Bothalia 27,2: 185-193(1997)

A floristic classification of the vegetation of a forest-savanna boundary in

southeastern Zimbabwe

I. MAPAURE*

Keywords: classification. Detrended Correspondence Analysis, forest-savanna boundary, moist forest, savanna, TWINSPAN, vegetation type, Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT

The vegetation of Chirinda Forest boundary was classified into eight types using Two-way Indicator Species Analysis
(TWINSPAN) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). The moist forest comprises three types: Strychnos mello-
dora-Chrysophyllum gonmgosanum Forest on deep dolerite soils; Chrysophyllum gorungosanum-Myrianthus holstii Forest on
shallow dolerite soils; and Teclea iiobilis-Ehretia cymosa Forest on drier, but deep dolerite soils. The non-forest vegetation
comprises five types: Themeda triandra Grassland on shallow dolerite soils; Psidium guajava Bushland on sandstone; Bridelia
m icrantha-H arungana madagascariensis Mixed Woodland not restricted to any one particular soil type; Acacia k arroo-
Heteropyxis dehniae Woodland on shallow soils derived from sandstone but sometimes on dolerite; and Julbemardia globi-
flora-Brachystegia spiciformis (Miombo) Woodland on sandstone.

INTRODUCTION Inventories of the vegetation of Chirinda Forest have

been compiled by, among others, Goldsmith (1976) and
Muller (1991). Much of this work focused mainly on the
Forest patches occur in many tropical countries, often moist forest proper, with very little attention paid to the
embedded in a matrix of non-forest vegetation types, surrounding non-forest vegetation. Mapaure (1993) dis­
forming unique units along their boundaries. Ranney et cussed the factors influencing the vegetation of the forest
al. (1981) emphasized the importance of forest fringes in boundary whilst Timberlake et al. (1994) described the
the structure and dynamics of forest patches. The bound­ composition of the forest and some ecological factors af­
ary creates microclimatic gradients that result in differ­ fecting the vegetation. A list of flowering plants and ferns
ences in environment between the forest interior and the found in and around the forest has been compiled by
outside, non-forest areas. In this context, the influence of Drummond & Mapaure (1994).
soil moisture and other edaphic changes at the forest-sa-
vanna boundary is particularly important (Furley 1992;
The main objective of this study was to inventory the
Hopkins 1992). woody vegetation of Chirinda Forest boundary, including
adjacent bushland. grassland and woodland areas and to
The ecotone between forest and non-forest areas often produce a classification and description of the vegetation
has high plant densities and diversity, and represents the types.
juxtaposition of two contrasting habitats. Along the eco­
tone there is generally a high incidence of wind and ani­ STUDY AREA
mal activity, especially mammals and frugivorous birds.
As a result, the predation of seed and fruit and the op­
portunity for their dispersal are both enhanced. The study was carried out in Chirinda Forest, situated
near Mount Selinda Mission (20° 25'S, 32° 43'E) in south­
east Zimbabwe (Figure 1). The forest represents the south­
In Zimbabwe, forest patches with sharp boundaries be­ ern end of moist forest distribution in Zimbabwe and is
tween them and non-forest vegetation are common along the best preserved example of medium altitude moist for­
the eastern highlands where three main centres of moist est (Muller 1991). It is surrounded by pine plantations,
forest development can be identified, namely the Nyanga, Mission settlements, Chako Business Centre, and com­
the Vumba and the Chimanimani massifs. Many other mercial farmlands. It is a gazetted Forest Land managed
smaller patches of forest occur elsewhere, including Chir­ by the Forestry Commission, covering 947 ha, of which
inda, the area of this study. The factors responsible for 606 ha is moist evergreen forest. The forest lies on two
these boundaries vary from place to place, but fire, altitude broad highlands rising from 1 076 m to 1 250 m in alti­
and edaphic factors are among the most important. Crook tude. These form two crests, essentially subdividing the
(1952) and Phipps & Goodier (1962) discussed the vege­ forest into two, a northern and a southern section with a
tation patterns of the Chimanimani Mountains, with em­ narrow forested saddle in between.
phasis on the determ inants of the forest, woodland,
grassland and Ericaceous scrub. Similar situations can also
The geology of the area comprises red and purple phyl-
be encountered in the Vumba, Nyanga and Chirinda areas.
litic mudstones interbedded with pale fine- to medium-
grained feldspathic sandstones of the Upper Argillaceous
* Department o f Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box series of the Precambrian Umkondo System (Watson
MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe. 1969). Fine-grained dolerite sills have intruded into these
MS. received: 1996-10-29. sandstones, forming a cap over much of the higher
186 Bothalia 27,2 (1997)

NGUNGUNYANA NG UNGUNYANA
FOREST LAND
-—z*-- 1 V IE W P O IN T
W vT \ */
£ ^slV W
<r % / M
W
S \\ \\ // H m
Hl A *y1
N
CHINYADUMA O
___y 2

C H IN YA DU M A

LEG EN D

<1311? FOREST EDGE

=»«=■ ROADS
RIVERS
.. - PATHS FIGURE 1.— Location o f Chirinda
Forest in southeastern Zim ­
\ __ GAZETTED FOREST LAND babwe.

ground. The moist forest is generally found on dolerite In each quadrat, the woody species were identified and
soils. assigned to height classes as follows: seedlings, saplings
(< 0.5 m), understorey (0.5-3.0 m), subcanopy trees (3-10
The area receives an average rainfall of 1 470 mm per m), and canopy trees (>10 m). An overall cover-abun-
annum (Anon. 1977). Average winter and summer tem­ dance value for each woody species in each quadrat was
peratures are 14°C and 20°C, respectively (Sayce 1987). assessed following the Braun-Blanquet scale (Mueller-
The prevailing winds are southeasterly. Dombois & Ellenberg 1974). Climbers were rated sepa­
rately according to the number of stems encountered in
the stands rather than for a cover value.
METHODS

Soil depth was determined by augering six quadrats

An interpretation of 1:12 500, black-and-white aerial per transect, three on either side of the forest edge. The
photographs of 1987 was carried out and stratification of soils were considered deep if no rocks were encountered
the vegetation around the forest was done, based on the down to a depth of 80 cm. The geology was determined
textural differences on the photographs. A map was pro­ from any exposed bedrock and by reference to the geo­
duced based on both the interpretation of the aerial pho­ logical map of the area.
tographs, which aided in the marking of the boundaries
of the vegetation types, and field sampling. Data analysis

