A peer-reviewed open-access journal
PhytoKeys 189: 61–80 (2022)
doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.189.75321
CHECKLIST
https://phytokeys.pensoft.net
Launched to accelerate biodiversity research
An updated checklist of
Mozambique’s vascular plants
Délcio Odorico1, Enrico Nicosia2, Castigo Datizua3, Clayton Langa3,
Raquel Raiva1, Joelma Souane3, Sofia Nhalungo1, Aurélio Banze3,
Belkiss Caetano1, Vânia Nhauando1, Hélio Ragú1, Mário Machunguene Jr1,
Jónata Caminho1, Leonel Mutemba1, Efigénio Matusse4, Jo Osborne5,
Bart Wursten6, John Burrows7, Silvio Cianciullo2, Luca Malatesta2, Fabio Attorre2
1 Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere 3534, P.O. Box 257,
Maputo, Mozambique 2 Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza – University of Rome, Piazzale
Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italia 3 Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute, Av. FPLM 2698, P.O. Box
3658, Mavalane, Maputo, Mozambique 4 Wildlife Conservation Society, Rua Faustino Vanombe 61, P.O.
Box 421, Maputo, Mozambique 5 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK 6 Meise
Botanic Garden Herbarium, Nieuwelaan 38, Meise 1860, Belgium 7 Buffelskloof Nature Reserve and Herbarium, P.O. Box 710, Lyndenburg, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Corresponding author: Délcio Odorico (delodorico@gmail.com)
Academic editor: T. L.P. Couvreur | Received 15 September 2021 | Accepted 10 January 2022 | Published 28 January 2022
Citation: Odorico D, Nicosia E, Datizua C, Langa C, Raiva R, Souane J, Nhalungo S, Banze A, Caetano B, Nhauando
V, Ragú H, Machunguene Jr M, Caminho J, Mutemba L, Matusse E, Osborne J, Wursten B, Burrows J, Cianciullo S,
Malatesta L, Attorre F (2022) An updated checklist of Mozambique’s vascular plants. PhytoKeys 189: 61–80. https://
doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.189.75321
Abstract
An updated checklist of Mozambique’s vascular plants is presented. It was compiled referring to several
information sources such as existing literature, relevant online databases and herbaria collections. The
checklist includes 7,099 taxa (5,957 species, 605 subspecies, 537 varieties), belonging to 226 families and
1,746 genera. There are 6,804 angiosperms, 257 pteridophytes, and 38 gymnosperms. A total of 6,171
taxa are native to Mozambique, while 602 are introduced and the remaining 326 taxa were considered
as uncertain status. The endemism level for Mozambique’s flora was assessed at 9.59%, including 278
strict-endemic taxa and 403 near-endemic. 58.2% of taxa are herbaceous, while shrubs and trees account
respectively for 26.5% and 9.2% of the taxa. The checklist also includes ferns (3.6%), lianas (1.7%),
subshrubs (0.5%) and cycads (0.3%). Fabaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae are the three most represented
families, with 891, 543 and 428 taxa, respectively. The extinction risk of 1,667 taxa is included, with
158 taxa listed as Vulnerable, 119 as Endangered and as 24 Critically Endangered. The geographical
distribution, known vernacular names and plants traditional uses are also recorded.
Copyright Délcio Odorico et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Keywords
Biodiversity, checklist, flora, Mozambique, taxonomy, vascular plants
Introduction
Mozambique lies on the southeast coast of Africa, between latitudes 10°27'S to
26°52'S and longitudes 40°51'E to 30°12'E, bordered by Tanzania in the north, the
Indian Ocean in the east, Zambia to the northwest, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Eswatini
to the west and South Africa to the west and south. The country has a total area of
801,590 km2 (Instituto Nacional de Estatística 2020), about 70% of which is covered
by forests or other woody vegetation and 26% is included in conservation areas,
such as national parks, reserves and game farms (Ministry for the Coordination of
Environmental Affairs 2014).
The country is an important area of plant biodiversity (Conde et al. 2014), deriving its plant richness from geomorphological and climatic factors (Darbyshire et al.
