10.21608/TAEC.2022.142236.1039
Taeckholmia 42 (2022): 12-26
Contribution to the Flora of Egypt: Taxonomic and Nomenclature changes
Hasnaa A. Hosni and Eman M. Shamso*
The Herbarium, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza
12613 Egypt
*Corresponding author: e-mail: e.shamso@cu.edu.eg & eshamso@sci.cu.edu.eg
ORCID: 0000-0002-0068-0224
Abstract:
Updated nomenclatural treatment of the native and naturalized vascular flora of Egypt is
presented. It was compiled by referring to several information sources such as existing literature,
relevant online database, and herbaria collections. Recent molecular phylogenetics have resulted
in the identification of new families. All families, genera, and species have been updated in their
circumscription and nomenclature based on the classification of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group (APG III & APG IV). The updated nomenclature and current taxonomic status of 288 taxa
(including 34 subspecies, and 22 varieties) belonging to 169 genera and 49 families are provided.
The nomenclature changes of all taxa are on the basis of the most recent taxonomic treatments
which combined genera previously included in other families, or even in new families. Only the
specific and infraspecific taxa that are previously mentioned in the latest checklist and now
treated as synonyms are reported. Twenty-two families are changed to up-to-date names and
become synonyms of other families. Seven new family names are added to the Flora of Egypt
namely: Salveniaceae, Gisekiaceae Hypericaceae, Lophiocarpaceae, Limeaceae, Phyllanthaceae,
Linderniaceae, and Phrymaceae; in addition, Nanorrhinum is a new generic name of family
Plantaginaceae.
Key words: Flora of Egypt, Nanorrhinum, New family names, Nomenclatural changes
Introduction:
The Egyptian flora has received only limited research
coverage, notable is those of Ascherson &
Schweinfurth (1887-1889), Sickenberger (1901),
Muschler (1912), Ramis (1929), Täckholm, G.,
Täckholm, V. & Drar (1941) Täckholm & Drar (19501969) Täckholm (1956, 1974). However, the most upto-date data go back to El Hadidi & Fayed (1994/95);
Boulos
(1999-2005).
Currently,
the
most
comprehensive checklist (database) for vascular plants
in Egypt was edited by Boulos (2009), in which he
recorded 2145 species and 220 infraspecific taxa
belonging to 755 genera and 129 families of native and
naturalized vascular plants. Four cultivated onions
(Allium, Alliaceae) and 44 cultivated species of
grasses (Poaceae) are the only cultivated taxa in his
list. The increasing influence of the APG
classification system necessitates an update on taxa
recorded in most regional floras. Many changes in
circumscriptions of families and orders have occurred
in the APG systems in comparison with other
Received on 01/06/2022 and accepted on 12/07/2022
classification systems. As well as, many thousands of
new names and nomenclatural corrections added to
WFO (The World Flora online) as well as
International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Accordingly,
the need for an update nomenclature and correction of
synonyms of the Egyptian flora is greatly apparent.
This work resulted from the project ‘National
Network of Egyptian Herbaria- NNEH’ funded by The
Academy of Science and Technology. This project
aims to establish a comprehensive database of
sufficient information and data on plant samples that
are found in Egypt, based on materials kept in different
Herbaria in Egypt in electronic form. The Herbarium
of Cairo University (CAI) participated in this project.
With the aid of database, it is possible to search not
only for all records referring to the plants by their valid
taxonomic name but also for their synonyms.
The aim of this contribution is to provide an updated
list of taxonomic and nomenclatural changes of
native and naturalized vascular flora of Egypt, to serve
Hasnaa A. Hosni and Eman M. Shamso
as a taxonomical and nomenclatural basis for botanical
and biosystematics studies.
(WFO, 2022), World Checklist of Selected Plant
Families (WCSP); International Plant Names Index
(IPNI, 2022) and Tropicos (2022).
The taxonomic circumscription of the families follows
the classification proposed by APG III (2009) and
APG IV (2016) for Angiosperms (Table 2 & 3).
Author citations of plant names were standardized in
accordance with the rules of International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature (Turland et al., 2018).
Materials and Methods
1- Data collection:
To compile the present list, multiple information
sources were examined and combined. Overall, a list
of 288 taxa belonging to 169 genera and 49 families
was obtained, all recorded taxa were organized by
family rank. These families are listed alphabetically,
as are the genera, species and subspecies within each
family. We report only the specific and infraspecific
taxa that are previously reported in Boulos (2009) and
are now treated as synonyms (Table 1).
Results and Discussion
Starting from the Flora of Egypt checklist, “Revised
Annotated Edition” by Boulos (2009), the
nomenclature of different ranks of taxa (family,
genera, species and infraspecific taxa) was updated
and critically checked according to more recent
studies; in addition, numerous protologues and
taxonomic databases were consulted.
The recorded list of the Egyptian vascular plants
includes 288 taxa (with 34 subspecies, and 22
varieties) belonging to 169 genera and 49 families.
These taxa are presented along with their updated
nomenclature, and family names. (Table 1).
2- Taxonomic validation:
The obtained list was subjected to a taxonomic
validation process. Taxonomic rank and plant names
were verified and validated with international
reference databases: Plants of the World Online
(POWO, 2022), African Plant Database (APD, 2021),
The Plant List (TPL, 2022); The World Flora Online
Table 1: List of taxa (after Boulos 2009) that have been updated to new accepted names. (Families are listed in
alphabetical order in order to easily find the up-to-date names)
Family
Acanthaceae
Aizoaceae
Alismataceae
Amaranthaceae
(incl. Chenopodiaceae)
Taxa (after Boulos 2009)
Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.)
Brummitt
Mesembryanthemum forskahlii Hochst.
ex Boiss.
Caldesia reniformis (D.Don) Makino
accepted up-to-date name
Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.)
I.Darbysh.
Mesembryanthemum cryptanthum
Hook.f.
Caldesia parnassifolia (Bassi) Parl.
Amaranthus lividus L.
Amaranthus blitum L. subsp. oleraceus
(L.) Costea
Arthrocaulon macrostachyum (Moric.)
