the Chorijoa collection it was associated
with Priva lappulacea and mesophytic Euphorbia spp., all under Lysiloma divaricata.
Common; flowers summer.

Stegnosperma halimifolium Benth.

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; near Ciudad Obregon ( 2 9 7 5 ) . T y p e locality: Cabo San
Lucas, Baja California.
H A B . Valleys and coastal plain; Thorn Forest. 50-500 feet.
Spreading shrub, forming a hemispherical mound 1—2 m. high and 3—5 m. broad.
Flowers white; December. A t Bachoco it was associated with Olneya tesota and
Prosopis chilensis on a calcareous alluvial arroyo margin. Not observed in the Rio
Mayo basin proper, but probably there.

Phytolacca icosandra L .
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tepopa ( 1 4 2 3 ) , Vinata ( 1 4 7 4 ) , Guasa­
remos ( 1 5 4 7 ) .
H A B . Riparian throughout the Short-tree Forest and lower elevations of Oak
Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Fleshy herb 1 m. high, with a few heavy, spreading branches and rather nasty
fruits.
 LIST OF FLORA

AIZOACEAE
Mollugo verticillata L .
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 5 9 2 ) . Type locality: Virginia.
H A B . Dry, gravelly terrain; Thorn Forest island in Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.

PORTULACACEAE

Talinum marginatum Greene

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (2303). Type locality: Santa
Teresa, near Tepic, Jalisco.
H A B . T h i n soil on boulder top, sun exposure; Oak Forest area. 4000-5000 feet.
Collected from a scattered colony. Flowers yellow, open in afternoon; summer.

Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.

D I S T . Lowland, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 6 5 6 ) . Type locality: West Indies.
H A B . In loose, rich, black soil of rock crevices; Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
Summer perennial; one or few stems from the base 1 m. long, reclining or weakly
erect. Flowers pink, open for three hours in late afternoon.

Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 0 7 1 , 1 6 5 7 ) , Chorijoa ( 1 6 0 1 ) . Type
locality: West Indies.
H A B . In loose humus soil around rocks in woods of Short-tree Forest. 800-
2000 feet.
Small, perennial, tolerant summer herb, with white flowers wilting shut with the
heat of the day at noon. It is succulent and very tenacious of life. In the spring
of 1936 a piece of stem in field sheet no. 1071 was observed to have grown a small
bud. The stem with the bud, then white for lack of light, was planted. It im­
mediately rooted, and raised flower and seed the following summer. The stem
had lain a year and a half in the dry bundle of papers, yet it retained enough
moisture to continue growth.

NYMPHAEACEAE

Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) D C .

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Navojoa (4749).
H A B . Backwater from summer floods in the Rio Mayo. Flowers late summer.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Stellaria montana Rose

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 5 2 ) . Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Moist soil in arroyo margins; Short-tree Forest. 800-2000 feet.
Delicate winter annual 20-40 cm. high, with white flowers, growing under
Guazuma ulmifolia and Lysiloma divaricata. Infrequent.
Drymaria gracilis Cham. & Schl. Cadenilla, hueypali ( W )
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 3 8 ) .
H A B . Arroyo margins and milpas in Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
Prostrate or decumbent diminutive annual, inclined to be solitary; spring. A
decoction is made of the herbage for "llaza."
 R M A Y O
114 *° PLANTS

Drymaria nodosa Engelm.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 7 1 ) , Sierra Charuco
(1814).
H A B . Rocks in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Drymaria tenella Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2669).
H A B . Talus slope at base of cliffs in High Pine Forest. 8000 feet.

Saponaria officinalis L .
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua and probably Sonora; Sierra Charuco ( 1 8 2 3 ) .
H A B . Shady slope in Oak Forest. 4000-5000 feet.

RANUNCULACEAE

Aquilegia Skjnneri Hook.

D I S T . H i g h montane, Chihuahua; San Jose de Pinal ( 2 5 8 6 ) .
H A B . In loose, rich soil on cool, shaded slopes in H i g h Pine Forest. 6000-
7000 feet.
A rare and beautiful plant, found infrequently scattered on the steep slopes in
the vicinity of San Jose de Pinal. T h e spurs and lower part of the petals are red,
remainder of petals green, stamens yellow; late summer.

Delphinium calcar-equitis Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 245,
1937 Espuela de caballero
D I S T . H i g h montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2700 type). T y p e locality: Meme-
lichi, Chihuahua.
H A B . Black soil on slopes of the H i g h Pine Forest. 7000—8000 feet.
Infrequently scattered in small colonies in rather open pine woods. Reported
by the natives to be general throughout Sierra Cajurichi.

Delphinium leptophyllum Hemsl.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; San Jose de Pinal (2845).
H A B . Shady pine slope. 6000 feet.

Clematis Drummondii Gray ? Barba chivato

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 9 4 ) . T y p e locality: Texas.
H A B . Arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest. 500-3000 feet.
Tangled vine, casting itself on low herbs, shrubs, trees, and mounds of drift­
wood. It flowers weakly in early spring and prolifically in summer.

Ranunculus pentadontus Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 247,
I Q
37
D I S T . Sierra Cajurichi, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2787 type). T y p e locality:
Memelichi, Chihuahua.
H A B . Gentle slopes in H i g h Pine Forest. 7000-8000 feet.
Observed only in the vicinity of Memelichi, where it was uncommon. Petals
bright waxy yellow; September.
 LIST OF FLORA
"5
Thalictrum Fendleri Engelm.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Bacachaca ( 1 4 6 3 ) , Sierra Charuco
(1526, identity of this number uncertain), Guasaremos ( 2 3 6 1 ) . Type locality:
Santa Fe, N e w Mexico.
H A B . Moist, shady places in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 3000-5000
feet.

MENISPERMACEAE

Cocculus diversifolius DC.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos ( 2 2 5 2 ) , Arroyo Gochico (3620). Type locality:
southern Mexico.
H A B . Valleys and arroyo margins in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 -
2000 feet.
An arid-land vine, with shiny ovate-linear leaves, subulately tipped; ripe fruit
deep purple, staining deeply, mature in June; flowers April. Twines on Jacquinia
pungens, Bunchosia sonorensis, and other lowland shrubs.

LAURACEAE

Persea podadenia Blaké Amolio

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tepopa ( 2 2 3 5 ) , Batopilillas (2620),
Curohui ( 3 6 6 1 ) . Type locality: San Ramón, Durango.
H A B . Riparian in canyons of Oak Forest. 1000—3500 feet.
The foliage is heavy and at times dense. It forms a small tree. Flowers June.

Litsea glaucescens H . B. K. Laurel

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2539), Sierra de la Ven­
tana. Type locality: Acapulco [Guerrero].
H A B . Canyon slopes and bottoms in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
Low, stiffly branched shrub, infrequent in occurrence. The leaves are used as a
tea and as a condiment for seasoning meats; it is excellent in pork.

Sassafridium macrophyllum Rose Bebelama

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Vinata ( 1 4 7 8 ) , Arroyo Gochico (3629, 3630). Recorded
observations near: Alamos, San Bernardo, Mescales. Type locality: Manzanillo,
Colima.
H A B . Canyon bottoms near running water in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
A tall, spreading, evergreen tree with heavy foliage. The fruit is sought and
eaten by the natives. It is black and rather bitter.

PAPAVERACEAE

Argemone mexicana L . Cardo, tachina ( W )

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 3 7 ) .
H A B . Arroyo margins and waste fields; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.
100-1500 feet.
Particularly abundant around Navojoa in waste fields. In San Bernardo it was
reported that the juice of the plant is expressed and applied to sore eyes.
пб RIO MAYO PLANTS

Papaver somnijerum L.
D I S T . Barrancas and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua.
H A B . 1000-5000 feet.
Introduced for opium plantations, this species is now adventive and scattered along
arroyo margins.

CRUCIFERAE

Thelypodium longifolium (Benth.) Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2499), Memelichi ( 2 7 3 8 ) .
H A B . D r y slopes of pine meadows. 5000—7500 feet.
A very slender, erect plant, 1 m. high, with purple flowers in August.

Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. Pasote ( W )

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 6 3 ) . T y p e locality: near Santa
Barbara, California.
H A B . Arroyos, mesas, valleys; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.

Sisymbrium auriculatum Gray Mostasa, wachelai ( W )

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 2 2 2 ) , San
Bernardo ( 1 2 5 0 ) , Aquibiquichi ( 3 0 0 5 ) .
Н А Б . Rocky wooded slopes; Short-tree Forest. 1000—3000 feet.
Widely distributed winter annual. T h e leaves are eaten as greens, and the seeds
when mixed with water or milk and sugar are eaten as a salubrious porridge. T h e
Warihios mix the seeds with grease or animal fat and rub on the back to relieve
backache.

Sophia ochroleuca Wooton ? Pamita

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 0 3 ) . Type locality: Mesilla Park,
New Mexico.
H A B . Arroyo margins and fields; Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
Small, colonial winter annual. T h e leaves are eaten as greens, and the seeds are
valued for medicinal purposes. Formerly they were collected by the natives of San
Bernardo to sell to the druggists in Alamos and Navojoa. A t San Bernardo the
seeds are mixed with sugar and water and the mixture is eaten or drunk as a
hepatic remedy.

Brassica campestris L. Wachelai ( W )

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 5 5 ) .
H A B . Cornfield in high pine meadow. 7500 feet.

Draba cuneijolia Nutt. Gasa

D I S T . Lowland, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 6 1 ) . Type locality: St. Louis, Missouri.
H A B . Granitic mesa; Short-tree Forest area. 800 feet.

Draba cuneijolia var. brevifolia Wats.

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Cedros (Shreve 6 1 6 7 a ) .
H A B . Thorn Forest. 1400 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
117
CAPPARIDACEAE
Clcome melanocarpa Wats.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 6 4 8 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottom in Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.
A rare, tolerant summer annual along moist, wooded canyon bottom.

Forchammeria Watsoni Rose p l

a 0 ji t 0

(Plate 25, figure 1)

D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; Ciudad Obregon (3026). Type locality: Guaymas,
Sonora.
H A B . Volcanic soils of the plains and valleys; Thorn Forest.
A dense, very symmetrical tree; foliage round in outline. The trunk and branches
are massive, holding a dense cone of fleshy, heavy leaves, suddenly deciduous in
the early part of March with the coming of flowers. Bark smooth, on the trunk
a dark gray-brown, on the branches mottled with light-gray maculations. Roots are
comparatively shallow and extend radially parallel with the surface of the ground.
East of Ciudad Obregon, in the foothills near Bachoco, it is associated with Olneya
tesota and Carnegiea gigantea.
The tree has a very individual appearance, suggestive of old olive trees in ancient
Judea. In the burning days of late spring it is about the only tree that offers shade
to weary beasts and man.

CRASSULACEAE

Sedum chihuahuense Wats.

Altamiranoa chihuahuense (Wats.) Rose
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto ( 2 5 7 2 ) . Type locality: Sierra Madre,
Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky ground in Pine Forest meadow. 5000-6000 feet.

Sedum madrense Wats.

D I S T . H i g h montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2678). Type locality: Sierra
Madre, Chihuahua.
H A B . Weathering rock on north exposure in High Pine Forest. 7000-8000 feet.
Flowers white; September. Infrequent.

Sedum mellhulum Rose

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; San Jose de Pinal (2842), Sierra Canelo (2862).
HAB. Moist shady banks in Pine Forest. 5000-6500 feet.
With mosses. Occurs as infrequent colonies; flowers late summer.

Sedum vinicolor Wats.

D I S T . H i g h montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2729). Type locality: Norogachi,
Chihuahua.
H A B . A m o n g rocks on open pine slope. 7000-8000 feet.
Petals white with red spots, stamens and stigmas purple. Flowers summer.
Il8 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

Pachyphytum sp.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (639).
H A B . Shady situations on rocky slope; Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
Herb about 20 cm. high, with an elongated rosette of basal leaves 2 - 3 mm.
wide and 2 - 3 cm. long, linear-lanceolate, borne also along the scape.

Eche vería paniculata Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 8 7 2 ) . Type locality: Cosiquiriachi,
Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky outcroppings in Pine Forest. 5000 feet.

Graptopetalum occidentals Rose & Walth.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (Craig gardens, living specimens).

SAXIFRAGACEAE
Heuchera rubescens Torr. ?
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Saguaribo ( 2 1 2 1 ) , Memelichi
( 2 7 1 5 ) . Type locality: Stansbury's Island, Utah.
H A B . Cliff ledges and rock crevices in loose humus soil of the Pine Forest. 5 5 0 0 -
8000 feet.
Flowers white to pink; late summer and fall. N o other record of this species
in Mexico is known to the author, and the determination remains doubtful.

Heuchera sanguínea Engelm.

D I S T . High montane, Chihuahua; Cerro Guicorichi ( 1 9 5 5 ) , Sierra Canelo
( 2 5 1 6 ) . Recorded observation: Los Cascarones. T y p e locality: Porphyry Mts.,
Llanos, N e w Mexico.
H A B . Loose, rocky soil on shady slopes in High Pine Forest. 6000-8000 feet.
Widely but sparsely distributed. Flowers bright red and persistent; September
and October.
PLATANACEAE
Platanus racemosa Nutt. Aliso
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Vinata ( 1 4 7 7 ) . Recorded observations:
Arroyo Hondo, Guisiego, Alamos, Arroyo Gochico, Guasaremos. T y p e locality:
California.
H A B . Riparian in canyons in Short-tree Forest, through Oak Forest to L o w e r
Pine Forest. 1500—4500 feet.
Commonly frequents the running water of deep canyons, where it forms scat­
tered groves of tall, slender trees, rising 20 m. or more, pinelike in outline. This
is apparently the first record of the species outside the Californias, and this fact
together with its more strict habit of growth suggests that it might well be char­
acterized as a variety, but more ample herbarium material is needed.

ROSACEAE
Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt.) Heller
Sericotheca dumosa (Nutt.) Rydb.
D I S T . High montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 1 7 ) . T y p e locality: Platte
River.
 LIST OF FLORA lip

H A B . Shaded slope in H i g h Pine Forest. 8000 feet.

Slender shrub on rock outcropping, associated with aspen, fir, and pine. In­
frequent.

Potentilla Thurberi Gray Yerba colorada

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (1920, 1929). Recorded observation:
Sierra Cajurichi. T y p e locality: Santa Rita del Cobre, N e w Mexico.
H A B . Moist soils and meadows of Pine Forest. 5000-7500 feet.
The flower is a deep, luminous purple; September. A decoction is made from
the roots as a purgative for stomach ailments. Throughout the Rio Mayo country
it is quite famous for its medical efficacy, and is kept in stock by the lowland
herbalists.

Alchemilla subalpestris Rose

Lachemilla subalpestris (Rose) Rydb.
D I S T . H i g h montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2784). Type locality: Nevada
de Toluca, Mexico.
H A B . Meadow flat in the Pine Forest area. 7500 feet.

Prunus Capuli C a v . Jeco ( W ) , wasiki ( W )

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 2 9 1 6 ) . Type locality:
Ecuador.
H A B . Arroyo margins in Pine Forest. 4000—5500 feet.
A small tree, with irregularly spreading branches; fruits in summer. The small
fruits are widely eaten in Mexico.

Prunus Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 194, 1937
Wasiki ( W )
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 8 4 ) , Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 1 4 type).
Type locality: Sierra Canelo, Chihuahua.
H A B . Riparian in shallow canyons of the Pine Forest. 4000-5500 feet.
Small spreading tree, 3—4 m. high, associated with Pinus and Cupressus arizonica.
Fruit about 1 cm. in diameter and eaten by the natives. The wood is used for
tool handles.

Prunus virens (Woot. & Standi.) Standi.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Tepopa ( 2 2 3 8 ) . Type locality: Organ Mts., N e w
Mexico.
H A B . Deep canyon in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
A tall, slender shrub, with red bark finely spotted with white.

Prunus Zingii Standi. Jeco ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tepopa ( 2 2 1 6 ) , Guisiego (2398),
Curohui ( 3 6 5 8 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottoms in Oak Forest and down into Short-tree Forest eleva­
tions. 2000-4000 feet.
A compact, evergreen tree found in the well watered canyon bottoms. T h e
Warihio Indians make tortillas and atole from the seeds. The fruit is dried, rubbed,
and winnowed, and the resultant clean seeds are ground on the metate.
120 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

KRAMERIACEAE

Krameria Palmeri Rose

D I S T . Foothills and coastal plain, Sonora; A g u a Caliente, north of Alamos
(4842). Type locality: Agiabampo, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky outcropping in shrub-grassland. 500 feet.
A small, low, spreading, woody shrub 5 dm. high, with purple flowers in Novem­
ber; rare.

Krameria parvijolia Benth.

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella ( 3 2 8 ) ,
Guajaray ( 1 0 9 9 ) , Guasaremos ( 1 5 6 5 ) . Type locality: Baja California.
H A B . A r i d rocky slopes and ridges in Short-tree Forest and briefly into Oak
Forest. 1000-3500 feet.
A low, rather dense, and intricately branched shrub, observed only about thinly
covered rocky outcrops, ridges, and slopes, where it is associated with Wimmeria
mexicana, Bursera sp., Cardiospermum hahcacabum, and Krameria paucijoha.
Flowers late summer (spring?).

Krameria paucijolia Rose

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 0 6 9 ) . T y p e locality:
La Paz, Baja California.
H A B . Sunny open slopes and ridges in Thorn Forest and less commonly in
Short-tree Forest. 500—2000 feet.
Commonly forms a spreading shrub, rather irregularly branched, 2—3 m. high.
Flowers late summer and fall and probably again in the spring. Scattered and com­
mon through the Sonora foothills, but nowhere a dominant part of the cover.

Krameria prostrata Brandeg.

D I S T . Hills, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 2 2 8 1 ) , Batopilillas (2626).
T y p e locality: Cofradia, Sinaloa.
H A B . Argillaceous gravels in open situations in Short-tree Forest and Oak
Forest. 800—3500 feet.
A prostrate perennial herb, spreading asymmetrically or in an open, round mat.
Flowers reddish purple, July and August. The fruits are very small, 4 - 5 mm. in
diameter, with spines 2 mm. long feebly micro-barbed along the upper 1 mm.
An infrequent and inconspicuous plant.

LEGUMINOSAE

Pithecolobium duke (Roxb.) Benth. Guamuchil, makachuni (W)

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 2 2 4 ) . Recorded observa­
tions: Alamos, San Bernardo, Guasaremos. T y p e locality: Coromandel.
H A B . Valley and arroyo margins in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 -
2000 feet.
General throughout the lowlands, either as plantings from seed or as spontaneous
growth in the wild. Grows to a large tree, often supporting dead branches, which
have apparently been killed by occasional frost. T h e seeds are embedded in a soft,
sweet pulp, edible and much sought after by the natives. Wild trees self-established
on private lands are regarded as the personal property of the man in possession and
 LIST OF FLORA 121

are respected by the wild-fruit gatherers as if they were in a cultivated orchard.

The fruit is sold either fresh or dried in the markets of Alamos and Navojoa.
Flowers January and February; fruits in June.

Pithecolobium mexicanum Rose Palo chinu

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos (3025), Tesopaco (3030). Type locality:
Alamos, Sonora.
Н А Б . Valleys and arroyo margins; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 5 0 0 -
2500 feet.
In habit this species much resembles Prosopis chilensis, with which it fre­
quently associates, but it is on the whole a more slender tree, with lighter bark.
Flowers abundantly in March and April, when the corollas fall early on the ground
and are eaten by livestock. Common in the rich alluvial bottom lands; one of the
forest dominants.
The bark is excellent for tanning, so the species suffers considerable depreda­
tions and injuries from stripping. T h e Departamento de Forestal has recently, how­
ever, done much to modify the exploitation of this and other species.

Phhecolobium sonorae Wats. Palo jocono

(Plate 20, figure 1 )
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Tesopaco (3029). Type locality: Guaymas, Sonora.
Н А Б . Calcareous soils in valleys; Thorn Forest. 50-1500 feet.
Tree; cespitóse, often forming close thickets of saplings, several yards in extent;
bark brown to gray with short annular-based spines. Flowers summer. It is com­
mon in the foothill valleys, especially in caliche soils, such as those forming the
fossiliferous lime beds.

Pithecolobium undulatum (Britt. & Rose), comb. nov. Palo fierro

Chloroleucon undulatum Britt. & Rose, N . Amer. Flora, vol. 23, p. 37, 1928
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (1490), Alamos (2927).
Recorded observations: Mescales, Carimechi, Guasaremos. Type locality: Alamos,
Sonora.
Н А Б . Arroyo margins, valleys, and hill slopes in the Short-tree Forest. 800-
2000 feet.
A small, wide-spreading tree, depressed ovoid in foliage outline. The bark is
dark gray or brown, like that of the eucalyptus, and with similar white maculations.
It is nowhere an abundant plant, but is scattered through the mixed forests and
seems restricted to the moist Short-tree Forest area. Flowers July; legumes ripen
in the fall. Specimens originally distributed as Pithecolobium mexicanum.

Albizzia sinaloensis Britt. & Rose Palo joso

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Mútica ( 2 1 9 7 ) , Chinobampo (2980), Tesopaco, prob­
ably Mútica (Shreve 6 1 5 1 ) . T y p e locality: banks of the Espíritu Santo, Mexico.
Н А Б . Arroyo margins in Thorn Forest area. 500-1000 feet.
Grows to tall trees with clean-barked, straight boles, usually unbranched for
7 - 1 2 m. Appears to be limited to areas having running water, either surface or
subterranean. Flowers May; legumes mature during winter. Deciduous in the late
spring, and for a short period practically leafless. Distributed as Albizzia tomentosa.
122 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

Calliandra eriophylla Benth. Ta-a seyweylala ( W )

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi (1235), Santísimo (2628).
Type locality: Chili, Puebla.
H A B . Mesas, rocky arroyo margins, sunny exposures in Thorn Forest and Short-
tree Forest. 500—2500 feet.
A low, stiff, intricately branched shrub, flowering in spring and late summer,
widely but very thinly distributed. The elongate stamens stand erect through
the cool of the mornings and thus to the Warihio have suggested the name, meaning
rays of the sun.

Calliandra Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 17, p. 261, 1937
Clavellino
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2363 type), Guisiego (2389). Type
locality: Guasaremos, Chihuahua.
H A B . Wooded canyon slopes and bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 2000—3000 feet.
A tall shrub, slender and few-branched or more branched and loosely compact,
3—5 m. high. The stamens are greenish white, erect in the early morning but wilt-
ing with the advance of the sun. Flowers August. It is associated with Conzattia
sericea, Lysiloma Watsoni, Platanus racemosa, and Mellichampia ligulata. It is
apparently limited in distribution, for it was observed only in the two localities
listed above. It has recently been collected by the author in northern Sinaloa, Sierra
Surotato (6156, 6524, 6524A).

Calliandra gracilis (Mart. & Gal.) Standi. ? Tosapolo ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo (1630). Type locality: granitic rocks on
coast of Oaxaca.
H A B . Canyon and valley slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1000-2500 feet.
A slender shrub, 3—5 m. high, with a few openly ascending branches. Proximal
half of stamens white, distal half pink; August. Infrequent. Doubtfully referred
under this species.

Calliandra Houstoniana (Mill.) Standi. Barba de chivato

DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( 1 1 2 5 ) , Guasaremos (2903),
Cañón Estrella (362), Mesa Colorada (539). Recorded observation: Curohui.
Type locality: Veracruz.
H A B . Valleys and canyons in Oak Forest. 2500—4000 feet.
Forms a slender shrub, 2-4 m. high, with a few widely ascending branches
forming an open crown. The terminal branchlets are rather densely leaved with
fine leaflets, shiny and coriaceous. Flowers September. It is closely associated with
the oaks through the bottom lands and is common throughout their distribution
as an under shrub. The long stamens dry reddish brown and persist more or less
matted together like a small beard, whence the vernacular name.

Calliandra humilis (Schlecht.) Benth.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (2307), Sierra Canelo
(2526). Type locality: near Regla, Hidalgo.
H A B . In clay soils with loose gravel covering on slopes of the Pine Forest. 4000-
5500 feet.
A common diminutive perennial with white flowers, scattered through the open
pine woods. Flowers July and August.
 LIST OF FLORA 123

Calliandra rupestris Brandeg.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Vinata ( 1 4 7 0 ) , Alamos (2265). Type locality: canyon
near Cofradia, Sinaloa.
HAB. A r i d wooded slopes of the Short-tree Forest. 1500-2500 feet.
Shrub 2 - 3 m. high in loose volcanic soils. Because of the large leaflets, the
abundance of flowers, evenly placed over the plant, and the uniform habit of
branching, the plant presents a distinctive appearance. Occurs on slopes with
Bursera confusa, Ceiba acuminata, and Brongniartia alamosana; see also discussion
of plants under Conzattia sericea, "Short-tree Forest," page 34 and figure 4. Flowers
June and July.

Calliandra sp.
DIST. H i g h montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2660).
HAB. Coarse gravel soil on slope in High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Diminutive perennial herb. Infrequent.

Lysiloma divaricata (Jacq.) Macbr. Mauuta, sahi ( W )

(Plate 5)
DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (1063,
1 6 3 1 ) , A g u a Caliente, north of Alamos (4846). Recorded observations: Alamos,
Los Tanques, Mescales, Conejos, Carimechi, Guasaremos, Santísimo. Type locality:
West Indies.
HAB. Hill slopes and less abundantly in valleys and arroyo margins in Short-
tree Forest and less extensively in Thorn Forest. 500-3000 feet.
The most abundant tree in the Short-tree Forest. It is usually 8 - 1 0 m. in height,
and occasionally forms pure wide-crowned stands, but more generally occurs in the
mixed forests. See Plant Census plots 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 (pp. 5 2 - 5 5 , 5 8 - 5 9 ) . T h e leaves
normally deciduate in the late fall, though part of them may carry over with winter
rains until the spring drought, when the tree becomes entirely leafless. T h e flowers
are white; August. T h e legumes mature in late fall and winter. T h e wood is
regularly employed in the construction of buildings and corrals, and as fuel; the
bark is used in tanning.

Lysiloma Watsoni Rose Tepeguaje, machauwi (W)

(Plate 4; plate 26, figure 2)
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Bacachaca ( 1 4 6 1 ) , Cañón Estrella
(402), Alamos ( 4 7 8 7 ) . Recorded observations: San Bernardo, Mescales, Tesopaco,
Conejos, Carimechi, Guasaremos, Batopilillas. Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
HAB. Hill slopes and small foothill valleys in Short-tree Forest and with lower
oaks. 1000—3500 feet.
Forms large and irregularly branched trees, 8 - 1 5 m. high, with a trunk diameter
occasionally as much as 80 or 90 cm. T h e branches angle out horizontally, 7 - 1 0 m.,
beginning low on the trunk. In the forest the habit is more erect, though still
wide-branching and irregular, and the tree reaches a height of 1 5 m. T h e wood
is very dense and enduring, a rich reddish brown in color, and is used in wood-
work by the natives. A t Canelo a cane mill for pressing out sugar-cane juice was
observed, made chiefly from the wood of this tree; a contrivance requiring the
toughest and strongest of woods to endure. T h e natives regard it as the best wood
for the massive heavy rollers, though Eysenhardtia polystachya is more favored
for the gears.
124 RIO MAYO PLANTS

The bark is chewed for hardening the gums and for general ailments of the
teeth. A strong, bitter decoction is also made by boiling the bark in water, and is
used as a mouth rinse.
The flowers arc whitish; June. Legumes ripen in the fall. See Plant Census plots
a d 6
4 n 5 (PP- 5 " 5 7 ) -
Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Pinal, Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 0 1 ) , Bato-
pilillas ( 2 6 1 0 ) . Type locality: Campeche.
H A B . Sunny open slopes in Oak Forest and L o w e r Pine Forest. 3000—4500
feet.
Shrub 2—6 m. high, profusely branched. Near Batopilillas it was abundant and
formed extensive, thriving thickets. T h e white flowers in September emit a faint
sweet odor and attract many scarab beetles and a miscellany of Hymenoptera.

Acacia constricta Benth.

D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; 4 miles east of Navojoa (4885). T y p e locality:
western Texas.
H A B . Dry mesa with open shrub cover; Thorn Forest.
A common part of the xeric open shrub formation on the mesa east of Navojoa.
It was never observed in the denser forest formations, and is entirely lacking in the
moist barrancas.

Acacia Coulteri Benth. ? Guayavilla, mawó ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Vinata ( 1 4 7 3 ) , Alamos ( 4 7 6 3 ) . T y p e locality: Zima-
pan, Hidalgo.
H A B . Wooded slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1500 feet.
A very slender, attenuated shrub 7 m. high, under high forest trees, such as
Conzattia sericea. Flowers July. T h e material is questionably referred under this
species. See also discussion of plants under Conzattia sericea, "Short-tree Forest,"
page 34 and figure 4.

Acacia crinita Brandeg. L a nudita

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra L a Chuna ( 1 3 7 0 ) , Sierra
Charuco ( 2 3 2 5 ) . Type locality: Culiacan, Sinaloa.
H A B . Open slopes on northern exposure in Oak Forest and L o w e r Pine Forest.
3000-5000 feet.
Grows 2 - 3 m. high as a single-stemmed, tall, slender perennial, and forms open,
scattered colonies. Flowers spring and summer following the rains. It was ob­
served to make a new, quickly responsive growth from the root crown following
ground fire. It is an infrequent plant, known only from the two collection localities
in the Río Mayo.

Acacia cymbispina Sprague & Riley Chirowi, guinora, sínala ( W )

D I S T . Lowlands and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (1062,
1 6 1 8 ) . Recorded observations: Navojoa, Alamos, Los Tanques, Mescales, Tesopaco,
Conejos, Carimechi, Guasaremos, Santísimo, Sierra Saguaribo. T y p e locality:
Guaymas, Sonora.
H A B . Mesas, valleys, hill slopes in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 -
3000 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
125
A ubiquitous tree or shrub of the Thorn Forest, throughout which it persistently
occurs; common but much less abundant in the Short-tree Forest. It is very aggres­
sive and quickly captures areas that have been abandoned from cultivation. See
lists of milpa successions (pp. 6 0 - 6 1 ) , Plant Census plots 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 (pp. 5 2 - 5 5 ,
58-59), and figure 5 (p. 40).
Normally it is a small tree, 6-8 rh. high, with a short trunk, from the apex of
which many branches radiate strictly to form a round, flat-topped crown. In death
it often assumes fantastic forms; in one the branches all gather inward together
at the top, forming an erect spindle; in another, after the branch tips have met
at the ends, the spindle bends over in an acute arc with the tips touching the ground
or nearly so. In certain areas the dead trees all tend to take the same dying
form, and in other areas they all tend toward another form, thus forming most
singular groups, the reasons for which are less explicable than the cause of death
itself.
The species is easily recognized at any time by its bizarre, broadly flaring thorns,
which are at first reddish brown, but with age turn a silvery gray. Young trees,
however, often lack them. Flowers August; legumes ripen in the fall and are eaten
by burros and mules, and formerly by the Warihio Indians. The wood has many
local building uses. T h e spines are reported to be boiled in water, making a potion
taken as a tonic for stomach troubles and other ailments.

Acacia Farnesiana ( L . ) Willd. Vinorama, kuká ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 2 3 7 ) , Guasaremos (2344).
Recorded observations: Alamos, San Bernardo, Mescales, Tesopaco, Sierra Sagua-
ribo. Type locality: Santo Domingo.
H A B . Valleys and arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest and sporadically in Thorn
Forest. 500—3000 feet.
A low, spreading tree, mesquite-like in habit. It flowers showily in the spring
(late January and February), and occasionally in the fall. The masses of yellow
"buttons" emit a strong, far-carrying aromatic odor, and are reported to be used
in making a dye. T h e Warihios pulverize and mix the flowers with grease, which
they rub on bruises, and on heads to relieve headaches.

Acacia occidentalis Rose Teso, wasiwa ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 7 5 ) . Recorded observations: Alamos,
Los Tanques, Tesopaco. T y p e locality: between Nogales and Guaymas, Sonora.
H A B . Valleys and arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest. 5 0 0 -
1500 feet.
A low, spreading tree, in habit like mesquite, adapted to the more open type of
cover offered along the wide arroyos and valleys; it is more common in the inland
valleys than in the outlying ones adjacent to the coastal plain. T h e bloom is pro­
lific and the scent generous, flavoring the air like orange blossoms for a considerable
distance. Flowers March, during the spring dry season. It remains in leaf most of
the spring dry season, probably because of its fortunate lowland position in regard
to ground water.

Acacia pennatula (Schl. & C h a m . ) Benth. Algarroba, yepowecha ( W )

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cerro Orejón ( 1 2 0 2 ) .
Recorded observations: Guasaremos, Curohui. Type locality: Hacienda de la
Laguna, Veracruz.
I2Ó RÍO MAYO PLANTS

H A B . Open hill slopes and mesas in Oak Forest and scatteringly down into
Short-tree Forest. 1000—3500 feet.
The tree is low and spreading in habit, much like the oaks with which it com­
monly associates. On the more fertile flats in the lower part of the oak belt it
sometimes forms almost pure widely spaced stands. In such favored spots it may be
joined by dense stands of Acacia cymbispina, and only a few hundred yards below
both species may be eliminated by the mixed forest dominants of the Short-tree
Forest.

Acacia villosa ( S w . ) Willd. Dais

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 6 3 8 ) , Guasaremos
( 2 3 9 3 ) . Type locality: Jamaica.
H A B . Steep rocky slopes in the Oak Forest. 3000—5000 feet.
Forms a low, bushy shrub, 2 - 3 m. high, often forming thick colonies. Flowers
in summer and is much visited by Hymenoptera.
Acacia Willardiana Rose
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Bachoco ( 3 0 1 2 ) . T y p e locality: Sonora.
H A B . Rocky crests of the arid volcanic bergs; Thorn Forest. 1000—3000 feet.
This tree is a characteristic occupant of the sky line of the arid hills, and strongly
suggests the quality of image we associate with Japanese prints. T h e old, dry bark
peels free and curls like parchment, and the wind rattles the rolls with a tattering
sound. T h e long, drooping leaves sway on the graceful, pliant branches. Flowers
white; spring.
So far as is known, Sierra Bojihuacame, bounding the lower Río Mayo on the
north, is the southern limit of the species.
Leucaena lanceolata Wats. Guaje
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 6 3 2 ) , Arroyo Guajaráy ( 1 1 3 8 ) . T y p e
locality: Hacienda San Miguel, Chihuahua.
H A B . Moist canyon slope in Short-tree Forest. 2000 feet.
Material was collected from a tree of dense foliage, 7 m. high. Tiny black beedes,
Histeridae, were found burrowing in the flowers fallen on the ground. Flowers
summer. Infrequent.
Schrankja heterocarpa Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 3 1 , 1940
t v e
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Cienegita (2635 P ) - Type locality: Cienegita,
Chihuahua.
H A B . On moist, rocky canyon slope, north exposure, high in Short-tree Forest at
foot of Oak Forest. 3000 feet.
More or less crowded with a competitive growth of plants, this plant appeared to
be a long, attenuated annual, clinging to every object that touched it, such as hands,
clothing, paper, and other plants. This is accomplished by means of the spines,
with which the plant is completely beset, and which are bent backward or down­
ward like the teeth of a snake, and grip in the same fashion. Flowers pink; Sep­
tember. Not observed elsewhere.

Mimosa biuncijera Benth.

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Arroyo Cuchujaqui (2209). T y p e locality: León,
Guanajuato.
H A B . Rocky slope in Thorn Forest. 1000 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
127
A large, stiff, much-branched shrub inhabiting the open rocky margin above the
arroyo bed. Flowers June.

Mimosa callithrix Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Sen, vol. 22, p. 27, 1940
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua and probably Sonora; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 5 3 1 type,
1802). Type locality: Arroyo Hondo, Sierra Charuco, Chihuahua.
Н А Б . Along intermittent stream banks in Lower Pine Forest. 4000 feet.
A single-stemmed shrub 2 m. high, armed with small spines on stem and rachis,
with two or three spreading branches; slender and graceful in appearance. T h e
leaves are rather long and delicate, with subopposite pinnae, and are remarkable for
the pair of stipular structures on the rachilla, which descends from the lower pair
of leaflets and terminates in a pair of minute horns, directed downward, 1 mm.
or so above the rachis. T h e bloom is purple, July; legumes mature in September.

Mimosa dysocarpa Benth.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 2 3 2 3 ) , Cienegita (2644), Loreto
(2585). Type locality: pass of the Limpio, Texas.
H A B . Open slopes in Oak Forest area. 2800-4000 feet.
A low, open shrub with a few short, irregular branches; widely scattered. Flowers
lavender, following summer rains.

Mimosa guirocobensis, sp. nov.

Slender shrub, poorly branched, 1 - 2 m. high, the old stems angular, dead look­
ing, dull gray with persistent partially appressed griseous pubescence; young stems
6 dm. or less long, yellowish green with a dense yellowish pubescence covering stem,
petiole, rachis, leaves, and legume.
m m n
Stipules bluntly subulate, 10—15 - l ° g > deciduous. Leaves 6—12 cm. long
with leaflet size highly variable, pinnae 2—3 pairs, the leaflets sometimes reduced
c m n
on one side; petiole 1 . 5 - 3 - l ° g > sparsely armed with small, recurved, single or
double spines about 1 mm. long, glandless; rachis armed or unarmed; stipels in­
serted on the rachilla, bluntly subulate, 2-4 mm. long; leaflets normally 3 - 7 pairs,
c m n - 1 0 m r r b w e o r
asymmetric, mucronate, ovate-lanceolate, 1 - 2 . 5 - l ° g > 5 ^ wider
(16 m m . ) , and obovate, palmate veined, the upper vein best developed, off center,
pinnately branched, the lower secondaries curving into an enlarged lower rounding
base. Inflorescence a dense spike 5 - 1 0 cm. long; peduncles 2-4 cm. long. Flowers
sessile; petals and filaments pink-purple, hirsute with long, hyaline hairs; calyx 2.5
mm. long, the lobes 1.5 mm. long, subulate; corolla campanulate, 3.5-4 mm. long,
the lobes deltoid-ovate, acutish, hairy without, glabrous within, 1.5 mm. long;
stamens 10 or apparently sometimes only 5; ovary pubescent; legume 2-8-seeded, 3 - 5
cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, with cuneate-stipitate base, short subulate beak, and thick
yellow pubescence. Type (5956) in Shreve Herbarium, Tucson, Arizona, collected
near Guirocoba, southeastern Sonora, Mexico, April 6, 1940, by Howard Scott
Gentry.
Suffrutex, ramis vetioribus angulatis, griseo-pubescentibus; ramis juventis, foliis,
et leguminibus prominulis fulvo-pubescentibus; stipulae abrupte subulatae, 1 0 -
15 mm. longae; folia 6 - 1 2 cm. longa, pinnae 2 - 3 ; petiolis 1 . 5 - 3 cm. longis cum
spinis recurvatis, 1 mm. longis; foliola 3 - 7 , asymmetricia, mucronata, ovato-lanceolata,
128 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

1-2.5 cm. longa, 5—16 mm. lata, nervis palmatis; inflorescentia densim spicata, 5 - 1 0
cm. longa; stipitibus 2-4 cm. longis; floribus sessilibus, exterioribus hirsutis; petiolis et
filamentis claro-purpureis, hirsutis; legumen 3—5 cm. longum, 6-9 mm. latum, fulvo-
pubescens; semina 2—8.
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; Guirocoba (5956 type), Jecopaco (3020),
Agrimensor ( 3 0 3 6 ) . Type locality: Guirocoba, southeastern Sonora.
H A B . Open, rocky, arid, grassy slopes with the lower oaks. 1800-3500 feet.
T h e species keys into the section Distachyae of Britton and Rose ( N . Amer.
Flora, vol. 23, p. 1 4 7 , 1 9 2 8 ) . It is distinguished by its dead, sticklike appearance
and the thick golden pubescence of new growth, which is ephemeral and often
restricted in the dry years to a leafless inflorescence of dense purplish spikes. The
foliage shows relationship to Mimosa egregia Sandwith of southern Mexico, which
diners in having larger, less hirsute leaflets, and an open compound inflorescence
of slender spikes. T h e summer foliage of Mimosa guirocobensis is unknown, but
should be more ample than the xeric spring foliage here described. T h e plant is
rare in the field and apparently confined to the open grassy slopes of the lower
Oak Forest. T h e two earlier numbers were distributed as M. spirocarpa.

Mimosa laxiflora Benth. Gatuña

D I S T . Barrancas to montane, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 4 3 ) , Batopilillas
( 2 8 3 5 ) , Alamos ( 4 8 8 1 ) . Type locality: Sonora Alta, Sonora.
Н А Б . Open grassy slopes of the Oak Forest. 3000—4000 feet.
T h e Guasaremos specimens are questionably referred here. Around Batopilillas
shrubby thickets of this species dotted the landscape.
Mimosa Lindheimeri Gray
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 2 3 0 1 ) , Muleto ( 2 6 5 5 ) .
Type locality: N e w Braunfels, Texas.
Н А Б . Sunny hill slopes through the L o w e r Pine Forest. 4500-6000 feet.
A low, spreading shrub, irregularly branching at right angles; about 1 m. high.
T h e bloom is light pink to lavender; July, August, and September. Infrequent.
Mimosa Palmer i Rose Chopo, cho'po ( W )
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo (1024, 1 5 8 3 ) , Guirocoba (2947), Alamos
(4779). Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
Н А Б . Valleys and slopes in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 500—2500 feet.
A small, slender tree with rather a strict round crown and rough, dark-brown
bark, 6—7 m. high. Blooms profusely in August, September, and early part of
October; legumes ripen early in the fall. It is common on the arid soils of the sunny
slopes, and most typically dwells in the Thorn Forest, where it often competes with
Acacia cymbispina. T h e bark is chewed by the natives to harden the gums and for
ailing teeth. See Plant Census plots 1 and 7 (pp. 52, 5 9 ) .
Mimosa purpurascens Robins.
D I S T . Foothills to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 5 4 5 ) . Re­
corded observations of a Mimosa probably this species from: Navojoa, Alamos,
Los Tanques, San Bernardo. Type locality: L a Paz, Baja California.
H A B . Sandy soils of arroyo and valley margins; Short-tree Forest area. 400-
2500 feet.
A slender shrub or small tree 6-7 m. high. Flowers pale lavender; summer.
 LIST OF FLORA 129

Acuan bicornutus (Wats.) Britt. & Rose

DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 4 1 0 ) , Batopilillas ( 2 6 1 4 ) . Type
locality: San José, southwestern Chihuahua.
H A B . Gully margins and fertile bottoms in Oak Forest area. 3000-4000 feet.
Shrub or rank herbaceous perennial 2 - 3 m. high. Flowers yellowish white; sum­
mer. Near the leaf axils are sweet glands that attract a small species of black ant.
This species is rarely found scattered in openings and artificial clearings.

Acuan Covillei Britt. & Rose

DIST. Coastal plain; 4 miles east of Navojoa (4886). Type locality: Guaymas,
Sonora.
H A B . Dry mesa with open shrub cover; Thorn Forest. 250 feet.
Low, open shrub with several stems from the base; flowers late summer.

Acuan virgatus (Willd.) Medic.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Ciudad Obregón ( 3 1 0 ) . Type locality: East Indies.
H A B . Alluvial arroyo margins and valley bottoms in sandy soil; Thorn Forest.
500-3000 feet.
The one available specimen is very poor material, and identification is not
certain. However, it is taken as representative of the common Acuan found nearly
everywhere throughout the foothill valleys. It grows with the summer rains like a
weed or an Amaranthus, in close stands of slender, single-stemmed individuals
branching widely at the top, interlacing, and as high as a man's head.

Prosopis af. chilensis (Molina) Stuntz Mesquite, hupala ( W )

(Plate 1 2 , figure 2)

DIST. Coastal plain and foothill valleys, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tesopaco
(Shreve 6 1 5 7 ) . Type locality: Chile.
H A B . Deep alluvial soils of the plains and valleys, or the marginal alluvium
of arroyos; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 50—3000 feet.
The mesquite is an important and dominant tree in the Thorn Forest area, but
gradually thins out in the barrancas. It attains very large proportions in the valley
of the Cedros, where trees over 1 5 m. high, with trunks 1 m. in diameter and
unbranched for 3 - 5 m., have been observed. It drops the old leaves in the spring
and comes out with new ones in April, when it turns the valleys to a lively green;
the natives designate the season as "la primavera." The wood is used for fuel and
construction, and the bark for tanning; livestock browse on the leaves, flowers, and
fruits, and it is host to an innumerable number of wild-animal species.

Cassia absus L .
DIST. Barrancas and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cienegita ( 2 8 1 8 ) , Alamos
(4893). T y p e locality: India.
H A B . Sunny slope under trees high in Short-tree Forest and lower Oak Forest.
2800-3500 feet.
Summer annual with small, inconspicuous flowers; in dense or dispersed colonies.

Cassia biflora L . Ejotillo del monte

DIST. Foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 3 5 ) , Carimechi
( 1 1 7 1 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 2 9 5 , 3605). Recorded observations: Alamos, Guasaremos,
Santísimo. T y p e locality unknown.
130 RIO MAYO PLANTS

H A B . Wooded slopes and bottoms in Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest. 5 0 0 -

2000 feet.
Small, slender, attenuated shrub, 1—3 m. in height, with a slim caudex, 1—2 cm.
in diameter, forking near the top into a few ascending, decurving, graceful branches.
Flowers yellow. It is a showy and persistent bloomer, from October to April. T h e
legumes ripen in the late spring. It is almost strictly a forest dweller under the
trees. Plant Census plots 2, 3, 6, and 7 (pp. 53—55, 5 8 - 5 9 ) confirm the observation
that it is more abundant in the Short-tree Forest than in the Thorn Forest.

Cassia Covesii Gray

D I S T . Coastal plain; Navojoa ( 1 1 5 4 , 1 6 6 0 ) . T y p e locality: Camp Grant and
south to Prescott, Arizona.
Н А Б . Deep adobe soils; Thorn Forest area.
Forms scattered colonies along depressions and is a common plant with yellow
flowers in the arid fall.

Cassia emarginata L . Sorillo, hulawasi ( W )

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( 1 1 2 2 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 4 4 8 ) ,
Tesopaco (Shreve 6 1 6 1 ) . Recorded observations: Alamos, Los Tanques, Carimechi,
Guasaremos. Type locality: Caribbean (Jamaica).
Н А Б . Slopes, valleys, and arroyo margins; Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest.
800—2000 feet.
Small tree with a spreading crown and feeble yellow blossoms. T h e pods, 30—40
cm. long, hang down conspicuously over the trails throughout the fall. Flowers in
June at the start of new leaves with the summer rains. T h e name "sorillo," Spanish
for skunk, is given because of the strong, repugnant odor emitted by crushed foliage.
See also Plant Census plots 1, 2, and 3 (pp. 5 2 - 5 5 ) .

Cassia leptadenia Greenm.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 1 0 ) . T y p e locality: east of E l Paso,
Texas.
Н А Б . Canyon bottom in Oak Forest. 4500 feet.
A small summer annual with yellow flowers in August. Infrequent.

Cassia occidentalis L. Ejotillo grande

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 1 5 1 ) . Recorded observations: Alamos,
Mescales. Type locality: Jamaica.
Н А Б . Arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest. 500—1500 feet.
Rather a common rank bush, forming close colonies 2 m. high along the sandy
arroyo margins. Flowers yellow; November.

Cassia Palmeri Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 5 0 ) , Cienegita
( 2 8 1 6 ) . T y p e locality: Acapulco, Guerrero.
H A B . Coarse soils on sunny oak slopes. 3000—4500 feet.
A procumbent perennial herb, rather infrequent but general in distribution.
T h e petals are bright yellow; sepals ocher below. Individual plants sometimes bloom
prolifically. Flowers September and probably in the spring also.

Cassia uniflora Mill. Ejotillo chico

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 1 5 0 ) . Recorded observations: near
Alamos and Guirocoba. Type locality: Campeche.
 LIST OF FLORA

H A B . Sandy bottoms; Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest. 500-2000 feet.

Singly this plant forms a low, leafy bush, but in colonies it rises on attenuated
stems 1 m. high in dense stands, and may have excellent potentialities as a cover
crop. Flowers late summer and fall.

Var\insonia aculeata L . Wacoporo

D I S T . Lowlands and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 4 4 5 ) .
Recorded observations: Cienegita, Chihuahua deep in the barrancas, Alamos, Los
Tanques, Tesopaco, Conejos, Carimechi. Type locality: tropical America.
H A B . Valleys in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 100-2800 feet.
The proximity of this tree to dwellings indicates local cultivation.

Haematoxylon brasiletto Karst. Brasil, huchachago ( W )

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; Chorijoa (1094), San Bernardo ( 1 2 4 2 ) .
Recorded observations: Navojoa, Alamos, Los Tanques, Arroyo de los Mescales,
Tesopaco, Conejos, Carimechi, Guasaremos, Rancho del Media. Type locality:
Guatemala to Colombia.
H A B . Mesas and arid hill slopes in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 800-
2500 feet.
One of the abundant plants of the lowland forests. In the forest it attains the
size of a small tree with a long, deeply fissured trunk and devious branches. On
Rancho del Media, at about 1800 feet elevation on rolling, open hill land, it formed
low, dense, hemispherical shrubs, occasionally so dense as to form impassable
thickets. Flowers yellow; fall and spring, or following any good rain.
The wood is excellent fuel and burns with a greenish flame. It is also used in
the construction of houses, corrals, etc. A light-red dye or ink and also rosary
crosses are made from the deep-red heartwood.

Cercidium Torreyanum (Wats.) Sarg. Palo brea

(Plate 12, figure 2; plate 25, figure 1 )
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 7 7 ) , Agua Caliente, north of Alamos
(4839). Recorded observations: Navojoa, Los Tanques, Tesopaco. Type locality:
lower Colorado River, southern Arizona.
H A B . Valleys of the Thorn Forest and infrequently in Short-tree Forest area.
100-1000 feet.
A common tree throughout the lowlands. Individual trees, through injury or
attack, sometimes exude a sweet, odorous excretion highly attractive to certain in­
sects, as Cerambycidae, Nymphalidae, Scarabidae, and a few Diptera. See Plant
Census plots 6 and 7 (pp. 5 8 - 5 9 ) .

Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. Arbol del fuego

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 0 2 2 ) . Type locality: Madagascar.
H A B . In cultivation in parks and patios.
A large, spreading tree which in summer flames into a crown of red flowers.
The pods are about 60 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, very heavy and hard and tardily
dehiscent. T h e Mayo Indians sometimes use them for rattles, and in Alamos they
were observed to be used as fuel. The seeds are very hard and require 30-60 days
for germination unless artificial means, such as filing, are used to hasten their
swelling.
 132 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Conzattia sericea Standi. Palo joso

(Plate 5 )
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Vinata ( 1 4 7 2 ) , Guasaremos ( 2 3 6 0 ) .
Recorded observations: San Bernardo, Mescales, Tesopaco. Type locality: Río de
Tamazula, Imala, Municipalidad de Culiacan, Sinaloa.
H A B . Steep hill slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 0 — 3 0 0 0 feet.
Tree about 2 0 m. high; the tallest in the hill-slope forests. T h e trunk is a smooth,
white bole rising 7 - 1 2 m. before branching. T h e wood is weak, brittle, and very
pungent when broken. The leaves of Conzattia are very short-lived, and con-
temporaneous with the rains of July, August, and September; hence it stands a
naked and nearly a dormant organism for nine months of the year. It is a forest
dominant and a Short-tree Forest endemic. See discussion under "Short-tree
Forest" (p. 3 4 ) and figure 4 .

Hoffmanseggia multijuga Wats. Tavachin chica

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Sapopa ( 1 6 4 1 ) . Type locality: Chihuahua.
H A B . Steep, grassy, rocky slope at the foot of the oaks. 3 0 0 0 feet.
A colonial, open-crowned shrub 1—2 m. high. Associated with Quercus chihua-
huensis, Acacia crinita, and A. villosa. Flowers yellow; late summer. Rare. Dis-
tributed as Caesalpinia Ortegae ?.
Caesalpinia caladenia Standi.
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Alamos ( 2 9 8 9 ) . Type locality: Minas Nuevas, Sonora
(near Alamos).
H A B . Wooded valley in Thorn Forest. 8 0 0 feet.
A small, slender tree with gray bark, leafless at flowering time, February. T h e
flowers are yellow and attract many species of wild bees and wasps. Infrequent.
The above collection number can be considered a topotype, since it also was col-
lected "below Minas Nuevas." This species was not observed elsewhere.

Caesalpinia Palmeri Wats.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Arroyo de los Mescales ( 3 0 2 2 ) . Type locality: Guaymas,
Sonora.
H A B . Arid mesa in Short-tree Forest area. 1 0 0 0 feet.
An erect, slender tree in a sunny mixed forest of crowded trees.

Caesalpinia platyloba Wats. Palo colorado, weylaki ( W )

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 6 7 ) , Vinata
( 1 4 8 2 ) . Recorded observations: Navojoa ( 1 5 miles east), Alamos, Los Tanques,
Mescales, Santísimo, Cienegita, Tesopaco (Wiggins 6 4 0 5 ) . Type locality: Hacienda
San Miguel, Chihuahua.
H A B . Wooded slopes of the Short-tree Forest and casually in Thorn Forest.
8 0 0 — 2 5 0 0 feet.
An erect, wide, and openly branched tree. It does not form colonial stands,
but occurs consistently scattered with the mixed-forest assemblage, as is usual with
the Río Mayo forest trees. T h e Mexican name, "palo colorado," is given because
of the deep red to which the leaves turn in the arid fall, following which they
soon fall, leaving the branches naked all through the winter and spring until the
next summer's rains. Thus the tree is in leaf for only about a third of the year.
The wood is hard and strong, and one of the most useful to the Río Mayo peoples
for building purposes.
 LIST OF FLORA
133
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) DC. Tavachin, talpakapache ( W )
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo (1096, i486). Recorded observations:
near Alamos, Los Tanques, Tesopaco, Guasaremos.
H A B . Sandy soils of valleys and arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest and Thorn
Forest. 500-1500 feet.
A cespitóse, bushy shrub, 1 - 3 m. high. It thrives particularly well in the en­
virons of San Bernardo, where it has taken advantage of milpa clearings. During
the summer rainy season it blooms prolifically and beautifully. The flowers in the
freshness of youth are bright yellow, which with maturity changes to a strong red,
creeping from the base of the petals upward. Butterflies of many hues swarm over
the flowers, adding to the show and undoubtedly assisting in pollination. Hum­
mingbirds are also regular visitors, and their technique of approach is especially
well adapted to induce cross-fertilization; the hovering breast, measured to the
length of stamens and pistils by the bill, brushes lightly the tips of the long, upcurved
anthers and stigmas.
The natives regard the plant as efficaceous in treating various afflictions; for one
thing, a wash is made by boiling the roots in water for rattlesnake bites and
insect stings.

Caesalpinia Standleyi (Britt. & Rose) Standi. Margarita, wetapochi ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 7 8 ) . Type locality: Acaponeta, Tepic.
H A B . Wooded slopes and mesas; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 5 0 0 -
1500 feet.
A xerophytic tree, adapted to arid slopes and mesas. The leaves are short-lived,
concurrent with the summer rains, withering with the early drying of soil in
late summer; a few appear following the winter rains. Flowers March, and perhaps
also in summer.

Crotalaria angulata Mill.

Crotalaria rotundifolia (Walt.) Poir.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 0 1 ) , San José de Pinal (2588). Type
locality: Campeche, Mexico.
H A B . Loose humus soils on cool slopes in the High Pine Forest. 6000-7500
feet.

Crotalaria incana L . Ajonjolí, tenégara ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 0 6 ) , Aduana, near Alamos (4827).
Type locality: "In Jamaica & Caribaeis."
H A B . Rocky arroyo margins and hill slopes; Short-tree Forest. 800-1500 feet.
An erect perennial herb with a few spreading branches, 5 - 1 0 dm. high. The
Warihios report that the seeds were formerly eaten.

Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & A r n . Cascabel de víbora

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2459), Batopilillas ( 2 6 1 1 ) . Type
locality: "Talisco."
H A B . Coarse soils on open slopes and in depressions, and in valleys in Short-tree
Forest and barely in Oak Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
A strict, erect annual 5 - 1 0 dm. high, growing in yellow-flowered colonies, and
rather common throughout the moist barrancas. A literal translation of the ver­
nacular name is rattlesnake rattle.
134 RIO MAYO PLANTS

Crotalaria putnila Ort.

D I S T . Barrancas and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (collected in
1 9 3 5 ) , Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 5 2 ) . T y p e locality: "Crescit in monte ignivomo Jorullo,
alt. 570 hexap.," Mexico.
H A B . Coarse alluvial soils in open situations; Short-tree Forest to Pine Forest.
800-5000 feet.

Crotalaria Purshii var. polyphylla (Riley) Senn

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Pinal, Sierra Charuco ( 1 6 9 2 ) .
H A B . Hilltops; Oak Forest with lower pines. 5000 feet.
A thickened, exfoliating woody base on one of the specimens shows the variety to
be also perennial. It is an erect summer-flowering herb 2 - 3 dm. high, branched
from near base; leaves entire, 5 - 1 0 mm. wide, 3 5 - 6 5 mm. long, linear-lanceolate,
mucronate, glabrous above, paler green below with fine, closely porrect strigae,
short petiolate-sessile. The flowers are small and exceeded by the calyx lobes, which
are 8 - 1 0 mm. long. Rare.

Crotalaria sagittalis L . Ajonjoli

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 2 5 ) . T y p e locality: "Brasilia, Vir­
ginia."
H A B . Open grassy slopes and depressions; Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
Hirsute, prostrate, or procumbent winter annual, flowering February and March;
"unusual low small-leaved form" (Senn, Contr. Gray Herb., vol. 4 1 , p. 338, 1 9 3 9 ) .

Crotalaria sonorensis Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 24, 1940
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guirocoba (2948 type), Cienegita
(2639). Type locality: Guirocoba, southeastern Sonora.
H A B . Open, rocky, grassy slopes in Oak Forest. 2500—3500 feet.
A low, spreading bush 1 m. or less high, on a slender stem, with several ascending
branches, the whole looking rather top-heavy. Flowers late summer. Except for
reduced pubescence, the Cienegita specimen agrees well with the isotype; both have
characteristic "pig-tailed" beaks.

Crotalaria Tuer\heimii Senn

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 3 9 9 ) . T y p e locality: Alta Verapaz, Coban,
Guatemala.
H A B . Abandoned garden on shady canyon slope in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
The most northern record for the species. Sets were distributed as Crotalaria
sagittalis.

Lupinus Sitgreavesii Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2690).
H A B . Meadow in High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Infrequently scattered in the short meadow grass. Flowers purple; summer.

Trifolium goniocarpum L o j .
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 6 9 3 ) .
H A B . Moist meadow bottoms in H i g h Pine Forest area. 7500 feet.
Low colonial herb battling with grasses. Flowers lavender; summer.
 LIST OF FLORA
135
Trifolium involucratum Willd.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto (2575), Memelichi (2803).
H A B . Moist meadows and stream margins in Pine Forest areas. 5500-8000 feet.
Riparian herb, which grows in small, compact, procumbent clumps, gripping a
little mound of moist marginal nourishing soil, as though braced against the
cutting floodwaters of sudden rains. Flowers pink-lavender; summer.

Lotus alamosanus ( R o s e ) , comb. nov.

Hosackja alamosana Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb., vol. 1, p. 96, 1891.
DIST. Montane, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 0 5 ) , Curohui (3666). Type locality: Sierra
de Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . In seeping spring waters in canyons and meadows of Oak Forest. 3000-
4500 feet.
Small, spreading, procumbent riparian herb, perennial, rooting at the nodes.
Flowers yellow and red; spring. A rare plant, known only from Sierra de Alamos
(type locality) and Sierra Saguaribo.

Lotus chihuahuanus (Wats.) Greene

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2662).
H A B . Wooded slopes of the H i g h Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Summer herb. Flowers yellow with red-brown stains; September.

Lotus puberulus (Benth.) Greene

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Cerro Guicorichi (1940), Los Cascarones (2806).
H A B . In loose black soil often covered with pine needles; slopes in Pine Forest.
6000-8000 feet.
A low, diffusely branching perennial herb. Flowers with yellow petals and red
tube; late summer. It is common in certain areas, lacking in others.

Lotus repens Мое. & Sessé Alfalfa del campo

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 5 2 ) .
H A B . Moist meadow of the H i g h Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
A weak-stemmed perennial herb, growing with aquatic grasses in a watery
meadow. Banner yellow with dorsal streakings of red; wings white; keel pale
yellow. Flowers September. T h e natives regard it as particularly good mule
pasture.

Lotus tomentellus Greene

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada (540).
Н А Б . Slopes in Pine Forest. 5000—6000 feet.
A prostrate or procumbent perennial herb, with leaves 5-7-pinnate.

Indigofera densiflora Mart. & Gal.

DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2895), Sierra de Alamos
(4900). T y p e locality: Cordillera Oriental, Oaxaca.
H A B . Moist, shady slopes in Oak Forest. 3000-4000 feet.
Forms low, leafy bushes with several stems from the base, 1 - 2 m. high, in open
colonies. Flowers appear in August and seeds in October and November. Number
2895 distributed as Indigofera mucronata Spreng.
136 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

Indigojera laevis Rydb.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; near Piedras Verdes, north of Alamos ( 4 8 5 5 ) . T y p e
locality: Guaymas, Sonora.
H A B . Shrub-grassland in volcanic hills; Thorn Forest. 700 feet.
A suffrutescent, slender herb with weak, spreading stems about 1 m. long,
growing under shrubs. It differs from Rydberg's description in having the upper
surface of the leaves thinly strigose and the calyx lobes only slightly longer than the
calyx tube, which is shallow, almost salverform, and about 1 m m . high. Rare;
flowers and fruits in summer.

Indigojera macilenta Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 26, 1940
D I S T . Barrancas or montane, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2335 type, 1 5 5 7 ) . Type
locality: Guasaremos, Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky grass slopes in Oak Forest. 3500-4500 feet.
A slender-stemmed perennial bush 5 - 1 0 dm. high, with slender, decurving
branches. Flowers orange-red; base of banner with a faint yellow "aurora," wings
with irregular touch of purple, keel white to lavender; July. A delicate and rare
species, observed only on the hills surrounding the valley of Guasaremos.

Indigojera sphacrocarpa Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto (2584). Recorded observation: San Jose
de Pinal. Type locality: Santa Cruz, Sonora.
H A B . Knolls and slopes in the open pine woods. 6000—7000 feet.
A few-stemmed bush, 1 m. or less high. Flowers pale red; summer.

Indigojera suffruticosa Mill. Anil

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 0 6 5 ) . Recorded ob­
servations: near Alamos, Carimechi. T y p e locality: Jamaica.
H A B . Arroyo margins and valleys in Short-tree Forest. 500-2000 feet.
A n irregularly branched shrub 1—2 m. high, in scattered localities. T h e Warihios
formerly used the herbage in making a dark dye for woolen fabrics.
Psoralea pentaphylla L. Contra yerba
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guisiego ( 2 3 8 7 ) . T y p e locality: Mexico.
H A B . Moist mesa grassland; Short-tree Forest. 2500 feet.
Flowers brownish purple; summer.
Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ort.) Sarg. ? Palo dulce
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Bacachaca ( 1 4 5 7 ) . T y p e locality:
N o v a Hispania.
H A B . Rocky canyon margin in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
Material was collected from a shrub 3 m. high, little and strictly branched. T h e
wood is used for building purposes, tool handles, sugar-cane mills, etc., and is
reported very hard and durable, the strongest available.

Dalea alamosana (Rose) Bullock Ramita colorada

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo (collected in 1 9 3 5 ) , Agrimensor ( 4 5 3 ) ,
Alamos ( 7 1 1 , 4 7 8 5 ) . T y p e locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Open short-grass slopes; Short-tree Forest area. 800—2500 feet.
A prostrate, irregularly spreading perennial with a strong yellow taproot and
white flowers flushed with lavender; anthers black. T h e topotype specimens show
 LIST OF FLORA
137
the leaves to be strigose above as well as below, not glabrous above as described
by both Rose and Rydberg. Infrequent.

Dalea albiflora Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 8 6 1 ) , San Jose de Pinal (2848).
Type locality: hillsides on the San Pedro, Sonora.
H A B . Open, arid exposures in Pine Forest. 5500-6500 feet.
Forms a low, suffrutescent, polypodial bush less than 1 m. high. Infrequent.
Flowers late summer.

Dalea astragalopsis Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 25, 1940
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2479 type), Sierra Charuco ( 1 8 1 5 ) .
Type locality: Sierra Canelo, Chihuahua.
H A B . Coarse soils on arid slopes in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
A suffrutescent, cespitose herb 4-6 dm. high, perennial from a woody base. T h e
flowers form a bright-blue ring around the compact heads; September. Rare in the
field as observed. It probably occurs also on Sierra Charuco in Sonora.

Dalea af. calycosa Gray

DIST. Montane, Sonora; Sierra Saguaribo ( 2 1 3 8 ) . Type locality: San Pedro,
Sonora.
H A B . Hilltop in open Pine Forest. 5500 feet.
A few low scattered shrubs on open hilltop, this one with a few flowers,
November 3.

Dalea af. cyanea Greene

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; San Jose de Pinal (2595), Memelichi (2795). Type
locality: Sierra Madre back of Durango.
H A B . Cool, rocky slopes in High Pine Forest. 6000-8000 feet.
A suffrutescent herb 2—5 dm. high, much branched from the base, with pale-blue
flowers with a vanilla-like odor; flowers in September.

Dalea diffusa Moric. Escobeta, arenilla, hipechila ( W )

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra L a Chuna ( 1 3 6 9 ) , Sierra Charuco
( 1 7 2 7 ) , Sierra Canelo ( 1 9 1 3 ) , San Jose de Pinal (2853), Canon Estrella (390),
Canon Saucito (480). Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Moist bottoms and slopes of canyons in Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3 0 0 0 -
6000 feet.
The most conspicuous and abundant bloomer of the Rio Mayo Daleas. T h e
plant rises 1 m. or so high on a slender stem, naked along the lower half. In the
crown it is much branched, forming a leafy broom, bending gracefully under
the light weight of leaves and multitudinous purple flowers. It is also one of the
most generally distributed of the Daleas, though it does not occur in colonial
abundance, but rather scattered here and there in the half shade of open canyons
and arroyos.
It is sometimes used as a broom by the natives; several of the meter-long stems
are lashed together to form a handle, and the terminal spread of branchlets con­
stitutes the brush.
 RIO MAYO PLANTS

D a l e a e x s e r t a ( R y d b . ) , comb. nov.
Parosela exserta Rydb., N . Amer. Flora, vol. 24, p. 73, 1920.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Arroyo A g u a Blanca ( 5 1 8 ) . Type locality: Colima.
Н А Б . Grassy slopes or bottoms in Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.
This collection agrees very well with Rydberg's description of Parosela exserta,
collected by Palmer ( 1 3 1 2 ) in 1891 at Colima, and is the second collection of the
species and a marked northern extension.

Dalea filiformis Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 5 0 ) , Loreto ( 2 5 4 9 ) . T y p e locality:
Copper Mines (Santa Rita de Cobre), N e w Mexico.
H A B . Short-grass flats and drier meadow margins; Pine Forest. 5500—6500 feet.
A diminutive summer annual, occasionally very numerous in small colonies.
Flowers reddish purple; summer.

Dalea flava Mart. & G a l .

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (jjib, 7 8 5 ) , Piedras Verdes (4858). Type
locality: Zacuapan, Veracruz.
Н А Б . Canyon bottom in Short-tree Forest. 2000 feet.
A n erect, weedy herb. Flowers late summer.

Dalea af. flava Mart. & Gal.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 3 6 1 3 , x u i ) .
Н А Б . Abandoned milpa slope in granitic sandy soil. 700—1500 feet.
A small, slender, erect, herbaceous perennial 3—6 dm. high, with white flowers
scarcely exserted from the calyx; spring. In a dispersed colony on overgrown milpa;
for associates see milpa succession in milpa 12—20 years abandoned, page 6 1 . The
author has recently collected this plant also in central Sinaloa.

Dalea Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 26, 1940
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (1809 type), Guicorichi ( 1 9 2 8 ) .
T y p e locality: Sierra Charuco, Chihuahua.
Н А Б . Open slopes of the L o w e r Pine Forest. 4000-5500 feet.
A spreading, polypodial, suffrutescent bush about 6—7 dm. high. Flowers white;
September and October.