2019). Geographically, the Zambezi River, crossing Mozambique from west to east
towards the Indian Ocean, roughly bisects the country into two main regions: a southern region, dominated by lowlands, and a northern region which consists of a large
plateau. The highland region in Manica Province encompasses the highest point in
the country, rising up to 2,436 meters at Mount Binga (Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs 2014). The country’s underlying geology can also be
broadly divided into two different regions: the southern region of Mozambique consist
of sedimentary rocks (Rutten et al. 2008), whereas the ancient granite rock basement
of Africa underlies most of northern and west-central regions (Boyd et al. 2010). The
climate is tropical over most of the country, with a sub-tropical climate in the south.
Mozambique has two main seasons: a cooler dry season, from April to October and
a warmer humid season from October to April (Barbosa et al. 2001). The northern
region (Niassa, Cabo Delgado, Nampula and Zambézia provinces) has higher temperatures, with annual temperature averages of 25.5 °C in the coastal area dropping
to 18 °C in the uplands. Central Mozambique (Tete, Manica and Sofala provinces)
exhibits mean annual temperatures of 25 °C for the coastal lowlands and 20°C for the
interior highlands. In the south (Inhambane, Gaza and Maputo provinces) the average
annual temperatures vary from 23 °C in the coastal area to 25 °C in the interior (Wils
and Lutz 2002). Rainfall distributions fluctuate widely through the country, following
a north-south gradient with higher rainfall in the north and in the mountainous areas,
where average annual rainfall can be up to 2000 mm. The annual average precipitation
is 1030 mm, ranging from 1400 mm/year near the Zambezi basing to 300 mm/year in
the south (Uamusse et al. 2017).
According to Burgess et al. (2004), thirteen ecoregions are recorded in Mozambique
(Fig. 1). These are included in five main biomes: arid and semi-arid forest; tropical
and subtropical rangelands, savannas, shrublands, and woodlands; flooded grasslands
and savannas; mountain grasslands and shrublands; mangroves (Ministério da Terra
An updated checklist of Mozambique's vascular plants
63
Figure 1. Mozambique ecoregions (Burgess et al. 2004; Olson 2020).
Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Rural 2015). Such biogeographical complexity results
in high plant diversity. Until now, only 6,264 plants species have been recorded (Hyde
et al. 2021) and seven broad vegetation communities identified, namely: miombo,
woodland, mopane woodland, undifferentiated woodland, afromontane communities,
halophytic vegetation, swamp vegetation and coastal mosaic (Bandeira et al. 1996).
According to Darbyshire et al. 2019, Mozambique has a relatively high level of plant
endemism, with 572 taxa classified as strict-endemic or near-endemic, which are not evenly
distributed throughout the country. Approximately 80% of Mozambique is included in
the Zambezian Regional Centre of Plant Endemism (Bandeira et al. 1996), a continental
scale phytochorion including the whole of Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, large parts of
Angola, Tanzania and Mozambique, and some small parts of Zaire, Namibia, Botswana,
and South Africa (White 1983). Focusing on more restricted phytogeographical units,
Darbyshire et al. (2019) has proposed four main Centres of Plant Endemism (Fig. 2).
The Rovuma Centre of Endemism, previously referred as the Lindi Centre of Endemism
(Clarke 1998) and restricted to southeast Tanzania, has recently been extended to the north
Mozambique encompassing the coastal area of Cabo Delgado, Nampula and Zambézia
provinces (Burrows and Timberlake 2011; Darbyshire et al. 2019). The Maputaland
Centre of Endemism, shared with the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa and
Eswatini, extends from the coastal lowlands of southern Mozambique to the Save River
(Van Wyk 1996; Darbyshire et al. 2019). This centre can be subdivided into at least three
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Figure 2. Mozambique Centres of Endemism. Modified version from Darbyshire et al. (2019).
sub-centres, such as the Maputaland (sensu stricto), the Lebombo Mountains Centre and
the Inhambane Centre (Darbyshire et al. 2019). As part of the Afromontane Archipelagolike Centre of Endemism, Mozambique shares the Chimanimani-Nyanga Centre of
Endemism with neighbouring Zimbabwe (Clark et al. 2017; Darbyshire et al. 2019), and
includes large part of the Mulanje-Namuli-Ribáuè Centre of Endemism, which extends
from southern Malawi to Zambézia and Nampula provinces (Darbyshire et al. 2021).
