Turk J Bot
(2013) 37: 191-218
© TÜBİTAK
doi:10.3906/bot-1112-25
Turkish Journal of Botany
http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/
Research Article
Taxonomic revision of Silene (Caryophyllaceae) sections Siphonomorpha,
Lasiostemones, Sclerocalycinae, Chloranthae, Tataricae, and Otites in Turkey
1,
2
Kemal YILDIZ *, Ali Hikmet ÇIRPICI
Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Celal Bayar University, 45140, Muradiye, Manisa, Turkey
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Göztepe, İstanbul, Turkey
1
Received: 23.12.2011
Accepted: 01.11.2012
Published Online: 15.03.2013
Printed: 15.04.2013
Abstract: Forty-four Silene L. taxa belonging to the sections Siphonomorpha Otth, Lasiostemones Boiss., Sclerocalycinae Boiss.,
Chloranthae Rohrb., Tataricae Chowdhuri, and Otites (Adams.) Otth were studied. The Silene specimens used in the study were collected
from different localities between 2005 and 2007. Their conservation status, phytogeographical regions, and distribution in Turkey were
determined. Detailed drawings of the general view and flower from each species were added to the study. As a result of these detailed
investigations, the conditions of some species having taxonomic problems were re-examined, and suggestions were proposed. The
results produced 3 taxa that are new to science and 2 taxa that are new records for the flora of Turkey. In addition, 5 species that were
published as new species from Turkey were reduced to synonyms.
Key words: Turkey, revision, Silene, systematic
1. Introduction
Because of its geographical location, climate, and
topographical and geological structure, Turkey’s rich
flora is one of the most significant in the world. The main
research into the flora of Turkey is Flora of Turkey and the
East Aegean Islands, which was published from 1965 to
1988 and in 2000. There are 135 taxa belonging to Silene
L. in 31 sections in Flora of Turkey; this has increased to
165 with the addition of new taxa (Coode & Cullen, 1967;
Davis et al., 1988; Özhatay et al., 1999; Tan & Vural, 2000;
Özhatay & Kültür, 2006; Özhatay et al., 2009; Kaya &
Ertekin, 2009; Budak & Koç, 2011; Hamzaoğlu et al., 2011;
Özhatay et al., 2011; Hamzaoğlu, 2012; Yıldız, 2012).
The endemism ratio of Silene is 45% in Turkey.
Moreover, there are errors and contradictions in the
descriptions and identification keys of the species; a
taxonomic revision of the Silene species was necessary.
This study was conducted on species belonging to the 6
sections of the flora of Turkey: Siphonomorpha Otth,
Lasiostemones Boiss., Sclerocalycinae Boiss., Chloranthae
Rohrb., Tataricae Chowdhuri, and Otites (Adams.) Otth.
Some taxonomic, karyological, and palynological
studies have been performed on Silene species. In his
study of the Silene Chowdhuri (1957) examined a total
of 443 species that have a worldwide distribution in 44
sections. The information presented regarding these
sections in addition to some problematic species was
used as the main source by Coode and Cullen (1967)
during the writing of the genus Silene for the Flora of
Turkey. Melzheimer (1977) biosystemically revised the
Silene taxa that are distributed in the Balkans. Wringley
(1987), on the other hand, handled the Otites section and
examined the species in this section according to their
taxonomical, karyological, and palynological properties.
In the palynological study conducted by Ghazanfar (1984)
on 44 taxa represented in the sections Siphonomorpha
and Auriculatae, Silene italica (L.) Pers. and S. viridiflora
L., which were revised in our study, were also included. In
their study of an endemic taxon, S. cserei Baumg. subsp.
aeoniopsis (Bornm.) Chowdh., Vural and Adıgüzel (1996)
showed the differences between this taxon and S. vulgaris
(Moench.) Garcke, which shares similar features with the
studied species. Yıldız and Çırpıcı (1992, 1996, 1998, 2000),
Yıldız (1996, 2001a, 2001b, 2002, 2005, 2006a, 2006b), and
Yıldız et al. (2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2011) emphasized the
morphological, palynological, and karyological features of
the taxa in their study of the Silene and proposed solutions
for dealing with the problems. In the current study these
suggestions were considered and solutions to the problems
presented were studied.
As stated above, in the literature there are taxonomical,
morphological, karyological, and palynological studies
* Correspondence: kemalyil@gmail.com
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YILDIZ and ÇIRPICI / Turk J Bot
on the Silene, a significant genus in terms of biodiversity.
Moreover, the majority of these studies are limited ones
conducted on several species. Some of them are general
and cover several families and genera, and these include
a number of the Silene species; however, they are not
specific. Because of the absence of a comprehensive
and detailed study on the species growing in Turkey, a
taxonomic revision of the genus Silene was undertaken.
Considering the difficulty of examining all the taxa within
a single project, in the current study the revision of the first
6 sections of the flora of Turkey was undertaken.
2. Materials and methods
The taxonomic revision of the genus depends on
intensively collecting plants from the research area,
evaluating them, examining previously collected
specimens, and investigating the flora-systematic studies
about Silene. With this in mind, distribution of the Silene
taxa, inflorescence periods, and habitat were determined
by using various studies in the Flora of Turkey and
the East Aegean Islands, vol. 2 as well as herbaria and
field observations. Then samples of Silene species were
obtained from almost every region of Turkey during field
work between the beginning of July 2005 and the end of
August 2007. Some of the collected samples were dried
according to standard procedures and saved as herbarium
specimens, and others were placed in 70% alcohol for use
in morphological investigations if needed.
The identified plants were kept in the Celal Bayar
University Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and
Sciences and the Marmara University Faculty of Arts and
Sciences Herbarium (MUFE). Research about the genus
Silene in the European flora, the flora of neighbouring
countries, and especially the Turkish flora, was used for
identification (Hegi, 1959–1979; Chater & Walters, 1964;
Zohary, 1966; Hayek, 1970; Meikle, 1977; Melzheimer,
1988; Greuter, 1997). Silene specimens primarily in the
herbaria of ISTE, ISTF, ISTO, ANK, GAZI, HUB, and
EGE along with AIBU, ATA, ANES, KNYA, VANF, GUL,
Erciyes Univ. Herb., Akdeniz Univ. Herb., Çukurova
Univ. Herb., and the Virtual Herb. of the Lake Van Basin
were examined, and their photographs were taken. The
significance of the type specimens in the taxonomic
studies was considered; the images of type specimens of
Silene species studied were obtained from the Berlin (B),
Kew (K), Edinburgh (E), Geneva (G), Vienna (WU), and
Cambridge (CGE) herbaria; and the images of 15 taxa were
obtained. Furthermore, the images of the type specimens
in the Linne Herbarium were viewed via the web site.
The identification keys of the studied species and
descriptions of new species published after 2000 were
presented in this study. Descriptions were realised based
on the samples collected during the current research
and evaluated in various herbaria by considering the
related literature. World distribution of the species,
phytogeographical
regions,
conservation
status,
chromosome numbers, and drawings of the species were
presented in the study.
3. Taxonomic treatment
Silene Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 416 (1753). Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 193
(1754): nom. cons. prop. against Lychnis L.
Type: Silene anglica L.
