Rose

A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in

the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears.[1] There are over three Rose
hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars.[1] They form a
group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with
stems that are often armed with sharp prickles.[1] Flowers vary in
size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging
from white through yellows and reds.[1] Most species are native to
Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and
northwestern Africa.[1] Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely
grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired
cultural significance in many societies.[1] Rose plants range in size
from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach seven
meters in height.[1] Different species hybridize easily, and this has
been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.[1] Rosa rubiginosa

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Contents
Clade: Tracheophytes
Etymology
Clade: Angiosperms
Botany
Evolution Clade: Eudicots
Species Clade: Rosids
Uses Order: Rosales
Ornamental plants
Family: Rosaceae
Cut flowers
Perfume Subfamily: Rosoideae
Food and drink Tribe: Roseae
Medicine
Genus: Rosa
Art and symbolism
L.
Pests and diseases
Species
See also
References See List of Rosa species
External links
Synonyms

Etymology Hulthemia Dumort.

×Hulthemosa Juz. (Hulthemia
The name rose comes from Latin rosa, which was perhaps
borrowed from Oscan, from Greek ρόδον rhódon (Aeolic βρόδον × Rosa)
wródon), itself borrowed from Old Persian wrd- (wurdi), related to
Avestan varəδa, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr.[2][3]
Botany
The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species they are 5 to 15
centimetres (2.0 to 5.9 in) long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal
stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small
prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few
(particularly from Southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.

The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa
sericea, which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct
lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red.
Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa sericea, four).
These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear
as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple
superior ovaries that develop into achenes.[4] Roses are insect-pollinated in
nature.
Rose thorns are actually
The aggregate fruit of the rose is a berry-like structure called a rose hip. Many prickles – outgrowths of the
of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly epidermis
petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most
species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple
to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the
hypanthium, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-
seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff,
hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the dog rose (Rosa
canina) and rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C,
among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-
eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the
seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly finches, also eat the
seeds. Rose leaflets

The sharp growths along a rose stem, though commonly called

"thorns", are technically prickles, outgrowths of the epidermis (the
outer layer of tissue of the stem), unlike true thorns, which are
modified stems. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks,
which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing
over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia
have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to
reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap
wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both
of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the
presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few
species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.

Exterior view of rose buds

Evolution

About 50 million years ago, the first rose in the Americas were found in modern-day Colorado.[5] Today's
garden roses come from 18th-century China.[6] Among the old Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is
the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse.[7]
Species

The genus Rosa is subdivided into four subgenera:

Hulthemia (formerly Simplicifoliae, meaning "with single

leaves") containing two species from southwest Asia, Rosa
persica and Rosa berberifolia, which are the only roses
without compound leaves or stipules.
Hesperrhodos (from the Greek for "western rose")
contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa stellata, from North
America.
Platyrhodon (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to Longitudinal section through a
flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, Rosa developing rose hip
roxburghii (also known as the chestnut rose).
Rosa (the type subgenus, sometimes incorrectly called
Eurosa) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is
subdivided into 11 sections.
Banksianae – white and yellow flowered roses from China.
Bracteatae – three species, two from China and one from
India.
Caninae – pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe
and North Africa.
Carolinae – white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all
from North America.
Chinensis – white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-colour roses
from China and Burma.
Rosa gallica Evêque,
Gallicanae – pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from painted by Redouté
western Asia and Europe.
Gymnocarpae – one species in western North America (Rosa
gymnocarpa), others in east Asia.
Laevigatae – a single white flowered species from China.
Pimpinellifoliae – white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and
Europe.
Rosa (syn. sect. Cinnamomeae) – white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from
everywhere but North Africa.
Synstylae – white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.

Uses
Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They
have been also used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape
plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization.

Ornamental plants

The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are
grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as Rosa glauca and Rosa rubiginosa), ornamental thorns (such as
Rosa sericea) or for their showy fruit (such as Rosa moyesii).
Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at
least 500 BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia, and China.[8] It is estimated that 30 to 35 thousand rose
hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants.[9] Most are double-
flowered with many or all of the stamens having morphed into additional petals.