Despite its high diversity, the Mozambican flora has received only limited research
coverage, remaining poorly known (Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental
Affairs 2014; Darbyshire et al. 2019). Until the historical Botanic Mission to Mozambique
(1942 – 1948) which represents the first study of the country’s plant diversity, the
Mozambican flora was little known (Conde et al. 2014). The Botanic Mission to
Mozambique represented a breakthrough for botanical studies in the country (Ministry
for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs 2014), enabling the collection of more
An updated checklist of Mozambique's vascular plants
65
than 7,600 herbarium samples and the description of many families and species (Conde
et al. 2014). The country’s protracted instability caused by the war of independence
(1964 – 1975) and the subsequent civil war (1977 – 1992) resulted in a long period
in which biodiversity research was neglected. However, in the last two decades a new
impetus in botanical studies has risen (Cheek et al. 2018). In the early 2000s, da Silva
et al. (2004) published a preliminary checklist of Mozambique’s vascular plants, which
included 3,932 indigenous species. The checklist was built on the analysis of specimens
from the National Herbarium of Mozambique (LMA) and the Herbarium of Eduardo
Mondlane University (LMU) with additional records from literature sources. However,
the list was under-representative of Mozambique’s plant diversity. Subsequent surveys
provided new species and new country records. Timberlake et al. (2011) documented
68 new taxon records for Mozambique during a survey of the coastal dry forests in the
Cabo Delgado Province in the northeast Mozambique, while Harris et al. (2011) listed
another 31 new taxa for the country. The recent research and programme, such as the
ongoing “Flora Zambesiaca” series, has progressively increased the estimated number
of species in Mozambique and produced a huge effort to document the country’s
floristic diversity. According to the Flora of Mozambique website (Hyde et al. 2021),
currently the most comprehensive database for plant diversity in Mozambique, 6,264
species are recorded in the country. This figure is expected to grow rapidly, following
the increase in botanical expeditions and the resulting new discoveries (Cheek et al.
2018; Darbyshire et al. 2019), marking Mozambique amongst the countries with the
highest rate of discovery of new species in continental Africa (Darbyshire et al. 2020).
On this basis, considering the crucial role of the national floristic inventory to assess
plant conservation, management, and ecological restoration (Brundu and Camarda
2013; Lorite 2016), the need for an updated checklist to summarise the current state of
knowledge of Mozambican vascular flora clearly emerges.
This paper presents an updated checklist of Mozambique’s vascular plants serving
as a basis to guide further botanical research and to support biodiversity conservation
planning. For each listed taxon, data such as the nomenclature, taxonomic classification,
distribution, local occurrence details, life forms, endemism, and extinction risk are reported.
Moreover, considering the key role of indigenous names and traditional uses of plants in
botanical studies, frequently conducted through field surveys carried out with local people
(de Koning 1993), the known vernacular names and traditional uses of the listed species
are reported. Data were collected from large and freely available biodiversity databases,
herbarium, museum collections (both national and foreign), and literature sources.
Methods
Data collection and organisation
To compile the present checklist, multiple information sources were examined and
combined. An initial list (n = 3,932 species) was obtained, after verification of the taxa’s
nomenclature, from da Silva et al.’s preliminary checklist (2004). The initial list was
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extended using data from the Buffelskloof Herbarium (BNRH, n = 4,266 records),
the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Herbarium (K, n = 7,484 records), the National
Herbarium of Mozambique (LMA, n = 22,703 records) and the Eduardo Mondlane
University’s Herbarium (LMU, n = 2,936 records) (acronyms according to Thiers 2020).