Dalea Grayi Vail Popote

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra L a Chuna ( 1 4 4 4 ) , Tepopa
( 1 4 0 9 ) . T y p e locality: Chiricahua Mts., Arizona.
Н А Б . Rocky outcrops and arid slopes in Oak Forest. 2500-4000 feet.
A tall, slender perennial with 1 - 3 naked stems 1 - 2 m. high from a common
woody base. Leaves and flowers are borne on short terminal branchlets; fall and
spring. It is drought deciduous. T h e Tepopa specimen ( 1 4 0 9 ) is unusual in having
bright reddish flowers, a character which possibly justifies its segregation. The
material at hand is scanty and leafless. Flowers normally white. This species is also
used for brooms.
Dalea leporina (Ait.) Bullock
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2786). T y p e locality: probably Mexico.
Н А Б . Meadow in Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
A rank, bushy, colonial summer annual, 1 m. high, with small, inconspicuous
white-lavender flowers in September.
 LIST OF FLORA
139

Dalea leucostachys G r a y
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (1699), Sierra Canelo
(2860). T y p e locality: Cosihuiriachic, Sierra Madre, Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky, sunny slopes with oaks, or without oaks in Pine Forest. 5 4 0 0 -
6000 feet.
Erect, spreading shrub 1 - 2 m. high, with single stem or trunk and low, spread­
ing, irregular branches. Flowers white, September, visited by such Hymenoptera
as Psammocharidae and Sphecidae.

Dalea af. mucronata D C .

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Batopilillas (2838). Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Grassy hill slope on oak savanna. 3000 feet.
A low, spreading bush with a single caudex and with white flowers in Sep­
tember. T h e racemes at the ends of the branchlets are much elongate, 3 - 1 0 cm. long,
with the flowers distinct. T h e calyx is turbinate, glabrous, and with remarkably
short lobes. T h e leaflets, 5 - 9 , are ovate, about 1 cm. long.

Dalea nigra Mart. & G a l .

DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 7 1 ) .
H A B . In clay soil on open sun slope; Oak Forest. 3800 feet.
A weedy colonial annual, with light purple flowers in September.

Dalea occidentalis ( R y d b . ) Wiggins

Parosela occidentalis R y d b . , N . A m e r . Flora, vol. 24, p. 1 1 5 , 1920.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Alamos (2938). Type locality: Culiacan, Sinaloa.
H A B . Wooded slopes in the Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest. 1000-2000
feet.
Slender shrub 1—2 m. high, with a few slender, pliant branches. Flowers white,
turning purple with age; in fall and meagerly in spring. It is widely scattered under
the forest trees as an underling, and figured in Plant Census plot 1 (p. 5 2 ) . T h e
above collection is an extension of range and a new plant for the Sonora flora.

D a l e a P a l m e r i (Rose), comb. nov.

Parosela Palmeri Rose, Contr. U . S. N a t . Herb., vol. 8, p. 304, 1905.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 5 1 ) . Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Sandy soil in milpa margin; Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.
A small, very leafy, procumbent perennial, forming a low bush. Flowers Sep­
tember and October. Rare.

Dalea Parryi Torr. & Gray

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2885),
Bachoco ( 3 0 1 9 ) . T y p e locality: Fort Mohave, California.
H A B . Sunny hill slopes and exposures; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 5 0 0 -
3000 feet.
A suffrutescent perennial herb, usually erect but occasionally procumbent. Flowers
spring and fall following the rains. It is eaten by deer.

Dalea polygonoides Gray

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 5 1 ) , Cajurichi (2704). Type local­
ity: Copper Mines, Santa Rita del Cobre, N e w Mexico.
H A B . Moist flats and meadows in High Pine Forest. 6000-7500 feet.
140 RIO MAYO PLANTS

A very small colonial annual, with purple flowers in capitate heads, summer.
It and Dalea filifprmis are closely related as to habitat and are sometimes found
together. It is eaten by cattle, a fact which may account for its general scarcity in
the Rio Mayo country.

Dalea revoluta Wats. Popote chiquito

D I S T . Barrancas and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( 1 1 0 4 ) , Tepopa
( 1 4 2 8 ) . Type locality: Guadalajara, Jalisco.
H A B . Rocky slopes and open sunny exposures principally in Oak Forest, slightly
down into Short-tree Forest. 2000-4000 feet.
A common and widely distributed perennial, growing in clumps with several
straight, slender stems from the root crown, with a dozen or so finely pinnate
leaves persisting at long internodes along the stems. It is 4—6 dm. high, and a small
edition of Dalea Grayi, which it closely parallels in habitat and distribution. Dalea
revoluta is a good bee plant; in areas where the plant has established substantial
colonies, as in some parts of the Cedros range, the air is alive with the constant
coming and going of wild and domestic bees. Flowers white; fall and sometimes
spring.

Dalea tomentosa ( C a v . ) Willd. Mota

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 0 2 1 ) , Curohui ( 2 1 4 3 ) .
H A B . A r i d slopes, mesas, open exposures, often in soils charged with calcareous
rubble; Lower Pine Forest. 3500-5500 feet.
A wide-spreading bush 1 m. high, with a single stem and regularly ascending
branches forming an open crown. Flowers lavender; fall and spring following the
rains. Observed also on the sierras Charuco and Saguaribo, and probably endemic
to the semiarid western sierran outposts in the barranca region of the Sierra Madre.
Distributed as Dalea mota or D. Greggii.

D a l e a W a t s o n i (Rose), comb. nov.

Parosela Watsoni Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb., vol. 10, p. 106, 1906.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 2 4 ) . T y p e locality: Frayles,
Chihuahua.
H A B . Pine Forest slopes. 5000-6000 feet.
K n o w n previously only from the type locality.

Dalea sp.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Rancho del Media ( 3 0 4 5 ) .
H A B . Open exposures on rocky terrain on grassy, wooded hills. 1800 feet.
Forms a low, bushy shrub 1 m. high, cespitose or with a single short, thick,
ligneous caudex, and is intricately ascendant-branched. Flowers light purple, per­
sistent; March and April. It was common on a rocky, open grassland north of the
ranch buildings, where it was associated with Lysiloma Watsoni, a few stray oaks,
Bursera sp., and other lowland trees. T h e species appears identical with Arizona
material which has been regarded as Dalea Greggii, a species from Coahuila,
Mexico, showing specific differences.

Brongniartia alamosana Rydb. Vara prieta

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 4 5 3 ) . Recorded ob­
servations: Los Tanques, Mescales, Carimechi, Bacachaca. T y p e locality: Alamos,
Sonora.
 LIST OF FLORA I I
4

H A B . Mesas and hill slopes of the Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest. 500-
3000 feet.
Millions of these trees stand uniformly over areas of the wooded hills, 6-7 m. high,
rather slender, with asymmetrical branches. The deep-purple flowers appear with
the first summer rains in late June and very soon after the leaves, which endure
only through the summer and early fall. In the warm, dry days of late fall, the
tree stands naked in a leafless forest, when the pods burst open through the warm
hours of the day and there is heard a sound as of the popping of guns, as it shoots
out its seeds. The exact range is not known, but it is apparently closely limited
to the type locality, Alamos.
Brongniartia lunata Rose
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo (1279), Guirocoba (2248). Recorded ob­
servation: La Botana, near Tesopaco. Type locality: Huasamote, Durango.
H A B . Coarse gravel soils of valleys and slopes in Short-tree Forest and barely
into Oak Forest. 800—2500 feet.
A low, suffrutescent herb. The woody bases are well developed and show con­
siderable age, though the plant does not exceed 75 cm. in height. The flowers
are bright ocher and ashy-pubescent, and occur variably through the spring, when
the plant is leafless or at best has a few short-lived tender leaves at the base of
new growth and flower stipe. The distribution of the plant is very irregular, and
it is by no means common.
Brongniartia Palmeri Rose Palo piojo
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Alamos (4778). Recorded observations: near Tesopaco
and other Sonoran localities. Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Arid open slopes around valleys and hillsides; Short-tree Forest and Thorn
Forest. 500-2500 feet.
A polypodial shrub or small tree with crooked, ascending branches; character­
istic is the brown bark with wavy white striations, which when once recognized
will identify the plant in the leafless, flowerless, dormant condition that it assumes
during the greater part of the year. It is a widely disseminated and common
shrub throughout the foothills. Flowers in summer and seeds in fall. The young
branches and leaves bear a uniform appressed pubescence, but become glabrous
with age.
Brongniartia tenuijolia Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 23, 1940
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Movas (3046 type). Type locality: near Movas, Sonora.
H A B . Sunny exposure on grassy slopes, low in Oak Forest. 2500 feet.
A slender, loosely and little branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, with a weak, slender,
ligneous caudex. Flowers yellow; early spring, the legumes maturing soon after.
It was scattered with Lysiloma Watsoni above the ranks of Thorn Forest trees.
It was observed only in the vicinity of the type locality, which is along the road
from Tesopaco to Movas, 8-10 miles south of Movas.
Tephrosia arcuata (Rydb.) Standi.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2463). Type locality: Maria Madre,
Tres Marias Islands, Tepic.
H A B . A m o n g rocks on steep slope in Oak Forest. 4000 feet.
Material was collected from a small colony of plants. Shrub 1-2 m. high, with
a few pliant, arching branches and rather canescent leaves. Banner greenish, wings
pink, keel greenish white; August and September.
[42 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Tephrosia leiocarpa Gray

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (1868, 2 4 1 4 ) , Alamos
( 2 9 3 6 ) . T y p e locality: on the Sonoita, near Deserted Rancho, Sonora.
HAB. Coarse rocky soils on slopes and mesas in Oak Forest. 3000—5000 feet.
A low, spreading, colonial shrub about 1 m. high. The banner is pale lavender
with a pale-green mark on inner base and a brownish tinge externally, wings pink,
keel pale lavender. In places it forms extensive colonies dominating the cover, and
does not flower unless the rains are unusually favorable. T h e plant was under
observation for some time before collectable material was obtained. It occurs rather
commonly but in widely separated colonies on the western outposts of the Sierra
Madre, and is confined to the Oak Forest.

Tephrosia leucantha H . B . K .
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 2 3 1 4 , 1 6 9 1 ) , Batopilillas ( 2 6 1 3 ) ,
Guirocoba (2949). T y p e locality: near Guanajuato.
HAB. Open slopes of the Lower Pine Forest ( 2 3 1 4 ) and savanna slopes of the
Oak Forest. 4000-5000 feet.
Low, bushy herbs, perennial from root crown. Flowers lavender; summer. In
the above-listed series of specimens there are two distinct forms, which are correlated
with elevations.

Tephrosia Palmeri Wats.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella (405), Guirocoba (829). T y p e locality:
mountains near Guaymas, Sonora.
HAB. Canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest to lower oaks. 1000—3000 feet.

Tephrosia purpurea ( L . ) Pers.

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Santísimo (2629). T y p e locality: Ceylon.
HAB. Chalky hill slope, sunny exposure, in Oak Forest. 3000 feet.
Summer annuals found in a small colony scattered over a rocky slope. Flowers
lavender; September. It is an adventive from Ceylon.

Tephrosia talpa Wats.

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 2 7 ) . Type locality: Rio Blanco,
Jalisco.
HAB. Loose soil on sunny slope in Oak Forest. 5000 feet.
A low bush, 30—50 cm. high, with many stems from a compact base. Flowers
purple-white; summer.

Peteria scoparia Gray

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones ( 2 6 5 8 ) . Type locality: mountain
valleys beyond the pass of the Limpio, Texas.
HAB. Wooded slopes and valleys of the H i g h Pine Forest. 7000 feet.
Forms a low, spreading bush 1 m. high on a single caudex, and was fruiting
at the time of collection in September. Rare in the field.

Willardia mexicana (Wats.) Rose Nesco

DIST. Foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 4 4 6 ) , Alamos ( 2 2 0 5 ) ,
Tres Marías Rancho (4878). Type locality: Hacienda San Miguel, Chihuahua.
HAB. Forest slopes in Short-tree Forest. 500-2000 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
143
A small tree, 6-8 m. high, with a light-gray trunk usually unbranched on the
lower half and branching diffusely near the top to form a round crown. Flowers
in the spring at the height of the dry season, with a bright purple bloom having a
strong, sweet odor, eagerly sought by many species of wild bees.
It occurs infrequently in the Thorn Forest and possibly also in Chihuahua along
the dry slopes bordering the Rio Mayo in the vicinity of San Luis Barbarocos. See
Plant Census plots 2 and 3 (pp. 5 3 - 5 5 ) .

Olneya tesota Gray Palo fierro

(Plate 3, figure 1 )
D I S T . Lowland valleys in Thorn Forest area, Sonora. Type locality: tablelands
on the Gila River, Arizona.
H A B . L i m e beds, Thorn Forest. 300-1500 feet.
No collection of this interesting tree was made from the Rio Mayo valley, but
its presence is verified in Chinobampo, 1 5 miles southeast of Navojoa, by the photo­
graph (pi. 3, fig. 1 ) . This is the most southern record of the species, and the first
notation of it outside the Sonoran Desert as defined by Shreve ( 1 9 3 6 ) . There is also
a recorded observation from Tesopaco. In the Rio Mayo valley it is virtually limited
to the desert-like lime beds, where the cover is uncrowded, and it is quite possible
that the tree follows the lime beds along the western edge of the foothills south­
ward into Sinaloa.

Diphysa occidentalis Rose Guiloche

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 7 5 ) , Alamos (2266). Type locality:
Guaymas, Sonora.
H A B . Wooded slopes and valleys in Short-tree Forest. 700-2500 feet.
Shrub or small tree of tough, strong wood, commonly scattered over the forest
slopes of mild gradients, but not playing a dominant role. T h e two numbers
referred here may represent two species; the San Bernardo specimen is spring
flowering, the Alamos summer. They are leafless winter and spring.
The wood is used in the construction of houses, corrals, and tools, and is re­
ported to have been used in the days of old for battle clubs. In local idiom they
say "a dar un guiloche," meaning to strike or to club.
Diphysa racemosa Rose Flor de iguana, kichisowi ( W )
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 0 2 ) , E l Desierto ( 3 0 3 4 ) . Type
locality: hill slopes near Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Deep soils in valleys; Short-tree Forest, Thorn Forest. 500-2000 feet.
Shrub 2 - 5 m. high, treelike, or low with many stems from the base when scat­
tered in open valley soils. A t San Bernardo it grows in abandoned milpas; see
milpa successions, page 60. Flowers yellow; spring. Drought deciduous.
Diphysa suberosa Wats. Corcho, colchol
(Plate 21, figure 2; plate 23, figure 1 )
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; Bacachaca ( 1 4 5 9 ) , Alamos (2249). Type
locality: barranca near Guadalajara, Jalisco.
H A B . Rocky soils of valley and arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest and barely in
Oak Forest. 1200—3500 feet.
Small, slender tree or shrub with soft, pithy bark splitting into rough ridges
(whence the vernacular name, meaning cork). One of the few trees retaining its
144 RIO MAYO PLANTS

leaves through the spring dry season. Flowers early summer, and scantily in
the spring.

Coursetia glandulosa Gray Kowusamo ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo (1249, 3602), Sierra de Alamos (3001).
T y p e locality: Cabo San Lucas, Baja California.
H A B . Arroyo margins and hill slopes in Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest.
500-2000 feet.
Shrub or small tree, cespitose or branching near the ground, the branches slender
and pliant, often low-ascending. Banner white with a pink tinge, wings yellow,
keel pale pink or white. This is one of the most abundant plants of the foothill
forests, and is conspicuous in Plant Census plots 2, 3, 6, and 7 (pp. 5 3 - 5 5 , 58-59).

Benthamantha Edwardsii ( G r a y ) Rose

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 5 5 6 ) , Arroyo Hondo
( 1 7 6 6 ) , Tepopa ( 2 2 4 1 ) , Guirocoba (2944).
H A B . Hill slope and valley in Oak Forest. 3000—4500 feet.
A n erect, suffrutescent herb, 60—100 cm. high. Banner pink with red veins.
Flowers fall and spring.

Benthamantha glabrescens (Benth.) Alef.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 9 9 ) . Type locality: Colombia.
H A B . Shaded grassy slope high in Short-tree Forest. 3000 feet.
A low perennial herb, with pink flowers; August.

Benthamantha mollis ( H . B . K . ) Alef.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 4 2 5 ) . Type locality: Cumanacoa,
Venezuela.
H A B . Wooded canyon slope in Short-tree Forest. 2800 feet.
A small, tolerant, erect, perennial herb 7—10 dm. high. Flowers white, green at
inner base; August.

Benthamantha af. Wrightii Rydb.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui (3656). Type locality: between the San
Pedro and Sonoita rivers, northern Sonora.
H A B . Sandy, shady canyon bottom; Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
A suffrutescent herb, 30 cm. high, much branched from the base, and, except
for old growth, strongly pubescent. The leaflets, 7 — 1 1 , are green above, canescent
below. Flowers April and probably also following the summer rains.

Sesbania sesban ( L . ) Britt.

D I S T . Foothills and coastal plain; Navojoa (4748), A g u a Caliente, north of
Alamos (4850).
H A B . Swamps and flood margins of streams; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.
100—1000 feet.

Sphinctospermum constrictum (Wats.) Rose

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 6 5 4 ) . T y p e locality: Guaymas,
Sonora.
H A B . In granitic soil on open, sunny mesa; Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
A delicate summer annual, scattered infrequently under shrubs. Flowers lavender.
 LIST OF FLORA
145

Astragalus Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 22, 1940
DIST. Lowlands and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (xo type),
Mesa Colorada ( 5 2 3 ) . Type locality: San Bernardo, Sonora.
H A B . A m o n g rocks in wash bed of arroyo; Short-tree Forest. 800-5500 feet.
A small, prostrate herb with purple petals; a winter annual flowering in early
spring. Rare. Mesa Colorada specimen doubtfully referred here.

Astragalus Hartwegii Benth.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2797).
H A B . On slope in pine woods. 7500 feet.
A small, procumbent perennial herb with pale yellow flowers; summer. In­
frequent.

Astragalus Nuttallianus DC.

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui (3648), Cedros (Shreve 6166). Type locality:
"In planitiebus Amer. Bor. ad Red-river."
H A B . In sandy bed of shady canyon in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
A spring annual, scattered infrequently along wash bed. Flowers deep purple;
March and April.

Nissolia hirsuta D C .
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Arroyo Gochico ( 1 6 4 9 ) . Type locality: Guanajuato.
H A B . Arroyo margin in Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.

Nissolia Pringlei Rose

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tepopa ( 1 3 8 2 ) , Guasaremos ( 2 3 8 2 ) .
Type locality: Santa Eulalia Mts., Chihuahua.
H A B . Forested slopes and valleys in Short-tree Forest. 800—3000 feet.
A common vine in the barrancas. In Guasaremos it was found growing under
the canopy of Bursera and Ceiba along with other scattered forest underlings.

Amicia zygomeris DC.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 1 9 1 5 , 2502).
H A B . Open exposures and clearings in Lower Pine Forest. 4500-5500 feet.
This shrub from southern Mexico forms a spreading bush, 1 - 2 m. high, with
several stems from the base. Observed only on Sierra Canelo.

Aeschynomene americana L .
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 3 7 , 1799), Canon
Saucito (489«), Guirocoba (800). Type locality: Jamaica.
H A B . Canyon slopes and bottoms in Lower Pine Forest. 4000-5000 feet.
A spreading, prostrate herb along forest floor. Flowers yellow; September.

Aeschynomene jascicularis Schl. & Cham.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 3 8 ) , Guirocoba ( 7 3 1 ) ,
Canon Estrella ( 4 1 3 ) . T y p e locality: between Laguna Verde and Actopan (Vera­
cruz?).
H A B . Grassy hill slope; Short-tree and Oak Forest margin. 3000 feet.
A spindling, spreading shrub 1 m. high. The flowers are yellow with a purple
arc at base of banner. Flower and fruit September.
146 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Stylosanthes humilis H . B . K . ?
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos ( 2 9 3 4 ) .
H A B . A r i d sun slope with thin grass covering; Short-tree Forest. 2000 feet.
A weedy herb, 25—50 cm. high, much branched from a woody base. Flowers
yellow with purple lines on the banner; October.

Desmodium angustifolium (H. B. K.) DC.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 0 3 , 1747, 1 8 1 1 ) ,
Guasaremos (2460), Sierra Canelo (2509, 2 5 1 0 ) .
H A B . Well drained soils on rocky slopes of Oak Forest and L o w e r Pine Forest.
3500—5000 feet.
A n erect, slender perennial with a few strict florescent branches, 7 5 - 1 2 5 cm. high.
T h e leaves are entire, 10—16 mm. wide, 6 - 1 5 cm. long, rather harsh. Flowers
lavender to purple with two basal spots of green; August and September. Widely
scattered on the western mountain slopes.

Desmodium arizonicum Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2486). Type locality: Arizona.
H A B . Open slope in Lower Pine Forest. 5000 feet.
A n erect, slender perennial with strict flowering branches and trifoliate leaves.
Flowers August. Infrequent.

Desmodium batocaulon Gray

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (1704, 1 7 7 0 ) , Sierra
Canelo (2487, 2867). Type locality: on the San Pedro, Sonora.
H A B . Moist slopes and swales on rocky terrain in L o w e r Pine Forest. 4 5 0 0 -
5500 feet.
Low, procumbent perennial. Reddish-purple flowers turning blue-green with age;
late August and September.

Desmodium cajanifolium (H. B. K.) DC.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Santísimo (2826).
H A B . Riparian in moist, rich soils of canyons in Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest.
2800 feet.
A large, elongate, herbaceous perennial, 1.5—2.5 m. high, usually with a single
stem, leaning out of banks. T h e leaves are trifoliate, with large, ovate leaflets,
5-7 cm. wide, 6 - 1 0 cm. long. It is the most mesophytic of the Río Mayo Desmo-
diums, and in size approaches D. cinerascens, which latter occupies a more xeric
habitat on the slopes through the same elevations.
It was observed on Sierra Canelo and collected in a canyon of Sierra Curohui
(specimens lost). In all three instances its habit and habitat were essentially
identical: a tall, herbaceous perennial leaning out of a moist bank with other
close competitive growth. It flowers in late August and September and produces
a heavy, spicate raceme of loments in October.

Desmodium cinerascens Gray Alma

DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra L a Chuna ( 1 3 6 6 ) , Arroyo Hondo
(1781), Guasaremos ( 2 4 1 3 ) , Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 1 6 a ) , E l Desierto ( 3 0 3 2 ) , Canon
Saucito (476, 4 8 3 ) .
HAB. Hill slopes in Oak Forest. 3000—5000 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
147
An openly branched shrub from a single stem, 1 - 2 m. high, with long, showy,
purple, spicate racemes. T h e leaves are rather stiff and canescent, usually deciduating
in the spring dry season. It blooms profusely in August and September and again
in February and March following winter rains. It occurs consistently throughout
the oak belt and rarely drops below.

Desmodium distortum (Aubl.) Macbr.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 9 8 ) .
H A B . Shady bank in canyon of Lower Pine Forest. 4500 feet.
An erect, slender, herbaceous perennial with small flowers and loments. Flowers
August and September. Infrequent.

Desmodium exiguum Gray

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 6 5 3 ) , Sierra Canelo
(2512).
H A B . Dry gravel slopes in Short-tree Forest, Oak Forest, and Pine Forest. 800-
5000 feet.
Tiny summer annual, 3—4-branched from the base, 1 5 - 3 0 cm. high, with highly
variable leaves on a single plant: either entire, flabelliform-lanceolate, or trifoliate,
ovate-lanceolate. T h e flowers are very small, lavender with the banner spots form­
ing a pale-green arc. Flowers August and September. Colonial.

Desmodium gramineum Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Batopilillas (2623).
H A B . Rocky soil in oak savanna. 3500 feet.
Distributed as Desmodium angustijohum ( H . B . K . ) D C .

Desmodium guadalajaranum Wats.

Desmodium quercetorum Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 17, p. 263, 1937.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 2 0 ) , Guasaremos
(1867).
H A B . Canyon slopes in Oak Forest. 3000—4000 feet.
An erect perennial, single-stemmed or branched from the base, 30-80 cm. high,
with hispidulous unifoliate leaves. T h e upper part of the raceme has conspicuous
lanceolate, clasping, subulate-tipped bracts. Flowers September; uncommon. Sets
distributed as sp. nov.

Desmodium Hartwegianum Hemsl.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 9 0 ) , Sierra Canelo (2522, 2545),
Batopilillas ( 2 6 2 2 ) .
H A B . Gentle rocky slopes; Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
An erect perennial with a leafy, hispidulous stem, 1 m. high. Rather infre­
quently scattered in the more arid situations of the montane forests. Flowers
August and September.

Desmodium macrostachyum Hemsl.

Desmodium Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 17, p. 262, 1937.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 4 9 ) . Recorded ob­
servation: on Sierra Canelo. Type locality: Oaxaca.
H A B . Canyon flats and moist slopes in Lower Pine Forest. 3500-5000 feet.
148 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

A n erect herb, perennial from a short woody base, 1 m. high, with large, glaucous,
trifoliate leaves. Flowers September and probably also in the spring. Flowers
yellowish white with two green spots on banner. Number distributed as sp. nov.

Desmodium af. madrense Hemsl.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 2 3 ) , Sierra Canelo
(2507).
H A B . Canyon bottoms and moist, shady slopes in Oak Forest and L o w e r Pine
Forest. 4000-5500 feet.
A n immaculate-appearing, short, shrubby, perennial herb with large, regular
lanceolate leaves, 2 - 6 cm. broad, 6—10 cm. long. T h e flowers are purple, in com-
pound, showy racemes; September and August. Rare.

Desmodium mexicanum Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2766).
H A B . In valley under pines in H i g h Pine Forest. 7500 feet.

Desmodium neomexicanum Gray

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 6 6 ) , Saguaribo ( 2 1 3 3 ) ,
Loreto (2548). Type locality: mountain valley 30 miles east of E l Paso, Texas.
H A B . Open slopes in Lower Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
A n erect summer annual closely resembling Desmodium exiguum.

Desmodium nicaragüense Oerst. ex Benth. & Oerst.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Cienegita ( 2 6 3 4 ) .
H A B . Moist northern hill slope high in Short-tree Forest at edge of oaks. 2800
feet.
Occurred in a close competitive growth, on what was once probably cultivated
ground, and associated with Schranhja heterocarpa, Mentzelia áspera, and Phaseolus
anisotrichus. Flowers September.

Desmodium procumbens (Mill.) Hitchc.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Pinal, Sierra Charuco ( 1 6 8 8 ) , Sierra
Charuco ( 1 7 2 8 ) , Guasaremos ( 2 4 2 3 ) .
H A B . Valley and canyon bottoms in Oak Forest. 3000—4500 feet.
Infrequent. Flowers August and September.

Desmodium prostratum Brandeg.

Desmodium lavanduliflorum Standi., Field Mus. N a t . Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 17, p . 262, 1937.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi (1963, 1 9 9 1 ) , Sierra Canelo (2866).
T y p e locality: San Francisquito, Cape District, Baja California.
H A B . Hill slopes and meadow margins in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
A procumbent perennial with a limited distribution in the moist sierras. Flowers
reddish lavender, September and October. Sets distributed as sp. nov.

Desmodium purpureum (Mill.) Fawcett & Rendle

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 6 0 ) , Guasaremos
( 1 8 3 3 ) , Cienegita ( 2 8 1 9 ) , Santísimo (2827, 2829), Cañón Estrella ( 3 8 1 ) .
H A B . Valleys and canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
A n erect perennial herb, 1 - 2 m. high, with pale greenish flowers. It is commonly
associated with rank, weedy growths in fertile soils. Flowers September.
 LIST OF PLORA
149
Desmodium Wizlizeni Engelm. ex Gray
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 1 6 , 1 8 1 2 ) , Sierra
Canelo ( 1 9 5 2 , 2865), San Jose de Pinal (2854).
Нлв. Open slopes and mesas in Oak Forest and Pine Forest, rarely down to
Short-tree Forest. 4000-6000 feet.
A small procumbent or erect perennial herb, common throughout the sierras.
Flowers lavender; September and October.

Desmodium sp.
DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 5 2 ) .
Н А Б . Moist, shaded canyon bottom high in Short-tree Forest. 2800 feet.
An erect, slender, herbaceous perennial, 1 - 2 m. high. Flowers September. Rare.

Desmodium sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2520, 2 5 2 1 ) .
Н А Б . Slopes and swales in Lower Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
A low, spreading bush 50 cm. high and 1 - 2 m. broad, the whole very leafy. The
stems are many, procumbently radiating from a common base. Flowers lavender-
purple; August and September. It is quite common around Canelo on Sierra
Canelo, but rare or lacking elsewhere.

Desmodium sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2679).
H A B . Cold mountain slope in High Pine Forest. 8000 feet.
A low, spreading, leafy shrub about 1 m. high. The only locality where the
species was observed, and the only Desmodium found at that high altitude. Flowers
September.

Desmodium sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2663).
Н А Б . Gentle slopes under pines; High Pine Forest. 7000 feet.

Desmodium sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Cerro Guicorichi ( 1 9 5 7 ) .
H A B . Pine-covered hilltop; Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Zornia diphylla ( L . ) Pers.

DIST. Barrancas and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 5 8 9 ) ,
Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 3 5 ) , Loreto (2574), San Jose de Pinal (2604).
H A B . Sandy soils of flats and gentle slopes in open exposures; Short-tree Forest
to High Pine Forest. 800-6000 feet.
Common throughout the montane region, but rare in the lowlands. A procumbent
herb with several stems from the base, 30-40 cm. long, with showy yellow flowers
marked with purple. It has the greatest range altitudinally of any Rio Mayo plant.

Pi'scidia mollis Rose Palo bianco

(Plate 21, figure 1)
DIST. Valleys, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 9 8 ) , Alamos (2250). Recorded observa­
tion: near Tesopaco. Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
Н А Б . Valley bottoms and slopes in Short-tree Forest. 500-1500 feet.
 RIO MAYO PLANTS
150
A sturdy, white-barked tree, oaklike in appearance, with a heavy crown of
foliage, which it carries throughout the year. Flowers: calyx white, tomentose,
banner white with green centrally in median crease, keel white flushed with red
at the tip, wings white to pink. This species occurs sporadically throughout
the foothill valleys, but is not a tree of the coastal plains. T h e wood is valued
as fuel. T h e Warihios also report it as being efficacious in poisoning fish.

Vicia exigua Nutt.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 6 9 2 ) . T y p e locality: plains of Oregon
and upper California.
H A B . Pine woods. 7500 feet.
A small vine trailing along the ground. Flowers cream white with blue lines;
summer.

Vicia pulchella H . B . K .
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Cerro Guicorichi ( 1 9 5 8 ) , Memelichi ( 2 7 6 3 ) . Type
locality: Mescala, Mexico, "montium—alt. 265 hex."
H A B . Wooded slopes in H i g h Pine Forest. 6000-8000 feet.

Lathyrus graminifolius (Wats.) White

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 7 3 ) . T y p e locality: "From New
Mexico to Arizona and northern Mexico."
HAB. Meadow margins in Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Low, erect perennial herb with lavender flowers in summer. Rare.

Centrosema virginianum ( L . ) Benth.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos (2940).
H A B . Rocky slope under woods in the Short-tree Forest. 2500 feet.

Cologania. T h e Río Mayo collections include 16 numbers in this genus, repre­

senting 1 1 fairly distinct forms. T h e specific values of these forms are hard to
ascertain, owing apparently to the mutability of the genus. Rose ( 1 9 0 3 ) gave the
group a cursory treatment, but hardly succeeded in establishing reliable specific
characters. His segregates rest on such characters as pilosity, form of leaf, and type
of inflorescence, all of which appear highly variable and unstable morphologically.
Until stable differential characters are found and their relationships established,
dependable specific segregates cannot be made. Such treatment is beyond the scope
of this paper, though the following forms are recognized from Río Mayo collections.

Cologania angustijolia H. B. K.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 5 6 6 ) , Algodones (2296,
2 forms). Type locality: "Prope L a Magdalena" between Real del Moran and
Actopan, Hidalgo.
H A B . Hill slopes and bottom lands in the Oak Forest. 3000—4000 feet.
Small vines clambering on stems of other plants. Flowers magenta; summer.
In one form the leaflets are small, linear, 5-6 mm. wide, 5—6 cm. long, the flowers
m m
axillary, 1 - 3 . In the other form the leaflets are large, linear-lanceolate, 1 2 - 1 4 -
wide, 7-8 cm. long, the axillary flowers in a loose raceme, 6-8.

Cologania erecta Rose

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 3 3 , 1 5 3 4 a ) . Type
locality: near Guadalajara, Jalisco.
 LIST OF FLORA

Н А Б . A r i d chalky hill slope; Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Small purple-flowered perennial scattered with short grass. Number 1534a differs
from typical Cologania erecta in having 3 leaflets, but since it agrees in other
particulars it has been referred here. Flowers summer.

Cologania humilis Rose

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 1 4 , 1 7 7 9 ) , Loreto
(2564). Type locality: near Santa Gertrudis, Sierra Madre.
Н А Б . Moist, shady bottoms or slopes of the Pine Forest. 4000-6000 feet.
Small perennial vines, prostrate or climbing (no. 2465 on Guardiola arguta).
Flowers purple; August and September. The leaflets vary greatly in size, texture,
and pilosity. In one form the pods are densely covered with a long brown tomen-
tum; the other has glabrous pods and a purple-backed calyx tube. Possibly they
should be segregated into two species.

Cologania intermedia H. В. K.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2699). Type locality: "Prope Real del
Monte, Mexicanorum."
Н А Б . Open meadow in Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
A small, prostrate vine with purple axillary flowers, in singles, twos, or threes;
September. Probably scandent if given the opportunity.

Cologania Lemmoni Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2764), Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 3 8 ) . Type
locality: Chiricahui and Huachuca Mts., southern Arizona.
H A B . With pine needles on forest floor. 5000-7500 feet.
Truly prostrate and often matted with pine needles. Flowers purple; August.
Pods covered with a golden hair; September. Rare.

Cologania longijolia Gray

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 1 2 , 1 5 3 4 ) , Sierra
Canelo ( 2 5 3 7 ) . Type locality: near Copper Mines, N e w Mexico, or on the Sonoita,
Sonora.
H A B . A r i d slopes in Pine Forest. 4500-6000 feet.
An attenuated, erect perennial herb with harsh, trifoliate leaves. Leaflets linear,
2-3 mm. wide, 60—100 mm. long, with a thin, strigose, appressed pubescence and
a strong mucronate tip. Flowers in few-flowered umbels, purple, about 2 cm. long,
on petioles 3 mm. long; calyx 1 1 - 1 2 mm. long, finely appressed pubescent, with
lanceolate teeth 1 mm. long. Stems with appressed pubescence, prominently angled.
Flowers July.

Cologania af. rujescens Rose

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 0 1 ) . Type locality: Chiul, De­
partment of Quiche, Guatemala.
Н А Б . Slope in Pine Forest. 5000 feet.
A prostrate or twining vine with several stems, 30-60 cm. long, with a reddish
or golden pubescence. Leaflets 3, ovate, mucronate, 2.5 cm. wide, 2 - 6 cm. long,
with prominent reddish veins below, strigose on both surfaces, on pubescent petioles
1 cm. long. Flowers purple, in few-flowered umbels, 2-2.5 cm. long; the calyxes
1 cm. long, whitish with a darker flush above, and with lanceolate teeth 1 - 2 mm.
long, the upper broad, the lower filiform. Flowers August. Rare.
 152 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

Cologania scandens Rose

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Algodones (2296a), Sierra Canelo
(2485). T y p e locality: between Colotlan and Plateado near Huejuquilla, Mexico.
H A B . Moist soils in bottoms and slopes; Oak Forest into Lower Pine Forest.
3000-5000 feet.
A small, clambering vine with magenta or purple flowers, few, axillary. T h e
internodes are unusually long, the whole plant generally elongate. Flowers August.

Erythrina flabellijormis Kearney Chilicote

(Plate 24, figures 1, 2)
D I S T . Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Alamos ( 2 2 0 2 ) . Recorded
observations from near: Conejos, Mescales, Sierra Saguaribo, Sierra Canelo, Teso-
paco, Guasaremos. T y p e locality: Fort Huachuca, southern Arizona.
H A B . Arid rocky slopes and cliffs from Thorn Forest to L o w e r Pine Forest.
1000-5000 feet.
Shrub or tree 6-9 m. high, single- or multiple-stemmed. T h e bark is light gray
with acute tubercles. Flowers deep red, May, in height of spring dry season.
Beans bright red, mature in the fall and lie conspicuously scattered on the forest
debris during the winter. T h e leaves are drought deciduous and last only through
the period of summer rains. T h e soft wood of the bole is cut into corks for bottle
and gourd stoppers. Bennett and Zingg state ( 1 9 3 5 , p. 1 7 0 ) that the Tarahumares
make a yellow dye from the bark, using it with a mordant.

Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urban

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 6 3 7 ) , Batopilillas
(2609), Guasaremos ( 2 8 8 1 ) .
H A B . With rocks and grasses on slopes in Oak Forest and barely into Short-
tree Forest. 3000-4500 feet.
A small vine clambering on other plants; infrequently general in distribution
on the barranca slopes. Flowers lavender with two pale-green spots at inner base of
standard; August and September.

Galactia sp.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 3 6 1 2 a ) .
H A B . Abandoned milpa slope, granitic sandy soil, in Short-tree Forest. 1000
feet.
Small perennial vine with a woody stem and small ovate leaflets 1 cm. long. Pod
5 cm. long, slightly curved; spring.

Galactia sp.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2696).
H A B . Pine meadow. 7500 feet.

Canavalia villosa Benth.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui ( 3 6 5 5 ) .
H A B . Rocky valley and canyon bottoms; Oak Forest. 3000—4000 feet.
Vine climbing on trees and over shrubs, quickly distinguished from all other
species of Rio Mayo beans by the prominent lateral rib running down one side of
the large pods, which are 1 5 - 1 8 cm. long, and pubescent. T h e legumes persist for
some time, hanging heavily down from the vine, on which they were observed
 LIST OF FLORA 153

in November and in April. This Mexican plant is known in the Rio Mayo valley
only from the valley of Curohui.
Rhynchosia macrocarpa Benth. Frijolin
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 1 6 ) , Agrimensor (3038),
Canon Estrella ( 3 9 6 ) . Type locality: Aguascalientes.
H A B . Slopes and bottom in Oak Forest. 2500-4000 feet.
Yellow-flowered vine climbing on shrubs, no. 3038 on Lippia Gentryi. Flowers
spring.
Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Bacachaca ( 1 4 5 4 ) , Guasaremos (1848,
2879).
H A B . Grassy slopes and flats in Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 2500-3500
feet.
A small, fine-stemmed, scandent perennial climbing on shrubs and stone fences.
Flowers yellow; summer.
Rhynchosia nigropunctata Wats.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa (2239).
H A B . Moist canyon slope in dense cover; Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
A clambering vine with small purple flowers; May and June. Apparently a rare
plant.
Rhynchosia pyramidalis ( L a m . ) Urban Chanate pusi ( M )
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 6 8 ) , Sierra Charuco
( 1 8 2 1 ) . Recorded observations: Alamos, San Bernardo, Guasaremos.
H A B . Alluvial sandy soils in arroyo margins; Short-tree Forest. 800-2500 feet.
A vine climbing high on shrubs and trees; flowers through the fall following
the summer rains. T h e bright, lacquer-like seeds, half red and half black, ripen
through the winter, and from them the plant takes its Mayo name "pusi," eye, and
"chanate," a bird.
Rhynchosia rariflora Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 264, 1937
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2883 type). Type locality: Guasa­
remos, Chihuahua.
H A B . With grasses on gentle slope of valley margin in Short-tree Forest at foot
of oaks. 3000 feet.
A small, climbing vine with yellow flowers; September. On the slopes of the
Guasaremos valley, the only observed locality, it was obscured in the rife bunch
grasses, on which it clung.
Rhynchosia sp.
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo (2278).
H A B . Arroyo margin; Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.
Eriosema grandiflorum (Schl. & Cham.) Seem. Igualamilla
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra L a Chuna (collected in 1 9 3 3 ) ,
Guasaremos ( 1 8 3 7 ) , Canon Estrella (434), Algodones, Cedros range (460).
Recorded observations: Mescales, Sierra Saguaribo. Type locality: Hacienda de la
Laguna, Veracruz.
H A B . Rocky hill slopes in Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.
154 RIO MAYO PLANTS

A low, bushy shrub with yellow flowers; September. Beetles of the family
Cerambycidae congregate and mate on the plants, both sexes baited to a common
meeting place by the nectar of the flowers. Blister beetles (Meloidae) eat the
flowers ravenously and may be considered a pest. For plant associates see Plant
Census plots 4 and 5 (pp. 5 6 - 5 7 ) .

Eriosema pulchellum ( H . В . K . ) Don

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 1 8 , 2 3 1 7 ) , Sierra
Canelo (2536, 2 8 1 3 , 2878), Arroyo A g u a Blanca ( 5 2 0 ) , Mesa Colorada ( 5 7 7 ) .
Type locality: Colombia.
Н А Б . Open slopes and flats in compact soils in the Pine Forest. 4000—6000
feet.
A procumbent perennial herb with yellow flowers; summer. It is a small plant
with 1—3 stems, 20—40 cm. long, much branched and ascendant in open exposures,
reclining, simple, and elongate under pines. T h e flowers are borne in short headlike
racemes and have conspicuous hispidulous calyxes. It is a widely distributed but
uncommon plant.

Phaseolus acutifolius Gray

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 1 1 ) , Sierra Canelo
( 2 5 4 2 ) , Guasaremos (2465, 2893). Type locality: 30 miles east of E l Paso, Texas.
F I A B . Harsh grass slopes in the Oak Forest and less commonly in the Lower
Pine Forest. 3000—5500 feet.
A small annual vine twining on grasses and other herbs. Flowers lavender.
It is concurrent with the summer rains, the first flowers appearing in late August,
the pods ripening early in the fall dry season (October).

Phaseolus amabilis Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 28, 1940
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2471 type). T y p e locality: Guasa­
remos, Chihuahua.
Н А Б . In rich, black, moist soil on shady bank in L o w e r Pine Forest. 5000 feet.
A small, creeping vine with large purple flowers. It was colonially entwined
with Achimenes grandiflora. T h e only observed occurrence.

Phaseolus anisotrichus Scheele

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 7 2 ) , Cienegita (2637),
Canon Estrella ( 3 3 9 ) .
Н А Б . Rocky canyon slopes and bottoms in Oak Forest and L o w e r Pine Forest.
3500—4500 feet.
A harsh-leaved vine, sprawled over rocks or twining on other plants. Flowers
and fruit in September. Generally distributed.

Phaseolus caracala L . Nowa (W)

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2404).
Н А Б . In loose, black volcanically derived soil on wooded slope high in Short-
tree Forest. 3000 feet.
A long vine with many branches twining up on trees and shrubs. Flowers purple;
summer. T h e Warihios use the enlarged root as a catalyzer in preparing the fer­
mented drink "batari," which is made by steeping the pith of agaves.
 LIST OF FLORA 155

Phaseolus Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 2 , p. 28, 1940
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Batopilillas ( 2 6 1 5 type, 2837), Canon
Estrella ( 4 3 8 ) . Type locality: Batopilillas, Chihuahua.
H A B . With grasses on open rocky slope in Oak Forest savanna. 1500-3500
feet.
A low, twining vine with rather harsh leaves and lavender flowers; September.
Phaseolus heterophyllus H u m b . & Bonpl.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 0 8 ) , Sierra Canelo
(2482).
H A B . Slopes and canyon bottoms in Lower Pine Forest. 4500-6000 feet.
A procumbent, vinelike perennial with orange-colored flowers; August and
September.

Phaseolus Metcaljei Woot. & Standi.

D I S T . Montane or barrancas, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (1904, 2006, 2 5 2 3 ) ,
Guasaremos (2454, 2467). Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 4000-5000 feet.
A large, stifl-stemmed, harsh-leaved, procumbent vine. The flowering scapes rise
leafless and perpendicular from the ground-trailing branches, bearing spicate racemes
of bright-lavender flowers through August, September, and October. It is common
over Sierra Canelo. T h e root of this species is also reported to be used by the
Warihios as a catalyzer in making their fermented drink "batari."

Phaseolus pachycarpus Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 29, 1940
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2888 type). Type locality: Guasa­
remos, Chihuahua.
H A B . In edge of woods along valley margin high in Short-tree Forest. 3000 feet.
A large, coarse vine. T h e seeds are dark brown, 5—6 mm. wide, and shaped like a
purse; September. K n o w n only from the type locality.
Phaseolus parvulus Greene
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2665, 2680), Memelichi (2796).
H A B . Wooded slopes in High Pine Forest. 6000-7500 feet.
Small, delicate summer annual, erect or scandent, and of a distinctly mesophytic
character. Flowers purple; September. A rare high-montane plant.

Phaseolus pauper Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 30, 1940
D I S T . Foothill valleys, Sonora; San Bernardo (1674 type). Type locality: San
Bernardo, Sonora.
H A B . Sandy soil of arroyo margin in Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
A small vine with light-colored flowers entwined on Franseria ambrosioides.
Known only from the type locality.
Phaseolus sonorensis Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 3 1 , 1940
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 3 9 6 type), Curohui (3636). Type locality:
Tepopa, Sonora.
H A B . Moist, rich soils on canyon slopes in Oak Forest. 3000-4000 feet.
A large vine, sprawling over shrubs in highly mixed associations. T h e flowers
are lavender-purple; March and April. They are produced rather profusely, and
form a showy bloom.
I56 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

Phaseolus speciosus H . B . K .
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 9 7 ) , Arroyo Gochico ( 3 6 1 6 ) , Curohui
(3668).
H A B . Marginal soils of arroyos and canyons in Short-tree Forest and low in Oak
Forest. 800-3500 feet.
A large, woody-stemmed vine climbing over shrubs and trees; near San Bernardo
over Montanoa Rosei and Ptsonia capitata; in Arroyo Gochico it was found at the
foot of a shady cliff climbing on a young Bursera arbórea. T h e closed "coiled"
flowers are lavender; spring.

Minkelersia galactoides Mart. & G a l .

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2483), Loreto ( 2 5 6 3 ) , Los Cas­
carones (2666).
H A B . Riparian along little streams or seeping banks of the Pine Forest. 5000-
8000 feet.
A small, procumbent, hydrophytic herb, perennial from a tuberous root ( ? ) .
Flowers large, purple; August and September. Fruit September.

GERANIACEAE
Geranium albidum Rydb.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2804). Type locality: Colonia
García, Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky north slope in High Pine Forest. 8000 feet.
Forms a low, leafy bush. Flowers white; summer.

Geranium charucanum Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 3 2 , 1940
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 8 1 3 ) , Sierra Canelo ( 2 4 8 1 ) ,
Loreto (2576 type). T y p e locality: Loreto, Chihuahua.
H A B . Arroyo margins and meadows in Pine Forests. 5000-6000 feet.
Perennial, single-stemmed or cespitóse herb with bright-purple flowers; summer.
Widely scattered along mountain streams and meadows. Rare.

Geranium geoides Small

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2740, 2 7 4 5 ) . Type locality: Sierra
Madre, Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky meadow margins in H i g h Pine Forest area. 7500 feet.
Leafy, bushy herb growing at the moist base of rocks. Flowers white-lavender;
summer.

Geranium niveum Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 5 6 ) . Type locality: Norogachi,
Chihuahua.
H A B . With short, sparse grass on dry meadow slopes in H i g h Pine Forest.
7500 feet.
Flowers rose-lavender; summer. Roots reported used as a remedy for fevers.

Geranium resimum Small ?

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 2 0 ) . Type locality: near Tepic, Mexico.
H A B . In rich soil marginal to live springs in canyon; Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
Slender annual, 40-50 cm. high, densely colonial. Flowers spring.
 LIST OF FLORA
157
Geranium Wislizeni Wats.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada (544), Sierra de Papas (669), Sierra
Charuco ( 1 7 5 6 ) , Cerro Guicorichi ( 1 9 3 7 ) . Type locality: Norogachi, Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky terrain, marginal to streams and moist places; Pine Forest. 5000-
6000 feet.

OXALIDACEAE
Oxalis albicans H . B . K . Socoyole
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 1 1 ) , Cajurichi (2708). T y p e
locality: between Texas and N e w Mexico.
H A B . Moist bottom lands in Pine Forest. 5000-7500 feet.
A small, decumbent herb with light-yellow flowers; summer. T h e mountaineers
report that the leaves are eaten as a relish or salad.

Oxalis divergens Benth.

D I S T . Barrancas and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Algodones (2295), Sierra
Charuco ( 2 3 2 2 ) . T y p e locality: Mexico.
H A B . Hill slopes; Oak Forest. 4000-5500 feet.
Above Algodones the plants were found growing out of mats of fallen leaves
under Ouercus chihuahuensis and 0. albocincta.
Oxalis lanceolata (Small) Kunth ? Socoyole
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 7 2 ) . Type locality: Colomas, Sinaloa.
H A B . Cultivated fields in Pine Forest meadow. 7500 feet.
Reported used in treating toothache.

Oxalis latifolia H . B . K .
D I S T . Foothills and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 0 9 ) ,
Cajon ( 2 9 8 7 ) . T y p e locality: Campeche, Mexico.
H A B . Moist shady places from Thorn Forest to Pine Forest.

LINACEAE
Linum Greggi Engelm.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 4 5 ) , Sierra Saguaribo
( 2 1 3 0 ) , Memelichi ( 2 7 5 7 ) . T y p e locality: Saltillo, Mexico.
H A B . Hill slopes and meadows; Pine Forest. 5000-7500 feet.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylon mexicanum H . B . K . Momoa

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 8 9 ) . Observed at Alamos. T y p e
locality: Chilpancingo, Guerrero.
H A B . Margins and open areas in valleys of the Short-tree Forest. 800-2000
feet.
A large, hemispherical shrub, 4 - 5 m. high and 4 - 5 m. broad, occasionally tree­
like and larger. T h e branches are stiff and heavy. It is late spring deciduous,
flowers summer. Common from Alamos to San Bernardo but generally lacking
on the forested slopes and bottoms of the barrancas. Many small species of insects
visit the flowers.
158 RIO MAYO PLANTS

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
Guaiacum Coulteri Gray Guayacan
(Plate 27, figure 1 )
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 4 5 ) , Chorijoa ( 1 0 9 5 ) . Recorded ob­
servations near: Alamos, Los Tanques, Tesopaco. Type locality: between Rayon
and Ures, Sonora.
H A B . Arid hill slopes of Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest; volcanic soils.
500—2000 feet.
Small, sturdy tree, closely and complexly branched; drought deciduous. It occurs
persistently but is nowhere a dominant tree. A t the height of the dry season
in May it throws out a beautiful bright-blue abundance of flowers, greatly relieving
the otherwise colorless Thorn Forest. It responds quickly to rain, the first leaves
to appear often being along the trunk rather than on the tips of the branchlets.
See Plant Census plots 2, 3, and 7 (pp. 5 3 - 5 5 , 5 9 ) .

Kallstroemia brachystylis Vail

D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; Ciudad Obregon ( 3 0 9 ) . T y p e locality: Las Cruces,
New Mexico.
H A B . Mesquite plain; arboreal desert.

Kallstroemia grandiflora Torr. Baiborin

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 6 6 7 ) . T y p e locality: Gila River,
Arizona.
H A B . Sandy valley soils in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 100—1500 feet.
Abundant in extensive colonies in the inner valleys, where it forms very showy
beds. Great numbers of bee and wasp species are attracted to the flowers; Sep­
tember. T h e natives regard the plant as the source of the microscopic ectoparasitic
mite they call "baiborin," hence the two organisms are linked with the same
name.
RUTACEAE
Zanthoxylum Fagara ( L . ) Sarg.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos (2255, 4832). Type locality: Jamaica.
H A B . Arid rocky mesa; Short-tree Forest. 1300 feet.
Spreading shrub, stiff and much branched, with a heavy armament of cat-claw
spines; of the arid hills, where the vegetative covering is scattered. T h e incon­
spicuous axillary flowers are whitish, with a sweet odor, and visited by bees;
June.
TLsenbechja Hartmanii Rob. & Greenm.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos ( 2 2 5 4 ) . T y p e locality: L a Tinaja, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky promontory in Short-tree Forest. 1300 feet.
Material collected was taken from a small, stiff, and little-branched shrub with
white flowers; June.
SIMARUBACEAE
Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm.
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guajaray ( 1 1 0 0 ) , Cari-
mechi ( 1 1 7 4 ) . Recorded observations near: Curohui, Mescales, Guasaremos. Type
locality: Bolanos, Jalisco.
 LIST OF FLORA 159

HAB. Rocky arroyo banks and hill slopes in the Short-tree Forest. 1000-3500
feet.
Slender, graceful shrub with thin foliage and few branches, producing showy
spikes of reddish fruits in the fall. Infrequently distributed through the barranca
region.

BURSERACEAE
Bursera arbórea (Rose) Bullock
(Plate 19, figure 2)
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Arroyo Gochico ( 3 6 2 1 ) . Type locality: between
Rosaria and Concepción, Tepic.
HAB. In deep, rocky, shaded canyon; Short-tree Forest. 1500 feet.
On the rocky slopes and cliffs in the deep gorge which Arroyo Gochico becomes
about 2 leagues above San Bernardo, there are slender and precariously perched
numbers of this tree. T h e long, clean boles are commonly bent slightly and are
unbranched for many meters, most of the branches originating near the top to
form a high, open crown. Larger specimens are in the bottom of the canyon near
running water, where they form trees 25-30 m. high with trunks 1 m. or more
in diameter. T h e bark is a reddish bronze. This is the only Río Mayo Bursera which
is not leafless during the spring dry season.

Bursera confusa (Rose) Engl. Torote papelio

DIST. Foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Alamos (2261, 22663). Type locality:
Tapotla, Jalisco.
HAB. Valleys and hill slopes in Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest. 1000—2500
feet.
A small, spreading tree with smooth, exfoliating, papery bark. Corolla greenish
white with tips of the sepals reddish; June. Abundant in the Sonoran forests.

Bursera filicifolia Brandeg.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Ciudad Obregón (289). Type locality: Rancho Colo­
rado, Baja California.
HAB. Foothill valley; Thorn Forest.

Bursera fragilis Wats. Torote prieto, torote jolopete

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guirocoba (2245), Sierra
Charuco (2298), Guasaremos (2384). Type locality: Hacienda San Miguel, near
Batopilas, Chihuahua.
HAB. Hill slopes from Thorn Forest through Short-tree Forest into lower oaks.
500-3500 feet.
A fairly large, spreading tree, with smooth, very dark bark during the summer
rainy season while it is in leaf, July to October. During the spring dry season
the bark is very pale light green, when the plant is leafless, often in fruit, and
would hardly be recognized as the same species. Seeds collected from the Guirocoba
specimen (2245) germinated and produced leaf at the Desert Laboratory which
agrees very well with Chihuahuan material (2384). The gum, of a fine aromatic
odor, is used as a poultice for backaches, bruises, and bone breaks.
 i6o RIO MAYO PLANTS

Bursera grandijolia (Schi.) Engl. Palo mulato

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 5 5 0 ) . Type locality:
Mexico.
H A B . Slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1000—3000 feet.
Slender tree 7 - 1 0 m. high, with dark bluish-green bark; drought deciduous,
in leaf from July to fall. It is common throughout the barranca forests, but not
so abundant as Bursera confusa and B. jragilis, occurring rather as widely scattered
individuals. A tea is brewed from the bark and taken for fevers. See Plant Census
plots 1, 2, and 3 (pp. 5 2 - 5 5 ) .

Bursera inopinnata Bullock Torote copal, torote prieto

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 5 8 5 ) . Recorded ob-
servations near: Alamos, Guasaremos. T y p e locality: Southwestern Chihuahua.
Region of Batopilas, Río Fuerte drainage basin.
H A B . Slopes in Short-tree Forest. 800—3000 feet.
A large and symmetrical tree with dark reddish-brown bark. Through the sum-
mer months, while in leaf, it forms a dense shade. T h e herbage is used by the
natives in treating catarrh, the gum for toothaches and other afflictions. It is one
of the Short-tree Forest dominants; see Plant Census plots 2 and 3 (pp. 5 3 - 5 5 ) .
Distributed as Bursera penicillata ( D C . ) E n g l .

Bursera laxiflora Wats. Torote papelio

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Bacachaca ( 1 4 5 8 ) , Alamos (2260),
Cajón (2988). Type locality: Guaymas, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky slopes and ridges in Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest. 1 0 0 0 -
3500 feet.
Adapted to rocky xeric slopes and favorable soils; grows to a large, spreading
tree with smooth, reddish-brown bark. Flowers June and July; in leaf during the
summer rainy season and weakly so for a short while following winter rains. T h e
g u m is used by the natives for treating many ailments and to relieve toothache.
Distributed as Bursera odorata Brandeg.

Bursera stenophylla Sprague & Riley Torote bianco

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 8 3 ) . Type locality:
Hacienda San Miguel, Chihuahua.
H A B . Hill slopes in the Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Tree with light-gray, smooth, peeling bark. Abundant in certain areas of the
Short-tree Forest. Distributed as Bursera bipinnata ( D C . ) Engl.

Bursera sp. Torote negro

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos ( 2 2 0 1 ) .
H A B . Rocky slopes in Short-tree Forest area, sunny exposure. 1800 feet.
A large, spreading tree with soft-gray bark and soft wood. Flowers bright gray
with a distinct median tinge of pink on the petals. A tea is said to be made from
the bark as a refreshing drink. This form may be referable to Bursera inopinnata.

MELIACEAE
Trichilia colimana C . D C . Koohoo ( W )
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; Cañón Sapopa (1044, 1 6 4 7 ) , Arroyo de
los Mescales ( 1 3 1 6 ) , Alamos (4889). Type locality: Colima.
 LIST OF FLORA

H A B . Steep, shady canyons in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.

A tolerant tree throughout the moist canyons; flowers summer, fruits fall, drought
deciduous. It is readily distinguished in the field from Trichilia hirta by the larger
leaflets. A l l numbers except the last were distributed as T. hirta.

Trichilia hirta L .
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos (2206, 4768, 4889a). Type locality: Jamaica.
H A B . Rocky bajada slopes and canyons; Short-tree Forest. 1000-2500 feet.
A spreading, leafy shrub 1 - 3 m. high; drought deciduous; flowers summer.

MALPIGHIACEAE

Mascagnia macroptera (Мое. & Sessé) Ndzu. Bataneni

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Alamos ( 1 1 5 5 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 3 4 7 ) . Recorded
observations near: Navojoa, Los Tanques, Mescales, 1'esopaco, Carimechi. Type
locality: Monterrey, Nuevo León.
H A B . Valleys and arroyo margins in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 -
1500 feet.
Shrub 1—2 m. high, with the terminal branches often becoming runners on
other plants, on fences, or on the ground. It blooms persistently nearly through­
out the year, and in the hot spring the large, showy fruits ripen. It is common,
and is quick to take advantage of cleared areas along roads and trails.

Gaudichaudia mucronata (Мое. & Sessé) Juss.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 8 3 ) , Sierra Canelo
(2480), Santísimo ( 2 8 3 2 ) , Cienegita (2650a, 2822). Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
A small, woody perennial herb with trailing branches. Flowers yellow; Septem-
ber. Scattered widely but never common.

Heteropteris Palmen Rose

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; Agua Caliente, southeast of Guirocoba
(904), Arroyo de los Mescales ( 1 6 8 0 ) . Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Valleys and canyons in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
A shrub or large vine climbing over shrubs and trees in heavily forested areas.
Flowers pink; September. T h e large, samaroid fruits make the plant conspicuous
through the fall dry season. Infrequently observed.

Janusia californica Benth. Kechesowi ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo (1243, 1380, x o ) , Quiriego (Shreve
6182). Type locality: Magdalena Bay, Baja California.
H A B . Slopes, valleys, and arroyo margins of Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.
500-2000 feet.
A scandent and rather frequent perennial, entwined on Haematoxylon brasileño,
Crotón fragilis, and Karwins\ia Humboldtiana. It is a common inhabitant of the
slope forests in the Thorn Forest, as the counts on Plant Census plots 1, 6, and 7
(pp. 52, 5 8 - 5 9 ) indicate. In the Short-tree Forest it is confined to the more arid
situations.
Janusia linearis Wiggins, Contr. Dudley Herb., vol. 3, p. 69, 1940
D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; 4 miles east of Navojoa (4883). Type locality:
18 miles south of Moctezuma, Sonora.
l62 RIO MAYO PLANTS

H A B . Dry mesa with open shrub cover; Thorn Forest. 200—300 feet.
Delicate, twining vine, flowering in summer and spring. It is distinguished from
the other species of fanusia by the narrowly linear revolute leaves. Rare.

Echinopterys eglandulosa (Juss.) Small

D I S T . Barrancas and foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo (3608). T y p e locality:
Mexico.
H A B . Rocky hill slope in climax Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.
A long vine climbing on trunk of Ceiba acuminata; collected on Plant Census
plot 3.

Thryallis angustijolia (Benth.) Kuntze

D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; Navojoa ( 1 6 6 1 ) . Type locality: Cabo San Lucas,
Baja California.
H A B . Valley plain in Thorn Forest. 500 feet.
Material collected from a small, slender, brittle perennial herb growing up
through an Opuntia.

Thryallis glauca ( C a v . ) Kuntze Garbanzillo

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Sierra L a Chuna ( 1 3 7 2 ) , Agrimensor ( 3 0 3 7 ) . Type
locality: Acambaro, Guanajuato.
H A B . Open rocky slopes in Oak Forest. 3000—4500 feet.
A leafy, openly branched shrub 1 - 2 m. high, with a showy yellow bloom in
the spring ( M a r c h ) . Occurs as scattered individuals in local areas.

Thryallis vestida (Wats.) Rose

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Guajaray ( 1 1 3 7 ) ,
San Bernardo ( 2 2 8 2 ) . T y p e locality: southwestern Chihuahua.
H A B . A r i d slopes and ridges in Short-tree Forest. 1000—3000 feet.
Slender, suffrutescent herb 20—40 cm. high. Flowers summer. Rare. Known
previously only from the type locality.

Malpighia umbellata Rose Granadilla

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 9 6 ) , Agiabampo (Palmer 799).
Recorded observations near: Alamos, Los Tanques. T y p e locality: Agiabampo,
Sonora.
H A B . Arroyo margins and marginal valley flats. 50—1500 feet.
A stiffly and rather strictly branched shrub or small tree, 2—5 m. high. Flowers
in July and is attractive to bees. A few widely scattered plants were observed in the
vicinity of San Bernardo. T h e fruits ripen in the summer, and certain beetles, as
Cerambycidae and Scarabidae, feast on the fallen fruits.
Bunchosia sonorensis Rose
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 6 3 ) , Alamos (4875, Palmer 3 2 2 ) .
Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Granitic sandy soils, rocky terrain on open mesas and slopes; Short-tree
Forest. 700—1500 feet.
A low, spreading shrub with thick, stiff branchlets, branching from near base,
about 3 m. high. T h e flowers are yellow, have a sweet, penetrating odor, and attract
numerous wild bees; February. Drought deciduous and leafless through the spring
dry season.
 LIST OF FLORA

POLYGALACEAE
Polygala alba Nutt.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 6 9 7 ) , Santísimo
(2833). Type locality: plains of Missouri.
H A B . Coarse gravel slopes in open areas; Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest
3500-5000 feet.

Polygala glochidiata H. B. K .
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 5 1 ) , Tepopa ( 1 3 8 6 ) ,
Sierra Charuco ( 1 6 9 8 ) , Sierra Canelo (2016, 2489). Type locality: near Esmeralda,
Venezuela.
H A B . T h i n gravel soil in sparse grass cover in Oak Forest area. 3500-5000
feet.
Delicate, beautiful annual following both winter and summer rains.

Polygala hemipterocarpa Gray

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Sierra Saguaribo ( 2 1 2 8 ) . Type locality: Sonoita,
Sonora.
H A B . Rocky terrain in open Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Polygala puberula Gray

D I S T . Barrancas and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 6 8 5 ) ,
Guasaremos ( 1 8 3 4 , 2882, 2887). Type locality: valley of the Limpio, Texas.
H A B . Rocky open slopes in Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.

Montuna af. Schlechtendaliana D . Dietr.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas ( 6 1 2 ) . Type locality: Mexico
City.
H A B . Rocky mountain slopes in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
Assuming that the above determination is correct, this marks a great northern
extension of range for the species, and in any case adds another southern type of
plant to the north-Mexican flora. Material was collected from a shrub 2 - 3 m. high
with fruit and flower, October 22, 1 9 3 3 . The fruit was reported by the natives
to be edible.

Monnina Wrightii Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 8 0 1 ) , Sierra Canelo ( 1 9 0 1 ) , Cerro
Guicorichi ( 1 9 4 4 ) , Loreto ( 2 5 7 1 ) . Type locality: Santa Rita Copper Mines, N e w
Mexico.
H A B . Open exposures and meadow margins in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Phyllanthus micrandrus Muell. A r g .

(Plate 26, figure 2)
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Batopilillas ( 2 6 1 9 ) . Type locality: Venezuela.
H A B . On shady, moist, sandy bank adjacent to arroyo; oak savanna. 3000 feet.
A low, bushy, spreading, luxuriant shrub 1 m. high. The only observed oc­
currence.
 164 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

Phyllanthus polygonoides Nutt.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Saucito (689).
H A B . Canyon bottom with oaks and palms. 3000—4000 feet.
A summer perennial, diminutive, erect, 1—2 dm. high. Leaves closely alternate,
short petiolate ( 1 m m . ) , oblong-spatulate, glabrous, i-nerved, lighter below, mostly
1—1.5 cm. long and 4 mm. wide. Flowers 6-merous, borne along stem in leaf
axils, salverform, choripetalous, about 4 mm. wide; October.

Drypetes lateriflora ( S w . ) K r u g . & Urb.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Arroyo Gochico ( 3 6 1 8 ) .
H A B . Riparian in deep, narrow canyon bottom; Short-tree Forest. 1200 feet.
A Ficus-\ike tree 20 m. high, with dense foliage. Trunk gray and fissured.

Croton californicus Muell. A r g . forma

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Algodones, Cedros Range ( 4 5 8 ) , Guirocoba (2950).
Type locality: San Francisco, California.
H A B . Rocky hill slopes at low elevations in Oak Forest.

Croton ciliato-glandulosus On. Uruquenia

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 0 2 3 ) . Recorded ob­
servations: Alamos, Mescales, Guasaremos, Guirocoba.
H A B . Arroyo margins in moist sandy soil; Short-tree Forest. 500—3000 feet.
Shrub or bush about 1 m. high, with a rather flat, spreading crown; flowers and
fruits in late summer and fall. T h e herbage is toxic, and the natives avoid the
plant. If one carelessly rubs his eyes after handling it, they will water and smart
most painfully. The Warihios formerly mashed and boiled the leaves to make a
black dye for their wool blankets and other woven articles.

Croton fragilis H . B . K . ? Vara blanca

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 4 8 8 ) .
Recorded observations: Alamos, Los Tanques, Mescales, Tesopaco, Carimechi,
Guasaremos. T y p e locality: Cumana, Venezuela.
H A B . Valleys and hill slopes; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 500-2500
feet.
A slender shrub 1—3 m. high, abundant in the Thorn Forest, where it sometimes
forms close pure stands, or occurs with Brongniartia alamosana, or as an under
shrub in mixed forests. Flowers white, caducous; July. It is commonly used in
the Mexican earth roof as a first-layer covering on ceiling beams, and is in turn
covered with grass and earth. T h e plant perhaps should be referred to Croton
alamosana Rose.

Croton subjucundus Croizat, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 96, p. 4 5 1 , 1942.
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Navojoa (Drouet & Richards 3923 type). Type locality:
Navojoa, Sonora.
H A B . Coastal Thorn Forest.
"Apparently a small shrub." Not known to the author.
Ditaxis adenophora Gray
D I S T . Coastal plain; 4 miles east of Navojoa ( 4 7 5 6 ) .
H A B . Shrub-grassland mesa with cholla; Thorn Forest. 200 feet.
A single, cespitose, staminate plant was found in the dry coarse-gravel soil of
the mesa. It has a tendency to turn purple in drying.
 LIST OF FLORA 165

Ditaxis lanceolata (Benth.) Pax & Hoffm.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; near Tepistate, north of Alamos (4835). Type locality:
Magdalena Bay, Baja California.
H A B . A r i d rocky slope in Thorn Forest. 600 feet.
A single young plant under thin forest is the only Río Mayo record.
Ditaxis tinctoria (Millsp.) Pax & Hoffm. ?
DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; near Agua Caliente, north of Alamos (4844). Type
locality: Xcholac, Yucatan.
H A B . Rocky outcropping in shrub-grassland in foothills; Thorn Forest. 500 feet.
Found growing only under trees and shrubs as a shrub underling I—1.5 m. high,
with a few weak, openly spreading branches. Flowers summer. Doubtfully re­
ferred under this species; may possibly be Ditaxis sinaloae I. M. Johnston, which
the author has not seen.
Acalypha adnostachya Muell. A r g .
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (834).
H A B . Alluvial bottom land.
Acalypha alopecuroides Jacq.
DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2424).
H A B . In shallow soil on boulder top in shady canyon of the Short-tree Forest.
2800 feet.
Acalypha Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 34, 1940
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; El Limón, near Guasaremos (1540
type). Recorded observation: near San Bernardo. Type locality: El Limón,
Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky, shady canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
A rather slender shrub 1—3 m. high, leafy through the wet summer, but drought
deciduous and nearly leafless for most of the year. At El Limón it grew under
Platanus racemosa along the moist canyon margin in the rocks. In such places it
helps to form the second-story shrub layer through the shady barranca canyons.

