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RAPD banding pattern of Diplotaxis muralis (mur) resulting from additivity of D. viminea (vim) and D. tenuifolia (ten) bands. RAPD patterns of two D. simplex (sim) individuals are also shown. x ¼ ploidy level, F n ¼ generations of D. muralis. L ¼ 100 basepair ladder
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Nineteen from the ca. 30 Diplotaxis species including all known haploid chromosome numbers have been analysed for isoelectric focusing patterns of Rubisco, allozymes and RAPDs. D. erucoides (n=7) was clearly separated from all other species as were D. harra and D. crassifolia (n=13 each). Taxa with n=8 had different IEF patterns, but allozyme data...
Citations
... Genes 2023, 14, 1594 2 of 15 content of glucosinolates [6]. So far, the relationship within the taxa has been investigated through different approaches, including morphological assessments [7,8], biochemical studies [9,10], random DNA marker assays such as inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) [4], and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) [11]. These studies demonstrated the existence of two major clusters that partially distribute the accessions according to chromosome number. ...
... Based on morphological characteristics, Prantl [41] and Schulz [42] placed the Diplotaxis species assayed in the present study into three subsections: Anocarpum, including D. tenuifolia, D. simplex, D. viminea, and D. muralis; Rynchocarpum, including D. virgata, and D. erucoides; and Catocarpum, including D. harra, D. tenuifolia, and D. cretacea. Gomez-Campo and Martínez-Laborde [43] subdivided Rhyncocarpum into three subclades: This study showed a grouping of species according to the common chromosomal set number in agreement with previous investigations based on cytological [5], cross compatibility [44], morphological [43], and molecular [4,11] approaches. The species with 11 chromosomes (n = 11) (D. duveryrieriana or cretacea, D. tenuifolia, D. simplex, and D. acris) constituted a group of closely related taxa that clustered in the same group with D. viminea (n = 10) and the amphidiploid D. muralis (n = 21), derived by the cross of D. viminea × D. tenuifolia. ...
... The close relationship of D. muralis with D. viminea rather than D. tenuifolia confirmed previous studies. The former line has been demonstrated to be the female parent of the amphidiploid from the peptide structure of the Rubisco enzyme and analysis with chloroplast markers [11,12,45]. The significant degree of resemblance between D. tenuifolia and D. duveryriana corroborated earlier findings reporting these two species belonging to a single cluster, with D. simplex joining a part [4]. ...
Nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA barcoding regions are useful for plant identification, breeding, and phylogenesis. In this study, the genetic diversity of 17 Diplotaxis species, was investigated with 5 barcode markers. The allelic variation was based on the sequences of chloroplast DNA markers including the spacer between trnL and trnF and tRNA-Phe gene (trnL-F), the rubisco (rbcl), the maturase K (matk), as well as the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. A highly polymorphic marker (HRM500) derived from a comparison of cytoplasmic genome sequences in Brassicaceae, was also included. Subsequently, a real-time PCR method coupled with HRM analysis was implemented to better resolve taxonomic relationships and identify assays suitable for species identification. Integration of the five barcode regions revealed a grouping of the species according to the common chromosomal set number. Clusters including species with n = 11 (D. duveryrieriana or cretacea, D. tenuifolia, D. simplex and D. acris), n = 8 (D. ibicensis, D. brevisiliqua and D. ilorcitana), and n = 9 (D. brachycarpa, D. virgata, D. assurgens, and D. berthautii) chromosomes were identified. Both phylogenetic analysis and the genetic structure of the collection identified D. siifolia as the most distant species. Previous studies emphasized this species’ extremely high glucosinolate content, particularly for glucobrassicin. High-resolution melting analysis showed specific curve patterns useful for the discrimination of the species, thus determining ITS1 as the best barcode for fingerprinting. Findings demonstrate that the approach used in this study is effective for taxa investigations and genetic diversity studies.
