Assessment of Water Absorption Capacity and Cooking Time of Wild Under-Exploited Vigna Species towards their Domestication
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.2. Sample Cultivation (Multiplication) Process: Experimental Design and Study Site.
2.3. Seed Soaking Process
2.4. Cooking Process on a Mattson Bean Cooker
2.5. Yield per Plant Data Collection and Evaluation
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cooking Time and Water Absorption Capacity of Domesticated Legumes
3.2. Cooking Time and Water Absorption Capacity of Vigna ambacensis Accessions
3.3. Cooking Time and Water Absorption Capacity of Vigna vexillata Accessions
3.4. Cooking Time and Water Absorption capacity of Vigna reticulata Accessions
3.5. Cooking Time and Water Absorption of Vigna racemosa Accessions
3.6. Water Absorption Capacity, Cooking Time, and Clustering Analysis of the Four Vigna species for Domestication and Crop Improvement
3.7. Descriptive Statistics and Yield Traits of the Wild Vigna Species
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vigna Species | Genebank/Number of Accession | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
GRC, IITA Ibadan, Nigeria | AGG Horsham, Victoria | Self-Collected | ||
Vigna racemosa | - | 4 | - | 4 |
Vigna reticulata | 30 | 1 | - | 31 |
Vigna vexillata | 29 | 6 | - | 35 |
Vigna ambacensis | 11 | 0 | - | 11 |
Unknown V. racemosa Accession (Nigeria) | - | - | 1 | 1 |
Unknown V. reticulata Accession (Nigeria) | - | - | 1 | 1 |
Unknown Vigna (Tanzania) | - | - | 1 | 1 |
Total | 70 | 11 | 3 | 84 |
Water Absorption Capacity | Cooking Time (min) | |||||||||
Checks | Site A | Site B | Site A | Site B | ||||||
Landrace of Vigna vexillata | 1.33 ± 0.11 a | 1.32 ± 0.13 a | 10.24 ± 0.15 a | 10.26 ± 0.15 a | ||||||
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) | 1.27 ± 0.08 a | 1.27 ± 0.08 a | 16.29 ± 0.15 c | 16.31 ± 0.15 c | ||||||
Rice Bean (Vigna umbellata) | 1.16 ± 0.06 a | 1.16 ± 0.06 a | 13.20 ± 0.12 b | 13.23 ± 0.12 b | ||||||
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | ||||||||||
Water Absorption Capacity | Cooking Time (min) | |||||||||
Source | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p |
Model | 5 | 1.263 | 0.253 | 1.134 | 0.343 | 5 | 1582.515 | 316.503 | 356.710 | <0.0001 |
Error | 258 | 57.475 | 0.223 | 258 | 228.919 | 0.887 | ||||
Corrected Total | 263 | 58.738 | 263 | 1811.434 | ||||||
Type III Sum of Squares Analysis | ||||||||||
Source | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p |
Location (Site) Effect | 1 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.950 | 1 | 0.044 | 0.044 | 0.050 | 0.823 |
Species Effect | 2 | 1.262 | 0.631 | 2.833 | 0.061 | 2 | 1582.470 | 791.235 | 891.749 | <0.0001 |
Location X Species | 2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Location × Species/Tukey (HSD)/Analysis of the Differences between the Categories with a Confidence Interval of 95% (Water Absorption Capacity) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contrast | Difference | Standardized Difference | Critical value | Pr > Diff | Significant |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 1 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 3 | 0.173 | 1.675 | 2.871 | 0.550 | No |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 1 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 