Piirainen & G. Kadereit
Atriplex turcomanica (Moq.) Boiss.
Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.)
K. Koch
Atriplex leucoclada Boiss. subsp.
turcomanica (Moq.) Zohary
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.
Salsola cyclophylla Baker
Salsola imbricata Forssk. subsp.
gaetula (Maire) Boulos
Salsola imbricata Forssk. subsp.
imbricata
Salsola inermis Forssk.
Salsola spinescens Moq.
Salsola tetragona Delile
Salsola tetrandra Forssk.
13
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin
& Clemants
Caroxylon cyclophyllum (Baker) Akhani
& Roalson
Caroxylon gaetulum (Maire) Akhani &
Roalson
Caroxylon imbricatum (Forssk.) Moq.
var. imbricatum
Caroxylon inerme (Forssk.) Akhani &
Roalson
Caroxylon spinescens (Moq.) Akhani &
Roalson
Caroxylon tetragonum (Delile) Moq.
Caroxylon tetrandrum (Forssk.) Akhani
& Roalson
Contribution to the Flora of Egypt
Salsola villosa Schult.
Salsola vermiculata L.
Amaryllidaceae
(incl. Alliaceae)
Salsola volkensii Schweinf. &
Asch.
Sarcocornia fruticosa (L.) A.J. Scott
Sarcocornia perennis (Mill.) A.J. Scott
Allium kurrat Schweinf. ex K. Krause
Allium porrum L.
Anacardiaceae
Apiaceae
(Umbelliferae)
Allium ampeloprasum L. subsp. porrum
(L.) Hayek
Allium decaisnei C. Presl
Allium stamineum Boiss. subsp.
decaisnei (C. Presl) Kollmann
Rhus tripartita (Ucria) Grande
Searsia tripartita (Ucria) Moffett
Rhus flexicaulis Baker
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam.
Searsia flexicaulis (Baker) Moffett
Visnaga daucoides Gaertn.
Apium crassipes (W.D.J.Koch ex Rchb.)
Rchb.f.
Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) F. Muell.
Heliosciadium crassipes
W.D.J. Koch ex Rchb.
Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.)
Sprague ex Britton & P. Wilson
Helosciadium nodiflorum (L.) W.D.J.
Koch
Astomaea seselifolia (DC.) Rauschert
Stoibrax dichotomum (L.) Raf.
Bupleurum exaltatum M.Bieb.
Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag.
Apocynaceae
(incl. Asclepiadaceae)
Astoma seselifolium DC.
Brachyapium dichotomum (L.) Maire
Bupleurum falcatum L. subsp. exaltatum
var. linearifolium (DC.) H. Wolff
Daucus littoralis Sm.
Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum
(Ucria) Cout.
Malabaila suaveolens Delile ex Coss.
Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Grande
Caralluma acutangula (Decne.) N.E.Br.
Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth. ex
Hook.f.
Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br.
Caralluma sinaica (Decne.) A. Berger
Glossonema boveanum (Decne.) Decne.
subsp. boveanum
Glossonema boveanum Decne. subsp.
nubicum (Decne.) Bullock
Pleurostelma schimperi (Vatke) Liede
Solenostemma argel (Delile) Hayne
Asparagaceae
(incl. Dracaenaceae)
Caroxylon villosum (Schult.) Akhani &
Roalson
Caroxylon vermiculatum (L.) Akhani &
Roalson
Caroxylon volkensii (Schweinf. &
Asch.) Akhani & Roalson
Salicornia fruticosa (L.) L.
Salicornia perennis Mill.
Allium ampeloprasum L.
Asparagus stipularis Forssk.
Leopoldia bicolor (Boiss.) Eig
& Feinbrun
Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl.
Daucus glaber (Forssk.) Thell.
Foeniculum piperitum (Ucria) C.Presl
Leiotulus alexandrinus Ehrenb.
Daucus pumilus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link
Desmidorchis retrospiciens
Ehrenb.
Caudanthera edulis (Edgew.) Meve &
Liede
Apteranthes europaea (Guss.)
Murb.
Caudanthera sinaica (Decne.) Plowes
Cynanchum boveanum Decne.
subsp. boveanum
Cynanchum boveanum Decne. subsp.
nubicum (Decne.) Khanum & Liede
Vincetoxicum schimperi (Vatke) Meve &
Liede
Solenostemma oleifolium (Nectoux)
Bullock & E.A. Bruce ex Maire
Asparagus horridus L.
Muscari bicolor Boiss.
Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.
14
Hasnaa A. Hosni and Eman M. Shamso
Leopoldia eburnea Eig & Feinbrun
Muscari eburneum (Eig & Feinbrun)
D.C.Stuart
Muscari longipes (Boiss.) Losinsk.
subsp. negevensis (Feinbrun & Danin)
Hosni
Prospero hanburyi (Baker) Speta
Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn
Drimia purpurascens J.Jacq.
Achillea arabica Kotschy
Leopoldia longipes (Boiss.)Lonisk.
subsp. negevensis Feinbrun &Danin
Asteraceae
(Compositae)
Scilla hanburyi Baker
Urginea maritima (L.) Baker
Urginea undulata (Desf.) Steinh.
Achillea biebersteinii Afanasiev
Achillea santolina L.
Anthemis cotula Blanco
Asteriscus hierochunticus
(Michon) Wiklund
Asteriscus spinosus (L.) Sch.Bip.
Carduncellus eriocephalus Boiss.
Achillea tenuifolia Lam.
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
Pallenis hierochuntica (Michon) Greuter
Carduncellus mareoticus (Delile) Hanelt
Carduus pycnocephalus L. subsp.
arabicus (Jacq. ex Murray)
Nyman
Centaurea pumilio L.
Chamaemelum mixtum (L.) All.
Cnicus benedictus L.
Conyza aegyptiaca (L.) Dryand.
Conyza albida Willd. ex Spreng.
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist
Conyza stricta Willd.
Cotula cinerea Delile
Doellia bovei (DC.) Anderb.