Acalypha neomexicana Muell. A r g .

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 5 9 1 ) , Guasaremos
ОззО-
H A B . Moist flats of wooded land in Short-tree Forest. 800-3000 feet.
Acalypha polystachya Jacq.
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 6 2 3 ) , Chorijoa ( 1 6 1 5 ) ,
Guasaremos ( 2 3 7 7 ) .
H A B . Moist, shady depressions under trees and shrubs in canyons and valleys;
Short-tree Forest. 500—3000 feet.
Plants of this species germinate with the first summer rains, grow rapidly, and
by late August are flowering and fruiting, when they appear as rank, leafy, turgid,
herbaceous forest underlings. In a valley flat near San Bernardo they were found
growing under Guazuma ulmijolia in association with Gronovia scandens, Jarilla
chocóla, and Vincetoxicum tristeflorum.
Acalypha subviscida Wats.
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Bacachaca ( 1 4 6 5 ) , Sierra Charuco
( 1 5 1 1 ) , Guasaremos ( 1 5 6 3 ) .
I66 RIO MAYO PLANTS

H A B . Canyon and arroyo margins in Oak Forest. 3000-5000 feet.

A low, spreading shrub about 1 m. high, common; flowers July and August.

Tragia nepetifolia Cav. Salitrio, tahewali ( W )

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 3 2 ) .
Н А Б . Hill slopes and clearings; Short-tree Forest.

Jatropha cardiophylla ( T o r r . ) Muell. A r g .

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; near Tepistate, north of Alamos (4836). T y p e locality:
Tucson, Arizona.
Н А Б . Sandy bottom land in valley. 500 feet.
Low, semisucculent shrub, spreading from the base. This is apparently the most
southern occurrence of the species. Uncommon in the area.

Jatropha cinerea (Ort.) Muell. A r g . Ensangregrado

D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; near Navojoa ( 4 7 5 5 ) .
Н А Б . Shrub-grassland mesa with cholla; Thorn Forest. 150 feet.
Sterile material was collected from a few scattered plants west of the pueblo
on a low hill, where they formed low, polypodial shrubs. Ecologically it belongs
with the coastal aggregate of semisucculents.

Jatropha cordata (Ort.) Muell. A r g . Miguelito

(Plate 10, figure 2; plate 21, figure 3)
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 5 0 ) , Alamos (2274, 2 2 7 5 ) . Recorded
observations: near Navojoa, Los Tanques, Tesopaco.
Н А Б . Rocky, arid slopes and valleys; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 5 0 0 -
2000 feet.
Semisucculent tree or shrub with thin, pale bark, peeling free. T h e branches
ascend rather strictly to form a relatively narrow, flat crown. Flowers campanulatc,
pink with terminal white margins, cymose; July and August. Fruits September.
It is dispersedly colonial, commonly associated with Thorn Forest trees and shrubs,
and in places abundant. It is drought deciduous, bearing leaves only through the
wet summer months. See Plant Census plots 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 (pp. 5 2 - 5 5 , 5 8 - 5 9 ) .

Jatropha platanifolia Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 38, 1940
Ensangregrado
(Plate 22, figure 2)
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (1449
type), Alamos ( 4 8 7 3 ) . Recorded observations: near Los Tanques, Mescales,
Guasaremos. Type locality: San Bernardo, Sonora.
Н А Б . Coarse, rocky soils on hill, canyon, and valley slopes; Short-tree Forest.
800—2500 feet.
A n erect shrub 2 - 5 m. high, with a short, thick, fleshy trunk and with many
thick, soft-fleshy, ascending branches, bearing broad, tomentulose leaves resembling
those of Platanus, disposed umbrella fashion at the tips of the branches during the
summer rainy season. T h e leaves quickly fall with the autumn dry season, and
the plant remains naked throughout the winter and spring, until the coming
of the next summer's rains. Flowers in late June for a brief period. T h e fruit
matures and drops quickly. T h e native name refers to the pink or reddish sap
which drips out copiously when the bark is cut through. See Plant Census plots 2
and 3 (pp. 5 3 - 5 5 ) -
 LIST OF FLORA 167
fatropha sp.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Guirocoba (2956).
H A B . Shady canyon in climax Short-tree Forest. 1800 feet.
A slender shrub 2 - 3 m. high, occurring along margin of dry stream bed. Prob­
ably an undescribed species, but owing to the leafless condition of the plants at the
time of collection, the specimens are unfit for good description.

Manihot angustiloba ( T o r r . ) Muell. A r g . Pata de gallo

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 7 1 ) . Type locality: Santa Cruz,
Sonora.
H A B . In argillaceous gravel on open slopes; Oak Forest. 3000 feet.
Cespitose herb, perennial from compound root stalks, from which the stems
(30-60 cm. long) deciduate each fall. Leaves, flowers, and fruits in summer.
Infrequent.

Manihot caudata Greenm.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Saguacoa (2450). Recorded observa­
tion: Arroyo de los Mescales. Type locality: Batopilas, Chihuahua.
H A B . Under woods on rocky soil in Short-tree Forest. 1000—2500 feet.
A slender, single-stemmed shrub, 1 - 2 m. high, with 2 or 3 slender branches
bearing foliage at the tips. There are some differences between this Sonoran
collection and Greenman's little-known plant from southwestern Chihuahua. More
material is needed from both localities.

Manihot isoloba Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 197, 1937
Pata de gallo
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2372 type), Bacachaca
(1468). Recorded observations: near Mescales, Batopilillas, Sierra Charuco, Sierra
Canelo. Type locality: Guasaremos, Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky slopes in the Oak Forest and to a less extent in the upper margins
of the Short-tree Forest. 2500—4000 feet.
A cespitose, slender-stemmed shrub, 2 - 5 m. high. The leaves are an ashy blue-
green, and on slopes where the species is well established they impart an ashy hue
to the hillside. It is not a high-montane plant, but rather restricted to the frostless
slopes of the barrancas. It is common in certain localities, such as Guasaremos
and E l Limon, and lacking in others. Leaves, flowers, and fruits appear with the
summer rains, and all go with the fall drought.

Sebastiania Pringlei Wats. Brincador

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2329). Recorded ob­
servation: near Alamos. Reported from Guirocoba.
H A B . Rocky canyon slopes or hillsides; Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
A small, spreading tree with slender, pliant, barely ascending branches, some­
times forming colonies; rather infrequent. Flowers and fruits in summer. The
Warihios report that they use the bark pulverized for poisoning fish in the spring
of the year. T h e Mexican name means "jumper," in reference to the larval insects
within the seeds that cause them to move erratically about. Seeds of this species,
as well as of some of the other species of euphorbiaceous trees or shrubs, are
exported to North American curio shops as "jumping beans."
12
i68 RIO MAYO PLANTS

Pedilanthus macrocarpus Benth. Candelilla

D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; Bicam, Rio Y a q u i ( 2 1 9 2 ) . Recorded observations:
Las Bocas, and near Huatabampo. Type locality: Magdalena Bay, Baja California.
Нлв. Deep, fertile soils of the coastal plain; Thorn Forest. 1 0 - 3 0 0 feet.
An erect, succulent "shrub" with gray-green branches, strictly ascending, which
after the seedling stage are nearly always leafless. A few bractlike leaves are rarely
borne along the stems. Flowers May. Bizarre crestate forms of growth have been
found.

Pedilanthus rubescens Brandeg.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 3 8 5 ) . T y p e locality: Culiacan, Sinaloa.
H A B . Heavy bottom-land growth with Taxodium mucronatum in canyon; Short-
tree Forest. 1000—2000 feet.
Shrub 2—3 m. high. Except for a larger involucre, this specimen agrees with
Sinaloan material; it is the second specific addition to the genus in Sonora.

Sapium appendiculatum (Muell. A r g . ) Pax & Hoffm. Yerba la flecha

D I S T . Barrancas and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 4 5 ) .
H A B . Hill slopes high in Short-tree Forest area. 1000—3000 feet.
Spreading shrub or tree, usually with many long, stout stems ascending from
a low common base. Flower and fruit July and August. It is widely but infre­
quently distributed in the Rio Mayo country. T h e Guasaremos vicinity is the only
area observed where the plant grew in any abundance; there it was chiefly limited
to open exposures at the foot of the oaks.
T h e natives report that the bark is particularly efficaceous in poisoning fish, and
that it was formerly used for poisoning the tips of arrows.

Euphorbia adenoptera Benth. L a golondrina

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 3 6 4 ) , Arroyo de Arelio (464), Guiro-
coba ( 7 7 7 ) .
H A B . A r i d sunny slopes; Short-tree Forest to Oak Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
T h e first two collections mentioned above are from the Cedros range. " L a
golondrina" is the general Mexican name for all the small spurges.
Euphorbia arizonica Engelm.
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Chorijoa ( 1 6 0 9 ) . T y p e locality: Sierra Yanos, Sonora.
H A B . Sandy bank of the Rio Mayo; Short-tree Forest area. 800 feet.

Euphorbia af. capitellata Engelm.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Tesopaco ( 3 1 1 ) . Type locality: valley of San Berna-
dino, Sonora.
H A B . Thorn Forest. 1500 feet.

Euphorbia colletioides Benth. Humete, flor blanca, bacachari ( W )

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella (329),
Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 3 4 ) , Guasaremos (1882, 2905), Alamos (2920). T y p e locality:
Acapulco, Guerrero.
H A B . Canyons, valleys, hill slopes with rocky soils; Short-tree Forest. 800-
3000 feet.
Monopodial shrub 1 - 2 m. high, with numerous weak, recurving branches. It
commonly forms mixed stands with other shrubby species. Flowers white; Sep­
tember and October.
 LIST OF FLORA 169

Euphorbia colorata Engelm. Quanta yerba, tainoreh (W)

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua and Sonora; Bacachaca ( 1 4 6 2 ) , Sierra Charuco
( 1 5 2 1 ) , Tepopa ( 2 2 2 9 ) .
H A B . Arid harsh-grass slopes in the Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.
A delicate, small herb, perennial from a tuberous root. Flowers in late spring
when the drought has overcome nearly all its associates; the red, poinsettia-like
bracts show brightly against the setting of stiff, sere grasses.

Euphorbia cumbrae Boiss.

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 1 4 7 ) , Canon Saucito ( 7 1 2 ) .
H A B . Arid gravel soils in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 800-3500 feet.

Euphorbia cuphosperma Boiss. Picachalih ( W )

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella (366), San Bernardo
( 1 6 7 3 ) , Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 2 1 ) , Batopilillas ( 2 6 1 8 ) , Cienegita (2647).
H A B . Moist bottoms and slopes in Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 800-3200
feet.
A tolerant, leafy herb, growing in summer to a height of 1 m. and commonly
associated with other turgescent herbs. The Warihios report that the milky juice
is used as a remedy for sore eyes; the raw milky sap dripping from the broken
stem is dropped into the eye.

Euphorbia florida Engelm.

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Tesopaco ( 3 1 3 ) , Conejos ( 1 1 1 9 ) , San Bernardo (2279).
H A B . Forest margins, valleys, and clearings in Thorn Forest and Short-tree
Forest. 500—2000 feet.

Euphorbia gracillima Wats.

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Chorijoa ( 1 6 0 8 ) .
H A B . On sandy bank of the Río Mayo; Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.

Euphorbia gramínea Jacq.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella ( 3 3 6 ) , Cañón Sapopa ( 1 0 5 0 ) .
H A B . Moist places in canyons of the Short-tree Forest. 1000-2000 feet.

Euphorbia heterophylla L. Picachalih ( W )

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 3 1 ) , Guasaremo;
(2381).
H A B . Canyons and forest openings in Short-tree Forest. 1000-2500 feet.
A colonial summer annual, leafy, 5 - 1 0 dm. high, with the subfloral bracts half
red, half green. Flowers September. Infrequent. As with Euphorbia cuphosperma,
the milky sap of this species is applied to sore eyes.

Euphorbia hirta var. typica Wheeler

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella ( 3 3 8 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 5 8 4 ) .
H A B . Gravelly soils in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 1000-3500 feet.
Summer annual.

Euphorbia hyssopifolia L .
DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2431, 2380).
H A B . Moist canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 2800 feet.
 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS
170
Euphorbia macúlala L . var.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 4 3 ) .
H A B . Shady slopes with oaks and pines in Pine Forest. 5000—6000 feet.
A low summer perennial, reputed to have medicinal properties; natives boil the
entire plant in water to make a lotion for bathing wounds.

Euphorbia pcdiculifera Engelm.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Algodones, Cedros Range (459). Type locality: Sonora.
Н А Б . Stony, sunny slope in Oak Forest.

Euphorbia petrina Wats. L a golondrina

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 8 0 ) . T y p e locality: Isla San Pedro
Mártir, Baja California.
Н А Б . Sandy soil of milpa; Short-tree Forest area. 800 feet.

Euphorbia plicata Wats.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Bachoco ( 3 0 1 4 ) . Type locality: Hacienda San Miguel,
southwestern Chihuahua.
H A B . Arid basaltic hill slope in Thorn Forest. 600 feet.
Shrub 1—2 m. high, with a single distinct trunk 4—8 cm. in diameter, branching
suddenly into many branches, which are weak and recurving.

Euphorbia Plummerae Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 3 0 ) .
H A B . Shady stream bank in loose black soil; Oak Forest. 4000 feet.
Has a tuberous root.

Euphorbia pyenanthema Engelm. ?

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Bachoco ( 3 0 1 5 ) .
Н А Б . Open, rocky hill slope in arborescent desert.
Perennial herb, prostrate or scandent on low bushes, flowering in spring. With
Dalea Parryi.
Euphorbia subreniformis Wats.
D I S T . Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Saucito (712a),
Mesa Colorada (568), Sierra Canelo (2490), Cienegita ( 2 6 5 1 ) .
Н А Б . Shady canyons in Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3000—5500 feet.
A delicate, erect summer annual. It often forms very close stands. Rather
infrequent.

Euphorbia thymijolia L.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (798).
H A B . Cotton fields. 1500—2500 feet.
Euphorbia trachysperma Engelm.
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Ciudad Obregón ( 2 6 6 ) .
H A B . Valley arroyo in Thorn Forest or arborescent desert.
Euphorbia umglandulosa Wats.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella ( 3 7 5 ) , Chorijoa ( 1 6 1 3 ) ,
Guasaremos ( 2 4 0 1 ) .
H A B . Shady canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 800-2800 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
171
A slender, turgescent summer annual, almost hydrophytic in character, wilting
quickly under the noonday suns. Though not a common plant, it is widely dis­
tributed through the Rio Mayo country.

Euphorbia villifera var. crepuscula Wheeler

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (789).
H A B . Palm-oak country.

ANACARDIACEAE

Spondias purpurea L . Ciruelo

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 1 4 3 5 ) .
H A B . Sunny open hill slopes. 1800 feet.
Much ramified shrub. Preserves are made from the fruit.
Rhus allophyloides Standi.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui ( 3 6 7 1 ) . Type locality: trail from San
Sebastian to Real Alto, Jalisco.
H A B . Valley bottom land under climax Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
A low, tolerant shrub 1 - 2 m. high. One of the few plants not browsed by
cattle. Collected adjacent to Plant Census plot 4 (p. 5 6 ) .

Rhus Hartmanii Barkley

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui (3632). Type locality: Oakridge Pass,
Sonora.
H A B . Hill slopes and valley bottoms in Oak Forest. 3000-4000 feet.
A polypodial, slender, graceful shrub 3-4 m. high. The leaves redden showily
with deciduation during the spring dry season. Uncommon.

Rhus tepetate Standi. & Barkley, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard., vol. 24, p. 382, 1937
Tepetate
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (1746 type). Type
locality: Sierra Charuco, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky canyon bottom in Oak Forest. 3500-5000 feet.
Sclerophyllous shrub with heavy foliage, 2 - 3 m. high. It is rare in the Rio
Mayo country, the locality of collection being the only place it was observed,
whereas in the Sierra Laguna, Baja California, it was observed to be quite common.
These are the only known localities for the plant. Flowers September.

Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene Hiedra, hiegra

D I S T . Barrancas and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guirocoba (2246), Loreto
(2857). T y p e locality: Columbia River, Klickitat Co., Washington.
H A B . Climbing on trunks of cypress trees marginal to streams; Short-tree Forest
to Pine Forest. 1000-6000 feet.
Clings to the bark of coniferous trees by means of stem rootlets, and ascends
12-20 m. In the lowlands it was commonly found clinging to the sabino, Taxodium
mucronatum, and in the pine land near Loreto it was found on the Arizona cypress,
Cupressus arizonica. Remarkably enough, these are apparently the only two species
with which it so consorts. The stem rootlets may serve more than a supporting
function and gather some nutriment from the bark.
The toxic properties have given the plant a mystic reputation among the natives,
 RIO MAYO PLANTS
172
and the author was warned against it long before he found the plant or knew to
just what manner of plant they referred. They say a rash, illness, or misfortune
will fall upon the person who is careless enough to sleep under the "hiegra"
at night, or especially in the daytime, when the sun is shining through the leaves.
Sunbeams and moonbeams are envenomed by the leaves through which they pass.

AQUIFOLIACEAE
Ilex rubra Wats.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tepopa ( 2 2 1 7 , 2 2 2 7 ) . Type locality:
Norogachi, Chihuahua.
H A B . Deep canyons in the Oak Forest. 3000—4500 feet.
Large, symmetrical tree, 8—12 m. high, with dense foliage, oval-conic in outline.
Fruits May to June. These are the first records for the tree in Sonora. It was
observed only in the canyons of Sierra Saguaribo.

Ilex tolucana Hemsl.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (2309). Type locality:
Toluca, Hidalgo.
H A B . Shaded canyon slope in Pine Forest. 5000 feet.
Tree, occurring along the cool mountain streams in the vicinity of the Sonoran-
Chihuahuan border. N o other records from Chihuahua or Sonora are known
to the author.
CELASTRACEAE

Maytenus phyllanthoides Benth.

D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; coastal plain west of Navojoa ( 3 6 7 4 ) . T y p e locality:
Magdalena Bay, Baja California.
H A B . Level plains in Thorn Forest. 0—100 feet.
An evergreen hemispherical shrub, commonly adjacent to the beach.

Wimmeria mexicana ( D C . ) Lundell Papelio

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella ( 3 9 7 ) , Guasaremos
( 1 8 7 9 ) . Recorded observations near: Alamos, San Bernardo, Carimechi.
H A B . Arid slopes and ridges in the Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
A small, slender, rather closely branched tree, the bark of which peels off freely
in dry seasons, whence the name "papelio." It is common throughout the Rio
Mayo country within a restricted habitat, some suggestion of which is given under
"Characteristic plants of hilltops and ridges" in the Habitat Table (p. 4 8 ) . It is
usually found only on the arid hilltops or arid rocky slopes. F r o m the south it
extends through the barranca region to its northern limit in Sonora.

ACERACEAE
Acer grandidentatum Nutt.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; below Basaseachic (LeSueur 7 7 5 ) .

SAPINDACEAE
Serjania mexicana Willd. Guirote de culebra
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Gochico ( 3 6 3 3 ) . Recorded
observations: Arroyo Guajaray, Tepopa, near Guasaremos.
 LIST OF FLORA
173
HAB. Canyon bottoms and moist forest slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000
feet.
A large, long vine, commonly climbing to the tops of trees. Flowers April.
The Mexicans use the tough stems as cordage, and Standby reports that "in some
localities it is used for stupefying fish, and it is used in Mexico as a remedy
for rheumatism and syphilitic affections."

Serjania Palmeri Wats.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 9 7 ) , Guirocoba (2244), Alamos ( 2 2 5 3 ) .
Type locality: Guaymas, Sonora.
HAB. Valley and forest slopes; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 100-2000
feet.
A large vine, climbing to the tops of shrubs and trees and spreading over the
crown. Flowers in early summer with a prolific white bloom, to which Hymenop-
tera, especially the large tarantula hawk, Pepsis formosa, are strongly attracted.

Sapindus Saponaria L . Arbolillo, amolio

DIST. Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 7 0 ) , Cedros
(727), Guirocoba ( 7 2 8 ) , Alamos ( 2 2 7 3 ) .
HAB. Canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 800-3000 feet.
Tree 6—10 m. high, with smooth bark mottled white and gray, trunk unbranched
for 2 - 4 m., and dense, heavy foliage. Common in well watered canyons. Flowers
January and February. T h e flowers are caducous, and soon the ground is covered
with fallen corollas. T h e seeds mature in late spring, and after being cleaned
from the fruit are sometimes ground by the natives and used for stupefying fish.
The sapwood is used as soap.

Cardiospermum halicacabum L . Bolsia, tolikarocha ( W )

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (1070,
1307).
HAB. Rocky slopes and valley margins; Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest.
500-2500 feet.
Perennial, as a small shrub or more usually as a scandent herb on shrubs and
rocks. T h e bladdery pods hang conspicuously on the plant all the year, and
when mature turn from the original pale-green color to a russet brown. Flowers
late summer and again in the spring; the corolla is pink in the bud, white when
open.

Dodonaea viscosa L . Aria

DIST. Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( 1 1 2 0 ) , Tepopa
( 1 3 8 9 ) , Sierra Canelo ( 2 0 1 5 ) .
HAB. Open slopes and mesas; Oak Forest. 3000-4000 feet.
Slender shrub, often forming extensive colonies on sunny hill slopes. Common.

RHAMNACEAE

Condalia lycioides ( G r a y ) Weberb.

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Bachoco (3047).
HAB. Deep soils in valley; Thorn Forest.
Spreading shrub, flowering in the spring and visited by Hymenoptera.
i74 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Condalia spathulata Gray Guichutilla

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Bachoco (2976). Type locality: Río Grande, Texas.
H A B . Calcareous clay soils in valley; Thorn Forest.
Spreading shrub 2—3 m. high, intricately branched. Flowers odorous and attrac­
tive to insects; spring.

Karwinskia Humboldtiana (Zuce.) Roem. & Schult. Cacachila, himoli ( W )

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 1 6 1 ) ,
Quiriego (Shreve 6 1 8 5 ) . Type locality: Puente de la Madre de Dios, between
Totonilco and Actopan, Veracruz.
H A B . Slopes and mesas; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 500-2500 feet.
A leafy shrub 2 - 5 m. high, showing a marked preference for open exposures.
Flowers summer. For ecological details see "Alamos desert island" (p. 50) and
Plant Census plots 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 (pp. 5 2 - 5 5 , 5 8 - 5 9 ) .
T h e fruit is sometimes eaten, and is reported to make young boys weak and
to produce trembling. Near Carimechi the author observed young brown coatis,
Nasu narica, eating the fruits with great eagerness.

Rhamnus betulaefolia Greene

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Curohui ( 2 1 5 0 ) , Tepopa ( 2 2 3 7 ) . Type locality: Mogo­
llón Mts., N e w Mexico.
H A B . Shady canyon slopes in Oak Forest. 3000—4000 feet.
Observed only around Sierra Saguaribo; at Tepopa a spindling under shrub, at
Curohui a large, leafy, spreading shrub.

Rhamnus mucronata Schlecht. ?

DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua and possibly Sonora; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 6 9 ) . Type
locality: near Chanda and Angangueo, Michoacán.
HAB. Canyon bottom in Pine Forest. 4500 feet.
Small perennial bush 7 dm. high.

Rhamnus pinetorum Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 40, 1940
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2540 type). T y p e locality: Sierra
Canelo, Chihuahua.
HAB. Shady bottom in Cupressus-Pinus canyon; Pine Forest. 5500 feet.
Low, woody shrub 1 m. high. Rare. Collected a few miles west of Loreto.

Ceanothus coeruleus L a g .
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Durasnos ( 5 9 5 ) , Sierra de Papas
( 6 1 5 ) , Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 3 1 ) , Saguaribo ( 2 1 1 3 ) .
H A B . Canyon slopes in Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 4000-5500 feet.
A pliant, spreading shrub 1 - 2 m. high, common throughout the mountains and
occasionally forming loosely spaced thickets.

Ceanothus depressus Benth.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 6 0 ) . Type locality: Zacatecas.
H A B . Slopes and well drained bottoms in Pine Forest. 5000—6000 feet.
A low, spinescent shrub forming "chaparral" colonies in scattered areas. It was
observed to be common in the mountains north of the Río Mayo, but infrequent
south of there.
 LIST OF FLORA
175
Ceanothus ochracea Suessenguth
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2877).
H A B . Gentle hill slope under pines. 5500 feet.
A cespitóse, suffrutescent, low bush, with white flowers in September. Infre­
quent.

Colubrina glomerata (Benth.) Hemsl.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Chorijoa ( 1 5 9 7 ) , canyon above Aduana, near Alamos
(4823). T y p e locality: Zacatecas.
H A B . Rocky, shady canyon slopes in loose humus soils; Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 0 -
2500 feet.
The Aduana collection was taken from a very slender tree with rough brown
and gray bark; that of Chorijoa from a spreading shrub 2 m. high. Infrequent.

Gouania mexicana Rose

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2378), north base of
Sierra de Alamos (4758). Type locality: Culiacan, Sinaloa.
H A B . Coarse, rocky soils of canyons and mountains, with trees of the Short-tree
Forest; 1000-3000 feet.
A large, tough, woody, slender vine climbing the forest trees, to which it clings
with strong tendrils. It is sometimes used by the natives as rough cordage in tying
up bundles of firewood and the like. Observed occasionally throughout the
barrancas.

VITACEAE

Vitis arizonica Engelm. Uva cimarrón

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui (3644).
H A B . Canyon bottom in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
Large vine with a ligneous stem 2.5 cm. in diameter, running to the top of
Rapanea jerruginea.

Cissus mayoensis, sp. nov.

A succulent, glabrous vine with small tendrils and digitate leaves. Stems gray to
yellowish green, sprinkled with large, irregular brownish pustules, shallowly ribbed;
petioles delicate, mostly 2—3 cm. long; leaves glabrous, digitately divided into 5
linear-lanceolate lobes, subequal, mostly 4 - 5 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, with a single
mid-vein prominent below and several weak, irregular pinnate branches; in­
florescence (fruiting specimen) a short, open cyme, pedicels mostly 8 - 1 6 mm. long,
jointed at the middle and bearing 2-several brownish bracts; calyx lobes 4, per­
sistent, about 1 mm. long, broadly deltoid, acutish; flowers otherwise unknown;
fruit 1-seeded, the seed coarsely reticulate-rugose, subglobose, acute at base, 3 - 4
mm. in diameter. Type ( 4 8 4 1 ) in Shreve Herbarium, Tucson, Arizona, collected
at Agua Caliente, north of Alamos, near the Río Mayo, Sonora, November 2, 1939,
by Howard Scott Gentry.
Vinea succulenta, glabra, ramis irregulariter pustulis bruneis indumentis; petiolis
delicatis, 2 - 3 cm. longis; folia glabra, 5-digitata, laminis subaequalibus, linearo-
I76 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

lanceolatis, 4—5 cm. longis, 4 - 7 mm. latis; inflorescentia breviter cymosa; pedicellis
fere 8 - 1 6 mm. longis, in medio junctis et 2 plusve bracteas bruneas ferentibus;
sépala 4, persistentia, 1 mm. longa. Flores imperfecte cognitae; semen 1, reticu-
latum, rugosum, 3—4 mm. diámetro, subglobosum.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; A g u a Caliente, north of Alamos (4841 type). Recorded

observation: about 1 5 miles south of Alamos, near Tepistate. Type locality: Agua
Caliente, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky, coarse soil in volcanic foothills; shrub-grassland. 500 feet.
A xeric vine, responding to the summer rains, quickly drought deciduous and
barren of leaf through fall, winter, and spring. It is distinguished from other
Mexican species of Cissus by the digitate 5-foliate leaves.

Cissus sicyoides L .
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Aduana, near Alamos ( 4 8 1 6 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottom near running water; Short-tree Forest. 2500 feet.
Riparian vine near water, with large, glossy, succulent leaves. It climbs over
trees and rocks.

Cissus sp. ?
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo (collection in cultivation in garden of
Desert Laboratory).
H A B . Forested hill slopes and arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest. 800-2000
feet.
A very long vine, with a succulent stem, 15—25 mm. in diameter, hanging
on the boughs of the forest trees with wandering solitary runners. It was collected
in the spring dry season, early in April 1938, when it was utterly naked, having
no leaves, fruits, or flowers, and the author was unable to locate its roots, other
than a few elongate aerial roots hanging straight down toward the earth, which
they had not yet reached.
Cuttings in the greenhouse readily took root in June, and six months later had
produced runners 3—4 m. long with large, cordate, dentate, pubescent leaves,
unmistakably vitaceous in character. It is listed on Plant Census plot 3 (p. 5 5 ) .

Ampelocissus acapulcensis ( H . B . K . ) Planch. ?

(Plate 7)

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui ( 3 6 3 5 ) . Type locality: Acapulco, Guerrero.

H A B . On sunny limestone slope in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
T h e specimens are questionably referred to this species by Standley, for, col-
lected in April during the dry season, they are without leaves and flowers. They
may represent a new species, and in any case a remarkable extension northward for
the genus. See Plant Census plot 5 (p. 5 7 ) , and plate 7, showing habitat of the
plant.

TILIACEAE

Tilia floridana Small

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Cascada Candameña (LeSueur 649).
LeSueur's label reads "Cascadas de Basaseachic," which most probably are the
waterfalls referred to early in the text as Cascada Candameña (p. 8 and map 1 ) .
 LIST OF FLORA
177
Cor chorus orinocensis H . В . K .
• D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Ciudad Obregon (299).
H A B . Arroyo margin in foothill valley; Thorn Forest or arboreal desert.
Low, leafy summer herb with petiolate, entire-serrate leaves. T h e flowers, 5 - 7
mm. long, are borne opposite the leaves; September and October. Pods terete, about
2 mm. wide, 4-6 cm. long, with a beak about 5 mm. long, dehiscent; seeds like
caudal vertebrae, minute, canescent. The plant looks like a crucifer.

Triumjetta chihuahuensis Standi.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 8 0 ) , Sierra Saguaribo
( 2 1 2 3 ) . Type locality: Canon Guaynopa, Sierra Madre, Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky bottoms and gullies in canyons; Pine Forest. 4000-5500 feet.
A small, tolerant, low-spreading shrub, the branches radiating from the base,
5 - 1 0 dm. long, often sagging to the ground. Flowers open evenings, yellow;
September. Infrequent.

Triumjetta discolor Rose ?

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 4 2 ) . Type locality:
between Pedro Paulo and San Blascito, Durango.
H A B . On forested slope along gully in Oak Forest. 4000 feet.
Small shrub with weak, drooping branches. Flowers yellow, open in evenings;
September.

Triumjetta Goldmann Rose

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Agua Blanca (506), Sierra
Charuco ( 1 7 6 8 ) , Guicorichi ( 1 9 6 7 ) , San Jose de Pinal ( 2 8 4 1 ) . Type locality: Sierra
de Choix, Sinaloa.
H A B . Shady slopes and canyon bottoms; Pine Forest. 4000-6000 feet.
Erect shrub 1 - 2 m. high, with many long, slender, pliant branches forming an
open crown. T h e plant has a graceful appearance and is quite showy, with its
yellow flowers scattered plentifully over the branches. They are open during the
day, September and October. Widely scattered through the mountains.

Triumjetta semitriloba L.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 6 4 5 ) , Guasaremos
(1884).
H A B . Canyon slopes along lower margin of Oak Forest. 2500-3500 feet.

Heliocarpus polyandrus Wats. Sasaro ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa (1079, 1644), Guasa­
remos (2440, 2909). T y p e locality: Hacienda San Miguel, southwestern Chihuahua.
H A B . Moist canyons in Short-tree Forest and barely into Oak Forest. 1 0 0 0 -
3200 feet.
A tall, spreading shrub or small tree. Flowers and fruits with or closely fol­
lowing the summer rains. Common throughout the barranca canyons.
Heliocarpus af. reticulatus Rose
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella (399). Type locality: Guadalajara,
Jalisco.
H A B . Heavily forested canyon near lower limit of oaks.
178 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

MALVACEAE
Abutilón crispum Don
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Bachoco ( 3 0 1 3 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 0 5 5 ) .
H A B . Hill slopes; Thorn Forest. 5 0 0 - 1 5 0 0 feet.
Suflrutescent, elongate, perennial herb 7—10 dm. long, occasionally semiscandent,
and easily identified by the long-pedunculate, bladder-like, crisp fruits. Flowers light
yellow; summer.

Abutilón incanum ( L i n k ) Sweet

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Chinobampo (2983), Tesopaco (Shreve 6 1 6 0 ) .
H A B . Arroyo margins in mesquital; Thorn Forest. 500-1500 feet.
Perennial bush. Petals reflexing, yellowish white with carmine spot forking out
at base; filaments carmine, anthers yellow. Flowers early spring.

Abutilón lignosum ( C a v . ) Don Malva

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 3 8 ) , Guasaremos
(2884). Type locality: Santo Domingo.
H A B . Valley and arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest. 500-
3000 feet.
A common, rank perennial, reaching a height of 3 m. Flowers yellow, opening
in the evening; September and October. It is aggressive in milpas and cleared
bottom lands.

Abutilón sonorae Gray Pintapan cimarrón, pintapan viscosa

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 8 9 1 ) . Type locality: on the Sonoita,
Sonora.
H A B . Deep alluvial soil of valley in Short-tree Forest. 3000 feet.
A tall, slender summer herb, biennial ( ? ) , 2 m. high. Flowers yellow, opening
in the evening; September. In habit this malva is distinguished by its exceedingly
long, open panicle of flowers (1—1.5 m. long), with the large, hairy, cordate leaves
restricted to the lower part of the stem. It is rare in the Río Mayo country.
Abutilón trisulcatum (Jacq.) Urban
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Sapopa ( 1 0 3 9 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottom in Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.
Abutilón umbellatum ( L . ) Sweet ? Malva
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Arroyo Maguarichi ( 1 3 1 7 ) .
H A B . Alluvial conglomerate soil in arroyo bank; Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.
A colonial bush, 1—2 m. high, with showy yellow flowers in the spring.
Wissadula amplissima ( L . ) Friess. Pintapan
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2902).
H A B . Valley-margin flat in Short-tree Forest. 3000 feet.
A tall, slender herb 1 - 2 m. high, with white petals. Flowers September and
October.
Wissadula cincta (Brandeg.) Rose
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Arroyo Cuchujaqui ( 8 5 8 ) . T y p e locality: Los Duras-
nillos, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky arroyo margin; Thorn Forest. 1000 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
179
Sphaeralcea Coulteri (Wats.) Gray
D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; Las Lajas (3006). Type locality: southeastern
California or southwestern Arizona.
Н А Б . Sandy arroyo and valley margins; Thorn Forest. 100-1000 feet.
Common on the dry, open slopes of the coastal plains and foothill valleys as a
small winter annual 1 0 - 3 0 cm. high, with a few distal salmon-colored flowers. It
forms extensive, colorful colonies. In fertile pockets where moisture accumulates
and endures, it forms a small, lush bush with prolific bloom.

Sphaeralcea Coulteri var. californica (Rose) Kearney

D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; Navojoa ( 1 4 4 1 ) . Type locality: L a Paz, Baja
California.
Нлв. Abandoned field; Thorn Forest. 150 feet.
Rank herb 1 - 2 m. high, leafy, erect, and densely colonial. Flowers salmon-
colored; spring.

Sidalcea neomexicana Gray Tuchi

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2694). Type locality: moist meadows,
Santa Fe, N e w Mexico.
Н А Б . Grassy meadows in High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.

Malvastrum bicuspidatum (Wats.) Rose Tuchi

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella ( 3 5 1 ) ,
Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 9 3 ) . Type locality: Hacienda San Miguel, southwestern
Chihuahua.
Н А Б . Arroyo and canyon margins in Short-tree Forest. 800-2500 feet.
Shrubby herb with slender, reddish branches, stellate pubescent with long, spread­
ing hairs; leaves 2 - 6 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, stellate pubescent, with
petioles 5 - 1 5 mm. long. Flowers axillary, carmine ( ? ) , about 1 cm. wide.

Sida cordifolia L. Malva

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo (1054, 1 2 7 6 ) .
Н А Б . Milpas, valley and arroyo margins; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.
500-2500 feet.
A common, aggressive weed in the milpas.

Sida glabra Mill.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2908), Guirocoba ( 8 1 7 ) .
Н А Б . Sandy alluvial soils in valley margins; Short-tree Forest. 3000 feet.
Low, spreading bush. Flowers open during the day; September to October.

Sida glutinosa Commers

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 8 8 ) .
Н А Б . Milpa clearing in canyon of the Short-tree Forest. 1500 feet.
Leafy colonial herb 4-6 dm. high; flowers fall.

Sida linifolia Juss.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos (2935).
Н А Б . On open sun slope high in Short-tree Forest. 2000 feet.
i8o RIO MAYO PLANTS

Sida lodiegensis Baker

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Pichiquate Canon, Rio Fuerte ( 9 5 6 ) . T y p e locality:
Lodiego, Sinaloa.
H A B . Canyon slope in Short-tree Forest.

Sida procumbens Sw.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 1 0 ) .
H A B . Valleys and arroyos in open areas; Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest.
500-2000 feet.

Sida rhombifolia L.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Saucito ( 7 1 4 ) , Guirocoba ( 8 4 5 ) .
H A B . Canyon and valley bottom lands; Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 1 0 0 0 -
3500 feet.

Sida tragiaefolia Gray

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Arroyo de A g u a Blanca ( 5 1 6 ) .
H A B . Rocky savanna land in Oak Forest. 3000-4000 feet.

Bastardia violacea Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 4 1 , 1940
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Chinobampo (2982 type). Type locality: Chino-
bampo, Sonora.
H A B . Crevices in basaltic rocks in arroyo margin; Thorn Forest. 500 feet.
A low perennial bush, with bluish-white flowers; January. K n o w n only from the
type locality.

Anoda acerijolia (Zucc.) D C . Violeta

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 2 9 ) .
H A B . Valley in Short-tree Forest. 3000 feet.
Weed 1 m. high around valley milpas. Flowers lavender; summer.
Anoda caudatijolia Rob. & Greenm.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 8 3 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottom in the Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.

Anoda crenatipZora Rose

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 0 9 1 ) , Guasaremos
(2429), Cienegita (2638).
H A B . Moist canyons in the Short-tree Forest. 800-3000 feet.

Anoda cristata S w .
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 4 2 8 ) .
H A B . Rocky canyon in lower Oak Forest. 3000-3500 feet.

Anoda hastata Cav.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 6 4 ) .
H A B . Clearing in canyon bottom; Pine Forest. 4000 feet.
Summer annual with pale-lavender flowers.

Anoda Thurberi Gray San Miguelito

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Conejos ( 1 1 4 3 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 3 5 5 ) , El Desierto
(3043«).
 LIST OF FLORA 181

H A B . Rocky slopes and rock outcroppings in Short-tree Forest and with lower
oaks. 800-3000 feet.
A slender perennial herb with 2 - 4 leaves along the lower stem, 7 - 1 0 dm. high.
Flowers purple; fall and spring. T h e leaves are highly variable in shape and often
are of a purple color. Goats eat the plant. It is very scattered and infrequent.
Hibiscus biseptus Wats.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Chorijoa ( 1 6 0 5 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 6 1 7 ) ,
Guasaremos ( 1 8 5 6 ) . T y p e locality: Hacienda San Miguel, Chihuahua.
H A B . Canyons and valleys; Short-tree Forest. 800-2500 feet.
Tolerant summer herb 5 - 1 0 dm. high, with large, attractive flowers. Petals yellow
with a purple disk in the base. As observed in the field, it showed no preference
for any particular type of soil, but occurred irregularly on bottoms and slopes.

Hibiscus brasiliensis L . Tosapolo ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Sapopa ( 1 2 8 4 ) .
H A B . Forested canyon; Short-tree Forest. 2000 feet.
Perennial bush 1—2 m. high, with light-purple flowers.
Kosteletz\ya malvaviscana Rose
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella ( 3 2 2 ) . Type locality: Las Cuevas,
Sonora.
H A B . Moist, forested canyon. 2000-3500 feet.

Kosieletzkya Thurberi Gray

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 3 6 ) , Arroyo Hondo
(1786), Santísimo ( 2 8 3 0 ) . Type locality: Cocospera, Sonora.
H A B . Mostly riparian in forested canyons; Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest.
3000-5000 feet.
Rank, slender, colonial herb 2 - 3 m. high, with a long, graceful raceme of pink
flowers with yellow anthers; corolla caducous; September. It occurs infrequently
in cool, moist situations with rich, shaded soil.
The several weedy members of the Malvaceae make up an important part of the
lowland vegetation throughout the foothills and barrancas of the Río Mayo water-
shed. They make a strong growth during the summer rainy season, are aggressive
and persistent in the milpas, and are a periodical source of annoyance to the farmers,
who spend a great many laborious hours chopping them down with the hoe. T h e
Warihios report that the tough, stringy bark of some of the ligneous species is
good for making twine. It has been reported to be used for such purposes in other
parts of Mexico (Standley, 1920, p. 7 5 2 ) .

BOMBACACEAE
Bombax Palmeri Wats. Cuajilote
D I S T . Foothills, southern Sonora; Guirocoba (1440). Type locality: barranca
near Guadalajara, Jalisco.
H A B . Rocky, xeric sun slopes; Thorn Forest.
Tree with a short, massive trunk and thick, horizontal branches; in outline much
wider than high. Flowers in spring during leafless condition.
It is to be noted that this collection is from the Río Fuerte drainage basin, a few
miles below the southern boundary of the Río Mayo watershed. It is doubtful if the
182 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

species or genus extends into the Río Mayo region, since it has never been observed
or collected there. There are striking differences between the Guirocoba locality and
the Río Mayo, though they are separated by only a low range of hills. The flora
of Guirocoba is more typical of Sinaloa.

Ceiba acuminata (Wats.) Rose Pochote, wakapi ( W )

(Plate 5; plate 20, figure 2)
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 4 5 1 ) .
Type locality: Hacienda San Miguel, Chihuahua.
H A B . Canyons and hill slopes of the Short-tree Forest and sporadically in Thorn
Forest. 800—3000 feet.
A large, wide-branching tree, flowering in June. T h e large fruit pods hang on
throughout the fall, ripen in winter, and gradually split open, the hard carapace
falling away to leave the white balls of kapok to be gradually dissipated by the
mild winds. The seeds are carried forth under their parachutes of fine "awns" and
thus scattered on the ground. T h e seeds have a nutlike flavor and are reported
to be or to have been eaten by the Warihio Indians. They are also eaten by a
bright-vermilion bug, which, inserting its strong proboscis through the thin shell,
sucks out the rich oil. T h e stout roots of young plants are roasted and eaten by the
Warihios. The kapok is locally used to make pillows and mattresses. T h e goliath
jewel beetle, Euchroma goliath, is a regular inhabitant of the soft wood as a
borer.
In its natural setting on the hill slopes, the tree is leafless for nine months of the
year. The leaves appear the first part of July, shortly after the first summer rains,
and deciduate in September with the beginning of the fall dry season. It is one of
the abundant and dominant forest trees; see discussion under "Short-tree Forest"
(pp. 3 0 - 3 4 ) , and Plant Census plots 2 and 3 (pp. 53—55).

STERCULIACEAE
Mclochia tomentella (Presl) Hemsl.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (833, 862). Type locality: Acapulco,
Guerrero.
Нлв. Arroyo margins and valley bottoms in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.
500—2000 feet.
Quite common throughout southernmost Sonora, where it forms a low, shrubby
plant, often browsed by cattle.
Waltheria alamosana Standi.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 7 3 2 ) . T y p e locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Canyons; Short-tree Forest to Oak Forest. 1000-3500 feet.
This is the second collection of a rare shrub.

Waltheria americana L .
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella ( 4 0 1 ) ,
Cedros range ( 4 5 7 ) , Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 2 7 ) , Guasaremos ( 2 4 3 6 ) , Cienegita (2820),
Guirocoba (2943).
H A B . Open, sunny exposures in valleys and on hill slopes; Thorn Forest to Oak
Forest. 500-3500 feet.
Common perennial herb, flowering in summer and fall.
 LIST OF FLORA
l83

Ayenia glabra Wats.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Ciudad Obregón (286). Type locality: Tequila, Jalisco.
HAB. Valleys and arroyo margins in Thorn Forest.

Ayenia Palmeri Wats.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Chorijoa (1607, 1 6 1 1 ) , Canon Sapopa ( 1 6 4 3 ) . Type
locality: Hacienda San Miguel, Chihuahua.
HAB. Wooded canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 1000-2000 feet.
A leafy, tolerant, suffrutescent perennial, 1 m. or less high. It grows in the
moist forest bottom lands and is an uncommon plant, known previously only from
the type locality.

Ayenia pusilla L .
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cedros (Shreve 6 1 6 5 ) , Cañón Estrella
(406), Conejos ( 1 1 0 7 ) , Canon Sapopa (1640), Guasaremos ( 1 8 8 1 ) .
HAB. Rocky grass slopes in Oak Forest and casually down into Short-tree Forest.
2000-4000 feet.
Suffrutescent, decumbent herb, common but inconspicuous throughout the lower
elevations in the oak zone. There are marked differences between the Mexican
specimens and Californian ones.

Ayenia Wrightii Robins.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Chorijoa ( 1 6 1 2 ) . Type locality: head of Mazatlán
River, Sinaloa.
HAB. Moist, shady bottoms in Short-tree Forest.
An erect, tolerant, suffrutescent herb; flowers summer. It is quickly distinguished
from Ayenia Palmeri by its smaller leaves and flowers.

Guazuma ulmifolia L a m . Guásima, ahiyá ( W )

(Plate 1 1 , figure 2)
DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 7 6 ) , Guasa-
remos ( 1 5 4 8 ) .
HAB. Arroyo margins, canyon bottoms, valleys; Short-tree Forest and Thorn
Forest. 500—3000 feet.
A medium-sized, spreading, symmetrical tree, with rather heavy foliage, deciduous
in the spring. Though abundant and dominant along arroyos, less so in the fertile
valleys, it is lacking on the slopes of mixed deciduous forests. The line of trees
footing the hill shown in plate 1 1 , figure 2 are of this species. See discussion under
"Short-tree Forest" (pp. 30, 3 1 , 3 4 ) , Habitat Table, and Plant Census plot 3
(PP- 5 4 - 5 5 ) -
T h e tree has many native uses, most unusual of which is as a substitute for coffee;
see "Plants in use," pages 65, 69.

GUTTIFERAE

Hypericum fortnosum H . B . K .
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto (2546).
HAB. Moist canyon slope in Pine Forest. 5500-6000 feet.
Tolerant perennial herb, with yellow flowers; summer. Infrequent.
13
 i8 4
RIO MAYO PLANTS

Hypericum pratense Cham. & Schl.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 2 5 ) , San Jose de
Pinal (2603).
H A B . Drier meadow slopes in Pine Forest. 4000-6000 feet.
Summer annual, probably germinating in the spring. Flowers yellow, open for
two or three hours in the morning sun; September.

FOUQUIERIACEAE

Fouquit'ria Macdougalii Nash Torote spinosa, chunuli' ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 3 2 2 ) . Recorded ob­
servations near: Navojoa, Alamos, Los Tanques, Mescales, Tesopaco, Carimechi.
Type locality: Torres, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky hill slopes, mesas, and arroyo rims; Thorn Forest and to a less
extent in Short-tree Forest. 500-2500 feet.
Shrub or tree 5—8 m. high. T h e trunk is usually very short, but may become
1 m. in length before the prolific branching begins. T h e branches are usually wide-
spreading and recurved, a characteristic becoming more pronounced during the
rainy season, when they are full of moisture. It blooms during the major part of
the year, but the flowers are most abundant following the two rainy periods, and the
latter part of the spring dry season finds the plant without leaf and flower.
It is common on slopes throughout the Thorn Forest, and gradually thins out in
the barrancas, where more moist conditions prevail. T h e bark is reported to be used
for soap in washing clothes. Posts are sometimes cut from the wood for fences.
See Plant Census plots 6 and 7 (pp. 5 8 - 5 9 ) .

CISTACEAE

Helianthemum Pringlei Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Saguaribo ( 2 1 3 1 ) , Loreto (2578),
Memelichi ( 2 7 9 1 ) .
H A B . Meadow and slopes in Pine Forest. 5000-7500 feet.
A slender, perennial summer herb, with rather strictly ascending branches from
near the base; 20—30 cm. high. Petals yellow, sepals reddish. Common.

Lechea tripetala (Moc. & Sesse) Britt.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2544a).
H A B . Hill slope in mixed forest of pine and oak.

COCHLOSPERMACEAE

Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng. Palo barril

(Plate 26, figure 1 )
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 1 4 3 9 ) , Alamos ( 2 2 0 4 ) .
H A B . Hill slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1000—2500 feet.
Tree with white, smooth bark, in maturity 20 m. high, with a smooth, white
trunk rising straight and unbranched to the origin of the crown branches. Flowers
yellow in winter while leafless, the crown of large flowers making a very showy
 LIST OF FLORA 185

tree. This species inhabits the foothills of Sierra de Alamos, but is generally an in­
frequent contributor to the forests.

Amoreuxia palmatifida Мое. & Sesse Saiya, saiya ( W )

(Plate 27, figure 2)

DIST. Lowlands to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (2280),

Guasaremos ( 2 3 5 1 ) .
H A B . Margins and open areas in valleys of Thorn Forest, Short-tree Forest,
and barely into Oak Forest.
A diminutive perennial summer herb 1 5 - 2 0 cm. high, with bright, large, showy
flowers; petals yellow with blood-red spots on the four upper petals. Rather widely
distributed through the lowlands, where it grows on the heavy clay soils. T h e
natives eat the young, tender pods raw, which have an unusual, pungent, and not
unpleasant flavor. T h e roots are roasted.

VIOLACEAE

Hybanthus mexicanus Ging.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and probably Chihuahua; Arroyo de los Mescales ( 2 2 9 1 ) .
Type locality: San Luis Potosí?
H A B . Rocky slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Shrub 2—3 m. high, rather closely branched and slender in outline. It commonly
occurs as a forest underling on the canyon slopes, where it occasionally forms local
thickets. See Plant Census plot 3 (pp. 54—55).

Hybanthus riparius ( H . B . K . ) Standi.

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 6 4 2 ) , Guasaremos
(2356).
H A B . Shaded slopes and canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
A delicate summer annual, found under Guazuma ulmijolia, Lysiloma divancata,
and other trees and shrubs, growing with other ephemeral herbs. T h e upper petal
(others much reduced) is blue with two purple spots above a white arc. Rare.

FLACOURTIACEAE

Xylosma flexuosum ( H . B . K . ) Hemsl.

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui (3653). Type locality: Jalapa, Veracruz.
H A B . Moist, shady canyon bottom in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
A small, bushy tree with slender, descending, numerous branchlets; leaves holly­
like. Ripe berries red in April. The first record of its presence in Sonora, and a
marked northern extension.

Xylosma sp.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Cedros ( 2 9 7 1 ) .
H A B . Heavy argillaceous soil on steep, denuded slope; Thorn Forest. 1000
feet.
Collected from a small, scattered colony of plants about 2 leagues south of Cedros.
It is a small, stiff, irregularly branched shrub, about 1 m. high. This is an
abundantly distinct species, but needs further study.
i86 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

TURNERACEAE

Turner a ulmifolia L .
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (1869, 2340).
H A B . With coarse grass clumps on rocky slope in Oak Forest. 3500-4500 feet.
Perennial herb on open arid slopes, 20—30 cm. high. Flowers white with pale-
purple lines emanating from the floral funnel; summer. Observed only around
Guasaremos.
PASSIFLORACEAE

Passiflora joetida L . Ojo de venado

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 9 6 ) , Alamos ( 2 2 5 7 ) . T y p e locality:
perhaps Lesser Antilles.
H A B . A r i d slopes and mesas in Short-tree Forest.
Infrequent.

Passiflora mexicana Juss. Ojo de venado

D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; Navojoa ( 1 6 6 2 ) . T y p e locality: Acapulco, Guerrero.
H A B . Sandy valley soil in Thorn Forest.
Infrequent.
Passiflora quercetorum Killip, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 9 , p. 1 1 3 , 1938
t v e
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Curohui (Pennell 19574 P ) j Sierra
Charuco ( 2 3 1 0 ) . Type locality: Curohui, Sonora.
H A B . Humus soils among rocks on canyon slopes; Oak Forest and L o w e r Pine
Forest. 3500-5000 feet.
A low perennial vine, with greenish flowers; July and August. Rare.

Passiflora suberosa L .
DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 8 3 , 2 9 1 0 ) . T y p e locality: Do-
minica, probably Hispañola.
HAB. Forested hill slope in margin of Oak Forest and Short-tree Forest. 3200
feet.
Vine twined on rocks and shrubs.

CARICACEAE

farilla chocóla Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 200, 1937
Chocóla ( W ) , kapiah ( W )
(Plate 29, figure 2)
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2366 type,
1 5 5 3 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 6 2 4 ) , Cedros (fruits). Type locality: Guasaremos, Chi-
huahua.
H A B . Under trees and shrubbery in rich, moist soils of valleys and gentle slopes
in the Short-tree Forest. 800-3000 feet.
A leafy, mesophytic, rather succulent herb, dioecious, and perennial from a
crown of erect tubers. Apparently an endemic of the Short-tree Forest area. The
distribution, so far as it is known, is shown on the accompanying map (fig. 6 ) . It
occurs at irregular intervals, often widely separated, and may be abundant in certain
localities, as around Guasaremos and Cañón Estrella.
T h e name "chocóla" is the one in general use, is probably of Warihio and ccr-
 LIST OF FLORA 187
tainly of Cajitan origin, and refers specifically to the fruit and generally to the plant.
"Kapiah" is a Warihio name referring to the roots. T h e fruits are casually eaten by
the natives and have an exotic, piquant flavor suggestive of lemon. T h e root tubers
are baked in hot ashes and eaten by the Warihios. Some of these were prepared
for the author while he was in Guasaremos. They were slightiy tough, probably
because of insufficient cooking, and had a rather bitter taste. D r . Carl L . Alsberg,

r- 2 9

1
\ >'.'-{:':,

I
" »"•*• ''S/'-' •
•{TFCORIPA :
2 8
"\,(^\eUAYMAS
f r -N •*

/ j.
. CAJEME JftoiiRieeo

''' V
.ALAMOS
1 ,
/ /
\ / /

26

111 110 109 108

F I G . 6. Distribution of /ön/fe chocola along the Rio Mayo

of the Food Research Institute, Stanford University, has generously rendered an

analysis of the tubers, showing them to have an unusually high starch content,
approaching that of the potato. T h e analysis is given below:

ANALYSIS OF ]arilla chocola

( A . O . A . C . methods used)
Wet basis Dry basis
(%) (%)
15.0 3-9
• 73-8
• 14-3 54-5
Ash 2.0 7.6
Nitrogen 0.5
Protein ( N X 6.25) 3-2
Fat (ether soluble) 0.8
HCN Negative

See also discussion under "Short-tree Forest" (pp. 3 1 - 3 2 ) , Habitat Table (pp. 44, 46),
and page 68.
 i88 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

LOASACEAE

Gronovia scandens L .
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella ( 3 7 6 ) , Canon Sapopa
( 1 0 4 6 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 6 2 0 ) , Guasaremos (2406).
H A B . Valley margins and canyons in Short-tree Forest. 800-3000 feet.
A small, adhesive vine, with white flowers; summer. T h e fine bristles with which
the stems and leaves are armed are set with still finer hooklets, and on one stem
a large robber fly, Asilidae sp., was found impaled, suggesting that this plant may
be insectivorous, like Drosophyllum lusitanicum of Portugal and Morocco. It is
common throughout the damp, shady forests.

Mentzelia aspera L .
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Estrella ( 3 7 1 ) , Cienegita ( 2 6 3 6 ) .
H A B . Moist, shaded slopes in Oak Forest and Short-tree Forest. 1000—3500
feet.
Summer herb with yellow flowers. Infrequent.

Eucnide hypomalaca Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 4 1 , 1940
(Plate 4)
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo de los Mescales ( 1 3 1 5 type,
3 0 2 1 ) . Type locality: Arroyo de los Mescales, Sonora.
H A B . Talus and crevices in shaded cliffs in canyons; Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 0 -
3000 feet.
A semisucculent, low, spreading bush, about 1 m. high and 1 m. wide, erect on
ledges and talus or horizontal on rock walls. T h e branches are weak and brittle.
T h e foliage is at the ends of the branchlets and forms an irregular or regular
crown, hemispherical in outline. T h e leaves are bright shiny green, drought de­
ciduous, and respond to both winter and summer rains. Flowers lemon yellow,
large and showy; February and March.
Plate 4 shows the ecologic environs of the plant, and was in fact taken within 1
or 2 miles of where the type material was collected. A m o n g its immediate asso­
ciates are Mammillaria, Cephalocereus alensis, Ceiba acuminata, Ficus petiolaris,
etc. It grows also in the vicinity of Carimechi along the rocky banks of the Rio
Mayo.

BEGONIACEAE

Begonia gracilis H . B . K . Cana aigre

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (1690, 1 7 4 5 ) .
H A B . Moist banks in canyons; Oak Forest. 4000-5000 feet.

Begonia Martiana L i n k & Otto Cana aigre

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 1 7 ) .
H A B . Moist bank in pine-Cupressus arroyo; Pine Forest. 5000 feet.
In a colony at water's edge, with bright pink flowers; August and September.

Begonia portillana Wats. Cana aigre, chocopala (W)

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 1 5 ) , Canon Sapopa
(1635)-
 LIST OF FLORA l 8 9

H A B . Moist soils in shady canyons; Short-tree Forest (upper limits) to Pine

Forest. 2000-4500 feet.
Flowers white. T h e roots are decocted to make a purgative for fevers, and the
fruit is mashed and eaten raw for indigestion. Infrequent.

Begonia sp.
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 3 8 ) .
H A B . On shady, moist bank on Oak Forest slope. 3500 feet.
Distinguished from other species of Begonia in the Rio Mayo region by the
large, deeply divided leaves, with lanceolate-acuminate lobes and lobelets.

CACTACEAE
Peres\iopsis sp.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Quiriego (Shreve 6 1 7 8 ) , Guirocoba (collected by Gentry
without number).
H A B . Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 500—2000 feet.
Infrequent in the Rio Mayo country; found in moist bottoms or slopes under the
forest trees. A t Guirocoba it was common in a canyon bottom inhabited chiefly by
succulent and semisucculent types of plants.

Nopalea sp.
A species of this genus is common throughout the lowland forest, where it occurs
in scattered thickets.
Opuntia fuliginosa Griff. Tuna
(Plate 12, figure 2)
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Quiriego (Shreve 6 1 7 7 ) .
H A B . Thorn Forest. 1000 feet.

Opuntia mammillata Schott Cholla

(Plate 25, figure 1 )
D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora.
H A B . Open areas and piedmont slopes in Thorn Forest. 100-500 feet.
The status of this plant is uncertain. It closely resembles Opuntia cholla of Baja
California, and less closely O. fulgida, which it can hardly be, so it seems best to
revive Schott's name, which Britton and Rose relegated to synonymy under 0. fulgida,
of southern Arizona and northern Sonora.
Common on the desert-like margins of the Thorn Forest. It is principally on
the joints of this plant that the lowland cattle subsist through the spring dry season,
in spite of the fact that its contact and consumption are painful to them. Cows
are frequently met with the joints stuck on their hides, over sides and shoulders,
and particularly on the head, and even with their eyes pinned shut. Some are more
successful than others in eating it. Its chief benefit is the water contained, rather
than food.

Opuntia Thurberi Engelm. Siguiri

D I S T . Valley slopes, Sonora. Recorded observations: Navojoa, Huatabampo,
Alamos, San Bernardo.
H A B . Valleys and hill slopes in Thorn Forest and less abundantly in Short-tree
Forest. 5 0 - 1 5 0 0 feet.
190 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

With an erect, elongate stem with decurved branches, or semiscandent over

shrubs and through trees, when its length may be as much as 6—7 m. See Plant
Census plots 1, 2, 6, and 7 (pp. 52—53, 58—59).

Opuntia tomentosa Salm-Dyck.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Quiriego (Shreve 6 1 7 9 ) .
HAB. Thorn Forest. 1000 feet.
Many other species of Opuntia are found in the Río Mayo country, especially
cultivated and highland platyopuntias. A wild highland species is found on Sierra
Canelo, of very low habit, with large round joints and bright-red, edible fruits. At
Canelo is a small orchard of a large arborescent form with tasty white fruit. Cul­
tivation is customary throughout the highlands, but rare in the lowlands.

Cephalocereus alensis (Weber) Britt. & Rose Pitahaya barbón, matagochi ( W )

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua. Specimens (unnumbered) were ob­
tained from near Alamos, Guirocoba, and San Bernardo, with other recorded
observations from Los Tanques, Arroyo de los Mescales, Guasaremos, Santísimo.
Type locality: Sierra de A l o .
HAB. Heavily wooded rocky slopes in the Short-tree Forest. 1000—3000 feet.
Sierra de A l o is reported by a German, long resident and traveled in southern
Sonora, to be one of the southward spurs of Sierra de Alamos in southern Sonora.
It is possible that Cephalocereus alensis and C. leucocephalus are one and the same
species, which would place C. alensis in synonymy, since C. leucocephalus has
priority; but until specimens are located from Horcasitas it is best to retain the
status quo.
Cephalocereus alensis is common throughout the barrancas, though never abun­
dant, and is the only cactus of the region distinguished by a white beard. It flowers
in the early summer; the fruits ripen in late August or early September, and are
regularly gathered by the Warihio Indians. T h o u g h the crop is usually light, the
fruits are very edible, comparing favorably with those of Lemaireocereus Thurberi.

Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Hecho, chiki ( W )

(Plate 5; plate 1 2 , figure 2)

DIST. Coastal plains to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua. Type locality:

Hacienda San Miguel, Chihuahua, Mexico.
H A B . Occupies nearly all situations in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.
50-3200 feet.
A dominant plant throughout its range in the Río Mayo country. It thrives
particularly well on the rainier slopes of the barranca region, where mature plants
are commonly 8—12 m. high, with numerous heavy branches. It successfully com­
petes with the dominant forest trees, though they often exceed it in height, and in
localized areas the number of "hecho" individuals nearly equals the number of
trees, though in general this is by no means the case.
T h e first flowers appear in January, and more continue to bloom until late
spring. They are regularly visited by many kinds of birds, especially the wood­
peckers and hummingbirds, seeking nectar or insects out of the deep cups. The
large, "long-haired" fruits ripen in June. T h e native women gather them and
make a sweet jam of the red pulp and inner rind; the seeds are ground and cooked
into a rich, oily paste.
 LIST OF FLORA I I
9

Lemaireocereus montanus Britt. & Rose

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua. Recorded observations: Guirocoba,
San Bernardo, Arroyo de los Mescales, Tepopa, Guasaremos. Type locality:
Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Heavily wooded slopes in the Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Thinly and widely scattered. Usually 7-10 m. high in the adult stage, with sym­
metrical growth of many clean, closely set branches, rising like L's. Sometimes
it grows to great heights. One individual, very long attenuate in a close forest of
trees, was estimated by means of a "pitahaya pole" to be over 20 m. in stature.
Flowers in May, fruits in June.
Lemaireocereus Thurberi (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Pitahaya, mewele ( W , M )
DIST. Coastal plain to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua. Observed throughout
the lowlands, from the beach to the barrancas at Guasaremos and San Luis Bar-
barocos. Type locality: canyon near Paso de Bachuachi, Sonora.
Numerically the individuals of this species rival those of Pachycereus pecten-
aboriginum, and are most abundant on the coastal plain south of Huatabampo,
where there are miles of close-standing forest composed almost purely of pitahaya.
Inland on the mountain slopes, where forest growth is relatively dense, it plays
a minor role, being lacking over large areas and confined to the drier and sunnier
exposures.
Lemaireocereus sp. Pitahaya colorada
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua. Recorded observations: Alamos,
Tepopa, Guasaremos.
H A B . Heavily wooded slopes of the Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
This is an unnamed species, mentioned here because of the particular light it
throws on Lemaireocereus montanus and L. Thurberi. In habit, number of ribs,
spines, etc. it is intermediate between the two, and it has been observed only in areas
where both L. montanus and L. Thurberi grow. It suggests a cross between the
two, taking a consistent and little-varying form. It takes its native name from
the color of the spines covering the fruits, which give the fruits a distinctive red
color as they are observed against the bright sky light.

W i l c o x i a M a r i a n a , sp. nov.
(Plate 25, figure 2)
Plant erect or scandent, 1-6 m. long, with a single naked caudex and elongate
branches climbing through trees or shrubs.
Caudex 3-6 cm. in diameter, gray, coriaceous, spineless and ribless in age, soon
evolving into scandent branches; these 4-5-ribbed with areoles 1-2 cm. apart, covered
with a fine gray tomentum, bearing 7-10 dark-brown spines, appressed, spreading,
and 1 central, dark brown, 5-7 mm. long, descending. Flowers tubular, 8-9 cm.
long, diurnal, not opening until sun is well up; perianth segments white with
purplish tinge on lower petals, 15-20 mm. long, lanceolate-acuminate, spreading,
.reflexed; stigma and anthers light yellow. Tube 5-6 cm. long, the areoles dense
and covered with a fine grayish-brown tomentum becoming fine hairs 2-4 mm.
long on corolla base, and with 5 or 6 fine, hairlike dark-brown spines 6-20 mm.
long. Type (3004) in Dudley Herbarium of Stanford University, California, col­
lected near Aquibiquichi, Sonora, February 12, 1937, by Howard Scott Gentry.
192 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

Planta perennis erecta vel scandens, caudice simplice 3 - 6 cm. diametro 1 - 6 m.

longo cineraceo, ramulis scandentibus 4 - 5 costatis; areolae 1 - 2 cm. separatim,
tomentum cineraceum et 7 - 1 0 spinas fuscas laterales 1 - 4 mm. longas ferentes, spina
centrali 5—7 mm. longa porrecta; flos tubulatus 8—9 cm. longus diurnus, segminibus
perianthii lanceolato-acuminatis 15—20 mm. longis, segminibus interioribus albis,
exterioribus ad apicem purpureis, tubo 5—6 cm. longo, areolis tubi cineraceo-fuscis,
pilis 2 - 4 mm. longis; fructus ignotus. Dudley Herbarium no. 255,225.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Penas Blancas (3004 type). Type locality: Penas

Blancas, Sonora.
H A B . Under shrubs or trees in coarse soil or on rocky exposures; Thorn Forest.
500-1500 feet.
Specimens were collected from a large plant scandent in a tree on a gentle valley
slope. It is probable the plant would never have been discovered had it not been
in bloom, for it was inconspicuously entwined and only the large, showy flowers
drew attention. Another plant was observed growing in an open foothill valley
between Navojoa and Alamos. It stood in the open sunlight, was badly sunburned,
and did not look as though it would live much longer. It is obviously a rare plant,
whose existence is made doubly hard to detect by its inconspicuous manner of
growth.
The species is named in recognition of Mrs. Marie A n n Gentry, who has done
so much in assisting with the work on Rio Mayo plants. The diurnal flowers,
and the fact that no root enlargement like that of Peniocereus was observed, have
led the author to assign the species to the genus Wilcoxia. The roots, however,
were not observed, and the length of the corolla tube is greater than in any
known Wilcoxia, so that the exact generic affinities of the plant remain in doubt.
The description of Acanthocereus (?) albicaulis Britt. & Rose (1920, p. 1 2 5 ) sug­
gests this plant, but A. albicaulis is hardly conspecific; it was described from
Brazil.

Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Sahuaro

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora. Observed in sierras east of Ciudad Obregon. Type
locality: Gila River, Arizona.
H A B . Open slopes of valleys and hilltops; Thorn Forest. 500-2000 feet.
Though no individual was actually observed within the Rio Mayo basin, this
species occurs on the sierras bordering the basin on the north, and undoubtedly
a few stragglers inhabit the Rio Mayo slopes. This marks the southern limit of
the species. A beautiful forest of these trees occurs 1 5 to 20 miles east of Ciudad
Obregon, where it mingles interestingly with Forchammeria Watsoni, Jacquinia
pungens, and Acacia Willardiana.
Rathbunia alamosensis (Coult.) Britt. & Rose Sina
D I S T . Lowlands and foothills, Sonora. Observed frequently throughout the
foothill valleys. Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Alluvial soils in valleys in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 500—1500
feet.
Where growing naturally, this plant forms large colonial rings, with the old
plants dying out in the center. It is sometimes planted as fences, and at Techu-
bampo near San Bernardo grows a long, dense fence, which flowers abundantly
but never fruits.
 LIST OF FLORA
193

Lophocereus Schottii (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Sina, pitayita

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora. Observed only. Type locality: near Magdalena, Sonora.
HAB. Alluvial valleys and coastal plain; Thorn Forest. 50-500 feet.
Not so common or so thrifty as it is farther north, being confined to local areas.

