The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts:
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision
A County Checklist
First Revision
Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly,
Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers
Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers
Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program
Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program
The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts
Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network.
NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not
hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is
protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native
plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in
Massachusetts.
Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you!
A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from
voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage &
Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural
Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological
inventory, environmental review, research and restoration. For more information about the Fund
and the conservation work performed by NHESP, please contact:
Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program
Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
1 Rabbit Hill Rd.
Westborough, MA 01581
508-389-6360
Or visit our website: http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/nhesp/nhesp.htm
About the authors:
Bryan Connolly is currently State Botanist with the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species
program and is the Recording Secretary for the New England Botanical Club. He also moonlights
as a Ph.D. candidate in the Plant Science Department at the University of Connecticut. His
previous botanical adventures include working for the New England Wildflower Society,
Connecticut College, and consulting for the Connecticut Natural History and Geological Survey.
He resides in Mansfield Center, Connecticut.
Melissa Dow Cullina worked as Botanist at the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species
Program for eight years (2000-2008). Currently she is Staff Botanist at Coastal Maine Botanical
Gardens and Botanical Research Associate for the Polly Hill Arboretum. She also serves on the
Herbarium Committee of the New England Botanical Club, and is a member of the editorial board
of the journal Rhodora. Her primary interests include plant collection, botanical history, and New
England's aquatic and coastal flora. She lives on Southport Island, Maine.
Paul Somers worked as State Botanist for the Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered
Species Program for 15 years (1992-2007) and held many offices with the New England
Botanical Club including the Presidency. Before that he was a botanist for 15 years (1976-1992)
with the Tennessee Heritage Program. Both positions gave him the opportunity to pursue his
strong interests in botany and conservation which continue with land trust activities in
"retirement." He lives in Ashburnham, Massachusetts.
Bruce Sorrie worked for 12 years as State Botanist with Natural Heritage & Endangered Species
Program (1979-1991), where he developed and revised the list of the state's rare plant species.
He currently works as an Inventory Biologist with the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program
where he performs county-by-county surveys of natural areas, plant communities, and rare
species. Bruce is author of over 50 published papers, a regional reviewer for the Flora of North
America series, a Research Associate at the University of North Carolina Herbarium, and a
photographer. He lives in Whispering Pines, North Carolina.
Cover Illustration:
The authors greatly appreciated the skillful and kind donation of the cover art by
Elizabeth Farnsworth: Potamogeton confervoides
This work is dedicated to
Henry L. Woolsey
To honor his 30 years with the
Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program,
for guiding its biodiversity conservation efforts,
and with particular gratitude for
his ongoing commitment to the protection of the
rare plants and natural communities of Massachusetts.
ii
of Contents
Table ofTable
Contents
Introduction
............................................................................................................. iv
Introduction…………………………………………………………………..
About the Checklist.................................................................................................
v
Checklist…………………………………………………………
Edition……………………………………………………
New to this Edition
.......................................................................................v
Organization…………………………………………………………
Organization
................................................................................................vi
County
Distribution…………………………………………………..
County Distribution ......................................................................................vi
Native, Introduced,
Waif
Taxa…………………………………
Native,
Introduced,and
and
Waif
Taxa ...............................................................vi
Status………………………………………………………………………….
Status...........................................................................................................vii
S-ranks………………………………………………………………………
S-ranks
Common........................................................................................................viii
Names……………………………………………………..
Common
Names
Abbreviations
and ..........................................................................................ix
other Conventions……………………………...
Abbreviations and other Conventions ..........................................................ix
Information Exchange………………………………………………………
Information Exchange............................................................................................. xi
Summary of Taxa……………………………………………… ……………….
Summary of Taxa.................................................................................................... xii
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ xiii
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist
Lycophytes
(Clubmosses
and Relatives)……………………………………………1
The Vascular
Plants
of Massachusetts:
A County Checklist
Monilophytes
(Ferns
and
Horsetails)………………………………………………
4
Lycophytes (Clubmosses and Relatives) ...............................................................1
Gymnosperms (Conifers)……………………………………………………………..11
Monilophytes (Ferns and Horsetails) ......................................................................4
Magnoliid Complex (Primitive Flowering Plants)…………………………………...13
Gymnosperms
Monocots(Conifers)
(Flowering.......................................................................................11
Plants: Monocots)...………………………………………….15
Magnoliid
Complex
(Primitive
Flowering
Plants) ....................................................13
Tricolpates (Flowering
Plants:
most Dicots)………………………………………...79
Monocots (Flowering Plants: Monocots) ................................................................15
Species Exclusiae……………………………………………………………………………244
Tricolpates
(Flowering Plants: most Dicots) ...........................................................79
UnverifiedExclusiae
Reports……………………………………………………………………………246
Species
.................................................................................................. 244
Literature Cited……………………………………………………………................248
Unveriied
Reports .................................................................................................. 246
Index…………………………………………………………………………………. .251
Literature Cited ....................................................................................................... 248
Map of Massachusetts Towns and Counties…………………………………………
Index ....................................................................................................................... 251
Map of Massachusetts Towns and Counties .......................................................... 270
iii
Introduction
The passing of 2009 marked the 10th anniversary of the publication of The Vascular
Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist (“the Checklist”) (Sorrie and Somers,
1999). After a decade of hard use, this much-referenced document earned its place in
the backpack of every Bay State botanist, and dog-eared, marked-up copies abound
throughout the 14 counties. Supplies of the original Checklist dwindled as the decade
progressed, and the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP),
publisher of the Checklist, decided the time was ripe for a freshly-revised edition of the
work. This volume is the result of that endeavor, and combines the research and
compilation efforts of four past and present NHESP botanists, as well as the new record
contributions of many individuals.
The time lapsed since the publication the original Checklist proved to be an exceptionally
active one for floristic botany in the Commonwealth, and harkens back to the heyday of
New England botany at the turn of the previous century. The resurgence of activity in the
field of botanical research and inventory between 2000 and 2011 has resulted in the
completion of many floristic works, including floras of Needham (Standley 2003)
Springfield (Lovejoy 2008), Worcester (Bertin 2003), the Holyoke Range (Searcy 2008),
Penikese Island (Backus et. al 2002), and a revised flora of the Middlesex Fells (Hamlin
and Kittredge, in press). Numerous single-property inventories (e.g. Skunknett Wildlife
Sanctuary, Boston Harbor Islands, Appalachian Trail Corridor, Camp Curtis Guild) and
habitat-specific inventories (e.g. the Living Waters project) of NHESP have also
contributed to our composite knowledge of the Massachusetts flora. In addition to the
above-cited completed works, new or revised floras are currently in preparation for
Dukes, Franklin, and Worcester Counties.
New England-wide projects that relate directly to our understanding of the
Massachusetts flora have also emerged in the past 11 years. The New England Wild
Flower Society conducted the Herbarium Recovery Project (Haines, unpublished data),
an intensive effort to review and inventory herbarium specimens of all regionally rare
taxa in New England (Brumback, Mehrhoff et al., 1996). Sorrie (2005) re-examined
records of all introduced species and distinguished between those that are naturalized
and those that only temporarily appeared on the landscape of Massachusetts (i.e.,
waifs). The Invasive Plant Atlas of New England (IPANE) was founded and began to
systematically voucher and document stations of invasive plant species. New
installments of the “Atlas of the New England Flora” (Angelo & Boufford 1998+) continue
to be published as research on each taxonomic group is completed. New England has
also seen a new publication covering the Huperziaceae and Lycopodiaceae of the region
(Haines 2003) and Carex (Standley 2011). Also, guides to the genera Crataegus
(Haines, in prep.), and the family Poaceae (Magee, in prep.) are also underway. Above
all, an exhaustive new identification manual for New England tracheophytes is on the
brink of publication (Haines, in press).
Finally, our collective understanding of the evolutionary relationships of plants to one
another is continually shifting, and as such, the circumscription and nomenclature of taxa
must change over time, the past decade being no exception. Numerous new volumes of
Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+) have
been completed, and new taxonomic research is continually being published.
iv
This revised Checklist draws on our own herbarium and field research, that of our many
colleagues in botany, and all of the above-referenced works. It is, in sum, a compilation
of the work done by the many industrious field and herbarium botanists and ecologists of
Massachusetts. This volume is a testament to their collaborative spirit and collective
efforts, as well as the contributions of many past botanists.
About the Checklist
New to this revision
While the authors have attempted to keep the general format and layout of the Checklist
as close to the original 1999 edition as possible, there are numerous new features
included to increase the informational value for the conservation community it serves,
and to bring the Checklist up-to-date with the scientific literature. For a complete
discussion of these features and their related terms, see the text below this summary.
To provide more information about each taxon, we have:
Assigned “S-rank” values to each, where possible
Included “Invasive rank” categories assigned by the Massachusetts Invasive Plant
Advisory Group (MIPAG), where applicable, and
Distinguished between introduced taxa that are well-established (“I” for “Introduced”)
in the Commonwealth, vs. those that have appeared but not persisted here (“W” for
“Waif”)
To bring the information up-to-date with NHESP research, we have:
revised the MESA-Listed, Historical and Watch-list rankings
updated the county distributions of tracked taxa
To bring the Checklist up-to-date with current botanical systematics, we have:
Separated related families into six, rather than three, major taxonomic groups
Revised taxonomic circumscription of families and their component genera and
species, and
Updated the nomenclature throughout. Circumscription and nomenclature follow
either Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds.
1993+) or Flora Novae-angliae (Haines, in press).
To add to the completeness of the Checklist, we have:
Included a more exhaustive representation of hybrid taxa, supported by much
original herbarium research
Included 319 new taxa (including newly-discovered, recently-elevated, recently
annotated, and newly-included hybrid taxa)
Included 676 new county-level records (many other evaluated and not accepted. In
addition, if specimens could not be critically evaluated for correctness of
identification, they were not included)
Included a separate list of taxa that have been reported but for which we have not
yet been able to locate a voucher specimen, and
Added complete (rather than abbreviated) synonyms for each taxon
To keep the Checklist as rigorous as possible, we have:
Listed 56 new exclusions from Massachusetts since the last edition, and
Excluded taxa from counties in cases where specimen determinations changed
v
To clarify which entry is attributed to which county on a given page, we have shaded
entries for alternate counties to help the eye associate an entry with the correct county.
Entries for Berkshire, Hampshire, Worcester, Essex, Norfolk, Plymouth, and Dukes
counties are shaded, and
Entries for Franklin, Hampden, Middlesex, Suffolk, Bristol, Barnstable and Nantucket
counties are not shaded.