In the early 19th century the Empress Josephine of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her
gardens at Malmaison. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars,
varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park
Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.

Cut flowers

Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut
flowers. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held
in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.

In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in greenhouses, and

in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to
ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pest and
disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are
grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to
markets across the world.[10] Bouquet of pink roses

Some kind of roses are artificially coloured using dyed water, like
rainbow roses.

Perfume

Rose perfumes are made from rose oil (also called attar of roses),
which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam distilling
the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is rose water which
Geraniol (C10H18O) is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and religious practices. The
production technique originated in Persia[11] and then spread through
Arabia and India, and more recently into eastern Europe. In Bulgaria,
Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa × damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In other parts of the world
Rosa × centifolia is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose
Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The
weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for
example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.

The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol and L-citronellol and rose camphor, an
odorless solid composed of alkanes, which separates from rose oil.[12] β-Damascenone is also a significant
contributor to the scent.

Food and drink

Rose hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly, marmalade, and soup or are brewed for tea, primarily for their
high vitamin C content. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to
produce rose hip seed oil, which is used in skin products and some makeup products.[13]
Rose water has a very distinctive flavour and is used in Middle Eastern,
Persian, and South Asian cuisine—especially in sweets such as Turkish
delight,[14] barfi, baklava, halva, gulab jamun, kanafeh, and nougat. Rose
petals or flower buds are sometimes used to flavour ordinary tea, or combined
with other herbs to make herbal teas. A sweet preserve of rose petals called
Gulkand is common in the Indian Subcontinent.

In France, there is much use of rose syrup, most commonly made from an
extract of rose petals. In the Indian subcontinent, Rooh Afza, a concentrated
squash made with roses, is popular, as are rose-flavoured frozen desserts such
as ice cream and kulfi.[15][16]
Rosa canina hips
Rose flowers are used as food, also usually as flavouring or to add their scent
to food.[17] Other minor uses include candied rose petals.[18]

Rose creams (rose-flavoured fondant covered in chocolate, often topped with

a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely
available from numerous producers in the UK.

Under the American Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,[19] there are
only certain Rosa species, varieties, and parts are listed as generally
recognized as safe (GRAS).

Rose absolute: Rosa alba L., Rosa centifolia L., Rosa damascena Gulab jamun made with rose
Mill., Rosa gallica L., and vars. of these spp. water

Rose (otto of roses, attar of roses): Ditto

Rosebuds
Rose flowers
Rose fruit (hips)
Rose leaves: Rosa spp.[20]

Medicine

The rose hip, usually from R. canina, is used as a minor source of vitamin C. The fruits of many species have
significant levels of vitamins and have been used as a food supplement. Many roses have been used in herbal
and folk medicines. Rosa chinensis has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. This and other species
have been used for stomach problems, and are being investigated for controlling cancer growth.[21] In pre-
modern medicine, diarrhodon (Gr διάρροδον, "compound of roses", from ῥόδων, "of roses"[22]) is a name
given to various compounds in which red roses are an ingredient.

Art and symbolism

The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. In ancient Greece, the rose was
closely associated with the goddess Aphrodite.[23][24] In the Iliad, Aphrodite protects the body of Hector using
the "immortal oil of the rose"[25][23] and the archaic Greek lyric poet Ibycus praises a beautiful youth saying
that Aphrodite nursed him "among rose blossoms".[26][23] The second-century AD Greek travel writer
Pausanias associates the rose with the story of Adonis and states that the rose is red because Aphrodite
wounded herself on one of its thorns and stained the flower red with her blood.[27][23] Book Eleven of the
ancient Roman novel The Golden Ass by Apuleius contains a scene in which the goddess Isis, who is
identified with Venus, instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a donkey, to eat
 rose petals from a crown of roses
worn by a priest as part of a religious
procession in order to regain his
humanity.[24]

Following the Christianization of the

Roman Empire, the rose became
identified with the Virgin Mary. The
colour of the rose and the number of The Roses of Heliogabalus by Alma-
roses received has symbolic Tadema (1888)
representation. [28][29][24] The rose
symbol eventually led to the creation
of the rosary and other devotional prayers in Christianity.[30][24]