3 | 0.172 | 1.661 | 2.871 | 0.559 | No |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 1 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 2 | 0.063 | 0.620 | 2.871 | 0.990 | No |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 1 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 2 | 0.059 | 0.584 | 2.871 | 0.992 | No |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 1 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 1 | 0.006 | 0.054 | 2.871 | 1.000 | No |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 1 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 3 | 0.167 | 1.619 | 2.871 | 0.587 | No |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 1 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 3 | 0.166 | 1.605 | 2.871 | 0.596 | No |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 1 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 2 | 0.057 | 0.563 | 2.871 | 0.993 | No |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 1 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 2 | 0.054 | 0.527 | 2.871 | 0.995 | No |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 3 | 0.114 | 1.160 | 2.871 | 0.855 | No |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 3 | 0.112 | 1.145 | 2.871 | 0.862 | No |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 2 | 0.004 | 0.038 | 2.871 | 1.000 | No |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 3 | 0.110 | 1.122 | 2.871 | 0.872 | No |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 3 | 0.108 | 1.107 | 2.871 | 0.878 | No |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 3 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 3 | 0.001 | 0.014 | 2.871 | 1.000 | No |
Tukey’s d critical value | 4.061 |
Location × Species/Tukey (HSD)/Analysis of the Differences between the Categories with a Confidence Interval of 95% (Cooking Time) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contrast | Difference | Standardized Difference | Critical value | Pr > Diff | Significant |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 1 | 6.074 | 29.913 | 2.871 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 1 | 6.048 | 29.785 | 2.871 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 3 | 3.109 | 15.908 | 2.871 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 3 | 3.083 | 15.775 | 2.871 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 2 | 0.026 | 0.135 | 2.871 | 1.000 | No |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 1 | 6.048 | 29.785 | 2.871 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 1 | 6.022 | 29.657 | 2.871 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 3 | 3.083 | 15.775 | 2.871 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 2 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 3 | 3.057 | 15.642 | 2.871 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 3 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 1 | 2.991 | 14.514 | 2.871 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 3 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 1 | 2.965 | 14.388 | 2.871 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 3 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 3 | 0.026 | 0.131 | 2.871 | 1.000 | No |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 3 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 1 | 2.965 | 14.388 | 2.871 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Location-Site A × Species-Check 3 vs. Location-Site B × Species-Check 1 | 2.939 | 14.262 | 2.871 | <0.0001 | Yes |