Successively, we included taxa described in Mozambique from the following relevant
databases of plant diversity and taxonomic research: Global Biodiversity Information
Facility (GBIF, https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.gq7jnb, n = 91,832 records), Plants of
World Online (POWO, http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ n = 5,639 species),
Flora of Mozambique (https://www.mozambiqueflora.com/, n = 6,264 species), Flora
Zambesiaca (http://apps.kew.org/efloras/advsearch.do?reset=true, n = 4,482 species),
and JSTOR – Global Plants (https://plants.jstor.org/, n = 1,846 species). Finally,
additional taxa were found through the review of previous studies on Mozambique’s
flora (de Koning 1993; Timberlake et al. 2007, 2009; Wursten et al. 2017; Bayliss et
al. 2010; Müller et al. 2012; Burrows et al. 2018; Darbyshire et al. 2019, n = 4,468
species) and through an extensive review of the most relevant ethnobotanical studies
(Krog et al. 2006; Bandeira et al. 2007, 2011; Ribeiro et al. 2010; Silva et al. 2011;
Williams et al. 2011; Bruschi et al. 2011, 2014; Conde et al. 2014; Santo-António and
Goulão 2015; Moura et al. 2018; Barbosa et al. 2020; Manuel et al. 2020, n = 394) to
document the traditional knowledge associated with the use of plants in the country.
Overall, a list of 157,576 records was produced, on which a thorough refinement
procedure was performed through a Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheet. All records
were organised by family rank, based on the classification system proposed by APG IV
(Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016) for the angiosperms, by PPG I (Pteridophyte
Phylogeny Group 2016) for the pteridophytes and by Christenhusz et al. (2011) for
the gymnosperms. Taxa at rank of form and hybrids were not considered. Different
quality filters were applied to remove repeated taxa and to exclude fungi, lichens, algae,
bryophytes, and marine species. Finally, a manual refinement was carried out to clean
repetition, remove doubtful taxa (labelled as “aff.”, “cf.” and “sp.”) and those whose
taxonomic status was uncertain. The resulting intermediate list consisted of 15,605
taxonomic names, 9.9% of the initial collection.
Taxonomic validation
The obtained list was subjected to a taxonomic validation process. Taxonomic rank
and plant names were verified and validated with international reference databases:
POWO (2021), African Plant Database (2021), The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1 and
World Flora Online (2021). Subsequently, data review and validation was performed
by floristic experts from the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, the Botanic Garden Meise
and the Buffelskloof Research Centre, which have verified the accepted species name
derived from reference databases. Errors and inconsistencies found in the process
(such as taxonomic misidentification, geographic errors, and incorrect life form) were
assessed and corrected.
An updated checklist of Mozambique's vascular plants
67
Checklist outline
For each entry in the checklist, the taxonomic rank (species, subspecies, variety)
is reported. A pragmatic approach was taken when treating the data records for
infraspecific taxa (subspecies, varieties), autonyms and inclusive species names.
To avoid artificially increasing the overall number of taxa in the checklist, inclusive species names were excluded where possible for species with infraspecific taxa
occurring in Mozambique. However, in some cases, we retained inclusive species
names where the infraspecific taxon was unclear and the data record added useful
distribution information.
Using a modified classification system derived from Darbyshire et al. (2019),
we categorised the plants listed in one of the following seven life forms categories:
tree, shrub, subshrub, liana, herb, fern, and cycad. For trees and subshrubs, only the
succulent subcategory is given, while for shrubs two subcategories, such as succulent
and parasitic, were reported. Similarly, for the herbs ten subcategories were reported:
aquatic, climber, epiphyte, geophyte, graminoid, parasitic, rhizomatous, seagrass,
saprophyte, and succulent. Available life cycle information (annual, biennial and
perennial) was also provided.
For each taxon, occurence locality and geographical distribution within the national
border were recorded, based on information provided by the literature sources, online databases and herbarium specimen labels. Occurrence localities were organized by
province and coded as follows: Maputo City and Province (MP), Gaza (G), Inhambane
(I), Manica (MC), Sofala (S), Tete (T), Zambézia (Z), Nampula (NP), Cabo Delgado
(CD), and Niassa (NI). If available, data on localities of occurrence, such as protected
areas or a specific locality, were also provided. To update the toponyms referring to the
colonial period and standardise the Mozambican locality names, a review was conducted
through The GeoNames (2021) geographical database (https://www.geonames.org/).
Although the geographical information included in the checklist cannot be considered
exhaustive, it is provided to support further studies of Mozambican flora.