Organization
The arrangement of plant families is alphabetical within each of six major taxonomic
groupings: 1) Lycophytes (Club-mosses and relatives); 2) Monilophytes (ferns and
horsetails); 3) Gymnosperms (the Conifers); 4) Magnoliids (basal flowering plants) 5)
Monocots (monocotyledenous flowering plants); and 6) Tricolpates (majority of
dicotyledonous flowering plants). Families are alphabetical within these six major
groups. Genera and species are also alphabetical within each family or genus,
respectively. This alphabetical approach has been employed for the users‟ convenience
rather than following a traditional phylogenic approach. An index is provided to help the
user find a plant by both its scientific and common names.
County distribution
The distribution columns indicate the documented presence or presumed absence of
every taxon in each of the Commonwealth‟s fourteen counties. For the names and
locations of counties, see the map provided on the last page. Counties are arranged
from west to east and then southeastward toward Cape Cod and the Islands. The intent
is to convey general phytogeographic patterns without actually depicting each taxon‟s
distribution on a map. Thus, boreal and montane species are largely restricted to central
and western counties, whereas southern and maritime plants occur eastward. All county
records are based on herbarium specimens. The only exception is for rare species for
which herbarium collections are not always appropriate; all rare species (listed under the
Massachusetts Endangered Species Act) records are backed up by a critically-reviewed
record in the NHESP database. No reports based solely on sightings, even if published,
are included.
Native, introduced and waif taxa
Native (= N) or indigenous taxa are those considered to include Massachusetts as part
of their natural range within historical times.
Introduced (= I) or non-indigenous taxa, sometimes also referred to as “alien” or
“exotic,” are those which have been intentionally, accidentally, or spontaneously
introduced to Massachusetts through human activities, even if passively via adjacent
states. Such taxa are included if they are “naturalized,” appeared spontaneously, or
have persisted from plantings in areas that have reverted to a more natural environment.
Waifs (= W) are a type of introduction that have appeared spontaneously (not or no
longer in cultivation), but have not persisted in our landscape to become part of our truly
naturalized flora. These are included to render our floristic record complete, but are
designated separately to indicate that their presence is or was only sporadic, and that
they are not truly considered a part of our existing flora. These have usually been
collected only once or twice at farms, ports, railroad yards, dump sites, vacant urban
lots, etc. Many unique collections, for instance, came from mill yards or from fields
vi
fertilized with woolen mill waste containing alien seeds that had been trapped in the
wool, a practice which ceased around the beginning of World War II.
Status
In addition to state-wide distributions, each taxon entry also contains information about
the conservation or invasive status (if applicable) in Massachusetts. The Status column
indicates if a taxon is of conservation concern to NHESP, or, at the opposite end of the
conservation spectrum, i.e., if it is considered to be especially problematic or aggressive
by MIPAG.
Rare species of conservation concern in the Commonwealth are tracked by NHESP
under several categories. Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species
categories are defined by Massachusetts statute (MGL Ch. 131A). These species are
protected from collecting or taking under the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act.
Watch List and Historical designations are unofficial status categories established by
NHESP for additional taxa that are being monitored. An observation of any taxon
marked with one of these rarity codes is worth reporting to NHESP (See “Information
Exchange”) as a new site record or as an update of a known population. The
conservation status abbreviations and their meanings are as follows:
E = Endangered: Any species of plant in danger of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of its range (including, but not limited to, species listed from
time to times as “endangered” under the provisions of the Federal Endangered
Species Act of 1973, as amended), and species of plants in danger of extirpation
as documented by biological research and inventory.
T = Threatened: Any species of plant or animal likely to become an endangered
species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its
range including, but not limited to, species listed from time to time as
“threatened” under the provisions of the Federal Endangered Species Act of
1973, as amended, and any species declining or rare as determined by biological
research and inventory and likely to become endangered in the foreseeable
future; provided, however, that the inclusion of any species on the Federal
Threatened Species list shall not limit the discretion of the director to list said
species as “endangered.”
SC = Special Concern: Any species of plant or animal which has been
documented by biological research and inventory to have suffered a decline that
could threaten the species if allowed to continue unchecked or that occurs in
such small numbers or with such a restricted distribution or specialized habitat
requirements that it could easily become threatened within the commonwealth.
WL = Watch List: Uncommon or possibly rare plant taxa in Massachusetts. This
unofficial list of species maintained by the NHESP includes a) species which
have been removed from the official regulatory list but for which the Program still
maintains active files and encourages conservation efforts to ensure that its
status remains secure; and b) species suspected to be rare or declining but for
which information is lacking regarding the number and size of current
populations, the severity of threats or decline, or its taxonomic status.
vii
H = Historic: Species that have not been observed in Massachusetts during the
past 25 years (approximately 1986 at the date of this publication). Without recent
observations, these species are presumed to be historical in Massachusetts.
Also contained within the Status column are designations by MIPAG (Somers et al.
2006) that relate to categories of invasive plants. As defined by MIPAG, “invasive plants”
are “non-native species that have spread into minimally managed plant systems in
Massachusetts. These plants cause economic or environmental harm by developing
self-sustaining populations that dominate and/or disrupt native ecosystems.” Categories
of invasive plants defined by MIPAG, and included in this Checklist, are as follows:
Invasive: A non-indigenous plant with the biological potential for rapid and
widespread dispersion and establishment in minimally managed areas. These
species have the potential for dispersal over spatial gaps away from the site of
introduction and have the potential for survival in high numbers away from
intensively managed artificial habitats. Invasive plants have become naturalized
in Massachusetts and are widespread or at lease common in a region or habitat
type(s) in the state. Within minimally managed habitats, they have many
occurrences of numerous individuals that form dense stands and are able to outcompete other species in natural plant communities.
Likely Invasive: A non-native species that is naturalized in Massachusetts but
does not meet the full criteria that would trigger an Invasive designation. In
general these plants have the same qualities as Invasive plants except that they
are not yet widespread in Massachusetts. Likely Invasive plants must have at
least one occurrence in the state and have the potential, based on their biology
and colonization histories in other states, to become Invasive in Massachusetts.
Plants may also be placed in this category if they have been acknowledged as
Invasive in nearby states but their status in Massachusetts is uncertain due to
lack of field information or taxonomic uncertainties.
Potentially Invasive: Non-native species not currently known to exist in
Massachusetts, but can be expected to become invasive within minimally
managed habitats in the future. Potentially Invasive species have documented
histories of invasiveness in other areas of the Northeast, and their naturalization
in Massachusetts is anticipated. These species have the biological capacity, if
naturalized, to pose an imminent threat to the biodiversity of Massachusetts.
S-ranks
The frequency of occurrence and relative threats to a given taxon within the
Commonwealth are summarized in the “S-rank” column. Within the Natureserve network
of natural heritage programs (see www.natureserve.org), “S-rank” is a standardized way
of reporting the conservation priority of a taxon within a state or province. The categories
are defined by Natureserve as:
S1 = Critically Imperiled in [Massachusetts] because of extreme rarity or
because of some factor(s) such as very steep declines making it especially
vulnerable to extirpation from the jurisdiction.
viii
S2 = Imperiled in [Massachusetts] because of rarity due to very restricted range,
very few populations, steep declines, or other factors making it very vulnerable to
extirpation from jurisdiction.
S3 = Vulnerable in [Massachusetts] due to a restricted range, relatively few
populations, recent and widespread declines, or other factors making it
vulnerable to extirpation.
S4 = Apparently Secure: Uncommon but not rare [in Massachusetts]; some
cause for long-term concern due to declines or other factors.
S5 = Secure: Common, widespread, and abundant in [Massachusetts].
SNR = Unranked: [Massachusetts] conservation status not yet assessed.
SX = Presumed Extirpated: The species … is believed to be extirpated from
[Massachusetts]. Not located despite intensive searches of historical sites and
other appropriate habitat, and virtually no likelihood that it will be rediscovered.
SH = Historical: Known from only historical records, but still some hope of
rediscovery. There is evidence that the species may no longer be present in
[Massachusetts], but not enough to state this with certainty. Examples of such
evidence include (1) that a species has not been documented in approximately
20-40 years despite some searching or some evidence of significant habitat loss
or degradation; (2) that a species has been searched for unsuccessfully, but not
thoroughly enough to presume that it is no longer present in the jurisdiction.
SNA = Not Applicable: A conservation status rank is not applicable because the
species is not a suitable target for conservation activities (e.g. it is a non-native
taxon not appropriate for conservation efforts)
Common names
Common or vernacular names are available in the botanical literature for most taxa, but
for some inconspicuous ones, such as many graminoids, or certain rare or uncommon
taxa, none were found. This work attempts to provide one or more common names for
each scientific name used. Hybrids are a common exception. The creation of new
common names was considered undesirable, and therefore avoided.
Abbreviations and Other Conventions
Synonyms are placed in parentheses below the current scientific name; parental taxa of
hybrids and special comments are also placed in parentheses under each entry. In the
county occurrence columns, the letter “N” stands for native, “I” for introduced and “W” for
waif (see discussion, above). If a “?” appears, uncertainty or doubt is implied. The
abbreviations for the fourteen counties are arranged from west to east and secondarily
from north to south on the pages of the Checklist. Their names in this order are
Berkshire (BE), Franklin (FR), Hampshire (HS), Hampden (HD), Worcester (WO),
ix
Middlesex (MI), Essex (ES), Suffolk (SU), Norfolk (NO), Bristol (BR), Plymouth (PL),
Barnstable (BA), Dukes (DU) and Nantucket (NA).
Botanical abbreviations for naming authorities are often abbreviated (e.g. “L.” for
Linnaeus). Some standard abbreviations for Latin terms commonly used in botanical
nomenclature (as found in Stearn (1966)), appear within the Checklist. For convenience,
explanations for most Latin terms used here are listed below:
Auct. = Auctorum, meaning of authors. This abbreviation is used to denote that certain
authors have misapplied the names as now understood based on a study of the species
and evaluation of the type specimen(s).
Ex = from
Non = not
Pro hybr. = a taxon originally described as a hybrid, but presently treated as a regular
species
Pro sp. = a taxon originally described as a species but presently treated as a hybrid (the
opposite of pro hybr.)