Identification key of Silene of sections Siphonomorpha, Lasiostemones, Sclerocalycinae, Chloranthae, Tataricae, and Otites in Turkey:
1. Calyx glabrous or with scabrous or very short hairs on nerves
2. Calyx up to 12 mm
3. Filaments and petal claws pilose
4. Pedicels (at least above the bracteoles) puberulose
5. Calyx 6.5–11 mm ............................................................................................................................ 8. marschallii
5. Calyx 3–3.5 mm ............................................................................................................................. 36. densiflora
4. Pedicels glabrous
6. Inflorescence branches many, wide angle …...............................................................……. 7. longipetala
6. Inflorescence branches few, not wide angle, usually ascending or clusters on stem
7. Gynophore glabrous
8. Inflorescence lax paniculate, 1–3 flowered …….............................................…… 8. marschallii
8. Inflorescence raceme, many flowered ….………...............................................…... 13. lasiantha
7. Gynophore hairy
9. Petal limbs entire to 1/3, sometimes 1/2 bifid
10. Plant up to 30 cm, basal leaves oblanceolate to linear ..............................… 12. olympica
10. Plant 30–80 cm, basal leaves spathulate .......................................................... 34. skorpilii
9. Petal limbs 1/2 or divided to the base
11. Petal limbs 1/2 bifid, inflorescence lax paniculate ............................... 8. marschallii
11. Petal limbs divided to the base; inflorescence a raceme or panicle with somewhat
strict branches………..................................................................................... 9. saxatilis
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3. Filaments glabrous; petal claws usually glabrous
12. Plant glaucous and glabrous (except for leaf margin); leaves fleshy
13. Petal limbs divided to 4/5, 2 coronal scales present .......................................................... 14. manissadjianii
13. Petal limbs divided 1/4 to 1/2, coronal scales absent
14. Cauline leaves oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate; petal lobes 5–6 mm …………………… 32. eremitica
14. Cauline leaves linear; petal lobes 2.5–3.5 mm ....................................................................... 33. demirizii
12. Plant not glaucous and generally hairy, sometimes glabrous (except for leaf margin); leaves not fleshy
15. Flowers spreading, not in heads; petal limbs usually 4, sometimes 5, rarely 2 partite ... 6. phrygia
15. Flowers in clusters, in heads; petal limbs entire or slightly emarginate
16. Flowers unisexual; plants dioecious .................................................................................. 35. otites
16. Flowers hermaphrodite
17. Flowers in heads, generally capitate; petals whitish, coronal scales absent; plant
10–30 cm ................................................................................................................. 10. capitellata
17. Inflorescence racemose or narrowly panicles, branches often compact or pseudo-verticils;
petals pink, with 2 coronal scales; plant 60–150 cm .................................... 37. confertiflora
2. Calyx 12 mm or more
18. Cauline leaves 6–25(–27) mm broad, up to 2–3 × longer than broad
19. Plant rigid; subshrub
20. Median stem leaves cordate-amplexicaul, suborbicular, fleshy ……............………………. 23. chlorifolia
20. Median stem leaves cuneate, ovate to obovate, not fleshy ……………………...……......... 24. swertiifolia
19. Plant not rigid; herbaceous
21. Petal limb divided to 2/3, with 2 coronal scales …...................................................................….. 21. laxa
21. Petal limb divided to 1/3, coronal scales absent, 2 minute callosities present …................... 22. caesarea
18. Cauline leaves 1–5(–15) mm broad, more than 3 × longer than broad
22. Calyx up to 20 mm
23. Leaves dimorphic ……….….....................................................…………………...... 29. lycaonica
23. Leaves monomorphic
24. Inflorescence unbranched............................................................................... 28. frivaldskyana
24. Inflorescence branched
25. Stem leaves narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 5–11 mm broad, somewhat fleshy,
cartilaginous-margined …………………………...........……………… 26. cartilaginea
25. Stem leaves linear, linear-lanceolate, less than 5 mm broad, neither fleshy nor
cartilaginous-margined
26. Basal and cauline leaves linear to lanceolate, 70–110 mm long ......... 19. peduncularis
26. Basal leaves linear to lanceolate, 24–27 mm, cauline leaves linear, 32–47 mm
long …..................................................................................................……... 20. armena
22. Calyx longer than 20 mm
27. Bracts enclosing flower buds ………….......................……….. 17. bupleuroides
27. Bracts not enclosing flower buds
28. Cauline leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate; more than 5 mm broa
..................................................................................................... 25. sclerophylla
28. Cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, less than 5 mm broad
29. Gynophore puberulent ........................................................ 27. haradjianii
29. Gynophore glabrous
30. Coronal scales absent, 2 small bulges present; basal leaves spathulate
............................................................................................ 17. aydosensis
30. Two coronal scales present; basal leaves linear to lanceolate or
oblanceolate
31. Bracts, subulate, viscid; petals violet ….……......…… 18. doganii
31. Bracts, linear lanceolate, not viscid; petals ivory white, pink
nerved ....................................................................... 16. caramanica
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1. Calyx hairy
32. Calyx up to 11 mm
33. Flowers in cluster
34. Plant 10–25 cm; basal and cauline leaves lanceolate........................................................................... 11. isaurica
34. Plant 30–80 cm; basal leaves, narrowly oblanceolate-obovate or oblanceolate, spathulate; cauline leaves
oblanceolate ….........................................................................................................................................……... 35. otites
33. Flowers not in clusters
35. Filaments, petal claws pilose; inflorescence lax panicle; pedicel puberulent or glabrous
........................................................................................................................................................... 8. marschallii
35. Filaments, petal claws glabrous; inflorescence with congested lateral cymules; pedicel densely glandular
pubescent .............................................................................................................................................. 3. gigantea
32. Calyx longer than 11.5 mm
36. Stem leaves nearly 2 × longer than broad
37. Gynophore glabrous, 10–11 mm .............................................................................................. 4. amana
37. Gynophore puberulose, 1–2 mm ......................................................................................... 5. viridiflora
36. Stem leaves, more than 3 × longer than broad
38. Inflorescence spreading panicle
39. Stem leaves 1 nerved, linear-lanceolate, oblong lanceolate, obovate or spathulate; petal
divided to 1/2; coronal scales absent ............................................................................ 1. italica
39. Stem leaves 3 nerved, broad elliptic; petal divided to 1/3; 2 coronal scales present
.................................................................................................................................. 2. splendens
38. Inflorescence racemose, dichasial racemose or narrow panicle
40. Stem leaves lanceolate, 1 nerved; petal limbs divided to the base; coronal scales absent;
gynophore 4–7 mm ...............................................................................................30. viscosa
40. Stem leaves oblong-elliptic to oblong-ovate, 3 nerved; petal limbs divided to 3/4; 2
coronal scales present; gynophore 7–10 mm …....................................... 31. paphlagonica
Section Siphonomorpha Otth, Candolle, Prodr. 1: 377
(1824).
Syn.: ser. Nutantes Rohrb., Monogr. Sil. 76 (1868); sect.
Viridiflorae Boiss., Fl.
Orient. 1: 574 (1867); sect. Paniculatae Boiss., Fl.
Orient. 1: 574 (1867).
1. Silene italica (L.) Pers., subsp. italica, Syn. Pl.
(Persoon) 1: 498 (1805).
subsp. italica (Figure 1) (Yıldız & Çırpıcı, 2000).
≡ Cucubalus italicus L. Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 2: 1030 (1759).
= Silene pilosa Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: 411 (1825).
= S. papillifolia F.N.Williams, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32: 91
(1896).
Type: described from Italy (Hb. Linn. 582/13, photo!).
Turkey, Mediterranean region, Central Europe,
Southern Russia, Crimea, Caucasia, Turkestan, North
Iran. Mediterranean element. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12105) (Yıldız
et al., 2008).
S. italica includes 3 subspecies [subsp. italica,
subsp. nemoralis (Waldst. & Kit.) Nyman, and subsp.
peloponnesiaca Greuter] in the Flora of Europe and Flora
of Greece. Only subsp. italica displays a distribution in
Turkey. S. sieberi, which is given as the synonym in the
Flora of Turkey, is accepted as a separate species in the
Flora of Europe and Flora of Greece. This species is endemic
for Crete.
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2. S. splendens Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 631 (1867). (Figure
1).
Type: [Turkey B2 Uşak] in valleculis Phrygiae prope
Ouchak (Uşak), 910 m, 1857, Balansa 1312 (isotype: K!).
Endemic. East Mediterranean element. Threatened
category: VU-B1ac (i).
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12229) (Yıldız
et al., 2008).
Although S. splendens is very similar to S. italica in Flora
of Turkey, these 2 species are significantly different from
each other as regards their leaf shape and leaf venation.
3. S. gigantea L., Sp. Pl. 1: 418 (1753) (Figure 1) (Yıldız,
2006a).
1. Lateral cymules congested; calyx eglandular or mixed
hairy, rarely all glandular …..…………. subsp. gigantea
1. Lateral cymules laxer; calyx with very sparse glandular
hairs or glabrous ..................................... subsp. rhodopea
subsp. gigantea (Figure 1) (Yıldız, 2006a).
≡ Cucubalus giganteus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 418 (1753).
Type: described from Portugal (Hb. Linn. 583/26,
photo!).
Turkey, Balkans, Bulgaria, Lebanon, Cyprus. East
Mediterranean element. Widespread. Chromosome
number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12294) (Yıldız et al., 2008).
subsp. rhodopea (Janka) Greuter, Willdenowia 25: 115
(1995) (Figure 1).
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②
①
③
④
Figure 1. 1- Silene italica subsp. italica, 2- S. splendens, 3- S. gigantea subsp. gigantea, 4- S. gigantea subsp. rhodopea. a- habit, b and ccalyx, d- petal, e- capsule.
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= Silene italica (L.) Pers. var. incana Griseb., Spic. FI.
Rumel. 1: 173 (1843).
= S. gigantea var. viridescens Boiss., FI. Orient. 1: 646
(1867), nom. illeg.
= S. gigantea var. incana (Griseb.) Chowdhuri, Notes
Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 22: 254 (1957).
= S. pseudonutans Pančić, Fl. Serbiae Addit.: 116
(1884).
Type: [Serbia] “ad Pirot Serb. Orient.”, July 1884, Paneic
s.n. (WU, photo!).
Turkey, Greece, Aegean, Lebanon. East Mediterranean
element. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12089) (Yıldız
et al., 2008).
In the Flora of Turkey there are 2 varieties of S.
gigantea: var. gigantea and var. incana. Greuter evaluated
these varieties in the Flora of Greece (Flora of Hellenica) as
subspecies (Greuter, 1995). The evaluation in this study is
based on Greuter.
4. S. amana Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 634 (1867) (Figure 2).
Type: [Turkey C6 Hatay] in umbrosis calcareis montis
Amani Syriae bor. prope Beilan [Belen], Kotschy 281
(Holotype: G, photo!).
Endemic. East Mediterranean element. Threatened
category: CR-B2b+D.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12297) (Yıldız
et al., 2008).
This species was only known from type gathering but was
collected from the same region many times during this study.
It needs to be protected since it has a limited distribution. It
is similar to S. viridiflora L. and S. italica. Nonetheless, it
can be very easily distinguished from the other 2 species
according to its morphology. S. italica’s basal leaves obovate
to lanceolate, cauline leaves linear to spathulate. Petal limbs
bipartite to 1/2, coronal scales absent. Gynophore 7–15 mm.
S. viridiflora’s basal leaves linear to triangular subulate;
cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate.
Petal limbs bipartite to 3/4, 2 coronal present. Gynophore
1.5–2 mm. But S. amana’s basal leaves ± elliptic, spathulate,
cauline leaves ovate-cordate. Petal limbs bipartite to 2/3, 2
coronal scales present. Gynophore 10–11 mm.
5. S. viridiflora L., Sp. Pl., (ed. 2) 1: 597 (1762), (Figure 2)
(Yıldız & Çırpıcı, 2000).