For endemic and near-endemic species we referred to the criteria in Darbyshire et
al. (2019). “Strict-endemic” (E) species were defined as those occurring only within
the country borders, while near-endemic (NE) species were designated as those occur
in five or fewer localities, besides Mozambique. Endemisms (considering both strictendemic and near-endemic taxa) were derived from Darbyshire et al. (2019) and
through the references databases.
To evaluate the extinction risk of Mozambique vascular plants, The IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species (2021) (https://newredlist.iucnredlist.org/) was adopted as the key
reference. Taxa were categorised according to the IUCN (2012) categories. An additional
remark was included for taxa that need to have Mozambique added to the geographic
range in their published IUCN assessments, following the results of this study.
The known vernacular names, obtained from literature sources and herbarium
specimen labels, were reported using a simple code composed of the local language and/
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or the province where it is spoken. The checklist of vernacular plants names compiled
by de Koning (1993), has been adopted as a key reference. Although it cannot be
considered exhaustive and updated, it represents the most extensive collection of
Mozambique’s vernacular plants names. Overall, vernacular names from 18 local
languages were reported. All traditional uses of plants recorded in literature sources
were included using the following categories: medicine (treatments or remedies for
various pathologies), veterinary (animal healthcare), food (preparation of food and
beverages, subsistence resources), livestock fodder (plant materials eaten by livestock),
cosmetic (personal care), handicraft (production of tools and furniture), fuel (energy
supply), ornament (domestic, urban and landscape design), poison (used for hunting
purpose) and beliefs (for taxa associated to local beliefs or mystical rituals).
All data were aggregated in a Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheet and managed
through R software version 3.6.1 (R Core Team 2019).
Results and discussion
The updated checklist of Mozambique vascular plants, presented in Suppl. material
1, accounts for 7,099 taxa (5,957 species, 605 subspecies, 537 varieties), belonging
to 226 families and 1,746 genera. These findings, significantly increasing the record
of 3,932 vascular plant taxa in Mozambique registered in the previous checklist (da
Silva et al. 2004), can be related to the recent increase of botanical exploration in the
country (Cheek et al. 2018) and to the availability of freely accessible online botanical
databases. The larger group of plants recorded is the angiosperms, 200 families and
1,655 genera, representing 95.8% (6,804) of the listed taxa. Pteridophytes, 20 families
and 77 genera, amount to 3.6% (257) of the taxa. Gymnosperms, with 6 families and
14 genera, account for only a very small percentage (0.5%; 38) of the taxa (Fig. 3A).
A total of 6,171 taxa (86.9%) are native to Mozambique, while 602 (8.5%) are
introduced, mostly for commercial purposes (Syliver et al. 2020). The remaining 326
taxa (4.6%) are assessed as uncertain status (Fig. 3B).
Figure 3. Floristic patterns for Mozambique’s vascular plants. A frequency of plant groups B geographic
origin of taxa.
An updated checklist of Mozambique's vascular plants
69
As seen in other African countries (Braun et al. 2004; Mapaura and Timberlake
2004; Zhou et al. 2017), the three most taxa-rich families in Mozambique are
Fabaceae (891 taxa), Poaceae (543) and Asteraceae (428), which also represent the
largest families in the world (Zhou et al. 2017). Other well represented families
(≥100 taxa) are: Rubiaceae (371), Orchidaceae (257), Malvaceae (223), Euphorbiaceae
(220), Cyperaceae (218), Acanthaceae (215), Apocynaceae (207), Lamiaceae (205),
Asparagaceae (145) and Convolvulaceae (111) (Fig. 4). The most taxa-rich genera
(≥ 100 taxa) are Cyperus L. (Cyperaceae), Crotalaria L. (Fabaceae) and Indigofera L.
(Fabaceae) accounting for 109, 108 and 102 taxa, respectively.
Figure 4. Most represented families and their endemism rate.
The majority of taxa in the checklist (58.2%) are herbaceous, while shrubs and
trees account respectively for 26.5% and 9.2% of the listed taxa. The other life form
amount to 6.1% of the listed taxa, divided into: ferns (3.6%), lianas (1.7%), subshrubs
(0.5%) and cycads (0.3%). Due to the lack of reliable data, only 1 taxon was not assigned to any life forms category (Fig. 5).