Sensu = “in the sense of,” or following the taxonomic concept of a particular author or
set of authors.
x
Information Exchange
The Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program would like
to hear from you concerning information and questions relative to the
composition and distribution of the flora of the Commonwealth. We are
particularly interested to know about discoveries of any uncommon plant species
or new county records. The Program maintains computerized and mapped
records of hundreds of species occurrences that are used in land protection, land
management, and regulatory activities. Reports and updates of rare plant
observations are, therefore, of great value to the Program. Also, please contact
us when you observe that MESA-listed plant populations are threatened with
destruction or significant loss of habitat. Some currently available publications
and forms are:
The current Massachusetts List of Endangered, Threatened, and Special
Concern Species, with (the Massachusetts Endangered Species Act regulatory
list, 321 CMR 10:90). Status List of Massachusetts Rare Plants, an alphabetical
listing of all plant species actively monitored by the Program. This includes those
rare species that are officially listed (see above), those on the unofficial „Watch
List,‟ and those considered to be „Historic‟ in Massachusetts.
Individual fact sheets about most of the state‟s MESA-listed plants and natural
communities, plus some invasive plant species and how to control them.
Swain, P.C. and J.B. Kearsley. 2011. Classification of the Natural Communities
of Massachusetts. Version 1.4. Natural Heritage & Endangered Species
Program, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. Westborough, MA.
URL: http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/nhesp/nhclass.htm.
“NHESP Plant Observation Forms” for reporting new MESA-listed or other rare
plant discoveries or status updates for populations already known to the
Program.
Guidelines for Rare Plant Collecting in Massachusetts.
A Guide to Invasive Plants in Massachusetts, a color booklet profiling over 60
of the state‟s most invasive plants.
The current edition of the Massachusetts Natural Heritage Atlas, which depicts
on aerial photographs the „Estimated Habitats‟ of rare wetlands wildlife and
certified vernal pools for use with the Wetlands Protection Act, and „Priority
Habitats of MESA-listed Species‟ for use with the Massachusetts Endangered
Species Act.
The state‟s biodiversity conservation plan entitled BioMap2: Conserving the
Biodiversity of Massachusetts in a Changing World. This plan combines,
updates and enhances the original BioMap and Living Waters conservation plans
from 2001 and 2003, respectively.
Further information about the Department, Division, and/or Natural Heritage &
Endangered Species Program can be obtained from the website:
http://www.state.ma.us/dfwele, or www.nhesp.org, or by calling (508) 389-6360.
Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program
Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
North Drive
Westborough, MA 01581
xi
Summary of Taxa
Table I: Overall Summary of Massachusetts Taxa compared between 1999 and 2011
Families
Genera
Species
Total Taxa
Hybrids
1999
180
920
2,814
3,119
111
2011
179
957
2,984
3,293
181
Table II. Native vs. Introduced Taxa
1999
number
of taxa
Native Taxa
1,770
1999
2011
percent
number
of total of total
flora
taxa
57%
1,814
2011
percent
of total
flora
55%
Introduced,
898
27%
43%*
established 1,349*
Introduced,
581
18%
Waifs
Total
3,119
3,293
*Waifs were not distinguished from established introductions
Type of
Addition
Number of
Taxa
2011
Number of
established
taxa
1,814
2011
percent of
established
flora
67%
898
33%
-
-
2,712
in 1999 Checklist
Table III. Additions of taxa since the 1999 Checklist*
NewlyTaxon Elevated Hybrids Newly
Discovered in
or Previously
Included
the Field or
Misidentified
Herbaria
139
102
78
Total
319
*Please note that since some taxa have been re-determined or excluded since the 1999
edition, adding numbers of additions to the 1999 taxon list will not give the correct
number of present taxa
xii
Acknowledgements
At the heart of this revision and the original Checklist are the herbaria which house the
many specimens referenced herein. Our sincere gratitude goes first to the curators and
staff of these herbaria. For this edition, we would like to especially thank Karen Searcy
and Roberta Lombardi at the University of Massachusetts (MASS); Walter Kittredge,
Leslie Mehrhoff (deceased), Emily Wood, and Gustavo Romero of the Harvard
University Herbaria (NEBC, GH, A, and AMES); Janet Sullivan of the Hodgdon
Herbarium of the University of New Hampshire (NHA), Pamela Polloni of the Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institute (SCWH), Arthur Haines at the Delta Institute of Natural
History (DINH), Scott Shumway of Wheaton College, David Lovejoy at Westfield State
College (WSCH), Robert Capers of the University of Connecticut Herbarium (CONN),
Elizabeth Allen and David Barrington at the Pringle Herbarium of the University of
Vermont (VT), and Thomas Zanoni at the New York Botanical Gardens (NY). Thank you
so much for your assistance, insights and hospitality.
For assistance in accessing the botanical literature, we thank Judith Warnement of the
Botanical Libraries of Harvard University. For help with taxonomic and nomenclatural
questions, for generously-shared information about new state and county records, and
comments on early drafts, we enthusiastically thank Arthur Haines of the New England
Wild Flower Society and Robert Bertin of College of the Holy Cross.
For help locating sources of new herbarium records, we thank Ray Angelo, David
Boufford, Alexey Zinovjev, the Botanical Club of Cape Cod and the Islands, the New
England Wild Flower Society (Herbarium Recovery Project), and the Invasive Plant Atlas
of New England.
For contributing new state and county records to the Checklist, and for keeping us
updated on field finds throughout this project, we gratefully thank Ray Angelo, Robert
Bertin, Tim Boland, Tom Clark, Ted Elliman, Jennifer Garrett, Arthur Haines, Bryan
Hamlin, C. Barre Hellquist, Matt Hickler, Irina Kadis, Walter Kittredge, Roberta Lombardi,
David Lovejoy, Don Lubin, Leslie Mehrhoff, William Moorhead III, Glenn Motzkin, Tom
Palmer, Pam Polloni, Alexandra Sabella, Julie Russell, Donald Schall, Karen Searcy,
Erika Sonder, Lisa Standley, Arieh Tahl, Lou Wagner, Pamela Weatherbee, David
Werrier, Nancy Wigley, Elizabeth Zacharias, Peter Zika, and Alexey Zinovjev. It has
been our sincere pleasure corresponding with you about your many great discoveries.
This work could not have been completed without the staff of the Natural Heritage &
Endangered Species Program, particularly Henry Woolsey, Tara Huguenin, Sarah
Haggerty, Tara Boswell, Jennifer Garrett, Pat Swain, Tim Simmons and Karen Dolan.
The tireless work of former volunteer Kathy Wilensky allowed us to incorporate many
new Watch List county records.
For much inspiration and moral support during the completion of this project, we
acknowledge the members of New England Botanical Club, Elizabeth Farnsworth, the
Brainerd Botanical Club, and last but far from least, the burgeoning Cullina (Bill, Liam,
Ronan and Maeve) and Connolly families (Diane, William and Cordelia) that kept all
things in perspective.
xiii
Vascular Plant County Checklist
xiv
Lycophytes
1
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
HUPERZIACEAE
FIR-MOSS FAMILY
Huperzia
appressa (Desv.) A. & D. Löve
E
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNR
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
S?
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
S1
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1S2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
S1
(Huperzia appalachiana Beitel & Mickel)
(Lycopodium selago L. of previous authors)
Appalachian Fir-moss
×buttersii (Abbe) Kartesz & Gandhi
(Huperzia lucidula × H. selago)
A Fir-moss
lucidula (Michaux) Trev.
(Lycopodium lucidulum Michaux)
Shining Fir-moss
×protoporophila A. Haines
(Huperzia appressa × H. lucidula)
A Fir-moss
selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart.
E
Mountain Fir-moss
ISOETACEAE
QUILLWORT FAMILY
Isoetes
SNR
×foveolata A.A. Eat. ex Dodge
(Isoetes engelmannii × I. tuckermannii)
acadiensis Kott
E
Acadian Quillwort
×eatonii Dodge
(Isoetes echinospora × I. engelmannii)
Eaton's Quillwort
echinospora Dur. ssp. muricata (Dur.) Löve
& Löve
Spiny-spored Quillwort
×echtuckerii D.F. Brunton & D.M. Britt.
(Isoetes echinospora × I. tuckermanii)
Quillwort
engelmannii A. Br.
Engelmann's Quillwort
lacustris L.
E
(Isoetes macrospora Dur.)
Lake Quillwort
×novae-angliae D.F. Brunton & D.M. Britt.
(Isoetes riparia var. canadensis × I. tuckermanii)
New England Quillwort
2
Lycophytes
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ISOETACEAE
QUILLWORT FAMILY
Isoetes
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
hickeyi (W.H. Wagner, Beitel, & Moran) A.
Haines × D. obscurum (L.) A. Haines
SNR
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
obscurum (L.) A. Haines
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
S4
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
SNR
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
S3S4
riparia Engelm. ex A. Br. var. canadensis
Engelm. ex N.E. Pfeiff
(Isoetes canadensis (Engelm. ex N.E. Pfeiff.) A.A. Eat. ex Maxon)
Riverbank Quillwort
S4?
tuckermanii A. Br. ex Engelm.
Tuckerman's Quillwort
LYCOPODIACEAE
CLUB-MOSS FAMILY
Dendrolycopodium
S4
dendroideum (Michaux) A. Haines
(Lycopodium dendroideum Michaux)
(Lycopodium obscurum var. dendroideum (Michaux) D.C. Eaton)
Northern or Round-branched Ground-pine
hickeyi (W.H. Wagner, Beitel, & Moran) A.
Haines
(Lycopodium hickeyi W.H. Wagner, Beitel & Moran)
(Lycopodium obscurum L. var. isophyllum Hickey)
Hickey's Ground-pine
(Lycopodium obscurum L.)
Ground-pine, Princess Pine
Diphasiastrum
S5
digitatum (Dill. ex A. Braun) Holub
(Lycopodium complanatum L. var. flabelliforme Fern.)
Southern Ground-cedar
×habereri (House) Holub
(Diphasiastrum digitatum × D. tristachyum)
tristachyum (Pursh) Holub
(Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh)
Slender Ground-cedar
Lycopodiella
alopecuroides (L.) Cranfill
E
S1
(Lycopodium alopecuroides L.)
Foxtail Clubmoss
appressa (Chapman) Cranfill
(Lycopodium appressum (Chapman) Lloyd & Underwood)
(Lycopodium inundatum var. bigelovii Tuckerman)
Southern Bog-clubmoss
×copelandii (Eiger) Cranfill
(Lycopodiella alopecuroides × L. appressa)
Copeland's Clubmoss
×gilmanii A. Haines
Lycophytes
3
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
LYCOPODIACEAE
CLUB-MOSS FAMILY
Lycopodiella
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
SH
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
inundata (L.) Holub
(Lycopodium inundatum L.)
Northern Bog-clubmoss
S?
×robusta (R.J. Eat.) A. Haines
(Lycopodiella inundata × L. alopecuroides)
(Lycopodium i. var. robustum R.J. Eaton)
Robust Bog-clubmoss
Lycopodium
S5
clavatum L.