Type: described from Portugal (Hb. Linn. 583/27,
photo!).
Turkey; South, West, and Central Europe; CrimeaSiberia and East Asia. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12092) (Yıldız
et al., 2008).
It is generally distributed in Northern Anatolia, in
Mount Amanos, and shows a surprising split in the Flora
of Greece. This is because the western section of Mount
Amanos has a climate similar to that of Northern Anatolia.
196
S. lesbiaca P. Candargy is the synonym of S. flavescens
Waldst. & Kit. subsp. thessalonica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Nyman
in the Flora of Greece. In other words, S. lesbiaca, which is
given as the synonym in the Flora of Turkey, is actually not
the synonym of S. viridifora.
6. S. phrygia Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 644 (1867) (Figure
2).
= Silene ispartensis Ghazanfar, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 41: 97 (1983) syn. nov.
Lectotype (designated here): [Turkey B2 Uşak] ad
margines viarum c. Ouchak [Uşak] Phrygiae, Balansa s.n. (G,
photo!).
Endemic. Mediterranean (mt) element. Threatened
category: EN-B1a+D.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12406) (Yıldız
et al., 2008).
The petals divide into 4 lobes in the MUFE 12337,
12342, 12351, and 12405 specimens. Nonetheless, petals
had 2, 4, and 5 lobes in the MUFE 12406 specimens
collected from the same region and same habitat in this
study. Therefore, the number of petal lobes is not enough
to distinguish these 2 species; however, it was concluded
that S. ispartensis and S. phrygia should be the same
species since all other features coincide. Thus, S. ispartensis
is reduced to a synonym of S. phrygia.
Section Lasiostemones Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 574 (1867).
7. S. longipetala Vent., Descr. Pl. Nouv. 83, t. 83
(1802) (Figure 3).
Type: [Syria] aux environs d’Alep, Bruguière & Olivier.
Turkey, Greece, West Syria, Cyprus, North Iraq, Syrian
desert, North Iran, Cyrenaica, Egypt. In Turkey, almost to
the Irano-Turanian region. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12037) (Yıldız
et al., 2009b).
8. S. marschallii C.A.Mey., Verz. Pfl. Cauc. 214 (1831).
(Figure 3) (Yıldız & Çırpıcı 2000; Yıldız et al., 2010).
1. Pedicel puberulent; petal has 2 coronal scales; gynophore
puberulous ......................................... subsp. marschallii
1. Pedicel glabrous; petal has no coronal scales; gynophore
glabrous ……........................................ subsp. anamasi
subsp. marschallii (Figure 3) (Yıldız & Çırpıcı, 2000).
= Silene puberula sensu Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 636 (1867)
non Bertol. Nov. Comm. Acad. Bonon. 6: 221 (1842).
= S. guicciardii Boiss. & Heldr., Diagn. Pl. Orient. Ser.
2(6): 32 (1859).
= S. propinqua Schischkin, Izv. Mus. Gruzii 1: 14
(1920–22).
Type: [Turkey] in collibus prope Baibut, Pl. East
Anatolia, Borgeau No: 43 (GOET, photo!).
Turkey, Greece, Armenia, Azerbaijan, North and
North-West Iran. Irano-Turanian element. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12026) (Yıldız
et al., 2009b).
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②
③
Figure 2. 1- Silene amana, 2- S. viridiflora, 3- S. phrygia. a- habit, b and c- calyx, d- petal, e- capsule.
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①
②
③
④
Figure 3. 1- Silene longipetala, 2- S. marschallii subsp. marschallii, 3- S. marschallii subsp. anamasi, 4- S. saxatilis. 1, 2, 4: a- habit, b and
c- calyx, d- petal, e- capsule. 3: a- habit, b- cauline leaves, c- basal leaves, d and e- calyx, f- petal, g- capsule.
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YILDIZ and ÇIRPICI / Turk J Bot
subsp. anamasi K.Yıldız & Dadandı, Nordic J. Bot.
28(3): 336 (2010) (Figure 3) (Yıldız et al., 2010).
Type: Turkey, C3 Konya: above Dedegöldağ (Anamas),
‘forest observatory station’
(Isparta/Konya border), 2100–2250 m a.s.l., 16.07.2006,
K.Yıldız 0165-1 & M.Y.Dadandı (holotype: MUFE 12360!
isotypes: Celal Bayar Univ. Herb.!, Erciyes Univ. Herb.!).
Paratype: Turkey, C3 Konya: Dedegöldağ, side of national
park, rocks, 1800 m a.s.l., 13.07.1995, H.Özçelik 7186
(GAZI!).
Fl. & Fr. June-August, slopes, rocky and stony open
places, 1800–2250 m.
Endemic. Mediterranean (mt) element. Threatened
category: CR-B2b.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12360) (Yıldız
et al., 2009c).
S. lasiantha Koch was evaluated as the synonym
of S. marschallii subsp. marschallii in the Flora of Iran.
Nevertheless, there are distinctive differences as a result
of the data obtained from this study, and it would be
suitable to evaluate them as different species. The hairiness
characteristic is used for distinguishing S. marschallii
from S. lasiantha, but the main distinctive character is the
flowers, which are more widely branched in the former.
9. S. saxatilis Sims, Bot. Mag. 18: t. 689 (1803) (Figure
3).
= Silene ruprechtii Schischkin, Grossh., Sosn. &
Schischkin, F1. Tifl. 204, t. 83 (1925).
= S. woronowii Grossh., Fl. Kavk. 3: 243 (1945).
Type: described from cultivated specimens.
Turkey, Caucasia, North Iran, usually Euro-Siberian
region. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12140) (Yıldız
et al., 2009b).
10. S. capitellata Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1(1): 25
(1843) (Figure 4).
Type: [Turkey] East Anatolia, Aucher 433 (BM,
photo!).
Endemic. Irano-Turanian element. Threatened
category: NT.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12027) (Yıldız
et al., 2009b).
11. S. isaurica Contandr. & Quézel, Bull. Soc. Bot.
France 123(7–8): 415 (1976) (Figure 4).
Type: [Turkey C3 Antalya] pâturages calcaires de
la région de Kuyu à l’est d’Akseki, 1800 m, 07.06.1970,
P.Quézel & J.Contandriopoulos 70-77 (holotype: MARS,
topotype: MUFE 2409!).
Endemic. East Mediterranean element. Threatened
category: CR-B1a.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12349) (Yıldız
et al., 2009b).
S. isauria was included in the section Otites (Adams.)
Otth in the Flora of Turkey, indicating it was close to S.
otites (L.) Wibel. Nonetheless, this species is significantly
different from S. otites as regards plant height, leaf size,
sexual condition, and inflorescence. On the other hand, it
displays characters that are more similar to S. capitellata.
Although the flowers in S. capitellata are capitate, they are
usually clustered on the stem in S. isaurica. Furthermore,
flowers in S. isaurica are either hermaphrodite or female;
all of the flowers in S. capitellata are hermaphrodite. S.
isaurica also exhibits similarities with S. olympica and S.
lasiantha as regards plant size, inflorescence, branched
stem, and leaf arrangement. S. isaurica, because of the
aforementioned features, was included in the section
Lasiostemones.
12. S. olympica Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1(1): 24
(1843) (Figure 4) (Yıldız & Çırpıcı, 2000).
1. Inflorescence a strict raceme, flowers usually contiguous
and overlapping; petals usually emarginated, sometimes
divided to 1/3 …….……………………… var. olympica
1. Inflorescence capitate or 2(–3) distant verticillasters; petals
divided 1/2 to 1/3 …..…………… var. erciyesdaghensis
var. olympica (Figure 4) (Yıldız & Çırpıcı, 2000).
Type: [Turkey A2 Bursa] in Olympi Bithyni praeruptis
herbidis, vii 1842, Aucher 485 (G, photo!).
Endemic. Irano-Turanian element. Threatened
category: NT.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12091) (Yıldız
et al., 2009b).
var. erciyesdaghensis (Aksoy & Hamzaoğlu) K.Yıldız
& Çırpıcı, stat. nov.
≡ Silene erciyesdaghensis Aksoy & Hamzaoğlu, Bot. J.
Linn. Soc. 158: 730–733 (2008) syn. nov.
Type: Turkey. B5 Kayseri: Erciyes mountain, from
Sarıgöl high plateau towards summit, 2900–3200 m,
igneous rocky slopes, 04.08.2006, Hamzaoglu 4435, Aksoy
& Budak (holotype: Bozok Univ. Herb., isotypes: Bozok
Univ. Herb., Erciyes Univ. herb., ANK! GAZI, HUB).
Fl. & Fr. June-August. Alpine steppe on igneous rocky
slopes, 2650–3200 m.
Endemic. Irano-Turanian element. Threatened
category: EN.
B5 Kayseri: Mount Erciyes, 01.08.1941, A.Heilbronn &
M.Başarman s.n. (ISTF 1070!); ibid., 2600 m, 22.07.1990,
K.Alpınar & H’t Herit s.n. (ISTE 62309!). B5 Niğde: Ala
dağ, Narpiz gorge, 10,000 ft (3048 m), scree, flowers
cream, scented like whin, plentiful, 08.08.1964, P.W.Wood
& W.B.Gibson 165 (E!).
S. olympica, S. lasiantha, and S. capitellata are very
similar to each other. Because its petals occur 1/2 divided
from the emarginate, S. olympica is easily distinguished
from the other species, which have petals that are divided
to the base (4/4).
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Figure 4. 1- Silene capitellata, 2- S. isaurica, 3- S. olympica subsp. olympica, 4- S. lasiantha. a- habit, b and c- calyx, d- petal, e- capsule.