Ten belt transects (two through each of the five vege­ Vegetation data were analysed using Two Way Indica­
tation units apparent on the aerial photographs), each 200 tor Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) (Hill 1979) and De­
m long and 20 m wide, were established (Figure 2A-J) trended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) (Gauch 1982).
so that half the distance was in the forest and the other TWINSPAN was applied on the full species data set, con­
half in the non-forest vegetation. The edge of the forest sisting of 261 plant species belonging to 204 genera and
was identified by either an obvious noticeable change in 76 families and DCA was applied on the sixty quadrats
species composition or by a difference in vegetation struc­ from which soil data were collected. Rare species were
ture, or both. Each belt transect was subdivided into ten downweighted and for pseudospecies cut-levels of 0, 1 ,3
20 x 20 m contiguous quadrats, five on either side of the and 5 were used in the application of TWINSPAN. Cover-
forest boundary, resulting in a total of 100 quadrats. The abundance values of species were used in both analyses.
appropriateness of this quadrat size was confirmed by a Minor refinements were done to the TWINSPAN output
species-area curve. (Table 1) to improve its clarity, especially the removal,
Bothalia 27,2 (1997) 187

after analysis, of the species which occurred three times

or less (except indicator species) and lianes and vines.

RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

Vegetation classification

Eight vegetation types were identified (Figures 3 & 4)

on the basis of the TWINSPAN and DCA analyses. The
primary division of the stands by TWINSPAN separated
out the moist forest stands from non-forest (woodland and
grassland) stands. The second level of division separated
out forest stands in the northwestern part of the forest
CHAKO
from the rest of the forest stands. These forest stands
(Type III) are situated close to the miombo stands, on the
drier side of the highland. The third level of division fur­
ther subdivided the remaining forest stands into a group
which occurred in the eastern to southeastern part of the
£ \\^ ] Moist evergreen forest (Types I-III)
forest (mainly transects E, F, G and H) (Type II). The
other group (Type I) consists mostly of forest stands from
| | j | j Bridelia micrantha-Harungana madagascariensis Mixed Woodland
transects A, B, C and D. The forest stands, therefore, fall (Type IV)
into three main types.
/ / / I Acacia karroo-heteropyxis dehniae Woodland (Type V)

Among the non-forest vegetation stands, the second

Psidium guajava Bushland (Type VI)
level of division separated out grassland stands, which oc­
curred in the southeastern part of the forest (Type VII),
= ] Themeda triandra Grassland (Type VII)
from the rest of the non-forest vegetation. The remaining
non-forest stands were divided irfto a further two groups
^ Julbemardia globiflora-Brachystegia spiciformis Woodland
at the third level of division. One type (Type IV), which (Type V n i)
consists of a wide mixture of stands from several transects
ll| Commercial plantations
but close to the apparent forest edge, was separated from
the rest of the remaining non-forest vegetation. The re­
j Settlements
maining stands were further divided into two, one of
which comprises two types. Type VI consisted of stands
mainly from an area close to Chako Business Centre (the FIGURE 2.— A map showing the major vegetation types in Chirinda
sandstone enclave) and stands from the northwestern side Forest area. The positions o f the transects (A -J) are indicated.

forming Types V and VIII. Further subdivision of these

types was considered unnecessary because the number of
the relative dominance of the species in the upper canopy
stands in each group was too small to justify the subdi­
and subcanopy strata. Strychnos mellodora, Rothmannia
vision.
urcelliformis, and ChrysopkyUum gorimgosanum had higher
The forest, woodland and grassland types were clearly cover abundance values (averaging about 50%) in forest
separate, with some ubiquitous intermediary vegetation Type I than in forest Type II, where they averaged 20%.
types bridging them. Within the three moist forest vege­ Myrianthus holstii had a lower cover value (about 10%)
tation types, two were not clearly separated on the basis in forest Type I than in Type II (about 25%). Forest Type
of species composition but were strongly differentiated on III occurred in a drier area, had a more open canopy and,

DIVISION
LEVEL

0 100 STANDS

FIGURE 3.— Dendrogram showing the TWINSPAN results of the quadrats in Chirinda Forest (eigenvalues are shown in brackets).
188 Bothalia 27,2 (1997)

TABLE 1.— A synoptic table o f TWINSPAN classification o f Chirinda Forest vegetation. Full names o f species indicated by mnemonics are
given in Appendix 1

Stand number

2 2 2 3 34 71 11 23 7 1 34 44 4 5 5 5 6 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 08 89 12 37 5 11 77 88 9 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 7 2 6 6 6 7 7 9 9 9 6 8 88 88 99 2 111 45 55
7 8 90 80 90 89 09 87 89 7 76 78 9 0 6 7 6 8 9 0 7 8 9 0 7 07 89 08 9 0 6 6 6 6 5 6 4 5 3 4 6 7 6 4 5 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 4 5 5 2 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 23 45 12 1 123123 1123

CEL MIL 11111

STR US A 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 1 1 -1 2 2 - 1 --------- 1 - ......................... 1 ---- 1 2 1 - 11111
STR ME L 2 2 - 2 3 3 -3 43 33 -3 44 4 2 - - 1 1 1 ---- 1 - 1 ---- 1 .......1222- 11111
R1N FER 11110
PLE PY C -1 1 1 - 2..... 1......1 - - 1 1 1 - 2 ------------ -------------1 11110
HEI DIE 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 ---11-1-- 21 1- 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 - 1 - - 1 1 ---- 1- 11110
STR SC H 1 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 ---2 1 ---- -2 1 1 - 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 ....... --1- 11110
CHI BA T 2 2 1 - 1 - ....... 1 - - 1 1 - 2 1 ------ 11- - 11 ........ 1 --------------- 21 11110
COL GR E ....... 11 32---1-- 2 2 2 2 2 ....... 1 ........ 1 1 1 1 ....... 11110
TAN SWY 12-227721-1222-23 2 1 --222212222212- 2--22111-12 11110
FIC CHI 11110
ARG MA C ---- 3 3 1 --- 231-1-- 2 1 2 - 2 1 21 21 11 11 -- - 1 - - 1 2 - - 1 ............ . 11110
MYR HOL -2-- 2- 1- 21 11 12 -- 1 - 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ......... .... 2- 1 ....... 11110
CRA BRE 2 2 2 1 2 1 -2 42 23 -1 -- 1 3 - 1 1 3 3 12 22 11 21 1- - 1 3 3 3 2 - 1 .............. . 11110
DRA FRA 1 - 1 2 - 1 33 11 21 31 24 1 1 3 44 44 22 14 44 34 44 4 3 1 2 3 3- 11 11 -3 -1--11-- ! ----------- 1 - 1- - 111- 1- 11110
PSE SUB 2 1 1 1 ---- 12 1-12221 - 1 2 --- 1332 22 32 1- - 1 --- 1 --- 22-- - 1 ...... 11110
DID NO R 11101
OXY GO E -1 ------------- 11- - - 1 1 1 - - 1 - 1 ........... 1 - - 1 1 ............. 1 11101
DRY GER - -22221---- 1-1--- 1 1 2 - - 1 1 1 1 - 2 3 2 1 --- 1 1 2 2 2 - 1 1 -- 1 11101
TIL FUN - - 2 2 - 2 2 - 2 - 2 ................... 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 ---2 2 3 ---- 2 2 - 2 2 - 112- 2 - 11101
KHA ANT 3 ---3 - 1 ......1 ---- .........1 - 1--222- 2 --------- 2 - 1- 1 11101
STR MIT 2 3 3 2 - 1 1 2 ---1-2121 1 2 1- - 111112 -2 2- 1- - 1 - 2 1 1 2 - - 2-1 11101
CHR GO R 1231 23 22 21 12 21 -2 1 3 3 33 33 33 32 -3 2- 22 2 22 22 21 12 -3 11 ----11-11-- ....................... 1 2 --------1 - 1- ■ 11101
DIO AB Y 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - 1 - 1-11 -1 11 22 13 -1 11 - 1 1 11 1- 12 11 11101
COF LIG 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 ---- 1 ..... 1 1 ................. 1-111221-1-- 11100