Table 1 shows all life form categories and the growth habit subcategories and life
cycle of trees, shrubs, subshrubs, and herbaceous taxa. 2.5% of tree taxa are classified as
succulent. Among subshrub taxa just a small number of taxa are classified as succulent
(7.9%), while the shrubs include two growth form subcategories: parasitic (3.5%) and
succulent (3.0%). Much growth form diversity is found among the herbaceous taxa, with
10 different subcategories (Table 1). As to life cycle, 66.1% of the herbaceous taxa are
identified as perennial, 27.5% as annual and only a small percentage (0.1%) as biennial.
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Figure 5. Life form categories.
Table 1. Life form, growth form and life cycle of the taxa.
Life Form
Tree
Shrub
Subshrub
Herb
Growth form
–
Succulent
–
Succulent
Parasitic
–
Succulent
–
–
–
–
Aquatic
Climber
–
–
Epiphyte
Geophyte
Graminoid
–
–
Parasitic
–
–
Life cycle
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Annual
Biennial
Perennial
–
–
Annual
Perennial
–
–
–
Annual
Perennial
–
Annual
Perennial
Number of taxa
651
16
1883
57
65
38
3
4240
1129
4
2166
54
276
3
188
93
148
84
25
59
14
4
10
An updated checklist of Mozambique's vascular plants
Life Form
Liana
Fern
Cycad
Unknown
Growth form
Rhizomatous
Seagrass
Succulent
–
–
Saprophyte
Unknown
–
–
–
–
Life cycle
–
–
–
Annual
Perennial
–
–
–
–
–
–
71
Number of taxa
10
9
127
3
124
5
10
122
257
18
1
Regarding endemic and near-endemic plant species, Mozambique has a total
of 278 strict-endemic taxa and 403 near-endemics, giving a total endemism level
of 9.6%. The increase in the number of strict-endemic and near-endemic taxa
compared previous studies (Darbyshire et al. 2019) can be related to the continuous
progress in the knowledge of the Mozambique’s flora. About 56.1% of the listed
strict-endemic taxa are included in ten angiosperm families: Fabaceae (40),
Euphorbiaceae (26), Rubiaceae (23), Apocynaceae (12), Malvaceae (12), Lamiaceae
(11), Acanthaceae (10), Asphodelaceae (8), Asteraceae (7), Orchidaceae (7). Except
for Asphodelaceae, these families are also the most represented families in the vascular
flora of Mozambique, showing a congruence between the most species-rich families
and those with the highest rate of endemism (Fig. 4). The geographical distribution
of endemic taxa in this checklist closely matches the findings of Darbyshire et al.
(2019), confirming the importance of Mozambique’s Centres of Endemism for flora
conservation efforts. Similarly, the mountain areas of the country play a crucial
role in the conservation of endemic flora, with the Chimanimani Mountains and
Mount Namuli representing the most frequently recorded localities for strict and
near endemic taxa, respectively with 137 and 59 taxa. Overall, about 40.2% of
endemic taxa (both strict and near endemic) occur in the mountainous areas of
the country, consistent with the global pattern of high rates of endemism at high
altitudes (Steinbauer et al. 2016).
At the time of compiling this checklist (July 2021), 1,667 of the recorded taxa
were registered on the IUCN Red List. Overall, the global extinction risk status for
76.5% of Mozambique’s vascular flora is not evaluated (including the taxa categorised as Not Evaluated and those not listed in the IUCN Red List), while a further
0.8% of the taxa are categorised as Data Deficient (Fig. 6A). Such findings highlight the general lack of information on the conservation status of Mozambique’s
vascular plants. Further studies are urgently needed to identify threatened species
and develop proper conservation strategies. About 18.1% of the evaluated taxa are
categorized as threatened: 158 Vulnerable, 119 Endangered, and 24 Critically Endangered (Fig. 6B).
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Figure 6. Extinction risk of Mozambique’s vascular plants. A assessed taxa B IUCN category for the
evaluated taxa.