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13. S. lasiantha K.Koch, Linnaea 25: 712(1841) (Figure
4) (Yıldız & Çırpıcı, 2000).
≡ Silene olympica subsp. lasiantha (K.Koch) Chowdhuri,
Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh, 22: 254 (1957).
= S. asperifolia Freyn, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 97 (1895).
Type: [Turkey] East Anatolia, Koch s.n. (topotype: E!).
Turkey, North-West Iran. Irano-Turanian element.
Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12149) (Yıldız
et al., 2009b).
S. lasiantha was evaluated as the synonym of S.
marschallii subsp. marschallii in the Flora Iranica.
Nevertheless, findings obtained from this study show there
are distinctive differences between these 2 species, and it is
appropriate to evaluate them as separate species. The petal
obtained from “A7 Sivas: Suşehri-Refahiye, 1800 m, Balls
1491, ANK!”, which is recorded as S. lasiantha in the Flora
of Turkey, has hairy leaves and, thus, shows characteristics
of S. lasiantha. On the other hand, it was different as
regards to its leaf form, branched, and inflorescence.
14. S. manissadjianii Freyn, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 83
(1895) (Figure 5).
Type: [Turkey A5 Amasya] Pontus Galaticus, Amasia, in
pascuis montanis montis Ak Dagh, 10.09.1892, Manissadjian
942 (isotypes: ANK! K!, G, photo! ZT, photo!).
Endemic. Irano-Turanian element. Threatened
category: NT.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12100) (Yıldız
et al., 2009b).
Section Sclerocalycinae Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 575
(1867).
15. S. bupleuroides L., Sp. PI. 1: 421 (1753) (Figure 5)
(Yıldız & Çırpıcı 2000).
1. Calyx 20–28 mm, upper part anastomosing, margin
ciliolate; bracts ovate, long acuminate, includes the
buds in bracts; coronal scales obtuse ...............................
........................................................... subsp. bupleuroides
1. Calyx (26–) 30–35 (–37) mm, upper part not
anastomosing, margin very small teeth; bracts ellipticlanceolate, not including the buds in bracts; coronal
scales acute ….....….....…..…..……. subsp. solenocalyx
subsp. bupleuroides (Figure 5) (Yıldız & Çırpıcı, 2000).
= Silene longiflora Ehrh, Beitr. 7: 144 (1792).
= S. longiflora var. alpina Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 639 (1867).
= S. megalocalyx Freyn., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 82 (1895).
= S.viscariaefolia Boiss. Diagn.. Pl. Orient. ser. 1(1): 30
(1843).
Type: described from Iran (Hb. Linn. 583/25, photo!).
Turkey, Balkans, Bulgaria, Romania, Central Europe,
Crimea, South Russia, Armenia, North Iran. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12421) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
subsp. solenocalyx (Boiss. & Huet) Melzh., Fl. Iranica
[Rechinger] 163: 399 (1988) (Figure 5). New record for
Turkey.
≡ Silene bupleuroides L. var. solenocalyx Boiss. & Huet,
Boiss. Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2(5): 57 (1856).
≡ S. caramanica Boiss. var. solenocalyx Boiss., Fl. Orient.
1: 642 (1867).
Type: Turkey [East Anatolia]: Ad Erzeroum [Erzurum],
Huet s.n. (G-Boiss).
Fl. & Fr. July-August. Rocky places and meadows,
1500–2500 m. Turkey, Armenia, North Iran. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12128) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
A8 Erzurum: Palandöken Da., around ski centre, 2465
m, 28.07.2005, K.Yıldız 054-1 & M.Y.Dadandı (MUFE
12128!); Erzurum: Erzurum to Tortum 38 km, 1950
m, 19.07.1990, N & E.Özhatay s.n. (ISTE 61949!); A9
Ardahan: Yalnızçam, around ski centre, N.E. slopes, 2045
m, 29.07.2005, K.Yıldız 058-1 & M.Y.Dadandı (MUFE
12139!); B9 Van: Özalp, between Şehittepe and Altınboğa,
2220 m, 30.07.2005, K.Yıldız 064-2 & M.Y.Dadandı (MUFE
12152!); C6 K.Maraş: Ahır Da., Çallıbaba, 1750–1800 m,
10.06.1991, Z.Aytaç 4164 & H.Duman (GAZI!).
16. S. caramanica Boiss. & Heldr., Diagn. Pl. Orient.
ser. 1, 8: 90 (1849) (Figures 5, 6) (Yıldız, 2006b).
1. Basal and cauline leaves more than 5 mm broad
……………….....................................……… var. ilarslanii
1. Basal and cauline leaves less than 5 mm broad
2. Basal leaves linear to lanceolate, 20–67 mm long,
cauline leaves to 5 mm broad; distance between
bifid point of petal and coronal scales 4–6.5 mm
........................................................... var. caramanica
2. Basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, 60–75 mm long,
cauline leaves to 2 mm broad; distance between
bifid point of petal and coronal scales 1–2 mm
....................................................................... var. idaea
var. caramanica (Figure 5).
= Silene porteri Post ex Boiss., Fl. Orient. Suppl. 104
(1888).
= S. kucukodukii Bağcı & Uysal, Nordic J. Bot. 25: 306
(2007) syn. nov.
Type: [Turkey C4 Konya] in vineis prope Bounarpatschi
inter Karaman et Ermenek Isauriae, 1846, Heldreich s.n.
(holotype: G, photo!).
Endemic. East Mediterranean (mt) element.
Threatened category: NT.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12435) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
var. ilarslanii Aytaç & Dural, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 41(3):
219 (2004) (Figure 6).
Type: C3 Antalya: Gündoğmuş, Geyik mountain,
steppe, 2300–2500 m, R.İlarslan 3916 (holotype: GAZI!,
isotype: GAZI!).
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Figure 5. 1- Silene manissadjianii, 2- S. bupleuroides subsp. bupleroides, 3- S. bupleuroides subsp. solanocalyx, 4- S. caramanica var.
caramanica. a- habit, b and c- calyx, d- petal, e- capsule.
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Fl. & Fr. July. Steppe, 2300–2500 m.
Endemic. Irano-Turanian. Threatened category: CR,
B1a.
var. idaea (Hausskn.) K.Yıldız & Çırpıcı, comb. & stat.
nov. (Figure 6) (Yıldız, 2006b).
≡ Silene idaea Hausskn., Mitth. Thüring. Bot. Vereins 5:
49 (1893). S. sipylea O.Schwarz, Feddes Rep. 36: 80 (1934)
syn. nov.
Type: [Turkey Bl Manisa] M. Sipylos Magnesiae [Manisa
Da.] in fruticetis summi cacuminis, solo calcarea, ca. 1300–
1400 m, 13.8.1933, O. Schwarz 1017 (holotype B, photo!).
Endemic. East Mediterranean (mt.) element.
Threatened category: EN-B1a+C1+D.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12430) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
S. idaea displays a great similarity to S. caramanica.
It was considered a new variety of S. caramanica. The
hairlessness of the stem, with serrulate leaves or not, and
the differences in calyx length were the distinguishing
characteristics between the 2 species. Nonetheless, these
characteristics did not show a correlation in this study;
for example, MUFE 12298, 12299, and 12321 specimens
display S. caramanica features as regards stem base
hairiness and absence of serrulate basal leaf margin,
while they show S. idaea features as regards calyx length.
Likewise, the specimen numbered MUFE 12005 shows
S. caramanica features as regards calyx length whereas it
displays S. idaea features as regards presence of serrulate
leaf margins. The other specimens studied display similar
conditions. Therefore, S. idaea could not be a different
species. The same conditions were also observed by Huber
Morath, and he presented S. idaea as the synonym of S.
caramanica (Candollea, no: 35, 1980). Since S. idaea is
different from the other varieties of S. caramanica, it was
considered a new variety of S. caramanica.
Plant specimens, along with S. kucukodukii Y.Bağcı &
Uysal specimens, that were collected from regions where
the type specimens display distribution were evaluated
[Konya: Hadim to Bozkır 5 km, 1700–1750 m, 10.07.2005,
K.Yıldız 027-1 & M.Y.Dadandı (MUFE 12069!); Konya:
Hadim, nr. Bozkır, 1475 m, 10.07.2005, K.Yıldız 026-3 &
M.Y.Dadandı (MUFE 12068!); Konya: Hadim, nr. Bozkır,
1475 m, 13.07.2006, K.Yıldız 0152-3 & M.Y.Dadandı
(MUFE 12331!)]; it was noted that they were not much
different from S. caramanica var. caramanica. Therefore,
S. kucukodukii is reduced to the synonym of S. caramanica
var. caramanica.
17. S. aydosensis K.Yıldız & S.Erik, Ann. Bot. Fenn.
47: 152 (2010) (Figure 6) (Yıldız & Erik, 2010).
Perennials, stem erect, 18–30 cm, upper glabrous,
below hairy or glabrous. Basal leaves spathulate, 28–65 mm,
glabrous. Cauline leaves 5–25 mm, linear. Inflorescence
racemose, frequently 2–3 flowers, sometimes solitary.
Pedicel erect, 20–67 mm. Calyx glabrous, 25–32 mm,
inflated in fruit, veins prominent thick, reddish, with 5
long teeth, teeth margins hyaline. Petals glabrous, creamy,
not auriculate, petal limbs bipartite to the middle (1/2)
into oblong lobes, lobes c. 4 mm, no coronal scales, 2 small
bulges present, exserted from calyx. Stamens 12–15 mm,
pistil 9–10 mm, filaments and styles glabrous. Gynophore
15–20 mm, glabrous. Capsule 10–12 × 6–7 mm, ovoid,
included in or exserted from calyx. Seeds reniform.