Ever since the 1400s, the Franciscans

Codex Manesse illuminated
have had a Crown Rosary of the
with roses, illustrated
between 1305 and 1340 in
Seven Joys of the Blessed Virgin
Zürich. It contains love Mary.[24] In the 1400s and 1500s, the
songs in Middle High Carthusians promoted the idea of
German sacred mysteries associated with the
rose symbol and rose gardens.[24]
Albrecht Dürer's painting The Feast
of the Rosary (1506) depicts the Virgin Mary distributing garlands of
roses to her worshippers.[24]

Roses symbolised the Houses of York and Lancaster in a conflict

known as the Wars of the Roses. Framed print after 1908 painting by
Henry Payne of the scene in the
Roses are a favored subject in art and appear in portraits, illustrations, Temple Garden, where supporters of
on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The the rival factions in the Wars of the
Luxembourg-born Belgian artist and botanist Pierre-Joseph Redouté Roses pick either red or white roses
is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.

Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The rose
'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.

Other impressionists including Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir have paintings of
roses among their works. In the 19th century, for example, artists associated the city of Trieste with a certain
rare white rose, and this rose developed as the city's symbol. It was not until 2021 that the rose, which was
believed to be extinct, was rediscovered there.[31]

In 1986 President Ronald Reagan signed legislation to make the rose[32] the floral emblem of the United
States.[33]

Pests and diseases

Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these affect other plants, including other
genera of the Rosaceae.

Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from insect, arachnid and fungal pests and diseases. In
many cases they cannot be usefully grown without regular treatment to control these problems.
See also
ADR rose
List of Award of Garden Merit roses
List of rose cultivars named after people
Rose (colour)
Rose garden
Rose Hall of Fame
Rose show
Rose trial grounds