Location-Site B × Species-Check 1 vs. Location-Site A × Species-Check 1 | 0.026 | 0.122 | 2.871 | 1.000 | No |
Tukey’s d critical value | 4.061 |
Species/Accession Number | Water Absorption Capacity | Cooking Time (min) | ||||||||
Site A | Site B | Site A | Site B | |||||||
Landrace of Vigna vexillata | 1.33 ± 0.11 a | 1.32 ± 0.13 a | 10.24 ± 0.15 a | 10.26 ± 0.15 a | ||||||
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) | 1.27 ± 0.08 a | 1.27 ± 0.08 a | 16.29 ± 0.15 b | 16.31 ± 0.15 b | ||||||
Rice bean (Vigna umbellata) | 1.16 ± 0.06 a | 1.16 ± 0.06 a | 13.20 ± 0.12 c | 13.23 ± 0.12 c | ||||||
TVNu1699 | 0.14 ± 0.01 c | 0.13 ± 0.01 c | 24.26 ± 0.07 d | 23.87 ± 0.10 d | ||||||
TVNu342 | 0.47 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.45 ± 0.01 a,b | 23.34 ± 0.16 d | 23.35 ± 0.18 d | ||||||
TVNu877 | 0.22 ± 0.01c | 0.21 ± 0.01 c | 24.10 ± 0.19 d | 23.71 ± 0.22 d | ||||||
TVNu223 | 0.21 ± 0.01 c | 0.21 ± 0.02 c | 23.35 ± 0.55 d | 23.36 ± 0.50 d | ||||||
TVNu720 | 0.22 ± 0.01 c | 0.20 ± 0.01 c | 23.02 ± 0.50 d | 23.03 ± 0.45 d | ||||||
TVNu219 | 0.28 ± 0.02 b,c | 0.26 ± 0.01 b,c | 24.06 ± 0.49 d | 24.08 ± 0.50 d | ||||||
TVNu1840 | 0.11 ± 0.01 c | 0.10 ± 0.01 c | 23.36 ± 0.21 d | 23.37 ± 0.30 d | ||||||
TVNu1804 | 0.09 ± 0.01 c | 0.08 ± 0.01 c | 23.55 ± 0.52 d | 23.56 ± 0.50 d | ||||||
TVNu1792 | 0.23 ± 0.01 c | 0.09 ± 0.01 c | 23.28 ± 0.22 d | 23.30 ± 0.30 d | ||||||
TVNu1644 | 0.09 ± 0.01 c | 0.21 ± 0.01 c | 23.12 ± 0.10 d | 23.13 ± 0.15 d | ||||||
TVNu1185 | 0.12 ± 0.01 c | 0.11 ± 0.01 c | 23.34 ± 0.33 d | 23.35 ± 0.30 d | ||||||
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | ||||||||||
Water Absorption Capacity | Cooking Time (min) | |||||||||
Source | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p |
Model | 27 | 60.707 | 2.248 | 11.756 | <0.0001 | 27 | 6864.480 | 254.240 | 313.317 | <0.0001 |
Error | 302 | 57.761 | 0.191 | 302 | 245.057 | 0.811 | ||||
Corrected Total | 329 | 118.469 | 329 | 7109.537 | ||||||
Type III Sum of Squares Analysis | ||||||||||
Source | DF | Sum of squares | Mean squares | F | p | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p |
Location (Site) | 1 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.011 | 0.916 | 1 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.929 |
Genotype (Accessions) | 13 | 60.704 | 4.670 | 24.414 | <0.0001 | 13 | 6864.433 | 528.033 | 650.730 | <0.0001 |
Location × Genotype | 13 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 1.000 | 13 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Water Absorption Capacity | Cooking Time (min) | |||||||||
Species/Accession Number | Site A | Site B | Site A | Site B | ||||||
Landrace of Vigna vexillata | 1.33 ± 0.11 a | 1.32 ± 0.13 a | 10.24 ± 0.15 n | 10.26 ± 0.15 n | ||||||
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) | 1.27 ± 0.08 a,b,c | 1.27 ± 0.08 a,b,c | 16.29 ± 0.15 l | 16.31 ± 0.15 l | ||||||
Rice Bean (Vigna umbellata) | 1.16 ± 0.06 a,b,c | 1.16 ± 0.06 a,b,c | 13.20 ± 0.12 m | 13.23 ± 0.12 m | ||||||
TVNu781 | 1.10 ± 0.02 abcd | 1.10 ± 0.01 abcd | 31.04 ± 0.33 a,b | 31.06 ± 0.31 a,b | ||||||