Staghorn Clubmoss
S4?
lagopus (Laestad. ex Hartm.) Zinserl. ex
Kuzen.
(Lycopodium clavatum L. var. lagopus Laest. ex Hartm.)
One-cone Clubmoss
Pseudolycopodiella
caroliniana (L.) Holub
H
SX
(Lycopodium carolinianum L.)
Carolina or Slender Clubmoss
Spinulum
S5
annotinum (L.) A. Haines
(Lycopodium annotinum L.)
(Lycopodium annotinum L. var. acrifolium Fern.)
Bristly Clubmoss
SELAGINELLACEAE
SPIKE-MOSS FAMILY
Selaginella
S4?
apoda (L.) Spring
Meadow Spike-moss
eclipes Buck
H
(Selaginella apoda (L.) Spring ssp. eclipes (W.R. Buck) Skoda)
Hidden Spike-moss
rupestris (L.) Spring
Rock Spike-moss
WL
4
Monilophytes
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASPLENIACEAE
SPLEENWORT FAMILY
Asplenium
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S4
N
N
N
N
*
I
*
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2?
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
×ebenoides R.R. Scott
(Asplenium platyneuron × A. rhizophyllum)
Scott's Spleenwort
montanum Willd.
E
Mountain-spleenwort
platyneuron (L.) B.S.P.
Ebony Spleenwort
rhizophyllum L.
(Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link)
Walking Fern
ruta-muraria L.
T
Wall-rue Spleenwort
trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D.E. Meyer
Maidenhair Spleenwort
trichomanes L. ssp. trichomanes
Maidenhair Spleenwort
AZOLLACEAE
WATER-FERN FAMILY
Azolla
caroliniana Willd.
SNA
Mosquito-fern
BLECHNACEAE
CHAIN-FERN FAMILY
Woodwardia
areolata (L.) T. Moore
S4
(Lorinseria areolata (L.) Presl.)
Netted Chain-fern
virginica (L.) Smith
S4
Virginia Chain-fern
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
HAY-SCENTED FERN FAMILY
Dennstaedtia
punctilobula (Michaux) T. Moore
S5
Hay-scented Fern
Pteridium
aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.)
Underw. ex A. Heller
Bracken
S5
Monilophytes
5
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
HAY-SCENTED FERN FAMILY
Pteridium
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3?
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
I?
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
clintoniana (D.C. Eaton ex A. Gray) Dowell
× D. cristata (L.) A. Gray
SNR
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
cristata (L.) A. Gray
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
goldiana (Hooker ex Goldie) A. Gray × D.
intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray
SNR
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. pseudocaudatum
(Clute) A. Heller
WL
SNR
Pine Barrens Bracken
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
WOOD-FERN FAMILY
Dryopteris
SNR
×benedictii Wherry
(Dryopteris carthusiana × D. clintoniana)
×boottii (Tuckerman) Underw.
(Dryopteris cristata × D. intermedia)
Boott's Wood-fern
×burgessii Boivin
(Dryopteris clintoniana × D. marginalis)
campyloptera (Kunze) Clarkson
WL
(Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt var. americana (Fischer)
Fern.)
Mountain Wood-fern
carthusiana (Vill.) H.P. Fuchs
(Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt)
Spinulose Wood-fern
clintoniana (D.C. Eaton ex A. Gray) Dowell
(Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray var. clintoniana (D.C. Eaton ex A.
Gray) Underw.)
Clinton's Wood-fern
Crested Wood-fern
×dowellii (Farw.) Wherry
(Dryopteris clintoniana × D. intermedia)
goldiana (Hooker ex Goldie) A. Gray
WL
Goldie's Fern
(Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt var.intermedia (Muhl.)
Underw.)
Intermediate Wood-fern
intermedia (Muhl. ex Willd.) Gray × D.
marginalis (L.) A. Gray
6
Monilophytes
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
WOOD-FERN FAMILY
Dryopteris
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNR
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNR
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
SNR
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNR
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
marginalis (L.) A. Gray
Marginal Wood-fern
×neowherryi W.H. Wagner
(Dryopteris goldiana × D. marginalis)
×slossoniae Wherry ex Lellinger
(Dryopteris cristata × D. marginalis)
Slosson's Wood-fern
×triploidea Wherry
(Dryopteris carthusiana × D. intermedia)
(Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt var. fructuosa (Gilbert)
Trudell)
Triploid Wood-fern
×uliginosa (A. Br. ex Dowell) Druce
(Dryopteris carthusiana × D. cristata)
Swamp Wood-fern
Polystichum
S5
acrostichoides (Michaux) Schott
Christmas-fern
braunii (Spenner) Fée
E
(Polystichum braunii (Spenner) Fée var. purshii Fern.)
Braun's Holly-fern
×potteri Barrington
(Polystichum acrostichoides × P. braunii)
Potter's Holly-fern
EQUISETACEAE
HORSETAIL FAMILY
Equisetum
arvense L.
S5
Field-horsetail
×ferrissii Clute
(Equisetum hyemale ssp. affine × E. laevigatum)
fluviatile L.
River-horsetail
hyemale L. ssp. affine (Engelm.) Calder &
Taylor
(Equisetum hyemale L. var. affine (Englem.) A.A. Eaton)
Scouring Rush
×litorale Kühl. ex Rupr.
(Equisetum arvense × E. fluviatile)
Shore-horsetail
Monilophytes
7
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
EQUISETACEAE
HORSETAIL FAMILY
Equisetum
SNR
×mackaii (Newman) Brichan
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(Equisetum hyemale × E. variegatum)
palustre L.
H
SH
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S2
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SC
S3
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
WL
S3
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
N
N
*
I
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Marsh-horsetail
pratense Ehrh.
Meadow-horsetail
scirpoides Michaux
Dwarf Scouring Rush
sylvaticum L.
(Equisetum sylvaticum L. var. pauciramosum Milde)
Woodland-horsetail
variegatum Schleicher ex Weber & Mohr
ssp. variegatum
Variegated Scouring Rush
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
FILMY FERN FAMILY
Trichomanes
intricatum Farrar
Weft Bristle-fern, Appalachian Bristle-fern
MARSILEACEAE
WATER-CLOVER FAMILY
Marsilea
SNA
quadrifolia L.
Water-clover
ONOCLEACEAE
SENSITIVE FERN FAMILY
Matteuccia
S4S5
struthiopteris (L.) Todaro ssp. pensylvanica
(Willd.) A. & D. Löve
(Pteretis pensylvanica (Willd.) Fern.)
Ostrich-fern
Onoclea
S5
sensibilis L.
Sensitive Fern
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY
Botrychium
angustisegmentum (Pease & Moore) Fern.
WL
S2S3
(Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angst. ssp. angustisegmentum
(Pease & Moore) Clausen)
Narrow Triangle Grape-fern
dissectum Sprengel
S4?
(Botrychium dissectum Sprengel var. obliquum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Clute)
Dissected Grape-fern
8
Monilophytes
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
ADDER'S-TONGUE FAMILY
Botrychium
matricariifolium (Doll) A. Braun ex W.D.J.
Koch
WL
S2?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
Daisy-leaf Moonwort
S4
multifidum (Gmelin) Rupr.
(Botrychium multifidum (Gmelin) Rupr. var. intermedium (D.C. Eaton)
Farw.)
Leathery Grape-fern
oneidense (Gilbert) House
WL
S1S2
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
N
*
N
*
WL
S1S2
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1S2
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Blunt-lobed Grape-fern
simplex E. Hitchc.
(Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. var. laxifolium (Clausen) Fern.)
Least Moonwort
tenebrosum A. A. Eaton
WL
(Botrychium simplex var. tenebrosum (A.A. Eat.) Clausen)
Swamp Moonwort
virginianum (L.) Sw.
Rattlesnake-fern
Ophioglossum
pusillum Raf.
T
S2
(Ophioglossum pusillum Raf. vulgatum var. pseudopodum (Blake)
Farw.)
Adder's Tongue Fern
OSMUNDACEAE
FLOWERING FERN FAMILY
Osmunda
claytoniana L.
S5
Interrupted Fern
regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) A. Gray
S5
Royal Fern
Osmundastrum
Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (L.) C. Presl
S5
(Osmunda cinnamomea L.)
Cinnamon Fern
POLYPODIACEAE
POLYPODY FAMILY
Polypodium
appalachianum Haufler & Windham
S4
Appalachian Rock Polypody
×incognitum Cusik
(Polypodium appalachiana × P. virginiana)
virginianum L.
Rock Polypody
Monilophytes
9
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
PTERIDACEAE
MAIDENHAIR-FERN FAMILY
Adiantum
S4
pedatum L.
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Maidenhair-fern
Cryptogramma
stelleri (Gmelin) Prantl
E
S1
WL
S3
Fragile Rock-brake
Pellaea
atropurpurea (L.) Link
Purple Cliff-brake
SNA
glabella Mett. ex Kuhn ssp. glabella
Smooth Cliff-brake
SALVINIACEAE
SALVINIA FAMILY
Salvinia
SNA
minima Baker
(Salvinia rotundifolia, auct. non Willd.)
Water-spangles
SCHIZAEACEAE
CURLY-GRASS FAMILY
Lygodium
palmatum (Bernh. ex Schrader) Sw.
SC
S3
Climbing Fern
THELYPTERIDACEAE
MARSH-FERN FAMILY
Parathelypteris
noveboracensis (L.) Ching
S5
(Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl.)
New York Fern
simulata (Davenport) Holttum
S5
(Thelypteris simulata (Davenp.) Nieuwl.)
Massachusetts Fern
Phegopteris
connectilis (Michaux) Watt
S5
(Thelypteris phegopteris (L.) Slosson)
Northern Beech-fern
hexagonoptera (Michaux) Fée
S4
(Thelypteris hexagonoptera (Michaux) Weatherby)
Southern Beech-fern
Thelypteris
palustris Schott var. pubescens (Lawson)
Fern.
Marsh-fern
S5
10
Monilophytes
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
WOODSIACEAE
WOODSIA FAMILY
Athyrium
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
S1?
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
I
I?
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
S5
angustum (Willd.) C. Presl.
(Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. angustum (Willd.) Lawson)
Northern Lady-fern
asplenioides (Michaux) Desv.
WL
S2?
(Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth var. asplenioides (Michaux) Farw.)
Southern Lady-fern
Cystopteris
S4
bulbifera (L.) Bernh.
Bulblet-fern
fragilis (L.) Bernh.
Fragile Fern
laurentiana (Weatherby) Blasdell
WL
Laurentian Bladder Fern
tenuis (Michaux) Desv.
