Phenotypic diversity among finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) landraces of Nepal
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) is the fourth most important crop in Nepal having multiple benefits but is still neglected by mainstream research and development. The main option to boost its productivity is developing superior varieties through enhanced use of germplasm in breeding programmes. With the objective of enhancing utilization of landraces conserved ex situ, a total of 300 finger millet accessions collected from 54 districts were characterized in three hill locations of Nepal for two consecutive years (2017–2018). Nine qualitative and 17 quantitative traits were recorded, and combined mean data were subjected to multivariate analysis to assess agromorphological diversity. Shannon–Weaver diversity indices (H') showed high diversity (0.647–0.908) among the accessions for qualitative traits except for finger branching and spikelet shattering whereas high diversity (0.864–0.907) was observed for all quantitative traits. The first five principal components (PC) explained 61.8% of the total phenotypic variation with two PCs explaining 37.5% variation mainly due to flowering and maturity days, plant height, flag leaf length, grain and straw yield, ear weight, ear exsertion and number of fingers per head. Genotypes were grouped into four clusters with 16, 66, 107 and 111 accessions based on quantitative traits. The correlation between the traits indicated that accessions with early flowering, tall plants, long leaves, high tillers, large ears and bold grains could be given priority for further evaluation in multiple locations. Potential landraces identified for each trait could either be deployed to wider areas as varieties or used as trait donors in finger millet breeding.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright of the articles published in Genetic Resources and grant the journal right of first publication with open access. All articles published in Genetic Resource are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to download, share and adapt the work for commercial and non-commercial purposes as long as proper attribution to the original article is given. Genetic Resources permits and encourages authors to post items submitted to the journal (including the publisher's final layout) on personal websites or institutional repositories after acceptance and/or publication, while providing bibliographic details that credit their publication in Genetic Resources.
Anuradha, N et al. (2022). “Comparative study of AMMI- and BLUP-based simultaneous selection for grain yield and stability of finger millet”. genotypes. Front. Plant Sci 12(786839). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.786839.
Backiyalakshmi, C et al. (2021). “Assessing Forage Potential of the Global Collection of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) Germplasm Conserved at the ICRISAT Genebank”. Agronomy 11, pp. 1706–1706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091706.
Bastola, B R et al. (2015). “Phenotypic diversity of Nepalese finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) accessions at IAAS, Rampur, Nepal”. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol 3(2), pp. 285–290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i2.12413.
Bharathi, A (2011). Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of global finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) composite collection. Coimbatore, India. URL: http://oar.icrisat.org/113/1/A.Bharathi_Thesis.pdf.
Bhattarai, M et al. (2014). “Characterization of finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) germplasm with agro-morphological markers”. In: Proceedings of the 27th National Summer Crops Workshop, 18-20 April 2013, Chitwan, Nepal. Ed. by Y G Khadka et al. Vol. 2. URL: https://opac.narc.gov.np/opac_css/index.php?lvl=cmspage%5C&pageid=6%5C&id_rubrique=81.
Bora, P (2013). Nutritional properties of different millet types and their selected products. University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. URL: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/7738/Bora_Pragyani_201312_Msc.pdf?sequence=1.
Chandra, D et al. (2016). “Review of Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn): A power house of health benefiting nutrients”. Food Science and Human Wellness 5, pp. 149–155. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.05.004.
Dasanayaka, P S and D V S Kaluthanthri (2017). “Genetic variability characterization of some ex situ conserved finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn. ssp. coracana) germplasm accessions in Sri Lanka using qualitative morphological markers”. Int. J. Adv. Res 5(5), pp. 1381–1389. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/4259.
Devi, P B et al. (2011). “Health benefits of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) polyphenols and dietary fiber: a review”. J. Food Sci. Technol 51, pp. 1021–1040. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0584-9.
Dida, M M et al. (2007). “The genetic map of finger millet Eleusine coracana”. Theor Appl Genet 114, pp. 321–332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-006-0435-7.