Echinops spinosus L.
Garhadiolus angulosus Jaub. & Spach
Helichrysum conglobatum Steud.
Homognaphalium crispatulum
(Delile) Kirp.
Homognaphalium pulvinatum
(Delile) Fayed & Zareh
Ifloga labillardierei (Pamp.) Fayed &
Zareh subsp. labillarrdierei
Ifloga labillardierei (Pamp.) Fayed &
Zareh subsp. hadidii Fayed & Zareh
Leontodon hispidulus (Delile)
Boiss.
Leontodon laciniatus (Bertol.) Widder
ex Bornm.
Leontodon simplex (Viv.) Widder
Matricaria recutita L.
Nauplius aquaticus (L.) Cass.
Nauplius graveolens (Forssk.) Wiklund
Otanthus maritimus (L.) Hoffmanns. &
Link
15
Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass.
Carthamus eriocephalus (Boiss.)
Greuter
Carthamus mareoticus Delile
Carduus arabicus Jacq. ex Murray
subsp. cinereus (M.Bieb.) Kazmi
Crocodilium pumilio (L.) N. Garcia &
Susanna
Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall.
Centaurea benedicta (L.) L.
Nidorella aegyptiaca (L.) J.C. Manning
& Goldblatt
Erigeron sumatrensis Retz.
Erigeron canadensis L.
Eschenbachia stricta (Willd.) Raizada
Brocchia cinerea (Delile) Vis.
Blumea bovei (DC.) Vatke
Echinops spinosissimus Freyn. subsp.
spinosissimus
Garhadiolus hedypnois Jaub. & Spach
Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench
subsp. barrelieri (Ten.) Nyman
Gnomophalium pulvinatum
(Delile) Greuter
Gnomophalium pulvinatum
(Delile) Greuter
Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch.Bip.
subsp. labillardierei (Pamp.) Chrtek
Ifloga spicata (Forssk.) Sch.Bip.
subsp. hadidii (Fayed & Zareh) Greuter
Scorzoneroides hispidula (Delile)
Greuter & Talavera
Scorzoneroides laciniata (Bertol.)
Greuter
Scorzoneroides simplex (Viv.) Greuter &
Talavera
Matricaria chamomilla L.
Asteriscus aquaticus (L.) Less.
Asteriscus graveolens (Forssk.) Less.
Achillea maritima (L.) Ehrend. & Y.P.
Guo
Contribution to the Flora of Egypt
Picris altissima Delile
Pulicaria inuloides (Poir.) DC.
Scorzonera mollis M. Bieb. var.
longifolia Boiss.
Scorzonera undulata Vahl
Seriphidium herba-alba (Asso) Soják
Sonchus bulbosus (L.) N. Kilian &
Greuter
Symphyotrichum squamatum
(Spreng.) G.L. Nesom
Tragopogon sinuatus Avé-Lall.
Vernonia cinerascens Sch.Bip.
Boraginaceae
Alkanna lehmannii (Tineo) A.DC.
Anchusa hispida Forssk.
Anchusa humilis (Desf.) I.M. Johnst.
Anchusa undulate L. subsp. hybrida
(Tén.) Beg.
Echium sabulicolum Pomel.
var. tenue (Roth) Hadidy
Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk.
var. erosum (Lehm.) Hadidy
Heliotropium ovalifolium Forssk.
Brassicaceae
(Cruciferae)
Picris rhagadioloides (L.) Desf.
Pulicaria arabica (L.) Cass.
Pseudopodospermum molle
(M. Bieb.) Kuth.subsp. molle
Pseudopodospermum undulatum
(Vahl) Zaika, Sukhor. & N. Kilian
Artemisia herba-alba Asso
Aetheorhiza bulbosa (L.) Cass.
Symphyotrichum subulatum var.
squamatum (Spreng.) S.D. Sundb.
Tragopogon porrifolius Pall. ex M.
Bieb. subsp. porrifolius
Orbivestus cinerascens (Sch.Bip.) H.
Rob.
Alkanna tinctoria Tausch
subsp. tinctoria
Gastrocotyle hispida (Forssk.) Bunge
Echium humile Desf.
Anchusa hybrida Ten.
Echium tenue Roth
Heliotropium crispum Desf.
Euploca ovalifolia (Forssk.) Diane &
Hilger
Heliotropium strigosum Willd.
Euploca strigosa (Willd.) Diane &
var. brevifolium (Wall.) C.B. Clarke
Hilger
Lappula sinaica (A.DC.) Asch.
Pseudolappula sinaica (A.DC.)
& Schweinf.
Khoshsokhan, Sherafati & Kaz. Osaloo
Nonea ventricosa (Sm.) Griseb.
Nonea echioides (L.) Roem. & Schult.
Paracaryum bungei (Boiss.) Brand
Microparacaryum bungei (Boiss.) Khat.
Paracaryum intermedium
Microparacaryum intermedium (Fresen.)
(Fresen.) Lipsky
Hilger & Podlech
Alyssum homalocarpum (Fisch.
Cuprella homalocarpa (Fisch. & C.A.
& C.A. Mey.) Boiss.
Mey.) Salmerón-Sánchez, Mota &
Fuertes
Alyssum szovitsianum Fisch. & C.A.
Alyssum marginatum Steud. Ex Boiss.
Mey.
Arabidopsis kneuckeri (Bornm.) O.E.
Crucihimalaya kneuckeri
(Bornm.) Al-Shehbaz, O’Kane & R.A.
Schulz
Price
Arabidopsis pumila (Stephan ex Willd.) N. Olimarabidopsis pumila (Stephan ex
Willd.) Al-Shehbaz, O'Kane & R.A.
Busch
Price
Arabis nova Vill. var. sinaica (Boiss.)
Arabis recta Vill.
Täckh.
Biscutella didyma L. var. depressa
Biscutella didyma L.var. ciliata
(Willd.) El Naggar
(DC.) Vis.
Brassica tournefortii Gouan
Coincya tournefortii (Gouan) Alcaraz,
T.E.Díaz, Rivas Mart. & SánchezGómez
Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.