TRI MA D 3 -2 - - 1 2 ---- 1 ------ 1 -------2 --------2 1 1 - - 221- --1 1 - - 2 -- 1 1 ---- 1 --------- 1 - - 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 1 ----- 1--1 11011
XYM MO N 1 3 1 - ............ - 2 1 1 - - 2 - 2 - - .................... .......... -21 1 ..................... 1 - - 1 2 - 1 1 1 1 ........... - - 1 - 11 0 1 1
AGE PEN 2 - - 2 - 2 2 ------2 2 - 2 2 - 2 ............... --2 - 2 ---2 .......... 2 - 2 ..... - - 2 .......... 11011
PAV COM 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 ---1-111- 1 1 2 2 1 ---- 1 - 1 - 1 1 2 2 -
- 2 1 - 1 - 11-111 11011
CRE TRI 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - ..... -1- 1 1 2 1 - - 2 2 - - 1 1 1 - - 1 - 11011
CEL GOM 1 ............... -11 .........22-2 21 -- 2 11011
RAW LUC 2 3 12 11 21 11 11 12 21 1 2 1 1 1 1 - 3 1 2 - - 1 2 1 --- 3- 12 1- 1 - 2 2 3 1 12111--11--------111--1111--- 11011
ROT UR C 1333 -1 22 12 11 -2 23 2 1 - 1- -1 23 12 11 -1 -1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 - 1- 11011
TAB VE N 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 11 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 -1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 2 1 1 - 1 1 - 2 - 1 - - 1 1 1 - - 11011
BEQ NA T 2 ---1 ------- 2 ..... 11010
CAR BIS l i n n ..... i ---- 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 1 1 - 1 - - 2 - -11--122-11- 1 1 1 ---1 1 ---- 11-1111-1111- 11001
CNE POL ..... 1111--- 11000
LOV SWY 1 ---- ---- I l l ......1 1 ......... - - 1 ..... ...... 11000
NEW BU C 2333- 2 - 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 - 2 - 1 2 - 2 2 --------------- ------- 1 ..... 1--- ----1 1 --- ---I l l ---- 11000
OCH AR B - - - 2 2 1 1 2 ---- 101
DOV MA C 1 - 1 1 - 1---1 - 1 1 1 --- 1 1 ---- 2 3 1 --- 1 ---- - 1 1 ---2112-1 2 ----- 1 - 2 ---- 1 .......I l l ... .......Ill - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 101
TAR PAV - - 1 - - 1 1 ................ 1 1 1 - 1 1 2 ........... 1 1 - - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 ---- 1 2 ---1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 2 --- 1 1 1 1 2 1 .......- 1 - 1 --- 10011
TRI DR E - - 1 2 2 - 2 - - 2 - - 1 ------ - 3 - 1 - - 2 2 ---12--1- 2 2 - 2 1 --------- 2 - - 1 - 1 1 1 ---11 - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 2 - 1 - - 1 10011
XYL PAR - 1 1 1 1 1 ---- 2- ...... 1 3 1 - ....... 1 ........ 1 ........ ... 10010
DRA MA N ..................... 1 1 1 - ...................Il l-............. -1-- 10010
CLE SWY ..... 2 2 --- 2 --222- ...... -2 - - 2 --- - 2 3 2 3 2 ...... - - 2 - - 2 - 2 - 2 2 ------2 - 2 2 - 2 --------- -2-- 222 ---- 10010
TEC NO B 2 1 1 - - 2 - 1 - 1 -------1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - 3 1 ---- 1- -22112 23 42 -1 1 - 1 2 - 1 1 3 2 2 1 - 1 1 ---- 1 1 1 2 -1-- -111 --122212 - --- 1 1 1 ---- 1000
EHR CYM - -21131111-- ------ 2 2 2 ............... .... --2-2--3- 0111
CEL AF R 2 2 ---3 2 1 --- 2 - 1 1 - 1 1 2 4 1 1 ..............2--2 -1-111 - - 2 2 2 1 1 2 - --11-- ---- 0111
CAS BA T 1 2 1 ---2 ---- 2 ...... ........1-221 2 1 - - 1 ........1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 -- 1- - 1 - - -11 1-1-11-1- ---1-- ---1 01101
PED AF R --11-11------ 1111 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 2 - 1 .................... - 1 1 - 1 1 2 - 1 1 2 - 1 1 2 - 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 - 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 ---- 1211 --1121121 1 1 1 1 1 1 ---1 01101
CRO SYL -- - 2 ----- 2-1-2--2 21 - - 2 1 3- 11 1- 21 1- 2 - 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 -2- 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 - 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 --132222- ----- 1 --- 1 01101
POL FUL ---------- 1 ---------------- 1 - 1 ------------- 1 1 1 1 2 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1 .......... .................................... - - 1 - - 1 ---1 01101
ALB GU M -122-- -- 1 ........ 2 11-112 21 11 12 - 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 -11222112 1 - 2 1 1 1 - - 1 - 01101
CAS MA L -- 1- - 1 ........................... - - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 1 1 ............................................................................ 01100
HAL LliC 01100
SCO STO ....... ......122-1--- 0101
RAU CA F -2 -- 1 ....... 1-11223- 0101
BER ABY 0100
OXY SPE -1 -1 11---1-1--11111-1- 0100
CAL AUR ..... -1 3 2 - .............. - 2 1 2 1 ---- 00111
MEL LOB --3-- ...... 11- 00110
SEN SEP -1 1 1 2 2 1 1 - - 1 2 1 - -11 00110
SAP EL L 00110
PRO FAL 3 - -2- - .......... 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 2 3 2 .................... ... .. ........ --3 00110
CLA AN I 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 2 - - 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - 1 1 2 2 ---11 1 --- 2 1 - 1 1 --- 1 1 - --- 1 00110
FIC SUR ----- X ------------1 - 1 - 1 --- 2 - 1 - - 2 2 2 .......... 212- ------- ------ 00110
CUS SPI ..... 1 ------2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 - 2 - - 1 1 - 2 --- 1 1 .............. 1 ............ 1 00110
KEE GUE - - 1- 1- - 1- - 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 ------- 1 - - 1- 1- - 11-1 - - 11--111 -11 ............................. 00110
BRI MIC - - 1- 12 11 -2 23 32 33 23 32 23 232 33 32 22 21 12 221221213 11121- ---2 00110
MAC C AP -2 - - 2 3 ..... 2 2 1 --- 2 ----- 2 3 1 - 11 21 2- 2- 1 --------- 1 ---11 --- 1 00110
CLU S WY .............. - - 1 ............... - - 3 2 ... .. ........................ 00100
DES SE T 00100
CRY LIE -1-1- -1122211121- 00100
ARG TO M ---12-1-111 00011
TRI PIN -1---- 2-111 00011
FLE GRA 00011
CAT E DU -- -1 -1 1- -- 1 ..... 2- 41 -2 21 1- 00011
HYP ARI --12 - -2 2 ....... 4 --- 1 4 ...... 00011
ANT VEN -1- -1211.......... -1---11--- 00011
ACA SIE --2-- -223 - - 2 ----- 2 - 2 - -1 2 ....... 00011
DOM BUR -1-1- ----- 2 -------- 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 1 - 1 - 00010
SPH PRU -32- ........ 2 - ....... - 00010
RUT FUS ---1-1- --11...... 00010
TRE OR I -1 - - 12- 00010
COM MO L 00010
DIC CIN 00010
HAR MAD 2 ---2 .......1 1 - 3 2 2 2 2 1 --- 12 -2 12 21 11 11 00010
RUB RIG 2 --- 2- 22 1 - 2 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2--2222 - 00010
PTE ROT ................ 1 2 2 2 2 ------ 1 - - - 2 - - 2 ---2 ------ - - 2 ..... 00010
ERY LYS 1.- 3.- - 1 ---1.-1- - 2 2 --- 1 - 1 1 2 1 --- 2 ....... 00010
MAY HET ...................................- 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 .................. 1 ............................. 00010
RHO REV .......... 3 ---- 222 --2323-3-2232*----- 3--3 32 2- 2 2 ....... 2 - -2 00010
LAN CAM --211-3---3-33213121232332-33312--- 322233-2- 2 2 2 ...... 12 00010
OCI GR A 00001
PHY NUM -11- 00001
PRO LAR 00001
PRO PLU 00001
RHU TR A - 1 1 3 2- 21 1- 11 11 -1 1- 22 22 221 22 22 323-212 00001
PRU AF R ................... 2 1 - 1 1 ........... 2 2 - --2-1--1- 00001
IND SWA - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - - - 1 ------------------ 2 --------1 1 1 1 - 2 ------ 1 1 1 2 -1 1 1 1 - ---- 00001
HET TRI ........ 1....... 1......... 1......... 1 00001
RHA PR I 11-111 ---- 00001
Bothalia 27,2(1997) 189