... The use of DNA markers in Diplotaxis studies has been relatively limited and performed using Inter Single Sequent Repeats (ISSR) and Random amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, mainly focused on the assessment of interspecific relationships [10] and identification of interspecific hybrids [11]. ...
Rocket is the common designation for two baby-leaf salad crops of the Brassicaceae family: Eruca sativa (L.) Cav., usually referred to as annual garden rocket, and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. commonly named to as perennial wild rocket. E. sativa is used for human consumption since antiquity. However, the growing consumer preference for D. tenuifolia is being accompanied by the fast increase in its production area and commercialization of new cultivars. Nevertheless, the worldwide number of wild rocket accessions maintained in germplasm collections is very reduced, the solution for which situation the project “REMIRucula” intends to contribute, establishing a germplasm collection at the INIAV, Oeiras, Portugal. Herein, we report on the establishment via next generation sequencing (NGS) of the first genome assembly of D. tenuifolia and the identification of specific single sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci for the establishment of specific DNA-markers for this species. A representative set of 87 D. tenuifolia and 3 E. sativa accessions were assessed by 5 SSR and 9 SNP-CAPS markers, allowing a drastic discrimination between both species and the establishment of unequivocal molecular fingerprints for the analyzed accessions. The non-discrimination within six pairs and one trio of D. tenuifolia accessions is discussed.
... Martín and Sánchez-Yélamo (2000) used ISSR markers to assess the genetic relationships among 10 Diplotaxis species, confirming the previously determined higher affinity between D. tenuifolia, D. cretacea, D. simplex, D. viminea, and D. muralis (Martínez-Laborde & Gómez-Campo, 1998), which was reconfirmed based on seed image analysis (Grillo et al., 2012). In combination with isozyme analysis, Eschmann-Grupe et al. (2003) used RAPD markers to study the genetic relationships among 19 Diplotaxis species, observing once again the closer clustering of the above mentioned five species, which supported the hypothesis of the maternal parent and the very likely paternal parent of the amphidiploid D. muralis (L.) DC. (n = 21) to be, respectively, D. viminea (n = 10) and D. tenuifolia (L.) DC. (n = 11). ...
One hundred accessions of a “core collection” of Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Eruca spp. were screened at seedling stage for resistance to downy mildew. Accessions tested at the seedling stage were assigned to 0‐6 interaction phenotypes (IP classes). All cultivated rocket (Eruca spp.) accessions exhibited a resistant (R) response both in cotyledons and in young leaves. The wild rocket (D. tenuifolia) accessions exhibited higher susceptibility in cotyledons than in the 1st and 2nd leaves, with 16 and 47 accessions classified as resistant (R) or partially resistant (PR) in the cotyledon and in leaves stages, respectively. Only 3 wild rocket accessions displayed an R phenotype in cotyledons and leaves. The most frequent response in cotyledons vs. leaves was the highly susceptible/susceptible (HS/S) combination (33 accessions), followed by the S/PR combination (18 accessions). A significant correlation (r = 0.917, P<0.000) was observed between the disease index in cotyledons and leaves. The molecular markers analyses revealed a wide genetic distance between Diplotaxis and Eruca, which gather in two clearly separated species clusters. The molecular variability is accompanied by a wide diversity of interactions with the pathogen isolate. The closest similarities among D. tenuifolia accessions were found in accessions provided by the same breeding company. The near further studies will be focused on two main objectives: a) the assessment of the accessions behavior that have evidenced an R/R, S/PR, and HS/PR cotyledon/leaves response under greenhouse or field production; b) the genome mapping of genetic features that provide downy mildew resistance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
... It was also shown, that a self-organised formation of gene stacking can occur in the wild, accumulating unassessed combinations of transgenes even within a very short period of time (Hall et al. 2000;. Beyond that, there is a still largely unknown hybridization network to other members of the Brassicaceae family, involving bridge species (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988). From invasion biology it is known that plants can undergo an adaptation phase while they persist unrecognised before they expand in range and frequency (cp. ...