Lepidium didymium L.
Coronopus niloticus (Delile) Spreng.
Lepidium niloticum (Delile) Sieber ex
Steud.
16
Hasnaa A. Hosni and Eman M. Shamso
Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch.
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC.
subsp. simplex (Viv.) Jafri
Eruca sativa Mill.
Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Nutt.
Malcolmia africana (L.) R.Br.
Malcolmia crenulata (DC.) Boiss.
Malcolmia nana (DC.) Boiss.
Rorippa integrifolia Boulos
Sinapis allionii Jacq.
Capparaceae
Caprifoliaceae
(incl. DipsacaceaeValerianaceae)
Sisymbrium runcinatum Lag. ex
DC.
Boscia senegalensis Poir.
Pterocephalus plumosus (L.) Coult.
Scabiosa aucheri Boiss.
Scabiosa olivieri Coult.
Scabiosa palaestina L.
Scabiosa prolifera L.
Caryophyllaceae
Valerianella discoidea (L.) Loisel.
Valerianella szovitsiana Fisch. & C.A.
Mey.
Ankyropetalum gypsophiloides Fenzl.
var. coelesyriacum (Boiss.) Barkoudah
& Hausskn.
Arenaria serpyllifolia L.
Minuartia mediterranea
Ledeb.
Minuartia picta (Sm.) Bornm.
var. picta
Minuartia picta (Sm.) Bornm.
var. sinaica (Boiss.) Bornm.
Sclerocephalus arabicus Boiss.
Celastraceae
Cistaceae
Cleomaceae
Colchicaceae
Spergula fallax (Lowe) E.H.L.
Krause
Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell
Helianthemum sphaerocalyx
Gauba & Janch.
Helianthemum vesicarium Boiss. var.
ciliatum (Desf.) Zohary
Dipterygium glaucum Decne.
Lepidium coronopus (L.) Al-Shehbaz
Diplotaxis simplex (Viv.) Spreng.
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.
Hornungia procumbens (L.) Hayek
Strigosella africana (L.) Botsch.
Zuvanda crenulata (DC.) Askerova
Maresia nana (DC.) Batt.
Nasturtiopsis integrifolia (Boulos)
Abdel Khalik & F.T. Bakker
Sinapis arvensis L. subsp. allionii
(Jacq.) Baillarg.
Dichasianthus runcinatus (Lag. Ex DC.)
V.I. Dorof.
Boscia integrifolia J.St.-Hil.
Pterocephalus plumosus (L.) F. Dietr.
Lomelosia aucheri (Boiss.) Greuter &
Burdet
Lomelosia olivieri (Coult.) Greuter &
Burdet
Lomelosia palaestina (L.) Raf.
Lomelosia prolifera (L.) Greuter &
Burdet
Valeriana discoidea (L.) Willd.
Valeriana szovitsiana (Fisch. & C.A.
Mey.) Christenh. & Byng
Gypsophila coelesyriaca (Boiss. &
Hausskn.) F.N. Williams
Arenaria serpyllifolia L.
subsp. leptoclados (Rchb.) Nyman
Sabulina mediterranea (Ledeb. ex Link)
Rchb.
Eremogone picta (Sm.) Dillenb. &
Kadereit
Eremogone sinaica (Boiss.) Dillenb. &
Kadereit
Gymnocarpos sclerocephalus (Decne.)
Dahlgren & Thulin
Spergularia flaccida (Madden) I.M.
Turner
Gymnosporia senegalensis
(Lam.) Loes.
Helianthemum crassifolium Pers.
subsp. sphaerocalyx (Gauba & Janch.)
Maire
Helianthemum virgatum (Desf.) Pers.
subsp. ciliatum (Desf.) Murb.
Cleome pallida Kotschy
Colchicum schimperi Janka ex Stef.
Colchicum cornigerum
(Schweinf.) Täckh. & Drar
17
Contribution to the Flora of Egypt
Colchicum palaestinum (Baker) Boulos
Commelinaceae
Cyanotis barbata D.Don
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea sinensis (Desr.) Choisy
subsp. blepharosepala (Hochst. ex A.
Rich.) A. Meeuse
Ipomoea stolonifera J.F.Gmel.
Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb.
Merremia dissecta (Jaq.) Hallier.f.
Cymodoceaceae
Cyperaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
(Leguminosae)
Merremia semisagitta (Griseb. ex Peter)
Dandy
Cymodocea rotundata Asch.
Colchicum palaestinum (Baker) C.
Archer
Cyanotis vaga (Lour.) Schult. &
Schult.f.
Ipomoea biflora (L.) Pers.
Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb.
Distimake aegyptius (L.) A.R. Simões &
Staples
Distimake dissectus (Jacq.) A.R. Simões
& Staples
Distimake semisagittus (Griseb. ex
Peter) A.R. Simões & Staples
Cymodocea rotundata Asch. &Schweinf.
Cymodocea serrulata (R.Br.) Asch. &
Magnus
Cyperus alternifolius Steud.
Cyperus rotundus L. var. fenzelianus
(Steud.) Habashy
Oceana serrulata (R.Br.) Byng &
Christenh.
Cyperus alterniflorus R.Br.
Cyperus longus L. subsp. longus
Fimbristylis sieberiana Kunth
Pycreus flavescens (L.)
P. Beauv. ex Rchb.
Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T. Koyama
Pycreus mundii Nees
Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.)
P. Beauv.
Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla
subsp. thermalis (Trab.)
S.S. Hoope
Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla
Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl
Cyperus flavescens L.
Schoenoplectus praelongatus
(Poir.) J. Raynal
Schoenoplectus supinus (L.) Palla
Euphorbia consobrina N.E.Br.
Acacia asak (Forssk.) Willd.
Acacia etbaica Schweinf.
Acacia laeta R.Br. ex Benth.
Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth.
Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile
subsp. nilotica
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile subsp.
tomentosa (Benth.) Brenan
Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf. var.
oerfota
Acacia pachyceras O. Schwartz.
var. najdensis (Chaudhary) Boulos
18
Cyperus flavidus Retz.