Holotype: Turkey. C5 Konya, Ereğli, Aydos mountain,
Aktoprak, damaged Quercus, Pinus forest, 1700 m,
28.08.1973, S.Erik 2614 (HUB 3630!). Paratype: Turkey.
C2 Muğla, between Köyceğiz and Ağla village, 1400 m,
03.09.1992, A.Güner 10890 (ANK!).
Fl. & Fr. July-August. Screen of Quercus, Pinus forest,
limestone area, 1400–1700 m. Endemic. Mediterranean
(mt) element. Threatened category: EN.
S. aydosensis is related to S. caramanica and S. doganii
A.Duran & Y.Menemen. Coronal scales missing (only 2
small bulges). Basal leaves spathulate. Gynophore 15–20
mm at S. aydosensis. Distinct coronal scales present. Basal
leaves linear to lanceolate or oblanceolate. Gynophore
7–23 mm in S. doganii and S. caramanica.
18. S. doganii A.Duran & Menemen, Bot. J. Linn. Soc.
143: 109 (2003) (Figure 6).
Stem 30–60 cm, glabrous, glaucous perennial, viscid
above, tinged purple and densely leafy at the base, many
branched from the base. Leaves dimorphic, basal leaves ±
fleshy, oblanceolate, 10–15 mm, glabrous, with minutely
ciliolate margin, especially at the base, acuminate. Young
leaves glaucous green, older ones dark purple. Cauline
leaves 8–17 mm, gradually decrease towards flowering part,
lower and middle cauline leaves narrowly oblanceolate to
linear, narrowed into petiole, with green (not scarious)
margin, acute to acuminate, glabrous, glaucous green;
upper cauline leaves lanceolate to subulate. Inflorescence
reduced to single flower or racemose, glabrous, viscid.
Pedicels 5–30 mm, glabrous, viscid. Calyx 22–27 mm,
glabrous, glaucous, partly green and purple, constricted
around gynophore, sometimes nerves obscured. Petals
longer than calyx, violet, divided to the base, spathulate
lobes 5–11 mm, 2 coronal scales present. Stamen 22–25
mm, pistil 10–12 mm, filaments and styles glabrous.
Capsule 12–15 × 6–9 mm, included in calyx. Gynophore
glabrous, 8–11 mm. Seed 2.3–2.6 × 1.4–1.7 mm, reniform.
Type: Turkey. C6 Osmaniye: Amanos mountain,
Zorkun plateau, Keldazı hill, 1750 m, 5.08.2001, A.Duran
5759 & Y.Menemen (Holotype: ADO, isotypes: ANK,
GAZI! HUB!).
Fl. & Fr. June–August. In granite rocky places of foreststeppe ecotone, 1700–1950 m.
Endemic. East Mediterranean (mt) element.
Threatened category: CR-D.
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Figure 6. 1- S. caramanica var. ilarslanii. a1- habit, a2- cauline leaves, b- calyx, c- petal, d- capsule. 2- S. caramanica var. idaea, 3- S.
aydosensis. 2, 3: a- habit, b- basal leaves, c and d- calyx, e- petal, f- capsule. 4- S. doganii. 2, 4: a- habit, b and c- calyx, d- petal, e- capsule.
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Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12378) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
C6 Osmaniye: above Zorkun plateau, in valley, 1870–
2000 m, 09.07.2006, K.Yıldız 0136 & M.Y.Dadandı (MUFE
12307!); Osmaniye: above Zorkun plateau, in valley,
1850–1950 m, 18.08.2006, K.Yıldız 0172-1 & M.Y.Dadandı
(MUFE 12378!).
Silene doganii is similar to S. caramanica. It is
differentiated from S. caramanica by its completely hairless
stem, viscid above, 4–6 mm bracts (not 3–10 mm), violet
petals and 8–11 mm gynophore (not 7–23 mm).
19. S. peduncularis Boiss, Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1(1): 30
(1843) (Figure 7).
Type: [Iran] Seid Khodji, Aucher 4219 (holotype: G,
photo!).
Turkey; North, North-West, and Central Iran;
Khorassan. Irano-Turanian element. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12120) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
It was presented in the Flora of Turkey without indicating
any special locality, based on Chowdhuri’s doctoral work.
However, it was possible to collect them from Gümüşhane
and Bayburt.
20. S. armena Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1(1): 29
(1843) (Figure 7).
1. Petals bipartite to the middle (1/2); coronal scales obtuse;
calyx smooth between the nerves ....…….… var. armena
1. Petals bifid, divided to the base; coronal scales acute;
calyx punctuate-rugose between the nerves ........…….…
……………………..……………............… var. serrulata
var. armena (Figure 7).
= Silene dianthifolia Gay, Asie Min. Bot. [Tchihat.] 1:
193 (I860).
= S. scabridula Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 643 (1867).
= S. tenuicaulis Freyn & Sint., Öst. Bot. Zeitschr. 40: 12
(1890).
= S. filipes Freyn & Sint., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 3: 98 (1895).
= S. amassiensis (Freyn) Bornm., Feddes Rep. Beih.
89(1): 116 (1936).
= S. lycica Chowdhuri, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh
22: 256 (1957).
Type: [Turkey B8 Erzurum] East Anatolia circa
Erzurum, Aucher 427 (isotypes: BM, photo! LE, photo!).
Endemic. Threatened category: LC.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12129) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
var. serrulata (Boiss.) Coode & Cullen, Notes Roy. Bot.
Gard. Edinburgh 28: 1 (1967). (Figure 7).
≡ Silene serrulata Boiss., Fl. Orient 1: 643 (1867).
Type: [Turkey C2 Antalya] in collibus Lyciae prope
Elmali, Bourgeau 56 (isotype: E!).
Endemic. East Mediterranean element. Threatened
category: NT.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12081) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
21. S. laxa Boiss. & Kotschy, Fl. Orient. Boiss. 1: 638
(1867) (Figure 7).
Type: [Turkey B8 Bingöl] in saxosis praeruptis
ad radicem australes montis Bingoel Dagh [Bingöl
dağları] prope Goschkar East Anatolia, Kotschy 376
(isotypes: LE, photo! G).
Turkey, North Iraq. Irano-Turanian element.
Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12328) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
S. laxa and S. caesarea are morphologically similar.
However, S. laxa is distinguished from it by ovate stem
leaves, its leaf height is 2–2.5 times greater than width, and
its calyx is 16–27 mm in length.
22. S. caesarea Boiss. & Balansa, Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser.
2(6): 31 (1859) (Figure 8).
= Silene idrisiaca Bornm., Feddes Rep. Beih. 89(1):
114(1936).
Type: [Turkey B5 Kayseri] in cacumine montis Ali
Da. supra Caesaream [Kayseri] Cappadociae, alt. 1700 m,
Balansa s.n. (isotype: K!).
Turkey, Iran. Irano-Turanian element. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12060) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
23. S. chlorifolia Sm., Pl. Icon. Ined. 1: 13, t. 13
(1789) (Figure 8) (Yıldız & Çırpıcı 2000).
Type: Amasia: in rupesbilus (d vinelis) Verbatim
Locality: Amasia: in rupesbilus (d vinelis) Bornmueller
J.F.N. Jun 15, 1889 (PH, photo!).
Turkey, Greece, Lebanon, Palestine, Caucasia, North
Iraq, Iran. Irano-Turanian element. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12056) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
S. chlorifolia and S. swertiifolia are very similar to each
other. Stem leaves are amplexicaul in S. chlorifolia but
cuneate in S. swertiifolia.
24. S. swertiifolia Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 1(1):
32 (1843) (Figure 8).
Type: [Turkey] in Cappadocia orientalis, Aucher 451
(LE, photo!); [Iran] in monte Demawend Persiae, Aucher
4215 (MO, photo!).
Turkey, Palestine, Syrian Desert, North Iraq, Iran,
Turkestan. Irano-Turanian element. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12046) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
25. S. sclerophylla Chowdhuri, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 22: 261 (1957) (Figure 8).
= Silene sclerophylloides Chowdhuri, Notes Roy. Bot.
Gard. Edinburgh 22: 262 (1957).
= S. bitlisensis Tugay & Ertuğrul, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 156
(3): 463–466 (2008). syn. nov.
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Figure 7. 1- Silene peduncularis, 2- S. armena var. armena, 3- S. armena var. serrulata, 4- S. laxa. a- habit, b and c- calyx, d- petal, ecapsule.
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Figure 8. 1- Silene caeserea, 2- S. chlorifolia, 3- S. swertiifolia, 4- S. sclerophylla. a- habit, b and c- calyx, d- petal, e- capsule.