TABLE 1.— A synoptic table o f TWINSPAN classification of Chirinda Forest vegetation. Full names of species indicated by mnemonics are
given in Appendix 1 (continued)

Stand number
i
22 23 34 71 11 23 7 1 34 44 45 55 65 56 66 S7 7 899908 89 12 37 5 1177889 222333 33 44 44 56 72 66 67 79 99 688888992 111 45 5 5
78 90 80 90 89 09 87 89 7 76 78 9067689078907 0789 08 90 66 66 56 45 34 67 64 53 45 12 34 52 34 545 52 23 41 23 45 112345121 123123 1123

VAN INF - - 1 ...................................... 1 1 1 - - 1 1 ............................. 00001

FAU SAL ......................322221-- - ........... 00001
AC A KAR -222..... 3331-222 31221222- --1-1- 1--1 00001
HET DEH ........ 2 ---- 122- 133323221 --1--1 --1- 00001
RHU LON ............... 12- -1223121- - 1 .......... 00001
JUL GLO ................... - 3...................... 00001
VER COL ---11-1---111-111 1--11-1-- 1..............1 00001
SEN SIN 00001
BRA SPI 00001
VAN API ------ 1 - - 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 - - 1--221 112212122 11 11- - - 1- - 00001
EUC DIV - 1 - - 1 - 111111- - 111111 ---- 11 21 1 1 1 112211111 1 1 11-- 1111 00001
DIO LYC -1--1-11-111--111----1-111111- 12211-111 111111 112- 00001
CAN MUN -1--1-22---- 3 ......... 2 - .......... 1111--11 231244 -2-- 00001
PAR CUR -31-1.................. 1 --- 121-2 112322211 223222 --1- 00001
CYM CAE -2 2 - 2333 00000
SEN LAT 2121 00000
IND HED 111 1 00000
ERI NUT 1222 00000
ATH ROS 2221 00000
ASP PLU 121- 00000
GRE occ ---1 00000
PSE HOO 11-1 00000
RHY SWY -2 2 ....... 3 --- 2- - 2 00000
TEP LON .............. 1 - 1 -1- 00000
THE TRI -2...... 2 -------- -------- -344 00000
STR SPI 00000
RUB COR .....2 2 .... 2 ..... 2 - 2 2 - -2 00000
ANN SEN -1--11----111 1111111-1 1111 00000
SYZ GU G ........ I l l ....... 1--1-- 1 2 -- 00000
MAY SEN --2- 00000
PSO FEB - - 1 --- 1 ----- 1 1 - - 1 1 --- 1 1 ---- 1 1 - - - 1- 1- 1-11 00000
LIP JAV -------------- 1 2 ................................1 ----------- 1 1 1 1 - - 1- - 1 1 -- 12 2 1 00000
MAE LAN - 1 - 1 - - 11- - 11- 11111- - 1 - 1 1 - - 1 - 12 1 1
2 -------1 - 1 - 00000
RHU TEN 1 1 1 ---
............................. - .................................................................2 - - 1— 00000
FAD CIE ............ ....................... .... .... ............. - ..... .... 1 - - 1 ........ .............. - 1 1 ------ 111--- 1— 00000
PS I GU A ......................1 .......... ...................... - 1 -2 1- 1- -2 12 22 21 2- 13 32 121 -2 11 11 1- 11 2- 1212113 333332 3433 00000
00000000000000000 00000000000000000 000000000000 11 1 1 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 111 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1 111111 1111
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 1111
00000000000000000 11111111111111111 000000001111 00000000000000000000000000000000000 111111111 111111
00000001111111111 00000000011111111 00000111 00000000011111111111111111111111111 000000000 111111
00001110000001111 00000011100000001 01111 01111111100000000000000000111111111 000000001 000111
Stand Type II III IV V/VIII VI