TVNu837 | 1.07 ± 0.01 abcd | 1.05 ± 0.01 abcd | 29.34 ± 0.32 a,b,c,d,e,f,g | 29.35 ± 0.01 a,b,c,d,e,f,g | ||||||
TVNu1582 | 0.73 ± 0.01 abcd | 0.67 ± 0.02 abcd | 16.25 ± 0.24 l | 16.26 ± 0.30 l | ||||||
TVNu1358 | 0.57 ± 0.01 abcd | 0.53 ± 0.01 abcd | 17.37 ± 0.26 l | 17.38 ± 0.28 l | ||||||
AGG308107WVIG2 | 0.43 ± 0.01 abcd | 0.41 ± 0.01 abcd | 26.32 ± 0.49 f,g,h,i,j | 26.33 ± 0.51 f,g,h,i,j | ||||||
TVNu1593 | 0.42 ± 0.01 abcd | 0.38 ± 0.01 bcd | 16.22 ± 0.23 l | 16.24 ± 0.20 l | ||||||
TVNu1591 | 0.41 ± 0.01 abcd | 0.38 ± 0.01 bcd | 26.38 ± 0.40 f,g,h,i,j | 26.39 ± 0.43 f,g,h,i,j | ||||||
TVNu120 | 0.40 ± 0.01 abcd | 0.38 ± 0.01 bcd | 31.10 ± 0.31 a | 30.71 ± 0.34 a | ||||||
TVNu333 | 0.40 ± 0.02 abcd | 0.37 ± 0.02 bcd | 26.28 ± 0.40 f,g,h,i,j | 26.30 ± 0.35 f,g,h,i,j | ||||||
TVNu1546 | 0.39 ± 0.02 bcd | 0.37 ± 0.01 bcd | 29.07 ± 0.13 a,b,c,d,e,f | 29.08 ± 0.15 a,b,c,d,e,f | ||||||
AGG308101WVIG1 | 0.37 ± 0.01 bcd | 0.34 ± 0.01bcd | 29.36 ± 0.50 a,b,c,d,e | 29.37 ± 0.47 a,b,c,d,e | ||||||
TVNu1701 | 0.35 ± 0.01 bcd | 0.33 ± 0.01 cd | 24.59 ± 0.50 j | 24.60 ± 0.57 j | ||||||
AGG308096 WVIG2 | 0.34 ± 0.01 cd | 0.32 ± 0.01cd | 26.47 ± 0.59 f,g,h,i,j | 26.49 ± 0.60 f,g,h,i,j | ||||||
TVNu1629 | 0.33 ± 0.01 cd | 0.32 ± 0.02 cd | 28.19 ± 1.15 b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i | 28.20 ± 1.20 b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i | ||||||
TVNu293 | 0.33 ± 0.01 cd | 0.31 ± 0.01 cd | 26.32 ± 0.28 f,g,h,i,j | 26.33 ± 0.30 f,g,h,i,j | ||||||
TVNu832 | 0.32 ± 0.01 cd | 0.30 ± 0.01 cd | 25.46 ± 0.36 h,i,j | 25.47 ± 0.36 h,i,j | ||||||
TVNu1796 | 0.32 ± 0.01 cd | 0.30 ± 0.01 cd | 27.38 ± 0.48 c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j | 27.39 ± 0.50 c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j | ||||||
TVNu1529 | 0.32 ± 0.01 cd | 0.30 ± 0.01 cd | 27.29 ± 0.64 c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j | 27.30 ± 0.64 c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j | ||||||
TVNu1628 | 0.30 ± 0.01 cd | 0.28 ± 0.01cd | 26.30 ± 0.36 f,g,h,i,j | 26.31 ± 0.33 f,g,h,i,j | ||||||
TVNu1344 | 0.29 ± 0.01 cd | 0.28 ± 0.01 cd | 30.03 ± 0.44 a,b,c | 30.04 ± 0.44 a,b,c | ||||||
TVNu1632 | 0.29 ± 0.01 cd | 0.28 ± 0.01 cd | 29.41 ± 0.52 a,b,c,d | 28.25 ± 0.50 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu1370 | 0.28± 0.01 cd | 0.26 ± 0.02 cd | 28.23 ± 0.39l | 29.43 ± 0.40 l | ||||||
TVNu1360 | 0.28± 0.01 cd | 0.25 ± 0.01 cd | 27.05 ± 0.71 d,e,f,g,h,i,j | 27.60 ± 0.72 d,e,f,g,h,i,j | ||||||
TVNu1624 | 0.25± 0.01 cd | 0.23 ± 0.01 d | 26.28 ± 0.46 f,g,h,i,j | 26.29 ± 0.46 f,g,h,i,j | ||||||
TVNu1621 | 0.25 ± 0.01 cd | 0.23 ± 0.01 d | 17.24 ± 0.47 l | 17.26 ± 0.48 l | ||||||
AGG62154WVIG_1 | 0.20 ± 0.01 d | 0.19 ± 0.01 d | 21.33 ± 0.17 k | 21.34 ± 0.17 k | ||||||
TVNu1092 | 0.19 ± 0.01 d | 0.18 ± 0.01 d | 29.02 ± 0.23 a,b,c,d,e,f,g | 29.04 ± 0.55 a,b,c,d,e,f,g | ||||||
TVNu479 | 0.18 ± 0.01 d | 0.17 ± 0.01 d | 26.50 ± 0.56 e,f,g,h,i,j | 26.52 ± 0.20 e,f,g,h,i,j | ||||||
AGG308097WVIG 1 | 0.17 ± 0.01 d | 0.16 ± 0.01 d | 28.56 ± 0.50 a,b,c,d,e,f,g | 28.58 ± 0.50 a,b,c,d,e,f,g | ||||||
TVNu178 | 0.17 ± 0.01 d | 0.16 ± 0.01 d | 17.03 ± 0.54 l | 16.64 ± 0.01 l | ||||||
TVNu955 | 0.11 ± 0.01 d | 0.11 ± 0.01 d | 25.28 ± 0.47 i,j | 25.29 ± 0.47 i,j | ||||||
TVNu1378 | 0.11 ± 0.01 d | 0.10 ± 0.00 d | 16.29 ± 0.45 l | 16.31 ± 0.47 l | ||||||