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Type: Turkey C9 Hakkâri, Cilo dağ, in Diz deresi, 1700
m, gravel terraces, flowers pink, 6.08.1954, Davis & Polunin,
D. 23921 (holotype: K! isotypes:. E! ANK!).
Turkey, Iran. Irano-Turanian element. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12171) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
Specimens of Silene bitlisensis collected from their type
localities and various herbaria were examined [B9 Bitlis:
Tatvan, Pelli mountain, south slopes, 2500–2800 m, alpine
steppe, calcareous rocky places, 19.08.1972, H.Peşmen
s.n. (HUB 3876!); Tatvan, Balaban to Tatvan 12 km, 2 km
after Kuzgunkıran pass, 2060 m, 19.07.1976, H.Demiriz,
B.Tutel & A.Çırpıcı s.n. (ISTF 29903!) Van: Van-Tatvan
40 km to Tatvan, S. slopes, 1750 m, 01.08.2005, K.Yıldız
069-1 & M.Y.Dadandı (MUFE 12171!); Ağrı: Eleşkirt,
Tahir Da., 23.07.1962, A.Pamukçuoğlu s.n. (EGE 13277!);
Ağrı: Eleşkirt-Horosan 19 km, E. of Tahir Da., 2400
m, 24.07.1966, Davis 47169 (ISTO 11711!); B10 Ağrı:
Doğubayazıt, around İshakpaşa Sarayı, hills, 1895 m,
30.07.2005, K.Yıldız 063-1 & M.Y.Dadandı (MUFE 12151!);
C9 Hakkari: Cilo Da., Diz De., c. 1700 m. 06.08.1954,
Davis 23921 & O.Polunin, (isotype: ANK!); C10 Hakkari:
from Yüksekova to Şemdinli 47 km, Sapatan pass, 1830
m, 29.07.1987, A.Baytop, E.Tuzlacı & A.Meriçli s.n. (ISTE
41302!)] and identified as S. sclerophylla. The specimens of
S. bitlisensis and S. sclerophylla were compared, and these
2 species are similar. Thus, S. bitlisensis is the synonym of
S. sclerophylla.
26. S. cartilaginea Hub.-Mor., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 28: 1 (1967) (Figure 9).
Type: Turkey [C9] Van, distrikt Gürpinar, Çuh Gediği,
Pass zwischen Hoşap und Başkale, Artemisia - steppe am
Nordwesthang, Conglomerat, 2150–2200 m, 09.07.1951,
Huber-Morath 11169 (holotype: G, photo!).
Endemic. Irano-Turanian element. Threatened
category: EN-D.
The species was not re-collected from the field. The
distribution is based herbarium specimens.
27. S. haradjianii Chowdhuri, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 22: 263 (1957)
(Figure 9).
Type: [Turkey C6 Hatay] Mt. Amanus, 1200 m, viii
1906, Haradjian 469 (holotype: K!).
Endemic. East Mediterranean (mt) element.
Threatened category: CR-D.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12383) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
28. S. frivaldszkyana Hampe, Flora 20 (1): 227 (1837).
(Figure 9).
Type: Turkey, Frivaldsky.
Turkey, Balkans, Bulgaria, Albania. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12389) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
208
A1(E) Edirne: Keşan, Mecidiye coast, near military
camp, s.l., 25.08.2006, K.Yıldız 0180, MUFE 12389!
29. S. lycaonica Chowdhuri, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 22: 263 (1957) (Figure 9).
Type: Turkey C4 Konya, between Sanjak (Sancak)
yayla and Üçpınar (S of Bozkir), 2.09.1947, Davis 14586
(holotype: K!).
Endemic. Irano-Turanian element. Threatened
category: LC.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12357) (Yıldız
et al., 2009a).
This species, which was only known from the type
gathering, has been collected many times from West and
South Anatolia recently.
Section Chloranthae Rohrb., Monogr. Sil. 74 (1867).
30. S. viscosa Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 497 (1805) (Figure 10).
≡ Cucubalus viscosus L., Sp. PI. 414 (1753).
≡ Elisanthe viscosa (L.) Rupr., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci.
Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7 15: (2) 200 (1869).
≡ Melandrium viscosum (L.) Čelak., Lotos 18: 118
(1868).
Type: described from Europe and Orient (Hb. Linn.
582/7).
Turkey, most of Europe, Caucasia, Syrian desert, Iran,
Siberia, India. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (GAZI, A1999).
31. S. paphlagonica Bornm., Magyar Bot. Lapok 30: 60
(1931) (Figure 10) (Yıldız & Çırpıcı, 2000).
Type: [Turkey A4 Çankırı] in montis Ilgaz Dagh. inter
Çankris [Çankırı] et Kastamuni [Kastamonu], 2000–2100
m, 20 & 23 vi 1929, Bornmüller s.n.
Endemic. Black Sea element. Threatened category: ENB2a.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12093) (Yıldız
& Çırpıcı, 1996).
This species is very similar to S. viscosa. The features
that differ from S. viscosa are the calyx and gynophores,
which are 13–19 mm and 4–10 mm, respectively.
Section Tataricae Chowdhuri, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 22: 236 (1957).
Synonym: Sect. Chloranthae subsect. Tataricae
Schischkin in Komarov, Fl. U.R.S.S. 06, 619 (1936), descr.
russ.
32. S. eremitica Boiss., Fl. Orient. Boiss. 1: 644 (1867)
(Figure 10).
Type: [Iran] in eremo arenoso subsalso prov.
Aderbidjan Persise inter Khoi et Seidkhodji, Szowits s.n.
(holotype: G, photo!).
Turkey, Iran. Irano-Turanian element. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 16076).
33. S. demirizii K.Yıldız & Çırpıcı, Nordic J. Bot. 28(3):
332–336 (2010) (Figure 10) (Yıldız et al., 2010).
YILDIZ and ÇIRPICI / Turk J Bot
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③
②
④
Figure 9. 1- Silene cartilaginea, 2- S. haradjianii, 3- S. frivaldszkyana, 4- S. lycaonica. 1, 2, 3, 4: a- habit, b and c- calyx, d- petal, e- capsule.
4: f- flowers.
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③
②
④
Figure 10. 1- Silene viscosa, 2- S. paphlagonica, 3- S. eremitica, 4- S. demirizii. 1, 2, 3, 4: a- habit, b and c- calyx, d- petal, e- capsule. 3:
b1- calyx, b2- flowers. 4: b- basal leaf, c- cauline leaf, d and e- calyx, f- capsule, g- petal.
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Perennial. Stem erect, glaucous, glabrous, 42–65 cm.
Middle and upper stem viscous, blackish in anthesis.
Basal leaves in rosette, linear to oblanceolate, 32–65 mm,
acute, flat, glabrous, prominent nerve. Cauline leaves
linear, glabrous, 25–40 mm, on prominent node. All leaves
sessile and margins hyaline and papillate. Inflorescence
panicle, with an alar flower. Pedicel erect, 7–10 mm. Calyx
glabrous, 9–12 mm, inflated in fruit, with 5 teeth, teeth
hyaline margins. Petals glabrous, creamy, not auriculate,
exserted from calyx. Limbs bipartite to the middle (1/2)
into oblong lobes, lobes 2.5–3.5 mm, coronal scales not
present but small bulge present. Stamens 12–13 mm, pistil
7–9 mm, filaments and styles glabrous. Gynophore 2–4
mm, glabrous. Capsule 7–14 × 2.5–5 mm, oblong-ovoid,
more exserted from calyx. Seed 1.6–1.9 × 1.1–1.3 mm,
reniform.
Type: Turkey. B7 Erzincan: Refahiye to Erzincan
21 km, steppe, between natural gas pipe line and road,
south slopes, 1850–2200 m, 27.07.2005, K.Yıldız 049-4
& M.Y.Dadandı (holotype: MUFE 12110! isotypes: Celal
Bayar Univ. Herb.!, Erciyes Univ. Herb.!).
Fl. & Fr. July-August. Roadsides and slopes, 1850–2200
m.
Endemic. Irano-Turanian element. Threatened
category: VU-B1ab (iii).
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12110) (Yıldız
et al., 2010).
S. demirizii is distinguished from S. eremitica by its
linear stem leaves, 2.5–3.5 mm long petal lobes, and
capsule, which is more extended from calyx. Petal lobes
5–6 mm in S. eremitica.
34. S. skorpilii Velen, Sitz.-Ber. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. 1: 39
(1890) (Figure 11).
Type: [W Bulgaria] “Kistendly [Kjustendil]”, Aug.1887,
Vandas & Velenovsky s.n. (PR).
Balkans, Bulgaria, Thrace (Turkey in Europe).
Threatened category: LC.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12387).
Section Otites (Adams.) Otth, Candollea, Prodr. 1: 369
(1824).
Synonyms: Sect. Otiteae Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 571 (1867).
Sect. Otites Otth, Subsect. Sibiricae Schischkin ex
Chowdhuri.
35. S. otites (L.) Wibel, Prodr. Fl. Werthem. 241 (1799)
(Figure 11) (Yıldız & Çırpıcı, 2000).
≡ Cucubalus otites L., Sp. Pl. 415 (1753).
= Silene trichocalycina (Boiss.) Bornm, Feddes Rep. Beih.
89(1): 108 (1936).
= S. roopiana Kleopow, Zhurn. Inst. Bot. Vseukraïns’k.
Akad. Nauk 9: 115 (1936).
Turkey, most of Europe, Caucasia, North Iran, Siberia.
Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12001) (Yıldız
& Çırpıcı, 1996).
S. otites (Figure 11) is a rather polymorphic species
and, thus, has numerous synonyms. S. densiflora d’Urv.
(Figure 11) and S. exeltata, which are displayed as the
synonyms of S. otites in the Flora of Turkey, rank as valid
species in the Flora of Europe, Flora of Greece, and Flora of
the U.S.S.R. (Komarov, 1936). S. densiflora is a new record
for the Flora of Turkey.
36. S. densiflora d’Urv., Mém. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 303
(1822) (Figure 11).
≡ Silene otites subsp. densiflora (d’Urv.) Asch. &
Graebn., Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 5: (2) 197 (1921).
≡ Otites densiflorus (d’Urv.) Grossh., Fl. Kavkaza, ed.
2(3): 255 (1945).
= Otites dolichocarpus Klokov, Ukrajins’k. Bot. Žurn.
5(1): 23 (1948).
= S. exaltata Friv., Flora 28: 333 (1835).
= S. macroclada Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Or. 8: 84 (1849).