Eticha, F et al. (2005). “Phenotypic diversity in tetraploid wheats collected from Bale and Wello regions of Ethiopia”. Plant Genet Res 3(1), pp. 35–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/PGR200457.
Gaihre, S, D Gauchan, and K P Timsina (2021). “Prospect and potentiality of finger millet in Nepal: Nutritional security and trade perspective”. J Agric. Nat. Res 4(2), pp. 63–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i2.33657.
Ghimire, K H, B Bhandari, et al. (2017). “Diversity and utilization status of millets genetic resources in Nepal”. In: Proceedings of 2nd National Workshop on Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources in Nepal, 22-23 May 2017 Dhulikhel. NAGRC, FDD, DoA and MoAD, Nepal. Ed. by B K Joshi, H B Khatri-Chhetri, and A K Acharya. URL: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en%5C&as_sdt=0,5%5C&cluster=15818782615603068207.
Ghimire, K H, B K Joshi, R Dhakal, et al. (2018). “Diversity in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) landraces collected from Himalayan Mountains of Nepal”. Genet Resour Crop Evol 65, pp. 503–512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-017-0548-7.
Ghimire, K H, B K Joshi, R Gurung, et al. (2018). “Nepalese foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] genetic diversity revealed by morphological markers”. Genet Resour Crop Evol 65, pp. 1147–1157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-017-0602-5.
Goron, T L et al. (2015). “Whole plant acclimation responses by finger millet to low nitrogen stress”. Front. Plant Sci 6, pp. 652–652. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00652.
Hittalmani, S et al. (2017). “Genome and transcriptome sequence of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) provides insights into drought tolerance and nutraceutical properties”. BMC Genomics 18, pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-3850-z.
Hodgkin, T et al. (2003). “The use of ex situ conserved plant genetic resources”. Plant Genet Res 1(1), pp. 19–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/PGR200313.
IBPGR (1985). Descriptors for finger millet. Rome, Italy: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, p. 23. URL: https://hdl.handle.net/10568/72880.
Joshi, B K, D Joshi, and S K Ghimire (2020). “Genetic Diversity in Finger Millet Landraces Revealed by RAPD and SSR Markers”. Nepal J Biotechnol 8(1), pp. 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/njb.v8i1.30204.
Kassambara, A and F Mundt (2020). Factoextra: Extract and visualize the results of multivariate data analyses. R package version 1.0.7. URL: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=factoextra.
Kumar, A, H S Chawla, et al. (2019). “Morphological characterization of finger millet germplasm collected from Uttarakhanda hills for qualitative traits”. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci 8(9), pp. 2105–2109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.809.243.
Kumar, A, M Metwal, et al. (2016). “Nutraceutical value of finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn] and their improvement using omics approaches”. Front. Plant Sci 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00934.
Kumari, W M R et al. (2018). “Morphological Characterization of Local and Introduced Finger millet (Elusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) Germplasm in Sri Lanka”. Tropical Agricultural Research 29(2), pp. 167–183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4038/tar.v29i2.8287.
Liu, Q et al. (2014). “Low-copy nuclear gene and McGISH resolves polyploid history of Eleusine coracana and morphological character evolution in Eleusine”. Turk. J. Bot 38, pp. 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1305-12.
Lule, D et al. (2012). “Multivariate analysis for quantitative traits in finger millet (Eleusine coracana ssp. Coracana) population collected from eastern and southern Africa: detection for patterns of genetic diversity”. Int. J. Agric. Res 7(6), pp. 303–314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijar.2012.303.314.
Malambane, G and P Jaisil (2015). “Morphological variability for qualitative and quantitative traits in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn)”. Journal of Advances in Agriculture 5(1), pp. 527–537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v5i1.4263.
MINITAB (2010). Minitab 17 Statistical Software. State College, Pennsylvania: Minitab, Inc. URL: https://www.minitab.com
MOALD (2022). Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture 2077/78 (2020/2021). Government of Nepal, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. URL: https://moald.gov.np/publication-types/agriculture-statistics/.