Cyperus mundii (Nees) Kunth
Cyperus polystachyos Rottb.
Schoenoplectus subulatus (Vahl) Lye
Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J.
Jung & H.K. Choi
Schoenoplectiella praelongata
(Poir.) Lye
Schoenoplectiella supina (L.) Lye
Euphorbia nubica N.E.Br.
Senegalia asak (Forssk.) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Vachellia etbaica (Schweinf.) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Senegalia laeta (R.Br. ex Benth.) Seigler
& Ebinger
Senegalia mellifera (Benth.) Seigler &
Ebinger
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter &
Mabb.
Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter &
Mabb. subsp. tomentosa
(Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr.
Vachellia oerfota (Forssk.) Kyal. &
Boatwr.
Vachellia gerrardii (Benth.) P.J.H.
Hurter var. najdensis
Hasnaa A. Hosni and Eman M. Shamso
Acacia seyal Delile
Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne subsp.
raddiana (Savi) Brenan
Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne subsp.
tortilis
Anthyllis tetraphylla L.
Astragalus corrugatus Bertol.
Astragalus hauarensis Boiss.
Astragalus hispidulus DC.
subsp. Kralikii (Coss.ex Batt.) Täckh. &
Boulos
Hedysarum spinosissimum L.
Hymenocarpos circinnatus (L.) Savi
Indigofera trita L.f.var. nubica
(J.B. Gillet) L. Boulos & Shrire
Lotononis platycarpa (Viv.) Pic.Serm.
Gentianaceae
Geraniaceae
Lamiaceae
(Labiatae)
Melilotus messanensis (L.) All.
Pisum fulvum Sm.
Securigera securidaca (L.) Degen &
Dörfl.
Tephrosia quartiniana Cufod. ex
Greuter & Burdet
Trigonella hamosa L.
Vicia narbonensis L. var.
serratifolia (Jacq.) Ser.
Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fritsch
Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) Willd.
subsp. pulverulentum (Cav.) Batt.
Ballota damascena Boiss.
Ballota pseudodictamnus (L.) Benth.
Ballota undulata (Sieber ex Fresen.)
Benth.
Clerodendrum acerbianum (Vis.) Benth.
& Hook.f.
Eremostachys laciniata (L.) Bunge
Lamium amplexicaule L.
Malvaceae s.l.
(incl. Tiliaceae;
Sterculiaceae)
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.
Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. &
Link
Abutilon figarianum Webb
Althaea ludwigii L.
(Chaudhary) Ragup., Seigler, Ebinger &
Maslin
Vachellia seyal (Delile) P.J.H. Hurter
Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) Galasso &
Banfi subsp. raddiana
(Savi) Kyal. & Boatwr.
Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.) Galasso &
Banfi
Tripodion tetraphyllum (L.) Fourr.
Astragalus crenatus Schult.
Astragalus arpilobus Kar. & Kir.
subsp. hauarensis (Boiss.) Podlech
Astragalus kralikii Coss. ex Batt.
Sulla spinosissima (L.) B.H. Choi & H.
Ohashi
Anthyllis circinnata (L.) D.D. Sokoloff
Indigofera subulata Vahl ex Boiss.
var. subulata
Leobordea platycarpa (Viv.) B.-E.van
Wyk & Boatwr.
Melilotus siculus (Turra) Steud.
Lathyrus fulvus (Sm.) Kosterin
Coronilla securidaca L.
Tephrosia uniflora Pers. subsp. uniflora
Trigonella glabra Thunb. subsp. glabra
Vicia serratifolia Jacq.
Schenkia spicata (L.) G. Mans.
Erodium pulverulentum (Cav.) Willd.
Pseudodictamnus damascenus (Boiss.)
Salmaki & Siadati
Pseudodictamnus mediterraneus
Salmaki & Siadati
Pseudodictamnus undulatus
(Benth.) Salmaki & Siadati
Volkameria acerbiana Vis.
Phlomoides laciniata (L.) Kamelin &
Makhm.
Lamium amplexicaule L. subsp.
amplexicaule
Mentha longifolia (L.) L.
Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav.
Abutilon pannosum (G. Forst.) Schltdl.
var. figarianum (Webb) Verdc.
Malva ludwigii (L.) Soldano, Banfi &
Galasso
Malva multiflora (Cav.) Soldano, Banfi
& Galasso
Lavatera cretica L.
19
Contribution to the Flora of Egypt
Moraceae
Nyctaginaceae
Nymphaeaceae
Orobanchaceae
Onagraceae
Papaveraceae
Plantaginaceae
(incl. Globulariaceae)
Pavonia hirsuta Guill. & Perr.
Ficus cordata Thunb. subsp. salicifolia
(Vahl)C.C. Berg
Boerhavia coccinea Mill.var.
viscosa (Lag. & Rodr.) Moscoso
Boerhavia repens L. var. diandra (L.)
Maire & Weiller
Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f.
Orobanche minor Sm. var. grisebachii
(Reut.) Hadidy
Orobanche minor Sm. var.
pubescens (d'Urv.) Meikle
Orobanche ramose L. var.
schweinfurthii (Beck) Hadidy
Ludwigia stolonifera (Guill. & Perr.)
P.H. Raven
Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. subsp.
dodecandra (Forssk.) Maire
Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen.
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Penell
Kickxia acerbiana (Boiss.) Täckh. &
Boulos
Kickxia gracilis D.A.Sutton
Kickxia hastata (R.Br. ex Benth.) Dandy
Kickxia heterophylla (Schousb.) Dandy
Kickxia macilenta (Decne.) Danin
Kickxia scoparia (Brouss. ex Spreng.)
G. Kunkel & Sunding
Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. subsp.
crinita (Mabille) O. Bolòs & Vigo
Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit.
Plantago commutata Guss.
Plantago macrorhiza Poir.
Plumbaginaceae
Poaceae
(Gramineae)
Limonium meyeri (Boiss.) Kuntze
Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. subsp.
bonduellei (Lestib.) Sauvage & Vindt
Limonium tubiflorum (Delile)
Kuntze var. zanonii (Pamp.) Maire
Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link
Boissiera squarrosa (Banks & Sol.)