(Cystopteris fragilis var. mackayi Lawson)
MacKay's Fragile Fern
Deparia
S5
acrostichoides (Swartz) M. Kato
(Athyrium thelypteroides (Michaux) Desv.)
Silvery Spleenwort
Diplazium
pycnocarpon (Sprengel) Broun
WL
S3
(Athyrium pycnocarpon (Sprengel) Tidestrom)
Glade-fern
Gymnocarpium
S5
dryopteris (L.) Newman
Oak-fern
Woodsia
glabella R. Brown
E
S1
Smooth Woodsia
ilvensis (L.) R. Br.
Rusty Woodsia
obtusa (Sprengel) Torrey ssp. obtusa
Blunt-lobed Woodsia
Gymnosperms
11
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CUPRESSACEAE
CEDAR FAMILY
Chamaecyparis
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
N?
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
SNR
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
S5
thyoides (L.) B.S.P.
Atlantic White Cedar
Juniperus
S5
communis L. var. depressa Pursh
Common Juniper
horizontalis Moench
WL
Prostrate Juniper
virginiana L. var. virginiana
Eastern Red Cedar
Thuja
occidentalis L.
E
S1
Arbor Vitae
PINACEAE
PINE FAMILY
Abies
balsamea (L.) P. Miller
S4
Balsam Fir
concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Lindley ex
Hildebrand
SNR
White Fir, Colorado Fir
Larix
decidua P. Miller
SNR
European Larch
laricina (DuRoi) Koch
S5
Tamarack
Picea
abies (L.) Karsten
SNR
Norway Spruce
glauca (Moench) Voss
White Spruce
mariana (P. Miller) B.S.P.
Black Spruce
rubens Sarg.
Red Spruce
Pinus
banksiana Lamb.
Jack Pine
SNR
12
Gymnosperms
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
PINACEAE
PINE FAMILY
Pinus
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2S3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
SNR
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
SNR
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
mugo Turra
Mugo Pine
nigra Arnott
Austrian Pine
resinosa Aiton
WL
Red Pine
rigida Miller
Pitch-pine
strobus L.
White Pine
sylvestris L.
Scotch Pine
thunbergii Parl.
(Pinus thunbergiana Franco)
Japanese Black Pine
Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirbel) Franco
SNA
(Abies menziesii Mirbel)
Douglas Fir
Tsuga
canadensis (L.) Carr.
S4
Eastern Hemlock
TAXACEAE
YEW FAMILY
Taxus
baccata L.
SNR
English Yew
canadensis Marsh. var. canadensis
American Yew
cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc.
Japanese Yew
Magnoliid Complex
13
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
BIRTHWORT FAMILY
Aristolochia
clematitis L.
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Creeping Birthwort
Asarum
canadense L.
S4
(Asarum canadense L. var. reflexum (Bicknell) Robinson)
(Asarum canadense L. var. acuminatum Ashe)
Wild Ginger
Isotrema
macrophyllum (Lam.) C.F. Reed
SNA
(Aristolochia macrophylla Lam.)
(Aristolochia durior Hill)
Large-leaved Dutchman's Pipe
tomentosum (Sims) Huber
SNA
(Aristolochia tomentosa Sims)
Woolly Pipevine
CALYCANTHACEAE
SWEETSHRUB FAMILY
Calycanthus
floridus L. var. floridus
SNA
Eastern Sweetshrub
floridus L. var. glaucus (Willd.) Torrey & A.
Gray
SNA
(Calycanthus fertilis Walt.)
(Calycanthus floridus L. var. laevigatus (Willd.) Torr. & Gray)
Eastern Sweetshrub
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
COONTAIL FAMILY
Ceratophyllum
demersum L.
S5
Coontail
echinatum A. Gray
S4
Forked Coontail
LAURACEAE
LAUREL FAMILY
Lindera
benzoin (L.) Blume
S5
Spicebush
Sassafras
albidum (Nutt.) Nees
(Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees var. molle (Raf.) Fern.)
Sassafras
S5
14
Magnoliid Complex
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
MAGNOLIACEAE
MAGNOLIA FAMILY
Liriodendron
N
*
N
N
N
I
*
*
*
N
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3?
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
tulipifera L.
Tulip-tree
Magnolia
acuminata L.
SNA
SNA
Cucumber-magnolia
tripetala (L.) L.
Umbrella-magnolia
virginiana L.
E
Sweet Bay
NYMPHAEACEAE
WATER-LILY FAMILY
Brasenia
S5
schreberi J.F. Gmelin
Water-shield
Cabomba
caroliniana A. Gray
Invasive SNA
Fanwort
Nuphar
microphylla (Pers.) Fern.
E
S1
(Nuphar microphylla (Pers.) Fern. pumila, auct. non (Timm.) DC.)
Tiny Cow-lily
×rubrodisca Morong
(Nuphar microphylla × N. variegata)
variegata Durand ex Clinton
Yellow Water-lily, Cow-lily
Nymphaea
S5
odorata Aiton
(Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. gigantea Tricker)
(Nymphaea odorata Aiton var. rosea Pursh)
White Water-lily, Fragrant Water-lily
SNA
tuberosa Paine
(Nymphaea odorata Aiton ssp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersema &
Hellquist)
Tuberous Water-lily
SAURURACEAE
LIZARD'S TAIL FAMILY
Saururus
cernuus L.
Lizard's Tail
H
SH
Monocots
15
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ACORACEAE
SWEETFLAG FAMILY
Acorus
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
calamus L.
Sweet Flag
S3?
americanus (Raf.) Raf.
(Acorus calamus, auct. non L.)
Sweet Flag
AGAVACEAE
AGAVE FAMILY
Yucca
SNA
filamentosa L.
(Yucca flaccida Haw.)
Spanish Bayonet
ALISMATACEAE
WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY
Alisma
S5
subcordatum
(Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var. parviflorum (Pursh) Torrey)
Lesser Water-plantain
S4
triviale Pursh
(Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var. americanum Schultes & Schultes)
Large Water-plantain
Echinodorus
tenellus (Mart.) Buch
H
SH
(Echinodorus parvulus Engelm.)
(Echinodorus tenellus (Mart.) Buch. var. parvulus (Engelm.) Fassett)
Little Burhead
Sagittaria
cuneata Sheldon
T
S2
Northern Arrowhead, Wapato
engelmanniana J.G. Small
Engelmann's Arrowhead
filiformis J. G. Sm.
(Sagittaria stagnorum Small)
(Sagittaria subulata var. gracillima (S. Watson) J.G. Smith)
Riffle-arrowhead
graminea Michaux var. graminea
Grass-leaf Arrowhead
latifolia Willd.
(Sagittaria latifolia Willd. var. obtusa (Muhl.) Wieg.)
Common Arrowhead, Duck-potato
16
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ALISMATACEAE
WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY
Sagittaria
montevidensis Cham. & Schlecht. ssp.
spongiosa (Engelm.) Bogin
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2?
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
H
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
SC
S3
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
SNA
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
WL
(Sagittaria calycina Engelm. var. spongiosa Engelm.)
(Lophotocarpus spongiosus (Engelm.) J.G. Small)
Estuary Arrowhead
rigida Pursh
Mud Arrowhead
subulata (L.) Buch.
River-arrowhead
teres S. Watson
Pondshore- or Terete-arrowhead
ALLIACEAE
LEEK FAMILY
Allium
canadense L. var. canadense
S5
Wild Garlic
cepa L.
(Allium cepa L. var. viviparum M.C. Metz)
Onion
oleraceum L.
European Wild Garlic
sativum L.
Garlic
schoenoprasum L.
(Allium schoenoprasum L. var. laurentianum Fern.)
Wild Chives
tricoccum Aiton var. tricoccum
Wild Leek
vineale L.
Field Garlic
AMARYLLIDACEAE
AMARYLLIS FAMILY
Galanthus
nivalis L. ssp. nivalis
SNA
Snowdrop
Leucojum
aestivum L.
Snowflake
SNA
Monocots
17
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
AMARYLLIDACEAE
AMARYLLIS FAMILY
Narcissus
SNA
poeticus L.
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Poet's Narcissus
SNA
pseudonarcissus L.
Daffodil
ARACEAE
ARUM FAMILY
Arisaema
dracontium (L.) Schott
T
S2
Green Dragon
dracontium (L.) Schott × A. triphyllum (L.)
Schott ex Schott & Endl. ssp. stewardsonii
(Britton) Huttleston
SNR
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
triphyllum (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl. ssp.
pusillum (Peck) Huttleston
S3?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
SH
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
S4?
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
(Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash)
Dwarf Jack-in-the-pulpit
triphyllum (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl. ssp.
stewardsonii (Britton) Huttleston
(Arisaema stewardsonii Britton)
Swamp Jack-in-the-pulpit
triphyllum ssp. triphyllum (L.) Schott ex
Schott & Endl.
(Arisaema atrorubens (Aiton) Blume)
Woodland Jack-in-the-pulpit
Calla
S4
palustris L.
Wild Calla
Landoltia
SNA
punctata (G.F.W. Mey.) Les & D.J. Crawford
(Lemna punctata G.F.W. Mey.)
Spotted Duck-meal
Lemna
S5
minor L.
Duckweed
minuta Kunth
Minute Duckweed
perpusilla Torrey
H
Tiny Duckweed
trisulca L.
Star-duckweed
18
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ARACEAE
ARUM FAMILY
Lemna
turionifera Landolt
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
S4
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
H
SH
H
SH
E
S1
Turion Duckweed
valdiviana Phil.
Valdivia Duckweed
Orontium
aquaticum L.
Golden Club
Peltandra
S5
virginica (L.) Schott ex Schott & Endl.
Arrow-arum
Spirodela
S5
polyrrhiza (L.) Schleiden
Greater Duckweed
Symplocarpus
S5
foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt.
Skunk-cabbage
Wolffia
borealis (Engelm. ex Hegelm.) Landolt
WL
SNR
(Wolffia punctata, auct. non Griseb.)
Northern Water-meal
brasiliensis Weddell
(Wolffia papulifera C.H. Thompson)
Papillate Water-meal
columbiana Karsten
Globose Water-meal
Wolffiella
gladiata (Hegelm.) Hegelm.
WL
SNR
(Wolffiella floridana (J. E. Smith) C.H. Thompson)
Sickle Water-meal
ARECACEAE
PALM FAMILY
Phoenix
dactylifera L.
SNA
Date-palm
ASPARAGACEAE
ASPARAGUS FAMILY
Asparagus
officinalis L.
SNA
Asparagus
BUTOMACEAE
FLOWERING RUSH FAMILY
Butomus
umbellatus L.