hence, its species composition and undergrowth develop­ Stiyclinos mellodora-Chrysophxllum gorungosanum For­
ment were somewhat different from the other two forest est (Type I)
types. Dracaena fragrans was the most abundant shrub
species with an average cover abundance value of more This forest consists of a lower upper canopy of various
than 50% in forest Type II, especially where the soils were species with occasional emergents. The average height is
shallow and the terrain steep. The vegetation types are generally lower (about 30-40 m) than the other forest
described below. types (which are about 50-60 m in most areas) except for

FIGURE 4.— A DCA ordination dia­

gram showing the grouping of
stands.
190 Bothalia 2 7 ,2 (1 9 9 7 )

the emergents. It is dominated by Strychnos mellodora, Acacia karroo-Heteropyxis dehniae Woodland (Type V)
Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Craibia brevicaudata and
Tannodia swynnertonii. Emergent species include Strych­ This woodland, which is dominated by Acacia karroo,
nos mitis, S. usatnbarensis and strangler Ficus spp., in Heteropyxis dehniae and Faurea saligna, is on the drier
particular F. chirindensis. The lower layer (which is not side of the forest and just merges into the miombo wood­
markedly different from the upper canopy) is dominated land (dom inated by Julbernardia globiflora, Uapaca
b y Strychnos mellodora, Rawsonia lucida, Heinsenia kirkiana, U. sansibarica and Brachystegia spiciformis). It
diervilleoides and Tabemaemontana ventricosa. This for­ is mostly found between the moist forest proper and well-
est type is found mainly in the area surrounding the sand­ defined non-forest associations. It contains a wide variety
stone enclave. Common shrubs include the young of the of species including pioneer species such as Bridelia mi­
canopy species and low densities of Dracaena fragrans. crantha, Albizia gummifera, Croton sylvaticus and New­
Acacia pentagona and Landolphia buchananii are the tonia buchananii. A form of this vegetation type also
most common lianes. occurs in small patches elsewhere around the forest, with
varying degrees of dominance among the component spe­
Chrysophyllum gorungosanum-Myrianthus holstii Forest cies. Occasional emergents include Parinari curatellifolia,
(Type II) Catha edulis and Primus africana. Shrubs are represented
by Psidium guajava, Vangueria apiculata, Rhus longipes
This forest is dominated by Chrysophyllum gorun- and R. transvaalensis.
gosanum, Myrianthus holstii, Strombosia scheffleri and
Craibia brevicaudata in the upper canopy stratum. The
area covered by this type coincides with the wetter parts Psidium guajava Bushland (Type VI)
of the forest. Khaya anthotheca is quite common in some
places. Dracaena fragrans is the dominant shrub and ap­ This bushland is dominated by the exotic Psidium gua­
parently locally excludes other shrubs due to its high den­ java and by Canthium mundianum bushes and sometimes
sities. Strychnos mellodora is largely absent from the assumes the structure of a low woodland. It is found in
subcanopy, which is instead dom inated by Heinsenia the sandstone enclave. A few emergent trees of Parinari
dier\>illeoides, Rothmannia urcelliformis, Tannodia swyn­ curatellifolia and Albizia gummifera occur. Thickets of
nertonii and Tabemaemontana ventricosa. Cola green- Toddalia asiatica, Lantana camara and Rubus rigidus are
wayi and Drypetes gerrardii are also fairly common. The common, particularly near the boundary with the moist
most common lianes are Acacia pentagona, Hippocratea forest. Peddiea africana and Pteridium aquilinum are also
goetzei, H. pallens and Oncinotis tenuiloba. common.

Teclea nobilis-Ehretia cymosa Forest (Type III)

Themeda triandra Grassland (Type VII)
This forest consists of a mixture of species of appar­
ently drier forest affinities. It is dominated by Teclea no- This bushed grassland vegetation is dominated by The­
bilis and Ehretia cymosa. Common associates include meda triandra and Cymbopogon caesius. It occurs on
Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Diospyros abyssinica and shallow dolerite soils with occasional exposed boulders.
Ochna arborea. It is found in the northwestern part of the There is local variation in grass species dominance, with
forest adjacent to an area which seems to have been cul­ Loudetia simplex apparently becoming more dominant on
tivated during the 1940s. Celtis africana, Newtonia bucha­ east-facing slopes of the southern part of the forest where
nanii and Peddiea africana form the dominant group in the soils are deeper and mostly sandy, sometimes with
the shrublayer. There is high prevalence of small trees of Parinari curatellifolia bushes. Other woody species found
pioneer species such as Newtonia buchananii and Croton within the Themeda grassland include Psidium guajava,
sylvaticus. Eriosema nutans, Pseudarthria hookeri and Athrixia ros-
marinifolia.
Bridelia micrantha-Harungana madagascariensis Mixed
Woodland (Type IV)
Julbernardia globiflora-Brachystegia spiciformis W ood­
This woodland, which appears to be more of a secon­ land (Type VIII)
dary nature, is more developed in the area just south of
the Mount Selinda Mission on a north-facing slope, where An additional woodland type to those apparent in the
it forms a belt extending towards the southeastern part of TW INSPAN classification was identified by DCA, a
the forest boundary. It is characterized by large, but widely miombo woodland dominated by Julbernardia globiflora
spaced, Bridelia micrantha trees with occasional Ma- and Brachystegia spiciformis with Uapaca kirkiana, Het­
caranga capensis and Cussonia spicata. The lower stra­ eropyxis dehniae and Faurea saligna as common associ­
tum is d o m in a te d by Harungana madagascariensis. ates in the canopy layer. It is relatively open, with poorly
Thickets of Toddalia asiatica, Asparagus falcatus and, developed shrub and herb layers. Common trees in the
sometimes, Smilax anceps are a common feature of the subcanopy layer include Heteropyxis dehniae, Faurea
s hr ub layer. Harungana madagascariensis, how ever, saligna, Canthium mundianum, Julbernardia globiflora
ceases to be dominant in some localities where Pterocar- and Brachystegia spiciformis. Grasses include Digitaria
pus rotundifolius trees and Albizia gummifera saplings gazensis and Themeda triandra. The TWINSPAN analysis
form an important component of the woodland. Peddiea lumps this type with Acacia karroo-Heteropyxis dehniae
africana shrubs and Croton sylvaticus seedlings are also Woodland (Type V) but DCA clearly separates it from the
common. rest.
Bothalia 2 7 ,2(1997) 191