Nevski
Brachiaria deflexa (Schumach.) C.E.
Hubb. ex Robyns
Brachiaria eruciformis (Sm.) Griseb.
Brachiaria leersioides (Hochst.) Stapf
20
Pavonia senegalensis (Cav.) Leistner
Ficus salicifolia Vahl
Boerhavia coccinea Mill.
Boerhavia diandra L.
Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. var.
caerulea (Savigny)Verd.
Orobanche grisebachii Reut.
Orobanche pubescens d'Urv.
Orobanche schweinfurthii Beck
Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara
subsp. diffusa (Forssk.) P.H. Raven
Papaver dodecandrum (Forssk.) Medik.
Anarrhinum forskaohlii (J.F. Gmel.)
cufod. subsp. pubescens D.A. Sutton
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.
Nanorrhinum acerbianum
(Boiss.) Betsche
Nanorrhinum heterophyllum
(Schousb.) Ghebr.
Nanorrhinum hastatum (R.Br. ex
Benth.) Ghebr.
Nanorrhinum heterophyllum
(Schousb.) Ghebr.
Nanorrhinum macilentum
(Decne.) Betsche
Nanorrhinum scoparium (Brouss. ex
Spreng.) Yousefi & Zarre
Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. subsp.
sieberi (Rchb.) Hayek
Plantago indica L.
Plantago weldenii Rchb. subsp. weldenii
Plantago coronopus L. subsp.
macrorhiza (Poir.) Arcang.
Limonium scoparium (Pall. ex Willd.)
Stankov
Limonium bonduellei (T. Lestib.) Kuntze
Limonium zanonii (Pamp.) Domina
Calamagrostis arenaria (L.) Roth
Bromus pumilio (Trin.) P.M.Sm.
Urochloa deflexa (Schumach.) H.
Scholz
Moorochloa eruciformis (Sm.)
Veldkamp
Urochloa leersioides (Hochst.) A.M.
Torres & C.M. Morton
Hasnaa A. Hosni and Eman M. Shamso
Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf
Brachiaria reptans (L.) C.A. Gardner &
C.E. Hubb.
Bromus diandrus (Roth) subsp.
rigidus (Roth) O. Bolòs, Masalles & Vigo
Crypsis aculeata (L.) Aiton
Crypsis alopecuroides (Piller &
Mitterp.) Schrad.
Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam.
Crypsis vaginiflora (Forssk.) Opiz
Elymus elongatus (Host) Runemark
Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runemark ex
Melderis
Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn.
Eremopoa altaica (Trin.) Roshev.
Eremopoa persica (Trin.) Roshev
Festuca arundinacea Schreb.
Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth
Ochthochloa compressa (Forssk.) Hilu
Oryzopsis holciformis (M. Bieb.) Hack.
Oryzopsis miliacea (L.) Asch. &
Schweinf.
Panicum maximum Jacq.
Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf
Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex
Chiov.
Pennisetum divisum (J.F.Gmel.) Henrard
Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.
Pennisetum orientale Rich.
Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov.
Pennisetum sieberianum (Schltdl.) Stapf
& C.E. Hubb.
Pennisetum villosum Fresen.
Pennisetum violaceum (Lam.) Rich.
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex
Steud. subsp. altissimus
(Benth.) Clayton
Stipa capensis Thunb.
Stipa parviflora Desf.
Triticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl.
Triticum durum Desf.
Triticum pyramidale Delile ex Schult.
21
Urochloa ramosa (L.) T.Q. Nguyen
Urochloa reptans (L.) Stapf
Bromus rigidus Roth
Sporobolus aculeatus (L.) P.M. Peterson
Sporobolus alopecuroides (Piller &
Mitterp.) P.M. Peterson
Sporobolus schoenoides (L.) P.M.
Peterson
Sporobolus niliacus (Fig. & De Not.)
P.M. Peterson
Thinopyrum elongatum (Host) D.R.
Dewey
Thinopyrum junceum (L.) Á. Löve
Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin.
Poa diaphora Trin.var. diaphora
Poa persica Trin.
Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.)
Darbysh.
Diplachne fusca (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Chloris flagellifera (Nees) P.M.
Peterson
Piptatherum holciforme
(M. Bieb.) Roem. & Schult.
Oloptum miliaceum (L.) Röser &
Hamasha
Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K.
Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs
Setaria geminata (Forssk.) Veldkamp
Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex
Chiov.) Morrone
Cenchrus divisus (J.F.Gmel.) Verloove,
Govaerts & Buttler
Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone
Cenchrus orientalis (Rich.) Morrone
Cenchrus setaceus (Forssk.) Morrone
Cenchrus sieberianus (Schltdl.)
Verloove
Cenchrus longisetus M.C.Johnst.
Cenchrus violaceus (Lam.) Morrone
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex
Steud. subsp. isiacus (Arcang.) ined.
Stipellula capensis (Thunb.) Röser &
Hamasha
Achnatherum parviflorum (Desf.)
M.Nobis
Triticum turgidum L. subsp.
dicoccum (Schrank ex Schübl.) Thell.
Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum
(Desf.) Husn.
Triticum turgidum L.
subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.
Contribution to the Flora of Egypt
Vulpia brevis Boiss. & Kotschy
Polygonaceae
Pontederiaceae
Potamogetonaceae
Primulaceae
Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray
Vulpia fasciculata (Forssk.) Fritsch
Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.
Vulpia pectinella (Delile) Boiss.
Calligonum polygonoides L. subsp.
comosum (L'Her.) Soskov.
Emex spinosa (L.) Campd.
Persicaria salicifolia (Brouss. ex Willd.)
Assenov
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms
Potamogeton pectinatus L.
Anagallis arvensis L. var. caerulea (L.)
Gouan
Anagallis arvensis L. subsp. foemina
(Mill.) Schinz & Thell.
Anagallis pumila Sw.
Ranunculaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rosaceae
Asterolinon linum-stellatum (L.) Duby
Ranunculus peltatus Shrank
subsp. fucoides (Freyn) Muñoz Garm.
Ranunculus peltatus Shrank subsp.
sphaerospermum (Boiss.
& C.I. Blanche) Meikle
Rhamnus lycioides L. subsp.
oleoides (L.) Jahand. & Maire
Rubus sanctus Schreb.
Sanguisorba minor Scop.
subsp. verrucosa (Link ex G. Don)
Holmboe
Pterogaillonia calycoptera
(Decne.) Linchevskii
Valantia lanata Delile ex Coss.
Festuca brevis (Boiss. & Kotschy)
Asch., Schweinf. & Muschl.
Festuca bromoides L.
Festuca fasciculata Forssk.
Festuca myuros L.
Festuca pectinella Delile
Calligonum comosum L.'Her.
Rumex spinosus L.
Persicaria decipiens (R.Br.)
K.L. Wilson
Pontederia crassipes Mart.
Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Börner
Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U. Manns &
Anderb. var.
caerulea (L.) Turland & Bergmeier
Lysimachia foemina (Mill.) U. Manns &
Anderb.
Lysimachia ovalis (Ruiz & Pav.) U.
Manns & Anderb.
Lysimachia linum-stellatum L.
Ranunculus saniculifolius Viv.
Ranunculus sphaerospermus
Boiss. & C.I. Blanche
Rhamnus oleoides L.
Rubus creticus Tourn. ex L.
Sanguisorba verrucosa (Link ex G.
Don) Ces.
Salviniaceae
Azolla microphylla Kaulf.
Scrophulariaceae
Anticharis linearis Hochst. ex Asch.
Plocama calycoptera (Decne.) M.
Backlund & Thulin
Valantia columella (Ehrenb. ex Boiss.)
Bald.
Azolla filiculoides Lam. subsp. cristata
(Kaulf.) Fraser-Jenk.
Anticharis senegalensis (Walp.)Bhandari
Solanaceae
Solanum sinaicum Boiss.
Solanum villosum Mill.
Rubiaceae
After current nomenclatural treatment and molecular
systematic studies (APG III & IV systems), several
families are treated in a wide sense as Amaryllidaceae
(incl. Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae); Asparagaceae (incl.
Agavaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Ruscaceae); Malvaceae
(incl. Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae);
Amaranthaceae (incl. Chenopodiaceae); Apocynaceae
(incl. Asclepiadaceae); Convolvulaceae (incl.
Cuscutaceae); Solanaceae (incl. Nolanaceae).
Moreover, many genera have been transferred to other
families and also several families enlarged to
accommodate genera transferred from other families.
(Table 2, 3)
Recent Molecular studies resulted in a new
classification of Scrophulariaceae, in which many
genera have been transferred to other families
22
Hasnaa A. Hosni and Eman M. Shamso
notably Plantaginaceae (Bacopa Aubl. , Limosella L.,
Veronica L., Anarrhinum Desf., Misopates Raf.,
Kickxia Dumort., Nanorrhinum Betsche, and Linaria
Mill.); or to Orobanchaceae (Striga Lour,
Parentucellia Viv., Lindenbergia Lehm). Or even to
new families: Phrymaceae (Peplidium Delile) and
Linderniaceae (Lindernia All.) (Chase et al. 2009). On
the other hand, the genus Kickxia s.l., as a result of the
phylogenetic study, have been split into Kickxia s.s.
and Nanorrhinum Betsche. (Ghebrehiwet, 2001)
According
to
APG
II
(2003),
Euphorbiaceae s.l. are divided into three families:
Picrodendraceae, Phyllanthaceae include (Andrachne
L., Flueggea Willd., Phyllanthus L.) whereas
Euphorbiaceae s.s. include (Euphorbia L., Ricinus L.,
Mercurialis L. and Chrozophora Neck ex A. Juss.)
Zygophyllaceae includes genera formerly placed
in Tribulaceae, and Balanitaceae. While Peganaceae
and Tetradiclidaceae are included within Nitrariaceae
(Schipunov 2021).
The former family
Asclepiadaceae is now treated as subfamily
Asclepiadoideae among the five subfamilies of
Apocynaceae. On the other hand, APG III (2009)
defined Caprifoliaceae broadly so as to include
Diervillaceae, Dipsacaceae, Linnaeaceae and
Valerianaceae, as subfamilies: Diervilloideae,
Dipsacoideae, Linnaeoideae, and Valerianoideae
respectively.
Amaranthaceae s.l. is one of the largest families,
now includes the genera of the former family
Chenopodiaceae under subfamily Chenopodoideae.
The genera of the family Cleomaceae and
Capparaceae
have long been considered closely
related to and have often been included in
the Brassicaceae; recent molecular studies support
Capparaceae s.s . as
a
separate
family.
However, Cleome and several related genera are more
closely related to members of the Brassicaceae than to
Capparaceae. These genera are now either placed in
the Brassicaceae or segregated into distinct
family Cleomaceae (APG III, 2009 and Reveal, 2012).
Hypericaceae was accepted as a subfamily of the
family Guttiferae (Clusiaceae) by many authors. Now
it has been raised to family level with nine genera
including the genus Hypericum Tourn. ex L. (Reveal,
2012; Stevens 2001–onward 2017; APG II 2003; APG
III 2009).
Phylogenetic studies based on morphological and
molecular data expanded family Malvaceae s.l. to
include nine subfamilies: Malvoideae, Bombacoideae
Burnett, Brownlowioideae Burnett, Byttnerioideae
Burnett, Grewioideae Dippel, Helicteroideae Meisn.,
Dombeyoideae Burnett, Sterculioideae Beilschm., and
Tilioideae Arn (Stevens 2001 onward 2017, Shipunov,
2021). On the other hand, Reveal (2012) treated these
subfamilies as distinct families: Byttneriaceae,
Sparmanniaceae, Tiliaceae s.s., Sterculiaceae s.s.,
Dombeyaceae, Berryaceae, Helicteraceae, Malvaceae
s.s. and Bombacaceae respectively. (Shamso and
Khattab, 2016)
Recent molecular studies combined genera
previously included
in Dracaenaceae,
and
Hyacinthaceae within Asparagaceae s.l., while
Amaryllidaceae includes genera placed within the
family Alliaceae (Reveal & Chase, 2011).