Flowering-rush
SNA
Monocots
19
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
COLCHIACEAE
AUTUMN CROCUS FAMILY
Colchicum
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
ohiensis Raf. × T.subaspera Ker. Gawl.
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
ohiensis Raf. × T. virginiana L.
SNA
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
virginiana L.
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
autumnale L.
Autumn-crocus
Uvularia
grandiflora Small
WL
S3
Large-flowered Bellwort
perfoliata L.
Perfoliate Bellwort
sessilifolia L.
Wild Oats
COMMELINACEAE
SPIDERWORT FAMILY
Commelina
SNA
communis L.
Dayflower
Tradescantia
SNA
bracteata Small
Long-bracted Spiderwort
ohiensis Raf.
Smooth Spiderwort
ohiensis Raf. × (T. subaspera Ker. Gawl. ×
T. virginiana L.)
(Tradescantia × andersoniana, auct. non W. Ludwig & Rohweder)
Virginia Spiderwort
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Bolboschoenus
fluviatilis (Torrey) Soják
WL
S2
(Scirpus fluviatilis (Torrey) A. Gray)
River Bulrush
maritimus (L.) Palla × B. robustus (Pursh)
Soják
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
maritimus (L.) Palla ssp. paludosus (A.
Nels.) T. Koyama
S5
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
(Scirpus maritimus L.)
(Scirpus paludosus var. atlanticus Fern.)
Seaside Bulrush
20
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Bolboschoenus
novae-angliae (Britton) S.G. Smith
WL
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2S3
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3?
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2?
(Scirpus cylindricus (Torrey) Britton)
(Scirpus novae-angliae Britton)
Long-spiked Bulrush
S5
robustus (Pursh) Soják
(Scirpus robustus Pursh)
Saltmarsh Bulrush
Bulbostylis
S5
capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B. Clarke
Sand-sedge
Carex
abscondita Mackenzie
WL
S2?
Concealed Sedge
acutiformis Ehrh.
Marsh Sedge
×aestivaliformis Mackenzie
(Carex aestivalis × C. gracillima)
aestivalis M.A. Curtis ex A. Gray
WL
Summer-sedge
alata Torrey
Winged Sedge
albicans Willd. ex Sprengel var. albicans
(Carex artitecta Mackenzie)
(Carex varia Muhl. ex Willd)
(Carex emmonsii Dewey ex Torrey var. muhlenbergii (Gray) J. Rettig)
Variable Sedge
albicans Willd. ex Sprengel var. emmonsii
(Dewey ex Torrey) J. Rettig
(Carex emmonsii Dewey ex Torrey)
Emmons' Sedge
albolutescens Schwein.
Greenish-white Sedge
albursina Sheldon
White Bear-sedge
alopecoidea Tuckerman
T
Foxtail-sedge
amphibola Steudel
(Carex amphibola Steudel var. rigida (Bailey) Fern.)
Stiff Sedge
Monocots
21
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
T
S2
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
S1S
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
S5
annectens (Bicknell) Bicknell
(Carex xanthocarpa Bickn. var. annectens Bickn.)
(Carex annectens (Bicknell) Bicknell var. xanthocarpa (Kük.)
Wiegand)
Yellow Fox-sedge
appalachica Webber & Ball
(Carex radiata, auct. non (Wahlenb.) Small)
Appalachian Sedge
aquatilis Wahlenb. ssp. altior (Rydb.) Hultén WL
Water-sedge
arctata Boott ex Hooker
Drooping Wood-sedge
argyrantha Tuckerman
Silvery Sedge
atlantica Bailey ssp. atlantica
(Carex incomperta Bicknell)
Eastern or Atlantic Prickly Sedge
atlantica Bailey ssp. capillacea (Bailey)
Reznicek
(Carex howei Mackenzie)
Howe's Prickly Sedge
aurea Nutt.
Golden Sedge
backii Boott.
Back's Sedge
baileyi Britton
Bailey's Sedge
bebbii Olney ex Fern.
Bebb's Broom-sedge
bicknellii Britton
WL
Bicknell's Sedge
billingsii (Knight) C.D. Kirschbaum
(Carex trisperma Dewey var. billingsii Knight)
Three-seeded Bog-sedge
blanda Dewey
Woodland-sedge
brevior (Dewey) Mack. ex Lunell
Short Fescue-sedge
22
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
S5
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
E
S1
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S2?
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
S4
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
bromoides Schkuhr ex Willd.
Brome-like Sedge
brunnea Thunb.
Brown Sedge
brunnescens (Pers.) Poiret ex Lam. var.
sphaerostachya (Tuckerman) Kukenth.
Brownish Sedge
bullata Schkuhr ex Willd.
Button-sedge
bushii Mackenzie
Bush's Sedge
buxbaumii Wahlenb.
Buxbaum's Sedge
canescens L. ssp. canescens
(Carex subloliacea (Fern.) Bickn.)
(Carex canescens L. var. subloliacea Laestad.)
Silvery Bog-sedge
canescens L. ssp. disjuncta (Fern.)
Toivonen
(Carex canescens L. var. disjuncta Fern.)
Silvery Bog-sedge
caryophyllea Lat.
Vernal Sedge
castanea Wahlenb.
E
Chestnut-colored Sedge
cephaloidea (Dewey) Dewey
Thin-leaved Sedge
cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd.
Oval-headed Sedge
chordorrhiza Ehrh. ex L. f.
E
Creeping Sedge
communis Bailey var. communis
Colonial Sedge
comosa Boott
Bristly Sedge
Monocots
23
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
crinita Lam. var. brevicrinis Fern.
S1?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
crinita Lam. var. crinita
S?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2?
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
E
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
debilis Michaux var. rudgei Bailey × C.
virescens Muhl. ex Willd.
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
debilis Michaux var. rudgei Bailey
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1?
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1S2
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
conoidea Schkuhr ex Willd.
Field-sedge
crawfordii Fern.
Crawford's Sedge
Awned Sedge
cristatella Britton
WL
Crested Sedge
cryptolepis Mackenzie
(Carex flava var. fertilis, auct. non Peck)
Small Yellow Sedge
cumulata (Bailey) Mackenzie
Crowded Sedge
davisii Schwein. & Torrey
Davis' Sedge
debilis var. debilis Michaux
Southern Stalked Sedge
Northern Stalked Sedge
deflexa Hornem. var. deflexa
WL
Mountain Sedge
deweyana Schwein. var. deweyana
Dewey's Sedge
diandra Schrank
WL
Panicled Sedge
digitalis Willd. var. digitalis
Slender-spiked Woodland-sedge
disperma Dewey
Two-seeded Bog-sedge
24
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
WL
S1
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S2S3
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
S4
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
T
S2
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S1
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
gracillima Schwein. × C. virescens Muhl. ex
Willd.
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
granularis Muhl. ex Willd.
S4
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
S2
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
eburnea Boott ex Hooker
Thread-leaf Sedge
echinata Murray ssp. echinata
(Carex angustior Mackenzie)
(Carex cephalantha (Bailey) Bicknell)
Prickly Sedge
emoryi Dewey
Emory's sedge
exilis Dewey
Bog Sedge
festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd.
Fescue-sedge
flava L.
Yellow Sedge
foenea Willd.
(Carex aenea Fern.)
Hay Sedge
folliculata L.
Long-culmed Sedge
formosa Dewey
Handsome Sedge
glaucodea Tuckerman ex Olney
(Carex flaccosperma Dewey var. glaucodea (Tuckerman ex Olney)
Kukenth.)
Glaucescent Sedge
gracilescens Steudel
E
Slender Woodland-sedge
gracillima Schwein.
Graceful Sedge
(Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. var. haleana (Olney) Porter)
Meadow-sedge
grayi Carey
(Carex grayi Carey var. hispidula A. Gray)
(Carex asa-grayi Bailey)
Gray's Sedge
T
Monocots
25
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1S2
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
haydenii Dewey × C. nigra (L.) Reichard
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
hirsutella Mackenzie
S4
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
S4
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4S5
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. × C. schweinitzii
Dewey ex Schwein.
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
interior Bailey
S4
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Potential SNA
ly
Invasive
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
S4
grisea Wahlenb.
(Carex amphibola Steudel var. turgida Fern.)
Gray Sedge
gynandra Schwein.
(Carex crinita Lam. var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torrey)
Northern Awned Sedge
×hartii Dewey
(Carex lurida × C. retrorsa)
haydenii Dewey
WL
Hayden's Sedge
Hirsute Sedge
hirta L.
Hairy Sedge
hirtifolia Mackenzie
Hairy-leaved Sedge
hitchcockiana Dewey
SC
Hitchcock's Sedge
hormathodes Fern.
Saltmarsh Straw-sedge
hystericina Muhl. ex Willd.
Porcupine-sedge
Inland Prickly Sedge
intumescens Rudge
Bladder Sedge
×knieskernii Dewey
(Carex arctata × C. castanea)
kobomugi Ohwi
Dune-sedge
26
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S2
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
WL
S2?
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
E
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S1
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
lacustris Willd.
Lakeside Sedge
laevivaginata (Kukenth.) Mackenzie
Smooth-sheathed Sedge
lasiocarpa Ehrh. ssp. americana (Fern.) D.
Löve & Bernard
(Carex lanuginosa Michaux)
(Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. americana Fern.)
Woolly-fruited Sedge
laxiculmis Schwein. var. copulata (Bailey)
Fern.
(Carex ×copulata (Bailey) Mackenzie)
laxiculmis Schwein. var. laxiculmis
Spreading Woodland-sedge
laxiflora Lam.
(Carex laxiflora Lam. var. serrulata Herm.)
Loose-flowered Woodland-sedge
lenticularis Michaux var. lenticularis
T
(Carex lenticularis Michaux var. blakei Dewey)
Shore Sedge
leptalea Wahlenb. ssp. leptalea
Delicate Sedge
leptonervia (Fern.) Fern.
One-nerved Woodland-sedge
limosa L.
Mud-sedge
livida (Wahlenb.) Willd.
(Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. var. grayana (Dewey) Fern.)
(Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. var. radicaulis Paine)
Livid Sedge
longii Mackenzie
Long's Sedge
lucorum Willd. ex Link var. lucorum
(Carex pensylvanica var. distans Peck)
Long-beaked Pennsylvania Sedge
lupuliformis Startwell
False Hop Sedge
E
Monocots
27
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex
S5
lupulina Muhl. ex Willd.
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Hop-sedge
lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. × C. lurida Wahlenb.
SNR
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
lurida Wahlenb.
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
lurida Wahlenb. x mitchelliana M.A. Curtis
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
magellanica Lam. ssp. irrigua (Wahlenb.)