Echinocereus Gentryi Clover, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 65, p. 565, figs. 1 - 3 , 1938
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Saucito (living specimen, Univ.
Mich. Bot. Gard. 1 5 , 1 0 7 ) . Collected or observed also at: Carimechi, Cation Sapopa,
Tepopa, Sierra Canelo.
HAB. Moist, shady cliffs and rocks in canyons; Oak Forest and Lower Pine
Forest. 3000-5500 feet.
A cespitose, pendulous, or decumbent plant with stems usually 3-6 dm. long, but
occasionally as long as 1 m., the old parts coriaceous, ribless, and spineless. It is
occasionally found on a horizontal base, when it is decumbent or prostrate with
the stem tips uplifted. It is a striking cliff dweller, hanging on the high basaltic
or limestone walls, and appears endemic to the barranca region. Old plants may
have 1 5 or 20 stems and are quite large and heavy.

Echinocereus luteus Britt. & Rose Agi (M)

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora. Collected or observed near: Sierra de
Alamos, Guirocoba, Tepopa. Type locality: Sierra de Alamos, Sonora.
HAB. Shady places in rocks; Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 1500-3500 feet.
A rare cactus, known for almost thirty years only from the type collection. It is
infrequently scattered in the moist barrancas eastward from Sierra de Alamos.
Old individuals attain a height of 3 dm. rarely, and the plant rarely branches once or
twice from the main stem.

Echinocereus stoloniferus Marshall

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Bacachaca ( 1 4 7 9 ) , Guirocoba (live specimens collected
without number).
HAB. In loose humus soil lying on rock ledges high in Short-tree Forest and
low in Oak Forest. 2000—3000 feet.
Plants cespitose in very open habit, and connected by subterranean roots; 1 5 - 3 0
cm. high. Flowers bright yellow; July. This species is closely related to but distinct
from Echinocereus scopulorum Britt. & Rose, described from Guaymas, Sonora.

Echinocereus sp.
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tepopa ( 2 2 3 1 ) .
HAB. Rocks and cliffs, especially in the high, arid, calcareous or basaltic rims in
the Lower Pine Forest. 4000—5500 feet.
Low, cespitose plants with 4 - 1 2 stems, 1 0 - 2 0 cm. high. Flowers 8 - 1 0 cm. long,
red with an orange tinge on the inner petals; June and July.

Echinocereus sp.
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 2 8 ) .
HAB. Sierran rims in Pine Forest. 5500 feet.
Low, cespitose plants about 1 5 cm. high, with well developed spines. Flowers
8-9 cm. long, reddish, and distinguished from no. 2231 by heavier spines on the
corolla tube and shorter, less dense lanation in the tube areoles.
i94 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

Ferocactus alamosanus Britt. & Rose

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra L a Chuna (collected without
number). Recorded observations: Sierra de Alamos, Sierra Saguaribo, Sierra
Charuco, San L u i s Barbarocos, Santísimo. Type locality: Sierra de Alamos,
Sonora.
H A B . Rocks and high vertical cliffs in the Oak Forest. 3000—5000 feet.
Endemic and characteristic of the Oak Forest. It plays a unique and striking
role on the airy faces of the giant cliffs, to which it seems very well adapted, and
where it often forms extensive vertical colonies on the northern exposures. It is one
of the smallest of all the species of Ferocactus, the old plants rarely exceeding
50 cm. in height and 30 cm. in diameter. They are cylindric to globose, and in
periods of growth rather striking, with a crown of fresh yellow spines. Common
through a narrow altitudinal range.

Ferocactus Wislizeni (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Bisnaga

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora. Observed only. Type locality: Doñana, N e w Mexico.
Н А Б . Alluvial soils in foothills, valleys, and coastal plains; Thorn Forest. 200-
1500 feet.
T h e plant referred with some hesitation to this species is common throughout
the more open types of cover in the foothill valleys. It is a hardy species, and
occasionally approaches 2 m. in height. It is much given to growth that spirals
the ribs like a barber's pole. Both the "meat" of the plant and the seeds are
eaten by the natives.

Ferocactus sp. Bisnaga, toiwe ( W )

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora. Observed or collected near: San Ber­
nardo, Guirocoba, Chorijoa, and below Carimechi.
Н А Б . Basaltic slopes and rocks in sparse cover; Short-tree Forest. 1000-2000
feet.
A n undescribed species of medium size, 5—12 dm. high, normally with the greatest
diameter at the base and gradually rounding to the top. T h e areoles are com­
paratively wide-spaced, with few spines, the center spine straight, about 4 cm. long,
all yellow to brownish in color. T h e plant is light green or yellowish green in color.
Flowers yellow; late spring. T h e fruits ripen during the summer. T h e viscid pulp
is made into dulce by the natives; the seeds are ground into an oily paste by the
Mayo and Warihio Indians. Widely scattered on the rocky, forested slopes, and
within its range not accompanied by any other species of Ferocactus.
1
Mammillaria Mainae K . Brandeg.
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Quiriego, 1000 feet (living specimens). Type locality:
south of Nogales, Sonora.

1
A n extensive collection of Mammillaria from the R í o M a y o region is represented in the
garden of D r . R . T. C r a i g , a student of the genus, in B a l d w i n P a r k , California. C r a i g has
made t w o trips to the vicinity of A l a m o s a n d Guirocoba, securing specimens from both
localities in addition to the author's. Part of his collection w a s m a d e outside the strict
confines of the R í o M a y o drainage. T h e catalogue of Mammillaria includes part of Craig's
collection under his garden numbers.
 LIST OF FLORA
195

Mammillaria microcarpa Engelm.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (Craig Garden 4 1 5 ) , Cerro Zapora (Gentry).
H A B . Hot volcanic bergs and slopes in Thorn Forest. 500-2000 feet.
A variety of this species was also found at Quiriego (Gentry 684).

Mammillaria Oliviae Orcutt Chollita

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 8 1 ) , Cedros (Craig Garden 630),
Guirocoba (Craig Garden 834).
H A B . Rocky slopes and outcroppings in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.
500-2500 feet.
One of the smallest and the most universally distributed species of Mammillaria
in southern Sonora. Children are fond of eating the small, sweet fruits, though
birds often find them first. It blooms abundantly in July, with bright or pale pink
flowers; fruits ripen in the fall.

Mammillaria Sheldonii (Britt. & Rose) Berger

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos (Craig Garden 630?), Sierra Bacatete near Agua
Caliente (Craig & Gentry). Type locality: Hermosillo, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky slides and cliff crevices in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.
1000—2000 feet.

Mammillaria sonorensis Craig, Cactus and Succulent Jour., vol. 1 2 , p. 1 5 5 , 1940

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua. ( U . S. Nat. Herb.
1,791,488.) Type locality: near Guirocoba, southeastern Sonora.
H A B . Usually in partial shade under shrubbery or trees on rocks, cliffs, and talus;
Short-tree Forest. 800—3000 feet.
Flowers March and April. This species is extremely variable in size and length
of spine and tubercles, and Craig has segregated the following varieties.

Mammillaria sonorensis var. brevispina Craig, Cactus and Succulent Jour., vol. 1 2 ,
p. 155, 1940
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba.
H A B . Rocky situations in Short-tree Forest.
Central spines 1 - 2 , 8 mm. long, slender, acicular; radial spines 9; tubercles large,
16 mm. in diameter.

Mammillaria sonorensis var. Gentryi Craig, Cactus and Succulent Jour., vol. 1 2 ,
p. 1 5 5 , 1940
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora.
Central spine 1, to 45 mm., subulate; radial spines 9; tubercles large, 16 mm.
in diameter.
Mammillaria sonorensis var. Hiltoni Craig, Cactus and Succulent Jour., vol. 1 2 ,
p. 1 5 5 , 1940
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo, Guirocoba.
Central spines 1 - 3 , to 14 mm. long, subulate; radial spines 7-8; tubercles large,
16 mm. in diameter.
Mammillaria sonorensis var. longispina Craig, Cactus and Succulent Jour., vol. 1 2 ,
p. 1 5 5 , 1940
DIST. Foothills, Sonora.
196 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

Central spines 3—4, to 35 mm., acicular; radial spines 14—15; tubercles small, ю
mm. in diameter.

Mammillaria sonorensis var. McCartyi Craig, Cactus and Succulent Jour., vol. 1 2 ,
p. 155, 1940
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba.
Central spine 1, to 22 mm. long, stout, acicular, strong, recurved dorsally; radial
spines 8 - 1 0 ; tubercles large, to 1 5 mm. in diameter.

M a m m i l l a r i a S t a n d l e y i (Britt. & Rose), comb. nov.

Neomannnillaria Standleyi Britt. & Rose, Cactaceae, Carnegie Inst. W a s h . Pub. 248,
vol. 4, p. 97, 1 9 2 3 .

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Sierra de Alamos (Craig Garden without number).

Type locality: Sierra de Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest and Short-tree Forest. 2000-4000 feet.
Cespitóse instead of simple, as Britton and Rose reported.

Mammillaria sp.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (Craig Garden 645).
H A B . Rocky arroyo sides.

Mammillaria sp.
D I S T . Coastal plain; Las Bocas (Craig Garden 685).
H A B . Sandy alluvial soil, under shrubs, adjacent to the beach. 10—50 feet.

Mammillaria sp.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Sierra de Alamos (Craig Garden 6 1 7 ) .
H A B . A m o n g rocks in Short-tree Forest. 1500—2500 feet.

Mammillaria sp.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (Craig Garden 5 6 5 ) .
H A B . Rocky terrain in L o w e r Pine Forest. 5000-5500 feet.

Mammillaria sp.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (Craig Garden 509, 510,
5 1 2 ) , Tepopa (Craig Garden 5 1 4 ) .
H A B . A m o n g rocks in Oak Forest and L o w e r Pine Forest. 3500-5500 feet.

Mammillaria sp.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Batopilillas (Craig Garden 5 0 3 ) , Sierra Cajurichi
(Craig Garden 5 0 4 ) .
H A B . In shade of rocks on oak savanna. 3500-4000 feet.
The Sierra Cajurichi specimen is doubtfully conspecific.

Mammillaria sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (Craig Garden 5 9 3 ) .
H A B . Rocky terrain in L o w e r Pine Forest. 5000—5500 feet.

Mammillaria sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (Craig Garden 562, 606?, 5 6 3 ) .
H A B . Rocky terrain in L o w e r Pine Forest. 5000-5500 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA 197

Mammillaria sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (Craig Garden 6 1 3 , 614, 6 1 5 )
HAB. Rocky terrain in Lower Pine Forest. 5000-5500 feet.
Mammillaria sp.
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (Craig Garden 3 1 ) .
HAB. A m o n g rocks in Oak Forest or Lower Pine Forest.

Mammillaria sp.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Arroyo Cuchujaqui, Rio Fuerte (Craig Garden 595).
HAB. Shallow humus on basaltic rock; Thorn Forest. 1000 feet.

Mammillaria sp.
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi (Craig Garden 3 2 ) .
HAB. Rocky slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1500-2500 feet.

Mammillaria sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (Craig Garden 592).
HAB. A m o n g rocks in Lower Pine Forest. 5000-5500 feet.

Mammillaria sp.
DIST. Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (Craig Garden
37), Guirocoba (Craig Garden 8 1 3 ) .
HAB. Rocky terrain with forest trees, Thorn Forest to Lower Pine Forest. 1 5 0 0 -
5000 feet.

Mammillaria sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (Craig Garden 566, 567, 568).
HAB. Rocky terrain in Lower Pine Forest. 5000-5500 feet.
A form showing wide variability in its spine and tubercular structure.

Mammillaria sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (Craig Garden 575, 5 8 1 ) .
HAB. Rocky terrain in Lower Pine Forest. 5000-5500 feet.

Mammillaria sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Cajurichi (Craig Garden 5 2 8 ) , Sierra Canelo
(Craig Garden 5 3 8 ) .
HAB. Rocky terrain in L o w e r Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

LYTHRACEAE
Rotala ramosior ( L . ) Koehne
DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 7 6 ) .
HAB. Wet margin of swamp in Short-tree Forest. 3000 feet.
Growing under Cyperus digitatus and with Heteranthera limosa.

Cuphea Hoo\eriana Walp.

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 3 9 8 ) .
HAB. Among rocks in moist soil on shady canyon slope; Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
Observed only at Tepopa, where it formed a low bush among a rank association
with many other shrubby species.
I98 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Cuphea indocta Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 42, 1940
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2354 type), Arroyo
Gochico ( 1 6 5 0 ) . T y p e locality: Guasaremos, Chihuahua.
Н А Б . Valley and arroyo margins in sandy soils; Short-tree Forest. 1000—3000
feet.
A n infrequent, tolerant summer annual in a warm, moist habitat. A t Guasaremos
it was found under Guazuma ulmijolia.

Cuphea lanceolata Ait.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Conejos ( 1 1 3 1 ) .
Н А Б . Rocky slope; Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest margin. 2500 feet.

Cuphea llavea L e x . Chupe miel

D I S T . Foothills and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Saucito (694),
Cañón Estrella ( 3 2 3 ) , Bacachaca ( 1 4 6 4 a ) , Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 4 8 ) , Sierra Canelo
(1914).
Н А Б . Clearings and open slopes in Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3500—5000
feet.

Cuphea Wrightii Gray

D I S T . Barrancas and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Chorijoa ( 1 6 1 0 ) , San
Bernardo ( 1 6 6 5 ) , Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 1 7 , 1 7 6 7 ) , Guasaremos ( 1 8 6 1 ) , Sierra Canelo
(2870).
Н А Б . Moist bottoms and slopes; Short-tree Forest to Pine Forest. 800-5000
feet.
A common colonial summer annual.

RHIZOPHORACEAE

Rhizophora mangle L. Mangle

D I S T . Seacoast, Sonora; Bahia San Carlos ( 3 6 0 1 ) .
H A B . Tidewaters in lagoons and river mouths; Thorn Forest and desert.
T h e collection locality is north of the Rio Mayo boundaries, but there is little
doubt that it occurs about the mouth of the Rio Mayo. Reported from the mouth
of the Rio Y a q u i , where oysters are said to cling to the bark of the trees.

MYRTACEAE

Psidium Sartorianum (Berg.) Ndzu. Arellane, chokey ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 2 0 5 ) . Recorded observa­
tions near: San Bernardo, Arroyo Gochico, Guasaremos. T y p e locality: Mirador,
Veracruz.
H A B . Shady canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 800—2500 feet.
A slender evergreen tree 6 - 1 0 m. high. T h e smooth bark is light brown with
irregular light-gray markings. T h e Warihio Indians mash the fruit, sweeten, eat,
and pronounce it "muy bueno," or occasionally eat it raw though it is sour and
piquant; ripens in December. Though this species is not one of the forest domi­
nants, it appears to be scattered irregularly throughout the barranca canyons.
 LIST OF FLORA xgg

ONAGRACEAE
Jussiaea suffruticosa L .
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella ( 3 6 1 ) ,
Canon Saucito (696), Batopilillas (2625).
H A B . Riparian in arroyos, canyons, and open meadows; Oak Forest. 2500-4000
feet.
A spreading bush about 1 m. high, with showy yellow flowers; summer.
Zauschneria arizonica Davidson
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Arroyo Agua Blanca ( 5 1 1 ) .
Н А Б . Arroyo margin in Oak Forest. 3000—4500 feet.
Low herbaceous perennial, with showy reddish flowers; September and October.
Infrequent.
Oenothera Greggii Gray
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; San Jose de Pinal (2587).
Н А Б . Moist northern slope in Pine Forest. 7000 feet.
A suffrutescent herb with several reclining stems. Flowers yellow, diurnal;
September.

Oenothera Hoo\eri Torr. & Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 8 5 ) .
Н А Б . Meadow margin in Pine Forest.
Flowers light pink, open in evening; October.

Oenothera Kunthiana (Spach) Munz

D I S T . Barrancas to high montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 3 5 7 ) )
Memelichi (2802).
НАБ. Moist situations; Short-tree Forest to High Pine Forest. 800-7500 feet.
Oenothera rosea Ait.
Hartmannia rosea (Ait.) Don
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 9 3 ) .
H A B . Moist arroyo margins and meadows; Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest.
Though not a common plant, it is the most frequent species of Oenothera.
The relatively small and inconspicuous flowers are pink; summer. Oenothera is
generally rare in the Rio Mayo vegetation.

Oenothera tetraptera Cav.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; San Jose de Pinal (2855).
Н А Б . Pine slope.
An infrequent summer herb, with bright-pink diurnal flowers.

Gaura coccinea Pursh.

D I S T . Lowland, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 9 1 ) .
Н А Б . Sandy soil in arroyo bed; Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.

Gaura Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 17, p. 203, 1937
D I S T . Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (1859 type),
Algodones, Cedros range (468), Arroyo Agua Blanca ( 5 1 4 ) . Type locality: Guasa­
remos, Chihuahua.
200 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

H A B . Coarse gravel soils, sometimes calcareous, on open slopes; Oak Forest

and Pine Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
A showy perennial herb with slender stems about 1 m. long, gracefully recurved.
Flowers yellow, open from evening until morning, when the sun strikes them and
they hang wilted throughout the day. Rare.

Gaura gracilis forma glandulosa Woot. & Standi.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto ( 2 5 5 7 ) , Memelichi ( 2 7 4 1 ) .
H A B . Meadows and milpas in H i g h Pine Forest. 5500-7500 feet.
Distributed as Gaura Nealleyi Coult.

Gaura parviflora Dougl.

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; E l Desierto, Cedros mountains (3044).
H A B . Milpa in Short-tree Forest area. 1500 feet.
Slender, leafy, weedy herb thriving in milpa, 1 m. or more in stature.

Gongylocarpus rubricaulis Cham. & Schl.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 4 0 ) , Sierra Canelo
2
( 5!9)-
H A B . Pine woods and meadow margins, Pine Forest. 4500—6000 feet.
Low, cespitose, spreading bush, widely but infrequently distributed. Flowers
summer.

Lopezia gracilis Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 2 1 ) , Sierra Saguaribo
( 2 1 1 8 ) , Memelichi (2749).
H A B . Bordering trees and rocks on open meadow slopes; Pine Forest. 5500-
7500 feet.
Delicate summer annual 1 0 - 2 0 cm. high. Sepals red, corolla white with upper
petal marked with red and with green spots at base.

ARALIACEAE

Oreopanax peltatum Linden Papaya cimarrón

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui (lost specimen), Tepopa ( 2 2 4 3 ) .
H A B . Deep canyon bottoms in Oak Forest. 3000—4500 feet.
Small, slender tree with heavy terminal foliage in a short, spreading crown;
4—7 m. high. T r u n k a straight bole with gray bark mottled gray-white. Wood
turgid and weak, with a pungent odor when broken. Flowers a dull white, attrac­
tive to some flies and Hymenoptera; November. Fruit ripens in the spring and ap­
pears as a compound panicle of yellowish, shotlike capsules, 2-celled.
Apparently native to the equable and frost-free canyons of Sierra Saguaribo and
Sierra de Alamos; remains in leaf throughout the year. In habit it resembles
the papaya, Carica papaya, to which the natives refer it in name.

Aralia humilis Cav. Tepetate

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 1 6 ) , Guasaremos
(2362).
H A B . Rocky oak slopes.
Shrub or small tree in open rocky exposures. Rather infrequent.
 LIST OF FLORA 201

UMBELLIFERAE
Eryngium Beecheyanum Hook. & Arn.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 3 3 ) , Guicorichi ( 1 9 9 5 ) .
Type locality: Jalisco, Sierra Madre.
H A B . Meadows and canyon slopes in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Eryngium calaster Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 42, 1940
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2762 type). Type locality: Memelichi,
Chihuahua.
H A B . In moist meadows; High Pine Forest area. 7500 feet.
Heads are blue. Only locality observed. Collected by Pennell (18284) near El
Salto, Durango.

Eryngium gramineum Delar.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Saguaribo ( 2 1 1 6 ) . Type locality: "Nova Hispania."
H A B . Meadows in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
Tall summer herb with linear leaves. Distributed as Eryngium puberulentum
Hemsl. & Rose, a synonym.

Eryngium phyteumae Delar.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2770). Type locality: near Toluca,
State of Mexico.
H A B . Marginal to streams in meadow; High Pine Forest area. 7500 feet.
Distributed as Eryngium juncifolium Jones.
Eryngium sparganophyllum Hemsl. & Rose
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 3 2 ) . Type locality: Las
Playas Springs, near Sierra de las Animas, N e w Mexico.
H A B . Meadows and canyon slopes in Pine Forest area. 5000—6000 feet.
Tall summer herb 1—2 m. high, visited by Hymenoptera. Infrequent. Distributed
as Eryngium puberulentum Hemsl. & Rose.

Spermolepis echinatus (Nutt.) Heller

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 3 9 ) . Type locality: Red River,
Arkansas.
H A B . Arroyo margin; Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
Donnellsmithia peucedanoides ( H . B . K . ) Mathias & Constance
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Pinal, Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 0 5 ) , Sierra
Canelo ( 1 9 0 0 ) , Saguaribo ( 2 1 4 1 ) , Memelichi (2720).
H A B . Open slopes and ridges under the pines; Lower and High Pine Forests.
5000-8000 feet.
A widely and thinly scattered erect summer perennial 5 - 1 0 dm. high, with yellow
corolla and brown sepals.
Donnellsmithia peucedanoides var. purpurea (Coult. & Rose) Mathias & Constance
D I S T . Montane and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Batopilillas (2627), Sierra
Charuco ( 1 7 1 8 , 2 9 1 3 ) .
H A B . Canyon and hill in Oak Forest. 3500-5500 feet.
The variety appears to occupy lower elevations and develops much larger leaves
than typical Donnellsmithia peucedanoides, as is illustrated in the two suites of
specimens.
202 RIO MAYO PLANTS

Conioselinum mexicanum Coult. & Rose

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 4 2 ) , San Jose de Pinal (2606), Meme-
lichi ( 2 7 1 9 ) .
Н А Б . Hill slopes in H i g h Pine Forest. 6000-8000 feet.

Arracacia edulis Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Cajurichi (2706).
Н А Б . Sunny meadow slopes in H i g h Pine Forest. 7000 feet.

Prionosciadium madrense Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 2 7 ) , Guasaremos (2462).
Н А Б . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest. 3500—4500 feet.

Daucus pusillus Michx.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cedros (Shreve 6 1 6 7 ) . Type locality: "In Campestribus
Carolinae."
Н А Б . Thorn Forest.

CORNACEAE

Garrya ovata Benth.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Cascada Candamena (LeSueur 824). Type locality:
Guanajuato.
LeSueur refers to the falls on the Rio Candamena, below Basaseachic, as
"Basaseachic Falls," and it is here assumed that they are the same as the Cascada
Candamena (map 1 ) .

Comus disciflora DC.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and probably Chihuahua; Tepopa ( 1 4 1 0 ) , Saguaribo
(2117).
Н А Б . Moist, shady canyon bottoms; Oak Forest and L o w e r Pine Forest. 3 5 0 0 -
5500 feet.
Observed only on Sierra Saguaribo, as a shrub or a symmetrical tree 10 m. high,
with heavy foliage, oval in outline.

CLETHRACEAE

Clethra lanata Mart. & G a l . Madrona

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Saguaribo ( 2 1 3 5 ) , Tepopa ( 2 2 1 5 ) , near
Ocampo (LeSueur 1 2 5 7 ) . T y p e locality: Oaxaca.
Н А Б . Arid rocky slopes and canyons in Oak Forest and L o w e r Pine Forest.
3500—5500 feet.
On an arid slope it was found as a shrub with white, conspicuous bloom; in the
canyon as a tall, slender tree 1 0 - 1 5 m. high, with foliage an acute triangle in
outline.

PYROLACEAE

Chimaphila dasystemma Torr.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones ( 2 8 1 1 ) .
Н А Б . In rock crevice marginal to small mountain stream; Pine Forest.
 LIST OF FLORA
203
Hypopitys latisquama Rydb.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2685).
Н А Б . Pine humus on gentle slope in High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
A red, compact plant bursting out of soft humus. Flowers lemon yellow; Sep­
tember.
ERICACEAE
Gaultheria odorata H . В . K .
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Saguaribo ( 2 1 2 6 ) . Type locality.
Caracas, Venezuela.
H A B . Sloping rocky terrain, calcareous; under scattered pines. 5500 feet.
A low, woody herb occupying a xeric pine habitat. This is the first record of
the species in Sonora, and definitely extends the known range of the species from
southern Mexico. Standby reports (1920) that certain Chihuahuan fragmentary
specimens may represent this species.

Arbutus arizonica ( G r a y ) Sarg. Madroño

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (632), Saguaribo ( 2 1 3 4 ) .
Type locality: mountains of southern Arizona.
H A B . Hill slopes in Lower Pine Forest. 4500-6000 feet.
Has a limited altitudinal range with the lower pines. Common in certain areas,
lacking in others. T h e natives eat the fruit occasionally.

Arctostaphylos polijolia H. В. K. Manzanilla

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2673). Type locality: Villapando,
Mexico.
H A B . On shaded, open talus slope in High Pine Forest. 8000 feet.
Material was collected from a bushy shrub 2 - 3 m. high, the only observed
instance. This record extends the range of the species well into Chihuahua;
other records indicate its distribution as general in the mountains throughout
southern Mexico.
Arctostaphylos pungens H. В. K. Manzanilla, uhí ( W )
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua and probably Sonora; Sierra Canelo (2025). Re­
corded observations: near Loreto, San José de Pinal, Sierra Cajurichi. Type locality:
Mexico, D . F .
H A B . Coarse gravel soils and commonly on calcareous soils on gentle slopes of
sunny exposures; Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
Not an abundant shrub, but rather confined to scattered localities, where it may
form thin colonies. It is more likely to be pure than mixed with other sclerophyllous
species of chaparral shrubs, as it is in Arizona and California. It grows to a spread­
ing, cespitóse shrub 2 - 3 m. high.
T h e Warihio Indians eat the berries and report that an infusion is made from
the leaves for colds and "sarampeon."

THEOPHRASTACEAE

Jacquinia pungens Gray San Juanico

(Plate 27, figure 3)
D I S T . Lowland valleys, Sonora; Cedros (726), San Bernardo ( 1 4 8 5 ) . Type
locality: hills between Rayon and Ures, Sonora.
 R
204 * ° MAYO PLANTS

Н А Б . Valleys in Thorn Forest and to a less extent in Short-tree Forest. 5 0 -

2000 feet.
Normally a dense, symmetrical, oval tree, much ramified, 5 - 7 m. high, but some­
times only a small, dense, bushy shrub 1 - 2 m. in height. Each leaf blade ends in a
small, fine spine, and the stranger's approach to the plant is soon modified. It is in
leaf and fruit throughout the year.
It flowers with a prolific bright-orange bloom through July. T h e salverform
corollas are thick and tough and can easily be lifted off the receptacle entire. The
Mayo, Yaqui, and Seri Indians are reported thus to remove them and put them
on strings for necklaces and bracelets, and it is hardly to be doubted that such
delicate yet substantial floral coloring would be enhancing.
T h e very hard fruits, pointed with a strong spine at the apex, are about the size
of a small walnut and are bored by a species of beetle, which leaves a large round
hole when it emerges.

MYRSINACEAE
Rapanea jerruginea ( R u i z & Pavon) Mez
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui ( 3 6 4 3 ) . Type locality: French Guiana.
Н А Б . A m o n g boulders in gravel of canyon bottom; Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
A small, slender tree with mottled gray bark. T h e branches are small, numerous,
and horizontal-ascending, forming an acute erect cone of foliage. This collection
marks a northward extension from Durango. T h e species may quite possibly occur
in Chihuahua also.

PRIMULACEAE
Samolus ebracteatus H. В.K .
D I S T . Lowland, Sonora; Salitral ( 1 2 6 5 ) . Type locality: Chile.
Н А Б . Banks of warm mineral springs; Short-tree Forest. 700 feet.

Samolus floribundus H. В. K.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 3 3 ) .
Н А Б . On diminutive hummocks of grass clumps in live meadow spring; Pine
Forest. 5500 feet.
PLUMBAGINACEAE
Plumbago scandens L . Plumbago, estrenina
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 4 7 ) ,
Alamos ( 2 9 2 5 ) , Cedros (Shreve 6 1 6 7 ) .
Н А Б . Canyon and valley bottoms under woods; Short-tree Forest. 800-2500
feet.
A cespitose, spreading, perennial herb with weak, reclining branches. Common
in moist bottoms throughout the forested foothills. Girls pluck the flowers and
press the viscid calyx or receptacle to their ear lobes. It adheres, and they have a
white flower for an ephemeral earring. Flowers summer.

SAPOTACEAE
Achras zapota L . Chapote
T h e tree is common in the canyon tributaries of the Arroyo San Bernardo, where
it was often observed. Though it occurs along arroyo margins, it seems better
 LIST OF FLORA
205
adapted to the shallow canyons rather high in the Short-tree Forest, where it grows
to a tall, symmetrical tree 9 - 1 2 m. high.
In the south of Mexico it is known as the "chicle" tree, and its sap is drawn
for the manufacture of chewing gum. The fruit-hungry boys of San Bernardo
make long walks in the hot, dry spring to gather the ripe fruits.
T h e tree is in cultivation in Alamos, a fact which suggests that the wild plants
may be escapes, for there is apparently nothing to prevent independent germina­
tion of seeds scattered by the natives. It is infrequent through the barrancas.

Sideroxylon angustijolium Standi. Tempisque

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Alamos ( 2 9 3 1 ) . Recorded
observations near: Los Tanques, Mescales, Conejos, Guasaremos. Type locality:
La Peonia, Sinaloa.
H A B . Arroyos, valleys, and canyons in Short-tree Forest area.
m m
Tree 1 0 - 1 5 - g h , with spreading branches. Widely but rather infrequently
scattered through the barrancas, where it is nearly confined to the arroyo margins.
It bears a small yellow edible fruit, about the size of a large cherry when ripe in
June, which is eagerly sought by the natives. It has a sweet flavor with a granular
texture, but the skin is rough and will cauterize the mouth if many are eaten.
The natives eat them raw or cook them up into jam, and during their season many
are sold in the market of Alamos.

Bumelia arborescens Rose

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guirocoba (734), Saguacoa ( 2 4 5 1 ) ,
Arroyo Gochico ( 3 6 1 9 ) . Type locality: Colima.
H A B . Rocky canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Large tree, 8—12 m. high, with heavy foliage of thick, shiny leaves. In the axils
are simple straight spines 1—2 cm. long.

EBENACEAE
Diospyros sonorae Standi. Guaiparin
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Alamos (2263). Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Sandy and argillaceous soils in valley of the Short-tree Forest. 1200 feet.
A sturdy tree, with dense foliage, round-oval in outline. The fruit is eaten raw or
cooked with panocha, summer. Observed only in the valley of Alamos. T h e
Sonoran persimmon.
LOGANACEAE

Buddleia parviflora Standi.

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 3 9 7 ) , Curohui (3663). Type locality:
Cuernavaca, Morelos.
H A B . Mesa, slope, and canyon; Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.
At Tepopa this species formed a leafy bush about 1 m. high; at Curohui material
was collected from a twisted shrub with brown, shreddy bark. N e w to Sonoran
collections.
Buddleia Wrightii Robins Lengua buey
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Arroyo Cuchujaqui ( 2 2 1 0 ) . Type locality: Mazatlan
River, Sinaloa.
20Ó RIO MAYO PLANTS

H A B . Alluvial soils, usually coarse, marginal to arroyos in Thorn Forest and

Short-tree Forest. 500-1500 feet.
Bushy, spreading shrub 2 m. high. T h e flowers are yellow and have a sweet,
carrion-like odor attractive to many species of flies; May and June. It is common
along arroyos in the foothills and often forms dense banks bordering the stream
beds.
GENTIANACEAE
Erythraea Douglasii Gray
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 2 1 ) , Curohui (3642a).
H A B . Shady canyon slopes and bottoms; Oak Forest. 3500-5000 feet.
Spring annual, with pinkish flowers closing at night and under the shadow of
clouds and opening in sunlight. Rare.

Gentiana superba Greene Clavel

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 2 6 ) .
H A B . Moist meadows; H i g h Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Riparian summer herb with a showy flower; petals blue, throat white. It was
just beginning to bloom at the time of collection in mid-September. T h e natives
said that a little later the meadows of Memelichi would be beautifully covered
with "clavel."

Hálenla brevicornis Don

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Saguaribo ( 2 1 0 0 ) , Sierra de Papas (604).
H A B . On grassy wooded slope in Pine Forest. 5500 feet.
A n infrequent and obscure summer annual.

Hálenla breviflora var. latifolia (Schl. & C h a m . ) Allen

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 4 2 ) , Sierra de Papas
(667), Sierra Saguaribo (2099), Memelichi ( 2 7 1 4 ) .
H A B . Grassy slopes in Pine Forest. 5000-7500 feet.

Hálenla Palmen Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2686).
H A B . With sparse grass on dry meadow slope. 7500 feet.

Hálenla recurva (Smith) Allen

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2674), Cajurichi (2711).
H A B . Wooded pine slopes. 7000-8000 feet.

Eustoma exaltatutn ( L . ) Griseb.

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Salitral ( 1 5 7 9 ) .
H A B . W a r m mineral-spring swamp; Short-tree Forest. 700 feet.
A summer annual, strict in habit and erect, with simple, sessile, ovate, sclero-
phyllous leaves borne all along the stems. Corolla pale lavender with deep-purple
lines in throat; summer.
APOCYNACEAE
Plumería mollis H . B . K . Cacalosuchi
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Alamos (Rose, Standley,
5c Russell 1 2 8 5 2 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 4 5 2 ) . Type locality: Orinoco River.
 LIST OF FLORA
207
Н А Б . Rock crevices and talus at foot of cliffs on sunny exposures, mainly in
Short-tree Forest, but occasionally in Thorn Forest and Oak Forest. 800-3500 feet.
A succulent shrub on hot and arid rocks, single-stemmed or cespitose, 1 - 5 m.
high. T h e stems are thick and naked, and only during the summer rainy season
is a rich green whorl of large leaves present on the ends of the branches. Large,
showy panicles of white and sweet-scented flowers rise out of the center of the leaf
whorls and are at their fullest in July. Commonly scattered throughout the lower
Rio Mayo country.

Stemmadenia Palmeri Rose & Standi. Beraco, peychi ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 7 5 ) , Guasaremos ( 2 3 3 2 ) .
Recorded observations near: San Bernardo, Mescales. Type locality: Imala, Sinaloa.
Н А Б . Arroyo margins and canyons; Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Shrub or small tree, 2 - 7 m. high, with dense, heavy foliage usually persisting
through the year, though greatly reduced at the peak of the dry season in June.
It is dichotomously branched. Flowers are large and showy, yellow, and caducous;
they appear in June and last through July. The paired fruits look much like a pair
of testes, and when ripe burst slowly open to expose a red pulp surrounding the
seeds.
The Warihio Indians describe the latex of the plant as being good for sore
eyes and a cure for several afflictions.

Vallesia glabra Cav. Sitavaro, palo verde

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 6 4 ) . Recorded observations near:
Navojoa, Alamos, Tesopaco. Type locality: Nova Hispania.
Н А Б . Deep, rich argillaceous soils in valleys and plains; Thorn Forest and Short-
tree Forest. 1 0 0 - 1 5 0 0 feet.
Slender evergreen shrub 2—3 m. high. The fruit is a pale, clear, opalescent ovoid,
hanging scattered like globules over the plant. Flowers small and white; spring.
It is a common plant throughout the lowland valleys, especially around Navojoa,
and is one of the few dominants which, with Celtis iguanea and Pisonia capitata,
form the green associations along arroyos and valley bottoms.
The juicy pulp of the small fruits is reported to be squeezed into the eyes as a
remedy for "pinkeye" and other eye diseases.

Macrosiphonia hypoleuca (Benth.) Muell. A r g .

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 1 9 , 2 3 1 2 ) . Type
locality: Aguascalientes.
H A B . Open, rocky grass slopes; Lower Pine Forest. 4500-5500 feet.
A low, suffrutescent herb with showy white flowers, scattered infrequently over
Sierra Charuco. Pennell collected it on Sierra Saguaribo. Flowers summer.
Macrosiphonia Woodsoniana Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 43,
j Q A 0 San Juanito
^ (Plate 28, figure 2)
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (1839, 2342 type). Type locality:
Guasaremos, Chihuahua.
H A B . Open, arid slopes; Oak Forest. 3200-4500 feet.
A low, woody bush 7 - 1 0 dm. high, spreading and intricately branched. Flowers
July; petals white with a pink bar on the ventral surface along the upper margin.
They wilt under the strong noonday sun. Fruit September.
208 RIO MAYO PLANTS

K n o w n only from the oak-covered hills surrounding the valley of Guasaremos,

where it is infrequently scattered.

Mandevilla foliosa (Muell. A r g . ) House

Secondatia stans (Gray) Standi.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 0 3 , 2300). Type
locality: Mexico, D . F .
H A B . Wooded slopes in Oak Forest and L o w e r Pine Forest. 4000-5000 feet.
Suffrutescent perennial bush with leafy stems, single or cespitose, about 1 m. high.
Flowers yellow, almost hidden in the large, ascending leaves; summer. Observed
only on Sierra Charuco near the boundary line between Sonora and Chihuahua.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Cryptostegia grandiflora (Roxb.) R. B r .

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos ( 1 6 6 3 ) . Type locality: India.
H A B . Valley and arroyo in Short-tree Forest. 1000—1500 feet.
This species is commonly planted in the gardens of Alamos for its large, showy
flowers, but has escaped cultivation and is now on its way growing up and down
the arroyo running past the town. T h e inhabitants report it to be poisonous to
livestock. It is known to contain rubber.

Gomphocarpus hypoleucus Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 3 4 ) .
H A B . On cool pine slopes. 7500 feet.

Asclepias Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 45, 1940
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2330 type, 1 8 6 2 ) . Type locality:
Guasaremos, Chihuahua.
H A B . Open, grassy slopes, gravelly soil; Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.
Low, erect, perennial herb 15—30 cm. high, with a single or double stem. The
flowers are very attractive, with an orange corona and red petals, very much like
Asclepias cwassavica, which has been cultivated as an ornamental. Flowers summer.
It is known only from the hills immediately surrounding the valley of Guasa­
remos, and though the author was in Guasaremos for over a month, only a few
score plants were found, widely scattered in the vicinity. Until another locality is
found where the species is more plentiful, it must remain a rare plant in collections.

Asclepias glaucescens H . В . K . Palowisi nahcala ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 5 2 ) , Cienegita ( 2 6 5 2 ) .
H A B . Canyon slopes and bottoms in Oak Forest. 3000—4000 feet.
Scattered infrequently through the oak zone.
Asclepias Linaria Cav. Yerba de cuervo
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (2306), Los Cascarones
(2810).
H A B . Sunny exposures in Pine Forest. 4000-7000 feet.
Forms a low, spreading bush 5 - 1 0 dm. high, with few or many steins from the
base, the whole rather leafy and suggestive of slender pine boughs. Flowers sum­
mer; petals white, corona yellow. Infrequent but widely distributed.
 LIST OF FLORA 20Q

Asclepias mexicana Cav.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Arroyo Agua Blanca (504), San Bernardo ( 1 4 8 4 ) ,
Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 1 7 ) .
H A B . Arroyo margins, rocks; Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 800-3500 feet.
Low herb, perennial from root crown. Flowers July; petals white, corona yellow.

Asclepias subulata Dene.

D I S T . Lowland, Sonora; Chinobampo (2984). Type locality: Nova Hispania?
Нлв. Calcareous clay soils in barren areas; Thorn Forest. 400-1000 feet.
The distribution of Asclepias subulata in southern Sonora appears to correspond
closely to the "lime beds" scattered through the foothill valleys, where few other
plants can cope with the adverse soil conditions.

Asclepias suffrutex Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 45, 1940
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guisiego (2388 type). Type locality: Guisiego,
Chihuahua.
H A B . Growing out of crevices in a large boulder on slope in Oak Forest. 3000
feet.
Low perennial from a woody base, 30-40 cm. high. Flowers August; petals white,
corona dull yellowish. A delicate plant.

Metastelma barbigerum Scheele

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 7 3 ) .
H A B . Growing over shrub in sandy clay soil high in the deciduous Short-tree
Forest. 3000 feet.
A delicately branched, attenuated vine climbing on Manihot isoloba. Flowers
summer; sepals green, petals white.

Metastelma minutiflorum Wiggins, Contr. Dudley Herb., vol. 3, p. 7 1 , 1940

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Piedras Verdes, north of Alamos (4857). Type locality:
7 miles south of Magdalena, Sonora.
H A B . Shrub-grassland in volcanic rocky hills; Thorn Forest. 500—1000 feet.
Milky vine twining on shrubs. The present suite of specimens shows occasional
large leaves, 7-8 mm. wide, along with the more typical narrow ones, 2 - 3 mm.
wide. Apparently rare.

Funastrum clausum (Jacq.) Schltr.

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo (2286).
H A B . Arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest. 600-1500 feet.
A large vine trailing profusely over the marginal arroyo shrubs, as Celtis iguanea,
Pisonia capitata, Hymenoclea monogyra, and Prosopis chilensis. Hymenoptera
and Lepidoptera visit the showy white flowers. Active through the summer
rainy season.
In many respects of habit and situation it resembles the winter dominant vine,
besine interrupta. Both are large vines forming mantles over arroyo-margin shrub­
bery, and it may be only coincidental that one is active in winter and spring whereas
the other is active through summer and fall, but this fact suggests interesting
ecological implications.
210 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

Funastrum cumanense ( H . B . K . ) Schlecht.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 0 8 ) . Type locality: Cumana,
Venezuela.
H A B . Growing about fields as a vine on shrubs in the lowland forest area. 500-
2000 feet.

Funastrum pannosum (Dene.) Schltr.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2369).
H A B . Forest slopes and adobe mesas; Oak Forest and Short-tree Forest. 2000-
3500 feet.
Material collected from a vine with white flowers climbing on Acacia pennatula;
August.

Vincetoxicum caudatum ( G r a y ) Standi. Talayote

D I S T . Lowlands and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (1628),
Guasaremos ( 2 4 1 1 ) . Type locality: Hacienda San José, south of Batopilas, Chi­
huahua.
H A B . Coarse, sandy soils of valleys in Short-tree Forest. 800—3000 feet.
A small perennial ground vine with many weak stems from the root crown
lying on the ground or propped up against other herbs; not climbing, rather leafy
and bushy. T h e native people sometimes eat the young fruits either raw or roasted.
Flowers and fruits in summer.
Vincetoxicum quercetorum Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 271,
*937
D I S T . Montane or barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (2297 type,
1 7 3 9 ) , Guasaremos ( 1 5 6 1 ) . T y p e locality: Sierra Charuco, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky hill slopes in Oak Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
A scandent perennial with an erect woody caudex about 1 m. high, with white
bark, about 1 cm. in diameter; branches 1—2 m. long, trailing on neighboring
plants or rocks. Flowers summer; petals olive green, bluish purple in the saucer,
the petals finely reticulate-patterned. A rare plant, scattered infrequently on the arid
oak slopes of the western Sierra Madre.

Vincetoxicum tristeflorum Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 272,
1937 Mahoy piwalá (W)
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 4 1 5 type, 1 5 6 0 ) , San
Bernardo ( 1 6 2 6 ) , Río Bonito, Chihuahua (LeSueur 840). Type locality: Guasa­
remos, Chihuahua.
H A B . Valley and hill slopes in Short-tree Forest. 800-3000 feet.
A leafy vine, usually climbing on shrubs, as in the Lysiloma-Ceiba forest open­
ings near San Bernardo, or under the Bursera-Ceiba forest canopy at Guasaremos.
It is perennial and active during the warm, moist summer rainy season, when
leafage and the clusters of purple flowers appear. During the greater part of the
year it is leafless and all but invisible. T h e Warihio Indians toast and eat the
young, tender fruits.

Mellichampia ligulata (Benth.) Vail

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 6 1 9 ) , Guisiego (2390),
Guasaremos (2439). Type locality: Aguascalientes.
H A B . Moist bottoms in canyon and valley; Short-tree Forest.
 LIST OF FLORA 211

Commonly associated with areas of rank vegetation. A t Guisiego it had climbed

upon Stemmadenia Palmeri.

Marsdenia edulis Wats. Tonchi

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo (1447, 1588). Observed
near Alamos. T y p e locality: Guaymas, Sonora.
H A B . Forested valleys and canyons; Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest. 5 0 -
2000 feet.
A large, twining vine with tough, woody caudex 3-6 cm. in diameter. It was
observed climbing over Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum, Guazuma ulmijolia, and
Lysiloma divaricata. When well established over such trees, it throws a dense shade
during the summer months, during which season it flowers and fruits. The fruits,
however, do not ripen or mature until late fall. The tender green fruits are eaten
by the natives.

Rothrockia cordijolia Pers. Mahoy piwala ( W )

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 5 7 3 , 1626a), Algodones
(2293). Type locality: Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona.
H A B . Moist canyon bottoms and valleys in Short-tree Forest. 800-3000 feet.
Commonly associated with other rank herbs in the competitive cover areas during
the warm, moist growing season of the summer rains. The Warihios are reported
to toast the young fruits over coals and eat them.

Basistelma angustijolium (Torr. & G r a y ) Bartl. Caballito

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Guajaray ( 1 0 9 8 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 2 9 8 ) . Type locality:
Santa Cruz, Sonora.
H A B . Coarse sandy soils of mesa and valley; Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest.
500-3000 feet.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Cuscuta americana L .
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Buropaco ( 1 1 4 0 ) . Type locality: Norfolk, Virginia.
H A B . On Karwins\ia Humboldtiana; open, sunny mesa in Thorn Forest. 1500
feet.

Cuscuta umbellata H . B. K.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Ciudad Obregon (272). Type locality: "Nov. Cali-
forniam."
H A B . On Kallstroemia grandiflora in mesquite-covered valley. 500 feet.

Evolvulus ahinoides L.
DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( x o ) ,
Guasaremos ( 1 8 3 2 ) , Canon Estrella (344).
H A B . Open, sunny slopes and valleys, usually in gravelly soil; Short-tree Forest.
1000-3000 feet.
Procumbent or low-erect perennial herb. When in bloom it is quite showy, with
numerous bright-blue flowers. Flowers sparingly in spring and summer. Common.
212 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Jacquemontia azarea (Desr.) Choisy

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 7 6 3 ) , near Alamos ( 4 7 5 9 ) .
H A B . Milpa margins and roadside; Short-tree Forest.
A south-Mexican species, hardly to be expected in Sonora.

jacquemontia oaxacana (Meisn.) Hallier

D I S T . Barrancas and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella (354),
Cañón Sapopa ( 1 0 8 1 ) , Chorijoa ( 1 5 9 6 ) , Guasaremos (1865, 1866). T y p e locality:
mountains of Oaxaca.
H A B . Wooded slopes and bottoms in Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 500-
3500 feet.
A common vine with a rather wide range in elevation along the whole west
coast of Mexico. Flowers blue-white; late summer.

jacquemontia Palmeri Wats.

D I S T . Barrancas and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guirocoba ( 8 3 0 ) , Guasa-
remos (1849, 2 4 3 5 ) . Type locality: Guaymas, Sonora.
H A B . Alluvial bottom-land soils; Thorn Forest to Oak Forest. 50-3500 feet.

Jacquemontia Pringlei Gray

D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; Guásimas, Navojoa-Alamos road ( 4 7 5 7 ) . Type
locality: Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona.
H A B . Deep alluvial clay soil under shrubs in Thorn Forest. 100—1000 feet.
Perennial vine, twining on shrubs. Flowers white; late summer. Apparently
limited to the xeric Thorn Forest.

Jacquemontia Pringlei var. glabrescens Gray ?

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos ( 4 7 6 1 ) .
H A B . Old milpa slope with adventive growth; Short-tree Forest. 1500 feet.
Differs quite markedly from typical Jacquemontia Pringlei in its more com-
pact form of growth and the dense pubescence of stems and leaves. It is question-
ably referred under the above name.

Operculina alatipes (Hook.) House

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 6 6 8 ) , Guasaremos
(!559> 2433)-
H A B . Valleys and slopes; Short-tree Forest. 800-3000 feet.

Operculina Palmeri (Wats.) House

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo (2039), Alamos ( 2 9 1 9 ) . T y p e locality:
Guaymas, Sonora.
H A B . Coarse clay soils on sunny slopes and valleys; Short-tree Forest and Thorn
Forest. 500—2000 feet.
A large vine entwined on trees and shrubs, as Acacia cymbispina, Haematoxylon
brasileño, and Prosopis chilensis. T h e large, coriaceous sepals harden and persist
through the fall and winter long after flowers and leaves have disappeared. They
dry into an open rigidity, star-shaped, silvery brown in color, and are curiously
conspicuous hanging on the barren branches of trees or scattered over the ground
along trails. Flowers white, closing quickly under the morning sun; September.
 LIST OF FLORA
213
Ipomoea ancisa House Romería de la sierra
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Cienegita (2648). Type locality: between Colonia
García and Pratt's Ranch below Pacheco, Chihuahua.
H A B . Grassy hill slopes in Oak Forest, ascending to lower pines. 3500-5000 feet.
Bushy, cespitóse shrub 1 m. or more high. Flowers white, wilting quickly under
the sun; September. Reported to grow above San Augustin in the Río Fuerte water­
shed. T h e herbage is decocted and drunk for stomach ailments.

I p o m o e a a r b o r e s c e n s ( H u m b . & Bonpl.) Don var. g l a b r a t a ( G r a y ) , comb. nov.

Palo santo
Ipomoea murucoides var. glabrata Gray, Contr. Nat. Herb., vol. 1, p. 107, 1891.

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Cuchujaqui (876),
San Bernardo ( 1 1 5 8 ) . Recorded observations near: Alamos, Los Tanques, Mes-
cales, Tesopaco. Type locality: "America meridionali."
H A B . Rocky hill slopes in Short-tree Forest and sparsely in Thorn Forest. 5 0 0 -
2000 feet.
A spectacular tree 7 - 1 0 m. high, with smooth, white-gray bark like the hide of a
hippopotamus. It flowers in winter when leafless, holding a high, thin spread of
white corollas like stars against the morning sky. These stars soon fall upon the
ground, where the deer eat them. With the summer rains the tree forms a dense
foliage, which on the characteristically recurved branches is somewhat plumelike,
especially from a distance. It deciduates during late September or early October.
In view of the following new variety, it has seemed best to revive Gray's name
for the smaller, less pubescent-leaved form characteristic of the species throughout
the foothill regions of southern and central Sonora.

I p o m o e a a r b o r e s c e n s ( H u m b . & Bonpl.) Don var. pachylutea, var. nov.

Palo santo amarillo
Tree 8 - 1 4 m. high with smooth yellowish bark, sometimes slender and sparingly
branched, but usually much ramified and bearing a heavy crown of foliage. Leaves
c m n
large, 1 0 - 1 5 - l ° g > 5—10 cm. wide, pubescent above and more densely so below,
cordate-acuminate, petioles 3 - 6 cm. long, stout, pubescent. Inflorescence heavy,
20-50-flowered, paniculate; corolla 5-6 cm. long, limb white, tube purple within;
sepals densely pubescent, linear-ovate, obtuse, 1 0 - 1 5 mm. long; pedicels 2 - 3 cm. long,
stout, pubescent. Seeds not seen. Type (3000) in Shreve Herbarium, Tucson, Ari­
zona, collected on easterly base of Sierra de Alamos, Sonora, February 9, 1937, by
Howard Scott Gentry.
Arbor 8 - 1 4 m. alta, cortice glabro ferrugineoque. Folia magna, cordato-acuminata,
c m n a - 1 0 c m a t a
10-15 - l° g > 5 - l > pubescentia; petiolo 3-6 cm. longo, crasse tomentu-
loso; inflorescentia paniculata, 20-50 floribus, pedunculis crassis, pubescentibus,
2-3 cm. longis; corolla 5-6 cm. longa, alba, intus purpurea; sepalibus dense
pubescentibus.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra de Alamos (3000 type and

cotype), Algodones, Sierra Charuco (2299). Recorded observations: Tepopa, Mes-
cales, Guasaremos, Sierra Canelo. Type locality: Sierra de Alamos, Sonora.
214 RIO MAYO PLANTS

H A B . Hill slopes, canyons, and mesas; Short-tree Forest and with lower oaks.
1500-3500 feet.
T h e variety pachylutea differs from variety glabrata in: yellowish bark, larger
and more pubescent leaves, longer and stouter pedicels, larger and more numerous
flowers, larger sepals, and generally heavier inflorescence.
T h e new variety is quite abundant around Algodones and in places is the
dominant tree; it appears thoroughly adapted to a submontane habitat on the high
slopes of the barrancas. It deciduates much later in the fall than variety glabrata:
in October and November.

Ipomoea cardiophylla Gray

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Algodones ( 1 6 8 2 ) . T y p e locality: E l Paso, Texas.
H A B . Fertile valley bottom in Short-tree Forest. 2800 feet.
Rank, herbaceous vine growing with other summer herbs. T h e stems are armed
with limber prickles.

Ipomoea chilopsidis Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 206, 1937
(Plate 29, figure 1 )
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 9 1 type), Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 1 8 ) .
Type locality: Guasaremos, Chihuahua.
H A B . High and arid rock rims with oaks and pines; L o w e r Pine Forest. 4500-
6000 feet.
Shrub 2—5 m. high, with few, irregular branches, in general appearance much
like a long-leaved peach tree. Flowers white with a purple throat; summer. It was
observed only on the rocky summit edges of high cliffs, where it seemed well
adapted to the arid and spectacular habitat. K n o w n only from the southwestern
rims of Sierra Canelo.

Ipomoea costellata Torr.

D I S T . Barrancas and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella (429),
Guasaremos ( 1 8 3 6 , 1 8 7 0 ) , Saguacoa (2456). T y p e locality: mouth of Pecos River,
Texas.
H A B . Open valleys and slopes; Thorn Forest to Oak Forest. 500-3500 feet.
A diminutive summer annual with fine, weakly ascending stems and pedately di­
vided leaves. Flowers summer; tube white, limb lavender.

Ipomoea af. eximia House ?

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Cerro Guicorichi ( 1 9 4 1 a ) , San Jose de Pinal (2594).
Type locality: Orizaba, Mexico.
H A B . Pine-forested slopes. 6000-6500 feet.
A tiny, erect herb of uncertain identity. Perennial, 5—10 cm. high; stem erect,
with new wood branching from old, reddish, finely ribbed with a fine tomentum.
Leaves irregularly whorled, entire, ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, 2 - 4 cm. long, 5 - 1 2
mm. wide, granulate glabrous, the veins branching from near the base, petioles
2 - 3 mm. long. Peduncle 3 - 5 m m . long; sepals with a coriaceous margin, ovate,
finely mucronate, outer ones 5-6 mm. long, inner 7-8 mm. long. Corolla 3 - 4 cm.
long, limb purple, tube paler. Rare.
 LIST OF FLORA 215

Ipomoea Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 46, 1940
DIST. Barrancas to montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2497 type), Guasaremos
(2417), Batopilillas ( 2 6 1 2 ) . Type locality: Sierra Canelo, Chihuahua.
HAB. Argillaceous soils on gentle slopes; Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3000-
5500 feet.
A small, delicate, creeping or climbing vine with pale opalescent flowers, opening
in the late afternoon, summer. The flowers have an unusual color quality. Occurs
rarely in the mountainous country in open areas or with sparse grass cover, as in the
meadow edge at Canelo.

Ipomoea gracilis R. Br.

DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Cienegita ( 2 6 4 1 ) . Type locality unknown.
HAB. Canyon slope in Short-tree Forest. 2800 feet.
Herbaceous, rank climbing vine with purple ( ? ) flowers, summer. As in Ipomoea
cardiophylla, the stems are set with weak prickles, but the flowers are larger and
the sepals larger, longer, and attenuate-acute.

Ipomoea Hartwegii Benth. ?

DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 3 3 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
HAB. Among rocks in shaded gully, Oak Forest. 3200 feet.
A small vine, prostrate or creeping over rocks, with large white flowers open in
the mornings. Rare.

Ipomoea heterophylla Ort. Trompio

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 1 3 , 1 7 9 1 ) , Guasa­
remos (2457, 2458). Type locality: Mexico.
HAB. Rocky wooded slopes in Oak Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
A climbing vine, with flowers opening in the evening and closing under the first
rays of the sun, white or purple, summer. Near Guasaremos it was noted growing
on Calliandra Houstoniana.

Ipomoea hirsutula Jacq.

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (1709), San José de Pinal (2605).
HAB. Moist, shady slopes in canyons; Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3500-6000
feet.

Ipomoea lactescens Benth.

DIST. Lowlands to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 5 7 4 ) ,
Guasaremos ( 1 5 5 8 ) .
HAB. Deep, fertile soils in wooded valley; Short-tree Forest. 800-3200 feet.
Large ground vine with yellowish-white flowers, closing in late morning. The
flowers are much visited by small species of jewel beedes, Buprestidae.

Ipomoea laeta Gray

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua and probably Sonora; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 8 8 ) . Type
locality: Rio Blanco, Jalisco.
HAB. Moist, shady canyon slope under mixed forest of oak and pine; Lower
Pine Forest. 4500 feet.
Specimens were collected from a large vine sprawled over a gully bank. Flowers
blue with purple ribs; summer. Infrequent.
15
2l6 RIO MAYO PLANTS

Ipomoea leptoloma Torr.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 5 0 3 ) .
H A B . Moist, rocky slope in Pine Forest. 5500 feet.
A small vine, with leaves finely divided, crawling over rocks and twining on old
plant stems. A large colony has established itself near the rancho Canelo. Flowers
purple, closing tardily in the morning; summer.

Ipomoea leptosiphon Wats.

D I S T . Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2529),
Guirocoba (2945). Type locality: near Chihuahua, Mexico.
H A B . Open areas with grasses; Thorn Forest to Pine Forest. 2000-5500 feet.

Ipomoea leptotoma Torr.

D I S T . Foothills to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 8 9 ) , San
Bernardo ( 1 6 6 9 ) , Batopilillas (2624), Alamos (2928). Type locality: Santa Cruz
Valley, Sonora.
H A B . Sunny, open areas with sparse grass cover; Short-tree Forest and Oak
Forest, also Thorn Forest. 500—3500 feet.
A low ground vine, with abundant purple flowers open during the day, in sum­
mer. It is common through the Rio Mayo country and is the only purple-flowered
vine below the pines, known to the author, with flowers open during the day.

Ipomoea minutiflora (Mart. & Gal.) House

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Pinal, Sierra Charuco ( 1 6 8 7 ) .
H A B . Moist, shady bank under trees high in Short-tree Forest. 3000 feet.
Collected from a limited colony with stems intertwined. It is a very delicate
little vine, with small yellow flowers, open during the day.

Ipomoea muricata Cav.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 0 7 ) , Guasaremos
( 2 3 3 4 ) , Loreto ( 2 5 8 2 ) . Type locality: Huanajuato.
H A B . Dry rocky slopes; Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 4500-6000 feet.
Small, erect herb, branching or strict, with leafy stems 15—40 cm. high, perennial
from a small tuber. Flowers diurnal, light purple or rose. Scattered widely and
infrequently over the western mountains in the Sierra Madre cordillera.

Ipomoea nil ( L . ) Roth.

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella (439),
San Bernardo ( 1 6 7 0 ) , Algodones ( 1 6 8 3 ) , Guasaremos (2409), Cienegita (2649a),
Alamos (2929). Type locality: Africa.
H A B . Moist, fertile valley lands; Short-tree Forest. 800—3000 feet.

Ipomoea pedatisecta Mart. & G a l .

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 8 7 ) , Loreto ( 2 5 4 1 ) . Type local­
ity: near Oaxaca.
H A B . Under shrubs and trees in Pine Forest. 4000—6000 feet.
Small, tolerant, purple-flowered vine; flowers diurnal. In Arroyo Hondo it was
climbing on small Ceanothus shrubs.

Ipomoea pedicellaris Benth. Mantela de Maria

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 6 1 6 ) , near Tres Marias Rancho,
Navojoa-Alamos road (4880). Type locality: Acapulco, Guerrero.
 LIST OF FLORA
217
Н А Б . Arroyo margins and valleys in Short-tree Forest. 500-2500 feet.
A large vine, perennial, which in summer makes a great show of leaf and purple
flowers over shrubs and small trees. A Warihio stated that the seeds of this species
are taken as a purgative. They are ground, roasted, and then boiled in water. It is
one of the most common vines of the alluvial bottoms.

Ipomoea pulchella Roth.

D I S T . Coastal plain; Navojoa (4746).
Н А Б . Along edge of backwater from Río Mayo, with Sesbania sesban; Thorn
Forest area.
Slender, wiry climbing vine with remarkably long springlike peduncles, bearing
diurnal flowers with purple throats and white limbs and tubes. The leaves are
digitately divided into 5 narrowly lanceolate, petiolulate lobes, the lower often
sublobed irregularly from the lower side near the base.

Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Lam.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 2 5 ) , Cienegita (2649). Type local­
ity: America.
Н А Б . In cultivation in rich valley soils.

Ipomoea triloba L . ?
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella (426).
Н А Б . Canyon near lower oaks. 2000—3000 feet.

Ipomoea sp.
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Cañón Sapopa (1088), Guirocoba (2946).
Н А Б . Coarse sandy soils in waste lands and milpa margins; Short-tree Forest
area. 1000—2000 feet.
A small, twining vine with finely dissected leaves. Flowers summer; limb white,
tube purple. Belongs in the subsection Pedatisectae.

Ouamoclit coccínea L .
D I S T . Barrancas and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella ( 3 7 7 ) ,
San Bernardo ( 1 6 2 7 ) , Guasaremos (2426). Type locality: St. Domingo.
Н А Б . Sandy soils in valleys and canyons; Short-tree Forest. 800-3000 feet.
Small red-flowered vine. The leaves are entire-cordate to 3-lobed and hastate.
Infrequent.

Ouamoclit coccínea var. hederijolia ( G r a y ) House

D I S T . Montane and barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 4 7 ) , Sierra Canelo
(2505), Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 7 1 ) , Santísimo (2828a). Type locality: America.
Н А Б . Alluvial soils in Short-tree Forest, black humus soil in Pine Forest. 3000-
5000 feet.
A small, twining vine, with bright-magenta diurnal flowers. The leaves are
deeply divided into 3 - 5 lanceolate lobes and usually saliently hastate, a character
which definitely distinguishes it from the lowland form. This variety is found
consistently throughout the medium montane elevations above the Short-tree Forest.

Ouamoclit pinnata (Desr.) B o j . Trompio

D I S T . Lowlands and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella (408),
San Bernardo ( 1 0 5 9 ) , Guasaremos (2434). Type locality: India.
2l8 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

H A B . Fertile bottom lands of valleys in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.

500-3000 feet.
Slender, climbing vine, with distinct pinnate leaves and lively red flowers. It is
one of the showy summer plants throughout the lowlands, where it is often found
trailing over the rock fences around milpas.

Exogonium bracteatum ( C a v . ) Choisy Jicama

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 7 2 ) . Type
locality: Mazatlan ( G u e r r e r o ? ) .
H A B . Arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest. 500-2500 feet.
A long vine, running up on trees and shrubs. Flowers during winter when
leafless, and makes a showy display with its bright-reddish bracts enclosing the
relatively small tubular flowers. T h e tuberous roots are in high repute among
the natives for their edibility, "like yams," but they are deep and hard to dig out.
Common along arroyo margins.

POLEMONIACEAE

Gilia pinnata ( C a v . ) Brandeg.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 4 7 ) , Guicorichi ( 1 9 7 5 ) , Meme-
lichi (2790).
H A B . Slopes and dry meadow margins; Pine Forest. 5000—8000 feet.
An erect summer annual, single-stemmed or much branched from near the base.
Flowers white; September and October.

Bonplandia geminiflora Cav.

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella (330),
Canon Saucito (686), Guirocoba ( 7 5 2 ) , Carimechi ( 1 1 8 4 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 3 1 4 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 1500—3500 feet.
A leafy, mesophytic, tolerant summer herb; flowers September and October.
T h e leaves show a marked tendency to divide and form small, irregular lobes
at the base of the blade, which is ovate-acuminate, serrate, very sparsely strigose,
and mostly 5—7 cm. long. Flowers pedicellate, subpaniculate, light purple, 1.5-2
cm. long.

Loeselia amplectens (Hook. & A r n . ) Benth.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Conejos (1121). T y p e locality: between San Bias and
Tepic.
F I A B . Arid hill slopes; Short-tree Forest area. 2500 feet.
Summer annual 30-60 cm. high, with white flowers. Rare. This greatly extends
the previously known range of the species from southern Mexico.

Loeselia cihata L .
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella (327, 3 8 0 ) . Type locality: Veracruz.
H A B . Rocky canyon slopes in Short-tree Forest and lower elevations in Oak
Forest. 1000-3500 feet.
A low, suffrutescent herb with fine, reclining stems 5 dm. long, usually leafless for
the lower two-thirds of their length. Leaves and bracts are harsh and ciliate with
long white bristles. Flowers white-lavender; September and October and perhaps in
the spring also. Uncommon in the Rio Mayo country.
 LIST OF FLORA 219

Loeselia glandulosa ( C a v . ) Don

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada (526), Sierra de Papas
(605), Guirocoba ( 7 7 3 ) , Tepopa ( 1 3 9 3 ) , Curohui ( 2 1 4 6 ) .
H A B . Shady canyon slopes, rocky terrain, Short-tree Forest to Pine Forest.
3000-5000 feet.
A low, bushy, cespitose herb, common on the higher slopes. Flowers lavender,
prolific; spring and summer.

Loeselia glandulosa ssp. ramosissima Brand

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Guajaray ( 1 1 0 1 ) , Curohui ( 2 1 4 5 ) , Agua Caliente,
north of Alamos (4843).
H A B . Thinly forested sun slopes in Short-tree Forest. 2000-3000 feet.
Xerophytic perennial herb growing on dry open slopes. Flowers lavender, persisting
on the drying plants through the late fall.

Loeselia involucrata Don

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Pichiquate Canon, Rio Fuerte (974).
H A B . Canyon in Short-tree Forest. 1000-2500 feet.
Under this revived species is allocated a form with larger cauline leaves and
broader and more clasping bracts than the related species Loeselia ciliata. Loeselia
involucrata may be expected in the Rio Mayo basin also, though the author has seen
no material from there.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Phacelia af. congesta Hook. Tomasita

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 6 4 ) .
Нлв. Wooded slopes in Short-tree Forest. 800-2000 feet.
Procumbent winter annual, with pale-blue flowers in the spring. Scattered and
infrequent in occurrence.

Noma Coulteri Gray

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 2 9 ) .
H A B . Sandy soils in arroyo margins, valleys, and milpas; Short-tree Forest and
Thorn Forest. 500-2000 feet.

Nama hispidum Gray

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 4 6 ) .
H A B . Moist, sandy arroyo margins and valleys in Short-tree Forest and Thorn
Forest. 600—2000 feet.

Nama jamaicense L .
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 4 5 ) .
H A B . Sandy alluvial arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
Prostrate, it forms a leafy mat, 7 - 1 0 dm. in diameter.

Hydrolea spinosa L .
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 8 1 6 ) .
H A B . Milpa margins.
An erect, weedlike summer annual, with long, slender thorns in the axils.
220 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

BORAGINACEAE

Cordia sonorae Rose Palo de asta

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Tesopaco ( 3 0 3 1 ) . Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Basaltic hill slopes in Thorn Forest and sparsely in Short-tree Forest.
1000—2500 feet.
A slender tree with gray bark. Flowers white, browning with age, and making
a big show in the leafless Thorn Forest during April. It was observed also near
San Bernardo, but nowhere in any abundance; rather irregularly scattered through
the mixed deciduous forests. The wood is reported to be used for tool handles and
the like.

Tournejortia Hartwegiana Steud. Confiturilla negra

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos ( 1 1 5 7 ) . Type locality: Bolanos, Jalisco.
H A B . Sandy soil in margins of valley lands; Short-tree Forest. 800—2000 feet.
Slender, erect, few-branched, herbaceous shrub, with white flowers during fall
and winter. T h e ripe fruits turn black. Common around Alamos and observed
near San Bernardo. T h e herbage is decocted for treating insect stings and snakebites.
Tournejortia volubilis L .
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 3 6 1 4 ) .
H A B . Wooded rocky slope in Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.
Specimens were obtained from a long, woody-stemmed vine running around
the trunk and to the top of a large specimen of Lysiloma divaricata ( 1 2 m. high)
on Plant Census plot 3.

Heliotropium angiospermum Murr. Soguilla

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Tesopaco (Shreve 6 1 5 4 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 1 5 2 ) .
H A B . Arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest. 800—2000 feet.

Heliotropium curassavicum L.
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; A g u a Caliente, north of Alamos (4847).
H A B . Swamp of warm mineral-spring water.

Heliotropium inundatum Sw.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 4 8 3 ) .
H A B . Sandy arroyo margins and marginal valley flats; Short-tree Forest and Oak
Forest. 800-3200 feet.
Along the arroyo at San Bernardo this plant formed procumbent mats, circular,
1 m. in diameter; in Guasaremos, an erect, cespitose herb. Flowers white, summer.