TVNu1586 | 0.06 ± 0.00 d | 0.05 ± 0.01 d | 28.39 ± 0.29 a,b,c,d,e,f,g | 28.41 ± 0.30 a,b,c,d,e,f,g | ||||||
TVNu381 | 0.04 ± 0.00 d | 0.042 ± 0.00 d | 25.41 ± 0.63 h,i,j | 25.42 ± 0.64 h,i,j | ||||||
AGG308099WVIG2 | 0.042 ± 0.01 d | 0.04 ± 0.01 d | 26.16 ± 0.48 h,i,j | 26.17 ± 0.50 h,i,j | ||||||
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | ||||||||||
Water Absorption Capacity | Cooking Time (min) | |||||||||
Source | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p |
Model | 75 | 111.003 | 1.480 | 9.649 | <0.0001 | 75 | 22,437.582 | 299.168 | 368.513 | <0.0001 |
Error | 398 | 61.050 | 0.153 | 398 | 323.106 | 0.812 | ||||
Corrected Total | 473 | 172.052 | 473 | 22,760.688 | ||||||
Type III Sum of Squares Analysis | ||||||||||
Source | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p |
Location (Site) | 1 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.117 | 0.732 | 1 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.903 |
Genotype (Accessions) | 37 | 110.978 | 2.999 | 19.554 | <0.0001 | 37 | 22,437.529 | 606.420 | 746.983 | <0.0001 |
Location × Genotype | 37 | 0.013 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 1.000 | 37 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Water Absorption Capacity | Cooking Time (min) | |||||||||
Species/Accession Number | Site A | Site B | Site A | Site B | ||||||
Landrace of Vigna vexillata | 1.33 ± 0.11 a,b,c | 1.32 ± 0.13 a,b,c | 10.24 ± 0.15 h | 10.26 ± 0.15 h | ||||||
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) | 1.27 ± 0.08 a,b,c,d | 1.27 ± 0.08 a,b,c,d | 16.29 ± 0.15 f | 16.31 ± 0.15 f | ||||||
Rice Bean (Vigna umbellata) | 1.16 ± 0.06 a,b,c,d | 1.16 ± 0.06 a,b,c,d | 13.20 ± 0.12 g | 13.23 ± 0.12 g | ||||||
TVNu324 | 0.49 ± 0.02 c,d | 0.47 ± 0.02 c,d | 26.51 ± 0.47 a,b,c,d | 26.53 ± 0.48 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu325 | 2.03 ± 0.02 a,b | 1.99 ± 0.01 a,b | 17.92 ± 0.51 f | 17.93 ± 0.52 f | ||||||
Unknown _Vigna reticulata | 1.20 ± 0.02 a,b,c,d | 1.18 ± 0.02 a,b,c,d | 17.41 ± 0.44 f | 17.42 ± 0.45 f | ||||||
TVNu343 | 0.19 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.18 ± 0.01c,d | 30.25 ± 0.41 a | 30.26 ± 0.42 a | ||||||
TVNu767 | 0.12 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.11 ± 0.01 c,d | 29.18 ± 0.99 a,b,c,d | 29.20 ± 1.00 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu1520 | 2.18 ± 0.03 a | 2.04 ± 0.03 a | 27.46 ± 0.91 a,b,c,d | 27.48 ± 0.92 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu349 | 0.31 ± 0.02 c,d | 0.29 ± 0.01 c,d | 29.14 ± 0.74 a,b,c,d | 28.76 ± 0.75 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu379 | 0.77 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.71 ± 0.02 c,d | 29.38 ± 0.46 a,b,c,d | 28.99 ± 0.44 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu524 | 0.17 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.17 ± 0.01 c,d | 25.57 ± 0.57 c,d,e | 25.58 ± 0.58 c,d,e | ||||||
TVNu1698 | 0.12 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.11 ± 0.01 c,d | 26.34 ± 0.56 b,c,d,e | 26.36 ± 0.57 b,c,d,e | ||||||
TVNu1191 | 0.22 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.21 ± 0.01 c,d | 25.38 ± 1.00 d,e | 25.39 ± 0.99 d,e | ||||||
TVNu1394 | 0.82 ± 0.02 b, c,d | 0.75 ± 0.01 b, c,d | 28.21 ± 0.99 a,b,c,d | 27.82 ± 0.97 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu-224 | 0.19 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.18 ± 0.01 c,d | 25.55 ± 0.51 c,d,e | 25.57 ± 0.52 c,d,e | ||||||