... Diplotaxis is spread across the warmer West Eurasian as well as in the East African mountains. Its centre of diversity lies in the south-western Mediterranean area (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003). ...
... Similar to Diplotaxis muralis, hybridisation with oilseed rape as a female parent was unsuccessful (Salisbury 1989). The crossing between D. muralis and D. tenuifolia produced a successful F 1 -generation (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988), so hybridisations with Diplotaxis sp. and oilseed rape might also create viable hybrids via such "bridges". ...
New challenges in the risk assessment of genetically engineered (GE) organisms are expected to emerge in the context of so-called ‘gene drives’. Based on a review of findings from current knowledge of GE organisms, it is concluded that the risk assessment of gene drive organisms intended for release into the environment will inevitably suffer from major uncertainties, ‘unknowns’ and methodological problems: subsequent generations of GE organisms might show effects that were not observed or intended in the first generation. Unintended effects can, for example, emerge from interaction with genetic backgrounds within natural populations or be triggered by changing environmental conditions. Due to the increasing spatio-temporal complexity associated with the long-term persistence and propagation of GE organisms, risk assessment can no longer be expected to produce sufficiently reliable results. It has to be assumed that at a certain point in the dissolution of spatio-temporal boundaries a tipping point will be reached, that will make reliable risk assessment impossible. Moreover, methodological problems need to be overcome: the comparative approach that is the starting point for current European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)’s environmental risk assessment might not be applicable due to the lack of suitable ‘comparators’. Despite increasing uncertainties, risk assessors and risk managers need to solve the problems of how to come to robust conclusions and make reliable decisions that take the precautionary principle (PP) into sufficient consideration. The introduction of a new step in the risk assessment of GE organisms has been suggested to solve these problems—which is the ‘spatio-temporal controllability’ and takes three criteria into account:
(1)
the biology of the target organisms,
(2)
their naturally occurring interactions with the environment (biotic and abiotic),
(3)
the intended biological characteristics (traits) of the GE organisms.
These criteria are combined to form an additional step in risk assessment with the aim of assessing ‘spatio-temporal controllability’. The ‘spatio-temporal controllability’ assessment will combine specific ‘knowns’ and integrate areas of ‘known unknowns’ and uncertainties, such as next generation effects, into the overall risk assessment and risk analysis. An assessment of ‘spatio-temporal controllability’ would make decisions possible even where risk assessment faces major uncertainties. Furthermore, the outcome of the ‘spatio-temporal controllability’ assessment could be used to establish a so-called ‘cut-off’ criteria in the risk analysis of GE organisms, similar to those applied in EU regulation for chemicals and pesticides that can persist over long periods of time and accumulate in the environment: If it is known that GE organisms can escape ‘spatio-temporal controllability’ because they can propagate within natural populations and where their persistence and spread cannot be effectively controlled, a sufficiently robust risk assessment will not be possible and the approval process must be stopped; the release of the GE organisms cannot be allowed. In these circumstances, environmental releases of GE organisms would not fulfil the conditions of the PP.
... It was also shown, that a self-organised formation of gene stacking can occur in the wild, accumulating unassessed combinations of transgenes even within a very short period of time (Hall et al. 2000;. Beyond that, there is a still largely unknown hybridization network to other members of the Brassicaceae family, involving bridge species (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988). From invasion biology it is known that plants can undergo an adaptation phase while they persist unrecognised before they expand in range and frequency (cp. ...
... Diplotaxis is spread across the warmer West Eurasian as well as in the East African mountains. Its centre of diversity lies in the south-western Mediterranean area (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003). ...
... Similar to Diplotaxis muralis, hybridisation with oilseed rape as a female parent was unsuccessful (Salisbury 1989). The crossing between D. muralis and D. tenuifolia produced a successful F 1 -generation (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988), so hybridisations with Diplotaxis sp. and oilseed rape might also create viable hybrids via such "bridges". ...