The genus Limeum L. has traditionally been
recognized as belonging to the family Molluginaceae.
However, the placement of the genus in the family
Limeaceae is well supported by molecular data. On the
other hand, the genus Gisekia that has at various times
been placed in the Aizoaceae, Phytolaccaceae and
Molluginaceae. However, the position of the genus in
a separate family has been supported by recent studies.
Lophiocarpaceae is a newly recognized family that
includes the genera Corbichonia and Lophiocarpus,
the two genera were previously included in
Phytolaccaceae or Molluginaceae (HernándezLedesma, 2015). Telephium, a small genus of only five
species is traditionally placed in the family
Molluginaceae or Caryophyllaceae; according to APG
III, the genus is treated as a member of
Caryophyllaceae. (Tables 2,3)
23
Contribution to the Flora of Egypt
Table 2: List of new family names according to APG III and IV (2009 & 2016)
Family name according to Boulos 2009 Accepted family name
Actiniopteridaceae Pic.Therm.
Pteridaceae E.D.M. Kirchn.
Adiantaceae Juss.
Pteridaceae E.D.M. Kirchn.
Alliaceae Borkh.
Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hill.
Asclepiadaceae Borkh.
Apocynaceae Juss.
Avicenniaceae Miq.
Acanthaceae Juss.
Azollaceae Wettst.
Salviniaceae Martinov
Balanitaceae Endl.
Zygophyllaceae R. Br.
Chenopodiaceae Vent.
Amaranthaceae A. Juss.
Crypogrammaceae
Pteridaceae E.D.M. Kirchn.
Dipsacaceae Juss.
Caprifoliaceae Juss.
Dracaenaceae Salisb.
Asparagaceae Juss.
Globulariaceae Lam. & DC.
Plantaginaceae Juss.
Hyacinthaceae Borkh. ex Borkh
Asparagaceae Juss.
Fumariaceae Marquis
Papaveraceae Juss.
Lemnaceae Gray
Araceae Juss.
Najadaceae Juss.
Hydrocharitaceae Juss.
Peganaceae (Engl.) Tiegh. ex Takht.
Nitrariaceae Lindl.
Tribulaceae Trautv.
Zygophyllaceae R. Br.
Sterculiaceae Vent
Malvaceae Juss.
Tiliaceae Juss.
Malvaceae Juss.
Valerianaceae Batsch
Caprifoliaceae Juss.
Zannichelliaceae Chevall.
Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J. Presl
Table (3): Genera that have been moved to a new familial position
Genera
Families according to Boulos 2009
Anarrhinum Desf.
Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Andrachne L.
Euphorbiaceae Juss.
Bacopa Aubl.
Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Corbichonia Scop.
Molluginaceae Bartl.
Flueggea Willd.
Euphorbiaceae Juss.
Gisekia L.
Molluginaceae Bartl.
Hypericum Tourn. ex
Guttiferae Juss.
L.
(Clusiaceae Lindl.)
Kickxia Dumort.
Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Limeum L.
Molluginaceae Bartl.
Limosella L.
Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Linaria Mill.
Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Lindenbergia Lehm
Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Lindernia All.
Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Misopates Raf.
Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Nanorrhinum Betsche* Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Parentucellia Viv.
Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Peplidium Delile
Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Phyllanthus L.
Euphorbiaceae Juss.
Striga Lour
Scrophulariaceae Juss.
Telephium L.
Molluginaceae Bartl.
Veronica L.
Scrophulariaceae Juss.
* New names to the flora of Egypt
Accepted families name according to APG
III,IV (2009-2016)
Plantaginaceae Juss.
Phyllanthaceae Martinov *
Plantaginaceae Juss.
Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal *
Phyllanthaceae Martinov *
Gisenkiaceae Nakai *
Hypericaceae Juss. *
Plantaginaceae Juss.
Limeaceae Scipunov ex Reveal*
Plantaginaceae Juss.
Plantaginaceae Juss.
Orobanchaceae Vent.
LinderniaceaeBorsch, Kai Müll. & Eb. Fisch. *
Plantaginaceae Juss.
Plantaginaceae Juss.
Orobanchaceae Vent.
Phrymaceae Schauer *
Phyllanthaceae Martinov *
Orobanchaceae Vent.
Caryophyllaceae Juss.
Plantaginaceae Juss.
24
Hasnaa A. Hosni and Eman M. Shamso
species diversity in the angiosperm order
Caryophyllales. Willdenowia 45: 281-383
IPNI (2022). The International Plant Names Index
Collaborators. International Plant Names Index.
Checklist dataset https://doi.org/
Muschler, R. (1912). Manual Flora of Egypt. vols.
1,2. Berlin
Plants of the World Online (2022). Facilitated by the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the
Internet; http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/
Ramis, R. (1929). Bestimmungstabellen zur flora von
Aegypten. Jena
Reveal, J.L. and Chase, M.W. (2011). APG III:
Bibliographical Information and Synonymy of
Magnoliidae. Phytotaxa 19: 71–134
Reveal, J.L., (2012). An Outline of a Classification
Scheme for Extant Flowering Plants. Phytoneuron 37:
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Sickenberger, E. (1901). Contributiona a la Flore
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Shamso, E.M and Khattab, A.A. (2016). Phenetic
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Shipunov, A.B. (2021). Systema Angiospermarum. v.
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20,
2021)
http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/ang/current/syang.pdf
Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm
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http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/.
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Täckholm, V. and Drar, M. (1954). Flora of Egypt,
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Täckholm, V. and Drar, M. (1969). Flora of Egypt
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Täckholm, V. (1974). Students’ Flora of Egypt, 2nd.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by The Academy of
Scientific Research & Technology Egypt, (ASRT), to
whom the authors are greatly indebted.
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