O rdinatio n tion between savanna and forest shows great variation in

both structure and species composition from place to place
The first DCA axis, which accounted for 63% of the around the forest. Some of the types described in this
observed variation, separated the forest and adjacent non­ category are restricted in extent whereas others occur
forest vegetation types, with a wide gap of up to one DCA widely, though in patches.
unit between them (Figure 4). In general, stands close to
the forest edge, from either side, were closer to the centre The transitional vegetation includes forest pioneer spe­
of Axis 1 than stands further from the forest edge. Nev­ cies. Most pioneer species in Chirinda Forest are Afro-
ertheless, the stands lying adjacent to one another along montane endemics or near-endemics which are absent or
the forest edge were quite separate with 0.5-2 DCA units rare in lowland forests. These include Albizia gummifera,
between them. Three groups of forest stands were distin­ Anthocleista grandiflora and Maesa lanceolata. Hence,
guishable, corresponding to those identified in the classi­ the forest has sometimes been labelled a ‘transitional' for­
fication by TWINSPAN. These groups are not separated est because of the co-existence of both lowland and Afro-
along the first DCA axis but are distinguishable along the montane forest species (White 1978). Even though the
second DCA axis, which accounted for 19.6% of the vari­ majority of the moist forest species have lowland phyto­
ation. A similar pattern is also apparent in the ordination geographic affinities, several species such as Chrysophyl­
of the woodland groups of stands. lum gorungosanum (which is one of the commonest),
Casearia battiscombei, Drypetes gerrardii, Halleria lu-
M iombo woodland is clearly separated from other cida, Myrianthus holstii, Prunus africana, Strombosia
woodland stands along the second DCA axis. The grass­ scheffleri and Xymalos monospora are Afromontane in
land stands are, likewise, clearly separated from the wood­ origin. Chirinda Forest is, therefore, Afromontane in origin
land stands. There is considerable overlap between the and character but with lowland phytogeographic affinities.
stands from the sandstone enclave and those from the
northwestern part of the forest (i.e. the Psidium guajava The southern section of the forest supports Chrysophyl-
B ushland (Type VI) and Acacia karroo-Heteropyxis liun gorungosanum—Myrianthus holstii Forest (Type II), w ith
dehniae Woodland (Type V). more Khaya anthotheca and Trichilia dregeana, whereas
the northern section mainly supports the Strychnos mello-
The existence of the Chrysophyllum gorungosanum- dora-Chrysophyllum gorungosanum Forest (Type I) with
Myrianthus holstii Forest (Type II) on the southeastern to more Craibia brevicaudata and Strychnos mitis. Perhaps
the southwestern sides adjacent to the grassland was associ­ the greatest difference between these forest types mani­
ated with a higher altitude and a wetter moisture regime, fests itself in the variation in species composition of the
regardless of the shallow soils. Psidiiim giiajava Bushland understorey. This difference seems to be determined by
(Type VI) occurred where the soils were predominantly sand­ soil depth and slope, which also influence the moisture
stone and relatively deep. Where the sandstone soils were regime. Shallow and steep sites drain faster than areas of
steeper and shallower, miombo and sometimes Acacia kar­ moderate slope, leading to differences in the undergrowth
roo-Heteropyxis dehniae Woodland (Type V) occurred. On species composition. Understorey species are therefore
dolerite, w ith the sam e conditions, Strychnos mello- important in defining the limits of these two types.
dora-Chrysophyllum gonmgosanum Forest (Type I) oc­
curred, whereas the Teclea nobilis-Ehretia cymosa Forest
(Type ID) occurred where it was drier. The Bridelia micran- The forest and woodland vegetation types share only
tha—Harwigana madagascariensis Mixed Woodland (Type a few species between them. Greater overlap in species
IV) occurred on predominantly dolerite soils w ith other fac­ composition was observed between the forest and the eco-
tors being intermediate. This was also found in what ap­ tonal vegetation than between forest and, for instance,
peared to be geological transitional zones. miombo woodland. Shared species appear to occur mostly
as seedlings, and less so as trees, in those habitat types
to which they do not characteristically belong. Some of
DISCUSSION these, such as Croton sylvaticus, Harungana madagas­
cariensis and Bridelia micrantha are, however, true pio­
Vegetation types neers which thrive well under gap conditions in forests.

The vegetation of Chirinda Forest boundary has been O rd in atio n

classified into eight types. This represents only those types
occurring within 100 m on either side of the forest edge. Forest generally occurs in wetter environments, and sa­
vanna in drier ones (Backeus 1992). In Chirinda, the
The TWINSPAN analysis clearly separated forest from amount of precipitation received from rainfall in the area
non-forest stands. The stands close to the forest edge, is lower than the normal requirement for forest develop­
however, were not clearly separated on the basis of ment. The extra moisture comes in the form of orographic
whether they were just inside or just outside the forest, drizzle, made possible by several factors: the high ground,
as might have been expected. The apparent lack of clear the southeasterly aspect, and the tall trees which facilitate
differentiation may be due to the existence of some spe­ the release of this extra moisture from the low clouds.
cies that are transitional between forest and woodland. The southern section of the forest has shallower soils, but
Such a vegetation unit, which normally consists of both a higher average altitude and receives more moisture from
fire-tolerant savanna and fire-tender forest tree species the south-easterlies, advected in from the Mozambique
(Hopkins 1992), represents a mosaic of communities of Channel, than the northern section. In general, Chirinda
each of the two vegetation types. The transitional vegeta­ receives up to 28% more moisture than the average of
192 Bothalia 27,2 (1997)