TVNu739 | 0.15 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.14 ± 0.01 c,d | 28.50 ± 0.46 a,b,c,d | 28.52 ± 0.47 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu56 | 0.24 ± 0.02 c,d | 0.22 ± 0.02 c,d | 27.01 ± 2.73 a,b,c,d | 26.62 ± 2.70 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu1405 | 0.29 ± 0.02 c,d | 0.26 ± 0.02 c,d | 30.03 ± 0.64 a,b | 29.64 ± 0.62 a,b | ||||||
TVNu607 | 0.08 ± 0.01 d | 0.08 ± 0.01 d | 27.33 ± 0.49 a,b,c,d | 26.38 ± 0.47 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu916 | 0.12 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.11 ± 0.01 c,d | 26.37 ± 0.52 b,c,d,e | 27.84 ± 0.55 b,c,d,e | ||||||
AGG17856WVIG 1 | 0.16 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.15 ± 0.01 c,d | 28.23 ± 1.00 a,b,c,d | 27.35 ± 0.97 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu1790 | 0.32 ± 0.02 c,d | 0.29 ± 0.02 c,d | 28.43 ± 0.47 a,b,c,d | 28.44 ± 0.47 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu491 | 0.15 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.14 ± 0.01 c,d | 28.44 ± 0.93 a,b,c,d | 28.45 ± 0.92 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu1808 | 0.16 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.15 ± 0.01 c,d | 29.36 ± 0.42 a,b,c | 29.38 ± 0.43 a,b,c | ||||||
TVNu738 | 0.12 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.12 ± 0.01 c,d | 26.42 ± 0.39 a,b,c,d | 26.43 ± 0.40 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu1779 | 0.19 ± 0.02 c,d | 0.17 ± 0.01 c,d | 26.12 ± 2.04 c,d,e | 25.74 ± 2.01 c,d,e | ||||||
TVNu605 | 0.42 ± 0.02 c,d | 0.36 ± 0.02 c,d | 29.16 ± 0.51 a,b,c,d | 29.18 ± 0.51 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu57 | 0.06 ± 0.01 d | 0.06 ± 0.01 d | 28.00 ± 0.55 a,b,c,d | 27.61 ± 0.48 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu138 | 0.23 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.21 ± 0.01 c,d | 27.19 ± 0.62 a,b,c,d | 26.80 ± 0.60 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu161 | 0.18 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.16 ± 0.01 c,d | 30.02 ± 0.77 a,b | 29.64 ± 0.76 a,b | ||||||
TVNu758 | 0.16 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.15 ± 0.01 c,d | 27.10 ± 0.30 a,b,c,d | 27.11 ± 0.30 a,b,c,d | ||||||
TVNu1825 | 0.25 ± 0.02 c,d | 0.23 ± 0.02 c,d | 25.50 ± 0.91 d,e | 25.51 ± 0.91 d,e | ||||||
TVNu1522 | 0.19 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.17 ± 0.01 c,d | 22.56 ± 0.57 e | 22.57 ± 0.57 e | ||||||
TVNu1388 | 0.18 ± 0.01 c,d | 0.16 ± 0.01 c,d | 26.53 ± 0.69 a,b,c,d | 26.54 ± 0.70 a,b,c,d | ||||||
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | ||||||||||
Water Absorption Capacity | Cooking Time (min) | |||||||||
Source | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p |
Model | 69 | 131.740 | 1.909 | 11.989 | <0.0001 | 69 | 22845.864 | 331.099 | 225.891 | <0.0001 |
Error | 386 | 61.473 | 0.159 | 386 | 565.779 | 1.466 | ||||
Corrected Total | 455 | 193.213 | 455 | 23411.643 | ||||||
Type III Sum of Squares Analysis | ||||||||||
Source | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p |
Location (Site) | 2 | 0.025 | 0.013 | 0.080 | 0.924 | 2 | 0.052 | 0.026 | 0.018 | 0.982 |
Genotype (Accessions) | 34 | 88.722 | 2.609 | 16.385 | <0.0001 | 34 | 12987.598 | 381.988 | 260.610 | <0.0001 |