Heliotropium limbatum Benth.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Algodones, Cedros range ( 4 6 1 ) , Guasa­
remos ( i 8 6 0 ) , Batopilillas ( 2 6 2 1 ) .
H A B . Open, sunny slopes in Oak Forest. 2500—4500 feet.
At Guasaremos it was found in parched gravel soil with thin, short grass.

Heliotropium macrostachyum ( D C . ) Hemsl. Violincillo, tetetawicha ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 7 9 ) .
H A B . Gentle wooded slopes and valley bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 700-2000
feet.
 LIST OF FLORA 221

An herb 7 - 1 0 dm. high, with a single caudex. Flowers spring. Observed only in
the vicinity of San Bernardo, where it was scattered infrequently.

Heliotropium mexicanum Greenm.

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 2 3 6 ) , Guasaremos (2437).
H A B . Sandy alluvial soils; Short-tree Forest to Oak Forest. 1500-3500 feet.
An erect herb, branching from the base, 5 dm. high. Flowers white; summer and
winter or early spring.

Heliotropium phyllostachyum Torr.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 5 9 0 ) , Canon Sapopa ( 1 6 3 3 ) .
H A B . Rocky ground on canyon slope; Short-tree Forest. 800-2500 feet.
A diminutive summer annual. Infrequent.

Cryptantha Grayi var. cryptochaeta (Macbr.) Johnst.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo (1327, 3604).
H A B . Sandy slopes in Short-tree Forest. 500-2000 feet.
A common annual of early spring.

Cryptantha pusilla (Torr. & G r a y ) Greene

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Bachoco ( 3 0 1 8 ) .
H A B . Sunny, sandy hill slope in Thorn Forest.

Lithospermum discolor Mart. & Gal.

DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 3 6 ) , Guasaremos (2386).
H A B . Rocky slopes with loose black humus, with oaks and pines. 3500-4500
feet.
Slender perennial herb, with white flowers; July and August. Infrequent.

Lithospermum lasiosiphon Johnst.

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Cerro Guicorichi (1949a).
H A B . Open mesa surrounded by pines. 6000 feet.
An infrequent summer herb about 25 cm. high, with a basal rosette of spatulate-
lanceolate leaves. Flowers October.

VERBENACEAE

Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt.

DIST. Montane, Sonora; Saguaribo ( 2 1 2 2 ) .
HAB. Canyon slope in Pine Forest. 5000 feet.
Noted as a perennial bushy herb on a shady slope. Flowers reddish purple;
October and November. Infrequent.

Verbena ciliata Benth.

DIST. L o w e r Pine Forest, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2758).
H A B . Warm slopes in Pine Forest.
Locally abundant with Stevia, Linum, and Geranium.

Verbena delticola Small

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella (356), San Bernardo ( 1 3 1 2 , 1 3 1 3 ) .
H A B . Sandy adobe soils in valley margins; Short-tree Forest area.
222 RIO MAYO PLANTS

Verbena elegans var. asperata Perry Moradilla

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (670), Memelichi ( 2 7 3 0 ) .
H A B . Rocky meadow slopes; Pine Forest. 5000—7500 feet.
Flowers bright pink; summer. A decoction is made of the herbage for stomach
troubles.
Verbena menthaefolia Benth. Bercul, weyhooli (W)
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (1341,
1 4 9 3 ) , E l Limon, Chihuahua ( 1 5 4 2 ) , Canon Durasnos (598).
H A B . Arroyo margin in Short-tree Forest.
A common, weedlike, small-flowered lowland Verbena.

Verbena pumila Rydb. Bartanucha, kawiyo ( W )

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 ц ) .
H A B . Margins of arroyos and milpas, sandy soil; Short-tree Forest area.
Common about San Bernardo; scattered along arroyos, colonial in milpas.

Verbena sp.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 2 2 , 1 7 5 8 ) , Cerro
Guicorichi ( 1 9 2 3 ) , Mesa Colorada ( 5 5 7 ) .
H A B . Open slopes and meadow margins in Pine Forest. 4000-6000 feet.
Perennial cespitose herb, with blue flowers in summer. Occurs infrequently on
Sierras Charuco and Canelo.

Lantana achyranthijolia Desf.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 5 6 9 ) , Canon Estrella
(358«)-
H A B . Sandy alluvial soils in canyon and valley; Short-tree Forest.
At Guasaremos this plant formed a close colony of bushy shrubs 1 m. or more
high. Flowers white, visited by Lepidoptera; summer.
Lantana glandulosissima Hayek Confiturilla amarilla
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tepopa ( 1 4 1 7 , 2 2 3 4 ) , Cienegita (2650),
Sierra Canelo (2869).
H A B . Moist canyon slopes and bottoms high in Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest.
2500-4500 feet.
A slender, few-branched shrub 1—2 m. high, with bright-yellow flowers; spring
and summer. Generally distributed throughout the barrancas. A decoction is also
made of this variety as a wash for insect stings and snakebites.

Lantana horrida H . В . K . Confiturilla

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella (358^, 7 2 1 ) , Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 7 8 ) .
H A B . Wooded canyons in Short-tree Forest. 500—2500 feet.
Shrub 1 m. or so high, spreading and bushy. A decoction is made of the herbage
as a wash for insect stings and snakebites.

Lantana velutina Mart. & Gal. Confiturilla blanca

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa (1086).
H A B . Wooded slopes and valleys; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 500-
3000 feet.
A low, thin, spreading shrub 1 m. or so high, with irregularly ascending, slender
branches. Flowers white, blooming long through fall and spring. In the vicinity
 LIST OF FLORA
223

of San Bernardo it is common under the deciduous forest trees, and indeed it occurs
persistently throughout the region, being the most abundant of the genus. It is
listed on Plant Census plots 1 , 3 , and 7 (pp. 5 2 , 5 4 - 5 5 , 5 9 ) . It has the same medicinal
uses as the preceding species.

Lippia Berlandieri Schauer

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; between Tesopaco and Cedros (Shreve 6 1 5 0 , 6 1 7 3 ) .
H A B . Thorn Forest.

Lippia Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 2 0 7 , 1 9 3 7
DIST. Barrancas and foothills, Sonora; Agrimensor ( 3 0 3 9 type), Tepopa ( 1 3 8 5 ) ,
Algodones ( 2 0 3 7 ) . T y p e locality: Agrimensor, Cedros range, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky slopes and mesas in Oak Forest. 2 8 0 0 - 4 0 0 0 feet.
On the arid rocky slopes it forms a rather spindling shrub 1 - 2 m. high, but on the
mesas with deeper and moister soils it may form a large, bushy shrub 3 - 5 m. high.
On a mesa near Algodones by Sierra Charuco it plays locally a dominant part in the
make-up of the cover. In general, however, it is rather widely scattered as individual
shrubs. Flowers yellowish; spring and late summer.
This shrub is not closely allied to Lippia barbata Brandeg., as suggested by Stand-
ley, nor is it to be confused with the tree Lippia Pringlei Briq. Though the flower
structure of the latter and of L. Gentryi may be very similar, no close observer would
take them for the same species in the field. It has recently been collected in northern
Sinaloa, Puerto á Tamiapa ( 5 8 3 4 ) .

Lippia Palmeri Wats. Orégano

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Rancho Viejo, southwest of Alamos ( 3 0 0 7 ) . Type
locality: Guaymas, Sonora.
H A B . Basaltic clay soils on open slopes and mesas. 2 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 feet.
A low, cespitóse shrub with numerous short, slender, irregular branches. South­
west of Alamos on rolling, open, sun-baked mesas it forms abundant open-spaced
stands mixed with other shrubs, and the locality is redolent with the rich, aromatic
odor of the herbage. T h e highland oréganos belong to different families, though
the flavor and odor of them all is characteristically similar. As with the highland
spices, Lippia Palmeri is used by the Mexicans and Indians for seasoning meats,
and is very excellent indeed.

Lippia Pringlei Briq. Bacatón, batayáqui, talakáo ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 7 9 ) , Curohui ( 3 6 6 9 ) .
Observed above Aduana.
H A B . Arroyo and canyon margins; Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 1 5 0 0 - 3 5 0 0
feet.
At Carimechi by the Río Mayo a single, isolated, treelike shrub; at Curohui a
spreading, symmetrical tree 8 - 1 0 m. high, with light-gray bark. Flowers early
spring. This is a tree of the canyons.
The Warihios regard its medicinal qualities as particularly efHcaceous; the sap
is used for toothache, the leaves after being steeped in hot water are coated with
mentholatum, other ointment, or grease and applied to bruises, sores, headaches, etc.

Priva áspera H . B . K .
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 3 5 ) , Sierra Canelo
(2524)-
 R
224 I ° M A Y O PLANTS

НАБ. Hill slopes and canyon bottoms; Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest.
4000-5000 feet.
Perennial, shrublike herb, with a woody base and long, slender, arching branches
on the slopes, or rank and herbaceous in moist bottoms; 1—2 m. high. Flowers
lavender; summer. Infrequent.
Priva lappulacea ( L . ) Pers.
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Canon Guadalupe, Sierra Saguaribo ( 1 3 8 3 ) , Chorijoa
( 1 6 0 4 ) , Guasaremos ( 1 5 7 1 ) .
НАБ. Canyon slopes and milpa clearings; Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Colonial, perennial herb 1 m. or less high. Flowers pale blue or light purple;
summer.
Vitex mollis H . В . K . Uvulama, huhuwali ( W )
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Bacachaca ( 1 4 5 5 ) . Recorded observa­
tions near: Alamos, Mescales, Carimechi, Guasaremos. T y p e locality: Chilpancingo,
Guerrero.
НАБ. Riparian in canyon bottoms; Short-tree Forest and lower margin of Oak
Forest. 800-3000 feet.
In the warm, moist canyons this species forms a spreading tree with heavy foliage.
It bears a small drupaceous fruit, eaten by the natives. Burros are also fond of the
fruits and will pick them off the ground. They ripen in late summer, and are jet
black and bitter. Flowers early summer.
Vitex pyramidata Robins. Uvulama, hupari (Cajitan)
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Alamos ( 2 2 5 6 ) , Guirocoba ( 2 9 5 2 ) . Type locality:
Tequila, Jalisco.
НАБ. Rocky outcroppings and basaltic mesas; Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest.
1200—3500 feet.
A small tree or shrub, densely and intricately branched with dichotomous
branchlets. Flowers bright blue with a white throat, visited by several species of
wild bees. At Alamos specimens were obtained from a shrub clinging to the arid
rocks on an open, sunny slope.

LABIATAE
Teucrium depressum Small
DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Tesopaco ( 2 1 9 8 ) , Esperanza ( 3 0 2 3 ) .
HAB. Argillaceous soils of plains and valleys; Thorn Forest. 200-1500 feet.
Procumbent or erect, usually cespitose and colonial. Flowers pale blue with the
orifice purple-spotted; spring. Cattle eat it.
Trichostema arizonicum Gray
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 6 9 3 ) . Type locality:
Chiricahua Mts., Arizona.
НАБ. Moist open slope in Oak Forest. 4000 feet.
Low, cespitose, perennial bush; colonial. Flowers lavender; summer. Observed
only on Sierra Charuco near the Sonora-Chihuahua boundary.
Scutellaria sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto ( 2 5 7 0 ) .
НАБ. Marginal to little meadow streams; Pine Forest. 6000 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
225
Small perennial herb. Flowers purple with a brown-spotted white "tongue"
issuing from the throat. Rare. Distributed as Scutellaria Drummondii Benth.

Agastache ionocalyx (Robins.) Standi.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2695).
H A B . Meadow slopes in High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Slender perennial herb 5 - 1 0 dm. high; corolla red-lavender, calyx red-purple.

Agastache Palmeri (Robins.) Standi.

DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada (562), Sierra Charuco
( 1 7 5 5 ) , Cerro Guicorichi ( 1 9 6 1 ) .
H A B . Rocky pine slopes. 4000-5500 feet.
Widely scattered but never common.
Prunella vulgaris L .
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Saguaribo ( 2 1 0 6 ) , Sierra Canelo
(2484), Memelichi ( 2 7 7 8 ) .
H A B . In meadows and along stream banks; Pine Forest. 5000-7500 feet.
Scattered widely in the sierras. Only a few plants found in any one locality.

Stachys agraria Cham. & Schl.

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto ( 2 5 5 1 ) .
H A B . Moist spots in meadow; Pine Forest. 6000 feet.
Small, single-stemmed summer herb. Flowers lavender, with purple spots border­
ing the tube.

Stachys Bigelovii Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2723).
H A B . Shady foot of high cliffs in moist ground on pine-fir slope. 8000 feet.
In a close colony with weak, reclining stems. Flowers red; summer. Distributed
as Stachys coccinea Jacq.

Stachys coccinea Jacq.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Algodones, Cedros range (466), Sierra
de Papas (608, 665), Cerro Guicorichi ( 1 9 5 4 ) , Canelo ( 1 9 1 6 ) .
H A B . Slopes and bottoms; Pine Forest and Oak Forest. 3000-6000 feet.
The stems are commonly weak and reclining before ascending. Flowers bright
red. Not abundant, but scattered widely over the slopes, especially in the Pine
Forest.

Stachys sp.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 1 4 4 ) .
H A B . Shady, forested hill slopes in Short-tree Forest. 800-2000 feet.
Colonial herb 3 - 1 0 dm. high, tolerant and leafy-stemmed, with thin, meso-
phytic leaves. Flowers salmon-colored, caducous, and attractive to nocturnal
Sphingidae. Observed only in the vicinity of San Bernardo.

Salvia alamosana Rose

DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Algodones, Cedros range (467), Canon
Durasnos ( 5 9 1 a ) , Sierra L a Chuna ( 1 3 7 3 ) , Sierra Charuco ( 1 6 9 5 ) . Type locality:
Sierra de Alamos, Sonora.
22б RIO MAYO PLANTS

Н А Б . Steep, rocky slopes in Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.

A slender perennial with 1 or 2 stems about 1 m. long, weakly ascending.
Flowers light purple or blue with a white throat; spring and summer. Scattered
widely over the basaltic oak slopes, but never abundant, and observed as far east
as Sierra San Jose de Pinal.

Salvia elegans var. sonorensis Fern.

D I S T . Barrancas to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo A g u a Blanca (522),
Canon Durasnos (589), Tepopa ( 1 4 0 0 ) , Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 5 1 ) , Guicorichi (1968).
Н А Б . Rich bottom soils along shady stream banks in canyons of Oak Forest and
Pine Forest. 3500-6000 feet.
A herbaceous perennial with weak woody stems 1 m. or so high, usually in leafy
colonies but occasionally solitary. Attractive colonies were occasionally observed
throughout the sierras as far east as San Jose de Pinal, and were generally re­
stricted to the well watered canyons. Flowers red; both spring and fall following
the rainy seasons.

Salvia galinsogijolia Fern. Cadenilla

D I S T . Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada (569),
Guirocoba ( 8 1 3 ) , Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 8 3 a ) . Type locality: near Hacienda San Miguel,
southwestern Chihuahua.
Н А Б . Sandy soils in canyons, valleys, milpas; Short-tree Forest to Lower Pine
Forest. 800—5000 feet.
A low, cespitose herb with bright-blue flowers in October and again in February,
following the rains. Common throughout the foothills and rare or lacking in the
sierras.

Salvia Goldmanii Fern. Salvia del monte

D I S T . Barrancas to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada (563),
Canon Durasnos (594), Canon Saucito (706), Tepopa ( 1 3 8 7 ) , Sierra Charuco
( 1 7 2 6 ) . Type locality: Batopilas, Chihuahua.
Н А Б . Forested slopes; Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 3500-5500 feet.
A slender, few-branched shrub 1—2 m. high. It often inhabits rocks in arid situa­
tions, and is scattered and subordinate in distribution. Flowers blue, including the
lanate calyx; spring and summer.

Salvia hispanica L .
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Canelo ( 1 9 1 7 ) , Guicorichi ( 1 9 8 6 ) . Recorded ob­
servation: Sierra Charuco.
Н А Б . Moist hill slopes and bottom lands; Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
Rank herbaceous biennial ( ? ) , erect on a single stem with 3 or 4 pairs of short,
ascending, opposite branchlets, and with terminal congested spikes. Flowers laven­
der; summer. Infrequent.

Salvia melissodora L a g .
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella (688). Type locality: Guanajuato.
Н А Б . Palm-oak canyon bottom.

Salvia mexicana L.
D I S T . Barrancas to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo de los Mescales
( 1 5 0 1 ) , Pinal, Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 0 2 ) , Mesa Colorada ( 5 7 5 ) .
 LIST OF FLORA
227
H A B . Moist canyon slopes and shady bottoms in Oak Forest and rarely down
into Short-tree Forest. 2000-5000 feet.
A leafy, green, herbaceous, perennial bush about 1 m. high. The base of the
plant is commonly quite leafy, with several lower branches, which may originate
from the root crown or from the main stem. The large flowers are bright purple,
in a spike 20-50 cm. long, on which mature seeds may be found at the base while
the upper flowers continue to open, indicating that it blooms through spring and
summer.

Salvia microphylla var. Wislizenii Gray

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2800). Type locality: near Cusihuiria-
chic, Chihuahua.
H A B . At base of rock outcropping in High Pine Forest. 8000 feet.
A low perennial bush with reddish-purple flowers. Rare.
Salvia monantha Brandeg.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Conejos ( 1 1 1 8 ) . Type locality: between Culiacan and
Cofradia, Sinaloa.
H A B . Rocky arroyo margin in open atypical Thorn Forest. 2000-3000 feet.
A low herb, flowering in late summer or fall. This constitutes the second collec­
tion of a rare plant and an addition to the Sonoran flora. It was not observed
elsewhere.

Salvia muscarioides Fern.

DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada (546), Sierra Charuco
(1754), Guicorichi ( 2 0 0 1 ) , Sierra Canelo (2864). Type locality: Sierra Mohinora,
near Guadalupe у Calvo, Chihuahua.
H A B . Shady pine slopes. 5000-6000 feet.
Slender, bent-stemmed herb, perennial from the root crown, with 1 to few stems,
few-leaved and with long internodes. The flowering spikes are lavender, with a soft,
hoary quality due to the gray tomentum of the calyxes. Widely dispersed on the
western sierras, where it lives under the pines, uncrowded by other forest under­
lings. Distributed as Salvia lavanduloides H . В . K .

Salvia Seemannii Fern.

D I S T . Barrancas to montane, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2405), Sierra Canelo
(2508), Loreto ( 2 5 6 1 ) . Type locality: Sierra Madre, Durango to Tepic.
H A B . Riparian in canyon bottom in Short-tree Forest; moist slopes and rocks
in Pine Forest. 2500-6000 feet.
In the lower, warm, moist forest, this plant is a low bush or shrub about 1 m.
high; in the cool pine heights it is a small herbaceous perennial 3-4 dm. high,
spreading from the base. It shows a marked tendency to colonize, but also occurs
singly in the Pine Forest. Flowers blue with 2 white "tongues" issuing from the
white of the throat.

Salvia setosa Fern.

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella (445),
Guasaremos ( 2 4 3 8 ) . Type locality: near Hacienda San Jose, Chihuahua.
H A B . Sandy soils in arroyo margins, valleys, and hill slopes; Short-tree Forest.
800-3000 feet.
Low herb, 3 - 6 dm. high, with branches spreading from the base, then ascending.
Flowers blue with white markings; late summer and fall.
228 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

Salvia tiliifolia Wahl.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 5 6 ) , Guicorichi ( 1 9 8 7 ) , Meme-
lichi (2744). Type locality: near Caracas, Venezuela.
H A B . Meadow slopes and field margins; Pine Forest. 5000—7500 feet.
A herbaceous, colonial annual 5—10 dm. high, with ephemeral, caducous, palc-
blue flowers; summer. It sometimes forms pure crowded stands, and the plants
become weak and attenuated.

Monarda austromontana Epling Orégano

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 6 1 ) , Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 5 3 ) , Meme-
lichi (2697).
H A B . Meadow slopes and canyon bottoms; Pine Forest. 5000-7500 feet.
Widely dispersed through the sierras, and in localities of occurrence appears as
widely scattered individuals. Flowers white with red spots in the throat, and the
lower lip with a pink tinge. Used by the natives for seasoning foods. A decoction
is made from the herbage for stomach ills.

Hedeoma floribunda Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 47, 1940
Orégano, mapa (W)
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 3 8 type), Sierra de Papas ( 6 3 1 ) .
Type locality: Guicorichi, Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky hill slopes under pines. 5000—6500 feet.
L o w , spreading, cespitóse, perennial herb with pale-lavender flowers. It is dis­
tinguished by its abundantly flowered racemes. T h e stems are rather weak and
sag under the light weight of flowers and leaves, leaving the plant with an open
crown. It is used as a seasoning by the natives, and the Warihios report that a de­
coction is made of the herbage for indigestion.

Hedeoma patens Jones Orégano, mapa (W)

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas ( 6 5 1 ) , Canelo ( 1 9 1 9 ) , Loreto (2856).
H A B . Gentle slopes under pines. 5000—6500 feet.
Perennial herb with lavender flowers. Scattered widely over Sierra Canelo.

Mentha canadensis L . Poleo

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 2 7 ) .
H A B . In moist meadow; H i g h Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
T h e natives report that either an infusion or a decoction made from the leaves
of the plant is a cure for ailing kidneys and sleeplessness, and is also good as a
refreshing drink.

Hyptis albida Kunth Salvia

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos ( 1 1 5 6 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 2 7 2 ) . Type locality:
Lake Cuitzeo, Guanajuato.
H A B . Valley slopes in Short-tree Forest. 800-2000 feet.
A tall, slender shrub 3 - 5 m. high, with a few ascending, irregular branches. It
is locally abundant around Alamos, where it forms colonies, visited by bees. Else­
where it is infrequent in distribution and inclined to be solitary. Because of the
lanate leaves, the plant has a hoary appearance. Flowers late fall to spring.
T h e natives put a small wad of the flowers in their ears to relieve earache.
 LIST OF FLORA 229

Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq.

DIST. Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Algodones, Cedros range
(463), Canon Saucito ( 4 9 1 ) , Arroyo Agua Blanca ( 5 1 9 ) , Conejos ( 1 1 2 6 ) , Sierra
Charuco ( 1 7 7 8 ) , Guasaremos ( 1 8 5 5 ) , San Jose de Pinal (2849).
H A B . Moist slopes and bottoms; Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3000-6000 feet.
A leafy, bushy shrub 1 - 2 m. high. The flowers are pale blue, with the upper
double lip margined with deeper blue. Common.
Hyptis Seemannii Gray j e c o (yj^
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( 1 1 1 0 ) , Canon Estrella (404),
Guasaremos ( 1 8 2 6 ) , Batopilillas (2608).
H A B . Rocky hill slopes in Oak Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
Shrub 1 - 3 m. high, with long, spreading, slender branches and an open crown.
The flowers are popular with many insects: Hymenoptera, Sphex, Diptera, Lepidop-
tera; fall.
Hyptis septentrionalis Epling
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 0 2 ) .
H A B . Moist, shady canyon slope with a rank association of shrubs; Oak Forest.
3500 feet.
Spreading shrub 1 - 2 m. high.
Hyptis stellulata Benth.
DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( 1 1 0 9 ) , Cari-
mechi ( 1 1 8 6 ) .
H A B . Rocky hill slopes in Oak Forest. 2500-4000 feet.
Perennial woody plant with several stems from the base, 1 m. or more long,
almost leafless, spreading, weak. At Carimechi it was collected in an abandoned
milpa. Rare.
Hyptis suaveolens ( L . ) Poit. Cham, konivari ( W )
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada (565), Canon Sapopa
(1074), Guasaremos ( 1 8 4 2 ) .
H A B . Moist canyon slopes and milpas in Short-tree Forest. 1000—4000 feet.
Cultivated by the Warihios for the seeds. These they mix with sweetened water
or milk and drink as a gruel, which, they say, is good not only as a food but also for
fevers and sluggish bowels. T h e seeds when mixed with a little saliva are inserted
in the eye to remove foreign objects.

SOLANACEAE
Solatium amazonium Kerr. Sacamanteca, palowisi ( W ) , pusira ( W )
DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella ( 3 5 7 ) ,
San Bernardo ( 1 0 5 7 , 1 2 9 4 ) , Arroyo Cuchujaqui (883), Cedros (Shreve 6164).
H A B . Valleys, hill slopes, milpa clearings; Short-tree Forest. 500-2500 feet.
A common herbaceous perennial with one or more stems, armed with spines
throughout, stems, leaves, and calyx. Corolla purple, often with a green "star"
on the inner base. It may be found in bloom at any time except the very dry
months of April, May, and June.
The fruits are used to curdle milk for cheese making, whence the Spanish name,
literally "to draw out fat." See Plant Census plots 1, 6, and 7 (pp. 52, 5 8 - 5 9 ) .
230 RIO MAYO PLANTS

Solatium deflexum Greenm.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Chorijoa ( 1 6 1 4 ) , Guasaremos ( 2 4 2 1 ) .
H A B . Rocky slopes and canyons in Short-tree Forest. 800—3000 feet.
A low summer herb (annual?) with white flowers.

Solarium geminiflorum Mart. & G a l .

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 4 9 ) . Type locality: Chinantla,
Oaxaca.
Н А Б . Cleared land in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
A low, herbaceous shrub with heavy, wide-spreading branches, wholly glabrous,
less than 1 m. high. Flowers in pairs (whence the name), yellowish, about 1 cm.
wide; September and October. Fruits orange-colored, 1 cm. in diameter; October.
A little-known plant, far north of its recognized range.

Solatium gracile Otto Chichiquelite, mambia ( M ) , manilochi ( W )

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 3 4 7 ) , Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 3 3 ) , Sierra
Charuco ( 1 7 1 2 ) , Tepopa ( 2 2 2 4 ) .
H A B . Moist canyons; Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 1000—4000 feet.
Perennial tolerant herb, commonly in moist situations under trees or shrubbery.
It closely resembles Solatium nigrum, from which it is distinguished by its larger
flowers. T h e Warihios report that it is used in the treatment of fevers and that
the fruit is edible.

Solatium Grayi Rose Churuni ( W )

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 6 5 1 ) . Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Valleys and milpas in Short-tree Forest. 800—2000 feet.
This plant is closely related to Solatium cornutum L a m . from tropical Mexico,
but until the group is better understood it seems wisest to retain Rose's specific
name. It is a rapidly growing summer annual with a strong tendency to colonize
or associate with other summer annuals, as Cassia uniflora and Martynia annuel.
In such close situations it is delicate, attenuate, and may reach 1 m. in height.
Armed with spines throughout. Flowers white with yellow stamens, one of which
is enlarged and curved. Occurred on Plant Census plot 2.

Solanum madrense Fern.

D I S T . Foothills to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tepopa ( 1 3 9 0 ) , Arroyo
Cuchujaqui (2207), Mescales ( 2 2 8 7 ) . Recorded observation: near Guasaremos.
Type locality: Sierra de Alamos, Sonora.
Н А Б . Canyons in Oak Forest and arroyos in Short-tree Forest. 1000—4500 feet.
Erect shrub with a single caudex and graceful, wide-bending branches, the tips of
which bear panicles of showy flowers like white stars. T h e leaves may or may
not be armed, though the branches are nearly always set with widely spaced thorns.
Flowers both spring and summer following the rains. This plant appears to be
native to the cool oak canyons and transient in the lower arroyos.

Solanum nigrum L . var. Chichiquelite, mambia ( M ) , manilochi ( W )

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Canon Narcissus, near Carimechi ( 1 1 8 5 ) , Salitral
( 1 2 6 9 ) , San Bernardo ( 2 2 8 5 ) .
H A B . Moist bottoms of forest margins and valleys; Short-tree Forest. 500-2000
feet.
 LIST OF FLORA

Perennial herb 2 - 3 feet high. The Warihio Indians profess to eat the fruit, and
the leaves cooked as greens. Among the Mexicans it is a common form of greens.

Solatium tequilense Gray

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 6 7 8 ) . Type locality: Tequila, Jalisco.
H A B . In adobe soil in ruined building; Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
An exceedingly coarse, giant, prostrate herb with the stems thickly beset with
spines, the huge leaves sparingly so along the costae. The largest of the leaves cover
a herbarium mounting sheet. Flowers dull white; summer. The outer surface of
sepals and petals is covered with a thick yellowish tomentum. The fruit is covered
with fine golden hair.
Specimens were collected from a room of an old ruin with a fallen ceiling,
where one large plant had established itself.

Solatium umbellatum Mill.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 5 5 4 ) , Cienegita (2640).
H A B . Canyon slopes and bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 2000-3200 feet.
A leafy, spreading shrub 1 - 2 m. high. Pale, inconspicuous flowers are borne in
loose panicles at the ends of leafy branchlets; August and September.

Solatium verbascijolium L. Cometón del monte, wahtauwi ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 3 0 ) . Recorded ob­
servations: Alamos, Guasaremos.
H A B . Canyons in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
A large-leaved, spreading shrub, common in the warm, moist canyon bottoms
of the barranca region.

Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Tomate, tomate ( W )

DIST. Lowlands to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Salitral ( 1 2 6 6 ) .
H A B . Moist valley bottom.
Specimens were collected from plants growing wild in an uncultivated area;
probably reverted escapes from local areas of cultivation. The fruits were small and
so acid as to be hardly palatable.

Datura inoxia Mill. Toloachi, tecuyauwi ( W )

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 1 6 6 ) .
H A B . Sandy channels and margins of arroyos and milpas; Short-tree Forest.
500-2000 feet.
A small winter annual with single erect stem, much resembling Datura discolor
of Baja California. Observed along the bed of the Río Mayo into Chihuahua. The
leaves are smeared with animal fat and applied as poultices to aches and bruised
places.
Datura meteloides DC. Toloachi grande, tecuyauwi ( W )
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 3 4 6 ) . Recorded ob­
servation: near Santísimo.
H A B . Sandy soils in arroyos, valleys, and milpas in Short-tree Forest and doubt­
less also in Thorn Forest. 500-1500 feet.
Rather uncommon, and stunted in appearance; not forming the rank, thriving
bushes characteristic of the species in the southwestern United States.
16
232 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

Cestrum lanatum Mart. & Gal.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Arroyo de los Mescales ( 1 5 0 2 ) , Tepopa ( 2 2 2 2 ) . Type
locality: Mirador, Veracruz.
H A B . Riparian in arroyos and canyons; Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 2000-
3500 feet.
Near Jecopaco, in the warm, moist arroyo of Mescales, this plant formed a rank
bank of shrubs with branches spreading out over the running water. A t Tepopa,
under the trees along the stream, it was a small, spindling shrub. Flowers spring,
fruits summer.

Nicotiana glauca Graham Cometón

D I S T . Lowlands to barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo (1318).
H A B . Riparian; Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest.
Common throughout the lowlands, rare inland.

Nicotiana tabacum L . Tabaco, wípa ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2030).
H A B . Cultivated by Mexicans and Indians.

Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal Tabaco de coyote

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 6 6 4 ) . Type locality: Aguascalientes.
H A B . Arroyo margins and waste lands; Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest.
In habit and habitat there is little to distinguish this from other races of the
species to the north. Flowers summer and spring following the rains.

Lycium Andersonii Gray var.

D I S T . Coastal plain; near Navojoa ( 4 7 5 3 ) . T y p e locality: southeastern Nevada.
H A B . Shrub-grassland mesa with cholla; Thorn Forest.
Small, stiff, oddly branched shrub, with white flowers in October.

Lycium Beiiandieri var. longistylum C . L . Hitchc. Barchata, hosó ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Salitral ( 1 2 6 8 ) . Type locality: San Antonio, Texas.
H A B . Open hill slope in Short-tree Forest. 700 feet.
Shrub 3 m. high, with stiff and numerous branches. Observed only at Salitral, in
salty soil.

Lycium exsertum Gray

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Bachoco (2974). Type locality: Altar, Sonora.
H A B . In calcareous clay soil of arroyo margin under Prosopis chilensis and Olneya
tesota; Thorn Forest.
Spindling shrubs 1 - 2 m. high. Flowers purple, paling with age.

Physalis caudella Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 17, p. 273, 1937
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Cajurichi ( 2 7 1 0 type). T y p e locality: Cajurichi,
Chihuahua.
H A B . Open slopes in clearing; H i g h Pine Forest. 7000 feet.
Low, spreading herb. T h e bladders are characterized by unusually long "tails."
Flowers yellow with purple spots in the base; September.

Physalis crassifolia Benth. Tomate de culebra

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 3 4 4 ) , Guasaremos
( 2 3 5 8 ) . Type locality: Magdalena Bay, Baja California.
 LIST OF FLORA 233

H A B . Fields and valley margins.

The Guasaremos specimens are doubtfully referred to this species.
Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Tomatillo, tulumisi ( W )
DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Cienegita (2633).
H A B . Margin of clearing on canyon slope; Short-tree Forest. 2800 feet.
A low, rank, leafy bush with bright-yellow flowers and purple stamens.

Physalis leptophylla Rob. & Greenm. Tomate del monte, tulumisi ( W )

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guirocoba (738), Canon Sapopa
(1042), Guasaremos (2442, 2 4 6 1 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 3 3 1 ) , Arroyo Gochico (3625).
H A B . Sandy soils in moist, shady places; Short-tree Forest. 800-2800 feet.
Forms a dense, leafy hemispherical mound, round-oval in outline, 5-7 dm. high.
The leaves are very thin, delicate, sticky, and nearly glabrous. Flowers small,
about 7 mm. long, 4 - 7 mm. wide, yellow with basal purple spots and bluish
anthers; spring and summer. Common throughout the barrancas.
Physalis mollis Nutt.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2543).
H A B . In pine-oak country.
Low, spreading herb, perennial from a thickened root crown; slightly scurfy.
Leaves long petiolate, coarse, ovate, obtuse, strongly veined, and sometimes de-
current. Rare.

Physalis pubescens L. Tomatillo, tulumisi (W)

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella ( 3 7 3 ) ,
Sierra Bajura ( 1 2 0 7 ) , Guicorichi (1964), Sierra Canelo (2533).
Н А Б . Sandy or humus soils along arroyos, milpa clearings, slopes; Short-tree
Forest to Pine Forest. 1000—5000 feet.

Physalis sonorensis Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 102, 1940
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Bachoco ( 3 0 1 1 type). Type locality: Bachoco, Sonora.
H A B . In rocks on malpais hill; Thorn Forest. 500-700 feet.
A perennial open, sprawling bush, with light-yellow flowers; February.

Physalis sp.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2492).
H A B . Open pine woods. 5000 feet.
Annual; delicate, procumbent, with minute flowers; summer.

Saracha jaltomata Schlecht. Tomatillo, pasagi ( W )

DIST. Barrancas and montane, Chihuahua and probably Sonora; Arroyo Hondo
(1805), Guasaremos ( 2 3 7 6 ) , Sierra Canelo (2528), Memelichi (2748).
H A B . Moist, shady bottoms in upper part of Short-tree Forest, Oak Forest, and
Pine Forest. 2500-7500 feet.
In the more open, fertile spots this plant forms a low, heavy-limbed, herbaceous
bush, widely spreading. T h e fruit is eaten by the Warihio Indians and Mexicans.

Saracha procumbens ( C a v . ) Ruiz & Pavon

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Algodones (2292).
H A B . Sandy soil in arroyo margin; Short-tree Forest just below the oaks. 3000
feet.
234 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

A leafy, dense summer mesophyte, forming compact clumps at water's edge.

Flowers August.
Capsicum baccatum L . Chiltepin
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; E l Limon, Chihuahua
( 1 5 4 1 ) , Guasaremos ( 2 3 5 9 ) . Recorded observations near: Alamos, San Bernardo,
Mescales, Tesopaco, Guirocoba.
H A B . Arroyo margins and canyons; Short-tree Forest. 800—3000 feet.
This shrub produces a "red pepper" seasoning of the west coast. It is a peren­
nial, erect bush with a wide, divaricately branched crown, about waist high and
1 - 2 m. broad. In the fall the "red hot" berry-like capsules ripen and are gathered
in large quantities by the natives. Recently the natives of southern Sonora have
started collecting the fruit for export to the United States.
The method of collecting is highly injurious to the plant, for all fruiting branches
are broken off, trussed up, and carried into the houses. A s the fruits dry and mature
on the branches they are quickly flayed off on mats, on which they are heaped in
large, colorful red piles in the sun to finish drying. If commercial exploitation of
the plant is successful, it is probable that the great majority of plants will die under
persistent breaking, and what has been a common plant will become rare. Or
perhaps it will be cultivated.

Capsicum stramoniijolium ( H . B . K . ) Standi.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 2 2 2 3 ) . Recorded observation: Sierra Charuco.
H A B . Canyon slopes and canyon bottoms in Oak Forest. 3000—4500 feet.
Shrub, 3—6 m. high, trunk slender, smooth, green to yellowish, branches long,
slender, ascending slightly above horizontal. Corolla 1 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, with
yellow petals and greenish-yellow "tree" in inner base, anthers white. Fruit red
when ripe, turning black with age.
At Tepopa the first of June it was found both in fruit and in flower. A tolerant,
pliant, juicy shrub, sometimes colonial with Solanum madrense, or in pure stands,
or sometimes solitary in the deep canyon of oaks and madronos.

SCROPHULARIACEAE
Antirrhinum Watsoni Vasey & Rose
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo (1340), Guirocoba ( 1 4 3 8 ) , Bachoco
O I
(3 7)-
H A B . Rocks, coarse, arid soils in open situations; Thorn Forest and Short-tree
Forest. 500-2500 feet.
Winter or spring annual. Commonly occurs in small, dispersed colonies.
Maurandia flaviflora Johnst. Rastrillo, tahewali ( W )
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 2 8 3 ) , Sierra Saguaribo ( 1 4 1 9 ) . Type
locality: Las Animas Bay, Baja California.
H A B . Shady side of cliffs along rims of canyons; Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.
Forms large, leafy mats, commonly pendulous from crevices in sheer cliffs. In
Canon Sapopa it was hanging free from rock roof in cave opening. It branches
rather irregularly from dry old stems. T h e herbage is viscous. Flowers lemon-
colored, differing from typical Maurandia flaviflora, described as yellow; spring.
These are the first mainland records for the species. T h e Warihios report that the
leaves are rubbed on the skin to cure sores and pimples.
 LIST OF FLORA

Russelia multiflora Sims.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 2 8 7 ) .
H A B . Shady side of cliffs in Oak Forest. 3000 feet.
Cespitose perennial with erect slender stems, leafy through the growing season
in summer, about 1 m. long.

Russelia sarmentosa Jacq.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Carimechi ( 1 1 9 3 ) , Guasaremos (2374).
H A B . Rock outcroppings; Short-tree Forest and with lower oaks. 1500-3500
feet.
Usually grows as a naked-stemmed bush 1 m. high, and is common on rocky
formations.

Russelia verticillata H . B . K .
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Conejos ( 1 1 2 8 ) . Type locality: Puente de la Madre de
Dios, Central America.
H A B . Rocky slope in lower oaks. 2500 feet.
The Warihios report that they use the plant in treating fevers or chills, by boiling
it in water and drinking the resultant tea.

Russelia sp.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 2 9 5 1 ) .
H A B . Basaltic hilltop; Oak Forest.
Low perennial herb with bright-red flowers and leafy branchlets. It occupies
a xeric habitat, associated with Quercus chihuahuensis, Vitex pyramidata, and
coarse bunch grasses.
Pentstemon Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 209, 1937
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Canelo ( 1 9 1 0 type), Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 2 9 ) , Loreto
(2560). T y p e locality: Canelo, Chihuahua.
H A B . Open exposures on mesas and along arroyos; Lower Pine Forest. 4500-
6000 feet.
Low, cespitose, perennial herb, bushy, colonial, or solitary. Flowers whitish,
with the terminal part deepening to lavender; summer. It is a common plant
across Sierra Canelo, rare in other mountains, but observed as far eastward as the
western slope of Sierra Cajurichi, east of Batopilillas.
Pentstemon Parryi ( G r a y ) Gray
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 1 9 ) , Cajon (2985), Tesopaco (3028).
H A B . Open, gravelly hill slopes and arroyo margins; Thorn Forest and Short-
tree Forest.

Pentstemon sp.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Agua Blanca (496), Mesa
Colorada (548), Sierra Canelo ( 1 8 9 7 ) .
H A B . Grassy slopes; Oak Forest to High Pine Forest. 4000-7500 feet.
The stems are weak and declining, 5 - 7 dm. long. Flowers lutescent lavender,
petals deepening to purple, throat very pale with deep-red lines. The most gen­
erally distributed Pentstemon of the Rio Mayo, occurring as widely dispersed in­
dividuals. T h e relationship is nearest to P. imberbis ( H . B . K . ) Trautv. It was
distributed as P Wislizeni.
236 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

Pentstemon spp.
N o less than four other species of Pentstemon are represented by sierran collec­
tions. D r . Pennell has proposed names for them, which still remain unpublished.
The four species are represented by the following collection numbers: sp. 1, Sierra
Charuco ( 1 8 1 8 ) ; sp. 2, Loreto ( 2 5 8 3 ) ; sp. 3, Memelichi ( 2 7 9 4 ) ; sp. 4, Sierra
Canelo (2863).

Mimulus floribundas Dougl.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 4 4 ) .
H A B . Moist arroyo margin; Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
Procumbent winter annual. Forms a spherical mat 6—8 dm. in diameter.

Mimulus guttatus D C . L a m a , tokasoiawi ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 3 0 5 ) ,
Memelichi (2780).
H A B . Riparian in arroyos, canyons, and meadows; Short-tree Forest to H i g h Pine
Forest. 800—7500 feet.

Mimulus pallens Greene

D I S T . Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( m i ) , Arroyo
Hondo ( 1 7 6 5 ) , Cerro Guicorichi ( 1 9 4 1 ) , Mútica ( 2 1 9 4 ) , Sierra de Papas ( 6 4 1 ) .
H A B . Riparian on rocks and banks and around springs; Thorn Forest to Pine
Forest. 1000-6000 feet.
Grows in colonies of clumps; in the lower elevations robust, 20-30 cm. high, in
the pine elevations diminutive, 5—15 cm. high. Common.

Mimulus verbenaceus Greene Pico pájaro

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Durasnos (596), San Bernardo
( 1 2 5 6 ) , Tepopa ( 2 2 2 1 ) , Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 7 5 ) .
F I A B . Riparian in canyons of the Oak Forest and straying down into arroyos
of the Short-tree Forest. 1000-4500 feet.
A colonial riparian herb, with coarse, angular stems and bright orange-red
flowers, thriving in the deep, cool canyons of the oak zone. At Tepopa it was
found on a vertical rock surface, over which rivulets of water ran. It is a common
part of the herbage on Sierra Saguaribo and Sierra de Alamos. Flowers spring and
summer following the rains.

Stemodia sp.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 3 3 ) , Chorijoa (2044).
H A B . Riparian by arroyo streams in Short-tree Forest. 600-2000 feet. Probably
also in Thorn Forest.
Flowers purple; early spring. Specimens were distributed as Stemodia duranti-
folia ( L . ) S w .

Stemodia sp.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 1 4 3 6 ) .
H A B . Along gully on hill slope; Thorn Forest. 2000 feet.
Occupies a more arid habitat than the preceding species, being found on the
open, well drained slopes. Flowers lavender; March. Distributed as Stemodia
pusilla Benth.
 LIST OF FLORA
237
Schistophragma intermedia ( G r a y ) Pennell
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 6 5 2 ) .
H A B . Sunny gravel mesa in Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.
Colonial summer annual. Flowers purple with three deeper-purple lines in lower
corolla limb.

Pagesia procumbens Mill.

Bacopa procumbens (Mill.) Greenm.
D I S T . Barrancas and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Saucito (490),
Mesa Colorada ( 5 5 2 a ) , San Bernardo ( 1 3 2 4 ) , Cerro Guicorichi ( 1 9 2 2 ) .
H A B . Sandy soils in open exposures; Short-tree Forest to Pine Forest.

Pagesia vandellioides ( H . B . K . ) Pennell

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 2 4 ) .
H A B . Oak Forest. 3500-5000 feet.

llysanthes inequalis (Walt.) Pennell

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Salitral ( 1 5 7 7 ) .
H A B . Waters of mineral swamp; Short-tree Forest. 700 feet.
Low, aquatic colonial herb. Corolla white, with inner maculations and lower
part of tube pale violet.

llysanthes sp.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 0 6 ) .
H A B . Riparian in spring water, canyon in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
Diminutive colonial herb 5 - 1 0 cm. high; associated with Utricularia Gentryi and
Lotus alamosanus. Rare.

Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis ( H . B . K . ) Pennell

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 3 5 ) .
H A B . Riparian in arroyos of the Short-tree Forest and probably Thorn Forest.
Colonial herb a few inches high, along stream edges. Flowers spring.

Escobedia af. scabrifolia Ruiz & Pavon

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; San Jose de Pinal (2593).
H A B . On shaded wooded slope in Pine Forest. 6000 feet.
A single-stemmed, harsh-leaved perennial herb with the root stem bright orange.
The large, showy flower is white; September. Rare.

Seymaria chihuahuana (Pennell) Standi.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 0 1 4 ) , Los Cascarones (2664), Sierra
de Papas ( 6 3 7 ) .
H A B . A r i d pine slopes. 5500-8000 feet.
A common summer herb, widely distributed throughout the sierras.

Gerardia peduncularis Benth.

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (1898), Mesa Colorada ( 5 5 5 ) .
H A B . Rocky slopes in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
Low, cespitose bush with prolific bloom. The petals are white to lavender,
throat paling to white with purplish-brown spots and two yellow streaks below.
283 RIO MAYO PLANTS

Buchnera pusilla Bcnth.

D I S T . Barrancas to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Salitrero ( 1 2 2 7 ) ,
Arroyo Hondo ( 1 8 1 0 ) , Canelo (2009).
H A B . Dry, gravelly soils on open exposures; Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest.
3500-5500 feet.
Diminutive biennial, with pale-blue flowers; spring and fall.

Castelleja lithospermoides H. B. K.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Bacachaca ( 1 4 6 4 ) , Sierra Charuco
( 1 5 2 0 ) , Canon Saucito ( 4 9 5 ) .
H A B . Dry, chalky soil with sparse, coarse grass on open oak slopes.

Castelleja patriotica Fern.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 3 1 ) .
H A B . D r y meadow slopes in High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
The natives regard this plant as having curative powers for kidney afflictions.

Castelleja tenuiflora Benth.

D I S T . Foothills to sierras, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Saucito ( 6 7 7 ) , Tepopa
( 1 3 9 2 ) , Cerro Guicorichi ( 1 9 5 3 ) , Sierra Canelo ( 2 0 2 3 ) , Curohui ( 2 1 4 8 ) , Sierra de
Alamos ( 2 2 0 3 ) .
H A B . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 3000-5500 feet.
A perennial spreading bush 1 m. high, usually much branched. It is common
on the outer slopes of the sierras.

Castelleja sp.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Tepopa (2220, 2220a).
H A B . Dry sun slope in Oak Forest.

Castelleja sp.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 2 3 2 4 ) .
H A B . Pine-oak slope. 5000 feet.
Castelleja sp.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2775«).
H A B . Pine meadow.

Castelleja sp.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (662).
H A B . Rocky, exposed sun slope; Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
Pedicularis angustifolia Benth.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones ( 2 6 7 7 ) .
H A B . Shady slope of mountain in Pine Forest. 8000 feet.
Perennial bush 3 - 4 dm. high, with yellow flowers.
Lamourouxia coccinea Gray
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Salitrero ( 1 2 2 8 , 1 2 3 0 ) , Mesa
Colorada (570), Guirocoba (840), Sierra L a Chuna ( 1 3 6 8 ) .
H A B . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest and L o w e r Pine Forest. 3500-6000 feet.
A harsh-leaved, single-stemmed, perennial herb 1 m. or more high. Flowers
red; spring and late summer. Widely distributed on the rocky slopes of the outer
sierras.
 LIST OF FLORA
239

Lamourouxia sp. ?
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (663).
H A B . Slopes in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
A coarse, harsh-leaved, perennial herb producing large 4-celled capsules, 10-
striate on the outside, and filled with an infinite number of fine, chafflike seeds.

BIGNONIACEAE

Arrabidaea littoralis ( H . B . K . ) Standi. ?

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Arroyo Maguarichi ( 2 9 1 7 ) . Type locality: Acapulco,
Guerrero.
H A B . Arroyo margins; Short-tree Forest. 1000-2500 feet.
A long vine, climbing on trees. The bark is warty, the pods long, flat, thin, 50-85
cm. long, 1 cm. wide, late summer. It was also observed along Arroyo de los
Mescales.

Bignonia unguis-cati L. Hiedra, hiegra

DIST. Foothills to barrancas, Sonora; Vinata ( 1 4 7 1 ) , Alamos (2268).
H A B . Wooded slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1500-2500 feet.
A large, woody-stemmed vine with prolific yellow bloom, running to a leafy
mantle on shrubs and trees. At Alamos it was well established on a rock out­
cropping on the sunny slope just east of town; it is well worth seeing. Flowers
yellow; summer. Standley reports it as rare.

Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) Nichols Amapa amarilla

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 2 6 7 ) .
Type locality: Caracas, Venezuela.
H A B . Basaltic hill slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1000—3000 feet.
Tree, 7—15 m. in stature, usually unbranched for several meters, and with a
rounded, spreading crown. It is in leaf from July to late fall. It flowers when
leafless in February, and a colony or a single tree can be seen for miles, for it is like
a great torch set burning with a clear yellow flame in the wilderness. Under the
brilliant yellow canopy the sunlight is transfused to a new quality, and objects
thereunder take on an ethereal yellow glow.
It is not nearly so common as Tabebuia Palmeri, and it is possible that the two
species hybridize in places where they are associated, for near San Bernardo in one
such area trees with red-spotted yellow corollas were found, suggesting a cross
between the yellow of T. chrysantha and the red of T. Palmeri. Later the same
group of trees were visited for seeds, and some trees, presumably those of the red-
spotted corollas, contained only sterile pods.

Tabebuia Palmeri Rose Amapa colorada

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Buropaco ( 1 1 6 4 ) , Teso-
paco (Shreve 6 1 4 9 ) . Recorded observations near: Alamos, Los Tanques, San Ber­
nardo, Mescales, Guasaremos. Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Basaltic hill slopes in Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest. 1000-3000
feet.
Tree, 5 - 1 5 m. high; the bole is usually unbranched for several meters, and the
branches form a high, spreading crown. The flowers are pink to red, occur when
the plant is leafless in winter and early spring, and are so abundant that they cover
24O RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

the crown in a high spread of showy bloom. Leaves appear with the summer
rains in July and last until late fall. During the spring dry season, the thick, round
pods ripen and the thin, papery seeds fall gradually down, floating, spinning, and
traveling with the short, mild gusts of wind.
T h e tree occurs consistently scattered through the foothill forests, and in places
is abundant enough to form local colonies intermixed with shrubbery and smaller
trees. It makes a much better growth in the Short-tree Forest than in the Thorn
Forest, in which it thins out. T h e natives use the hard, strong wood for ceiling
beams, uprights in houses, and posts in corrals. For associates see Plant Census plots
2 and 3 (pp. 5 3 - 5 5 ) .
A white-flowering Tabebuia is reported by the natives as occurring rarely in
the region.

Tecoma stans ( L . ) H . B . K . Gloria

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( 1 1 2 3 ) , San
Bernardo ( 1 0 6 6 ) , Guasaremos ( 1 8 4 0 ) .
H A B . Rocky exposures in Short-tree Forest and with lower oaks. 500-3500
feet.
Except for its cultivation in gardens as an ornamental, this species is rare in
the Río Mayo region and makes up no appreciable part of the natural vegetation
as it does in neighboring Baja California.

MARTYNIACEAE
Martynia altheaefolia Benth.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 8 7 ) . Type locality: Magdalena Bay,
Baja California.
H A B . Sandy valley flats; Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
Prostrate, viscous herb, spreading in a circle on the ground. Flowers July and
August.

Martynia annua L . Aguaro

D I S T . Lowlands and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 6 7 2 ) ,
Guasaremos ( 2 3 6 7 ) .
H A B . Arroyo and valley margins; Short-tree Forest. 500-3000 feet. Probably in
Thorn Forest also.
Viscous summer annual 1 m. high. Flowers lavender with purple spots; August.
Associated with Cassia uniflora, farilla chocóla, and other summer herbs, some­
times in close stands.

Martynia fragrans Lindl. Aguaro, peritos

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 9 5 ) .
H A B . Arroyo margins; Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest.
A spreading, viscous herb, becoming rank, and having for associates Euphorbia
cuphosperma, Franseria ambrosioides, Cassia uniflora, Clematis Drummondii, etc.
Flowers summer.

Sesamum indicum L. Ajonjolí

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Arroyo Cuchujaqui (2208).
H A B . Arroyo margins and in cultivation in valley milpas; Short-tree Forest and
Thorn Forest.
 LIST OF FLORA 24I

A native of southern Europe, where it has long been cultivated for the edible oil
contained in its seeds. It has recently been introduced in southern Sonora and
yields particularly well in Los Tanques valley. Many tons are shipped every fall
to Mexico City, where the oil is extracted and sold for table use.
The collection was an escape several miles from the nearest planting.

OROBANCHACEAE
Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt.
DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Tesopaco (3027).
H A B . In adobe soil in wash in mesquite woodland.
Flowers purple with yellow throat; spring.

Orobanche sp. Flor de tierra

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2027).
H A B . On oak slopes. 4500 feet.

GESNERIACEAE
Achlmenes grandiflora DC.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua and probably Sonora; Arroyo Hondo (1796), Guasa-
remos ( 2 4 7 2 ) .
H A B . Moist, shady banks in Lower Pine Forest. 4000-5500 feet.
Colonial summer annual 15—30 cm. high, with large, showy flowers, purple with
a white tube. Infrequent.

UTRICULARIACEAE
Utricularia Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 48, 1940
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tepopa (1407 type, 2232), San José
de Pinal (2600). T y p e locality: Tepopa, Sonora.
H A B . Riparian in canyons and meadows; Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3500-
6000 feet.
A tiny colonial aquatic, 4—8 cm. high. At Tepopa in company with Lotus alamo-
sanus and llysanthes; at San José de Pinal with Lobelia cardinalis. Flowers lavender,
white around throat opening, light yellow on central indenture of lower petal.

ACANTHACEAE
Elytraria squamosa (Jacq.) Lindau Nachachícoli ( W )
DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( 1 1 3 3 ) , Teso­
paco (Shreve 6 1 5 5 ) .
H A B . Valley soils marginal to shrubs and trees; Thorn Forest and Short-tree
Forest. 500—2000 feet.
A common xeric perennial herb, widely distributed. It was noted on Plant Census
plot i (p. 5 2 ) , where it formed several thousand individuals. The herbage is
infused or decocted for fevers.
Dyschoriste hirsutissima (Nees.) Kuntze
DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Arroyo Gochico (3634).
H A B . Northerly steep slope in Oak Forest.
Perennial herb, 4-6 dm. high, with rather strict branches. Flowers lavender;
spring.
242 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Dyschoriste P ringlet Greenm.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 5 6 4 ) .
H A B . Open slope in Oak Forest. 3000 feet.
Low, erect perennial herb, with light-purple flowers; late summer.

Ruellia albicaulis Bert.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 0 6 8 ) . T y p e locality: Cartagena,
Colombia.
H A B . Forested slope in Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.

Ruellia calijornica (Rose) Johnst.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Bachoco ( 2 1 9 3 , 2 9 7 3 ) . Type locality: Santa Rosalia,
Baja California.
H A B . Rocky hill slope and arroyo margin; Thorn Forest. 500 feet.
T h e above specimen citation is from the adjoining Rio Y a q u i watershed, and the
species has not been observed in the Río Mayo region proper, though it probably
occurs there. There is nothing in habit or appearance to distinguish it from plants
of Baja California.

Ruellia tuberosa L . Yerba del toro

D I S T . Barrancas and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella (353),
Guasaremos ( 1 5 4 6 ) .
H A B . Arroyo, canyon, and valley bottom lands; Short-tree Forest and Thorn
Forest. 500-3000 feet.
Forms knee-high leafy colonies, and is a common summer weed in many local-
ities. Flowers light purple, highly caducous; August and September.

Ruellia sp.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 7 5 7 ) .
H A B . Palm-oak canyon. 2000-3000 feet.

Berginia virgata Harv.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 5 0 , 3 6 1 5 ) . Type locality: "California,"
but probably Sonora.
H A B . Rocky slopes in Short-tree Forest and probably Thorn Forest.
A small, slender, strictly branched shrub about 1 m. high. Petals are pale purple
streaked with green. On Plant Census plot 3 (p. 5 5 ) it was a tolerant forest
underling. Flowers spring. Uncommon.

Carlowrightia calijornica Brandeg. Rama toro

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (808), San Bernardo ( 1 0 4 9 ) . Type locality:
Comondú, Baja California.
H A B . Wooded slopes and bottoms in Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest. 500-
2500 feet.
A cespitóse, perennial, pubescent bush 7 - 1 0 dm. high, with yellowish caducous
flowers in September and October. Very common throughout the foothills.

Carlowrightia glabrata Fern.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Arroyo Cuchujaqui ( 8 5 4 ) . T y p e locality: Manzanillo,
Colima.
H A B . Shady rocky slope of the arroyo; Thorn Forest. 1000 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
243
A white-stemmed perennial herb with large, ovate, acuminate leaves, 4-7 cm.
long, sparsely hispid above and below. Inflorescence a compound raceme, late
summer; fruit November.

Carlowrightia Lindauiana Standi. ? Lemilla

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 4 9 ) . Type locality unknown.
H A B . Sunny rocks of arroyo side; Short-tree Forest. 700 feet.
Perennial with weak reclining stem. Rare.

Carlowrightia pedinata Brandeg.

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; Curohui ( 2 1 4 4 ) , Tesopaco (Shreve 6 1 5 6 ) .
Type locality: San José del Cabo, Baja California.
Н А Б . Sandy basaltic soils in arroyo and canyon bottoms; Thorn Forest and
Short-tree Forest. 1000—3000 feet.
A colonial, perennial herb with grasslike stems, which are whitish on the lower,
leafless part of length and reddish to purplish on the terminal, leaf-bearing part;
about i m. long, slender, naked, brittle. Flowers white with purple lines on upper
petal; fall and probably spring also. (Notes on the Curohui specimens, which may
not be Carlowrightia pedinata.)

Carlowrightia pubens Greenm. ?

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Tesopaco (Shreve 6 1 5 8 ) . Type locality: Cibolo Creek,
western Texas.
H A B . Thorn Forest.
The Carlowrightia species are an interesting xeric group adjusted to the arid
Thorn Forest, where they are found on the coarse basaltic soils. More material and
a better understanding is needed to appreciate their varied adaptations.

Anisacanthus abditus Brandeg.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Agua Caliente, east of Guirocoba
(898), Carimechi ( 1 1 7 8 ) . Recorded observation: near Mescales. Type locality:
Sierra Matapan, Sonora.
H A B . Moist humus soils in canyons of the Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Bushy, spreading shrub 1 m. high or more, often in colonies forming hedges.
The flowering tips are borne on very leafy branchlets. A rare shrub, known previ­
ously only from its type locality in central Sonora.

Anisacanthus Thurberi (Torr.) Gray Colegayo, lustieh ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 0 9 ) . Type locality: Las Animas,
Sonora.
H A B . Milpa clearing in Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
Tall, slender perennial 2 m. high, almost leafless at the time of collection in mid-
March, with pale-red flowers visited by hummingbirds. It is infrequent in southern
Sonora, and the collection is the southernmost known to the author.

Pseuderanthemum sp.
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Agrimensor ( 3 0 4 1 ) .
H A B . On arid rocky grass slope in Oak Forest. 3000 feet.
An erect, slender herb, perennial from stolon-like roots. Flowers lavender; April.
 R
244 í° M A Y O PLANTS

Tetramerium hispidum Nees.

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( 1 1 2 1 a ) , Guasa-
remos (2886), Alamos (2926).
HAB. Hill slopes and valleys; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 1000—3000
feet.
L o w perennial herb, sometimes semiscandent up through bushes. Flowers yellow
with purple lines or markings on upper petal; during fall dry season.

Tetramerium sp. Rama toro

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Sapopa ( 1 0 8 4 ) .
H A B . Moist canyon bottom in Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.

Henrya Ortegana Happ ?

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Alamos (2200), Agrimensor ( 3 0 4 3 ) , Curohui (3639).
Type locality: San Ignacio, Sindicato of San Juan, Sinaloa.
Нлв. Rocky basaltic slopes in Short-tree Forest and with lower oaks. 1 5 0 0 -
3000 feet.
A cespitóse, perennial, viscous bush with weak, spreading, sagging stems about
6 dm. long. Flowers pale yellow with purple markings on lower petal; April
and May. The lack of any other Sonoran collections, together with the long spikes,
yellow corollas, and other floral differences, throw doubt on this being Happ's
Sinaloan species.

Dicliptera resupinata (Vahl.) Juss.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella ( 3 7 9 ) , Cañón Saucito (687), San Ber-
nardo ( 1 1 6 0 ) .
H A B . Moist canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 1000-3500
feet.
Common around San Bernardo. Flowers in late summer and fall.

Justicia furcata Jacq.

DIST. Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 7 7 ) .
H A B . Hill slopes and bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 2000—3000 feet.
T h e species is common in the vicinity of Guasaremos, where it often formed
pure colonies in brakes 1 m. high. T h e corolla is lavender with white "crowfeet"
issuing from a purple spot in the orifice; August.

Justicia mexicana Rose

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Tesopaco (Shreve 6 1 5 3 ) .
H A B . Thorn Forest.

Justicia salviaeflora H. В.K.

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 3 3 ) , Arroyo Gochico ( 3 6 2 4 ) . Type locality:
described from cultivated plants.
H A B . Sandy humus in canyons; Short-tree Forest. 1500—3000 feet.
Erect, shrubby herb or prostrate, creeping, and rooting at the nodes. Flowers
whitish with a purple tinge; spring. A t Tepopa the plant was vinelike, spreading
over old slashings. In Arroyo Gochico it was found growing as an erect bush
on the moist shady side of a cliff, and as a low, creeping perennial in the moist,
sandy margin of the canyon stream.
 LIST OF FLORA
245

Jacobinia candicans (Nees.) Benth. & Hook.

D I S T . Foothills to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Cuchujaqui ( 8 6 1 ) ,
Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 2 9 ) , Carimechi ( 1 2 0 6 ) . Type locality: mountains of Oaxaca.
H A B . Canyon slopes and bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 0 - 3 0 0 0 feet.
A common, widely dispersed under shrub in the forests, usually marginal to small
washes and arroyos. Flowers red; through winter.

Jacobinia mexicana Seem.

D I S T . Coastal plain; near Guásimas, Navojoa-Alamos road ( 4 8 7 9 ) . Type locality:
"Sierra Madre."
H A B . Under Cercidium by wash; Thorn Forest. 2 5 0 feet.
Half-scandent shrub, with red flowers; November. T h e type locality is a mis­
nomer, to say the least; it is not a montane plant.

Beloperone calijornica Benth. Koomeme ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Salitral ( 1 2 9 1 ) . Type locality: Cabo San Lucas, Baja
California.
H A B . Rocks in arroyo; Short-tree Forest area. 7 0 0 feet.
A small, spindling shrub, flowering in spring. It was observed at the one locality
only.

PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago argyrea Morris

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 6 8 9 , 2 7 6 5 ) .
H A B . Moist meadow soils in High Pine Forest. 7 5 0 0 feet.

RUBIACEAE

Houstonia Wrightiana Gray

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 0 7 ) . Type locality:
west of the Limpio Pass, Texas.
H A B . On open, gravelly pine levels. 4 5 0 0 feet.

Bouvardia glaberrima Engelm.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 2 9 ) , Los Cascarones
( 2 6 7 2 ) . Type locality: Cosihuiriachic, Chihuahua.
H A B . Gentle slopes and canyons in Pine Forest. 4 5 0 0 - 8 0 0 0 feet.
Low bush with erect woody caudex, 1 m. high, and pale-red flowers, summer.
Common throughout the sierras.

Bouvardia multiflora ( C a v . ) Schult. Clavelito

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 5 7 2 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Forested canyon in the Short-tree Forest. 2 5 0 0 feet.
Slender shrub, with white flowers; summer.

Bouvardia ternijolia ( C a v . ) Schlecht.

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Saucito (492),
Carimechi ( 1 2 2 6 ) , Guicorichi ( 1 9 8 0 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3 5 0 0 - 5 5 0 0 feet.
246 RIO MAYO PLANTS

Coutarca latiftora Мое. & Sesse Copalquin

(Plate 28, figure 1 )
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua and probably Sonora; Guasaremos ( 2 3 4 8 ) . Type
locality: Mexico.
H A B . Hill slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1000—3000 feet.
A slender tree, 6 - 1 0 m. high, with a profuse white bloom over the crown in
July and August. It is scattered variably through the Short-tree Forest.
T h e bark is boiled in water with salt, and the resultant concoction drunk before
meals for fevers and as a purgative.

Coutarca pterosperma (Wats.) Standi. Copalquin, hutetiyo (W)

D I S T . Foothills to barrancas, Sonora; Buropaco ( 1 1 6 5 ) . Type locality: near
Guaymas, Sonora.
H A B . Hill slopes in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 500—2000 feet.
Small, slender tree, 5—7 m. high, common on the arid slopes in Thorn Forest.
It is displaced by Coutarea latiflora in the humid barrancas. Bark decocted for
fevers, as with preceding.

Ccphalanthus salicijolius H u m b . & Bonpl.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Arroyo Cuchujaqui ( 2 2 1 1 ) . T y p e locality: near Aca-
pulco, Guerrero.
H A B . Moist arroyo sands; Thorn Forest. 1000 feet.
Leafy shrub, with showy white flowers in the spring dry season, May and June.
In the evening it exudes a sweet odor.

Randia echinocarpa Sesse & Мое. Papache, hosokola ( W )

(Plate 23, figures 1, 2)
D I S T . Foothills to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Alamos (2270, 2271, 2272),
Cedros (Shreve 6 1 6 9 ) . Recorded observations near: Navojoa, Los Tanques, San
Bernardo, Mescales, Carimechi, Guasaremos. T y p e locality: Mexico.
H A B . Arroyo margins and valley bottoms in Short-tree Forest and Thorn
Forest.
Shrub 4-7 m. high, common throughout the fertile lowlands, where it prefers
the more open situations, being rarely mixed with dense forest growths. In the
male trees the longer branches often rise at ascending angles, whereas the female
branches are commonly decurved, probably owing to the weight of the fruits.
T h e fruits are round balls with large, protruding excrescences, and filled when
ripe with a black, slimy mass and small, flat seeds. T h e natives, especially children,
are very fond of them. T h e fruits are regularly gathered by the barranca peoples
while still green, before strong-billed birds despoil them. They have a bittersweet
taste. T h e author once was caught in the wilderness with nothing for lunch and
selected these as a substitute. Although he was very hungry and the first one tasted
good, he was satiated with the flavor before he had finished a second one. The
flowers are white to cream yellow and appear in July. In favorable situations the
shrub carries leaves throughout the year, but more often it largely deciduates in
the spring dry season. T h e fruit ripens in winter.
 LIST OF FLORA 247

Randia laevigata Standi. Sapuchi

DIST. Foothills to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 7 9 ) . Re­
corded observation: Cedros range. Type locality: Sierra de Alamos.
HAB. Open hill slopes at the foot of the oaks and above the Short-tree Forest.
2800-3500 feet.
A small, unsymmetrical tree 3 - 6 m. high, with a few irregular branches; a
singular habit. Flowers yellow; June, during the spring dry season. Fruit ripens
in November and is eaten by the natives. The tree occurs irregularly in small
scattered colonies, peculiarly consistent in occupying a limited habitat immediately
below the oaks on open, sunny slopes.

Randia mollijolia Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 7 , p. 2 1 9 , 1937
Sapuchi de la sierra
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Saguaribo ( 2 1 3 9 type). Recorded ob­
servation: Sierra Charuco, Chihuahua. Type locality: Saguaribo, Sonora.
HAB. Rocky outcroppings and cliff bases in Lower Pine Forest. 4500-5500
feet.
Small irregularly branched tree with foliage terminal on the branchlets, leaves
large, but rather sparse when observed in the fall. On Sierra Saguaribo a few plants
were observed in a high, narrow canyon at the foot of cliffs in which were some
small cliff dwellings. On Sierra Charuco a few spindling trees were observed on a
rock outcrop on a slope heavily forested with Ouercus albocincta and 0. chihua-
huensis.

Randia obcordata Wats. Papache borracho

(Plate 22, figure 1; plate 23, figures 3, 4)
DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Alamos (2269). Recorded observations: San Bernardo,
Cedros valley, coastal plain. Type locality: on high gravelly mesas near Guaymas,
Sonora.
HAB. A r i d basaltic hills and valley slopes in Thorn Forest and sparingly in
Short-tree Forest. 500-2000 feet.
An arid-slope shrub with strict, slender, odd aspect, and short, stiff horizontal
branches; leafless or nearly so in the dry seasons. Flowers white; July. It is com­
mon throughout the Cedros valley, and a few attenuated plants were observed
under the forest trees at San Bernardo. The fruit is said to make one dizzy and
bilious, whence the name "borracho," meaning drunk.