From these data clearly emerge the need to implement effective conservation strategies for Mozambique’s flora. According to Darbyshire et al. (2019) the main threat
factors for vascular plants in the country are habitat loss and degradation, driven by the
recent population growth and the consequent increased pressure on natural ecosystems.
The growing commercialisation and the over-exploitation of medicinal plants are also
becoming an increasing threat (Bandeira et al. 1996; Senkoro et al. 2020). For example,
Warburgia salutaris (G. Bertol.) Chiov., one of the most widely used medicinal plants in
southern Africa, as a consequence of the increasing commercial demand in the last few
years has been subjected to uncontrolled harvesting, resulting in a widespread tree mortality and even in the extinction of local populations in many areas, changing its conservation status to globally Endangered (Senkoro et al. 2020). Moreover, about 75.1% of
Mozambique’s threatened taxa (Vulnerable, Endangered and Critically Endangered) are
endemic to Mozambique (111 strict-endemic; 115 near-endemic) (Fig. 7), highlighting
the central responsibility of the country for the conservation of these taxa.
Finally, we have identified 261 of Mozambique’s vascular plants assessed in the
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, for which Mozambique is not indicated in the
geographical range of distribution. Therefore, there is a need to update these assessments, which provide an invaluable tool for plant conservation.
Based on available occurrences, the geographic distribution of Mozambique’s
vascular plants is provided in Fig. 8. The distribution patterns identified do not
indicate specific latitudinal or regional gradients. Instead, a total of twenty-four
occurrence localities, scattered among the province of the country, are recorded. The
main occurrence localities (≥ 500 taxa) identified are: the Gorongosa National Park
(Sofala province, 740 taxa), the Chimanimani Mountains (Manica, 668), the Serra
Gorongosa plateau (Sofala, 549), the Mount Namuli (Zambézia, 536) and the Inhaca
Island (Maputo, 534). Other relevant key occurrence localities (ranging from 200 to
400 taxa) are Palma (Cabo Delgado, 316 taxa), Vilanculos (Inhambane, 315 taxa), Serra
Chiperone (Zambézia, 298 taxa), Tsetsera & Serra Zuira (Manica, 283), Quiterajo
(Cabo Delgado, 255), Mount Mabu (Zambézia, 249), and Serra Choa (Manica, 227
taxa). All occurrence localities are provided in the Suppl. material 1. These localities
An updated checklist of Mozambique's vascular plants
73
Figure 7. Endemism rate among the threatened taxa.
must be considered of high botanical value for floristic study in the country, making
their preservation a strategic priority. A large number of taxa are found in the central
provinces of the country (Sofala, Manica, Tete, and Zambézia), which host a total
of 4,765 taxa. In the South (Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane provinces) 3,292 taxa
are recorded, while the North (Nampula, Cabo Delgado and Niassa provinces)
counts 3,120 taxa. The most taxa-rich provinces (≥ 2,000 taxa) are Maputo, Manica,
Zambézia, and Sofala, accounting for 2,654, 2,474, 2,461 and 2,231 taxa, respectively
(Fig. 8). Although the data collected partially fills the previous knowledge gap on the
floristic biodiversity of northern Mozambique (da Silva et al. 2004), the southern and
central regions of the country still remain the most widely explored. To properly assess
the distribution of plant species in Mozambique, further studies conducted equally
throughout the country should be undertaken.
The vernacular names of 1,339 vascular plants of Mozambique are reported in
this checklist. Considering the various language spoken in the country (According to
de Koning (1993), at least eighteen main local languages excluding Portuguese) such
ethnobotanical knowledge can play a pivotal role for research on Mozambique’s plant
biodiversity. Indeed, knowing the local names of plants can facilitate investigations
carried out in the field with the support of local indigenous people who lack a formal
taxonomic knowledge (de Koning 1993).
The review of available ethnobotanical data for Mozambique’s vascular plants resulted
in the identification of 773 taxa with traditional uses (Fig. 9), showing the fundamental
role played by plants in the livelihood of the Mozambican population. About Sixty
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Délcio Odorico et al. / PhytoKeys 189: 61–80 (2022)
Figure 8. National distribution of occurrence records.
