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Common name: Ixonanthes Family.
Number of genera 4. Number of species 21.
Angiosperm. Magnoliopsida.
Disseminule a dehisced fruit, or a seed.
Fruits
Pistil(s) compound; 1; 1-pistillate; with carpels united. Fruit pericarpium; simple; capsule; septicidal capsule, or septifragal capsule, or loculicidal capsule (not Spjut, occasionally because of spurious septate capsule); capsule not inflated; capsule without operculum; without persistent central column; without sterile carpels; apex not beaked; dehiscent. Dehiscent without replum. Epicarp durable; without armature; without wing(s); without apical respiratory hole. Endocarp present; not separating from exocarp; thin; not splitting into 1-seeded pyrenes; without operculum; without secretory cavities; without longitudinal ridges. Funiculus short; short without seed bearing hooks (retinacula); not persisting in fruit after seed shed.
Seeds
Aril present, or absent (nonwinged seeds); a true aril; well developed, or vestigal; fleshy; of funicular origin; fimbriate-laciniate (Phyllocosmus), or saccate. Seed larger than minute; 10 to less than 25 mm long; 15–16 mm long; ovate; in transection flattened; not bowl shaped; not nutlike; without winglike beak; without caudate appendage(s); at maturity with food reserves, or without food reserves, or without apparent food reserves; with endosperm; without canavanine. Sarcotesta absent. Testa present; without fleshy or leathery layer over hard layer; without crease or line separating cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle; without notch along margin where cotyledons from hypocotyl-radicle tip approach each other; without glands; without bristles; glabrous; with wing(s); 1-winged; with wing at one end; without collar; without operculum; colored; monochrome; brown (all shades); not becoming mucilaginous when wetted. Endosperm without fatty acid containing cyclopropene; without apical lobes; without chlorophyll; without isodiametric faceted surface; without odor.
Embryo differentiated from food reserve; well developed; 1 per seed; partially filling testa (with food reserve); at one end of seed not extending into a depression or cup; straight, or C-shaped (slightly); oblique to seed length, or parallel to seed length; without coleorhiza; without simmondsin; without stomata; not green; with 2 or more cotyledons. Cotyledons 2; well developed; not divaricate; 0.6 times length of embryo; somewhat to significantly wider than hypocotyl-radicle; 3 times wider than hypocotyl-radicle; equal in size; not punctate dotted.
Distribution
Pantropical. New World, Old World. Middle America, South America, Africa, southeastern Asia, Australia, Oceania.
Notes
Cronquist: Placed Allanospermum in this family, but now it is in the Simourbiaceae; therefore, Ixonanthaceae has no central axis in any of its fruits. Goldberg: Septicidal capsule. Cronquist: Septicidal (occasionally also loculicidal by spurious septae) capsule.
Weed information
No USA noxious weeds.
Listed seeds
No ASOA or ISTA listed seeds.
Accepted genera
Cyrillopsis Kuhlm. -- Ixonanthes Jack -- Ochthocosmus Benth. -- Phyllocosmus Klotzsch
References specific to this family
Cronquist page 758.
General references
Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants, 1,262 p. Columbia University Press, New York, Goldberg, A. 1986 (dicots) and 1989 (monocots). Classification, evolution, and phylogeny of the familes of Dicotyledons. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 58 for dicots (314 pp.) and 71 for monocots (74 pp.). [Goldberg's illustrations are reproduced from older publications and these should be consulted], Gunn, C.R., J.H. Wiersema, C.A. Ritchie, and J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 1992 and amendments. Families and genera of Spermatophytes recognized by the Agricultural Research Service. Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1796:1–500, Spjut, R.W. 1994. A systematic treatment of fruit types. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 70:1–182.
Illustrations
No fruit and seed illustrations. Cronquist has no illustration.
• Fruit. 1 of 3. Ixonanthes reticulata Jack: fruit. • Seed. 2 of 3. Ixonanthes reticulata Jack: seeds. • Embryo. 3 of 3. Ixonanthes reticulata Jack: embryo.
We advise against extracting comparative information from the descriptions. This is much more easily achieved using the DELTA data files or the interactive key, which allows access to the character list, illustrations, full and partial descriptions, diagnostic descriptions, differences and similarities between taxa, lists of taxa exhibiting or lacking specified attributes, and distributions of character states within any set of taxa. See also Guidelines for using data taken from Web publications.
Cite this publication as: ‘J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., C.R. Gunn, and M.J. Dallwitz. 2000 onwards. Family guide for fruits and seeds: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 12th April 2021. delta-intkey.com’.