Randia Pringlei Gray

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco (2305). Type locality:
canyons of the mountains near Jimulco, Coahuila.
HAB. Near gully on open sun slope in Oak Forest. 4500 feet.
A bushy shrub 3 m. high. Only observed instance.

Randia Rosei Standi. ?

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Bacachaca ( 1 4 6 6 ) . Type locality: Rosario, Sinaloa.
HAB. Marginal to open canyon gully in Oak Forest. 3000-3500 feet.
A dense, spreading shrub, forming a round mound of foliage. Flowers July and
August.
2 8
4
RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Randia Thurberi Wats.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Tesopaco (Shreve 6 1 5 2 ) . Type locality: on hills be­
tween Rayon and Ures, Sonora.
H A B . Thorn Forest and arboreal desert.

Randia Watsoni Robins. Papache

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 9 9 ) . Type locality: Sierra de la Silla
near Monterrey, Nuevo León.
Н А Б . Arroyo and valley in Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
The largest Randia in the Río Mayo region; a tree, spreading and hemispherical
in outline, 5—7 m. high and just as broad. It resembles R. echinocarpa rather closely,
and the author was not able to differentiate them in the field.

Hoffmannia Rosei Robins.

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 2 2 3 6 ) . Type locality: near Pedro Paulo,
Nayarit.
Н А Б . Canyon bottom in Oak Forest. 3 5 0 0 feet.
A tolerant shrub; stems long, weak, semiscandent, loose, straggling up through
Rhamnus betulaejolia. Flowers dull white; June. Associated also with Persea poda-
denia and Prunus virens. This is a new plant for the Sonoran flora, and the only
collection besides the type.

Chiococca petrina Wiggins, Contr. Dudley Herb., vol. 3 , p. 7 6 , 1 9 4 0

Cacachila blanca
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 6 3 6 ) ,
Guasaremos ( 1 8 8 0 ) . Type locality: 2 3 miles south of Divisadero, eastern Sonora
(Wiggins 7 4 9 3 type).
H A B . Basaltic rocky hill or canyon slopes high in Short-tree Forest. 2000-3000
feet.
A bushy shrub, round in outline, 3—6 m. high, with white flowers; late sum­
mer. Near Guasaremos it formed an open, spotted type of vegetation on what ap­
peared to be a hill slope once cultivated.

Crusea brachyphylla Cham. & Schl.

DIST. Foothills and sierras, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella (409Д),
Sierra de Papas ( 6 4 2 ) , Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 3 3 , 1 8 2 0 ) , Loreto ( 2 5 8 0 ) .
H A B . Moist alluvial soils; Short-tree Forest to Pine Forest. 1500—6000 feet.
A common, widely scattered summer herb. In Cañón Estrella it grows under the
sabino trees, Taxodium mucronatum.
Crusea cruciata Wats.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 4 1 ) .
H A B . In soft soil of streamside in canyon; Oak Forest. 4000—5000 feet.
Infrequent. Flowers lavender; summer.

Crusea Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 2 2 , p. 1 1 2 , 1 9 4 0
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 7 6 6 type). Type locality: Guirocoba,
Sonora.
H A B . Canyon with oaks and palms.
An erect perennial herb with harsh, lanceolate leaves 2 - 8 cm. long, and with large,
terminal, many-flowered heads of white flowers.
 LIST OF FLORA 249

Crusea rubra C h a m . & S c h l .

DIST. B a r r a n c a s , Sonora and C h i h u a h u a ; Sierra C h a r u c o ( 1 6 8 6 ) .
H A B . S l o p e in Short-tree Forest. 3000 feet.
Tolerant summer annual.

Borreria laevis ( L a m . ) Griseb.

DIST. F o o t h i l l s , S o n o r a ; S a n Bernardo ( 1 6 7 1 ) .
HAB. A r r o y o m a r g i n in Short-tree Forest.

Borreria suaveolens Mey.

D I S T . F o o t h i l l s to m o n t a n e , Sonora and C h i h u a h u a ; A l g o d o n e s , C e d r o s range
( 4 6 9 ) , Sierra C h a r u c o ( 1 7 3 8 ) , Sierra C a n e l o (2488, 2 5 3 4 ) .
H A B . W o o d e d slopes; O a k Forest to H i g h Pine Forest. 2500-6000 feet.
A n erect s u m m e r perennial herb 2 - 5 d m . high, w i t h narrow linear leaves, m a n y
glomerate, m o s t l y 2 - 3 c m . l o n g , and large terminal heads bearing whitish flowers
in S e p t e m b e r and O c t o b e r . T h e stems are reddish, w i t h the internodes shortening
toward the base.

Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) D C . Sacate

DIST. F o o t h i l l s to barrancas, Sonora and C h i h u a h u a ; C a ñ ó n Estrella (409^),
San B e r n a r d o ( 1 0 6 7 ) , G u a s a r e m o s ( 2 4 1 9 ) , C a n o n Saucito ( 7 0 9 ) .
H A B . A r r o y o s and c a n y o n s in Short-tree Forest and O a k Forest. 500-3500 feet.
A l s o in T h o r n Forest.

Galium asperrimum Gray

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa (2233).
HAB. In moist, shaded c a n y o n of O a k Forest. 3500 feet.
A small, h i g h l y adhesive vine c l a m b e r i n g on other plants. Flowers w h i t e ; copious
in June.

Galium microphyllum Gray

DIST. F o o t h i l l s , S o n o r a ; A l g o d o n e s , C e d r o s range ( 4 5 5 ) , C a n o n Saucito ( 6 7 9 ) .
HAB. H i l l slope a n d c a n y o n ; O a k Forest and below.

VALERIANACEAE

Valeriana apiifolia Gray

DIST. M o n t a n e , S o n o r a and C h i h u a h u a ; C a n o n Durasnos ( 5 9 7 ) , Sierra de Papas
( 6 3 8 ) , Sierra C h a r u c o ( 1 7 5 7 ) , G u i c o r i c h i ( 1 9 7 6 ) , Sierra Saguaribo ( 2 1 0 5 ) .
H A B . S h a d y c a n y o n slopes in P i n e Forest. 5000-6500 feet.
A tolerant herb, c o m m o n l y scattered in certain localities. Petals w h i t e w i t h a
faint b r o w n center l i n e .

Valeriana Lesueuri Standi. ?

DIST. M o n t a n e , C h i h u a h u a ; Memelichi (2739). T y p e locality: Mesa C o r r e o ,
Chihuahua.
H A B . M e a d o w m a r g i n ; H i g h P i n e Forest. 7500 feet.
"Possibly conspecific is G e n t r y 2739 from M e m e l i c h i , R í o M a y o , C h i h u a h u a . T h i s
collection is i n m a t u r e fruit. Since it has no basal leaves and the form of the in-
florescence is s o m e w h a t different from the L e S u e u r type, it m a y be that t w o distinct
species are i n v o l v e d " ( S t a n d l e y , 1940, p . 5 9 ) .
 RIO MAYO PLANTS
250
Valeriana sorbifolia H. В. K.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 4 9 1 ) , Loreto (2566).
H A B . Moist, shady canyon slopes and moist meadows; Pine Forest. 5500-7500
feet.
A tall, delicate, slender herb, with thin leaves and small white flowers; summer.

CUCURBITACEAE

Maximowiczia sonorae Wats.

Ibervillca sonorae (Wats.) Greene
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora.
H A B . Hill slopes and plains; Thorn Forest.
N o collections are available representing the Río Mayo locale, but the unmistakable
rocklike roots of this genus were observed in the foothills between Navojoa and
Alamos. Another species of uncertain identity is known to occur in Sonora.

Cucumis anguria L . ? Melón de coyote, hálu ( W )

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (2284), Guasaremos
2
( 357)-
H A B . Valley margins, milpas, and openings in forest; Short-tree Forest. 800-
3000 feet.
A small ground vine, with yellow flowers in summer. T h e Warihios are reported
to eat the young, tender, bitter fruits and to make a decoction of the plant for
stomach ailments. Common throughout the Río Mayo region.
Luffa operculata ( L . ) Cogn.
D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; near Estación Mori, north of Rio Y a q u i (4742).
H A B . Moist soils and depressions in the coastal Thorn Forest.
This is the first Sonoran record of this Sinaloan plant known to the author. The
fact that it is found both north and south of the Rio Mayo makes it probable that
it also will be found in the Río Mayo country. It is a small vine trailing on shrubs,
with ovoid, ribbed fruits 7 - 1 0 cm. long persistently hanging on into the fall.

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standi. Buli, wuli ( W )

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2029).
H A B . Cultivated; usually around houses, but also in milpas.
T h e hard shell of the fruit is widely used in Mexico as a water container and
dipper. T h e Warihio, Mayo, and Y a q u i Indians also employ the fruits as gourd
rattles in dancing ceremonies.

Schizocarpum Paltneri Cogn. & Rose

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 3 2 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 6 7 6 ) . Type
locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Arroyo margins and canyon bottoms; Short-tree Forest. 800-2500 feet.
Scandent summer herb with yellow flowers. Infrequent.

Sicyos minimus Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto ( 2 5 5 6 ) , Memelichi ( 2 7 4 7 ) .
H A B . Meadows; Pine Forest.
A tiny vine; summer annual.
 LIST OF FLORA
25I
Sicyos parviflorus Willd.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2753).
H A B . Along stone fence in mountain meadow; Pine Forest. 7500 feet.

Sicyosperma gracile Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 1 9 1 2 ) , Cienegita (2646).
H A B . Hill slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 3500-5000 feet.
Near Canelo on Sierra Canelo this species was collected on the brushy slope of an
abandoned milpa, which had been burned over the previous year.
Microsechium ruderale N a u d .
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Cienegita (2645).
H A B . Plant-crowded grassy slope; with the lower oaks. 3000 feet.
Rank, long vine lying out on shrubs in heavy vegetation near bottom of canyon.

Cyclanthera micrantha Cogn.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 6 2 5 ) .
H A B . In valley woods; Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.
Small, delicate vine with white flowers, climbing on other forest underlings. As­
sociated with Jarilla chocóla, Acalypha polystachya, Vincetoxicum tristeflorum.

Echinopepon cirrhopedunculatus Rose

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 6 2 7 a ) ,
Guasaremos ( 2 3 5 5 ) , Santísimo ( 2 8 3 1 ) . Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Bottom lands and moist slopes with rank herbage growths in Short-tree
Forest. 600-3000 feet.
A small, delicate summer vine, apparently annual. Flowers white; August.

Echinopepon Wrightii ( G r a y ) Wats. ?

D I S T . Coastal plain; near Navojoa (4754).
H A B . Moist depression in shrub-grassland mesa; Thorn Forest. 150 feet.
Large, rank vine with white flowers, sprawling over trees and shrubs; October.

LOBELIACEAE
Lobelia anatina Wimmer
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (652, 666), Guicorichi (1939, 1992).
Type locality: "Moist places at base of Sierra Madre, Chihuahua."
H A B . Stream banks and meadows; Pine Forest area. 6000-7500 feet.

Lobelia cardinalis ssp. gramínea ( L a m . ) McVaugh

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; San José de Pinal (2602). Type locality: Panama.
H A B . On tufts of sod in seeping meadow spring; Pine Forest. 6000 feet.

Lobelia Ehrenbergii var. gracilens ( G r a y ) McVaugh

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2779). Type locality: mountains near
Batopilas, Chihuahua.
H A B . Moist, open meadow; High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Distributed as Lobelia gruina Cav.

Lobelia jenestralis Cav.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Canelo ( 1 9 2 1 ) , San José de Pinal (2852), Guicorichi
 RIO M A Y O PLANTS
252
( 1 9 3 0 ) . T y p e locality: "Iuxta oppidum San Bartolome tribus leucis ab urbe
Mexico."
H A B . Open, moist slopes and meadows in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
Common summer annual throughout sierras, with attractive bluish-white flowers.
Lobelia laxiflora var. angustijolia A. DC.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; E l Desierto ( 3 0 3 3 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Riparian in canyon bottom by running water, with Taxodium mucronatum;
Short-tree Forest area. 2000 feet.
A perennial polypodial bush over 1 m. high, with bright-red flowers; spring.
Lobelia laxiflora var. Nelsoni (Fern.) M c V a u g h
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 3 1 ) , Curohui ( 3 6 3 7 ) . T y p e locality:
near Huachinango, Jalisco.
H A B . Moist and usually shady canyon bottoms in Oak Forest. 3000—4000 feet.
A low, spreading, perennial bush, sometimes much ramified, 1—2 m. high. Flowers
spring.
Heterotoma cordijolia (Hook. & A r n . ) M c V a u g h
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and probably Chihuahua; Curohui ( 3 6 5 2 ) . Type local­
ity: vicinity of Tepic, Nayarit.
H A B . Moist, mossy rocks marginal to spring; Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
Small, delicate spring annual 2—4 dm. high, with several incised cordate leaves
along the basal part of the single stem. T h e small white flowers quickly distinguish
it from Heterotoma Goldmanii, with which it has been confused, and under which
name it was distributed. Rare in the Rio Mayo country.

Heterotoma Goldmanii Fern.

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 2 8 5 ) , El Desierto (3035),
Arroyo Gochico (3622, identity uncertain). Type locality: between Las Flechas
and L a Rostra, Sinaloa.
H A B . Hill slopes and canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest and occasionally with
lower oaks. 1500-3500 feet.
A delicate early-spring annual growing in moist, shady situations. Flowers purple;
February and March.
Hippobroma longiflora ( L . ) G . Don
DI'ST. Montane, Sonora; Sierra de Alamos ( 2 2 7 6 ) . T y p e locality: Jamaica.
The plants were brought in to the author at Alamos by an old herb gatherer,
who said he obtained them up on the mountain. Flowers bright white; July.

COMPOSITAE
Vernonia Palmeri Rose
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 0 8 ) , Sierra L a Chuna ( 1 4 4 3 ) . Type locality:
Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Canyon slope, clearings artificial or natural; Oak Forest. 3000—4000 feet.
Bushy shrub 2 m. high. Flowers in the bud from November to March. Common
on the oak slopes of the outer sierras.

Vernonia serratuloides H. B. K.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra de Alamos ( 2 9 3 2 ) , Guirocoba
(2959), Cerro Guicorichi ( 1 9 2 7 ) .
 LIST OF FLORA
253

H A B . Rocky hill slopes; Short-tree Forest to Pine Forest. 3000-6000 feet.

A single-stemmed perennial 1 m. high, with leaves from the base along the
stem. Flowers purple; fall.

Decachaeta Haen\eana DC.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (2957). Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Canyon bottom in Short-tree Forest. 2000 feet.
Slender perennial herb 2 m. tall, with terminal inflorescence. In moist canyon
bottom surrounded by climax forest. Flowers October.

Ophryosporus scabrellus Robins.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas ( 6 1 3 ) , Guicorichi
(1984). T y p e locality: Batopilas, Chihuahua.
H A B . Canyon bottoms in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 4500-6000 feet.
A tall, slender herb 1.5 m. high, odorous, and visited by Coleóptera and Hymenop-
tera. Flowers October. Occurs sparingly through the sierras. Known previously only
from the type locality.

Alomia stenolepis Blake, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 27, p. 375, 1937
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Canon Guadalupe, foothills of Sierra Saguaribo (1434
type). Type locality: Canon Guadalupe, foothills of Sierra Saguaribo, Sonora.
H A B . Along watercourse in canyon; Short-tree Forest. 2500 feet.
Forms compact, leafy clumps 5 - 1 0 dm. in diameter. Observed only at the type
locality.

Ageratum corymbosum Zucc.

D I S T . Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Conejos ( 1 1 1 2 ) , Loreto
2
( 559)-
H A B . Slopes and bottoms; Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3000-6000 feet.
Cespitóse perennial herb with purple flowers; summer. At Conejos it was growing
with Hyptis stellulata and H. Seemannii among Quercus chihuahuensis. At Loreto
it was on an open talus slope in the pines.
Ageratella Palmen ( G r a y ) Robins.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Curohui (2149), Los Cascarones (2668),
Batopilillas ( 2 8 3 4 ) . Type locality: Rio Blanco, Jalisco.
H A B . Slopes and mesas in Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3500-7500 feet.
Low, cespitóse, suffrutescent herb 3-4 dm. high, spreading from the base.
Flowers October. A rare plant, and the first records north of Sinaloa.

Stevia Berlandieri var. anadenotncha Robins.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (633). Type locality: Chihuahua.
H A B . Open pine-madroño forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Stevia jaliscensis Robins. ?

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2475).
H A B . On steep, cool, rocky slope in Oak Forest. 5000 feet.
Perennial, erect, slender herb 1 m. high. Flowers summer. Infrequent.

Stevia Karwins\yana Steud. ?

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Canon Durasnos ( 6 0 1 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Canyon in Pine Forest. 4000-5000 feet.
 RIO MAYO PLANTS
254
S te via Lemmoni Gray
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 7 3 ) , Tepopa ( 1 4 1 4 ) .
Type locality: Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona.
H A B . Canyon slopes in Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3500—5500 feet.
Shrub i m. high. Flowers spring and fall.

S te via Palmeri Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 3 7 ) , Canelo ( 2 0 1 1 ) . Type locality:
near Flacienda San José, about 25 miles south of Batopilas, Chihuahua.
H A B . Open slopes in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Stevia Plummerae Gray

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Saucito ( 4 7 7 ) , Mesa Colorada
( 5 3 4 ) , Guicorichi ( 1 9 4 8 ) , Los Cascarones ( 2 6 7 5 ) , Memelichi (2760).
H A B . Open slopes; Oak Forest to H i g h Pine Forest. 4000-8000 feet.
A widely disseminated herb, occurring solitary or in scattered colonies. Flowers
September and October.

Stevia Pringlei Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones ( 2 6 5 7 ) . Type locality: foothills of
Sierra Madre, Chihuahua.
H A B . Ridges, slopes, and valleys in Pine Forest. 6000—7500 feet.
Observed only on Sierra Cajurichi, where it is scattered under the open pine cover.
A low, spreading bush 2 - 3 dm. high, with purple flowers; summer.

Stevia rhombijolia var. stephanocoma Sch. Bip.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cerro Orejón ( 1 2 0 4 ) , Canelo (2010).
H A B . Rocky, sunny slopes in Oak Forest. 3500-5000 feet.

Stevia rhombijolia var. typica Robins.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Saucito (488).
H A B . Canyon slopes in Oak Forest.

Stevia trifida L a g .
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Bacachaca ( 1 4 5 6 ) , Tepopa ( 2 2 1 9 ) .
H A B . Arroyos and canyon bottoms in Oak Forest. 3000—4000 feet.
A slender, bushy herb with finely cut branches, 2 - 4 dm. high, infrequent in
stream beds of steep gradient.

Stevia viscida H . В . K .
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2007), Sierra Saguaribo
(2136).
H A B . Open slopes and mesas in Lower Pine Forest. 4500-5500 feet.
T h e most common Stevia, widely scattered through the western outposts of the
Sierra Madre. A colorful weed; flowers October.

Carminatia tenuiflora DC.

D I S T . Barrancas to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 8 2 ) , Sierra
Canelo ( 2 8 7 4 ) , Alamos (2939), Canon Estrella ( 3 8 9 ) .
H A B . Canyon slopes in Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3000—6000 feet.
A tolerant summer annual, usually growing in small colonies in moist, shady
places.
 LIST OF FLORA
255

Eupatorium Bertholdii Sch. Bip.

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Saucito (693), Conejos ( 1 1 3 5 ) ,
Guicorichi ( 1 9 7 9 ) . Type locality: Sierra Madre.
H A B . Steep rocky slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 2500-5500 feet.
A diffusely branched shrub 1 - 2 m. high, with harsh, stiff leaves, finely serrate and
prominently veined below. T h e old branches are slate gray and glabrous, the young
branchlets ferruginous, hispid, and commonly decurved. It is quite characteristic of
Oak Forest vegetation, to which it is almost confined.

Eupatorium calaminthijolium H. В. K.
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2808).
H A B . Rocky slopes in H i g h Pine Forest. 8000 feet.
A low bush. Flowers September. Infrequent.

Eupatorium collinum D C .
DIST. Barrancas and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella ( 3 3 5 ) ,
Conejos ( 1 1 2 9 ) , Carimechi ( 1 1 8 1 ) . Type locality: Tantoyuca, Veracruz.
H A B . Canyon slopes in Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 2000-4000 feet.
Shrub 1 - 2 m. high, flowering fall and winter. In Canon Estrella it was found
under Taxodium mucronatum.

Eupatorium filicaule Sch. Bip.

DIST. Montane and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella ( 3 9 1 ) ,
San Bernardo ( 1 0 6 4 ) , Guasaremos ( 2 9 1 1 ) , Alamos (2924).
H A B . Canyons and rocky hill slopes; Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
A small, wide-spreading bush with several stems from the base about 1 m. long,
sagging outward. It is common on broken, shaded slopes.

Eupatorium grandidentatum var. laxiflorum Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 4 3 ) .
H A B . Open mesa of the Pine Forest. 6000 feet.
A few scattered plants right on top of the mountain. Flowers late summer.

Eupatorium hyssopifolium Gray

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Cajurichi (2703).
H A B . Dry, sunny slope in meadow margin; High Pine Forest. 7000 feet.

Eupatorium \oelliaejolium Greene

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 4 7 ) .
H A B . Open mesa in Pine Forest.

Eupatorium monanthum Sch. Bip.

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Curohui (3654). Type locality: Sierra Madre, southern
Mexico.
H A B . Moist, shady canyon bank in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
A rank, slender perennial with several leafy stems 2 - 3 m. high, decurved to
declining. Flowers April.

Eupatorium occidentale Hook.

DIST. Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 1 5 ) .
H A B . Canyon in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
Perennial herb 1 m. high. Flowers March.
256 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

Eupatorium pycnocephalum Less.

D I S T . Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo A g u a Blanca ( 6 7 1 ) ,
San Jose de Pinal (2844).
H A B . Forested slopes in Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 4000—5500 feet.

Eupatorium quadrangulare DC. Cocolmeca

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 3 4 5 ) , Arroyo Guajaray
( 1 1 4 1 ) . Type locality: Tantoyuca, Veracruz.
Нлв. Under tall shrubs and trees in alluvial arroyo margins; Short-tree Forest.
1000-3000 feet.
Perennial giant herb with one or several pithy quadrate stems, 2—3 m. high,
bearing large opposite auriculate leaves and a compound spike of flowers at the
tip in the fall. Common throughout the fertile arroyo margins, but always as a
gross forest underling.

Eupatorium sagittatum Gray

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; A g u a Caliente, north of Alamos (4848), Ciudad Obre-
gon ( 3 0 3 ) . Type locality: "California," but "presumably from coastal Sonora."
H A B . Saline soils; Thorn Forest.

Eupatorium tubipZorum Benth.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi (2002), Mesa Colorada ( 5 3 5 ) .
H A B . Shady canyon slopes; Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
Leafy, cespitose bush 1 m. high. Flowers October.

Eupatorium Wrightii Gray

D I S T . Barrancas and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada (567),
Algodones, Cedros range (462), Conejos ( 1 1 3 4 ) , Guasaremos (2899).
H A B . Rocky hill slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 3000-5500 feet.
A tolerant shrub 1—2 m. high. It appears to favor locations under oak trees.
Flowers October.

Eupatorium sp.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 4 5 ) .
H A B . On rocky slopes in Pine Forest. 6000 feet.
Material was collected from a low, bushy plant badly eaten by cattle. T h e species
is a distinctly mesophytic type, with soft, pulpy stem and large cordate leaves, 8 - 1 2
cm. long, prominently veined, obtusely serrate, and with reddish, hispidulous
petioles. The heads are paniculate and purplish; October.

Piptothrix Palmeri Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (668).
H A B . Canyon slopes and intermittent watercourses in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Bric/{ellia amplexicaulis Robins.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Canon Saucito (678), Saguaribo ( 2 1 3 7 ) .
H A B . Slopes in Pine Forest. 4000—5500 feet.
Perennial herb, with several stems from the base 1 - 2 m. long, reclining. Flowers
October and November.
 LIST OF FLORA
257
Bnc\ellia betonicaejolia Gray
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guicorichi (2000), Alamos ( 2 9 4 1 ) .
Н А Б . Canyon slopes; Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3000-5500 feet.
A harsh-leaved perennial herb; stems single or several from the base, 1 m. or
more long. Flowers October. On Sierra de Alamos it descends on north slopes into
the Short-tree Forest.

Bric\ellia af. corymbosa ( D C . ) Gray

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 2 9 1 2 ) .
Н А Б . On rocky eminence in open pine woods. 5000 feet.
Small, delicate perennial; flowers October. Rare.

Bric\ellia Coulteri Gray

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Quiriego (Shreve 6184). Type locality: Arizona.
Н А Б . Thorn Forest.

Bric\ellia Greggii Gray San Juan del monte

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Canon Sapopa (1040).
Н А Б . Canyon bottom in Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.
Flowers late summer.

Bric\ellia Pringlei Gray

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 2 5 ) . Type locality: Santa Catalina Mts.,
Arizona.
Н А Б . Hill and valley slopes in Oak Forest. 4500 feet.
An erect, harsh-leaved perennial herb, usually with a single caudex, strictly
branched on the upper half. Flowers March. It is common on the slopes of the
valley of Curohui, but rather rare elsewhere. See Plant Census plot 4 (p. 56).

Bric\ellia scoparia ( D C . ) Gray

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada (564).
Н А Б . Pine Forest slopes. 5000-6000 feet.

Bric\ellia simplex Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (640).
H A B . Rocky shade slope; Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Barroetea laxifiora Brandeg.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 4 1 8 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 3 2 6 ) , Alamos
(2923)-
Н А Б . Wooded, rocky hillsides in Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Winter and summer annual 3 - 7 dm. high, with a single stem and lateral
branches ascending to form a round crown. Flowers February and October. Com­
mon throughout the foothill forests around San Bernardo. It apparently germinates
with the winter rains, flowers in the spring, and lives through the spring dry season
to flower again after the summer rains.
Kuhnia rosmarinijolia Vent.
DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Agua Blanca (503«), Meme-
lichi (2767).
H A B . Oak Forest to High Pine Forest. 4000-7500 feet.
28
5 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

Xanthocephalum gymnospermoides ( G r a y ) Benth. & Hook.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto ( 2 5 7 3 ) , Memelichi ( 2 7 3 6 ) .
H A B . Meadows of the Pine Forest. 5000-7500 feet.

Xanthocephalum Wrightii Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Canelo (2008), Los Cascarones ( 2 6 8 1 ) , Mesa
Colorada ( 5 7 4 ) .
H A B . Open pine slopes. 5000—7500 feet.
Annual herb 30-60 cm. high, flowering in summer. During the hours of strong
sun the rays curl under.

Heterotheca subaxillaris ( L a m . ) Britt. & Rusby Gordolobo

D I S T . Barrancas to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo (1320),
Guicorichi ( 1 9 7 4 ) , Curohui (specimen lost).
H A B . Open mesas and valleys; Short-tree Forest to lower pines. 800-5500 feet.
A common herb with an odor like camphor, sometimes forming extensive colonies.
T h e natives report that it is used for medicinal purposes.

Aplopappus tenuilobus Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 5 0 ) .
H A B . D r y meadow slope; H i g h Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Common in the Memelichi meadows.

Achaetogeron affinis Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2732, 2 7 2 4 ) .
H A B . Canyon slopes in H i g h Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Cespitose, perennial herb 7—10 dm. high. Rays white, summer. Common around
Memelichi.

Achaetogeron Palmeri Gray ?

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Loreto ( 2 5 7 7 ) .
H A B . Meadow in Pine Forest. 6000 feet.
Flowers August and September. Uncommon.
Achaetogeron pinnatifidum Gray
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2863^, 2805).
H A B . Northern slope in H i g h Pine Forest.
A solitary species, infrequently scattered in pine woods.
Psilactis asteroides Gray
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 9 3 ) .
H A B . In dry areas of open meadow; Pine Forest.
Aster exilis Ell.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 3 2 1 , 446), Vinata ( 1 4 7 6 ) .
H A B . Sandy arroyo bottoms; Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Aster Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 60, 1940
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2728 type). T y p e locality: Meme­
lichi, Chihuahua.
H A B . Meadow margins in H i g h Pine Forest.
A common, weedlike herb of the Memelichi meadows, 1 m. high, with viscid
foliage, yellow disks, purple rays; September.
 LIST OF FLORA 259

Aster spinosus Benth.

D I S T . Coastal plain; Navojoa (4752). Type locality: to the north of Mexico
City.
H A B . Flooded bottom land by the Río Mayo; Thorn Forest.
Large, low, spinescent bush 7-8 dm. high.

Erigeron alamosanus Rose

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 3 5 1 ) ,
Tepopa ( 1 3 8 8 ) . Recorded observations: Conejos, Carimechi. Type locality: Ala-
mos, Sonora.
H A B . Arroyos and canyons; Short-tree Forest and lower oaks. 800-3500 feet.

Erigeron canadensis L .
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada (582).
H A B . Canyon slope in Pine Forest.

Erigeron divergens Torr. & Gray ?

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 7 2 ) , Mesa Colorada (554).
H A B . Meadow in Pine Forest. 5500 feet.

Erigeron Karwins\yanus DC.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 2 8 ) .
H A B . Hill slope in margin between Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 3000 feet.

Erigeron oreophilus Greenm.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Algodones, Cedros range (465), Arroyo
Agua Blanca ( 5 1 2 ) , Cerro Guicorichi ( 1 9 5 6 ) , Memelichi (2799).
H A B . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3500-7500 feet.

Erigeron Schiedeanus Less.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 6 1 a ) .
H A B . Meadow in High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.

Erigeron sp.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella ( 7 2 2 ) .
H A B . Riparian in canyon with Taxodium mucronatum.

Conyza sophiaejolia H. B. K .
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 6 1 ) , Canon Saucito (472), Mesa
Colorada ( 5 8 1 ) .
H A B . Meadow margins in Pine Forest.

Baccharis alamosana Blake

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Saguaribo ( 2 1 0 4 ) , Guasaremos (2894). Type locality:
Sierra de Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky, steep slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 3500-5500 feet.
Usually forms a small, dense bush 1 m. or so high. Scattered in favorable local-
ities throughout the higher elevations in the barranca region.

Baccharis glutinosa Pers. Batamote

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora and Chihuahua. Type locality: South America.
H A B . Arroyo margins and stream beds. 500-2000 feet.
26o RIO M A Y O PLANTS

One of the most common plants, usually forming thickets along the watercourses
in arroyos. It is used in the roofs of brush huts, or ramadas. It is host to many
species of Chrysomelidae, the cucumber beetle family.

Baccharis hetcrophylla H . B. K.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 0 6 ) . Type locality:
Guanajuato, Guatemala.
H A B . Along canyon watercourses in Lower Pine Forest. 5 0 0 0 feet.
Shrub 2 m . high.

Baccharis thesioides H . B . K. Yerba del palmo, batamote del monte

D I S T . Foothills to barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella ( 3 2 6 ) , Sierra
de Papas ( 6 1 9 ) , Canon Saucito ( 4 7 1 ) , Conejos (1108), Canon Salitrero (1232),
Alamos ( 2 2 6 4 ) . Type locality: Santa Rosa ( G u a n a j u a t o ? ) .
H A B . Slopes in Oak Forest. 3 0 0 0 - 5 0 0 0 feet.
Shrub 1—2 m . high. A decoction is made of the twigs and leaves and taken
internally for various afflictions. Common.

Archibaccharis mucronata ( H . B. K . ) Blake

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 8 7 6 ) . Type locality: between
Santa Rosa and Los Ioares, Guanajuato.
H A B . Shady canyon slope in pines. 5 0 0 0 — 5 5 0 0 feet.
Perennial 1 m. high.

Archibaccharis serratifolia ( H . B. K . ) Blake

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 9 9 ) .
H A B . Moist canyon bottom under pines. 5 5 0 0 feet.
Shrub 1 m . high.

Gnaphalium arizonicum Gray

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Saguaribo ( 2 1 0 2 ) .
H A B . In pine humus on slope in Pine Forest. 5 5 0 0 feet.

Gnaphalium attenuatum DC.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 3 1 7 ) , Tepopa ( 1 4 2 7 ) .
H A B . Shaded canyon slope in Oak Forest, and canyon in Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 0 -
3 5 0 0 feet.

Gnaphalium Bourgovii Gray Manzanilla del rio

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 3 1 ) , Memelichi ( 2 7 3 7 ) .
H A B . Meadow margins in Pine Forest. 5 0 0 0 - 7 5 0 0 feet.
The herbage is decocted for stomach ailments.
Gnaphalium Icptophyllum DC.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Muleto ( 2 6 5 6 ) .
H A B . In open flat in Pine Forest. 6 0 0 0 feet.
A n infusion or decoction of the herbage is made for ailing children and for adults
afflicted with "empache."
Gnaphalium leucophyllum Gray Talampacate
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Conejos ( 1 1 2 7 ) .
H A B . Arroyo margin in Short-tree Forest. 2 0 0 0 feet.
An infusion is made of the plant and drunk for indigestion.
 LIST OF FLORA 26l
Gnaphalium purpureum L.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 3 2 3 ) , Cedros (Shreve 6 1 7 4 ) .
H A B . Arroyo margins and sandy valleys; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.

Gnaphalium Wrightii Gray

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and probably Chihuahua; Saguaribo ( 2 1 4 0 ) .
H A B . Humus on boulder tops and on forest floor, on shady slope in Pine Forest.
5500 feet.

Lagascea decipiens Hemsl. Confiturilla grande

D I S T . Lowlands and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella (359,
417), Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 9 2 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 2 5 8 ) . Type locality: Sierra Madre,
northern Mexico.
H A B . Arroyo margins and canyons; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 5 0 0 -
2500 feet.
A tall, bushy, colonial shrub with bright-yellow heads of flowers. Flowers per-
sistently through fall, winter, and spring, when most other plants are dormant, and
hence is conspicuous. It is much visited by butterflies. A decoction of the herbage
is made as a wash for insect and snake bites.

Lagascea helianthijolia var. suaveolens ( H . B . K . ) Robins.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 2 6 ) . Type locality: Acapulco, Guerrero.
H A B . Moist, shaded canyon slope in Oak Forest.
A tall, coarse, herbaceous shrub in a rank colony associated with Calea scabri-
jolia, Lobelia laxiflora, Musa sapientum, Carica papaya, and Lantana. T w o species
of hummingbirds visited the flowers frequently. Flowers white; spring.

Delilea biflora ( L . ) Kuntze

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella ( 3 5 0 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottom in Short-tree Forest with Taxodium mucronatum. 1000—
3000 feet.
A perennial ( ? ) herb with entire, opposite, satiny-crinkly leaves, ovate-acuminate,
3-6 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, with scattered strigae, 3-5-nerved, slightly decur-
rent at base; petioles 5-8 mm. long. Fruits paniculate on axillary peduncles, ringed
with a round, reticulated, scarious wing (Polygala-like); October. Flowers Sep-
tember.

Milleria quinqueflora L. Cocolmeca

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 7 3 ) , Algodones
(1684), Santísimo (2828).
H A B . Moist, fertile bottoms in valleys and canyons of the Short-tree Forest. 1 0 0 0 -
3000 feet.
A rank summer herb with yellow flowers which do not look like those of a com-
posite. In Algodones it was associated with Ipomoea spp.

Guardiola arguta ( G r a y ) Robins.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (626), Loreto (2565). Type local-
ity: hills near Chihuahua City, Chihuahua.
H A B . Meadow margins under pines. 5000-6500 feet.
Spreading bush 5 - 7 dm. high. Flowers white; September.
2Ó2 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

Guardiola platyphylla Gray

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella (422),
Cañón Saucito (695), San Bernardo ( 1 2 5 1 ) , Tepopa ( 1 3 9 4 ) , Guasaremos (2364).
Type locality: Sonora, Mexico.
H A B . Canyon and arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest and with lower oaks.
1000-3500 feet.
Perennial herb with 1 or several slender stems 1—2 m. long, usually bending
outward in a graceful curve. Common throughout the barrancas.

Melampodium appendiculatum Robins.

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 5 7 0 ) , Arroyo A g u a Blanca ( 5 1 5 ) .
Н А Б . Hill slopes and valleys; Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest. 3000-3500 feet.

Melampodium cupulatum Gray Hugli ( W )

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 2 3 5 3 ) .
Н А Б . Under Guazuma ulmijolia with a rank growth of herbs in valley margin
of the Short-tree Forest. 3000 feet.

Melampodium longicornu Gray ?

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 4 9 2 ) .
Н А Б . Arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest. 800 feet.

Melampodium perfoliatum H . В . K.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 5 2 ) . Recorded obser­
vation: near Algodones, Sierra Charuco.
Н А Б . Moist soils in Oak Forest and L o w e r Pine Forest. 3000—4500 feet.
In Arroyo Hondo it was a rank, weedy, colonial herb over 1 m. high.

Melampodium sericeum Lag.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 5 0 ) , Loreto ( 2 5 5 3 ) .
Н А Б . Meadows and mesa in Pine Forest. 5000—6000 feet.
A diminutive summer annual.

Berlandiera lyrata var. macrophylla Gray Coronilla

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2504). Type locality: southern
Arizona.
H A B . Meadow in Pine Forest. 5000 feet.
A small colony was found in the meadows on Rancho Canelo. It is used in treat­
ing stomach troubles, either as an infusion or as a decoction. It is much sought
after by the herb gatherers, who peddle it to the lowland herbalists in the towns.
Parthenium stramonium Greene Ocotillo
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; E l Limón, Chihuahua ( 1 5 3 9 ) , Cedros
(Shreve 6 1 7 5 ) . T y p e locality: Chuichupa, Chihuahua.
Н А Б . Wooded slopes in Short-tree Forest. 1000—3000 feet.
On the sides of the great canyon of the Arroyo de Loreto between E l Limón
and Guasaremos this shrub is quite abundant and forms extensive colonies 3 - 5 m.
high. It has a short trunk with ascending branches. Flowers white; summer.
T h e heartwood is decocted in water as a remedy for various illnesses. One or two
large spoonfuls are administered internally, and the rest is applied as an external
lotion.
 LIST OF FLORA 263
Parthenice mollis Gray
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 6 2 2 ) .
H A B . Milpa clearings and valley bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 800-1500 feet.
A rank, widely branching herb 2 m. high, with an ashy hue. Flowers August.
Observed only in the vicinity of San Bernardo.

Hymenoclea monogyra Torr. & Gray Jécota

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 1 5 3 ) .
Type locality: Gila Valley, Arizona.
Нлв. Arroyos in Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest.
A common shrub along the watercourses in sandy-rocky terrain. The plants often
stand bent downward from the hurrying press of floodwaters. Sometimes used in
roofing ramadas (brush huts).

Hymenoclea salsola Torr. & Gray

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Chinobampo (2978). Type locality: uplands near
Mohave River, California.
H A B . Washes and gullies in the argillaceous lime beds; Thorn Forest. 400-
800 feet.
Occurs infrequently; observed only in the open type of cover characteristic of the
naked lime beds. Associated plants are: Prosopis chilensis, Olneya tesota, Asclepias
subulata, all desert species.

Franseria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Cov. Estáñate, fiate

No collections are available from the Río Mayo, but it was observed nearly
throughout the lowlands, where it occurs as a common weed along arroyos and in
milpas. T h e natives regard it as having beneficent medical virtues, and decoct or
infuse it for stomach troubles.

Franseria ambrosioides Cav. Chicura

(Plate 1 1 , figure 1)
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 3 3 6 ) .
Recorded observations: Navojoa, Alamos, Tesopaco, Conejos, Carimechi, Guasa-
remos, Santísimo. Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Arroyo and valley margins in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 3 0 0 -
3000 feet.
Herbaceous shrub 1 - 2 m. high, bushy, with many stems from the base. It is
most abundant along sandy arroyo margins, where it often forms extensive bushy
thickets. It was strongly affected by the severe frost of January 1937, when in cer-
tain areas plants were frozen back to the base. Apparently no deaths resulted,
however, for the frosted individuals sent up new branches later in the spring.

Franseria cordifolia Gray Chicurilla

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 1 5 9 ) . Recorded observations: Alamos,
Los Tanques, Mescales, Carimechi. Type locality: Tucson Mts., Tucson, Arizona.
H A B . Rocky basaltic slopes in Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 600-2000
feet.
A suffrutescent forest bush, cespitóse, subdominant and abundant in the Thorn
Forest. In the Short-tree Forest it occurs on the more arid and sunny exposures
18
264 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

o£ mesas and south-facing slopes, where it forms extensive covers as an under

shrub in almost pure stands. Burros and horses as well as cattle eat it, and the
natives regard it as good pasturage.

Tragoceros zinmoides H. В. K.
DIST. Barrancas and foothills, Sonora; Cañón Saucito (484), San Bernardo
(1587)-
H A B . Clearings and moist bottom lands in Short-tree Forest. Also in Oak Forest.
800-3500 feet.
Tiny, colonial summer herb 1—2 dm. high. Rays white, disks yellow.
Zinnia linearis Benth.
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 7 7 ) , Bato-
pilillas (2836), Cañón Estrella ( 3 1 5 ) .
Н А Б . Open, grassy slopes in Oak Forest and sparsely in Lower Pine Forest.
3000—5000 feet.

Zinnia multiflora L.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 1 8 9 9 ) , Cienegita ( 2 8 2 4 ) .
H A B . In swales and moist slopes; Oak Forest and Pine Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
Annual summer weed, erect, usually with one stem and several paired ascending
branchlets. T h e involucral bracts are large and smoothly parchment-like. Rays
red. Infrequent.

Zinnia sp.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 8 6 ) .
Н А Б . Pine and Oak forests. 4000—6000 feet.
Heliopsis parvijolia Gray
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 6 2 ) , Memelichi ( 2 7 8 3 ) .
Н А Б . Moist swales and meadows, or among rocks; Pine Forest. 5000-7500 feet.
A colonial perennial herb, the rays of which have a distinct, odd yellow-green
hue, fading yellower as they age.

Eclipta alba ( L . ) Hassk.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Conejos ( 1 1 1 7 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 3 4 8 ) .
Н А Б . Sandy arroyo margins in Short-tree Forest. 800—2000 feet.
Sclerocarpus spathulatus Rose Gachupín, mirasol
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa ( 1 0 4 1 ) ,
San Bernardo ( 1 6 7 7 ) , Guasaremos (2407), Alamos (Palmer 649). Type locality:
Alamos, Sonora.
Н А Б . Canyon and valley bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 800—3000 feet.
Single or cespitóse summer herb with yellow flowers. Common throughout the
warm, moist lowlands.
Montanoa patens Gray Batayáqui, talakáo (W)
D I S T . Barrancas and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( 1 1 4 6 ) ,
Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 7 6 ) , Sierra Canelo ( 1 8 9 5 ) , San José de Pinal (2840), Cañón
Saucito ( 6 8 3 ) . T y p e locality: Batopilas, Chihuahua.
H A B . Marginal to canyon streams and on moist slopes; Oak Forest, Lower
Pine Forest, and Short-tree Forest. 800-5500 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA 265

A hardy colonial shrub, very similar in appearance and habit to Montanoa Rosei,
but ascending to much higher altitudes and blooming in late summer and fall when
M. Rosei does not. Because of the abundance of flowers it is very showy and richly
odorous while in bloom. T h e wood was formerly used for arrow points by the
Warihio Indians.

Montanoa Rosei Rob. & Greenm. Batayáqui, talakáo ( W )

DIST. Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 4 8 ) . Type locality:
Alamos, Sonora.
Н А Б . Arroyo and canyon bottoms and forest swales; Short-tree Forest and prob­
ably Thorn Forest. 600—2500 feet.
Colonial shrub with slender and often straight stems and distal branches, bearing
foliage only on the branchlets. It blooms with luxuriant sweetness in January and
February. It is a common and dominant shrub throughout the barrancas, and
doubtless follows the Río Mayo canyons into the state of Chihuahua.
The straight stems, 2 - 4 m. long and 2-4 cm. in diameter, are used in fishing,
and in building corrals, roofs, and the sides of mud-wattle houses. The Warihios
say that their fathers formerly used the stems for the points of arrows, as the sap
of the plant is reputedly venomous in wounds. The name "batayáqui" is the one
generally in use, and is sometimes pronounced "matayáqui," meaning Yaqui-killer.

Lepachys mexicana Wats. Howinowa ( W )

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Cajurichi ( 2 7 1 2 ) .
Н А Б . Moist, shady canyon bottom in High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
The roots are decocted for bites and other ailments, as a wash and as a potion.
Infrequent.

lostephane heterophylla Hemsl. Escosionero

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2024), Loreto (2547).
Н А Б . In rich humus soil on shady pine slopes. 5000-6000 feet.
Herb about 1 m. high, perennial from a fleshy rootstock. Rays white-lavender;
September. T h e roots are valued for their medicinal properties, and it is one of the
plants handled through the drug trade in the lower towns. Infrequent in the sierras;
known to be found sparsely on Sierra Canelo.

Wedcha acapulcensis H . В . K . ?
DIST. Montane, Chihuahua and probably Sonora; Sierra Charuco (2320). Type
locality: Acapulco, Guerrero.
Н А Б . Canyon slope in Lower Pine Forest. 5000 feet.
Perennial herb with yellow rays; July. Rare.

Tithonia auriculata (Brandeg.) Blake

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba (2958). Type locality: Cerro Colorado,
near Cofradía, Sinaloa.
Н А Б . Open grassland in Oak Forest. 2500 feet.
Low, spreading bush with large, showy yellow flowers; October. It has not been
observed in the Río Mayo region proper.
2бб RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

Tithonia calva var. lancifolia (Rob. & Greenm.) Blake Mirasol

D I S T . Barrancas to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tepopa ( 1 3 8 4 ) , Guasa-
remos (2900). Type locality: Acaponeta, Tepic.
Н А Б . Mesas and gentle slopes in Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.
Spreading bush with showy yellow flowers; 1 m. high and 1 m. broad across
the low crown, and with a single short caudex. A large-leaved xerophyte endemic
to the Oak Forest, where it occurs scattered among the trees. L i k e Agave bovi-
cornuta, it is a characteristic part of the landscape, and one of the first plants the
traveler will encounter as he climbs up out of the Short-tree Forest into the pleasant
land of the oaks.

Tithonia jruticosa Canby & Rose Mirasol

D I S T . Barrancas and foothills, Sonora and Chihuahua; San Bernardo ( x o ) , Cari-
mechi ( 1 1 8 2 ) , Curohui (3645). T y p e locality: Alamos, Sonora.
Н А Б . Canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest and low in Oak Forest. 1000-3500
feet.
Shrub, spreading and bushy in open situations, or slender and 5—6 m. high in
forested bottoms. T h e branches in the spring, heavy with leaf, sap, and flowers, are
commonly decurved. Though it is generally distributed in the lowland forests
of the barrancas, it is not a common plant, and flowers only in the spring (March
and A p r i l ) , when it is very showy.

Tithonia Thurberi Gray

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 3 0 ) .
Type locality: Magdalena, Sonora.
Н А Б . Valley margins and arroyo margins; Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest.
Rank summer herb, 2 m. high in Guasaremos.

Viguiera annua (Jones) Blake

D I S T . Lowlands, Sonora; Cañón Estrella ( 4 1 5 , 7 2 0 ) .
Н А Б . Riparian or alluvial bottom lands; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest.
Viguiera dentata ( C a v . ) Spreng.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Saucito ( 4 7 5 ) , Alamos ( 2 9 3 7 ) .
Н А Б . Wooded slopes in canyons in Short-tree Forest and lower oaks. 1000-
3500 feet.
Slender, herbaceous perennial with 1 to several slender branches from the base,
recurved, 1 m. long. Emits a musky sunflower odor. Flowers fall. T h e Alamos
collection is Viguiera dentata var. lancifolia Blake.

Viguiera longifolia Rob. & Greenm.

D I S T . Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella (393);
Memelichi ( 2 7 3 5 ) . Type locality: western Texas.
Н А Б . Canyons and meadows; Short-tree Forest to H i g h Pine Forest. 2000-
7500 feet.
Viguiera montana Rose Ariosa, wachomó ( W )
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Sapopa ( 1 2 8 8 ) . T y p e locality: Alamos, Sonora.
Н А Б . With grasses on rocky slopes in Oak Forest. 2800-4500 feet.
A low, few-stemmed bush or herb with harsh, stiff leaves. It is quite typical
of the xeric vegetation on the outlying slopes of the Oak Forest. The Warihio
 LIST OF FLORA 267

women are reported to bind the leaves on the abdomen to facilitate menstruation.
Indeed, the harshness of the leaves against soft skin might conceivably, through
auto-suggestion, even induce labor pains.

Perymenium stenophyllum Blake

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (1909), Guasaremos (2394), San Jose
de Pinal (2590). Type locality: San Ignacio, Sinaloa.
H A B . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 4500-6000 feet.
Tall, slender, narrow-leaved shrub with a few branches. Flowers yellow; August
and September. T h e leaves are harsh, linear-lanceolate, green above, canescent be­
neath. Heretofore it has been known only from the type locality. It may be
expected in Sonora. Infrequent.

Perymenium subsquarrosum Rob. & Greenm. ?

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2792). Type locality: Plateado, Zaca-
tecas.
H A B . Meadow in High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
A scabrous-leaved herb 3 - 4 dm. high, perennial from root crown. Flowers Sep­
tember.

Perymenium sp.
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 3 6 1 0 ) .
H A B . Rocky hill slope in climax forest of Ceiba-Lysiloma. 1000 feet.
A slender shrub 1—2 m. high, divaricately branched, and with rather harsh
leaves. Collected in a sterile condition on Plant Census plot 3, where it played a con­
spicuous part in the vegetation as an under shrub.

Encelia farinosa Gray

D I S T . Foothill valleys, Sonora; near Tres Marias Rancho, Navojoa-Alamos road
(48770), Bachoco ( 2 9 7 7 ) . Type locality: California.
H A B . Sandy valley bottoms; Thorn Forest area.
In the fertile valley lands this species grows to greater stature than is usual in the
north, and plants 2 m. high are not exceptional. Flowers spring and summer.

Encelia halimijolia C a v .
DIST. Coastal plain; near Navojoa (4750). Type locality: Mexico.
HAB. Shrub-grassland mesa with cholla; Thorn Forest.
Low, openly branched perennial bush; flowers fall. Not observed elsewhere.

Simsia amplexicaulis var. decipiens Blake

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 5 1 ) .
H A B . D r y meadow margins in High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
An abundant meadow herb, colonial, 1 - 2 hi. high; flowers September.

Simsia joetida ( C a v . ) Blake

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Caiion Estrella ( 3 4 3 ) ,
Guasaremos (2464).
H A B . Rocky hill slopes with grasses; Oak Forest. 3000-4500 feet.
Infrequent; flowers September.
2Ó8 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

Simsia setosa Blake

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Sapopa ( 1 0 3 6 ) .
H A B . Canyon bottom in Short-tree Forest. 1000 feet.
A tall, slender herb with rank growth in shaded canyon bottom. Flowers
October.

Helianthella madrensis Wats. Cachaña

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Cajurichi ( 2 7 0 7 ) .
H A B . Dry meadow sun slope; High Pine Forest. 7000 feet.
T h e roots are used in treating rheumatism and similar diseases. Infrequent.
Hymenostephium superaxillare Blake
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 6 9 ) . T y p e locality: L a Bajada,
Tamazula, Durango.
H A B . On oak slope in Pine Forest area. 5500 feet.
Openly spreading bush 2 m. high, at margin of meadow; flowers October.

Zexmenia ceanothijolia Willd.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 4 3 , 1797«), Guasa-
remos (2469), Cañón Estrella ( 3 3 1 ) , Sierra de Papas ( 6 2 1 ) . T y p e locality: Aca-
pulco, Guerrero.
H A B . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest. 3000—5000 feet.
A bushy shrub 2 m. high, with an open crown. One of the coarse-leaved com-
mon inter-oak shrubs associated with the coarse bunch grasses. Flowers August
and September.

Zexmenia fasciculata ( D C . ) Sch. Bip.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella ( 4 2 3 ) , Canon Sapopa ( 1 6 3 9 « ) , Canon
Saucito (684). T y p e locality: Tula, Tamaulipas.
H A B . Rocky forested slopes in Oak Forest and high in Short-tree Forest. 3000-
4500 feet.
Spreading leafy shrub 1—2 m. high. Flowers August to October. In habit and
general appearance it is much like Zexmenia jruticosa, and can easily be confused
with it in the field.

Zexmenia jruticosa Rose

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 6 3 9 ) . Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest. 3000—4500 feet.
Shrub 1—2 m. high, distinguished from Zexmenia fasciculata by thin leaves and
larger rays, 1 cm. long. T h e rays of Z. fasciculata are about 0.5 cm. long.

Zexmenia hispida ( H . B . K . ) Gray

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Cienegita (2643).
H A B . Crevices of rocks in canyon bottom at lower limit of oaks. 3000 feet.
Low, perennial bush branching from the base. Stems more procumbent than
erect. Flowers September.

Zexmenia podocephala Gray Pioniya

DIST. Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (648), Sierra Charuco
(1715), Sierra Canelo ( 2 0 1 3 ) , Guasaremos (2468). T y p e locality: southern Arizona.
HAB. Arid, rocky canyon and mountain slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine
Forest. 4000-5500 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA 269

A small, harsh-leaved perennial herb with tuberous roots. Widely distributed

on the mountainous slopes and quite abundant on the west slope of Sierra Canelo
above Guasaremos. T h e roots are much valued for their curative properties, and are
a regular part of the stock of the lowland herbalists. The barranca folk decoct them
for stomach ailments.

Zexmenia Seemannii Gray Wachomó ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella (398), Conejos ( 1 1 0 6 ) . Type locality:
Cerro de Pinal, Sinaloa.
H A B . Steep, rocky basaltic slopes with harsh grasses; Oak Forest. 3000-4000
feet.
A much ramified shrub 1 - 2 m. high, with harsh leaves. The leaves and in-
volucres of this shrub closely resemble those of Viguiera montana, but the latter is a
single-stemmed perennial herb. This plant has the same use among the Indian
women as V. montana: the harsh leaves are bound on the abdomen to facilitate
menstruation.

Verbesina callilepis Blake, Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 27, p. 384, 1937
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2682 type). Type locality. Los
Cascarones, Chihuahua.
H A B . Hill slope, north exposure, in High Pine Forest. 8000 feet.
Small, erect herb 3 - 6 dm. high, with a basal rosette of spatulate leaves, 4-6
pairs of opposite cauline leaves growing more lanceolate and smaller upward, and
a long, leafless peduncle subtending 1—3 heads of yellow flowers. The plants were
scattered infrequently over a thinly wooded slope.

Verbesina Gentryi Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 62, 1940
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos (2416 type, 1 8 3 1 ) . Type locality:
Guasaremos, Chihuahua.
H A B . Grassy valley margins in Short-tree Forest at foot of the oaks. 3000 feet.
Slender summer herb, 1—2 m. tall, with orange-colored flowers visited by Hyme-
noptera. T h e leaves are large, coarse, opposite, and decurrent completely through
the internodes, making a 4-winged stem. Associated with other herbs, as Tigridia
Pringlei, Ruellia tuberosa, Franseria ambrosioides, and Ipomoea hirsutula, adjacent
to Guazuma ulmijolia. K n o w n only from the valley of Guasaremos.

Verbesina sp.
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas ( 6 1 4 ) .
H A B . Canyon in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Coreocarpus arizonica var. pubescens (Robins.) Blake

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cerro Orejón ( 1 2 1 1 ) . Type locality:
Granados, Sonora.
H A B . Rocky sun slope in Oak Forest. 4000 feet.
A low bush.

Coreocarpus Shrevei var. latilobus Sherff

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cajón, Río Yaqui (2986).
H A B . On cliff and on talus base of cliff in shady canyon of Thorn Forest. 1200
feet.
A delicate herb, growing in small bunches. Flowers early spring. Probably also
in Río Mayo region.
27O RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Dahlia coccínea Cav.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo (2476, 2493).
H A B . Moist slopes and canyon bottoms in L o w e r Pine Forest. 4500-5500 feet.
A tolerant herb about 1 m. high, perennial from tuberous roots. T h e rays are a
deep, splendid red, and it would make an attractive ornamental. Flowers September.
Occurs rarely along margins of canyon watercourses across Sierra Canelo.

Bidens aurea (Ort.) Sherff

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella ( 4 5 1 ) .
Н А Б . Canyon in Oak Forest.

Bidens ferulaefolia (Jacq.) D C . Juve

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2769), Sierra Canelo (2863«). Type
locality unknown.
H A B . Meadows in Pine Forest. 5000-7500 feet.
Common about Memelichi, forming extensive, colorful colonies in the meadows.
T h e Tarahumare Indians make an orange dye from the flowers for coloring their
weaving wools. It is fast and unique in color tone.
Bidens Gentryi Sherff, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 6 , p. 1 9 2 , 1937
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Pinal, Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 0 0 type),
San José de Pinal ( 2 8 4 7 ) . Type locality: Pinal, Sierra Charuco, Sonora.
H A B . Sunny hill slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest; moist soils. 4500-
6000 feet.
Low, spreading bush with several stems from the base, 1 m. or more high, the
whole leafy; colonial or solitary. Flowers September. A t San José de Pinal a thriving
colony occupied a moist situation, where they formed leafy clumps, some of which
were over 2 m. in diameter. Not observed elsewhere.

Bidens heterosperma Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua and presumably Sonora; Sierra de Papas ( 6 3 6 ) .
H A B . Shady side of rock outcropping in pine and oaks; L o w e r Pine Forest. 5000-
6000 feet.

Bidens insólita Sherff, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 1 6 , p. 5 2 5 , 1937
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 7 1 type), Arroyo Agua
Blanca ( 5 0 8 ) . T y p e locality: Guicorichi, Chihuahua.
H A B . Moist canyon bottoms and meadows; L o w e r Pine Forest. 4500-6000 feet.
Common summer weed.
Bidens oligocarpa Sherff
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 2 7 ) .
H A B . Pine Forest.

Bidens pilosa L .
D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 5 1 ) .
Type locality unknown.
H A B . Marginal areas and wastelands, Short-tree Forest and Oak Forest.

Bidens pilosa var. radiata Sch. Bip.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua and probably Sonora; Mesa Colorada ( 5 2 5 ) , Cañón
Durasnos ( 5 9 0 ) , Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 9 2 ) , Sierra Canelo ( 1 9 0 8 ) , Memelichi (2698).
T y p e locality: America.
 LIST OF FLORA
271
H A B . Wooded slopes in Pine Forest. 4000—7500 feet.
A common perennial summer herb. Disk flowers yellow, rays white with fine
purple stripes; September.

Bidens refracta Brandeg. Rama pioja, tukasali ( W )

D I S T . Lowlands and foothills, Sonora; Cañón Sapopa ( 1 0 8 5 ) , Cañón Estrella
( 4 1 5 ) . Type locality: near Miraflores, Baja California.
H A B . Moist canyon bottoms of the Short-tree Forest. 1000-3000 feet.
Bidens sambucifolia Cav.
Bidens alamosana Rose
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella ( 3 1 6 ) , Guirocoba (729),
Carimechi ( 1 1 7 3 ) . T y p e locality: Mexico.
H A B . Arroyo margins and canyon bottoms in Short-tree Forest. 1000-2500 feet.
Rank perennial herb or shrub 1 - 2 m. high. The abraded foliage emits an
astringent, ugly odor. Flowers September and October. Widely scattered and
infrequent.

Bidens tenuisecta Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi ( 2 7 8 1 ) . Type locality: Ponil Creek
between Bents Fort, Colorado and Santa Fe, N e w Mexico.
H A B . Meadow in H i g h Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Colonial summer herb, weedlike.

Cosmos exiguus Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 2 0 1 7 ) , Cienegita (2825). Type local-
ity: Rio Blanco, near Guadalajara, Jalisco.
H A B . Gravelly soils on open sun slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest.
3500-5500 feet.
Diminutive summer annual, 2 - 3 dm. high., with purple rays; September.

Cosmos linearifolius var. magnifolius Sherff, Bot. Gaz., vol. 97, p. 609, 1936
D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Saucito (470), Arroyo Agua
Blanca (497), Sierra de Papas (664), Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 7 7 type), Guasaremos
(2395). Type locality: Arroyo Hondo, Sierra Charuco, Chihuahua.
H A B . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 3500-5500 feet.
A perennial weak-stemmed herb, widely and infrequently scattered over the
western mountain slopes. Flowers usually solitary on stems 1 m. long; rays red-
purple; September and October.

Cosmos parvifiorus (Jacq.) H . B . K .

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi (1925, 1934). Type locality unknown.
H A B . Mesa and meadow in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.

Cosmos Pringlei Rob. & Fern. Bavisa

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2688). Type locality: pine plains, base
of Sierra Madre, Mexico.
H A B . On open pine slopes and meadow margins; High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Perennial herb with lavender rays and yellow disk flowers; September. Very in-
frequently observed across the sierras. Medicinal properties are popularly attributed
to the roots, and they are collected and marketed to herbalists, which may account
for the general scarcity of the plant.
272 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

Cosmos sulphureus Cav.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Sapopa ( 1 0 3 7 ) , Guirocoba (2942). Type locality
unknown.
Н А Б . Canyons and rich valley lands in Short-tree Forest and Thorn Forest.
1000—3000 feet.
A beautiful, rank herb 1—2 m. tall, with bright orange-yellow flowers in October.
It is common about Guirocoba and rare in the Río Mayo region proper.

С alea Palmeri Gray

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Gharuco ( 1 5 1 0 , 2 3 1 9 ) .
H A B . Calcareous hill slope and canyon in Oak Forest. 4000-5000 feet.
Infrequent; flowers July.

Calea scabrijolia (Hook. & A r n . ) Benth. & Hook.

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Tepopa ( 1 4 2 9 ) , Curohui (3638). Type locality:
Jalisco.
H A B . Moist canyon slopes in Oak Forest. 3500 feet.
Bush 1 - 2 m. high. Abundant at Tepopa along a steep shaded slope watered by
springs, and closely associated with numerous other shrubs. T h e Curohui specimen
is questionably referred here; a perennial with single slender stem.

Tridax procumbent L.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos (2930). Type locality: Veracruz.
H A B . In patio margins of old untended houses in town; Short-tree Forest. 1200
feet.
Low colonial herb. Flowers spring and fall.

Tridax tenuijolia Rose

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella ( 3 5 2 a ) .
H A B . Rocky canyon bottom in Oak Forest. 3000-4000 feet.

Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

D I S T . Barrancas to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 3 5 ) , Meme-
lichi ( 2 7 4 2 ) . Observed at Curohui.
H A B . Riparian or in meadows; through Oak Forest to H i g h Pine Forest. 3500-
7500 feet.
A common mesophyte throughout the sierras.

Jaumea peduncularis (Hook. & A r n . ) Oliver & Hiern.

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Bajura (1208),
Tesopaco (3048). Type locality: Jalisco.
H A B . Sandy soils in arroyo margins; Thorn Forest and Short-tree Forest. 800-
¿000 feet.
Clustered herb, procumbent or erect in colonies. Flowers winter and spring.
This marks a considerable extension in the known range of the species, and a new
plant for the floras of both Sonora and Chihuahua.

Perityle cordifolia ( R y d b . ) Standi.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Bachoco (3009). T y p e locality: Topolobampo, Sinaloa.
H A B . Basaltic cliffs in Thorn Forest. 500—1500 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
273
Quite common and showy in the hills east of Ciudad Obregon. A suffrutescent
herb with bright-green leaves and many yellow flowers; spring.

Perityle Emoryi Torr.

DIST. Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 5 5 ) . Type locality: cordilleras of
California.
H A B . Arroyo margins and canyons in Short-tree Forest. 700-1500 feet.
Winter annual 3 - 5 dm. high, commonly colonial under the open woods in well
drained soils.

Perityle Lloydii Rob. & Fern.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora; Canon Sapopa ( 1 2 8 2 ) , Sierra Saguaribo ( 2 1 0 9 ) .
H A B . On canyon cliffs in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 3000-5500 feet.
Suffrutescent, prostrate, or pendulous woolly little herb with yellow flowers. It
grows in isolated clumps or mats out of the crevices of rocks. Psilotum nudum
is one of its habitat companions. Flowers spring and fall.
The species is highly variable, and these two collections indicate that subspecific
segregation should be made between the Oak Forest form (a larger-flowered,
larger-leaved, greener-leaved, and generally coarser suffrutescent plant) and the
Pine Forest form, which is much more delicate in stem, leaf, and flower, with
canescent leaves, with elongate stems, more truly prostrate or pendulous, and with
paler flowers.

Perityle microcephala Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 4 1 ) , Sierra de Papas (630),
Guicorichi ( 1 9 7 3 ) .
H A B . Sunny exposures in Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
Suffrutescent, cespitose herb growing in low, spreading clumps with abundant
flowers; September and October.

Perityle plumigera Harv. & Gray

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Bachoco (2972), Guirocoba (805). Type locality: "Cali­
fornia, probably now Arizona or Sonora."
H A B . A m o n g basaltic rocks on arid slopes; Thorn Forest. 500-1800 feet.
A delicate, weak-stemmed winter annual; flowers December.

Perityle spilanthoides (Sch. Bip.) Rydb. ?

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Alamos ( 2 9 1 8 ) . Type locality: Sierra Madre, north­
western Mexico (Sinaloa).
H A B . Rocky foot of cliff, shady side in Short-tree Forest. 1500 feet.
Forms a low, spreading, small, weak-stemmed bush 3 - 5 dm. high. Flowers fall.

Flaveria oppositifolia ( D C . ) Rydb. Baiquiyo

DIST. Lowlands, Sonora; Salitral ( 1 2 7 4 ) . Type locality: between San Ferrado
and Santander, Tamaulipas.
H A B . Marginal to pools of warm mineral-spring waters; Short-tree Forest. 700
feet.
A shrub forming close hedges around pools. Flowers spring and summer. Dis­
tributed as Sartwellia mexicana Gray.
274 RIO MAYO PLANTS

Sch\uhria anthemoidea DC.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 2 4 ) .
H A B . On open sun slope in Pine Forest. 5500 feet.
Summer annual.

Sch\uhria Pringlei Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 2 6 ) .
H A B . On open sun slope in Pine Forest. 5500 feet.
Summer annual. Associated with Sch\uhria anthemoidea.

Hymenopappus Vaimeri ( G r a y ) O. Hoffm.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 8 8 ) , Memelichi ( 2 7 3 3 ) .
H A B . Meadows and slopes in H i g h Pine Forest. 6000—7500 feet.
In the meadows this plant forms a rank, weedy herb 1 m. or more high, in ex­
tensive colonies. Flowers yellow in September and October.

Helenium laciniatum Gray

D I S T . Coastal plains, Sonora; Navojoa ( 1 4 4 2 ) , Esperanza ( 3 0 2 4 ) .
H A B . Black adobe soils in the open plains; Thorn Forest.
Forms extensive showy colonies if the winter rains are favorable. Flowers March.

Tagetes alamensis Rydb.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Canelo ( 1 9 1 8 ) . Type locality:
Sierra de Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . In open sun among rocks in arroyo; L o w e r Pine Forest. 5000 feet.
A low, leafy, cespitose bush 5 dm. high, with showy, prolific yellow bloom in
October. This is the second collection, and provides a new plant for the Chihuahua
flora. Not observed elsewhere.

Tagetes filifolia hag. Anisilla

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 7 5 9 ) , Sierra Canelo
( 1 8 9 3 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Moist mesas and meadows in L o w e r Pine Forest. 4000-5500 feet.
A delicate, fragrant, colonial summer annual. A tea is made from the dried
herbage as a refreshing drink and to relieve minor indispositions. Common on
Sierras Charuco and Canelo.

Tagetes jaliscana Greenm. San Pual

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Saucito ( 4 7 4 ) , Canon Durasnos
(600), Arroyo Hondo ( 1 7 6 2 ) , Sierra Canelo ( 1 8 9 4 ) , Sierra Saguaribo ( 2 1 4 2 ) , Bato-
pilillas (2839). Type locality: mountains above Etzatlan, Jalisco.
H A B . Moist, fertile soils in canyons and meadows; Oak Forest and Lower Pine
Forest. 4000-5500 feet.
Summer herb common throughout the sierras. It often forms colonies, sometimes
associated with Tagetes filifolia.

Tagetes lucida Cav. Yerbanis

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Mesa Colorada ( 5 5 3 ) , Memelichi ( 2 6 9 1 ) . Type
locality: N o v a Hispania (Mexico).
H A B . Moist bottoms and meadows in H i g h Pine Forest. 5500-8000 feet.
 LIST OF FLORA
275
A colonial summer herb 4-6 dm. high, occurring in many localities throughout
the sierras. Its use as a tea is widespread among the natives. It is savory and makes
a refreshing drink.

Tagetes Pringlei Wats.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2776). Type locality: base of Sierra
Madre, Chihuahua.
H A B . In standing shallow water in meadow of High Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Aquatic annual 6 dm. high, colonial.

Tagetes subulata Llave & L e x ?