Hulten
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
S1
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
E
S1
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
T
S2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
WL
S1S2
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Sallow Sedge
(Carex paupercula Michaux var. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Fern.)
Pendant Bog-sedge
merritt-fernaldii Mackenzie
Fernald's Sedge
mesochorea Mackenzie
E
(Carex cephalophora var. mesochorea (Mackenzie) Gleason)
Midland-sedge
michauxiana Boeckl.
Michaux's Sedge
mitchelliana M.A. Curtis
Mitchell's Awned Sedge
molesta Mackenzie ex Bright
Troublesome Sedge
muhlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. var. enervis
Boott
Muhlenberg's Sedge
muhlenbergii Schkuhr ex Willd. var.
muhlenbergii
Muhlenberg's Sedge
nigra (L.) Reichard
Black Sedge
normalis Mackenzie
Big Straw-sedge
novae-angliae Schwein.
New England Sedge
oligocarpa Schkuhr ex Willd.
Rich Woods Sedge
E
28
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex
oligosperma Michaux
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
SNR
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
S4
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
E
S1
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
H
SH
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
E
S1
Few-fruited Sedge, Few-seeded Sedge
×olneyi Boott
(Carex bullata × C. lurida)
ormostachya Wieg.
Necklace Woodland-sedge
ovalis Goodenough
(Carex leporina, auct. non L.)
(Carex traceyi Mackenzie)
Hare's-foot Sedge
paleacea Schreber ex Wahlenb.
Saltmarsh-sedge
pallescens L.
(Carex pallescens L. var. neogaea Fern.)
Pale Sedge
panicea L.
Millet-sedge
pauciflora Lightf.
Few-flowered Sedge
peckii Howe
Peck's Sedge
pedunculata Muhl. ex Willd.
Long-stalked Sedge
pellita Muhl.
(Carex lanuginosa Michaux)
Broad Wooly-fruited Sedge
pensylvanica Lam.
Pennsylvania Sedge
plantaginea Lam.
Plantain-leaf Sedge
platyphylla Carey
Broad-leaved Woodland-sedge
polymorpha Muhl.
Variable Sedge
E
Monocots
29
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex
prairea Dewey ex Wood
WL
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S2S3
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
S1?
Prairie-sedge
prasina Wahlenb.
Twisted Drooping Sedge
projecta Mackenzie
Beaded Sedge
pseudocyperus L.
Galingale-sedge
radiata (Wahlenb.) Small
Star-sedge
retroflexa Muhl. ex Willd.
Reflexed Sedge
retrorsa Schwein.
WL
Hooked Sedge
rosea Schkuhr ex Willd.
(Carex convoluta Mackenzie)
Big Star-sedge
×ruedtii Kneuck.
(Carex flava × C. viridula)
scabrata Schwein.
Scabrous Sedge
schweinitzii Dewey ex Schwein.
E
Schweinitz's Sedge
scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. var. scoparia
Broom Sedge
seorsa Howe
Swamp Prickly Sedge
siccata Dewey
(Carex foenea, auct. non Willd.)
Dry Land Sedge
silicea Olney
Seabeach-sedge
sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd.
Bur-sedge
WL
30
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
S4
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
H
SH
N
*
N
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
T
S2
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
S3
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4?
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
SNA
spicata Hudson
(Carex contigua Hoppe)
European Star-sedge
sprengelii Dewey ex Sprengel
Long-beaked Sedge
squarrosa L.
Squarrose Sedge
sterilis Willd.
(Carex muricata L. var. sterilis (Willd.) Gleason)
Dioecious Sedge
stipata Muhl. ex Willd. var. stipata
Awl-fruited Sedge
straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr
Straw-sedge
striata Michaux
E
(Carex striata var. brevis Bailey)
(Carex walteriana Bailey)
Walter's Sedge
stricta Lam.
Tussock-sedge
×sullivantii Boott
(Carex gracillima × C. hirtifolia)
swanii (Fern.) Mackenzie
Swan's Sedge
tenera Dewey var. tenera
Slender Straw-sedge
tetanica Schkuhr ex Willd.
SC
Fen Sedge
tincta (Fern.) Fern.
Brown Straw-sedge
tonsa (Fern.) Bicknell var. rugosperma
(Mackenzie) W.J. Crins
(Carex rugosperma Mackenzie var. rugosperma)
(Carex umbellata sensu Fern.)
Sand-sedge
tonsa (Fern.) Bicknell var. tonsa
(Carex rugosperma Mackenzie var. tonsa (Fern.) E. Voss)
Stiff-leaved Sand-sedge
Monocots
31
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S2S3
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
T
S2
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
S4S5
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SH
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
S1S2
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SH
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
torta Boott ex Tuckerman
Riverside-sedge
tribuloides Wahlenb. var. tribuloides
Blunt Broom-sedge
trichocarpa Muhl. ex Willd.
SC
Hairy-fruited Sedge
trisperma Dewey
Three-seeded Bog-sedge
tuckermanii Dewey
Tuckerman's Sedge
typhina Michaux
Cat-tail Sedge
umbellata Schkuhr ex Willd.
(Carex abdita Bicknell)
Short-beaked Sand-sedge
utriculata Boott
(Carex rostrata Stokes var. utriculata (Boott) Bailey)
Beaked Sedge
vacillans Drej. ex Hartman
H
Swinging Sedge
vesicaria L.
(Carex vesicaria L. var. monile (Tuckerman) Fern.)
Inflated Sedge
vestita Willd.
Velvet-fruited Sedge
virescens Muhl. ex Willd.
Ribbed Sedge
viridula Michaux ssp. viridula
WL
Little Green Sedge
vulpinoidea Michaux
(Carex setacea Dewey)
Fox-sedge
wiegandii Mackenzie
Wiegand's Prickly Sedge
H
32
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Carex
willdenowii Schkuhr ex Willd.
H
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
S2
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
I?
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
I
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
N
N
*
N
N?
N
*
*
N?
*
N?
*
*
*
S4
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
SH
Willdenow's Sedge
Cladium
S5
mariscoides (Muhl.) Torrey
Twig-sedge
Cyperus
S5
bipartitus Torrey
(Cyperus rivularis Kunth)
Shining Flatsedge
dentatus Torrey
Pondshore Flatsedge
diandrus Torrey
Red-edged Flatsedge
echinatus (L.) Wood
(Cyperus ovularis (Michaux) Torrey)
Oval-headed Flatsedge
engelmannii Steudel
T
Engelmann's Flatsedge
erythrorhizos Muhl.
Redroot Flatsedge
esculentus L. var. leptostachyus Boeck.
Yellow Flatsedge
filicinus Vahl
(Cyperus polystachyos Rottball var. filicinus (Vahl) C.B. Clarke)
(Cyperus polystachyos Rottball var. macrostachyos Boeckeler)
Saltpond Flatsedge
flavescens L.
Yellowish Flatsedge
fuscus L.
Dusky Flatsedge
grayi Torrey
Gray's Flatsedge
houghtonii Torrey
E
Houghton's Flatsedge
lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks ssp. lupulinus
(Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. var. filiculmis)
Slender Sand- or Button-flatsedge
Monocots
33
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Cyperus
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
WL
S3S4
*
*
I
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
WL
S1S2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
S1?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
SNA
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks ssp. macilentus
(Fern.) Marcks
(Cyperus filiculmis Vahl var. macilentus Fern.)
Sand Flatsedge
microiria Steudel
(Cyperus amuricus, auct. non Maxim.)
Golden Flatsedge
odoratus L.
(Cyperus ferruginescens Boeckl.)
Saltmarsh-flatsedge
polystachyos
(Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. var. texensis (Torrey) Fern)
Texas Flatsedge
pseudovegetus Steudel
Marsh Flatsedge
retrorsus
WL
Pine Barren Flatsedge
schweinitzii Torrey
Schweinitz's Flatsedge
squarrosus L.
(Cyperus aristatus Rottb.)
(Cyperus inflexus Muhl.)
Awned Flatsedge
strigosus L.
(Cyperus strigosus L. var. robustior Britton)
Straw-colored Flatsedge
Dulichium
SNR
arundinaceum var. arundinaceum ×
Rhynchospora capitellata
(Cyperus ×weatherbianus Fern.)
S5
arundinaceum (L.) Britton var. arundinaceum
Threeway Sedge
Eleocharis
S5
acicularis (L.) Roemer & Schultes
Little Spike-rush
ambigens Fern.
H
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
E
S1
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Ambiguous Spike-rush
diandra C. Wright
Wright's Spikerush
34
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Eleocharis
S5
elliptica Kunth var. elliptica
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Orange-fruited Spike-rush
engelmannii Steudel var. detonsa A. Gray
WL
S1
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S1S2
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
H
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S3
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
H
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
T
S2
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
E
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
Englemann's Spike-rush
engelmannii Steudel var. engelmannii
Englemann's Spike-rush
equisetoides (Ell.) Torrey
Horsetail Spike-rush
erythropoda Steudel
(Eleocharis calva Torrey)
Red-footed Spike-rush
fallax Weatherby
Deceitful Spike-rush
flavescens (Poir.) Urban var. olivacea
(Torrey) Gleason
(Eleocharis olivacea Torrey)
Olive Spike-rush
intermedia J.A. Schultes
Matted or Mudflat Spike-rush
melanocarpa Torrey
Black-fruited Spike-rush
microcarpa Torrey var. filiculmis Torrey
Small or Tiny-fruited Spike-rush
obtusa (Willd.) J.A. Schultes var. obtusa
Soft-stemmed Spike-rush
ovata (Roth) Roemer & Schultes
E
(Eleocharis obtusa var. ovata (Roth) Drap. & Mohl.)
Ovate Spike-rush
palustris (L.) Roemer & Schultes
(Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roemer & Schultes var. major Sonder)
(Eleocharis smallii Britton)
Creeping Spike-rush
parvula (Roemer & Schultes) Link ex Bluff,
Nees & Schauer
Saltpond- or Dwarf Spike-rush
Monocots
35
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Eleocharis
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
WL
S2?
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
H
SH
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
S4
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
quadrangulata (Michaux) Roemer & Schultes H
SH
(Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michaux) Roemer & Schultes var.
crassior Fern.)
Square-stemmed Spike-rush
quinqueflora (F.X. Hartmann) Schwarz
E
(Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link var. fernaldii Svenson)
Few-flowered Spike-rush
robbinsii Oakes
Robbins' Spike-rush
rostellata (Torrey) Torrey
Beaked or Saltmarsh Spike-rush
tenuis (Willd.) J.A. Schultes var.
pseudoptera (Weatherby ex Svens.) Svens.