Nakarani, U M et al. (2021). “Nutritional and phytochemical profiling of nutracereal finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) genotypes”. Food Chemistry 314 (Pt 2):128271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128271.
Nguyen, G N and S L Norton (2020). “Genebank Phenomics: A Strategic Approach to Enhance Value and Utilization of Crop Germplasm”. Plants 9, pp. 817–817. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070817.
O’Kennedy, M M, A Grootboom, and P R Shewry (2006). “Harnessing sorghum and millet biotechnology for food and health”. J. Cereal Sci 44(3), pp. 224–235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2006.08.001.
Parvathi, M S et al. (2019). “Transcriptome analysis of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) reveals unique drought responsive genes”. Journal of Genetics 98, pp. 46–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-019-1087-0.
Patel, S N, H E Patil, and R C Popat (2017). “Genetic diversity study in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) genotypes: A multivariate analysis approach”. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci 5(5), pp. 183–189. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.5430.
Phillips, S M (1972). “A Survey of the Genus Eleusine Gaertn. (Gramineae) in Africa”. Kew Bulletin 27(2), pp. 251–270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4109450.
R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria. URL: https://www.R-project.org/.
Reddy, V G et al. (2009). “Characterization of eastern African finger millet germplasm for qualitative and quantitative characters in ICRISAT”. Journal of SAT Agricultural Research 7(1). URL: http://oar.icrisat.org/id/eprint/2557.
Sebastien, L, J Josse, and F Husson (2008). “FactoMineR: An R package for multivariate analysis”. Journal of Statistical Software 25(1), pp. 1–18. DOI: https://doi/org/10.18637/jss.v025.i01.
Shannon, C E and W Weaver (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Chicago: The University of Illinois, pp. 3–24.
Sood, S et al. (2019). “Phenomics and genomics of finger millet: current status and future prospects”. Planta 250, pp. 731–751. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03159-6.
Upadhyaya, H D, C L L Gowda, R P S Pundir, et al. (2006). “Development of core sub set of finger millet germplasm using geographical origin and data on 14 quantitative traits”. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol 53, pp. 679–685. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-004-3228-3.
Upadhyaya, H D, C L L Gowda, and G V Reddy (2007). “Morphological diversity in finger millet germplasm introduced from southern and eastern Africa”. J. SAT Agric. Res 3(1), pp. 1–3. URL: http://oar.icrisat.org/2656/1/Morphological_diversity_in_finger.pdf.
Upadhyaya, H D, S Ramesh, et al. (2011). “Genetic diversity for grain nutrients contents in a core collection of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) germplasm”. Field Crops Research 121, pp. 42–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.11.017.
Upadhyaya, H D, N D R K Sarma, et al. (2010). “Developing a mini-core collection in finger millet using multilocation data”. Crop Sci 50, pp. 1924–1931. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.11.0689.
Vetriventhan, M et al. (2016). “Finger and foxtail millets”. In: Genetic and genomic resources for grain cereals improvement. Ed. by M Singh and H D Upadhyaya. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 291–319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802000-5.00007-1.
Vetriventhon, M et al. (2020). “Genetic and genomic resources, and breeding for accelerating improvement of small millets: current status and future interventions”. Nucleus 63, pp. 217–239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-020-00322-3.
VSN International (2015). Genstat for Windows 18th Edition. Hemel Hempstead, UK: VSN International. URL: https://www.genstat.co.uk/.
W Hilu, K and J M J De-Wet (1976). “Domestication of Eleusine coracana”. Econ. Bot 30(3), pp. 199–208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02909728.
W Hilu, K, J M J De-Wet, and J R Harlan (1979). “Archaeobotanical studies of Eleusine coracana ssp. coracana (Finger millet)”. Amer. J. Bot 66(3), pp. 330–333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2442610.
Wolie, A and K Belete (2012). “Genetic divergence and variability studies in some Ethiopian finger millet germplasm collections”. Scholarly J. Agric. Sci 3(4), pp. 110–116. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315892606.
This journal has been conceived as part of the