Biennial, stem 80–150 cm long, stem and leaves with
dense, long-villose eglandular indumentum, somewhat
crisp soft hairs, sometimes viscid above, branched in
inflorescence. Basal leaves numerous, obovate to elliptic or
oblanceolate. Lower cauline leaves 30–45 mm, lanceolateoblong, acute, gradually tapering to a short broad petiole,
both surfaces covered with patulous slightly crisped hairs.
Leaves of axillary fascicles smaller, narrow. Flowers in
clusters on stem and on ascending inflorescence branches.
Pedicels 2–7 mm, filiform. Bracts crowded at the base of
pedicels, broad-ovate, acute, membranous, with longciliate margin. Calyx 3–3.5 mm, glabrous, membranousmargined, fruiting calyx tightly enclosing capsule. Petals
whitish, entire limb 1–2 mm, petal claw sparsely ciliate,
coronal scales absent. Gynophore absent or c. 1 mm.
Capsule 5–6.5 × 3–4 mm. Seeds reniform, 1.1–1.4 × 0.7–
0.9 mm.
Type: [Bulgaria] “Rumelia”. 1834 [Hinke & Manolesko
in] Frivaldszky s.n. (isotypes: K!, LE, WU, MW, photo!).
Fl. & Fr. May-June. Stony slopes, and sandy or stony
steppes. Peninsula, Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Thrace;
0–900 m. Widespread.
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12388).
A1(E) Edirne: Edirne–Lalapaşa road, 500 m–1 km,
near road and hill ridges, 100–150 m, 8.07.2006. K.Yıldız
0143 (MUFE 12317!) ibid. 25.08.2006, K.Yıldız 0179
(MUFE 12388!).
37. S. confertiflora Chowdhuri, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 22: 264 (1957) (Figure 11).
Type: [Syria] Phurunluq nr. Massiab, 450 m, in forest
of Platanus, Alnus & Quercus, 09.09.1952, Mooney 4580
(holotype: K!).
Turkey, Syrian desert. East Mediterranean element.
Threatened category: NT
Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (MUFE 12381).
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Figure 11. 1- Silene skorpilii, 2- S. otites, 3- S. densiflora, 4- S. confertiflora. 1, 2, 3, 4: a- habit, b and c- calyx, d- petal, e- capsule. 4: b1calyx, b2- flower, d1 and d2- petal.
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4. Discussion
The revision of the sections Siphonomorpha, Lasiostemones,
Sclerocalycinae, Chloranthae, Tataricae, and Otites of
the genus Silene, which is represented by 164 taxa in the
Flora of Turkey, was conducted in this study. The images
of type specimens belonging to 16 species were obtained
from various herbaria, photographs from the Flora of Iran
belonging to 5 species were used, and 13 species were
collected from their type localities.
Although S. phrygia was only known from its type
specimens it was collected during this study. The presence
of S. viridiflora, usually distributed in Mount Amanos,
northern Anatolia, was interpreted as a surprising split
in the Flora of Greece. This may be due to the fact that
the western sections of Mount Amanos have a climate
similar to the climate in northern Anatolia. It was noted
that S. caesarea and S. sclerophylla, which are recorded as
endemic in the Flora of Turkey, also appear in the Flora
of Iran (Melzheimer, 1988). Therefore, S. caesarea and
S. sclerophylla were not endemic for the Flora of Turkey.
S. ruprechtii Schischkin, the synonym of S. saxatilis,
was presented as a valid species in the Flora Iranica
(Melzheimer, 1988). S. saxatilis M.B. (not S. saxatilis Sims)
was regarded as the synonym of S. ruprechti in that Flora.
S. peduncularis was presented without specifying localities
in the Flora of Turkey, based on the doctoral research by
Chowdhuri (1957). Nonetheless, this species was obtained
from localities within Gümüşhane and Bayburt provinces
in this study; thus, its existence in Turkey was proven
conclusively. S. lycaonica, which was known only from
type specimens and was considered endangered (EN) in
the Red Book of Turkish Plants (Ekim et al., 2000). It was
collected from West and South Anatolia many times and
was determined LR (cd) in Turkey. S. cartileginea was
recorded from Van, Gürpınar, Çuh Gediği, Hakkâri, and
Cilo mountain in the Flora of Turkey. It was not possible
to collect these species during field work for this study.
Thus, the investigation of this species was based on the
previously collected herbarium specimens.
When the studies on Silene were examined, it was
observed that Chowdhuri (1957) arranged the Silene
species into 44 sections and determined the features of
the sections, whereas Melzheimer (1977) biosystemically
revised the Silene taxa in the Balkans. Although pollen
features in this study showed some differences among
species, they did not reach a level appropriate for
distinguishing among species; however, seed testa features
included diagnostic characteristics that could be used for
distinguishing species and subspecies.
During our studies we observed that great similarities
between some species and variation among the species do
exist. S. italica, which is not separated into subspecies in the
Flora of Turkey, was separated into subspecies in the Flora
of Europe and the Flora of Greece [subsp. italica, subsp.
nemoralis (Waldst. & Kit.) Nyman, subsp. peloponnesiaca
Greuter] and into varieties in the Flora of Bulgaria. From
the examinations conducted it became clear that all of the
samples in Turkey were S. italica subsp. italica. Moreover,
S. sieberi, which was presented as the synonym of S. italica
in the Flora of Turkey, is actually not the synonym of this
species; it was an endemic species growing in Crete and
was not distributed in Turkey.
Although the Flora of Turkey considered S. splendens
very similar to S. italica, these 2 species are easily
distinguished from each other by the differences in their
leaf forms and veins (Figure 1). Signifying that it had not
been available for collection for a long period of time, S.
amana was put into the category of DD (deficient data)
in the Red Book of Turkish Plants (Ekim et al., 2000).
Nonetheless, this species was collected from its type
locality and surrounding localities by the researchers. It
was concluded that the species, which has a rather limited
distribution, should be categorised CR-B2b+D.
There are 2 different varieties of S. gigantea, var.
gigantea and var. incana. Greuter (1997) evaluated these
species as subspecies in the Flora of Greece; and also
changed var. incana to subsp. rhodopea, and took into
consideration their distribution in Turkey while accepting
these subspecies. The evaluation in the current study was
based on Greuter. The most important difference between
these 2 subspecies is that lateral cymes are closely spaced,
and their calyxes are generally simple and infrequently
glandular haired while lateral cymes are loose and calyxes
are very infrequently glandular haired or hairless in subsp.
rhodopea (Figure 1).
S. phrygia (Figure 2) is a species that was first published
in Flora Orientalis (Boissier, 1867). Its type specimens
were collected from B2 Usak and C2 Antalya. S. ispartensis
was represented as a new species by Ghazanfar in 1983.
Ghazanfar signifies that S. ispartensis displays great
similarity with S. phrygia; it was reduced to a synonym of
S. phrygia.
A new subspecies of S. marschallii was identified for
Turkey during this study (Figure 3) and presented to the
scientific world as S. marschallii subsp. anamasi (Yıldız
et al., 2010). S. lasiantha was given as the synonym of
S. marschallii subsp. marschallii in the Flora Iranica
(Melzheimer, 1988). In this study, however, distinctive
differences between these 2 species were observed,
and they were evaluated as different species. The most
significant morphological difference was that the flowers
of S. marschallii were more widely divaricated.
Silene erciyesdaghensis (Aksoy et al., 2008), which was
recently made a new species, was distinguished from S.
olympica (Figure 4). In the evaluation conducted on S.
erciyesdaghensis no distinctive difference was observed
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between these 2 species. S. erciyesdaghensis differed from
S. olympica in that the lower flowers are capitate or 2(–3)
distant verticillasters, and the flowers are pedicillate in a
strict raceme or paniculate and petal divided 1/3 to 1/2.
The characteristics mentioned in the paper are shown in
the table below (Table 1). Detailed studies conclude that
S. erciyesdaghensis is not a different species but a variety
of S. olympica.
Silene isaurica was presented as a new species by
Contandr. and Quézel in 1976. In the Flora of Turkey
S. isaurica was similar to S. otites, and was therefore
included in the Otites sections. On the other hand, it was
observed that plant height of S. isaurica was shorter than
S. otites and its features are different from those species
as regards leaf size, sexual condition, and inflorescence.
This species also displays similarities with S. capitellata,
S. olympica, and S. lasiantha. S. isaurica, because of the
aforementioned features, was included in the section
Lasiostemones. Although the flowers capitate at the top
of the stem in S. capitellata, they are usually clustered
in S. isaurica. Likewise, flowers in S. isaurica are either
hermaphrodite or female; all of the flowers in S. capitellata
are hermaphrodite (Figure 4).
S. bupleuroides, which is not separated into subspecies
in the Flora of Turkey, is separated into subspecies in the
Floras of Europe, Iran, and Greece. In the examinations
conducted on this species it was determined that S.
bupleuroides had 2 subspecies in Turkey: subsp. bupleroides
and subsp. solanocalyx. The most significant difference
between subsp. solanocalyx and subsp. bupleuroides was
that bracts of the former subspecies were elliptic-lanceolate
and flower buds were not included (Figure 5).