five surrounding stations, much of which can be attributed CROOK, A.O. 1952. A preliminary vegetation map o f the Melsetter
Intensive Conservation Area, Southern Rhodesia. Rhodesia A gri­
to orographic drizzle (Mapaure 1993).
cultural Journal 53: 3-25.
DRUMMOND, R.B. & MAPAURE, I. 1994. List of flowering plants and
Miombo Woodland (Type VIII) was clearly classified ferns. In J. Timberlake & P. Shaw, Chirinda Forest—a visito rs'
separately from the Acacia karroo-Heteropyxis dehniae guide: 135-154. Forestry Commission, Harare.
Woodland (Type V) by DCA but not by TWINSPAN. This FURLEY, PA. 1992. Edaphic changes at the forest-savanna boundary
with particular reference to the Neotropics. In P.A. Furley, J.
might have been due to the apparent importance attached
Proctor & J.A. Rutter, Nature and dynamics o f forest-savanna
to Heteropyxis dehniae by TWINSPAN in Types V and boundaries: 91-117. Chapman & Hall, London.
VIII, resulting in the recognition of these types as one. GAUCH, H.G. Jr. 1982. Multivariate analysis in community ecology.
Also of much interest, is the distance of separation be­ Cambridge Press, Cambridge.
tween the dominant forest type [Chrysophyllum gorun- GOLDSMITH, B. 1976. The trees o f Chirinda forest. The Rhodesia
gosanum-Myrianthus holstii Forest (Type II)] and the rest Science News 10: 41-50.
HILL, M.O. 1979. TWINSPAN: a Fortran program fo r arranging multi­
of the non-forest types on the DCA ordination diagram.
variate data in an ordered two-way table by classification o f the
The DCA distance between the stands represents the av­ individuals and attributes. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
erage standard deviation of the species turnover, where a HOPKINS, B. 1992. Ecological processes at the forest-savanna boundary.
full species turnover occurs in about four DCA units In P.A. Furley, J. Proctor & J.A. Rutter, Nature and dytuimics o f
(Gauch 1982). Thus, the DCA units between the types in forest-savanna boundaries: 21-33. Chapman & Hall, London.
Chirinda Forest represent about a 50% change in sample MAPAURE, I. 1993. The ecology o f Chirinda Forest boundary. M.Sc.
thesis, University of Zimbabwe, Harare.
species composition, indicating a more or less abrupt
MUELLER-DOMBOIS, D. & ELLENBERG, H. 1974. Aims and m eth­
change. This change may indicate the strength of geology ods o f vegetation ecology. John Wiley, New York.
in determining the extent of the forest, since all forest MULLER, T. 1991. Rainforests o f Zimbabwe. Unpublished report, Na­
stands occurred on dolerite. tional Herbarium and Botanic Garden, Department o f Research
Specialist Services, Harare.
PHIPPS, J.B. & GOODIER, R. 1962. A preliminary account of the plant
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ecology of the Chimanimani Mountains. Journal o f Ecology 50:
291-319.
RANNEY, J.W., BRUNER, M.C. & LEVENSON, J.B. 1981. The impor­
I am grateful to the German Academic Exchange Serv­ tance of edge in the structure and dynamics o f forest islands. In
ice (DAAD) who provided the funds to carry out this R.L. Burgess, & D.M. Sharpe, Forest island dynamics in man-
dominated landscapes: 67-95. Ecological Studies 41. Springer-
research.
Verlag, New York.
SAYCE, K. 1987. Tabex Encyclopedia Zimbabwe. Quest Publishing,
Harare.
REFERENCES
TIMBERLAKE, J„ MULLER, T. & MAPAURE, I. 1994. Vegetation. In
J. Timberlake & P. Shaw, Chirinda Forest—a visitors’ guide:
ANON. 1977. Mean rainfall in Rhodesia. Rainfall Handbook No. 8. 34-41. Forestry Commission, Harare.
Department o f Meteorological Services, Salisbury. WATSON, R.L.A. 1969. The geology of the Cashel, Melsetter and Chi-
BACKEUS, 1. 1992. Distribution and vegetation dynamics of humid pinga areas. Rhodesia Geological Survey Bulletin 60. Harare.
savannas in Africa and Asia. Journal o f Vegetation Science 3: WHITE, F. 1978. The Afromontane region. In M.J.A. Werger, Biogeogra­
345-356. phy and ecology o f southern Africa: 463-513. Junk, The Hague.

APPENDIX 1.— Full names of plants appearing in Table 1. Synonyms in square brackets.

MNEMONIC FULL NAME AND AUTHORITY CEL MIL Celtis mildbraedii Engl.
ACA KAR Acacia karroo Hayne CHI BAT Chionanthus battiscombei (Hutch.) Stearn
ACA SIE Acacia sieberiana DC. CHR GOR Chrysophyllum gorungosanum Engl.
AGE PEN Agelaea pentaphylla (Lam.) Baill. CLA ANI Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.
ALB GUM Albizia gummifera (J.F.Gmel.) C.A.Sm. CLE SWY Clerodendrum swynnertonii S. Moore
ANN SEN Annona senegalensis Pers. CLU SWY Clutia swynnertonii S.Moore
ANT VEN Antidesma venosum Tul. CNE POL Cnestis polyphylla Lam.
ARG MAC Argomuellera macrophylla Pax COF LIG Coffea ligustroides S.Moore
ARG TOM Argyrolobium tomentosum (Andrews) Druce COL GRE Cola greenwayi Brenan
ASP PLU Aspilia pluriseta Schweinf. subsp. pluriseta COM MOL Combretum molle R.Br.
ATH ROS Athrixia rosmarinifolia (Walp.) Oliv. & Hiem CRA BRE Craibia brevicaudata (Vatke) Dunn subsp. baptistarum
BEQ NAT [Bequaertiodendron natalense (Sond.) Heine & J.H.Hemsl.] fBiittner) J. B. Gillett
Englerophytum natalense (Sond.) Pennington CRE TRI Cremaspora triflora (Thonn.) K.Schum.
BER ABY Bersama abyssinica Fresen. CRO SYL Croton sylvaticus Hochst.
BRA SPI Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. CRY LIE Cryptocarya liebertiana Engl.
BRI MIC Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. CUS SPI Cussonia spicata Thunb.
CAL AUR Calpumia aurea (Aiton) Benth. subsp. aurea CYM CAE Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. & A m .) Stapf
CAN MUN Canthium mundianum Cham. & Schltdl. DES SET Desmodium setigerum (E.Mey.) Harv.
CAR BIS Carissa bispinosa (L.) D esf ex Brenan subsp. bispinosa DIC CIN Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.
CAS BAT Casearia battiscombei R.E.Fr. DID NOR Didymosalpinx norae Swynn.
CAS MAL Cassipourea malosana (Baker) Alston DIO ABY Diospyros abyssinica (H iem) F.White
CAT EDU Catha edulis (Vahl) Endl. DIO LYC Diospyros lycioides Desf.
CEL AFR Celtis africana Burm.f. DOM BUR Dombeya burgessiae Harv.
CEL GOM Celtis gomphophylla Baker DOV MAC Dovyalis macrocalyx (Oliv.) Warb.
Bothalia 27,2(1997) 193