References
1. Stevens, Donovan, and Daxton Ware. Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops. Scientific e-
Resources, 2018.
2. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, s.v. "rose (http://www.th
efreedictionary.com/Rose)."
3. "GOL – Encyclopaedia Iranica" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gol). Iranicaonline.org.
Retrieved 13 March 2013.
4. Mabberley, D. J. (1997). The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants (https://ar
chive.org/details/plantbookportabl00mabb). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5. Foreman, Amanda (2021-02-13). "How Roses Came to Mean True Love" (https://www.wsj.com/
articles/how-roses-came-to-mean-true-love-11613192460). WSJ. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
6. "The History of Roses - Our Rose Garden - University of Illinois Extension" (https://web.extensi
on.illinois.edu/roses/history.cfm). Web.extension.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
7. "Genetic relationships and evolution of old Chinese garden roses based on SSRs and
chromosome diversity - Scientific Reports" (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-15815-
6). Nature. 2017-11-13. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
8. Goody, Jack (1993). The Culture of Flowers (https://archive.org/details/cultureofflowers0000goo
d). Cambridge University Press.
9. Bendahmane, Mohammed; Dubois, Annick; Raymond, Olivier; Bris, Manuel Le (2013).
"Genetics and genomics of flower initiation and development in roses" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni
h.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3594942). Journal of Experimental Botany. 64 (4): 847–857.
doi:10.1093/jxb/ers387 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Fers387). PMC 3594942 (https://ww
w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3594942). PMID 23364936 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/23364936).
10. "ADC Commercialisation bulletin #4: Fresh cut roses" (https://web.archive.org/web/201206300
85646/http://www.foodnet.cgiar.org/market/Uganda/reports/Roses.PDF) (PDF). FOODNET
Uganda 2009. May 14, 2001. Archived from the original (http://www.foodnet.cgiar.org/market/Ug
anda/reports/Roses.PDF) (PDF) on 2012-06-30. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
11. Nikbakht, Ali (2004). "A study on the relationships between Iranian people and Damask rose
(Rosa damascena) and its therapeutic and healing properties" (https://www.researchgate.net/p
ublication/260293005_A_study_on_the_relationships_between_Iranian_people_and_Damask
_rose_Rosa_damascena_and_its_therapeutic_and_healing_properties). researchgate. "The
origin of Damask rose is the Middle East and it is the national flower of Iran. Rose oil usage
dates back to ancient civilization of Persia. Avicenna, the 10th century Persian physician,
distilled its petals for medical purposes and commercial distillery existed in 1612 in Shiraz,
Persia."
12. Stewart, D. (2005). The Chemistry Of Essential Oils Made Simple: God's Love Manifest In
Molecules (https://books.google.com/books?id=OJ3qKgNUljcC). Care. ISBN 978-0-934426-
99-2.
13. "Rose Hip Benefits" (http://www.herbwisdom.com/herb-rose-hip.html). Herbwisdom.com.
Retrieved 17 January 2017.
14. "Rosewater recipes - BBC Food" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/rosewater). Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved
2021-02-26.
15. "Rose Flavored Ice Cream with Rose Petals" (http://www.ecurry.com/blog/desserts-sweets/rose
-flavored-ice-cream-with-rose-petals/). eCurry.
16. Samanth Subramanian (27 April 2012). "Rooh Afza, the syrup that sweetens the subcontinent's
summers" (http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/south-asia/rooh-afza-the-syrup-that-sweetens
-the-subcontinents-summers). The National.
17. "St. Petersburg Times – Google News Archive Search" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?
nid=888&dat=19251031&id=rBlPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6474,906524). google.com.
18. "rosepetal candy – Google Search" (https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=rosepetal+candy).
google.co.uk.
19. "Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)" (https://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeli
ng/gras/default.htm). 6 September 2019.
20. "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR)" (https://www.ecfr.gov/). Electronic Code of
Federal Regulations (eCFR).
21. "Rosa chinensis China Rose PFAF Plant Database" (http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName
=Rosa%20chinensis). Pfaf.org. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
22. "dia-" (https://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=dia-). Oxford English Dictionary
(Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership (https://ww
w.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary) required.)
23. Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). Aphrodite (https://books.google.com/books?id=7gyVn5GjXPkC&q=A
phrodite+Monica+S.+Cyrino). Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World. New York City, New York
and London, England: Routledge. pp. 63, 96. ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6.
24. Clark, Nora (2015). Aphrodite and Venus in Myth and Mimesis (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=Aw7nBwAAQBAJ&q=rose+symbol+Aphrodite&pg=PA210). Cambridge, England:
Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-1-4438-7127-3.
25. Iliad 23.185–187 (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.0
1.0134%3Abook%3D23%3Acard%3D161)
26. Ibycus, fragment 288.4
27. Pausanias, Description of Greece 6.24.7 (http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.p
l?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Paus.%206.24.7)
28. "Rose Flower Meaning and Symbolism" (https://www.ftd.com/blog/share/rose-meaning-and-sy
mbolism). 20 July 2016.
29. Lisa Cucciniello, "Rose to Rosary: The Flower of Venus in Catholicism" in Rose Lore: Essays
in Semiotics and Cultural History (ed. Frankie Hutton: Lexington Books, 2008), pp. 64-65.
30. Cucciniello, Rose Lore, at pp. 65-67.
31. Ugo Salvini "La rarissima Rosa di Trieste spezza l’oblio e rispunta a sorpresa sulle colline di
Muggia" In: Il Piccolo 27.01.2021, La Rosa (https://ilpiccolo.gelocal.it/trieste/cronaca/2021/01/2
5/news/la-rarissima-rosa-di-trieste-spezza-l-oblio-e-rispunta-a-sorpresa-sulle-colline-di-muggia
-1.39817480).
32. "National Flower | The Rose" (https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-or-officially-designated-item/
state-flower/rose). statesymbolsusa.org.
33. "National Flower of United States - Fresh from the Grower" (http://www.growerflowers.com/SEN
ation.asp). Growerflowers.com. Retrieved 2021-02-26.
External links
World Federation of Rose Societies (http://www.worldrose.org/)
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rose" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6di
a_Britannica/Rose). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rose&oldid=1017311051"

This page was last edited on 12 April 2021, at 01:56 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.