D I S T . Lowlands and foothills, Sonora; Sierra de Alamos ( 4 9 1 5 ) .
H A B . Open spots on lightly wooded slopes.
This plant is doubtfully referred to Tagetes subulata on account of its copious
pubescence, and may prove to be a new species.

Dyssodia anomala (Canby & Rose) Robins. Turasali ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Canon Estrella ( 4 4 1 ) , San Bernardo ( 1 3 0 0 ) , Alamos
(3002). Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Wooded slopes of the Short-tree Forest. 800—2500 feet.
Commonly scattered under the forest trees and shrubs; abundant in the vicinity
of San Bernardo.

Dyssodia cancellata ( C a v . ) Gray

D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 6 3 ) . Type locality unknown.
H A B . Sunny oak swales and slopes in Oak Forest. 3800 feet.

Porophyllum coloratum (H. B. K.) DC.

D I S T . Barrancas and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Estrella (363),
Canon Saucito (479), Guasaremos (1864, 2904), Guicorichi ( 1 9 8 1 ) , Curohui ( 2 1 4 7 ) .
Type locality: Guanajuato.
H A B . Open hill slopes and mesas in Oak Forest. 3000-5500 feet.
Perennial herb bending forth on a slender stem, the ultimate half much ramified.

Porophyllum gracile Benth. Siendre, hesteh ( W )

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 2 9 9 ) . Type locality: Magdalena Bay,
Baja California.
H A B . Under shrubs on gravelly soil on mesa in Short-tree Forest area. 800 feet.
Collected from several plants on San Bernardo Thorn Forest island; see page 49.
Openly branched herbs threading their way up through Haematoxylon brasiletto and
Acacia cymbispina. T h e herbage has a pleasantly pungent odor and is used in
treating catarrh.

Porophyllum macrocephalum D C .
D I S T . Barrancas, Chihuahua; Guasaremos ( 1 8 5 0 ) , Cienegita (2823). Type local­
ity: near Villapando, Mexico.
H A B . Open, grassy slopes and abandoned milpas high in Short-tree Forest. 2500-
3000 feet.
A large-headed and large-leaved summer annual, infrequently encountered.
276 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

Pedis Coulter i Harv. & Gray

D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; Navojoa ( 4 7 5 1 ) . T y p e locality: "California."
H A B . Shrub-grassland mesa with cholla (Opuntia); Thorn Forest. 150 feet.
Scattered at the base of shrubs.

Pectis filipes Harv. & Gray

D I S T . Coastal plain, Sonora; 4 miles east of Navojoa (4882). T y p e locality:
"California."
H A B . Dry mesa with open shrub cover; Thorn Forest.

Pectis imberbis Gray Yerba de venado

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella (325,
424), Conejos ( 1 1 1 5 ) , Guasaremos ( 1 8 5 7 ) , Batopilillas ( 2 6 1 7 ) . T y p e locality:
on the Sonoita, Sonora.
H A B . Open, grassy, rocky hill slopes; Oak Forest. 3000—4500 feet.
A n erect, slender perennial herb 7—10 dm. high, with the upper half much rami-
fied into fine ascending branches and branchlets. T h e stems are brittle and the
lower part reddish. Flowers: disks orange, rays yellow with crimson medial distal
stripe below. The plant looks more like a Porophyllum than a Pectis, and is easily
mistaken for Porophyllum pinifolium. Widely scattered on the open, xeric oak
slopes.

Pectis Palmeri Wats.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Ciudad Obregón ( 3 0 2 ) . T y p e locality: Guaymas,
Sonora.
H A B . Valley alluvium in foothills. 500 feet.

Pectis prostrata Cav.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Algodones, Cedros range ( 4 5 6 ) , Conejos ( 1 1 1 6 ) . Type
locality: Mexico.
H A B . Sunny hill slopes. 2000—3000 feet.

Pectis stenophylla Gray Cominillo

D I S T . Foothills and barrancas, Sonora; San Bernardo ( 1 0 2 5 ) . Type locality: hill-
sides near Batopilas, Chihuahua.
H A B . T h i n gravel soil on granitic mesa. 800 feet.
On the gravelly soil of the Thorn Forest island this plant formed low bushes
about 3 dm. high, with woody bases, in a scattered colony. It is much ramified
into very fine branchlets; flowers yellow, fall and spring. T h e natives of San Ber-
nardo make an infusion of the pleasantly odorous herbage and inhale the fumes
in treating colds.

Pectis uniaristata DC. Virtugosa

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Guirocoba ( 7 6 2 ) . Type locality: Mexico.
H A B . Field margins in Thorn Forest to canyons in Oak Forest.
A n erect, leafy, spreading annual, much branched above, growing with the
summer rains. The natives report that it is used as a tea. It is to be expected in
the Río Mayo area also.
 LIST OF FLORA 277

Artemisia mexicana Willd.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra de Papas (658), San Jose de Pinal (2843).
Type locality: Mexico.
Н А Б . In the dark humus soils of the Pine Forest. 5000-6000 feet.
A summer herb 5 - 1 0 dm. high, usually with single leafy stem terminating in a
spicate inflorescence. Leaves lanceolate, sessile, entire or irregularly serrate, green
above and white below.

Cacalia decomposita Gray Matariqui ( W )

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Guicorichi ( 1 9 5 9 ) , Cienegita ( 2 8 1 5 ) , Mesa Colorada
(536)-
Н А Б . Mesas and slopes in Pine Forest. 5000-6500 feet.
An herb about 1 m. high, with tuberous roots much valued for their medicinal
qualities. The herb gatherers collect and transport quantities to the druggists in the
west-coast towns. A colony of a hundred or so individuals was observed atop Cerro
Guicorichi, a few plants were seen above Cienegita, and it was reported by the
natives to inhabit neighboring sierras. Flowers October.
Cacalia pratensis Standi., Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22, p. 6 1 , 1940
D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Memelichi (2785). Type locality: San Juanito,
Distrito de Bocoyna, Chihuahua.
Н А Б . In standing water 1 - 2 inches deep in meadow of High Pine Forest. 7500
feet.
Aquatic herb 1 m. high, in a small colony in mid-meadow. The cauline leaves
are much reduced, but there are a goodly number of entire, cordate basal leaves,
7 - 1 0 cm. long, on petioles 15—20 cm. long. Not observed elsewhere.

Senecio Hartwegii Benth.

D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Arroyo Agua Blanca (509), Sierra
Charuco ( 2 0 3 4 ) . T y p e locality: Bolanos, Jalisco.
Н А Б . Canyon bottoms in Lower Pine Forest. 4500-5500 feet.
Tall, showy herbs on undulating, big-leaved stems 1 - 2 m. high, with a terminal
inflorescence in a broad yellow panicle or corymb. It is highly, pleasantly, and
subtly aromatic when in bloom in October, and for months later it lent a faint
but characteristic odor to the plant bundles. Common in the moist canyon bottoms
on Sierras Saguaribo, Charuco, and Canelo.

Senecio sp.
D I S T . Montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Tepopa ( 1 4 1 1 ) .
Н А Б . Deep, shady canyon in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 4000-5000
feet.
A showy, tolerant herb about 1 m. high, with large, subfleshy, 5-angled leaves
and a large terminal corymbose inflorescence. Above Tepopa it was scattered along
a narrow canyon stream under Cornus disciflora, Pinus, and Ilex rubra. It blooms
in March with a delightful perfume.

Centaurea americana Nutt.

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; San Jose de Pinal (2846), Loreto (2859).
H A B . Grassy hill slopes and dry meadow margins in Pine Forest. 5000-6000
feet.
278 RÍO MAYO PLANTS

Not observed elsewhere; a small colony grew on a sunny, grassy hill slope above
Loreto. Flowers fall or late summer.

Perezia montana Rose Pipichowa

D I S T . Foothills to montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Cañón Estrella ( 3 2 4 ) , Cerro
Orejón ( 1 2 1 8 ) . Type locality: Alamos, Sonora.
H A B . Steep, rocky slopes in Oak Forest. 3000—5000 feet.
A brittle-stemmed, harsh-leaved perennial ( ? ) about 1 m. high. Scattered
infrequently on the mountainous slopes. Flowers early spring and fall. The roots
are used medicinally.

Perezia Thurberi Gray Pipichowa, mata gusano

D I S T . Barrancas and montane, Sonora and Chihuahua; Canon Sapopa (1080),
Sierra Canelo ( 2 0 1 2 ) , Guasaremos (2898). Type locality: southern Arizona.
H A B . Rocky slopes in Oak Forest and Lower Pine Forest. 3000-5000 feet.
A stout, single-stemmed, coarse-leaved perennial about 1 m. high. The enlarged
roots are infused or decocted for various afflictions: to facilitate menstrual flow,
"for woman ailing in the back across kidneys, for man with a bad penis, and as a
laxative" (Warihio report).
It occurs consistently but widely scattered through the oak forest on arid, rocky
slopes. Flowers September and October.

Perezia sp.
D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Cañón Estrella (388).
H A B . Canyon slopes in Oak Forest.
Erect herb with ovate, mucronate, dentate leaves, sparsely puberulent and small
for a Perezia, 2—3 cm. long. Heads small, pedicellate, in a broad panicle. Flowers
October. Rare.

Trixis californica Kell.

D I S T . Foothills, Sonora; Bachoco (3008). T y p e locality: Cedros Island, Baja
California.
H A B . In valley alluvium and on basaltic hill slope.

Trixis Wrightii Rob. & Greenm. Yerba del aigre

D I S T . Barrancas, Sonora; Sierra L a Chuna ( 1 3 7 1 ) . Type locality: Mazatlán,
Sinaloa.
H A B . Open, arid, rocky slopes in the Oak Forest. 2500-4000 feet.
A n erect, leafy herb about 1 m. high, single-stemmed and slender, with a dense,
heavy head of flowers; March. It is limited to the xeric slopes of the western sierras,
where it forms scattered colonies in limited and often widely separated areas. The
natives regard the plant as medicinal; the flowers are mashed up and applied to the
forehead for headaches and insanity.

Pinaropappus junceus Gray

D I S T . Montane, Chihuahua; Sierra Charuco ( 1 5 0 5 ) .
H A B . Canyon in Oak Forest. 4500 feet.
A very attenuated plant, resembling Porophyllum. Flowers July.
 LIST OF FLORA 279

Hieracium Fendleri Sch. Bip.

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2804a).
HAB. Shallow soil on rocky slope; High Pine Forest. 8000 feet.
Limited to montane Pine Forest, where it is infrequently scattered on well
drained slopes. Flowers September. Erect, slender herb with basal rosette.

Hieracium Lemmoni Gray

DIST. Montane, Chihuahua; Los Cascarones (2676). Type locality: Bear Spring,
Cave Creek, Huachuca Mts., Arizona.
HAB. Steep slope in H i g h Pine Forest. 7500 feet.
Uncommon; flowers September.

iy
NEW SPECIES, VARIETIES, A N D COMBINATIONS PUBLISHED
IN THIS VOLUME

PAGE

Agave bovicornuta, sp. nov 92

Agave colorata, sp. nov 93
Agave mayoensis, sp. nov 94
Agave Shrevei, sp. nov 95
Agave wocomahi, sp. nov 96
Mimosa guirocobensis, sp. nov 127
Cissus mayoensis, sp. nov. 175
Wilcoxia Mariana, sp. nov 191
Ipomoea arborescens var. pachylutea, var. nov 213
Pithecolobium undulatum, comb. nov. 121
Lotus alamosanus, comb, nov 135
Dalea exserta, comb, nov 138
Dalea Palmeri, comb, nov 139
Dalea Watsoni, comb, nov 140
Mammillaria Standleyi, comb, nov 196
Ipomoea arborescens var. glabrata, comb, nov 213
NEW SPECIES B Y O T H E R WORKERS BASED ON T H E AUTHOR'S
RIO MAYO COLLECTIONS

(Repository of type is indicated in List of Specimens, pages 2 8 2 - 3 1 5 )

Tradescantia chihuahuensis Standi. Mammillaria sonorensis var. Gentryi

Tradescantia semisomna Standi. Craig
Hymenocallis sonorensis Standi. Mammillaria sonorensis var. Hiltoni
Bletia amabilis Schweinfurth Craig
Aristolochia quercetorum Standi. Mammillaria sonorensis var. longi-
Delphinium calcar-equitis Standi. spina Craig
Ranunculus pentadontus Standi. Mammillaria sonorensis var. McCartyi
Prunus Gentryi Standi. Craig
Calliandra Gentryi Standi. Cuphea indocta Standi.
Schrankia heterocarpa Standi. Gaura Gentryi Standi.
Mimosa callithrix Standi. Eryngium calaster Standi.
Crotalaria sonorensis Standi. Macrosiphonia Woodsoniana Standi.
Indigofera macilenta Standi. Asclepias Gentryi Standi.
Dalea astragalopsis Standi. Asclepias suffrutex Standi.
Dalea Gentryi Standi. Vincetoxicum quercetorum Standi.
Brongniartia tenuifolia Standi. Vincetoxicum tristeflorum Standi.
Astragalus Gentryi Standi. Ipomoea chilopsidis Standi.
Rhynchosia rariflora Standi. Ipomoea Gentryi Standi.
Phaseolus amabilis Standi. Lippia Gentryi Standi.
Phaseolus Gentryi Standi. Hedeoma floribunda Standi.
Phaseolus pachycarpus Standi. Physalis caudella Standi.
Phaseolus pauper Standi. Physalis sonorensis Standi.
Phaseolus sonorensis Standi. Pentstemon Gentryi Standi.
Geranium charucanum Standi. Utricularia Gentryi Standi.
Acalypha Gentryi Standi. Randia mollifolia Standi.

Jatropha platanifolia Standi. Chiococca petrina Wiggins

Manihot isoloba Standi. Crusea Gentryi Standi.

Rhus tepetate Standi. & Barkley Alomia stenolepis Blake

Aster Gentryi Standi.
Rhamnus pinetorum Standi.
Verbesina callilepis Blake
Bastardia violacea Standi.
Verbesina Gentryi Standi.
Passiflora quercetorum Killip
Bidens Gentryi Sherrf
Jarilla chocola Standi.
Bidens insolita Sherfl
Eucnide hypomalaca Standi.
Cosmos linearifolius var. magnifolius
Echinocereus Gentryi Clover
Sherfl
Mammillaria sonorensis Craig
Mammillaria sonorensis var. brevi-
spina Craig
 LIST OF SPECIMENS

T h e f o l l o w i n g list indicates the herbaria in w h i c h specimens of the author's

R í o M a y o collections are contained. Often single species are represented by
more than one n u m b e r or collection. T h i s does not m e a n that each of the
herbaria has all the numbers, but that one or m o r e of the n u m b e r s m a y be
found in each of them. F o r convenience in listing, the institutions have been
abbreviated as f o l l o w s :

F. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois

A. Herbarium of the author, Tucson, Arizona
G. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri
H. Gray Herbarium (herbs), Arnold Arboretum (trees and shrubs), Harvard
Museum (orchids), Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
O. Catholic University of America, Washington, D . C .
S. Herbarium of Forrest Shreve, Tucson, Arizona
M . Instituto de Biología, Mexico City, Mexico
K . Royal Botanic Gardens, K e w , Surrey, England
C . University of California, Berkeley, California
U S . United States National Herbarium, Washington, D . C .
P. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
D . Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University, California
B . University of Michigan, A n n Arbor, Michigan
E . University of California at Los Angeles, California

T h e Naturhistoriska R i k s m u s e e t in S t o c k h o l m , S w e d e n also has a set of 750

specimens of R i o M a y o collections, but since no record w a s kept of the indi­
v i d u a l numbers dispatched there, it is not possible to list them here.
W h e n type collections are listed, the repository of the type specimen is repre­
sented by the first letter in the series of herbarium abbreviations.

EQUISETACEAE
Equisetum laevigatum 2108 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.

PsiLOTACEAE

Psilotum nudum 2 1 1 0 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.P.US.

POLYPODIACEAE

Adiantum capillus-veneris 685, 764 S.B.

Adiantum Poiretii 1 1 7 7 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Asplenium Palmeri 698 S.B.
Bommeria hispida 607 S.B.
Botrychium sp. 2018 A.P.
Cheilanthes Kaulfussii 2 1 2 5 F.A.G.H.O.S.K.P.
Cheilanthes Lindheimeri 1 1 9 6 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Dennstaedtia mexicana (LeSueur 1 1 3 2 ) F.S.
282
 LIST OF SPECIMENS

Dicksonia af. rubiginosa 1395 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

Dryopteris Féei 697a, 3659 A.G.S.B.D.
Dryopteris oligocarpa (LeSueur 1 1 3 7 ) S.F.
Dryopteris parasitica 1646 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Dryopteris pilosa 2 1 1 2 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.P.
Dryopteris pilosa var. procurrens (LeSueur 1 1 3 3 ) . . . . F . S .
Notholaena bonariensis 618 B.S.
Notholaena candida 1 1 9 8 F.A.G.H.O.
Notholaena sinuata 1 1 9 5 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Pellaea flexuosa 1538 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.P.
Woodwardia spinulosa 2 1 1 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.P .US.

SELAGIN ELLACEAE

Selaginella cuspidata 6 8 1 , 1 1 9 7 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.

Selaginella lepidophylla 593 B.S.
Selaginella sp. 1 1 9 4 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

CYCADACEAE

Dioon Purpusii ? 1 1 3 6 , 2955, 5957 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.B.

PlNACEAE

Pinus ayacahuite ? 2036 F.A.H.

Pinus Lumholtzii 2873 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Pinus reflexa ? 1998 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Pseudotsuga mucronata 2 7 1 8 , 2725, 2858 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Taxodium mucronatum 849, 3049 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Cupressus arizonica 2005 F.A.GH.O.S.M.K.C.US.

NAIADACEAE

Naias flexilis 420 B.S.

ALISMACEAE

Echinodorus cordifolius 421 F.B.

GRAMINEAE

Tripsacum lanceolatum 425, 1892, 2496, 2914, 2953 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.

Hackelochloa granulans 437 . .BUS.
Andropogon cirrhatus 2954 . F.A.G.H.S.M.
Andropogon fastigiatus 781 . .B.
Heteropogon contortus 386, 387, 2890 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Heteropogon melanocarpus 407 .B.
Sorghastrum nudipes 5 1 0 . BUS.
Sorghastrum nutans 1965 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Sorghum halapense 2375 . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Sorghum vulgare var. saccharatum 1845 . F.A.G.H.
Aegopogon cenchroides 1 8 1 6 . F.A.G.H.O.M.
Aegopogon tenellus 1760, 1794, 3664 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.US.
284 RIO M A Y O P L A N T S

Arundinella Palmeri 318 B.US.

Paspalum Langei 337 B.US.
Panicum arizonicum 284 B.US.
Panicum bulbosum 2759 FA.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Panicum sonorum 1841 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Panicum sphaerocarpon (LeSueur 0105) F.S.
Panicum trichoides 340 B.US.
Oplismenus Burmanni 341, 4 1 1 B.US.
Oplismenus hirtellus 4 1 1 BUS.
Pennisetum Karwinskyi 383, 384, 1568 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Setaria geniculata 1804 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Setaria Grisebachii 308, 1600 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.P.B.
Aristida marginalis 1873 FA.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Aristida ternipes var. minor 3612 A.
Muhlenbergia dumosa 1102 F.A.S.US.
Muhlenbergia elongata 730 B.S.US.
Muhlenbergia Emersleyi 394, 1874 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Muhlenbergia gracilis ? 1289 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Muhlenbergia microsperma 3611, 3665 A.S.
Muhlenbergia quitensis 1401 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Muhlenbergia rigens 442, 643, 2046, 1931 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Muhlenbergia tenella 682, 740, 811 B.S.US.
Sporobolus microspermus 558 B.US.
Bouteloua aristidoides 1761 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Bouteloua curtipendula 382 B.S.
Bouteloua eludens 792 S.B.
Bouteloua gracilis 2788 FA.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Bouteloua radicosa 796 S.B.
Bouteloua Rothrockii 268 S.B.
Leptochloa filiformis 285, 298 S.B.US.
Leptochloa mucronata 794 S.B.
Eragrostis cilianensis 1853 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Eragrostis mexicana 1854 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Poa involuta 2716 FA.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Bromus Porteri 2789 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Arundinaria longifolia и 03 F.A.S.US.
Lasiacis ruscifolia 2402 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Lasiacis sorghoides 2290 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

CYPERACEAE
Hemicarpha micrantha 1 1 1 4 F.A.G.
Cyperus albomarginatus 1806 A.O.
Cyperus Aschenbornianus 392 B.O.
Cyperus Botteri 1736 O.
Cyperus canus 3626 A.S.O.
Cyperus digitatus 1567 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Cyperus hermaphroditus 1058 F.A.G.H.O.
Cyperus hermaphroditus var. longespicatus 1807 F.A.O.K.C.US.
Cyperus lanceolatus var. compositus 1795, 2408. F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS 285
Cyperus Mutisii 1744, 2397 A.O.
Cyperus niger var. castaneus 1996 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Cyperus polystachyos var. leptostachyus 1576, 2045. . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Cyperus seslerioides 1 5 2 5 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Cyperus spectabilis 1800, 2396, 2495 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Cyperus surinamensis 765 B.O.
Cyperus tenerrimus 1586 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Fuirena simplex 2041 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Fuirena sp. 1 4 1 2 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Scirpus americanus 1 5 7 5 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Eleocharis atropurpúrea 802 0.B.
Eleocharis capitata 1 1 1 3 F.A.G.
Eleocharis montevidensis 3667, 1 4 1 8 O.A.S.C.G.H.M.F.K.
Fimbristylis annua 801 B.O.D.
Carex leucodonta 1 5 1 4 A.O.S.C.G.H.M.
Carex nebraskensis 1 4 1 3 F.A.S.
Carex praegracilis (LeSueur 1 1 1 8 ) F.S.

PALMAE

Sabal uresana 1 2 1 0 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

Erythea af. aculeata 4919, 5959 A.S.G.H.M.B.D.

BROMELIACEAE

Pitcairnia Palmeri 2230 A.S.

Tillandsia inflata 2032 F.A.G.S.
Tillandsia recurvata 1 2 0 3 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina dianthifolia 2470, 2506, 2642, 528. F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.

Commelina elegans 374, 1 5 5 2 , 2339, 2350, 2403 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Tinantia erecta 2 4 4 1 , 2525, 2774 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Tinantia leiocalyx 1 6 5 5 .F.A.S.
Tradescantia amplexicaulis 1706 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Tradescantia brachyphylla 2775 .A.
Tradescantia chihuahuensis 2365 type .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Tradescantia disgrega 1598, 1 5 9 9 . . . . .F.A.S.US.
Tradescantia pinetorum 2294, 2 7 7 1 . . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Tradescantia rhodanthera 1504 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Tradescantia semisomna 1658 type, 2630 F.A.G.H.S.O.M.K.C.
Callisia monandra 1 2 5 4 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

PoNTEDERIACEAE

Heteranthera limosa 1 8 7 5 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

JUNCACEAE

Juncus macer (LeSueur 1 1 1 7 A ) F.S.

286 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

LlLIACEAE

Schoenocaulon Drummondii 2 3 1 5 , 2 5 1 5 . . .F.A.G.H. S.M.K.C.US.

Zygadenus mexicanus 2 7 2 1 .F.A.G.H, S.M.KG.US.
Anthericum Torreyi 1689, 1 8 9 1 , 2466, 2896 F . A . G . H O.S.M.K.C.US.
Echeandia brevifolia 3 3 3 , 1858, 2880 .F.A.G.H S.M.K.C.US.B.
Allium scaposum 2558 .F.A.G.H S.M.K.C.
Milla biflora 369, 5 1 7 , 1694, 2 8 1 2 F . A . G . H O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Calochortus fuscus 1896, 2532, 2385 .F.A.G.H S.K.C.US.M.
Calochortus venustulus 1 8 1 9 , 2392, 2 6 7 0 . . . F . A . G . H O.S.M.K.C.US.
Hypoxis decumbens 1 5 3 2 . . F . A . G . H O.S.M.K.C.US.
Yucca rigida 2304 A.S.
Nolina matapensis 1209 . .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.
Nolina microcarpa 2228 . F . A . G . H .s.
Dasylirion Wheeleri 1 8 2 2 . F . A . G . H .O.S.M.

AMARYLLIDACEAE

Hymenocallis sonorensis 2267 type F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Manfreda jaliscana 1290 F.A.G.H.O.
Manfreda singuliflora 1978, 2 6 7 1 , 2 9 1 5 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.US.
Agave bovicornuta 1 3 4 , 3672 type D.S.A.
Agave colorata 3050 type D.S.
Agave Hartmani ? 2850 A.
Agave mayoensis 3673 type D.S.A.G.
Agave Shrevei 2028 type D.S.A.
Agave wocomahi 1989 type D.S.A.
Agave yaquiana ? n 39 F.A.

DlOSCOREACEAE

Dioscorea convolvulácea var. grandifolia 1634, 1 5 6 2 ,

2328 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

IRIDACEAE

Sisyrinchium arizonicum 2 3 1 6 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Sisyrinchium scabrum 1 8 1 7 , 2 3 1 8 , 2777 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Tigridia Pringlei 1 7 7 3 , 1827, 2400 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Nemastylis Pringlei ? 1 5 3 5 A.

ORCHIDACEAE

Habenaria clypeata 2 5 1 3 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Habenaria jaliscana 1508, 2530 F.A.H.S.
Habenaria novemfida 1906, 2854a A.
Habenaria oreophila 2452 A.
Habenaria Schaffneri ? 2530« F.A.
Sarcoglottis pauciflora 2871 A.G.H.
Stenorrhynchus aurantiacus 2 5 3 1 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Corallorrhiza grandiflora 3670 A.H.
Malaxis fastigiata 1 5 1 3 A.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS 2¡

Microstylis ophioglossoides 1 7 2 2 F.A.G.H.O.

Epidendrum microbulbon 2 2 1 4 F.A.G.H.S.M.K C U S
Laelia autumnalis 2 2 2 5 , 2026 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Hexalectris mexicana 2702 A..
Bletia amabilis 2 3 0 2 type, 2449 H.A.S.
Bletia Roezlii 1 7 8 9 , 1 9 0 5 , 2477, 2667 F.A.G.H.S.
Oncidium cebolleta 2 2 1 3 , 3628 A.S.C.

SALICACEAE
Populus tremuloides 2 7 2 2 F.A.H.
Salix Bonplandiana 1 1 0 5 F.A.G.H.

PlPERACEAE

Piper Palmeri ? 2 2 4 2 . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.

JUGLANDACEAE

Juglans major 3642 F.A.S.

BETULACEAE

Alnus oblongifolia 1 5 3 0 , 2875 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

FAGACEAE

Quercus albocincta 1460, 8 4 1 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.

Quercus arizonica 1 9 7 0 , 6 2 9 F.A.S.B.D.
Quercus chihuahuensis 1 2 0 0 , .F.A.G.H.S.M.O.
Quercus diversicolor 1 9 4 6 . . F.A.G.H.S.O.M.K.C.US.
Quercus durifolia 2 1 0 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.-
Quercus epileuca 2 2 1 8 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Quercus incarnata 2 7 1 3 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Quercus pennivenia 2 2 2 6 . . . . F. A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Quercus tuberculata 1 4 6 7 . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

ULMACEAE

Celtis iguanea 1 5 0 0 . . . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

Celtis reticulata 2 4 1 2 . . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

MORACEAE

Morus microphylla 3 6 4 1 , 3 6 5 7 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.

Trophis racemosa 7 3 6 .S.B.
Dorstenia Drakeana 1 0 2 6 , 1 5 5 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Ficus cotinifolia 1 0 4 3 , 1 2 2 0 , 2258, 2259, 3606. . . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Ficus Goldmanii 2 2 5 1 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Ficus padifolia 1 5 4 3 , 3 6 3 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Ficus petiolaris 1 2 2 1 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Ficus radulina 2289, 2288 ..F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
288 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

URTICACEAE

Urera caracasana 1544 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

Parietaria debilis 1253. . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

LORANTHACEAE

Stru than thus Haenkeanus 1301 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

Phoradendron californicum (Shreve 6183) S.
Phoradendron Engelmannii 620, 2 6 5 3 . . . . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.R.
Phoradendron scaberrimum 1537 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Razoumofskya vaginata 587 :B.S.

OPILIACEAE

Agonandra racemosa 1432. F.A.G.H.O.S.M.C.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

Aristolochia brevipes 2999 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.

Aristolochia quercetorum 1872 type, 2455. . F.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.A.

POLYGONACEAE

Eriogonum atrorubens 2709 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Rumex obtusifolius 2743 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Polygonum bistortoides 2782 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Polygonum mexicanum 2579 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Polygonum pennsylvanicum 1334 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Antigonon leptopus 4854 A.G.H.S.M.

CHENOPODIACEAE

Chenopodium album var. 1621. . F.A.G.H.

Chenopodium ambrosioides 1475 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Chenopodium incisum 2754 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

AMARANTHACEAE

Amaranthus hybridus var. 1843 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.

Amaranthus Palmeri 4851 F.A.G.H.S.M.D.
Tidestromia lanuginosa 865, 1021, 4838 .F.A.G.H.S.M.D.B.
Froelichia interrupta 2889 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Alternanthera stellata 953, 1077 .F.A.S.B.
Gomphrena nitida 2552 S.B.F.G.H.A.M.K.C.US.
Gomphrena sonorae 301, 307. . S.B.
Iresine Calea 1374 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Iresine Ceiosia 349, 1187 .F.A.S.B.
Iresine Hartmanii 1190, 1352, 3609 F.A.G.H.S.M.
Iresine interrupta 1260, 3617 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

NYCTAGINACEAE

Mirabilis jalapa 588, 672, 1 9 1 1 F.A.G.H.B.

Mirabilis Wrightiana 1549, 2346, 2654. F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS 289

Wedeliella incarnata 4877 .A.G.H.S.N.

Boerhaavia caribaea 1053, 1666. . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Boerhaavia Coulteri 1581 F.A.
Boerhaavia erecta 1045, 1582, 2427 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Boerhaavia gracillima 1603 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Boerhaavia lateriflora 267 .S.B.
Boerhaavia spicata 1594 .A.S.
Boerhaavia Torreyana in 1935. . . A.
Boerhaavia Xanti 1593 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Commicarpus scandens 1061, 2907 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Salpianthus macrodontus 723, 292 .F.A.H.G.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Salpianthus purpurascens 4818 F.A.G.H.S.M.D.
Pisonia capitata 1273, 3627 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

PHYTOLACCACEAE

Rivina humilis 372, 1078«, 1606, 1846 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.

Stegnosperma halimifolium 2975 FAG.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Phytolacca icosandra 1423, 1474, 1547 FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

AlZOACEAE

Mollugo verticillata 1592 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.

PORTULACA CE AE
Talinum marginatum 2303 FAG.H.S.K.
Talinum paniculatum 1656 FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Talinum triangulare 1071, 1657, 1601 FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

NYMPHAEACEAE

Nymphaea ampia 4749 A.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Stellaria montana 1252. .. .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

Drymaria gracilis 1338 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Drymaria nodosa 571, i l 4 J .F.A.G.H.O.S.K.P.B.
Drymaria tenella 2669 .. .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Saponaria officinalis 1823. .A.

RANUNCULACEAE

Aquilegia Skinneri 2586 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Delphinium calcar-equitis 2700 type . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Delphinium leptophyllum 2845 . . . A.
Clematis Drummondii ? 1494 FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Ranunculus pentadontus 2787 type. F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Thalictrum Fendleri 1463, 1526?, 2361 FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

MENISPERMACEAE

Cocculus diversifolius 2252, 3620 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

290 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

LAURACEAE

Persea podadenia 2235, 2620, 3661 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Litsea glaucescens 2539 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Sassafridium macrophyllum 1478, 3629, 3630. . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

PAPAVERACEAE

Argemone mexicana 1 3 3 7 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

CRUCIFERAE

Thelypodium longifolium 2499, 2 7 3 8 . . . . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Lepidium lasiocarpum 1363 .F.A.G.H.O.S.
Sisymbrium auriculatum 1 2 2 2 , 1250, 3005 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Sophia ochroleuca ? 1303 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Brassica campestris 2755 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Draba cuneifolia 1 3 6 1 .F.A.G.H.O.S.
Draba cuneifolia var. brevifolia (Shreve 6167a) .S.

CAPPARIDACEAE

Cleome melanocarpa 1648. . . .

Forchammeria Watsoni 3026. F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

CRASSULACEAE

Sedum chihuahuense 2572 .A.

Sedum madrense 2678 .F.A.G.H.S.
Sedum mellitulum 2842, 2862 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Sedum vinicolor 2729 F.A.G.H.S.
Pachyphytum sp. 639 S.B.
Echeveria paniculata 2872 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.
Graptopetalum occidentalis (living specimens). . . . Craig Gardens

SAXIFRAGACEAE

Heuchera rubescens ? 2 1 2 1 , 2 7 1 5 . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.

Heuchera sanguínea 1955, 2 5 1 6 . . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

PLATANACEAE

Platanus racemosa 1 4 7 7 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

ROSACEAE

Holodiscus dumosus 2 7 1 7 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Potentilla Thurberi 1920, 1929 . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Alchemilla subalpestris 2784 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Prunus Capuli 2916 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Prunus Gentryi 2 5 1 4 type, 1 7 8 4 . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Prunus virens 2238 .F.A.G.H.S.
Prunus Zingii 2 2 1 6 , 2398, 3658. . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS 291

KRAMERIACEAE
Krameria Palmeri 4842 A.G.H.S.M.D.
Krameria parvifolia 328, 1099, 1565 F.A.G.H.O.S.B.
Krameria paucifolia 1069 F.A.G.H.O.S.
Krameria prostrata 2 2 8 1 , 2626 F.AG.H.S.M.K.C.US.

LEGUMINOSAE

Pithecolobium dulce 1224 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.

Pithecolobium mexicanum 3025, 3030 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Pithecolobium sonorae 3029 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Pithecolobium undulatum 1490, 2927 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Albizzia sinaloensis 2197, 2980 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Calliandra eriophylla 1 2 3 5 , 2628 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Calliandra Gentryi 2363 type, 2389 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Calliandra gracilis ? 1630 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Calliandra Houstoniana 1 1 2 5 , 2903, 362, 539 . . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Calliandra humilis 2307, 2526 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Calliandra rupestris 1470, 2265 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Calliandra sp. 2660 . .A.
Lysiloma divaricata 1063, 1 6 3 1 , 4846 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.D.
Lysiloma Watsoni 402, 1 4 6 1 , 4787 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.D.
Acacia angustissima 1 7 0 1 , 2610 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Acacia constricta 4885 . .A.G.S.
Acacia Coulteri ? 1 4 7 3 , 4763. . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Acacia crinita 1 3 7 0 , 2325 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Acacia cymbispina 1062, 1 6 1 8 . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Acacia Farnesiana 1 2 3 7 , 2344. . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Acacia occidentalis 1 3 7 5 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Acacia pennatula 1202 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Acacia villosa 1638, 2393 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Acacia Willardiana 3 0 1 2 . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Leucaena lanceolata 1 1 3 8 , 1632 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Schrankia heterocarpa 2635 type . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Mimosa biuncifera 2209 . F.A.G.H.S.K.C.
Mimosa callithrix 1 5 3 1 type, 1802 . F.A.
Mimosa dysocarpa 2323, 2644, 2585 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Mimosa guirocobensis 5956 type, 3020, 3036. . .S.A.G.H.F.M.D.B.
Mimosa laxiflora 2343, 2835, 4881 . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Mimosa Lindheimeri 2 3 0 1 , 2655 . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Mimosa Palmeri 1024, 1583, 2947, 4779 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.D.
Mimosa purpurascens 1545 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Acuan bicornutus 2410, 2614 . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Acuan Covillei 4886 . .A.S.
Acuan virgatus 3 1 0 . S.B. .
Prosopis af. chilensis (Shreve 6 1 5 7 ) .s.
Cassia absus 2818, 4893 . F.A.G.H.S.D.M.
Cassia biflora 1 0 3 5 , 1 1 7 1 , 1295, 3605 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Cassia Covesii 1 1 5 4 , 1660 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.C.
292 RIO M A Y O P L A N T S

Cassia emarginata 1122, 1448 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.

Cassia leptadenia 1710 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Cassia occidentalis 1 1 5 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Cassia Palmeri 1750, 2816 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Cassia uniflora 1150 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Parkinsonia aculeata 1445 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Haematoxylon brasiletto 1094, 1242 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Cercidium Torreyanum 1377, 4839 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Delonix regia 1022 F.
Conzattia sericea 1472, 2360 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Hoffmanseggia multi] uga 1641 FAG.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Caesalpinia caladenia 2989 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Caesalpinia Palmeri 3022 A.G.H.S.
Caesalpinia platyloba 1167, 1482 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Caesalpinia pulcherrima 1096, i486 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Caesalpinia Standleyi 1378 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Crotalaria angulata 2701, 2588 A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Crotalaria incana 1306, 4827 F.A.G.H.S.M.
Crotalaria longirostrata 2459, 2611 F.A.GH.S.M.KC.US.
Crotalaria pumila 1052 F.A.G.II.O.S.
Crotalaria Purshii var. polyphylla 1692. . . F.A.G.H.O.
Crotalaria sagittalis 1325 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Crotalaria sonorensis 2948 type, 2639 F.A.G.H.S.
Crotalaria Tuerkheimii 1399 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Lupinus Sitgreavesii 2690 FAG.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Trifolium goniocarpum 2693 FA.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Trifolium involucratum 2575, 2803 FAG.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Lotus alamosanus 1405, 3666 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.KC.
Lotus chihuahuanus 2662 FAG.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Lotus puberulus 1940, 2806 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Lotus repens 2752 FAG.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Lotus tomentellus 540 B.S.
Indigofera densiflora 2895, 4900 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Indigofera laevis 4855 A.G.H.S.M.D.
Indigofera macilenta 1557, 2335 type F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Indigofera sphaerocarpa 2584 FA.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Indigofera suffruticosa 1065 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Psoralea pentaphylla 2387 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Eysenhardtia polystachya ? 1457 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Dalea alamosana 453, 7 1 1 , 4785 F.A.G.H.S.M.D.B.
Dalea albiflora 2848, 2861 FA.G.H.S.K.C.
Dalea astragalopsis 1815, 2479 type FA.G.H.S.K.C.
Dalea af. calycosa 2138 A.
Dalea af. cyanea 2595, 2795 A.G.H.
Dalea diffusa 1369, 1727, 1913, 2853, 390, 480 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.D.
Dalea exserta 518 S.B.
Dalea filiformis 1950, 2549 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Dalea flava 7 7 1 ^ 785, 4858 A.S.B.
Dalea af. flava 3613 F.A.S.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS
293

Dalea Gentryi 1809 type, 1928. . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

Dalea Grayi 1409, 1444 .F.A.
Dalea leporina 2786 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Dalea leucostachys 1699, 2860. . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Dalea af. mucronata 2838 A.S.
Dalea nigra 1 8 7 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Dalea occidentalis 2938 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Dalea Palmeri 1 0 5 1 .F.A.G.H.O.
Dalea Parryi 2885, 3019 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Dalea polygonoides 1 9 5 1 , 2704. . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Dalea revoluta 1 1 0 4 , 1428 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Dalea tomentosa 2 0 2 1 , 2 1 4 3 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Dalea Watsoni 524 S.B.
Dalea sp. 3045 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Brongniartia alamosana 1453 . . . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Brongniartia lunata 1 2 7 9 , 2248. . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Brongniartia Palmeri 4778 . A.S.G.H.M.D.
Brongniartia tenuifolia 3046 type F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Tephrosia arcuata 2463 .. F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Tephrosia leiocarpa 1868, 2 4 1 4 , 2936 . F.A.G.H.S.K.C.US.
Tephrosia leucantha 2 3 1 4 , 1691, 2613,. 949 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Tephrosia Palmeri 405, 829 . F.S.B.
Tephrosia purpurea 2629 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Tephrosia talpa 2527 . F.A.G.H.S.K.
Peteria scoparia 2658 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Willardia mexicana 1446, 2205, 4878 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.D.
Diphysa occidentalis 1 2 7 5 , 2266 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Diphysa racemosa 1302, 3034 . .D.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Diphysa suberosa 1459, 2249 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Coursetia glandulosa 1249, 3602, 3001 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Benthamantha Edwardsii 1556, 1766, 2241, .. F.A.S.US.
Benthamantha glabrescens 2399 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Benthamantha mollis 2425 . . . . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Benthamantha af. Wrightii 3656 . .A.
Sesbania sesban 4748, 4850 . .A.S.G.H.M.D.
Sphinctospermum constrictum 1654 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Astragalus Gentryi 5 2 3 , xo type . .F.A.S.B.
Astragalus Hartwegii 2797 . . .A.
Astragalus Nuttallianus 3648 . F.A.S.C.
Nissolia hirsuta 1649 . F.A.G.HvO.S.M.K.C.US.
Nissolia Pringlei 1382, 2382. . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Amicia zygomeris 1 9 1 5 , 2502 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Aeschynomene americana 489a, 800, i737> 1
. F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.
Aeschynomene fascicularis 4 1 3 , 7 3 1 , 1838. . . .F.A.G.H.S.B.
Stylosanthes humilis ? 2934 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Desmodium angustifolium 1 7 0 3 , i747> ^I 1
460,
2509, 2 5 1 0 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Desmodium arizonicum 2486 .A.S.
Desmodium batocaulon 1704, 1770, 2487, 2867 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
294 RIO M A Y O P L A N T S

Desmodium cajanifolium, 2826 .F.A.G.H.S.K.C.

Desmodium cinerascens 476, 483, 1366, 1781,2413,
2516a, 3032 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.B.D.
Desmodium distortum 1798 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Desmodium exiguum 1653, 2512 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Desmodium gramineum 2623 A.G.H.S.
Desmodium guadalajaranum 1720, 1867 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Desmodium Hartwegianum 1790, 2522, 2545 A.G.H.S.M.US.
Desmodium macrostachyum 1749 . . . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Desmodium af. madrense 1723, 2507. .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Desmodium mexicanum 2766 . A.G.
Desmodium neomexicanum 1966, 2133, 2548 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Desmodium nicaraguense 2634 .A.H.
Desmodium procumbens 1688, 1728, 2423. . . A.S.US.
Desmodium prostratum 1963, 1991, 2866. . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Desmodium purpureum 381, 1060, 1833, 281 7 2

2829 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.P.
Desmodium Wislizeni 1716, 1812, 1952, 2865 854 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Desmodium sp. 1852 .A.
Desmodium sp. 2520, 2521 . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Desmodium sp. 2679 .A.H.S.
Desmodium sp. 2663 .A.S.
Desmodium sp. 1957 . .A.
Zornia diphylla 1589, 2535, 2574, 2604 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Piscidia mollis 1498, 2250 . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Vicia exigua 2692 . .A.G.H.S.K.C.US.
Vicia pulchella 1958, 2763 ..F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Lathyrus graminifolius 2773 . .A.S.
Centrosema virginianum 2940. . . . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Cologania angustifolia 1566, 2296 . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Cologania erecta 1533, 1 5 3 4 a . . . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.O.US.
Cologania humilis 1714, 1779, 2564 . F.A.G.H.O.S.K.
Cologania intermedia 2699 . . . . . .A.
Cologania Lemmoni 2764, 2538 . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Cologania longifolia 1512, 1534 537
2 ..A.
Cologania af. rufescens 2 5 0 1 . . . . . .A.
Cologania scandens 2296a, 2485 . A.O.C.S.
Erythrina flabelliformis 2202 . . . . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Galactia striata 1637, 2609, 2881 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Galactia sp. 3612a . F.
Galactia sp. 2696 ..A.
Canavalia villosa 3655 . .F.A.S.
Rhynchosia macrocarpa 1416, 3038, 396 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.
Rhynchosia minima 1454, 1848, 2879 . F.A.G.H.O.S.
Rhynchosia nigropunctata 2239 . F.
Rhynchosia pyramidalis 1168, 1821. . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Rhynchosia rariflora 2883 type .. F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Rhynchosia sp. 2278 . S.M.K.C.US.
Eriosema grandiflorum 434, 460, 1837 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS 2 9 5

Eriosema pulchellum 520, 577, 1 5 1 8 , 2 3 1 7 , 2536,

2813, 2878 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Phaseolus acutifolius 1 7 1 1 , 2542, 2465, 2893 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Phaseolus amabilis 2471 type F.A.G.H.S.K.C.
Phaseolus anisotrichus 339, 1 7 7 2 , 2637 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.US.B.
Phaseolus caracala 2404 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Phaseolus Gentryi 438, 2 6 1 5 type, 2837 F.A.S.B.
Phaseolus heterophyllus 1708, 2482 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Phaseolus Metcalfei 1904, 2006, 2523, 2454, 2467 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.
Phaseolus pachycarpus 2888 type F.A.
Phaseolus parvulus 2665, 2680, 2796 F.A.S.
Phaseolus pauper 1674 type F.A.S.
Phaseolus sonorensis 1396 type, 3636 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Phaseolus speciosus 1 2 9 7 , 3 6 1 6 , 3 6 6 8 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Minkelersia galactoides 2483, 2563, 2666 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

GERANIACEAE

Geranium albidum 2804 F.A.G.H.S.K.

Geranium charucanum 1 8 1 3 , 2481, 2576 type F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Geranium geoides 2740, 2745 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Geranium niveum 2756 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Geranium resimum ? 1420 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Geranium Wislizeni 544, 669, 1756, 1937 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.

OxALIDACEAE

Oxalis albicans 2 5 1 1 , 2708 F.A.G.H.S.K.

Oxalis divergens 2295, 2322 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Oxalis lanceolata ? 2772 F.A.
Oxalis latifolia 1509, 2987 F.A.S.US.

LINACEAE

Linum Greggii 545, 2 1 3 0 , 2757 F.S.B.P.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylon mexicanum 1489 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Guaiacum Coulteri 1445, 1095 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.P.

Kallstroemia brachystylis 309 S.B.
Kallstroemia grandiflora 1667 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

RUTACEAE

Zanthoxylum Fagara 2255, 4832 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Esenbeckia Hartmanii 2254 F.A.G.H.

SlMARURACEAE

Alvaradoa amorphoides 1 1 0 0 , 1 1 7 4 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

20
296 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

BURSERACEAE

Bursera arborea 3621 F.A.S.

Bursera confusa 2 2 6 1 , 2266« .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Bursera filicifolia 289 S.B.
Bursera fragilis 2245, 2298, 2384 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Bursera grandifolia 1550 . . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Bursera inopinnata 1585 . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Bursera laxiflora 1458, 2260, F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Bursera stenophylla 2383 . . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Bursera sp. 2201 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

MELIACEAE

Trichilia colimana 1044, 1647, 1 3 1 6 , 4889 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.D.

Trichilia hirta 2206, 4768, 4889« F.A.G.H.S.M.K.CUS.D.

MALPIGHIACEAE

Mascagnia macroptera 1 1 5 5 , 1 3 4 7 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.

Gaudichaudia mucronata 1 7 8 3 , 2480, 2832 2650a,
F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Heteropteris Palmeri 904, 1680 F.A.H.S.B.
Janusia californica 1 2 4 3 , 1380 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Janusia linearis 4883 .D.A.G.H.S.
Echinopterys eglandulosa 3608 F.
Thryallis angustifolia 1 6 6 1 . . .F.A.G.H.S.K.
Thryallis glauca 1 3 7 2 , 3037. . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Thryallis vestida 1 1 3 7 , 2282. . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Malpighia umbellata 1496. . . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Bunchosia sonorensis 1 2 6 3 , 4875 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.D.

PoLYGALACEAE

Polygala alba 1697, 2833 F.A.

Polygala glochidiata 5 5 1 , 1386, 1698, 2016, 2489 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.
Polygala hemipterocarpa 2 1 2 8 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Polygala puberula 1685, 1834, 2882, 2887 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Monnina af. Schlechtendaliana 6 1 2 S.B.
Monnina Wrightii 1 8 0 1 , 1 9 0 1 , 1944, 2 5 7 1 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

EuPHORBIACEAE

Phyllanthus micrandrus 2619 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Phyllanthus polygonoides 689 . . . . F.B.
Drypetes lateriflora 3 6 1 8 .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Croton californicus forma 458, 295 .A.B.S.
Croton ciliato-glandulosus 1023 . . F.A.G.H.S.M.
Croton fragilis ? 1 4 8 8 . . . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Croton subjucundus H.
Ditaxis adenophora 4756 A.G.H.S.D.
Ditaxis lanceolata 4835 . . .A.,
Ditaxis tinctoria ? 4844. . A.G.H.S.M.D.
Acalypha- adnostachya 834 .S.B.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS

Acalypha alopecuroides 2424 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Acalypha Gentryi 1540 type F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Acalypha neomexicana 1 5 9 1 , 2 3 3 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.K.
Acalypha polystachya 1623, 1 6 1 5 , 2377 FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Acalypha subviscida 1465, 1 5 1 1 , 1563 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
'l'ragia nepetifolia 1 3 3 2 F.A.G.H.O.S.
Jatropha cardiophylla 4836 A.S.G.H.
Jatropha cinerea 4755 A.S.
Jatropha cordata 1450, 2274, 2275 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Jatropha platanifolia 1449 type, 4873 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.D.
Jatropha sp. 2956 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.
Manihot angustiloba 2 3 7 1 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Manihot caudata 2450 A.S.
Manihot isoloba 2372 type, 1468 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Sebastiania Pringlei 2329 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Pedilanthus macrocarpus 2 1 9 2 A.
Pedilanthus rubescens 385 S.B.
Sapium appendiculatum 2345 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Euphorbia adenoptera 364, 464, 777 S.B.H.
Euphorbia arizonica 1609 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Euphorbia af. capitellata 3 1 1 S.B.
Euphorbia colletioides 329, 1034, 1882, 2905, 2920. . . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Euphorbia colorata 1462, 1 5 2 1 , 2229 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Euphorbia cumbrae 7 1 2 , 1 1 4 7 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.B.
Euphorbia cuphosperma 366, 1673, 1 7 2 1 , 2618, 2647. .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Euphorbia Oorida 3 1 3 , 1 1 1 9 , 2279 F.A.G.H.B.O.S.M.K.C.
Euphorbia gracillima 1608 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Euphorbia graminea 336, 1050 F.A.G.H.B.
Euphorbia heterophylla 1 0 3 1 , 2381 F.A.G.H.O.
Euphorbia hirta var. typica 338, 1584 A.B.H.
Euphorbia hyssopifolia 2 4 3 1 , 2380 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Euphorbia maculata var. 543 B.H.
Euphorbia pediculifera 459 S.B.H.
Euphorbia petrina 1280 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Euphorbia plicata 3 0 1 4 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Euphorbia Plummerae 1730 F.A.G.O.S.
Euphorbia pycnanthema ? 3 0 1 5 F.A.G.H.S.K.
Euphorbia subreniformis 7 1 2 « , 568, 2490, 2651 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Euphorbia thymifolia 798 B.H.
Euphorbia trachysperma 266 B.H.
Euphorbia uniglandulosa 375, 1 6 1 3 , 2401 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Euphorbia villifera var. crepuscula 789 B.H.

ANACARDIACEAE

Spondias purpurea 1435 F.A.H.G.O.S.M.K.C.US.

Rhus allophyloides 3671 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Rhus Hartmanii 3632 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Rhus tepetate 1746 type F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Toxicodendron diversilobum 2246, 2857 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
2o8 RIO M A Y O P L A N T S

AQUIFOLIACEAE

Ilex rubra 2 2 1 7 , 2227 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Ilex tolucana 2309 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

CELASTRACEAE

Maytenus phyllanthoides 3674 F.A.S.C.

Wimmeria mexicana 397, 1879 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.

AcERACEAE

Acer grandidentatum (LeSueur 7 7 5 ) F.S.

SAPINDACEAE

Serjania mexicana 3633 F.A.

Serjania Palmeri 1497, 2244, 2253 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Sapindus Saponaria 727, 728, 1 1 7 0 , 2273 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.B.
Cardiospermum halicacabum 1070, 1 3 0 7 F.A.G.H.O.M.K.S.
Dodonaea viscosa 1 1 2 0 , 1389, 2 0 1 5 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

RHAMNACEAE

Condalia lycioides 3047 A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Condalia spathulata 2976 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Karwinskia Humboldtiana 1 1 6 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.C.
Rhamnus betulaefolia 2 1 5 0 , 2237 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Rhamnus mucronata ? 1769 A.
Rhamnus pinetorum 2540 type F.A.G.H.S.C.
Ceanothus coeruleus 595, 6 1 5 , 1 7 3 1 , 2 1 1 3 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Ceanothus depressus 560 S.B.
Ceanothus ochracea 2877 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Colubrina glomerata 1597, 4823 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.D.
Gouania mexicana 2378, 4758 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

VITACEAE

Vitis arizonica 3644 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.

Cissus mayoensis 4841 type S.A.H.
Cissus sicyoides 4816 A.G.ll.S.M.D.
Cissus sp. ? Desert Laboratory garden
Ampelocissus acapulcensis ? 3635 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.

TILIACEAE

Tilia floridana (LeSueur 649) F.S.

Corchorus orinocensis 299 F.B.S.
Triumfetta chihuahuensis 1780, 2 1 2 3 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Triumfetta discolor ? 1742 A.
Triumfetta Goldmanii 506, 1768, 1967, 2841 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Triumfetta semitriloba 1645, 1884 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Heliocarpus polyandrus 1079, 1644, 2440, 2909 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Heliocarpus af. reticulatus 399 S.B.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS 299

MALVACEAE

Abutilón crispum 3 0 1 3 , 1055 F.A.G.H.S.US.

Abutilón incanum 2983 F.A.S.
Abutilón lignosum 1038, 2884 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Abutilón sonorae 2891 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Abutilón trisulcatum 1039 F.A.
Abutilón umbellatum ? 1 3 1 7 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Wissadula amplissima 2902 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Wissadula cincta 858 B.D.
Sphaeralcea Coulteri 3006 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Sphaeralcea Coulteri var. californica 1441 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Sidalcea neomexicana 2694 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Malvastrum bicuspidatum 3 5 1 , 1093 F.A.G.H.O.B.D.
Sida cordifolia 1054, 1276 F.A.D.
Sida glabra 8 1 7 , 2908 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.D.
Sida glutinosa n 8 8 F.A.
Sida linifolia 2935 F.A.G.H.
Sida lodiegensis 956 F.B.D.
Sida procumbens 1 3 1 0 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Sida rhombifolia 7 1 4 , 845 B.D.
Sida tragiaefolia 5 1 6 B.D.
Bastardía violácea 2982 type F.A.S.
Anoda acerifolia 1829 F.A.G.H.O.S.
Anoda caudatifolia 1083 F.A.G.H.O.
Anoda crenatiflora 1 0 9 1 , 2429, 2638 F.A.G.H.
Anoda cristata 428 B.D.
Anoda hastata 1764 A.
Anoda Thurberi 1 1 4 3 , 1 3 5 5 , 3043a F.A.
Hibiscus biseptus 1605, 1 6 1 7 , 1856 F.A.G.H.O.S.K.C.
Hibiscus brasiliensis 1284 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Kosteletzkya malvaviscana 322 S.B.D.
Kosteletzkya Thurberi 1786, 1936, 2830 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

BOMBACACEAE

Bombax Palmeri 1440 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

Ceiba acuminata 1 4 5 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.

STERCULIACEAE

Melochia tomentella 833, 862 S.B.D.

Waltheria alamosana 7 3 2 S.B.
Waltheria americana 4 0 1 , 457, 1027, 2436, 2820, 2943 F . A . G . H . O . S . M . K . B .
Ayenia glabra 286 S.B.
Ayenia Palmeri 1607, 1 6 1 1 , 1643 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Ayenia pusilla 406, 1 1 0 7 , 1640, 1881 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B
Ayenia Wrightii 1 6 1 2 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Guazuma ulmifolia 1 1 7 6 , 1548 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
300 RIO M A Y O P L A N T S

GUTTIFERAE

Hypericum formosum 2 5 4 6 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Hypericum pratense 1 7 2 5 , 2 6 0 3 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

FOUQUIERIACEAE

Fouquieria Macdougalii 1 3 2 2 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

ClSTACEAE

Helianthemum Pringlei 2 1 3 1 , 2578, 2791 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Lechea tripetala 2544Я A.

COCHLOSPERMACEAE

Cochlospermum vitifolium 1 4 3 9 , 2 2 0 4 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

Amoreuxia palmatifida 2 2 8 0 , 2 3 5 1 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.

VlOLACEAE

Hybanthus mexicanus 2 2 9 1 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Hybanthus riparius 1 6 4 2 , 2 3 5 6 F.A.G.H.S.

FLACOURTIACEAE

Xylosma flexuosum 3653 F.A.S.C.

Xylosma sp. 2 9 7 1 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

TuRNERACEAE

Turnera ulmifolia 1869, 2340 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

PASSIFLORACEAE

Passiflora foetida 1 2 9 6 , 2 2 5 7 F.A.C.US.

Passiflora mexicana 1 6 6 2 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Passiflora quercetorum 2 3 1 0 P.F.A.S.
Passiflora suberosa 1 8 8 3 , 2 9 1 0 F.A.G.H.S.US.

CARICACEAE

Jarilla chocóla 2366 type, 1553, 1624 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

LOASACEAE

Gronovia scandens 3 7 6 , 1 0 4 6 , 1 6 2 0 , 2 4 0 6 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

Mentzelia aspera 3 7 1 , 2 6 3 6 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.B.
Eucnide hypomalaca 1 3 1 5 type, 3 0 2 1 F.A.G.H.S.C.

BEGONIACEAE

Begonia gracilis 1 6 9 0 , 1 7 4 5 F.A.G.H.O.S.K.

Begonia Martiana 2 5 1 7 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Begonia portillana 1 5 1 5 , 1 6 3 5 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.
Begonia sp. 2 3 3 8 F.
 LIST OF S P E C I M E N S 301

CACTACEAE

Pereskiopsis sp. (Shreve 6178) S.

Opuntia fuliginosa (Shreve 6177) S.
Opuntia tomentosa (Shreve 6179) S.
Wilcoxia Mariana 3004 type D.
Echinocereus Gentryi (living specimen) type B.
Echinocereus stoloniferi^ 1479 A.
Echinocereus sp. 2231 A.
Echinocereus sp. 1528 A.
Mammillaria Mainae (living specimen) Craig Garden
Mammillaria microcarpa Craig Garden 415
Mammillaria Oliviae 1481 Craig Garden 630, 834
Mammillaria Sheldonii Craig Garden 630?
Mammillaria sonorensis (U. S. Nat. Herb. 1,791,488) US.
Mammillaria sonorensis var. brevispina Craig Garden
Mammillaria sonorensis var. Gentryi Craig Garden
Mammillaria sonorensis var. Hiltoni Craig Garden
Mammillaria sonorensis var. longispina Craig Garden
Mammillaria sonorensis var. McCartyi Craig Garden
Mammillaria Standleyi (living specimen) Craig Garden
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 645
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 685
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 617
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 565
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 509, 510, 512, 5
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 503, 504
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 593
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 562, 563, 606?
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 613, 614, 615
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 31
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 595
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 32
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 592
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 37, 813
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 566, 567, 568
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 575, 581
Mammillaria sp Craig Garden 528, 538

LYTHRACEAE

Rotala ramosior 1876 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

Cuphea Hookeriana 1398 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Cuphea indocta 2354 type, 1650 F.A.S.
Cuphea lanceolata 1131 F.A.G.
Cuphea llavea 694, 323, 1464а, 1748, 1914 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Cuphea Wrightii 1610, 1665, 1717, 1767, 1861, 2870 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

RHIZOPHORACEAE

Rhizophora mangle 3601 A.

302 RIO M A Y O PLANTS

MYRTACEAE

Psidium Sartorianum 1205 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

ONAGRACEAE

Jussiaea suffruticosa 361, 696, 2625 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.

Zauschneria arizonica 5 1 1 S.B.
Oenothera Greggii 2587 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Oenothera Hookeri 1985 A.S.G.H.O.
Oenothera Kunthiana 1357, 2802 F.A.G.H.S.
Oenothera rosea 1793 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Oenothera tetraptera 2855 A.
Gaura coccinea 1491 A.
Gaura Gentryi 468, 514, 1859 type F.A.G.H.S.O.M.K.C.US.B.
Gaura gracilis forma glandulosa 2557, 2741 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Gaura parviHora 3044 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Gongylocarpus rubricaulis 1740, 2519 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Lopezia gracilis 521, 2118, 2749 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.

ARALIACEAE

Oreopanax peltatum 2243 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Aralia humilis 1516, 2362 F.A.

UMBELLIFERAE

Eryngium Beecheyanum 533, 1995 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.

Eryngium calaster 2762 type F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Eryngium gramineum 2 1 1 6 A.G.H.M.US.
Eryngium phyteumae 2770 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Eryngium sparganophyllum 1932 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.P.
Spermolepis echinatus 1339 F.A.G.H.O.
Donnellsmithia peucedanoides 1705, 1900, 2141, 2720.F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Donnellsmithia peucedanoides var. purpurea 2627,
1718, 2913 A.S.US.
Conioselinum mexicanum 1942, 2606, 2719 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Arracacia edulis 2706 A.
Prionosciadium madrense 1527, 2462 F.A.G.H.O.S.K.
Daucus pusillus (Shreve 6167) A.F.S.

CoRNACEAE

Garrya ovata (LeSueur 824) F.S.

Comus disonora 1410, 2 1 1 7 F.A.G.H.S.O.M.K.C.US.

CLETHRACEAE

Clethra lanata 2135, 2215 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

PYROLACEAE

Chimaphila dasystemma 2811 A.S.

Hypopitys latisquama 2685 . . F.A.G.H.S.K.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS

ERICACEAE
Gaultheria odorata 2 1 2 6
.F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Arbutus arizonica 632, 2 1 3 4 . •
• F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Arctostaphylos polifolia 2673
.F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Arctostaphylos pungens 2025
.F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

THEOPHRASTACEAE
Jacquinia pungens 726, 1 4 8 5 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.

MYRSINACEAE
Rapanea ferruginea 3643. .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.

PRIMULACEAE
Samolus ebracteatus 1265 FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Samolus floribundus 1 9 3 3 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

PLUMBAGINACEAE
Plumbago scandens 1047, 2 9 2 5 . . FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

SAPOTACEAE
Sideroxylon angustifolium 2 9 3 1 . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Bumelia arborescens 734, 2 4 5 1 , 3619 F.A.S.B.

EBENACEAE
Diospyros sonorae 2263. .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

LOGANACEAE
Buddleia parviflora 1397, 3663 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Buddleia Wrightii 2 2 1 0 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

GENTIANACEAE
Erythraea Douglasii 1 4 2 1 , 3642« FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Gentiana superba 2726 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Halenia brevicornis, 2 1 0 0 , 604 F.A.G.H.S.O.B.
Halenia breviflora var. latifolia 542, 667, 2099, 2 7 1 4 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Halenia Palmeri 2686 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Halenia recurva 2674, 2 7 1 1 .F.A.G.H.
Eustoma exaltatum 1579 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

APOCYNACEAE
Plumeria mollis 1452 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.US.
Stemmadenia Palmeri 1 1 7 5 , 2332 F.A.G.H.S.
Vallesia glabra 1264 .FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Macrosiphonia hypoleuca 1 5 1 9 , 2 3 1 2 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Macrosiphonia Woodsoniana 1839, 2342 type. F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Mandevilla foliosa 1503, 2300 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
 RIO MAYO PLANTS
304
AsCLEPIADACEAE

Cryptostegia grandiflora 1663 .F. A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

Gomphocarpus hypoleucus 2734. . . .A
Asclepias Gentryi 2330 type, 1862. . .F. A.G.H. S.C.
Asclepias glaucescens 2352, 2652. . . .F. A.
Asclepias Linaria 2306, 2810 F. A.G.H S.M.K.C.US.
Asclepias mexicana 504, 1484, 1517. .F. A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Asclepias subulata 2984 .F. A.G.H S.M.K.C.US.
Asclepias suffrutex 2388 type .F. A.G.H S.K.C.
Metastelma barbigerum 2373 .F. A.G.H .S.M.K.C.US.
Metastelma minutiflorum 4857 . . . . .A .G.H.S. M.D.
Funastrum clausum 2286 .F. A.G.H
Funastrum cumanense 1308 .F. A.G.
s.
Funastrum pannosum 2369 A.G.H .S.M.K.C.
Vincetoxicum caudatum 1628, 2411 A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Vincetoxicum quercetorum 2297 type, 1739, 156 A.G.H .s.
Vincetoxicum tristeflorum 2415 type, 1560, 1626 A.G.H .s.o.
Mellichampia ligulata 1619, 2390, 2439 A.G.H .O.S.M.K.C.US.
Marsdenia edulis 1447, 1588 A.G.H .O.S.M.K.C.US.
Rothrockia cordifolia 1573, 1626a, 2293 A.G.H
A.G.H
.o.s.
Basistelma angustifolium 1098, 1298
.O.S.M.K.C.

C0NV0LVULACEAE

Cuscuta americana 1140 F.A.G.H.O.S.

Cuscuta umbellata 272 S.B.
Evolvulus alsinoides 344, 1832 F.A.G.H.O.S.K.B.
Jacquemontia azurea 763, 4759 A.G.H.S.M.B.D.
Jacquemontia oaxacana 354, 1081, 1596, 1865, 1866. . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Jacquemontia Palmeri 830, 1849, 2435 A.S.B.
Jacquemontia Pringlei 4757 A.
Jacquemontia Pringlei var. glabrescens ? 4761 A.G.H.S.D.
Operculina alatipes 1668, 1559, 2433 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Operculina Palmeri 2039, 2919 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Ipomoea ancisa 2648 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Ipomoea arborescens var. glabrata 876, 1158 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.
Ipomoea arborescens var. pachylutea 3000 type, 2299. . S.A.F.G.H.K.C.US.M.
Ipomoea cardiophylla 1682 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Ipomoea chilopsidis 2391 type, 2518 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Ipomoea costellata 429, 1836, 1870, 2456 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Ipomoea af. eximia ? 1941«, 2594 A.
Ipomoea Gentryi 2497 type, 2417, 2612 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.
Ipomoea gracilis 2641 A.S.
Ipomoea Hartwegii ? 2333 F.A.G.H.
Ipomoea heterophylla 1713, 1791, 2457, 2458 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Ipomoea hirsutula 1709, 2605 F.A.G.H.O.S.K.
Ipomoea lactescens 1574, 1558 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Ipomoea laeta 1788 F.A.
Ipomoea leptoloma 2503 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS

Ipomoea leptosiphon 2529, 2945 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Ipomoea leptotoma 1089, 1669, 2624, 2928 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Ipomoea minutiñora 1687 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Ipomoea muricata 1707, 2334, 2582 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Ipomoea nil 439, 1670, 1683, 2409, 2649a, 2929 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Ipomoea pedatisecta 1787, 2541 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Ipomoea pedicellaris 1 6 1 6 , 4880 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.D.
Ipomoea pulchella 4746 A.S.G.
Ipomoea purpurea 1 8 2 5 , 2649 A.S.
Ipomoea triloba ? 426 S.B.
Ipomoea sp. 1088, 2946 F.A.G.
Quamoclit coccínea 377, 1627, 2426 A.S.B.
Quamoclit coccínea var. hederifolia 1847, 2505, 1 7 7 1 ,
2828a F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Quamoclit pinnata 408, 1059, 2434 F.A.G.H.O.S.K.B.
Exogonium bracteatum 1 1 7 2 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

POLEMONIACEAE

Gilia pinnata 547, 1975, 2790 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

Bonplandia geminiflora 330, 686, 752, 1184, 1 3 1 4 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.D.
Loeselia amplectens 1 1 2 1 FA.
Loeselia ciliata 327, 380 S.B.
Loeselia glandulosa 526, 605, 773, 1393, 2146 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.D.
Loeselia glandulosa ssp. ramosissima n o i , 2145, 4843. F.A.G.H.S.M.D.
Loeselia involucrata 974 S.B.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Phacelia af. congesta 1364 .F.A.G.H.O.S.

Nama Coulteri 1 3 2 9 . . . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Nama hispidum 1246 . . . .F.A.G.H.O.
Nama jamaicense 1245 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Hydrolea spinosa 8 1 6 . . . . S.B.

