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2013, Advances in Entomology
journal of biopesticides
Field bioefficacy of plant extracts for the control of post flowering insect pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in Nigeria2009 •
Field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farms of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria during the rainy seasons of 2006. The objectives of the study were to determine the efficacy of six plant extracts (sweetsop, chilli pepper, garlic, ginger, neem and tobacco) against the insect pests of cowpea (variety IT86D-719) and their effects on yield. The experimental field was first ploughed, harrowed and ridged before the commencement of the planting season. Twenty one experimental plots were demarcated and arranged into seven treatment plots. The size of each plot was 4m x 3m while interspaces between adjacent plot and blocks were 1m and 2m, respectively. The level of control was assessed by calculating percentage control of each treatment. Results of the experiments showed that all the plant extract treatments were significantly better than control treatments. Similarly, yield results corresponded positively with the effectiveness of the treatments. Resul...
Field studies were conducted during the 2008 -2009 cropping season to determine the minimal insecticide application which can reduce cowpea yield losses on the field due to insect pest infestations in the Transkei region of South Africa. Treatments consisted of five cowpea varieties and four regimes of insecticide spray which were laid out with a split-plot experimental design with four replications. Observations were taken on the incidence of major insect pests, cowpea pod and seed damage by insects as well as growth and yield parameters of the cowpea varieties. Results showed that spray regimes had significant effects on insect population counts, pod and seed damage and consequently on cowpea yield parameters. Application of insecticide once each at flower budding and early podding significantly reduced pod borers and pod-sucking bugs infestations by 44 and 56%, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Application of insecticide, once at flower budding, early podding and p...
Insect pests are a major constraint to cowpea production in northern Ghana where it is widely cultivated. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of planting date, cultivar and insecticide applications for the management of major insect pests attacking cowpea. There were 4 planting dates, 6 cowpea cultivars of medium maturity periods and 2 insecticide spraying regimes. Data were collected on densities of the major insect pests, including the legume pod borer Maruca vitrata F., thrips Mega-lurothrips sjostedti Trybom, and the pod-sucking bug complex dominated by Clavigalla tomentosicollis Stal., and grain yield. Early planting of cowpea in mid-or late July resulted in the lowest pest densities compared with those planted at later dates. Two of the six cowpea varieties (IT99-573-2-1 and IT99-573-1-1) supported the lowest numbers of insects across planting dates and irrespective of insecticide spraying regime. However, insecticide sprays significantly lowered pest densities and improved yields in all varieties, and yields were the highest when treatments were combined with early planting in mid-July. The results suggest that for maximum yield, cowpea in the study area should be planted in mid-to-late July and sprayed with insecticide. Where available, these treatments can also be integrated with varieties such as IT99K-573-2-1 and IT99k-573-1-1 which appeared to be less susceptible to insects in the current study.
Field experiment was conducted during the major raining season of 2006 to evaluate the effectiveness of two plant extracts – Tephrosia vogelii and Petiveria alliacea applied as insecticides singly and as a mixture of the two in ratio 1:1 at three major insect pests – Maruca vitrata (Tab), Megalurothrips sjostedti (try) and Ripotortus dentipes (Fab). Unsprayed and synthetic insecticide (Decis) treated plots were included for comparison. Application of the extracts irrespective of concentrations, significantly suppressed insect pests population, reduced pod damage and increased grain quality compared with control. However, the mixture of the extracts at 20 % concentration competes favourably with synthetic insecticide (Decis). The result further demonstrated that, the effectiveness of the extracts as insecticide was dose-dependent.
2010 •
A field experiment was conducted in Samaru-Zaria located between latitudes11010' and 10054'N and longitudes 07038' and 07044'E within the guinea Savanna zone of North central Nigeria. The effect of seed treatment chemicals (Apron Star(R) 24WP, 20% w/w Thiamethoxoams, 20% w/w Metalaxyl-M and 20% w/w Difenoconazole) and four spray regimes (5 days, 7 days, 10 days and 14 days after sowing) on the germination, insect infestation and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) (SAMPEA-7) were investigated during the 2006/2007 rainy season. The experiment comprised of five treatments replicated four times in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The result obtained showed that seeds dressed with Apron Star(R) recorded higher germination counts (35 seedlings) compared to the undressed seeds, which had the least estimates (26.75 seedlings) and lower yields (366.7kg/ha). The SAMPEA-7 seeds dressed and protected with Cypermethrin and Dimethoate for the control of field i...
