Datura innoxia

Appearance

''Datura innoxia'' is a tuberous-rooted subshrub that typically reaches a height of 0.6 to 1.5 metres. Its stems and leaves are covered with short and soft grayish hairs, giving the whole plant a grayish appearance. It has elliptic smooth-edged leaves with pinnate venation. All parts of the plant emit a foul odor similar to rancid peanut butter when crushed or bruised, although most people find the fragrance of the flowers to be quite pleasant when they bloom at night.

The flowers are white, trumpet-shaped, 12–19 cm long. They first grow upright, and later incline downward. It flowers from early summer until late fall.

The fruit is an egg-shaped spiny capsule, about 5 cm in diameter. Like those of other species belonging to section ''Dutra'' of the genus Datura, it splits open irregularly when ripe to disperse its seeds. Another means of dispersal may also occur, in which the spiny fruit becomes entangled in the fur of animals, who then carry the fruit far from the mother plant. The seeds are long-lived, having the ability to lie dormant in the soil for many years. The seeds and indeed the whole plant, have strongly deliriant properties and a high potential for overdose, the slow appearance of the effects leading to the erroneous belief that the dose taken has been ineffective.


Datura inoxia in Hyderabad W IMG 7026.jpg|Flower in Hyderabad, India
Datura innoxia fruit split open.jpg|Ripe, irregularly-dehiscent capsule
Moonflower aka pricklyburr or recurved thorn-apple.jpg|Datura innoxia beginning to bloom
Datura inoxia3.jpg|Datura innoxia ripe fruit, dried fruit and seeds

Naming

''Datura innoxia'' is quite similar to ''D. metel'', to the point of being confused with it in early scientific literature. ''D. metel'' is a closely related plant, believed until recently to be of Old World provenance and misconstrued as being referred to in the works of Avicenna in eleventh century Persia. ''D. stramonium'' differs in having much smaller flowers, seed capsules dehisceing by four distinct valves, and dentate leaves, while the more closely related ''D. wrightii'' differs in having wider, 5-toothed flowers which are usually pinkish-violet rather than white. ''D. innoxia'' differs from ''D. stramonium'', ''D. metel'' and ''D. fastuosa'' in having about 7 to 10 secondary veins on either side of the midrib of the leaf which anastomose by arches at about 1 to 3 mm. from the margin. No anastomosis of the secondary veins are seen in the other 4 major species of ''Datura''.

Defense

All parts of ''Datura'' plants are toxic, containing dangerous levels of tropane alkaloids and may be fatal if ingested by humans and other animals, including livestock and pets. In some places, it is prohibited to buy, sell or cultivate ''Datura'' plants.

Uses

When cultivated, the plant is usually treated as an annual to be grown from seed, but its tuberous roots can be kept from freezing and planted in the spring of the following year.

''Datura innoxia'', like other ''Datura'' species, contains the highly toxic alkaloids atropine, hyoscine , and hyoscyamine. The Aztecs called the plant by the Nahuatl names ''toloatzin'' and ''toloaxihuitl'' and used it long before the Spanish conquest of Mexico for many therapeutic purposes, such as poultices for wounds where it acts as an anodyne. Although the Aztecs warned against madness and "various and vain imaginings", many Native Americans have used the plant as an entheogen for hallucinations and rites of passage. The alkaloids of these plants are very similar to those of mandrake, deadly nightshade, and henbane, which are also highly poisonous plants used cautiously for effective pain relief in antiquity.

Datura intoxication typically produces a complete inability to differentiate reality from fantasy ; hyperthermia; tachycardia; bizarre, and possibly violent behavior; and severe mydriasis with resultant painful photophobia that can last several days. Pronounced amnesia is another commonly reported effect. There can easily be a 5:1 variation in toxins from plant to plant, and a given plant's toxicity depends on its age, where it is growing, and local weather conditions. These wide variations make ''Datura'' exceptionally hazardous to use as a drug. In traditional cultures, users needed to have a great deal of experience and detailed plant knowledge so that no harm resulted from using it. Such knowledge is not widely available in modern cultures, so many unfortunate incidents result from ingesting ''Datura''. In the 1990s and 2000s, the United States media contained stories of adolescents and young adults dying or becoming seriously ill from intentionally ingesting ''Datura''.

It has also been planted throughout the world as an ornamental plant for its attractive large leaves, large white flowers, and distinctive thorny fruit. However, the plant is now considered an invasive species in several locations. For example, because of the similarity of its life cycle to that of cotton, it is a weed of cotton fields. It is also a potential seed contaminant.