DRA FRA Dracaena fragrans Ker Gawl. PRU AFR Prunus africana (HooLf.) Kalkinan
DRA MAN Dracaena mannii Baker PSE HOO Pseudarthria hookeri Wight & Am.
DRY GER Drypetes gerrardii Hutch PSE SUB Pseuderanthemum subviscosum (C.B.Clarke) Stapf
EHR CYM Ehretia cymosa Thom. var. divaricata (Baker) Brenan PSI GUA Psidium guajava L.
ERI NUT Eriosema nutans Schinz PSO FEB Psorospermum febrifugum Spach
ERY LYS Erythrina Iysistemon Hutch. PTE ROT Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce
EUC DIV Euclea divinorum Hiem RAU CAF Rauvolfia caffra Sond.
FAD CIE Fadogia cienkowskii Schweinf. RAW LUC Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond.
FAU SAL Faurea saligna Harv. RHA PRI Rhainnus prinoides L'Her.
FIC CHI Ficus chirindensis C.C.Berg RHO REV Rhoicissus revoilii Planch.
FIC SUR Ficus sur Forssk. RHU LON Rhus longipes Engl.
FLE GRA Flemingia grahamiana Wight & Am. RHU TEN Rhus tenuinervis Engl.
GRE OCC Grewia occidentalis L. var. occidentalis RHU TRA Rhus transvaalensis Engl.
HAL LUC Halleria lucida L. RHY SWY Rhynchosia swynnertonii Baker f.
HAR MAD Harungana madagascariensis Pair. RIN FER Rinorea ferruginea (Baker f.) M. Brandt
HE I DIE Heinsenia diervilleoides K.Schum. ROT URC Rothmannia urcelliformis (Hiem) Bullock
HET DEH Heteropyxis dehniae Suess. RUB RIG Rubus rigidus J.E.Sm.
HET TRI Heteromorpha trifoliata (H.LWendl.) Eckl. & Zeyh. RUB COR Rubia cordifolia L. subsp. conotricha (Gai\d.) Verde.
HYP ARI Hypoestes aristata (Vahl) Roem. <& Schult. RUT FUS Rutidea fuscescens Hiem
IND HED Indigofera hedyantha Eckl. & Zeyh. SAP ELL Sapium ellipticum (Hochst.) Pax
IND SWA Indigofera swaziensis Bolus SCO STO Scolopia stolzii Gilg
JUL GLO Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin SEN LAT Senecio latifolius DC.
KEE GUE Keetia gueinzii (Sond.) Brid<<on SEN SEP Senna septemtrionalis (Viv.) Irwin & Bam eby
KHA ANT Khaya anthotheca Baker f. SEN SIN Senna singueana (Delile) Lock
LAN CAM Lantana camara L. SPH PRU Sphedamnocaipus pruriens (A.Juss.) Szvszyl.
LIP JAV Lippia javanica (Bunn.f.) Spreng. STR MEL Strychnos mellodora S.Moore
LOV SWY Lovoa swynnertonii Baker f. STR MIT Strychnos mitis S.Moore
MAC CAP Macaranga capensis (Baill.) Sim STR SPI Strychnos spinosa Lam.
MAE LAN Maesa lanceolata Forssk. STR USA Strychnos usambarensis Gilg
MAY HET Maytenus heterophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) N.Robson STR SCH Strombosia scheffleri Engl.
MAY SEN Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell SYZ GUG Syzygium guineense (W illd) DC. subsp. guineense
MEL LOB Mellera lobulata S.Moore TAB VEN Tabemaemontana ventricosa Hochst. ex A.DC.
MYR HOM Myrianthus holstii Engl. TAN SWY Tannodia swynnertonii (S.Moore) Prain
NEW BUC Newtonia buchananii (Baker) G.C.C.Gilbert (4 Boutique TAR PAV Tarenna pavettoides (Harv.) Sim subsp. affinis (K.Schum.)
OCH ARB Ochna arborea DC. var. oconnorii (E.Phillips) Du Toit Bridson
OCI GRA Ocimum gratissimum L var. gratissimum TEC NOB Teclea nobilis Delile
OXY GOE Oxyanthus goetzei K.Schum. subsp. goetzei TEP LON Tephrosia longipes Meisn. subsp. swynnertonii (Baker f.)
Brummitt
OXY SPE Oxyanthus speciosus DC.
THE TRI Themeda triandra Forssk.
PAR CUR Parinari curatellifolia Planch, ex Benth.
TIL FUN Tiliacora funifera (Miers) Oliv.
PAV COM Pavetta comostyla S.Moore subsp. comostyla var. comostyla
TRE OR I Trema orientalis (L.) Blume
PED AFR Peddiea africana Harv.
TRI DRE Trichilia dregeana Sond.
PHY NUM Phyllanthus nummulariifolius Poir.
TRI PIN Triumfetta pilosa Roth var. nyasana Sprague & Hutch.
PLE PYC Pleiocarpa pycnantha (K.Schum.) Stapf
TRI MAD Trilepisium madagascariense DC.
POL FUL Polyscias fulva (Hiem) Harms
VAN API Vangueria apiculata K.Schum.
PRO FAL [Protasparagus falcatus (L.) Oberm] Asparagus falcatus L.
VAN INF Vangueria infausta Burch.
PRO LAR [Protasparagus laricinus (Burch.) Oberm.] Asparagus
laricinus Burch. VER COL Vemonia colorata (Willd.) Drake

PRO PLU [Protasparagus plumosus (Baker) Oberm.] Asparagus XYL PAR Xylopia parviflora (A.Rich) Benth.
plumosus Baker XYM MON Xymalos monospora (Harv.) Baill.