2019 •
The field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016-17 to evaluation of botanical insecticides against pod borer on cowpea. Two rounds of insecticides were sprayed at fifteen days interval. The most effective treatment evaluated against pod borer was chlorpyriphos 20 EC@ 300g a.i. ha during first spray (1.97, 1.74 and 1.53 larvae /m at 3, 5, and 7 days after spray, respectively) and second spray (1.51, 1.54 and 1.93 larvae /m at 3, 5 and 7days after spray, respectively) followed by neem oil @ 2 % first spray (4.30, 4.08 and 3.52 larvae /m ) second spray (3.00, 2.85 and 3.28 larvae /m ) and NSKE @ 5 % during first spray (4.62, 4.18 and 3.81 larvae /m ) second spray (3.12, 3.09 and 3.37 larvae /m ) respectively. The maximum larval population was found in untreated plot. The highest green pod yield of cowpea was recorded in Chlorpyriphos 20 EC@300g a.i. ha (53.12 qha followed by neem oil @ 2% (43.53 qha) and NSKE @ 5% (42.11 qha) while lowest yield recorded in untreated control plot ...
1B. S. Wudil; 2B. I. Ahmed and 1S. R.Yusuf 1Department of Crop Protection, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. 2Crop Production Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria Author for correspondence: babscom68@yahoo.com Abstract Field studies were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi (100 17’N, 90 49’E), during the cropping seasons of 2009 and 2010. The objectives of the experiments were to compare the efficacy of essential oils of neem, Azadracta indica A. Juss. and mahogany, Khaya sensgalensis A. Juss. seeds along with synthetic insecticide, Cymbush + Dimethoate (Cymbush super ED) and their application frequencies in the control of major cowpea insect pests, Maruca vitrata Fab. and Pod sucking bug complex. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a factorial combination of insecticide type (neem and mahogany oils) as main treatment and the application frequency (2, 3 and 4 application frequency) as sub treatment. Each of the treatments along with the control was replicated four times. Results in both seasons revealed that, all the essential oil treatments were significantly (P=0.05) better than the control in reducing population and damage caused by the two insect pests on cowpea. The three and four application frequencies proved better than two application frequency with respect to increase in grain yield. It is therefore, suggested that resource poor farmers should be encouraged to use mahogany oil applied at bud initiation, flowering and 50% podding stages in reducing the population and damage of the two major pests for a significant increase in grain yield relative to control. Thus, this could play a role in the integrated management of the target pests in Bauchi. Key words: Essential oils, Application Frequency, Maruca vitrata and Pod sucking bugs complex.
Array of pest complex and yield reduction due to insect pests is one of the major constraints for low productivity of cowpea. The insecticidal efficacy of Spondias mombia, Momordica charantia, Mitrocarpus villosus and Chenopodium ambrosioides crude aqueous extracts was assayed for suitability in controlling the pod-sucking bug Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stâl (Hemiptera: Coreidae) on cowpea. The field experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design with two treatments replicated three times at the Teaching and Research Farm of Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, in 2012. One kilogram of plant leaves was pounded using mortar and pestle and soaked in 3 L of cold water overnight. The extracts were applied at 10% (v/w) and sprayed every week for four weeks and a synthetic insecticide (Lambda cyhalothrin) was used as reference to compare the effectiveness of the plant extracts. Results of the experiment show that the plant extracts caused considerable reduction in the insect population; similarly, yield attributes corresponded positively with the effectiveness of the treatment and were at par with the synthetic insecticide. However, among the plots treated with aqueous plant extracts, the plot treated with S. mombia performed better than other plant extracts in terms of number of uninfested pods (55.34), plots treated with C. ambrosioides, having least number of damaged (infested) pods (6.0), and plots sprayed with S. mombia, having highest number of harvested pods (62.67), uninfested pods (55.34) and seed weight (0.18 kg). This study is probably the first reported case of the potential of the evaluated plant extracts for the control of insect pests of field crops. Therefore, the present study suggests the use of all the tested plant extracts, as they have been found to be very promising biopesticides in the control of cowpea pod-sucking insect pests. Thus, the extracts could be a good alternative to the synthetic insecticides on organically managed farms as well as on farms of limited-resource farmers in the tropics and subtropics.
Cowpea is an important food legume and versatile crop in the savannas of northeast Nigeria. Despite the high potential for production in this region, insect pests are a major constraint. A study was conducted to evaluate the response of diverse cowpea genotypes to different schedules of spraying with an insecticide. The study revealed that flower thrips, the legume pod borer (Maruca) and a range of pod-sucking bugs were the major insect pests. Application of insecticides once at flowering increased grain yield by 75%; application at both at flowering and podding, significantly reduced insect pest population and increased grain yield by 126%. Improved cultivars recorded a higher grain yield than the local checks at all spraying regimes. This suggests that these cultivars were either tolerant or resistant to the insect pests. Introduction Cowpea is an important food legume and versatile crop, primarily cultivated in the dry savannas of tropical Africa, Asia and South America covering ...
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