Location × Genotype | 33 | 0.033 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 1.000 | 33 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Water Absorption | Cooking Time (min) | |||||||||
Species/Accession Number | Site A | Site B | Site A | Site B | ||||||
Landrace of Vigna vexillata | 1.33 ± 0.11 a | 1.32 ± 0.13 a | 10.24 ± 0.15 d | 10.26 ± 0.15 d | ||||||
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) | 1.27 ± 0.08 a | 1.27 ± 0.08 a | 16.29 ± 0.15 b | 16.31 ± 0.15 b | ||||||
Rice Bean (Vigna umbellata) | 1.16 ± 0.06 a | 1.16 ± 0.06 a | 13.20 ± 0.12 c | 13.23 ± 0.12 c | ||||||
AGG53597WVIG1 | 1.35 ± 0.03 a | 1.33 ± 0.02 a | 8.26 ± 0.42 d | 7.87 ± 0.40 d | ||||||
AGG51603WVIG1 | 1.29 ± 0.01 a | 1.27 ± 0.02 a | 10.15 ± 0.22 d,e | 10.17 ± 0.25 d,e | ||||||
AGG52867WVIG1 | 1.04 ± 0.04 a | 1.02 ± 0.00 a | 11.27 ± 0.41 d | 11.28 ± 0.42 d | ||||||
Unknown Vigna legume | 0.43 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.39 ± 0.02 a,b | 29.35 ± 0.31 a | 28.97 ± 0.30 a | ||||||
Unknown Vigna racemosa | 0.08 ± 0.01 b | 0.08 ± 0.00 b | 30.33 ± 0.48 a | 30.34 ± 0.50 a | ||||||
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) | ||||||||||
Water Absorption Capacity | Cooking Time (min) | |||||||||
Source | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p |
Model | 15 | 13.441 | 0.896 | 4.279 | <0.0001 | 15 | 4957.993 | 330.533 | 386.632 | <0.0001 |
Error | 278 | 58.223 | 0.209 | 278 | 237.663 | 0.855 | ||||
Corrected Total | 293 | 71.664 | 293 | 5195.656 | ||||||
Type III Sum of Squares Analysis | ||||||||||
Source | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p | DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Squares | F | p |
Location (Site) | 1 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.017 | 0.896 | 1 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.934 |
Genotypes (Accessions) | 7 | 13.436 | 1.919 | 9.165 | <0.0001 | 7 | 4957.947 | 708.278 | 828.489 | <0.0001 |
Location × Genotype | 7 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 1.000 | 7 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Class | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Object | 47 | 20 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 |
TVNu324_VRe | TVNu1632_VV | TVNu325_VRe | Check 3 | TVNu1520_VRe | AGG308107WVIG2 _VV | TVNu379_VRe | |
TVNu342_VA | TVNu1701_VV | Check 2 | TVNu781_VV | AGG62154WVIG_1_VV | TVNu1582_VV | ||
AGG308101WVIG1 _VV | TVNu1629_VV | Unknown _Vigna reticulata | TVNu1624_VV | TVNu1358_VV | |||
TVNu1344_VV | TVNu767_VRe | AGG51603WVIG1_VRa | AGG308097WVIG 1_VV | TVNu1394_VRe | |||
AGG308096 WVIG2_VV | TVNu343_VRe | AGG53597WVIG1_VRa | |||||
TVNu120 _VV | TVNu333_VV | Check 1 | |||||
TVNu1529_VV | TVNu1370_VV | TVNu837_VV | |||||
TVNu720_VA | TVNu349_VRe | AGG52867WVIG1_VRa | |||||
TVNu223_VA | TVNu1378_VV | ||||||
TVNu1546_VV | TVNu1405_VRe | ||||||
TVNu1698_VRe | TVNu1593_VV | ||||||
TVNu877_VA | Unknown Vigna | ||||||
TVNu524_VRe | TVNu381_VV | ||||||
TVNu1699_VA | TVNu479_VV | ||||||
TVNu1191_VRe | TVNu605 _VRe | ||||||
TVNu1621_VV | TVNu1360_VV | ||||||
TVNu607_VRe | TVNu1790_VRe | ||||||
TVNu56_VRe | TVNu1808_VRe | ||||||
TVNu- 224_VRe | Unknown_Vigna_racemosa | ||||||
TVNu739_VRe | TVNu161_VRe | ||||||
TVNu916_VRe | |||||||
TVNu955_VV | |||||||
TVNu1092 _VV | |||||||
TVNu1591_VV | |||||||