In recent years, innovation in genetic engineering brought forth a number of technologies to manipulate the fate of entire wild type populations. These technologies rely on the dissemination of synthetic genetic elements within a population of sexually reproducing species via the germline and are identified as Self-Propagating Artificial Genetic Elements (SPAGE). Some secure their dissemination passively so that only offspring carrying the SPAGE will survive or be fertile. Others overcome the limitations of the Mendelian inheritance pattern by a distortion of allelic segregation or a fragmentation of chromosomes, resulting in e.g. an altered sex ratio. Genetic elements may also promote their preferred inheritance by a molecular mechanism. If a SPAGE overcomes the Mendelian pattern of inheritance and is thereby enabled to spread and distribute a novel trait throughout a population – even defying natural selection – it is called a gene drive. If organisms have a comparably short generation time, as e.g. insects, then already after a few months, a large part of the population could express a new property transmitted by the gene drive. In particular, very invasive gene drives may be able to impose properties on entire populations that otherwise could not spread.
... It was also shown, that a self-organised formation of gene stacking can occur in the wild, accumulating unassessed combinations of transgenes even within a very short period of time (Hall et al. 2000;. Beyond that, there is a still largely unknown hybridization network to other members of the Brassicaceae family, involving bridge species (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988). From invasion biology it is known that plants can undergo an adaptation phase while they persist unrecognised before they expand in range and frequency (cp. ...
... Diplotaxis is spread across the warmer West Eurasian as well as in the East African mountains. Its centre of diversity lies in the south-western Mediterranean area (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003). ...
... Similar to Diplotaxis muralis, hybridisation with oilseed rape as a female parent was unsuccessful (Salisbury 1989). The crossing between D. muralis and D. tenuifolia produced a successful F 1 -generation (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988), so hybridisations with Diplotaxis sp. and oilseed rape might also create viable hybrids via such "bridges". ...
The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae is a phytophagous insect associated to olive trees (Olea europaea, Oleaceae). Its larvae monophagously feed on olive fruits, the fly is therefore considered the most severe pest of olive cultivation causing tremendous economic losses. The olive fly therefore poses a good example of a potential target organism in a European context. This case study revealed that uncertainties exist with regard to the dispersal capacity of gene drive-bearing olive flies, as well as concerning the high gene flow between different populations and most importantly with regard to the population bottlenecks that regularly occur in winter. These would significantly increase or decrease genetic variability between subpopulations and thereby severely jeopardize the intended outcome of any SPAGE-application.
... It was also shown, that a self-organised formation of gene stacking can occur in the wild, accumulating unassessed combinations of transgenes even within a very short period of time (Hall et al. 2000;. Beyond that, there is a still largely unknown hybridization network to other members of the Brassicaceae family, involving bridge species (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988). From invasion biology it is known that plants can undergo an adaptation phase while they persist unrecognised before they expand in range and frequency (cp. ...
... Diplotaxis is spread across the warmer West Eurasian as well as in the East African mountains. Its centre of diversity lies in the south-western Mediterranean area (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003). ...
... Similar to Diplotaxis muralis, hybridisation with oilseed rape as a female parent was unsuccessful (Salisbury 1989). The crossing between D. muralis and D. tenuifolia produced a successful F 1 -generation (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988), so hybridisations with Diplotaxis sp. and oilseed rape might also create viable hybrids via such "bridges". ...
The GeneTip project works on the conception and design modeling of population dynamics influenced by gene drives. In this pursuit, multiple different approaches and concepts have been developed to on one hand, be able to cover a broad perspective on the topic but on the other hand to also focus on different key aspects. In the following we present seven concepts based on different modeling approaches. In these model concepts our model organism is the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae), which is a major pest species in agricultural olive production.