BORAGINACEAE

Cordia sonorae 3031 . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Tournefortia Hartwegiana 1 1 5 7 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Tournefortia volubilis 3 6 1 4 .A.H.S.
Heliotropium angiospermum 1 1 5 2 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Heliotropium curassavicum 4847 .A.G.S.D.
Heliotropium inundatum 1483 . . .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.
Heliotropium limbatum 461, i860, 2 6 2 1 . .F.A.G.H O.S.B.
Heliotropium macrostachyum 1379 F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.
Heliotropium mexicanum 1236, 2437. . . F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.
Heliotropium phyllostachyum 1590, 1633 .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.
Cryptantha Grayi var. cryptochaeta 1327, 3604 .F.A.G.H .O.S.M.K.C.
Cryptantha pusilla 3018 F.A.G.H .O.S.M.K.C.US.
Lithospermum discolor 1536, 2386 .F.A.G.H .O.S.K.C.
Lithospermum lasiosiphon 1949a . .A.
 RÍO M A Y O PLANTS

VERBENACEAE

Verbena bipinnatifida 2122 .F.A.G.H

Verbena ciliata 2758 .S.US.
Verbena delticola 356, 1312, 1 3 1 3 .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.B.
Verbena elegans var. asperata 670, 2730 .F.A.G.H S.M.K.C.US.B.
Verbena menthaefolia 598, 1341, 1493, 542. .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.
Verbena pumila 1 3 1 1 F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.
Verbena sp. 557, 1522, 1758, 1923 .F.A.G.H O.S.K.C.B.
Lantana achyranthifolia 358«, 1569. . . . . F A . G . H O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Lantana glandulosissima 1417, 2234, 265 o, 2869 .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.
Lantana hórrida 358^ 721, 1078 .F.A.B.S.
Lantana velutina 1086 F A . G . H .O.S.M.K.C.
Lippia Berlandieri (Shreve 6150, 6173) S.
Lippia Gentryi 3039 type, 1385, 2037. . F.A.G.H O.S.M.C.K.
Lippia Palmeri 3007 . F A . G . H S.M.K.C.US.
Lippia Pringlei 1179, 3669 F A . G . H O.S.M.K.C.
Priva áspera 1735, 2524 . F A . G . H .S.M.K.C.US.E.
Priva lappulacea 1383, 1604, 1571 . F A . G . H O.S.M.K.C.US.E.
Vitex mollis 1455 . F A . G . H O.S.M.K.C.US.
Vitex pyramidata 2256, 2 9 5 2 . . . . F.A.G.H S.M.K.C.US.

LABIATAE

Teucrium depressum 2198, 3023 . .. F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.E.

Trichostema arizonicum 1693 .. . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Scutellaria sp. 2570 ....F.A.G.H.S.E.
Agastache ionocalyx 2695 . . . .FA.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.E.
Agastache Palmeri 562, 1755, 1961 . . . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.E.
Prunella vulgaris 2106, 2484, 2778 . . . . FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.CUS.E.
Stachys agraria 2551 .. F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.E.
Stachys Bigelovii 2723 . . . . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.E.
Stachys coccinea 466, 608, 665, 1954, 1916 . . . FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.E.US.
Stachys sp. 1144 . . . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.E.
Salvia alamosana 467, 591«, 1373, 1695 . . . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.E.B.
1
Salvia elegans var. sonorensis 522, 589, 1400, 17
1968 .. . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.E.
Salvia galinsogifolia 569, 813, 1083« . . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.B.
Salvia Goldmanii 563, 594, 706, 1387, 1726 . . . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.E.
Salvia hispánica 1917, 1986 .. . .F.A.G.H.O.S.K.E.
Salvia melissodora 688 .. . . B.E.
Salvia mexicana 1501, 1702, 575 . . . . FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.E.
Salvia microphylla var. Wislizenii 2800 ....A.
Salvia monantha 1 1 1 8 . . . . F.A.G.H.
Salvia muscarioides 546, 1754, 2001, 2864 . . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.E.
Salvia Seemannii 2405, 2508, 2561 . .. .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.E.
Salvia setosa 445, 2438 ... A.B.S.
Salvia tiliifolia 556, 1987, 2744 .. . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.E.
Monarda austromontana 561, 1753, 2697 . . . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.E.
Hedeoma floribunda 1938 type, 631 . . . .F.A.G.S.H.E.B.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS

Hedeoma patens 6 5 1 , 1 9 1 9 , 2856 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.E.B.

Mentha canadensis 2727 Д£
Hyptis albida 1 1 5 6 , 1 2 7 2 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.E.
Hyptis mutabilis 463, 491, 5 1 9 , 1 1 2 6 , 1778, 1855,
a 8
49 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.E.
Hyptis Seemannn 1 1 1 0 , 404, 1826, 2608 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.E.B.
Hyptis septentrionalis 1402 FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.CE.
Hyptis stellulata 1 1 0 9 , 1 1 8 6 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.E.
Hyptis suaveolens 565, 1074, 1842 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.E.

SOLANACEAE

Solanum amazonium 357, 1057, 1294, 883 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.

Solanum deflexum 1 6 1 4 , 2421 A.
Solanum geminiflorum 549 . . B.S.
Solanum gracile 347, 1 0 3 3 , 1 7 1 2 , 2224 F.A.G.H.S.B.
Solanum Grayi 1 6 5 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Solanum madrense 1390, 2207, 2287 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Solanum nigrum var. 1 1 8 5 , 1269, 2285 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Solanum tequilense 1678 F.A.G.H.O.S.K.C.US.
Solanum umbellatum 1554, 2640 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Solanum verbascifolium 1030 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Lycopersicon esculentum 1266 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Datura inoxia 1 1 6 6 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Datura meteloides 1346 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Cestrum lanatum 1502, 2222 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Nicotiana glauca 1 3 1 8 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Nicotiana tabacum 2030 FA.
Nicotiana trigonophylla 1664 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Lycium Andersonii var. 4753 A.G.S.
Lycium Berlandieri var. longistylum 1268 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Lycium exsertum 2974 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Physalis caudella 2 7 1 0 type F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Physalis crassifolia 1 3 4 4 , 2 3 5 8 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.
Physalis ixocarpa 2633 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Physalis leptophylla 738, 1042, 2442, 2461, 1 3 3 1 , 3625 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Physalis mollis 2543 F.A.S.C.
Physalis pubescens 3 7 3 , 1207, 1964, 2533 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Physalis sonorensis 30 n type F.A.S.
Physalis sp. 2492 F.A.S.
Saracha jaltomata 1805, 2376, 2528, 2748 F.A.G.H.S.C.
Saracha procumbens 2292 FA.
Capsicum baccatum 1 5 4 1 , 2359 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Capsicum stramoniifolium 2223 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Antirrhinum Watsoni 1340, 1438, 3 0 1 7 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.

Maurandia flaviflora 1 2 8 3 , 1 4 1 9 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.P.
Russelia multiflora 1287 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Russelia sarmentosa 1 1 9 3 , 2374 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.P.
3 o8 RÍO M A Y O P L A N T S

Russelia verticillata 1128 .F.A.G.

Russelia sp. 2951 .A.P.
Pentstemon Gentryi 1910 type, 1729, 2560 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Pentstemon Parryi 1319, 2985, 3028 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Pentstemon sp. 496, 548, 1897 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.B.
Pentstemon spp. 1818, 2583, 2794, 2863. . . .P.F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Mimulus floribundus 1244 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.P.
Mimulus guttatus 1305, 2780 .F.A.G.H.O.S.C.P.
Mimulus pallens u n , 1765, 1941, 2194, 641 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.P.
Mimulus verbenaceus 596, 1256, 2221, 1775 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.P.
Stemodia sp. 1333, 2044 .P.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.F.
Stemodia sp. 1436 P.F.A.G.H.O.S.
Schistophragma intermedia 1652 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Pagesia procumbens 490, 552a, 1324 1922 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.P.
Pagesia vandellioides 1724 . P.
Ilysanthes inequalis 1577 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Ilysanthes sp. 1406 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis 335 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.P.
Escobedia af. scabrifolia 2593. . . A.
Seymaria chihuahuana 2014, 2664, 637 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.P.
Gerardia peduncularis 1898, 555 . . . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.P.
Budinera pusilla 1227, 1810, 2009 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Castellerà lithospermoides 495, 1464 ! 5 : . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.P.
Castellerà patriótica 2731 . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Castellerà tenuiflora 677, 1392, 1953,2023 2203 . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.P.
Castelleja sp. 2220, 2220« . ..A.
Castellerà sp. 2324 . P.A.
Castelleja sp. 2775« . .A.
Castelleja sp. 662 . .P.B.
Pedicularis angustifolia 2677 . F.A.G.H.S.K.C.P.
Lamourouxia coccinea 570, 840, 1228, 1230,1368 . F.A.G.H.S.M.C.P.B.
Lamourouxia sp. ? 663 . . B.A.

BlGNONIACEAE

Arrabidaea littoralis ? 2 9 1 7 . . . .F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Bignonia unguis-cati 1471, 22É . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Tabebuia chrysantha 1267 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Tabebuia Palmeri 1164 .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Tecoma stans 1066, 1123, 1840. .F.A.G.H.O.S.

MARTYNIACEAE

Martynia altheaefolia 1487 . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

Martynia annua 1672, 2367. .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Martynia fragrans 1495 . . . . .F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Sesamum indicum 2208 . . . . A.S.P.

OROBANCHACEAE

Orobanche ludoviciana 3027 A.

Orobanche sp. 2027 A.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS 309

GESNERIACEAE

Achimenes grandiflora 1796, 2472 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.

UTRICULARIACEAE

Utricularia Gentryi 1407 type, 2232, 2600 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

AcANTHACEAE

Elytraria squamosa 1 1 3 3 F.A.S.

Dyschoriste hirsutissima 3634 F.A.S.
Dyschoriste Pringlei 1564 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Ruellia albicaulis 1068 F.A.G.
Ruellia californica 2 1 9 3 , 2973 F.A.G.H.S.
Ruellia tuberosa 3 5 3 , 1546 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Ruellia sp. 757 F.B.
Berginia virgata 1 3 5 0 , 3 6 1 5 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.
Carlowrightia californica 808, 1049 F.A.G.H.S.B.
Carlowrightia glabrata 854 F.B.
Carlowrightia Lindauiana ? 1349 F.A.
Carlowrightia pectinata 2 1 4 4 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Carlowrightia pubens ? (Shreve 6 1 5 8 ) S.
Anisacanthus abditus 898, 1 1 7 8 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.US.
Anisacanthus Thurberi 1309 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Pseuderanthemum sp. 3041 A.
Tetramerium hispidum 1 1 2 1 л , 2886, 2926 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Tetramerium sp. 1084 F.A.G.H.
Henrya Ortegana ? 2200, 3043, 3639 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Dicliptera resupinata 379, 687, и б о F.A.B.S.
Justicia furcata 1877 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Justicia mexicana (Shreve 6 1 5 3 ) S.
Justicia salviaeflora 1 4 3 3 , 3624 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Jacobinia candicans 8 6 1 , 1029, 1206 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.
Jacobinia mexicana 4879 A.S.G.
Beloperone californica 1 2 9 1 F.A.

PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago argyrea 2689, 2765 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

RUBIACEAE

Houstonia Wrightiana 1507 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

Bouvardia glaberrima 1529, 2672 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Bouvardia multiflora 1 5 7 2 F.A.G.
Bouvardia ternifolia 492, 1 2 2 6 , 1980 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.
Coutarea latiflora 2348 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Coutarea pterosperma 1 1 6 5 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.C.
Cephalanthus salicifolius 2 2 1 1 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Randia echinocarpa 2270, 2 2 7 1 , 2272 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Randia laevigata 2379 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
3io RIO M A Y O P L A N T S

Randia mollifolia 2139 type F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.

Randia obcordata 2269 .FA.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Randia Pringlei 2305 FA.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Randia Rosei ? 1466 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Randia Thurberi (Shreve 6152) S.
Randia Watsoni 1499 F.A.G.H.O.S.
Hoffmannia Rosei 2236 FA.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Chiococca petrina 1636, 1880 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Crusea brachyphylla 409«, 642, 1733, 1820, 2580 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Crusea cruciata 1741 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Crusea Gentryi 766 type F.B.
Crusea rubra 1686 A.
Borreria laevis 1671 F.A.G.H.
Borreria suaveolens 469, 1738, 2488, 2534 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Mitracarpus hirtus 409^, 709, 1067, 2419 F.A.G.H.S.B.
Galium asperrimum 2233 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Galium microphyllum 455, 679 S.B.

VALERIANACEAE

Valeriana apiifolia 597, 638, 1757, 1976, 2105 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.P.

Valeriana Lesueuri ? 2739 FA.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Valeriana sorbifolia 2491, 2566 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

CUCURBITACEAE

Cucumis anguria ? 2284, 2357 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Luffa operculata A.G.H.S.M.D.B.
Lagenaria siceraria 2029 F.A.
Schizocarpum Palmeri 1032, 1676 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.
Sicyos minimus 2556, 2747 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Sicyos parviflorus 2753 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Sicyosperma gracile 1912, 2646 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Microsechium ruderale 2645. . , F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Cyclanthera micrantha 1625 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Echinopepon cirrhopedunculatus 1627«, 2355, 2831. . F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Echinopepon Wrightii ? 4754 A.G.H.S.M.D.

LOBELIACEAE

Lobelia anatina 652, 666, 1939, 1992 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.

Lobelia cardinalis ssp. graminea 2602 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Lobelia Ehrenbergii var. gracilens 2779 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Lobelia fenestralis 1921, 2852, 1930 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Lobelia laxiflora var. angustifolia 3033 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.US.
Lobelia laxiflora var. Nelsoni 1431, 3637 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.
Heterotoma cordifolia 3652 S.H.
Heterotoma Goldmanii 1285, 3035, 3622? F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Hippobroma longiflora 2276 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.US.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS
3"
COMPOSITAE

Vernonia Palmeri 1408, 1443 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.

Vernonia serratuloides 2932, 2959, 1927 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Decachaeta Haenkeana 2957 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Ophryosporus scabrellus 6 1 3 , 1984 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.P.
Alomia stenolepis 1434 type F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Ageratum corymbosum 1 1 1 2 , 2559 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Ageratella Palmeri 2149, 2668, 2834 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Stevia Berlandieri var. anadenotricha 633 S.B.
Stevia jaliscensis ? 2475 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Stevia Karwinskyana ? 601 S.B.
Stevia Lemmoni 5 7 3 , 1 4 1 4 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.
Stevia Palmeri 537, 2 0 1 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
2 6
Stevia Plummerae 477, 534, 1948, 2675, 7 ° F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Stevia Pringlei 2657 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Stevia rhombifolia var. stephanocoma 1204, 2 0 1 0 . . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Stevia rhombifolia var. typica 488 S.B.
Stevia trifida 1456, 2 2 1 9 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Stevia viscida 2007, 2 1 3 6 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Carminatia tenuiflora 1982, 2874, 2939, 389 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Eupatorium Bertholdii 693, 1 1 3 5 , 1979 F.A.G.H.O.S.B.
Eupatorium calaminthifolium 2808 A.S.
Eupatorium collinum 3 3 5 , 1 1 2 9 , 1 1 8 1 F.A.G.H.S.B.
Eupatorium filicaule 3 9 1 , 1064, 2 9 1 1 , 2924 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Eupatorium grandidentatum var. laxiflorum 1943. . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Eupatorium hyssopifolium 2703 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Eupatorium koelliaefolium 1947 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Eupatorium monanthum 3654 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Eupatorium occidentale 1 4 1 5 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Eupatorium pycnocephalum 6 7 1 , 2844 A.S.B.
Eupatorium quadrangulare 345, 1 1 4 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.
Eupatorium sagittatum 303, 4848 A.S.G.H.M.D.
Eupatorium tubiflorum 5 3 5 , 2002 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P
Eupatorium Wrightii 567, 462, 1 1 3 4 , 2899 F.A.G.H.S.K.C.B.
Eupatorium sp. 1945 A.
Piptothrix Palmeri 668 B.
Brickellia amplexicaulis 678, 2 1 3 7 F.A.G.H.S.B.
Brickellia betonicaefolia 2000, 2941 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Brickellia af. corymbosa 2 9 1 2 A.G.S.
Brickellia Coulteri (Shreve 6 1 8 4 ) S.
Brickellia Greggii 1040 F.A.G.H.
Brickellia Pringlei 1425 F.A.H.G.O.S.M.K.C.
Brickellia scoparla 564 B.US.
Brickellia simplex 640 S.B.
Barroetea laxiBora 4 1 8 , 1326, 2923 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Kuhnia rosmarinifolia 503a, 2767 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Xanthocephalum gymnospermoides 2573, 2736 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Xanthocephalum Wrightii 2008, 2681, 574 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Heterotheca subaxillaris 1 3 2 0 , 1974 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
312 RIO M A Y O P L A N T S

Aplopappus tenuilobus 2750. . . .F.A.G.H S.M.K.C.US.

Achaetogeron aflSnis 2732, 2724 .F.A.G.H S.M.K.C.US.
Achaetogeron Palmeri ? 2 5 7 7 . .A.
Achaetogeron pinnatifidum 2863^, 2805 . F.A.G.H S.C.
Psilactis asteroides 1993 .F.A.G.H O.S.
Aster exilis 3 2 1 , 446, 1476 .A.S.B.
Aster Gentryi 2728 type • F.A.G.H S.M.K.C.US.
Aster spinosus 4752 .A.G.H.S. M.D.
Erigeron alamosanus 1 3 5 1 , 1 3 8 8 . .F.A.G.H
Erigeron canadensis 582 B.US. O.S.M.K.C.
Erigeron divergens ? 554, 1 9 7 2 . . .F.A.G.H
Erigeron Karwinskyanus 1828 . . .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Erigeron oreophilus 465, 5 1 2 , 1956, 2799 .F.A.G.H . 0 .
Erigeron Schiedeanus 2761a . . . . A. O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Erigeron sp. 722 B.
Conyza sophiaefolia 2 7 6 1 , 472, 58 .F.A.G.H S.M.K.C.US.B.
Baccharis alamosana 2 1 0 4 , 2894. .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.
Baccharis heterophylla 1506 .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.
Baccharis thesioides 326, 619, 4 7 1 , 1 1 0 8 , 1 2 3 F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.B.
Archibaccharis mucronata 2876 . F.A.G.H S.K.
Archibaccharis serratifolia 1999 . F.A.S.
Gnaphalium arizonicum 2 1 0 2 .A.
Gnaphalium attenuatum 3 1 7 , 142 . F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.
Gnaphalium Bourgovii 5 3 1 , 2737 .F.A.G.H S.M.K.C.US.B.
Gnaphalium leptophyllum 2656 . F.A.G.H S.K.C.US.
Gnaphalium leucophyllum 1 1 2 7 . F.A.
Gnaphalium purpureum 1 3 2 3 . . .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.
Gnaphalium Wrightii 2 1 4 0 .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.
Lagascea decipiens 359, 4 1 7 , 1092, 1258 .F.A.G.H O.S.M.B.
Lagascea helianthifolia var. suaveolens 1426 .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.
Delilea biflora 350 .F.S.B.
Milleria quinqueflora 1 0 7 3 , 1684, 2828 .F.A.G.H O.S.M K.C.US.P.
Guardiola arguta 626, 2565 .F.A.G.H S.M.K C.US.B.
Guardiola platyphylla 422, 695, 1 2 5 1 , 1394 . F.A.G.H O.S.M K.C.B.
Melampodium appendiculatum 1570, 5 1 5 . . F.A.G.H O.S.M K.c.us.p.:
Melampodium cupulatum 2353 . . .F.A.G.H O.S.
Melampodium longicornu ? 1 4 9 2 . .F.A.G.H o.
Melampodium perfoliatum 1 7 5 2 . .F.A.G.H O.S.M K.C.US.P.
Melampodium sericeum 550, 2553 F.A.G.H S.M.K C.US.B.
Berlandiera lyrata var. macrophylla 2504 F.A.G.H S.M.K c u s .
Parthenium stramonium 1 5 3 9 .F.A.G.H O.S.M K.C.US.P.
Parthenice mollis 1622 .F.A.G.H O.S.M K.C.US.
Hymenoclea monogyra 1 1 5 3 . F.A.G.H O.S.M
Hymenoclea salsola 2978 . . . A.H. c.
Franseria ambrosioides 1 3 3 6 .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.
Franseria cordifolia 1 1 5 9 .F.A.G.H O.S.M.C.
Tragoceros zinnioides 484, 1587 .F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Zinnia linearis 3 1 5 , 1977, 2836. F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Zinnia multiflora 1899, 2824. . . F.A.G.H O.S.M.K.C.US.
 LIST OF S P E C I M E N S 313

Zinnia sp. 586 B.US.

Heliopsis parvifolia 1962, 2783 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Eclipta alba 1 1 1 7 , 1348 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.C.
Sclerocarpus spathulatus 1 0 4 1 , 1677, 2407 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Montanoa patens 683, 1 1 4 6 , 1776, 1895, 2840 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Montanoa Rosei 1248 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Lepachys mexicana 2 7 1 2 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Iostephane heterophylla 2024, 2547 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Wedelia acapulcensis 2320 F.A.G.H.S.
Tithonia auriculata 2958 A.S.
Tithonia calva var. lancifolia 1384, 2900 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Tithonia fruticosa 1 1 8 2 , 3645 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.
Tithonia Thurberi 1830 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Viguiera annua 4 1 5 , 720 S.B.
Viguiera dentata 475, 2937 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Viguiera longifolia 393, 2735 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Viguiera montana 1288 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Perymenium stenophyllum 1909, 2394, 2590. . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Perymenium subsquarrosum ? 2792 A.
Perymenium sp. 3610 A.
Encelia farinosa 4877«, 2977 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Encelia halimifolia 4750 A.S.G.H.M.D.
Simsia amplexicaulis var. decipiens 2 7 5 1 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Simsia foetida 343, 2464 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Simsia setosa 1036 F.A.G.H.
Helianthella madrensis 2707 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Hymenostephium superaxillare 1969 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Zexmenia ceanothifolia 3 3 1 , 6 2 1 , 1 7 4 3 , 1797«, 2469. F . A . G . H . S . M . K . C . U S . B .
Zexmenia fasciculata 423, 684, 1639« F.A.S.B.
Zexmenia fruticosa 1639 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Zexmenia hispida 2643 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Zexmenia podocephala 648, 1 7 1 5 , 2 0 1 3 , 2468 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Zexmenia Seemannii 398, 1 1 0 6 F.A.G.S.B.
Verbesina callilepis 2682 type F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Verbesina Gentryi 2416 type, 1 8 3 1 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Verbesina sp. 614 B.US.
Coreocarpus arizonica var. pubescens 1 2 1 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Coreocarpus Shrevei var. latilobus 2986 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Dahlia coccinea 2476, 2493 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Bidens aurea 451 B.US.
Bidens ferulaefolia 2769, 2863« F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Bidens Gentryi 1700 type, 2847 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Bidens heterosperma 636 B.US.
Bidens insolita 508, 1 9 7 1 type F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Bidens oligocarpa 527 B.US.
Bidens pilosa 1 8 5 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Bidens pilosa var. radiata 525, 590, 1792, 1908, 2698. . F . A . G . H . O . S . M . K . C . U S . B .
Bidens refracta 4 1 5 , 1085 A.S.B.
Bidens sambucifolia 3 1 6 , 729, 1 1 7 3 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.B.
 R
314 í° M A Y O PLANTS

Bidens tenuisecta 2781 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.

Cosmos exiguus 2 0 1 7 , 2825 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Cosmos linearifolius var. magnifolius 470, 1197» 4 > 66

2
395> 1 7 7 7 type F.A.G.H.O .S.K.B.
Cosmos parviflorus 1 9 2 5 , 1934 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Cosmos Pringlei 2688 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Cosmos sulphureus 1037, 2942 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Calea Palmen 1 5 1 0 , 2 3 1 9 A.
Calea scabrifolia 1429, 3638 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Tridax procumbens 2930 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Tridax tenuifolia 352« BUS.
Galinsoga parviflora 1935, 2742 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Jaumea peduncularis 1208, 3048 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Perityle cordifolia 3009 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Perityle Emory i 1 2 5 5 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Perityle Lloydii 1282, 2109 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Perityle microcephala 5 4 1 , 630, 1973 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Perityle plumigera 805, 2972 A.S.B.
Perityle spilanthoides ? 2918 A.
Flaveria oppositifolia 1274 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Schkuhria anthemoidea 1924 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Schkuhria Pringlei 1926 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Hymenopappus Palmeri 1988, 2733 F.A.G.H.S.
Helenium laciniatum 1442, 3024 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Tagetes alamensis 1 9 1 8 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Tagetes filifolia 1 7 5 9 , 1893 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.
Tagetes jaliscana 474, 600, 1762, 1894, 2 1 4 2, 2 8 3 9 . . . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Tagetes lucida 5 5 3 , 2691 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Tagetes Pringlei 2776 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Tagetes subulata ? 4915 A.S.G.H.M.D.
Dyssodia anomala 4 4 1 , 1300, 3002 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Dyssodia cancellata 1863 F.A.G.H.O.S.K.C.
Porophyllum coloratum 363, 479, 1864, 29 54, 1 9 8 1 ,
2147 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Porophyllum gracile 1299 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Porophyllum macrocephalum 1850, 2823. . F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.P.
Pectis Coulteri 4751 A.S.G.H.M.D.
Pectis filipes 4882 A.S.
Pectis imberbis 3 2 5 , 424, 1 1 1 5 , 1857, 2 6 1 7 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.P.
Pectis Palmeri 302 S.B.
Pectis prostrata 456, 1 1 1 6 F.A.S.B.
Pectis stenophylla 1025 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Pectis uniaristata 762 S.B.
Artemisia mexicana 658, 2843 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Cacalia decomposita 536, 1959, 2 8 1 5 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.
Cacalia pratensis 2785 F.A.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Senecio Hartwegii 509, 2034 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.US.B.P.
Senecio sp. 1 4 1 1 F.A.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
 LIST OF SPECIMENS

Centaurea americana 2846, 2859.. . F.A.G.H.S.C.

Perezia montana 324, 1218 FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.B.
Perezia Thurberi 1080, 2012, 2898. F.A.G.H.O.S.K.
Perezia sp. 388 B.
Trixis californica 3008 FA.G.H.S.M.K.C.US.
Trixis Wrightii 1371 FA.G.H.O.S.M.K.C.
Pinaropappus junceus 1505 A.
Hieracium Fendleri 2804a A.
Hieracium Lemmoni 2676 A.
 B I B L I O G R A P H Y

B E N N E T T , W . C , and R. M . ZINGG. 1 9 3 5 . Tarahumara, an Indian tribe of northern

Mexico. Univ. Chicago Press.
BRAND, DONALD D . 1936. Notes to accompany a vegetation map of northwestern
Mexico. Univ. N e w Mexico Bull. 280.
BRANDEGEE, T . S. 1889. Plants from Baja California. Proc. California Acad. Sci.,
vol. 2, pp. 1 1 7 - 2 3 2 .
1891. Flora of Cape Region of Baja California. Proc. California Acad. Sci.,
vol. 3, pp. 1 0 8 - 1 8 2 , 2 1 8 - 2 2 7 .
• 1893. Notes concerning the flora of Sonora. Zoe, vol. 3, p. 344.
BRITTON, N . L . , and J . N . ROSE. 1 9 1 9 - 1 9 2 3 . T h e Cactaceae. Carnegie Inst. Wash.
Pub. 248.
B U R T , W . H . 1938. Mammals of Sonora (Faunal relationships and geographic dis­
tribution). Univ. Michigan Misc. Publ. 39.
CROIZAT, L E O N . 1942. N e w and critical Euphorbiaceae. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club,
vol. 69, pp. 445-460.
H O V E Y , E . O. 1905. Western Sierra Madre of the State of Chihuahua. Amer. Geogr.
Soc. Bull. 37.
JOHNSTON, I. M . 1924. Botany of the Gulf of California. Proc. California Acad. Sci.,
vol. 1 2 , pp. 9 5 1 - 1 2 1 8 .
L U N D E L L , C . L . 1937. T h e vegetation of Peten. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 478.
M U L L E R , C . H . 1939. Relations of the vegetation and climatic types in Nuevo Leon.
Amer. Midland Naturalist, vol. 2 1 , p. 687.
ROSE, J . N . 1 8 9 0 - 1 8 9 5 . Lists of plants collected by D r . E d w a r d Palmer. Contr. U . S.
Nat. Herb., vol. 1 , various contributions.
1903. Studies of Mexican and Central American plants. Contr. U . S . Nat.
Herb., vol. 8, pp. 34—42.
SAUER, C A R L . 1934. Distribution of aboriginal tribes and languages in northwestern
Mexico. Univ. California Publ., Ibero-Americana, no. 5.
SCHIMPER, A . F . W . 1903. Plant geography. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
SHREVE, FORREST. 1934. Vegetation of the northwestern coast of Mexico. Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 61, pp. 3 7 3 - 3 8 0 .
1936. Plant life of the Sonoran Desert. Scientific Monthly, vol. 42, pp.
195-213.
1937. Lowland vegetation of Sinaloa. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 64, pp.
605-613.
1939. Observations of the vegetation of Chihuahua. Madrono, vol. 5,
pp. 1 - 1 3 .
STANDLEY, P A U L C . 1920. Trees and shrubs of Mexico. Contr. U . S . Nat. Herb.,
vol. 2 3 .
1937. Studies of American plants. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 17,
nos. 2, 3.
1940. Studies of American plants. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., vol. 22,
nos. 1, 2.
T U R N A G E , W . V., and A . L . H I N C K L E Y . 1938. Freezing weather in relation to plant
distribution in the Sonoran Desert. Ecol. Monogr., vol. 8, pp. 529-550.
W I G G I N S , I. L . 1934. Report on several species of Lycium. Contr. Dudley Herb.,
vol. 1 , p. 197.
PLATES 2 TO 29
CARNEGIE INST. WASHINGTON PUE. 5 2 7 — GENTRY
PLATE 2

FIG. 1. Tertiary sediments in anticline along bank of the Rio Cedros two miles northeast of
Quiriego: red clays overlying secondary limestones and sandstones.

FIG. 2. Tertiary sediments along the Rio Cedros: secondary limestones and sandstones exposed
a half-mile east of the red clays shown in figure 1.
CARNEGIE I N S T . W A S H I N G T O N P U B . 5 2 7 — G E N T R Y PLATE 3

F I G . 1. Olneya tesota on the lime bed of Chinobampo, showing depth of erosion since its
germination. About a meter of black adobe soil ( R e c e n t ) has been carried away, leaving the
calcareous substratum (Pleistocene) exposed.

F I G . 2. Salpianthus macrodontus with roots exposed

Arroyo de los Mescales below Mescales. The walls continue upward for over a thousand feet. Leaves of Lysiloma Watsoni
spray the upper left corner, and Ficus petiolaris (young tree) leans out of the bank on the right.
T h e Short-tree Forest above Arroyo de Loreto near Guasaremos. T h e forest canopy is formed by Ceiba acuminata, Lysiloma divaricata, and
others. T h e white-boled trees in the upper right are probably Conzattia sericea; the cactus is Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum.
CARNEGIE INST. WASHINGTON P U B . 5 2 7 — GENTRY

FIG. 1. Canyon near Canelo. Cupressus arizonica forms the background;

Agave mayoensis and several varieties of Mammillaria are scattered over the
rock slope.

FIG. 3. O a k savanna east of Batopilillas, where the trail passes under the
broad crown of Quercus albocincta.
Oak Forest at Curohui. A few pines are scattered in the valley, but the well developed Pine Forest is on the
mesa over the escarpment. Plant census plot 5 was made on the slope in the center.
Igneous berg rising from the oak savanna a few hours east of Batopilillas
PLATE 9
CARNEGIE INST. WASHINGTON PUB.. 5 2 7 — GENTRY PLATE 1 0

3
• -ST. Sa* .4P*.«»<* .-^Ä--*' - •"„«Kr
FIG. 1. Large Ficus radulina in Arroyo de los Mescales; summer

FIG. 2. Desert island in the area of Short-tree Forest, northeast and a mile or so from Alamos
CARNEGIE INST. W A S H I N G T O N P U B . 5 2 7 — G E N T R Y PLATE 11

F I G . 1 . V i e w o n the R i o C e d r o s near T e s o p a c o . T h e tall tree in the b a c k g r o u n d is the

sabino {Taxodium mucronatum). T o the r i g h t of it is a m e s q u i t e a n d in front a thicket of
Franseria ambrosioides.

F I G . 2. Short-tree F o r e s t three a n d a half miles southeast of S a n B e r n a r d o . Plant census

plot 3 w a s m a d e on this slope to the left of center. P h o t o g r a p h taken d u r i n g s p r i n g dry season;
in s u m m e r the canopy is c o m p a r a b l e to that s h o w n in plate 5 .
CARNEGIE I N S T . W A S H I N G T O N P U B . 5 2 7 — GENTRY PLATE 12

F I G . 1. Advanced T h o r n Forest seven to eight miles south of Alamos. Plant census plot 1
was made on the horizon to the left of the road.

F I G . 2 . T h o r n Forest on the coastal plain near Huatabampo. Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum,

Opuntia fuliginosa, Prosopis chilensis, Cercidium Torreyanum, and several shrubs dominate the
vegetation. Tillandsia recurvata is common on branchlets.
CARNEGIE INST. WASHINGTON P U B . 5 2 7 — GENTRY PLATE 1 3
CARNEGIE INST. WASHINGTON PUB. 5 2 7 — GENTRY PLATE 1 4

FIG. 1. Young plant of Agave mayoensis. T h e leaves are unarmed, soft, and pliant. It is
known as "amole," and the leaves are used without modification for washing clothes.

FIG. 2 . Agave colorata of the Río Mayo country. T h e crossbands are pink on an ashy leaf.
T h e colony of small plants to the left is Hechtia species.
CARNEGIE INST. WASHINGTON PUB. 5 2 7 — GENTRY PLATE 15

FIG. 1. A large specimen of Agave bovicornuta under Quercus chihuahuensis at Tepopa

FIG. 2 . An undescribed Agave in the grass on a hillside of the valley of Guasaremos

CARNEGIE INST. WASHINGTON PUB. 5 2 7 — GENTRY PLATE 1 6
Type specimen of Agave tvocomahi (photograph by Faurest Davis)
CARNEGIE INST. WASHINGTON P U B . 5 2 7 — GENTRY

FIG. 2. Leaf of Quercus albocincta

CARNEGIE INST. W A S H I N G T O N PUB. 527 — GENTRY PLATE 19

FIG. 2 . R a p e of Bursera arborea by Ficus cotinifolia in the deep g o r g e of A r r o y o Gochico

CARNEGIE INST. WASHINGTON P U B . 5 2 7 — GENTRY PLATE 20

FIG. 1. B o l e of Pitbecolobium sonorae, s h o w i n g the transverse r i d g e s rising in thick spines

F I G . 2. T h o r n s on second-growth Ceiba acuminata

CARNEGIE INST. WASHINGTON P U B . 5 2 7 — GENTRY PLATE 2 1

FIG. 1. T h e white bark of Piscidia 7nollis

F I G . 2 . T h e deeply fissured, corklike bark of Diphysa suberosa. T h e gen­

eral habit of this plant is shown in plate 2 3 , figure 1.

FIG. 3 . T h e peeling bark of Jatropha cordata

 FIG. 1. Staminate tree of Randia echinocarpa. T h e slender tree is Diphysa FIG. 3. Fruit and branches of Randia obcordata
suberosa. FIG. 4. Flower of Randia obcordata. Note the spiraled form of
FIG. 2. Flowering branch of staminate Randia echinocarpa the petals.
FIG. 2. Bark and leaf of Erythrina flabelliformis
CARNEGIE I N S T . W A S H I N G T O N P U B . 527-—GENTRY PLATE 2 5
CARNEGIE INST. WASHINGTON PUB. 5 2 7 — GENTRY PLATE 2 6
FIG. 1. F l o w e r of Guaiacum Coulteri FIG. 3. Inflorescence of Jacquinia pungens. S a n B e r n a r d o , July.
FIG. 2. Amoreuxia palmatifida; flower a n d fruit. G u a s a r e m o s , July. FIG. 4. Commelina elegans. G u a s a r e m o s , A u g u s t .
CARNEGIE INST. WASHINGTON P U B . 5 2 7 •— GENTRY PLATE 2 8
INDEX
 INDEX
(Page numbers in boldface type refer to descriptions in Annotated List)

A Alvaradoa, 158 Arroyo Agua Blanca, 19

aba, 63 amapa amarilla, 239 Arroyo Barbarocos, 7,19
abbreviations, 73,282 amapa colorada, 69, 239 Arroyo de Bermudes, 7
Abutilón, 178 Amaranthaceae, 108 Arroyo Cuchujaqui, 19
Acacia, 66, 68,124 Amaranthus, 63, 67,108 Arroyo de Curohui, 7,19
Acalypha, 165 Amaryllidaceae, 92 Arroyo Gochico, 7
Acanthaceae, 241 Amicia, 145 Arroyo Guajaráy, 5
Acer, 172 amolé, 94 Arroyo Guicorichi, 7
Aceraceae, 172 amolio, 115,173 Arroyo Hondo, 19
Achaetogeron, 258 Amoreuxia, 67,185 Arroyo de Loreto, 7
Achimenes, 241 Ampelocissus, 176 Arroyo Maguarichi, 20
Achras, 63, 64, 204 Amygdalus, 63 arroyo margin, 40
acknowledgments, 1 Anacardiaceae, 171 Arroyo de los Mescales, 7,
Acuan, 129 andalusite, 10 20
Adiantum, 74 andesite, 10 Arroyo San Bernardo, 7
Aegopogon, 79 Andropogon, 78 Arroyo de Santísimo, 7
Aeschynomene, 145 añil, 136 arroz, 64
Agastache, 225 Anisacanthus, 243 Artemisia, 277
Agave, 63,67,92 anisilla, 68,274 Arundinaria, 68, 83
Ageratella, 253 Annona, 63 Arundinella, 79
Ageratum, 253 Anoda, 180 Asclepiadaceae, 208
agi, 193 anona, 63 Asclepias, 208
Anthericum, 90 Asplenium, 74
Agonandra, 107
Antigonon, 108 Aster, 258
aguacate, 64
Antirrhimim, 234 Astragalus, 145
aguaro, 240
Aplopappus, 258 Avena, 63
aguas, las, 12
Apocynaceae, 206 avena, 63
ahiyá, 65, 69, 183
Aquifoliaceae, 172 ayale, 63
Aizoaceae, 113
Aquilegia, 114 Ayenia, 183
ajo, 63
Arachis, 63 azucena del monte, 90
ajonjolí, 64, 66,133,134, Aralia, 200
240 Araliaceae, 200
Alamos desert island, 50 B
árbol del fuego, 131
Albizzia, 121 arbolillo, 173 bacachari, 168
Alchemilla, 119 Arbutus, 203 bacatón, 223
alfalfa, 64 Archibaccharis, 260 Baccharis, 259
alfalfa del campo, 135 Arctostaphylos, 64, 203 Bacopa (see Pagesia), 237
algarroba, 66, 68,125 arellane, 65, 198 baiborin, 158
Alismaceae, 78 arenilla, 137 baiquiyo, 273
aliso, 118 Argemone, 115 barba chivato, 114
Allium, 63, 67,90 aria, 173 barba de chivato, 122
alma, 146 ariosa, 266 barboria, 104
Alnus, 101 Aristida, 81 barchata, 232
Alomia, 253 Aristolochia, 107 barranca region, 9
Altamiranoa (see S e d u m ) , Aristolochiaceae, 107 barrancas, 9
117 Arrabidaea, 239 Barroetea, 257
Arracacia, 202 bartanucha, 222
Alternanthera, 109

3!9
 320 INDEX

Basistelma, 211 C Ceiba, 67,182

Bastardía, 180 Celastraceae, 172
caballito, 211
batamote, 259 cacachila, 174 Celtis, 65,103
batamote del mote, 260 cacachila blanca, 248 Centaurea, 277
bataneni, 161 cacahuate, 63 Centrosema, 150
batayáqui, 6 9 , 2 2 3 , 2 6 4 , 2 6 5 Cacalia, 277 Cephalanthus, 246
bavisa, 271 cacalosuchi, 206 Cephalocereus, 65,190
beach, 40 cachaña, 268 Cercidium, 131
bebelama, 66,115 Cactaceae, 189 Cestrum, 232
Begonia, 188 cadenilla, 113, 226 chalate, 65,105
Begoniaceae, 188 Caesalpinia, 66, 69,132 cham, 63, 229
Beloperone, 245 calabaza, 63 cháñate pusi, 153
Benthamantha, 144 Calea, 272 chapóte, 63, 64, 204
beraco, 207 Calliandra, 122 chaqual, 68, 98
bercul, 222 Callisia, 89 Cheilanthes, 74
Berginia, 242 Calochortus, 91 Chenopodiaceae, 108
Berlandiera, 262 caña, 64, 79 Chenopodium, 108
Beta, 63 caña aigre, 188 cherimoya, 63
betabel, 63 Canadian life zone, 27 chícharo, 64
Canavalia, 152 chichiquelite, 230
Betulaceae, 101
candelilla, 168 chichiwo, 68, 98
Bidens, 270
Cañón Carrizo, 7,21 chícura, 263
Bignonia, 239
Cañón Cháñate, 21 chicurilla, 263
Bignoniaceae, 239
Cañón Durasnos, 21 chiki, 67, 190
bisnaga, 66,194 Cañón Estrella, 21 chili, 63
bledo, 63, 67,108 Cañón Guadalupe, 21 chilicote, 152
Bletia, 100 Cañón Narcissus, 7, 21 chiltepín, 65,234
Boerhaavia, 110 Cañón Salitrero, 7,21 Chimaphila, 202
bolsia, 173 Cañón Sapopa, 21 Chiococca, 248
Bombacaceae, 181 Cañón Saucito, 21 chirowi, 66, 68,124
Bombax, 181 canyon, 8, 9 Chloroleucon (see Pitheco-
Bommeria, 74 canyon bottoms, 41 lobium), 121
Bonplandia, 218 canyon slopes, 41 chocóla, 68, 186
Boraginaceae, 220 Capparidaceae, 117 chocopala, 188
Borreria, 249 Capsicum, 63, 65, 234 chokey, 65,198
Botrychium, 74 Cardiospermum, 173
cholla, 189
Bouteloua, 82 cardo, 115
chollita, 65,195
Bouvardia, 245 Carex, 86
chopo, 69,128
brasil, 69,131 Carica, 63
chubasco, 62
Brassica, 63,116 Caricaceae, 186
chuna, 6 5 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 5
breccia, 10 Carlowrightia, 242
chunuli, 184
Carminatia, 254
Brickellia, 256 chupe miel, 198
Carnegiea, 192
brincador, 167 churuni, 230
Caryophyllaceae, 113
Bromeliaceae, 87 Cicer, 63
cascabel de vibora, 133
Bromus, 83 ciruelo, 171
Cascada Candameña, 8, 21
Brongniartia, 69,140 Cassia, 129 Cissus, 175
Buchnera, 238 Castelleja, 238 Cistaceae, 184
Buddleia, 205 Ceanothus, 174 Citrullus, 63
buli, 63,250 cebada, 63 Citrus, 63
Bumelia, 205 cebolla, 63 Cladothrix (see Tidestro-
Bunchosia, 162 cebollín, 67, 90 m i a ) , 109
Bursera, 159 cedro, 69, 77 clavel, 206
Burseraceae, 159 clavelito, 245
 INDEX 3 2 1

clavellino, 122 Coutarea, 69, 246 Dryopteris, 75

Clematis, 114 coyamol, 90 Drypetes, 164
Cleome, 117 Craig garden, 194,301 durazno, 63
Clethra, 202 Crassulaceae, 117 Dyschoriste, 241
Clethraceae, 202 Crescentia, 63 Dyssodia, 275
cliff dwellings, 25 Crotalaria, 66,133
cliffs, 41 Croton, 69, 164 E
coastal plain, 40 Cruciferae, 116
Ebenaceae, 205
Cocculus, 115 Crusea, 248
Echeandia, 90
Cochlospermaceae, 184 Cryptantha, 221
Echeveria, 118
Cryptostegia, 208
Cochlospermum, 184 Echinocereus, 193
cuajilote, 181
cocolmeca, 256, 261 Echinodorus, 78
Cucumis, 65, 250
Coix, 63 Echinopepon, 251
Cucurbita, 63
cola de ratón, 81 Echinopterys, 162
Cucurbitaceae, 250
cola de zorra, 81 Eclipta, 264
cultivated plants, 62
colchol, 143 ejotillo chico, 130
Cuphea, 197
colegayo, 243 ejotillo grande, 130
Cupressus, 26, 78
collectors, 1, 73 ejotillo del monte, 129
Cuscuta, 211
Cologania, 150 Eleocharis, 85
Cycadaceae, 76
Colubrina, 175 elevations, 73
Cyclanthera, 251
Elytraria, 241
cominillo, 276 Cyperaceae, 84
Encelia, 267
Commelina, 88 Cyperus, 84
encino, 69, 102,103
Commelinaceae, 88
encino blanco, 102
Commicarpus, 111 D encino roble, 102
Compositae, 252
Dahlia, 270 ensangregrado, 166
Condalia, 173 E p i d e n d r u m , 100
confituriila, 222 dais, 126
Dalea, 136 equipatas, las, 12
confiturilla amarilla, 222 Equisetaceae, 74
confituriila blanca, 222 Dasylirion, 92
E q u i s e t u m , 74
Datura, 231
confiturilla grande, 261 Eragrostis, 83
Daucus, 63,202
confiturilla negra, 220 Ericaceae, 203
dead wood, 51
conglomerate, 10 Erigeron, 259
Decachaeta, 253
Conioselinum, 202 E r i o g o n u m , 107
Delilea, 261
construction, plants used for, Eriosema, 153
Delonix, 131
68 erosion, 62
Delphinium, 114
contra yerba, 136 E r y n g i u m , 201
Dennstaedtia, 75
Convolvulaceae, 211 Erythea, 68, 86
D e s m o d i u m , 146 Erythraea, 206
Conyza, 259 Dicksonia, 75
Conzattia, 3 5 , 1 3 2 Erythrina, 152
Dicliptera, 244 Erythroxylaceae, 157
copalquin, 69, 246 Dioon, 76 Erythroxylon, 157
Corallorrhiza, 99 Dioscorea, 68, 98 Escobedia, 237
corcho, 143 Dioscoreaceae, 98 escobeta, 137
Corchorus, 177 Diospyros, 205 escosionero, 265
Cordia, 220 Diphysa, 143 Esenbeckia, 158
Coreocarpus, 269 distribution, 73 espuela de caballero, 114
Cornaceae, 202 Ditaxis, 164 estáñate, 263
cometón, 232 Dodonaea, 173 estrenina, 204
cometón del monte, 231 Dolichos, 64 Eucnide, 188
Cornus, 202 Donnellsmithia, 201 Eupatorium, 255
coronilla, 262 Dorstenia, 104 Euphorbia, 168
Cosmos, 271 D ra b a , 116 Euphorbiaceae, 163
Coursetia, 6 9 , 1 4 4 Drymaria, 113
 322 INDEX

Eustoma, 206 Gilia, 218 Helianthella, 268

Evolvulus, 211 gloria, 240 Helianthemum, 184
Exogonium, 68, 218 Gnaphalium, 260 Heliocarpus, 177
Eysenhardtia, 69,136 golondrina, la, 168,170 Heliopsis, 264
Gomphocarpus, 208 Heliotropium, 220
F Gomphrena, 109 Hemicarpha, 84
Faba, 63 Gongylocarpus, 200 Henrya, 244
Fagaceae, 102 gordolobo, 258 herbage in use, 67
Ferocactus, 66,194 Gouania, 175 herbariums, 282
fíate, 263 Gramineae, 78 hesteh, 275
Ficus, 63, 65,104 granada, 64 Heteranthera, 89
Fimbristylis, 86 granadilla, 162 Heteropogon, 78
Flacourtiaceae, 185 granite, 10 Heteropteris, 161
Flaveria, 273 Graptopetalum, 118
Heterotheca, 258
floods, 62 grass fires, 61
Heterotoma, 252
flor blanca, 168 grasses in use, 69
Heuchera, 118
flor de iguana, 143 Gronovia, 188
Hexalectris, 100
flor de tierra, 241 Guaiacum, 69,158
Hibiscus, 181
Forchammeria, 117 guaiparin, 205
hichikoni, 87
fossils, 1 0 , 2 0 Guajaráy Rim, 8
hiedra, 171,239
Fouquieria, 184 guaje, 126
guamuchil, 65,120 hiegra, 171,239
Fouquieriaceae, 184
Guardiola, 261 Hieracium, 279
Franseria, 263
guásima, 65, 69,183 higuera, 105
frijole, 64
guayaba, 64 higo, 63
frijolin, 153
guayacán, 69,158 hilltops, 41
Froelichia, 109
guayavilla, 6 8 , 1 1 1 , 1 2 4 himoli, 174
frost, 15
Guazuma, 6 5 , 6 9 , 1 8 3 hipechila, 137
fruits in use, 64
guichutilla, 174 Hippobroma, 252
fuel, plants used for, 68
Fuirena, 85 guiloche, 143 Hoffmannia, 248
Funastrum, 209 guinora, 66, 68,124 Hoffmanseggia, 132
guirote de culebra, 172 Holodiscus, 118
gumbro, 104 Hordeum, 63
G Guttiferae, 183 horsetail, 74
gachupín, 264 Hosackia (see Lotus), 135
Galactia, 152 hosó, 232
Galinsoga, 272 H hosokola, 66, 246
Galium, 249 Habenaria, 98 Floustonia, 245
garabato, 6 5 , 1 0 3 , 112 habitats, 39 howinowa, 265
garbanzillo, 162 Habitat Table, 42 huchachago, 69,131
garbanzo, 63 hachuka, 67,102 Hudsonian life zone, 27
Garrya, 202 Hackelochloa, 78 hueypali, 113
gasa, 116 Haematoxylon, 69,131 hugli, 262
gatuña, 128 Halenia, 206 huhuwali, 66,224
Gaudichaudia, 161 hálu, 65,250 hulawasi, 130
Gaultheria, 203 hand-basin oak, 103 húmete, 168
Gaura, 199 Hartmannia (see Oenothe- hupala, 67, 69,129
Gentiana, 206 ra), 199 hupari, 66, 224
Gentianaceae, 206 hauwé, 94 hutetiyo, 69, 246
geology, 10 hawolí, 69,77 Hybanthus, 185
Geraniaceae, 156 Hydrolea, 219
hecho, 67,190
Geranium, 156 Hydrophyllaceae, 219
Hechtia, 87
Gerardia, 237
Hedeoma, 228 Hymenocallis, 92
Gesneriaceae, 241
Helenium, 274 Hymenoclea, 263
 INDEX

Hymenopappus, 274 konivari, 63,229 L i n u m , 157

Hymenostephium, 268 koohoo, 160 lipasote, 108
Hypericum, 183 koomeme, 245 L i p p i a , 223
Hypopitys, 203 Kosteletzkya, 181 List of Localities, 18
Hypoxis, 91 kotasula, 108 Lithospermum, 221
Hyptis, 63, 228 kowusamo, 6 9 , 1 4 4 Litsea, 115
Krameria, 120 Loasaceae, 188
I Krameriaceae, 120 Lobelia, 251
Kuhnia, 257 Lobeliaceae, 251
Ibervillea (see Maximo-
kuká, 68,125 localities, 18
w i c z i a ) , 250
kumememi, 111 localities of collection, 18,
igualamilla, 153
kusi, 67,102 73
Hex, 172
Loeselia, 218
Ilysanthes, 237
Indigofera, 135 L Loganaceae, 205
L o p e z i a , 200
Iostephane, 265 Labiatae, 224
Lophocereus, 193
Ipomoea, 213 Lachemilla (see Alchemil-
Loranthaceae, 106
Iresine, 109 la),119 Lotus, 135
Iridaceae, 98 Lactuca, 63
island habitat, 49 L o w e r Sonoran life zone,
Laelia, 100
Luffa, 250
Lagascea, 261
L u p i n u s , 134
J Lagenaria, 63, 250
lustieh, 243
lakes, 9
Jacobinia, 245 L y c i u m , 232
lama, 236
Jacquemontia, 212 Lycopersicon, 63, 231
Lamourouxia, 238
Jacquinia, 203 Lysiloma, 66, 69,123
Lantana, 222
Janusia, 161 Lythraceae, 197
las aguas, 12
Jarilla, 3 1 , 6 8 , 1 8 6
las equipatas, 12
Jatropha, 2 6 , 1 6 6 M
Lasiacis, 83
J a u m e a , 272
Lathyrus, 150 machauwi, 66, 69,123
jeco, 6 5 , 1 1 9 , 2 2 9
Lauraceae, 115 Macrosiphonia, 207
jecota, 263
laurel, 115 madrona, 202
jicama, 68,218
laurelito, 109 madrono, 203
Johnson grass, 79
lavas, 10 maguey, 63
juanamipili, 111
leaf,29,31,35 mahoy piwala, 210,211
Juglandaceae, 101
Lechea, 184 mais, 64
fuglans, 101
lechuga, 63 makachuni, 6 5 , 1 2 0
j u m p i n g bean, 167
lechuguilla, 92 Malaxis, 99
Juncaceae, 90
lechuguilla ceniza, 95 Malpighia, 162
Juncus, 90
Leguminosae, 120 Malpighiaceae, 161
Jussiaea, 199
Lemaireocereus, 6 5 , 1 9 1 malva, 178,179
Justicia, 244
lemilla, 243 Malvaceae, 178
juve, 270
lengua buey, 205 Malvastrum, 179
Lepachys, 265
mambia, 230
K L e p i d i u m , 116
Mammillaria, 6 5 , 1 9 4
Kallstroemia, 158 Leptochloa, 83
Mandevilla, 208
kaloka, 112 Leucaena, 126
Manfreda, 92
kapiah, 6 8 , 1 8 6 lília cimarrón, 90
Mangifera, 64
Karwinskia, 174 Liliaceae, 90
mangle, 198
kasala, 88 lima, 63
m a n g o , 64
kawiyo, 222 lime beds, 11
Manihot, 167
kechesowi, 161 limestone, 10
manilochi, 230
kichisowi, 143 limón, 63
Linaceae, 157 mantela de Maria, 216
kiki, 100 m a n z a n a , 64
 324 INDEX

manzanilla, 64,203 Mitracarpus, 249 opium, 64,116

manzanilla del río, 260 mochi, 110 Oplismenus, 80
mapa, 228 Mollugo, 113 Opuntia, 65,189
margarita, 133 momoa, 157 Orchidaceae, 98
Marsdenia, 65, 211 Monarda, 228 orégano, 223,228
Marty nia, 240 Monnina, 163 Oreopanax, 200
Martyniaceae, 240 Montanoa, 69, 264 Orobanchaceae, 241
masasaí, 108 Moraceae, 104 Orobanche, 241
Mascagnia, 161 moradilla, 222 Oryza, 64
mata gusano, 278 Morus, 104 otate, 68, 83
matagochi, 65,190 mostasa, 68,116 otatillo, 81
matariqui, 277 mota, 140 Oxalidaceae, 157
Maurandia, 21, 234 mountain slopes, 41 Oxalis, 68,157
mauuta, 66, 69,123 Muhlenbergia, 81
mawó, 126 Musa, 64 P
Maximowiczia, 250 museums (see herbariums),
Pachycereus, 67,190
mayavilla, 110 282
Pachyphytum, 118
Maytenus, 172 Myrsinaceae, 204
Pagesia, 237
meadow, 39,43 Myrtaceae, 198
palma, 68, 69, 86
Medicago, 64
palma de la Virgen, 76
melacatón, 64 '. N Palmae, 86
Melampodium, 262
nachachicoli, 241 palmita, 76,91
Meliaceae, 160
nacopuli, 65,104 palo de asta, 220
Mellichampia, 210 palo barril, 184
Naiadaceae, 78
Melochia, 182
Naias, 78 palo blanco, 69,149
melón camote, 63 palo brea, 131
Nama, 219
melón de coyote, 65,250 naranja, 63 palo chinu, 69,121
Menispermaceae, 115 Nemastylis, 98 palo colorado, 66, 69,132
Mentha, 228 nesco, 142 palo dulce, 69,136
Mentzelia, 188 Nicotiana, 64, 232 palo fierro, 67,69,121,143
mesa, 40 Nissolia, 145 palo jito, 117
Mesa Colorada, La, 8, 23 nogal, 101 palo jocono, 121
mescal, 63, 67,97 Nolina, 91 palo joso, 121,132
mescalito, 87 Nopalea, 189 palo mulato, 160
mesquite, 67, 69,129 Notholaena, 75 palo piojo, 141
Metastelma, 209 nowa, 154 palo santo, 213
mewele, 65,191 nudita, la, 124 palo santo amarillo, 213
Microsechium, 251 Nyctaginaceae, 110 palo verde, 207
Microstylis, 100 Nymphaea, 113 palowisi, 229
miguelito, 166 Nymphaeaceae, 113 palowisi nahcala, 208
mijo, 64 pamita, 116
Milla, 90 Panicum, 64, 80
O
Miliaria, 261 papa, 64
milpa, 60 Oak Forest, 27, 34 papache, 66, 246, 248
milpa, abandoned, 60 ocotillo, 262 papache borracho, 247
milpa de venado, 78 Oenothera, 199 Papaver, 64,116
Mimosa, 69,126 ojo de venado, 186 Papaveraceae, 115
Mimulus, 236 Olneya, 143 papaya, 63
Minkelersia, 156 Onagraceae, 199 papaya cimarrón, 200
Mirabilis, 110 Oncidium, 100 papelio, 172
mirasol, 264,266 Operculina, 212 Parietaria, 106
miscellaneous uses of plants, Ophryosporus, 253 Parkinsonia, 67,131
68 Opiliaceae, 107 Parosela (see D a l e a ) , 138
 INDEX

Parthenice, 263 pitahaya, 65,191 pueblos (see List of Locali-

Parthenium, 262 pitahaya barbón, 65,190 ties), 18
pasagí, 233 pitahaya colorada, 191 Púnica, 64
pasóte, 108,116 pitayita, 193 pusira, 229
Paspalum, 79 Pitcairnia, 87 Pyrolaceae, 202
Passiflora, 186 Pithecolobium, 65, 67, 69, Pyrus, 64
Passifloraceae, 186 120
pata de gallo, 167 Plant Census, 51 Q
patitos, 89 plant habitats, 39
Pectis, 276 Quamoclit, 217
Plantaginaceae, 245
Pedicularis, 238 quanta yerba, 169
Plantago, 245
Pedilanthus, 168 quelite, 67,108
plants in use, 62
Pellaea, 75 Quercus, 67, 69,102
Platanaceae, 118
pelucita, 109 plátano, 64
pelusa, 109 Platanus, 118 R
Pennisetum, 80 plateau, 8 rábano, 64
Pentstemon, 235 Pleistocene, 10,11 rainfall, 12
pera, 64 Pliocene, 10,11 rainfall data, 13,14
Pereskiopsis, 189 Plumbaginaceae, 204 rama pioja, 271
Perezia, 278 Plumbago, 204 rama toro, 242,244
peritos, 240 plumbago, 204 rafnita colorada, 136
Perityle, 272 Plumeria, 206 ranchos (see List of Locali-
Persea, 64,115 Poa,83 ties), 18
Perymenium, 267 pochote, 67,182 Randia, 66, 246
Peteria, 142 Polemoniaceae, 218 Ranunculaceae, 114
peychi, 207 poleo, 228 Ranunculus, 114
Phacelia, 219 Polygala, 163 Rapanea, 204
Phaseolus, 64,154 Polygalaceae, 163 Raphanus, 64
Phoradendron, 106 Polygonaceae, 107 rastrillo, 234
Phyllanthus, 163 Polygonum, 107 Rathbunia, 192
Physalis, 232 Polypodiaceae, 74 Razoumofskya, 106
Phytolacca, 112 Pontederiaceae, 89 repollo, 63
Phytolaccaceae, 112 popote, 138 Rhamnaceae, 173
picachalih, 169 popote chiquito, 140 Rhamnus, 174
pico pájaro, 236 Populus, 101 Rhizophora, 198
Pinaceae, 76 Porophyllum, 275 Rhizophoraceae, 198
Pinaropappus, 278 Rhus, 171
porphyry, 10
Pine Forest, 27, 37 Rhynchosia, 153
Portulacaceae, 113
pino, 69, 76 rhyolite, 10
Potentilla, 119
pino bete, 77 ridges, 41
Primulaceae, 204
pino triste, 77 Río Babanore, 7 , 8
Prionosciadium, 202
pintapan, 178 Río Batopilillas, 7
Priva, 223
pintapan cimarrón, 178 Río Candameña, 8
Prosopis, 67, 69,129 Río Cedros, 5
pintapan viscosa, 178
Prunella, 225 Río Fuerte, 5
Pinus, 6 9 , 7 6
Prunus, 6 4 , 6 5 , 1 1 9 Río Mayo, 5
pioniya, 268
Pseuderanthemum, 243 Río Moris, 8
Piper, 101
Pseudotsuga, 77 Río Yaqui, 5
Piperaceae, 101
Psidium, 6 4 , 6 5 , 1 9 8 Rivina, 112
pipichowa, 278
Psilactis, 258 roads and trails, 17
Piptothrix, 256
romería de la sierra, 213
Piscidia, 69,149 Psilotaceae, 74
roots, 3 2 , 6 7
Pisonia, 112 Psilotum, 74
Pisum, 64 Psoralea, 136 roots and herbage in use, 67
 326 INDEX

Rosaceae, 118 sauce, 101 siguiri, 189

Rotala, 197 saus, 101 Simarubaceae, 158
Rothrockia, 211 sauwi, 64, 80 Simsia, 267
Rubiaceae, 245 savanna, 8 sina, 192,193
Ruellia, 242 sawo, 92 sínala, 66, 68,124
Rumex, 107 Saxifragaceae, 118 Sisymbrium, 68,116
Russelia, 235 Schistophragma, 237 Sisyrinchium, 98
Rutaceae, 158 Schizocarpum, 250 sitavaro, 207
Schkuhria, 274 socol, 66, 91
S Schoenocaulon, 90 socoyole, 68,157
Schrankia, 126 soguilla, 220
Sabal, 68, 69, 86 Solanaceae, 229
sabali, 92 Scirpus, 85
Sclerocarpus, 264 Solanum, 64, 229
sabino, 69,77 Sonoran persimmon, 205
sacamanteca, 229 Scrophulariaceae, 234
Scutellaria, 224 Sophia, 116
sacate, 69,78,249 Sorghastrum, 79
sacate aceitillo, 78 Sebastiania, 167
Secondatia (see Mandevil- Sorghum, 64, 79
sacate aparejo, 81 sorillo, 130
sacate de Johnson, 79 la),208
sedimentarles, 10,11 sotol,91,92
sacatito del agua, 85 sotol chiquito, 91
Saccharum, 64 Sedum, 117
Spermolepis, 201
sahawó, 102 seeds in use, 66
Sphaeralcea, 179
sahi, 66, 69,123 Selaginella, 75
Sphinctospermum, 144
sahuaro, 192 Selaginellaceae, 75
Spondias, 171
saiya, 67,185 Senecio, 277
Sporobolus, 82
Salicaceae, 101 Sericotheca (see Holodis-
Stachys, 225
salitrio, 166 cus), 118
Stegnosperma, 112
Salix, 101 Serjania, 172 Stellaria, 113
Salpianthus, 68,111 Sesamum, 64, 240 Stemmadenia, 207
Salvia, 225 Sesbania, 144 Stemodia, 236
salvia, 228 Setaria, 80 Stenorrhynchus, 99
salvia del monte, 226 Seymaria, 237 Sterculiaceae, 182
Samolus, 204 Short-tree Forest, 27, 30 Stevia, 253
San Bernardo Thorn Forest Sicyos, 250 stream ways, 41
island, 49 Sicyosperma, 251 Struthanthus, 106
San Juan del monte, 257 Sida, 179 Stylosanthes, 146
San Juanico, 203 Sidalcea, 179 Subtropical life zone, 27
San Juanito, 207 Sideroxylon, 66, 205 succession, 60
San Miguelito, 108,180 siendre, 275 summer rains, 13
San Pual, 68,274 Sierra de Alamos, 8, 9 swamps, 41
sandía, 63 Sierra Bajura, 11,25
sandstone, 10 Sierra Cajurichi, 8
Sapindaceae, 172 Sierra Canelo, 8 T
Sapindus, 173 Sierra Charuco, 8 ta-a seyweylala, 122
Sapium, 168 Sierra Chiribo, 8,25 tabaco, 64, 232
Saponaria, 114 Sierra Chuchupate, 8,25 tabaco de coyote, 232
Sapotaceae, 204 Sierra de las Colas, 25 Tabebuia, 21,69,239
sapuchi, 66,247 Sierra Dos Cuates, 26 Tablón Oak Forest island,
sapuchi de la sierra, 247 Sierra García, 8 49
sapuli, 92 Sierra Obscura, 8 tachiná, 115
Saracha, 233 Sierra de Papas, 26 Tagetes, 68, 274
Sarcoglottis, 99 Sierra Saguaribo, 8 tahcú, 68, 69, 86
sasaró, 177 Sierra Sutucame, 9 tahewali, 166,234
Sassafridium, 66,115 Sierra de la Ventana, 8 taiehcholi, 67,94
 INDEX

tainoreh, 169 tomatillo, 233 Ulmaceae, 103

talakáo, 6 9 , 2 2 3 , 2 6 4 , 2 6 5 tonchi, 65,211 Umbelliferae, 201
talampacate, 260 toronja, 63 Upper Mayo Plateau, 8
talayote, 210 torote bianco, 160 Upper Sonoran life zone, 27
Talinum, 113 torote copal, 160 Urera, 106
talpakapache, 66,133 torote jolopete, 159 Urticaceae, 106
tasauwi, 64, 79 torote negro, 160 uruquenia, 164
táscate, 78 torote papelio, 159,160 Utricularia, 241
tavachin, 66,133 torote prieto, 159,160 Utriculariaceae, 241
tavachin chica, 132 torote spinosa, 184 uva, 64
Taxodium, 69,77 tosapolo, 122,181 uva cimarrón, 175
Tecoma, 240 totosa, 95 uvulama, 66,224
tecuyauwi, 231 totosali, 95
température, 14 Tournefortia, 220 V
température records, 15 towns (see List of Locali-
tempisque, 66, 205 ties), 18 Valeriana, 249
tenégara, 66,133 Toxicodendron, 171 Valerianaceae, 249
tepeguaje, 66, 69, 123 Tradescantia, 88 Vallesia, 207
tepetate, 171, 200 Tragia, 166 vara blanca, 69,164
Tephrosia, 141 Tragoceros, 264 vara prieta, 69,140
Tertiary, 10,11 trails, 17 Verbena, 221
tescalama, 65,105 Transition life zone, 27 Verbenaceae, 221
teso, 125 Trichilia, 160 Verbesina, 269
tetetawicha, 220 Trichostema, 224 vernacular ñames, 73
Tetramerium, 244 Tridax, 272 Vernonia, 252
Teucrium, 224 Trifolium, 134 Verónica, 237
teywesí, 112 trigo, 64 Vicia, 150
Thalictrum, 115 Tripsacum, 78 Viguiera, 266
Thelypodium, 116 Triticum, 64 vinorama, 68,125
Theophrastaceae, 203 Triumfetta, 177 Vincetoxicum, 210
Thorn Forest, 27 Trixis, 278 Violaceae, 185
Thryallis, 162 trompio, 215,217 violeta, 180
Tidestromia, 109 Trophis, 104 violincillo, 220
tierra caliente, 12 tropical element, 2 7 , 3 1 virtugosa, 276
tierra templada, 12 Tropical Sonoran life zone, Vitaceae, 175
Tigridia, 6 8 , 9 8 27 Vitex, 66,224
Tilia, 176 tuchi, 179 Vitis, 6 4 , 1 7 5
Tiliaceae, 176 tukasali, 271 volcanism, 10
Tillandsia, 87 tule, 84
Tinantia, 88 tulumisi, 233 W
Tithonia, 265 tumali, 106
toché, 103 tuna, 65,189 wachelaí, 68,116
tohí, 106 turasali, 275 wachomó, 266,269
toiwe, 66,194 Turnera, 186 wacoporo, 67,131
tokasoiawi, 236 Turneraceae, 186 wahtauwi, 231
tolikarochá, 173 wakapi, 67,182
tuya, 91
toloachi, 231 Waltheria, 182
type locality, 73
toloachi grande, 231 wasiki, 6 5 , 1 1 9
tomasita, 219 wasiwa, 125
U Wedelia, 265
tomate, 63,231
tomate de culebra, 232 uchika, 104 Wedeliella, 110
tomate del monte, 233 ucuquiro, 112 vvetapochi, 133
uhi, 64,203 weyhooli, 222
3 28 INDEX

weylaki, 66, 69,132 X yerba de venado, 276

weywi, 63,67,108 yerbanís, 68,274
Xanthocephalum, 258
Wilcoxia, 22,191 Yucca, 66, 91
Xylosma, 185
wild plants in use, 64
Willardia, 142 Z
Wimmeria, 172 Y
zanahoria, 63
wind, 16 yepowecha, 66, 68, 125 Zanthoxylum, 158
wipa, 64, 232 yerba del aigre, 278 Zauschneria, 199
Wissadula, 178 yerba colorada, 119 Zea, 64
wocomahi, 96 yerba de cuervo, 208 Zexmenia, 268
wohtoli, 65,104 yerba la flecha, 168 Zinnia, 264
Woodwardia, 75 yerba del Indio, 107 Zornia, 149
wowuli, 65,105 yerba del palmo, 260 Zygadenus, 90
wuli, 63,250 yerba del toro, 242 Zygophyllaceae, 158