Figure 9. Mozambican vascular plants related to traditional uses.
percent (62.9%) of these plants are used for medicinal purposes. These account for about
6.9% of Mozambique’s flora, in line with previous estimates (Bruschi et al. 2011) which
highlights the importance of traditional medicine in the Mozambican population’s health
An updated checklist of Mozambique's vascular plants
75
care. Other significant traditional uses found are as food supply (34.7%), handicraft
production (24.3%), and livestock fodder (12.2%). A smaller number of plants are
used as ornamental elements (1.9%), fuel (3.1%), cosmetics (2.1%), in the veterinary
field (1.7%), and as poison (0.3%). Finally, 11.4% of traditional plants use is associated
to local beliefs. A total of 282 plants (4.0% of the listed taxa) are associated with more
than one use, such as Asparagus africanus Lam., Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & GilgBen., Elaeodendron schlechterianum (Loes.) Loes., Euclea divinorum Hiern., and Trichilia
emetica Vahl., all having six recorded use categories. Such a wealth of multipurpose taxa
highlights the richness and variety of traditional knowledge related to the use of plants
in Mozambique, particularly with regard to traditional medicine (Ribeiro et al. 2010).
Conclusion
This is a comprehensive and up to date checklist of Mozambique’s vascular plants,
summarizing data from relevant literature sources, herbarium collections and authoritative
botanical databases. The reported data, including taxonomic classification, biological
and morphological attributes, geographical distribution, endemism, extinction risk, and
ethnobotanical information, can represent a reliable basis for further botanical studies in
Mozambique. In this respect, future efforts should be focused on maintaining the country’s
floristic knowledge so that it is regularly and frequently updated and easily accessible, in
order to support botanical research and plant biodiversity conservation in Mozambique.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all contributors to this paper. Special thanks to
the Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute (IIAM), Eduardo Mondlane
University (UEM), Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, and Buffelskloof Research Centre
for their contribution to the botanical knowledge of Mozambique. The valuable plant
collections hosted in their herbaria, and their efforts to preserve and increase such
biodiversity, have allowed us to compile this checklist. The authors would also like
to express their warm thanks to the Tropical Important Plant Areas project’s team for
their efforts in identifying the most important sites for plant diversity in Mozambique,
which was a support in carrying out this work. A warm thank you to Alima Ali and
Marta Aduge from Eduardo Mondlane University and to Hugo Costa and Eleutério
Duarte for their contribution to data collection. Finally, special thanks to Inês Chelene,
Camila de Sousa and Tereza Alves from the IIAM for their valuable support in this
work. This work has been conducted within the framework of SECOSUD II Project
(Conservation and equitable use of biological diversity in the SADC region: from
geographic information system (GIS) to Spatial Systemic Decision Support System
(SSDSS) – AID: 9695) founded by the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation.
The contents of this publication are the exclusive responsibility of the authors and do
not necessarily represent the point of view of the Agency.
76
Délcio Odorico et al. / PhytoKeys 189: 61–80 (2022)
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Supplementary material 1
The updated checklist of Mozambique's vascular plants
Authors: Délcio Odorico, Enrico Nicosia, Castigo Datizua, Clayton Langa, Raquel
Raiva, Joelma Souane, Sofia Nhalungo, Aurélio Banze, Belkiss Caetano, Vânia
Nhauando, Hélio Ragú, Mário Machunguene Jr., Jónata Caminho, Leonel Mutemba,
Efigénio Matusse, Jo Osborne, Bart Wursten, John Burrows, Silvio Cianciullo, Luca
Malatesta, Fabio Attorre
Data type: species data
Explanation note: The updated checklist of Mozambique’s vascular plants includes
7,099 taxa (5,957 species, 605 subspecies, 537 varieties), belonging to 226 families and 1,746 genera. For each entry in the checklist, the following available data
are reported: nomenclature, taxonomic classification, distribution, local occurrence
details, life form and life cycle, endemism, extinction risk, vernacular names and
traditional uses.
Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License
(http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License
(ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and
use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the
original source and author(s) are credited.
Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.189.75321.suppl1