TVNu178_VV | |||||||
TVNu293_VV | |||||||
TVNu1840_VA | |||||||
AGG17856WVIG_1_VRe | |||||||
TVNu738_VRe | |||||||
TVNu1796_VV | |||||||
TVNu1792_VA | |||||||
TVNu832_VV | |||||||
TVNu219_VA | |||||||
TVNu491_VRe | |||||||
TVNu1628_VV | |||||||
TVNu1779_VRe | |||||||
TVNu138_VRe | |||||||
AGG308099WVIG2_VV | |||||||
TVNu1804_VA | |||||||
TVNu1586_VV | |||||||
TVNu57_VRe | |||||||
TVNu1825_VRe | |||||||
TVNu1644_VA | |||||||
TVNu758_VRe | |||||||
TVNu1388_VRe | |||||||
TVNu1522_VRe | |||||||
TVNu1185_VA |
Species | Descriptive Parameters | Water Absorption Capacity | Cooking Time (min) | Yield per Plant (g) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site A | Site B | Site A | Site B | Site A | Site B | ||
Landrace of Vigna vexillata | Mean | 1.33 | 1.32 | 10.24 | 10.26 | 13.45 | 7.62 |
CV (%) | 9.50 | 9.37 | 1.46 | 1.45 | 4.59 | 6.34 | |
Range | 0.69–4.01 | 0.70–3.96 | 8.56–11.89 | 8.59–11.91 | 9.00–26.55 | 4.94–17.31 | |
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) | Mean | 1.27 | 1.27 | 16.29 | 16.31 | 52.690 | 26.657 |
CV (%) | 1.85 | 1.82 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 5.48 | 5.42 | |
Range | 0.58–1.58 | 0.58–1.57 | 14.06–18.84 | 14.09–18.87 | 28.80–106.08 | 14.71–53.35 | |
Rice Bean (Vigna umbellata) | Mean | 1.16 | 1.16 | 13.20 | 13.23 | 86.04 | 61.92 |
CV (%) | 4.05 | 4.02 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 2.378 | 2.361 | |
Range | 0.67–2.02 | 0.68–2.00 | 11.73–14.98 | 11.76–15.01 | 60.27–109.76 | 43.51–78.86 | |
Vigna ambacensis | Mean | 0.20 | 0.18 | 23.45 | 23.43 | 1.74 | 0.78 |
CV (%) | 11.21 | 11.20 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 22.36 | 14.25 | |
Range | 0.00–0.50 | 0.00–0.58 | 22.25–24.95 | 22.26–24.96 | 0.72–5.36 | 0.43–1.65 | |
Vigna vexillata | Mean | 0.34 | 0.32 | 25.42 | 25.40 | 16.84 | 12.54 |
CV (%) | 7.80 | 7.95 | 1.73 | 1.70 | 9.48 | 6.77 | |
Range | 0.00–1.15 | 0.00–1.13 | 15.54–31.28 | 15.55–31.30 | 9.48–63.00 | 7.61–35.26 | |
Vigna reticulata | Mean | 0.39 | 0.37 | 26.77 | 26.78 | 10.60 | 6.78 |
CV (%) | 13.83 | 14.04 | 1.20 | 1.27 | 10.55 | 10.62 | |
Range | 0.00–2.24 | 0.00–2.08 | 16.60–30.98 | 16.58–40.00 | 4.32–30.36 | 2.58–17.69 | |
Vigna racemosa | Mean | 0.84 | 0.81 | 17.70 | 17.72 | 28.25 | 18.28 |
CV (%) | 16.70 | 17.06 | 14.83 | 14.81 | 37.02 | 38.37 | |
Range | 0.00–1.69 | 0.00–1.66 | 7.11–31.19 | 7.12–31.22 | 2.08–49.00 | 1.21–34.70 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Harouna, D.V.; Venkataramana, P.B.; Matemu, A.O.; Ndakidemi, P.A. Assessment of Water Absorption Capacity and Cooking Time of Wild Under-Exploited Vigna Species towards their Domestication. Agronomy 2019, 9, 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090509
Harouna DV, Venkataramana PB, Matemu AO, Ndakidemi PA. Assessment of Water Absorption Capacity and Cooking Time of Wild Under-Exploited Vigna Species towards their Domestication. Agronomy. 2019; 9(9):509. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090509
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarouna, Difo Voukang, Pavithravani B. Venkataramana, Athanasia O. Matemu, and Patrick Alois Ndakidemi. 2019. "Assessment of Water Absorption Capacity and Cooking Time of Wild Under-Exploited Vigna Species towards their Domestication" Agronomy 9, no. 9: 509. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090509