S. caramanica and S. idaea display great similarities
according to their morphological characteristics. The
distinctive characters of these 2 species, such as their
hairiness condition, shape and size of basal leaves, and
length of calyx, were evaluated; and it was found that
the aforementioned characteristics did not show any
correlation. It was determined that MUFE 12298, 12299,
and 12321 specimens displayed both S. caramanica
and S. idaea characters regarding basal stem hairiness,
absence of serrulate basal leaf margin, and calyx length,
respectively. Likewise, the specimen MUFE 12321
displayed features of S. caramanica regarding calyx
length, whereas it displayed features of S. idaea when its
serrulate leaf margin is considered. Similar conditions
were observed for the other specimens evaluated in this
study. Huber-Morath (1980) did not find the diagnostic
characteristics adequate to distinguish between the
2 species and presented S. idaea as the synonym of
S. caramanica. Since the observations in this study
show similarities with the findings of Huber-Morath,
it was concluded that S. idaea should be a variety of S.
caramanica. The final condition of S. idaea is displayed
as S. caramanica Boiss. & Heldr. var. idaea (Hausskn.)
K.Yıldız & Çırpıcı (Figures 5, 6).
One of the new species that was presented to the
scientific world by this study is S. aydosensis (Yıldız &
Erik, 2010) (Figure 6). This species is distributed in
south and south-western Anatolia. S. aydosensis shows a
similarity with S. caramanica and S. doganii (Figures 5,6).
Their most distinguishing features of the species are the
morphological structures of their basal leaves.
Silene bitlisensis is a new species that was introduced to
the scientific world by Tugay and Ertuğrul (2008). While
S. bitlisensis was presented as a new species, samples of S.
caramanica, S. bupleroides, and S. idaea, which are close
species, were evaluated. S. bitlisensis was not compared
Table 1. Comparison between Silene erciyesdaghensis and S. olympica.
Silene erciyesdaghensis (Aksoy et al., 2008)
Silene olympica
Habitat
igneous rocky slopes, 2650–3200 m
calcareous rocky slopes, 400–3000 m
Habit
distinctly caespitose
± caespitose
Stem
(8–)10–15 (–18) cm
10–30 cm
Inflorescence
capitate or 2(–3) distant, verticillasters, the flowers pedicillate
in a strict raceme or paniculate
a strict raceme, the lower flowers usually
contiguous and overlapping
Pedicel
1–2 mm
(1–)2–4 mm
Calyx
4–6 mm, glabrous to viscid, deeply purple especially towards the apex
5–9 mm, glabrous, whitish to pale purple
Petal limb
divided 1/3 to 1/2
usually emarginated, sometimes divided to 1/3
Capsule
4–5 mm
4–7 mm
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with S. sclerophylla, which displayed more similarities
than the others. Instead, it was compared with the more
distant species. Therefore, significant differences were
determined in the species that were alleged to be close
to the new species. In the current study, specimens of S.
bitlisensis collected from their type localities and various
herbaria were examined and identified as S. sclerophylla.
When the specimens of S. bitlisensis and S. sclerophylla
were compared (Table 2) these 2 species were observed
to be the same. Thus, S. bitlisensis is the synonym of S.
sclerophylla (Figure 8).
Silene kucukodukii, which was introduced to the
scientific world as a new species by Bağcı et al. (2007),
show a great similarity with S. sipylea (S. caramanica var.
idaea); and it can be distinguished from the species with
regards to hairiness, leaves, and flower characteristics.
The type specimen (K.Ertuğrul 2927 & O.Tugay, KNYA!)
was compared with the numerous samples obtained from
its type locality and its surroundings (MUFE 12068,
12069, and 12331). As a result of these evaluations, it was
concluded that S. kucukodukii should be the synonym of S.
caramanica, as indicated in Table 3.
Table 2. Comparison between Silene bitlisensis and S. sclerophylla.
Silene bitlisensis
(Tugay & Ertuğrul, 2008)
Characters
Silene bitlisensis
(type specimen, KNYA!)
Silene sclerophylla
Stem length
20–45 cm
35–40 cm
37–53 cm
Basal leaves
10–18 cm,
spathulate-oblanceolate
10–18 cm,
spathulate-oblanceolate
22–37 cm, oblanceolate to linearoblanceolate
Middle and lower
cauline leaves
18–30 mm, oblanceolate-elliptic,
acuminate
18–30 mm, oblanceolate-elliptic, 23–50 mm,
lanceolate-oblanceolate, acute
acuminate
Calyx
33–40 mm
26–37 mm
21–37 mm
Gynophore
25–28 mm
18–25 mm
(10–) 14–20 (–24) mm
Petal limbs
limbs 7–8 mm, ± oblong,
deeply bifid, coronal scales present
limbs 7–10 mm, divided 1/2
to1/3, 2 coronal scales present
limbs 9–11 mm, divided 1/2
to1/3, 2 scales present
Table 3. Comparison of Silene kucukodukii, S. caramanica var. caramanica, and S. caramanica var. idaea.
Characters
Silene kucukodukii
(Bağcı et al., 2007)
Silene kucukodukii
(KNYA, MUFE)
Silene caramanica var.
caramanica
Silene caramanica var.
idaea
Stem length
45–75 cm
45–75 cm
30–50 cm
up to 50 cm
Basal leaves
40–80 mm,
linear-lanceolate
40–80 mm,
linear - lanceolate
20–67 mm,
linear-lanceolate
60–75 mm, narrow
oblanceolate
Cauline leaves
30–60 × 1–3 mm,
linear-lanceolate
30– 60 × 1–3 mm,
linear- lanceolate
15–60 × 1–5 mm,
linear-lanceolate
30–40 × 1–2 mm,
linear- lanceolate
Inflorescence
racemose, reduced to a
single or 2 flowers
racemose, solitary in
the apex
racemose, solitary in
the apex
racemose, solitary in the
apex
Calyx
25–37 mm
25–37 mm
22–35 mm
25–36 mm
Petal
4–5 mm, divided to 1/2,
coronal scales 1.5–2 mm
4–5 mm, divided to 1/2,
coronal scales 1.5–2 mm
5–7.5 mm, divided to 1/2,
coronal scales 1.5–2 mm
5–6 mm, divided to 1/2,
coronal scales 1–1.5 mm
Gynophore
10–16 mm, glabrous
10–16 mm, glabrous
7–17 mm, glabrous
9–23 mm, glabrous
Filament
hairy
glabrous
glabrous
glabrous
Pistil
hairy
glabrous
glabrous
glabrous
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As a result of the research performed in this study
according to the criteria of the IUCN conservation status
(IUCN, 2001), there were changes made to the data of
the Red Book of Turkish Plants (Ekim et al., 2000). These
changes are given in the table below (Table 4).
In conclusion, Silene gigantea var. gigantea and var.
incana taxa were changed to subspecies S. gigantea subsp.
gigantea and subsp. rhodopea, respectively. S. isaurica
was transferred from the section Otites to the section
Lasiostemones. S. bupleuroides was separated into 2
subspecies, subsp. bupleuroides and S. bupleuroides subsp.
The existence of a new species, distinguished from
S. eremitica, was discovered during the current study.
The species was introduced to the scientific world as
Silene demirizii (Yıldız et al., 2010). S. demirizii can be
distinguished from S. eremitica because its basal and
stem leaves are thinner, more linear, hyaline, papillose;
inflorescence panicle, petal lobes shorter, and seeds bigger.
Silene densiflora d’Urv. and S. exeltata are synonyms of
S. otites in the Flora of Turkey; however, S. densiflora is a
valid species for the Flora of Turkey and it is a new record
for the Flora of Turkey.
Table 4. Comparison of threatened categories for the studied endemic Silene taxa from Red Data Book of Turkish Plants
(Ekim et al., 2000) and our detection (version 3.1).
Taxa
Red Data Book (Ekim et al., 2000)
Our detection (version 3.1)
EN
CR-B2b+D
S. armena var. armena
LR (lc)
LC
S. armena var. serrulata
LR (cd)
NT
S. aydosensis
-
EN
S. capitellata
LR (lc)
NT
S. caramanica var. caramanica
LR (lc)
NT
S. caramanica var. ilarslanii
CR
CR-B1a
S. caramanica var. idaea
VU
EN-B1a+C1+D
LR (cd)
EN-D
-
VU-B1ab (iii)
S. doganii
CR
CR-D
S. haradjianii
DD
CR-D
S. isaurica
EN
CR-B1a
S. lycaonica
EN
LC
S. manissadjianii
EN
NT
-
CR-B2b
LR (lc)
NT
-
EN
S. paphlagonica
VU
EN-B2a
S. phrygia
VU
EN-B1a+D
S. sclerophylla
LR (lc)
widespread
S. splendens
LR (cd)
VU-B1ac(i)
Silene amana
S. cartilaginea
S. demirizii
S. marschallii subsp. anamasi
S. olympica var. olympica
S. olympica var. erciyesdaghensis
216
YILDIZ and ÇIRPICI / Turk J Bot
solanocalyx. S. caesarea and S. sclerophylla species were
determined to be nonendemic for Turkey. S. idaea was
evaluated as a variety of S. caramanica. The current study
presented 2 new species, S. aydosensis and S. demirizii, and
a subspecies, S. marschallii subsp. anamasi, to the scientific
world. S. ispartensis was determined to be the synonym of S.
phrygia. It was concluded that S. erciyesdaghensis is a variety
of S. olympica. S. bitlisensis is the synonym of S. sclerophylla,
and S. kucukodukii is the synonym of S. caramanica. S.
densiflora is a new record for the Flora of Turkey.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Scientific and Technological
Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) for its financial
support (project no.: TBAG-104T310) and the curators of
AIBU, ANK, ATA, ANES, B, CGE E, EGE, G, GAZI, HUB,
ISTE, ISTF, ISTO, K, KNYA, VANF, W, WU, GUL, Erciyes
Univ. Herb., Akdeniz Univ. Herb., Çukurova Univ. Herb.,
and the Virtual Herb. of Lake Van Basin.
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