... It was also shown, that a self-organised formation of gene stacking can occur in the wild, accumulating unassessed combinations of transgenes even within a very short period of time (Hall et al. 2000;. Beyond that, there is a still largely unknown hybridization network to other members of the Brassicaceae family, involving bridge species (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988). From invasion biology it is known that plants can undergo an adaptation phase while they persist unrecognised before they expand in range and frequency (cp. ...
... Diplotaxis is spread across the warmer West Eurasian as well as in the East African mountains. Its centre of diversity lies in the south-western Mediterranean area (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003). ...
... Similar to Diplotaxis muralis, hybridisation with oilseed rape as a female parent was unsuccessful (Salisbury 1989). The crossing between D. muralis and D. tenuifolia produced a successful F 1 -generation (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988), so hybridisations with Diplotaxis sp. and oilseed rape might also create viable hybrids via such "bridges". ...
Vulnerability analysis can be seen as the counterpart to technology characterization. Technology characterisation scrutinises the intervening technology. Vulnerability analyses potentially affected systems. That may be socio-ecological, socio-technical, socio-economic or other systems. In this chapter ecological systems are in focus.
... It was also shown, that a self-organised formation of gene stacking can occur in the wild, accumulating unassessed combinations of transgenes even within a very short period of time (Hall et al. 2000;. Beyond that, there is a still largely unknown hybridization network to other members of the Brassicaceae family, involving bridge species (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988). From invasion biology it is known that plants can undergo an adaptation phase while they persist unrecognised before they expand in range and frequency (cp. ...
... Diplotaxis is spread across the warmer West Eurasian as well as in the East African mountains. Its centre of diversity lies in the south-western Mediterranean area (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003). ...
... Similar to Diplotaxis muralis, hybridisation with oilseed rape as a female parent was unsuccessful (Salisbury 1989). The crossing between D. muralis and D. tenuifolia produced a successful F 1 -generation (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988), so hybridisations with Diplotaxis sp. and oilseed rape might also create viable hybrids via such "bridges". ...
Tipping points and tipping elements, phase transitions and similar critical phenomena are widely discussed in scientific as well as socio-economic contexts as components to understand unforeseen far reaching changes and critical transitions from one stage into another in complex systems caused by small perturbations or gradual changes. For the risk assessment of self-propagating artificial genetic elements in self-sustaining wild populations of animals or plants, it is crucial to understand, where tipping elements could become relevant, how they could be anticipated and to what extent surprises and unexpected effects might occur.
... It was also shown, that a self-organised formation of gene stacking can occur in the wild, accumulating unassessed combinations of transgenes even within a very short period of time (Hall et al. 2000;. Beyond that, there is a still largely unknown hybridization network to other members of the Brassicaceae family, involving bridge species (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988). From invasion biology it is known that plants can undergo an adaptation phase while they persist unrecognised before they expand in range and frequency (cp. ...
... Diplotaxis is spread across the warmer West Eurasian as well as in the East African mountains. Its centre of diversity lies in the south-western Mediterranean area (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003). ...
... Similar to Diplotaxis muralis, hybridisation with oilseed rape as a female parent was unsuccessful (Salisbury 1989). The crossing between D. muralis and D. tenuifolia produced a successful F 1 -generation (Eschmann-Grupe et al. 2003;Sobrino-Vesperinas 1988), so hybridisations with Diplotaxis sp. and oilseed rape might also create viable hybrids via such "bridges". ...
SPAGE (Self-Propagating Artificial Genetic Element) technologies allow for a proliferation of genetic information on the population level at a higher rate than usual Mendelian inheritance. Currently projected developments of SPAGE mainly aim at a reduction or suppression of animal populations which are considered to be harmful or undesirable (Oye et al. 2014). However, the application of SPAGE is not limited to animals only. In principle, also plant populations can be targeted (National Academies of Sciences 2016). The GeneTip case study on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is intended to assess, which interactions play a role in a plant-specific context to address relevant ecological interactions that need to be fully explored in order to estimate potential risks.