(Eleocharis capitata (L.) Br. var. pseudoptera Weatherby ex Svens.)
(Eleochairs elliptica var. pseudoptera (Weatherby ex Svens.) L.
Harms)
tenuis (Willd.) J.A. Schultes var. tenuis var.
tenuis
Slender Spike-rush
tricostata Torrey
E
Three-ribbed Spike-rush
tuberculosa (Michaux) Roemer & Schultes
Tubercled Spike-rush
uniglumis (Link) Schultes
(Eleocharis halophila (Fern. & Brack.) Fern. & Brack.)
One-glumed Spike-rush
Eriophorum
gracile W.D.J. Koch
T
S2
Slender Cotton-grass
tenellum Nutt.
Rough Cotton-grass
vaginatum L.
(Eriophorum vaginatum L. ssp. spissum (Fern.) Boivin)
(Eriophorum spissum Fern.)
Hare's-tail Cotton-grass
virginicum L.
Tawny Cotton-grass
viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fern.
Fen Cotton-grass
36
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Fimbristylis
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
S4
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
T
S2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
SC
S3
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
E
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
WL
S2S3
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
S5
autumnalis (L.) Roemer & Schultes
Autumn Fimbry
Fuirena
pumila (Torrey) Sprengel
WL
S3
H
SH
T
S2
Annual Umbrella-sedge
squarrosa Michaux
Hairy Umbrella-sedge
Lipocarpha
micrantha (Vahl) G. Tucker
(Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax ex Engler & Prantl)
Dwarf Bulrush
Rhynchospora
S5
alba (L.) Vahl
White Beak-rush
alba (L.) Vahl × R. capitellata (Michaux) Vahl
capillacea Torrey
E
Capillary Beak-rush
capitellata (Michaux) Vahl
Brown Beak-rush
fusca (L.) Aiton f.
Sooty Beak-rush
inundata (Oakes) Fern.
T
Inundated Horned-sedge
macrostachya Torrey ex A. Gray
Big-headed Horned-sedge
nitens (Vahl) A. Gray
(Psilocarya nitens (Vahl) Wood)
Short-beaked Bald-sedge
scirpoides (Torrey) A. Gray
(Psilocarya scirpoides Torrey)
Long-beaked Bald-sedge
torreyana A. Gray
Torrey's Beak-sedge
Schoenoplectus
acutus (Muhl. ex Bigel.) A. & D. Löve var.
acutus
(Scirpus acutus Muhl. ex Bigelow)
Hard-stemmed Bulrush
Monocots
37
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Schoenoplectus
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
H
SH
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
H
SH
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4S5
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2?
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A. & D. Löve × S.
tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla
SNR
americanus (Pers.) Volk. ex Schinz & R.
Keller
(Scirpus americanus Pers.)
(Scirpus olneyi A. Gray)
Olney's Threesquare
hallii (A. Gray) S.G. Sm.
(Scirpus hallii A. Gray)
Hall's Bulrush
heterochaetus (Chase) Soják
(Scirpus heterochaetus Chase)
(Scirpus lacustris, auct. non L.)
Slender Bulrush
×oblongus (T. Koyama) Soják
(Schoenoplectus acutus × S. heterochaetus)
(Scirpus ×oblongus T. Koyama)
pungens (Vahl) Palla var. pungens
(Scirpus pungens Vahl)
(Scirpus americanus, auct. non Pers.)
Common Threesquare
purshianus (Fern.) M.T. Strong var.
purshianus
(Scirpus purshianus Fern.)
Pursh's Bulrush
purshianus (Fern.) M.T. Strong var.
williamsii (Fern.) S.G. Sm.
H
smithii (A. Gray) Soják var. setosus (Fern.)
S.G. Sm.
Smith's Club-sedge
smithii (A. Gray) Soják var. smithii
(Scirpus smithii A. Gray)
Smith's Club-sedge
subterminalis (Torrey) Soják
(Scirpus subterminalis Torrey)
Water Bulrush
tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla
(Scirpus tabernaemontani K. C. Gmelin)
(Scirpus validus Vahl)
Soft-stemmed Bulrush
torreyi (Olney) Palla
(Scirpus torreyi Olney)
Torrey's Bulrush
WL
38
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Scirpus
ancistrochaetus Schuyler
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
S4?
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S2
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
SNR
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S3
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
WL
S2?
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
Northeastern Bulrush
atrocinctus Fern.
Dusky Wool-grass
atrovirens Willd.
Dark Green Bullsedge
cyperinus (L.) Kunth
(Scirpus rubricosus Fern.)
Wool-grass
expansus Fern.
Spreading Bulrush
georgianus Harper
(Scirpus atrovirens var. georgianus (Harper) Fern.)
Georgia Bulrush
hattorianus Makino
Meadow Bulrush
longii Fern.
T
Long's Wool-grass
microcarpus J. & K. Presl
(Scirpus rubrotinctus Fern.)
Red-stemmed Bulrush
×peckii Britton
(Scirpus atrocinctus × S. hattorianus)
Peck's Bulrush
pedicellatus Fern.
(Scirpus cyperinus var. pedicellatus (Fern.) Schuyler)
Stalked Wool-grass
pendulus Muhl.
(Scirpus lineatus, auct. non Michaux)
Pendulous Bulrush
polyphyllus Vahl
Appalachian Bulrush
Scleria
S1
pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. var. caroliniana
(Willd.) Wood
Papillose Nut-sedge
pauciflora Muhl. ex Willd. var. pauciflora
E
Papillose Nut-sedge, Nut-rush or Stone-rush
S1
Monocots
39
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CYPERACEAE
SEDGE FAMILY
Scleria
reticularis Michaux
WL
S3
E
S1
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
Pondshore Nut-sedge
triglomerata Michaux
(Scleria nitida Willd.)
Tall Nut-sedge
Trichophorum
S4
alpinum (L.) Pers.
(Eriophorum alpinum L.)
(Scirpus hudsonianus (Michaux) Fern.)
Alpine Clubsedge
S4
planifolium (Spreng.) Palla
(Scirpus verecundus Fern.)
Woodland Bulrush
DIOSCOREACEAE
YAM FAMILY
Dioscorea
SNA
polystachya Turczaninow
(Dioscorea batatas Dcne.)
(Dioscorea oppositifolia, auct. non L.)
Chinese Yam
villosa L.
WL
SNR
Wild Yam
ERIOCAULACEAE
PIPEWORT FAMILY
Eriocaulon
S5
aquaticum (Hill) Druce
(Eriocaulon septangulare With.)
(Eriocaulon pellucidum Michaux)
Pipewort
parkeri Robinson
E
S1
SC
S3
Parker's Pipewort
HAEMODORACEAE
BLOODWORT FAMILY
Lachnanthes
caroliana (Lam.) Dandy
Redroot
HEMEROCALLIDACEAE
DAY-LILY FAMILY
Hemerocallis
fulva (L.) L.
SNA
Orange Day-lily
lilioasphodelus L.
(Hemerocallis flava (L.) L.)
Yellow Day-lily
SNA
40
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
HOSTACEAE
HOSTA FAMILY
Hosta
lancifolia Tratt.
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
Narrow-leaved Hosta
ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn
SNA
Blue Hosta
HYACINTHACEAE
HYACINTH FAMILY
Chionodoxa
luciliae Boiss.
SNA
Glory-of-the-snow
Muscari
botryoides (L.) P. Miller
SNA
Grape-hyacinth
neglectum Guss. ex Ten.
SNA
(Muscari atlanticum Boiss. & Reut.)
Atlantic Grape-hyacinth
Ornithogalum
umbellatum L.
SNA
Star-of-Bethlehem
Othocallis
siberica (Haw. ex Andr.) Speta
SNA
(Scilla siberica Haw.)
Siberian Squill
HYDROCHARITACEAE
FROG'S-BIT FAMILY
Egeria
densa Planchon
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Brazilian Water-weed
Elodea
canadensis Michaux
S5
Northern Water-weed
nuttallii (Planchon) St. John
S5
Nuttall's Water-weed
Hydrilla
verticillata (L. f.) Royle
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Hydrilla
Najas
flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt
S5
Common Naiad
gracillima (A. Braun) Magnus
Slender Naiad
S5
Monocots
41
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
HYDROCHARITACEAE
FROG'S-BIT FAMILY
Najas
guadalupensis (Sprengel) Magnus ssp.
guadalupensis
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
Likely
SNA
Invasive
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Invasive SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
SNA
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
SNA
Guadalupe Naiad
guadalupensis (Sprengel) Magnus ssp.
olivacea (Rosendahl & Butters) Haynes &
Hellquist
Guadalupe Naiad
minor All.
Lesser Naiad
Vallisneria
americana Michaux
S5
Tape-grass
HYPOXIDACEAE
STAR-GRASS FAMILY
Hypoxis
hirsuta (L.) Cov.
S4S5
Yellow Star-grass
IRIDACEAE
IRIS FAMILY
Crocus
vernus (L.) Hill ssp. vernus
SNA
Spring-crocus
Iris
cristata Aiton
SNA
Crested Dwarf Iris
germanica L.
Fleur-de-lis
prismatica Pursh
Slender Blue Flag
pseudacorus L.
Yellow Iris
sibirica L.
Siberian Iris
versicolor L.
Northern Blue Flag
Sisyrinchium
angustifolium P. Miller
(Sisyrinchium bermudiana L. sensu Shinners)
(Sisyrinchium graminoides Bicknell)
Stout Blue-eyed Grass
S4
42
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
IRIDACEAE
IRIS FAMILY
Sisyrinchium
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2S3
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1?
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
I
*
I
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
S2S3
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
atlanticum Bicknell
Eastern Blue-eyed Grass
fuscatum Bicknell
SC
(Sisyrinchium arenicola Bicknell)
Sandplain Blue-eyed Grass
montanum Greene var. crebrum Fern.
Meadow Blue-eyed Grass
montanum Greene var. montanum
(Sisyrinchium strictum Bickn.)
Meadow Blue-eyed Grass
mucronatum Michaux
E
Slender Blue-eyed Grass
JUNCACEAE
RUSH FAMILY
Juncus
S5
acuminatus Michaux
Sharp-fruited Rush
ambiguus Guss.
WL
(Juncus bufonius L. var. halophilus Buch. & Fern.)
Seaside Toad-rush
anthelatus (Wieg.) R.E. Brooks
(Juncus tenuis Willd. var. anthelatus Wieg.)
Wiegand's Rush
arcticus Willd. var. balticus (Willd.) Trautv.
(Juncus balticus Willd. var. littoralis Engelm.)
Brackish Rush
articulatus L.
Jointed Rush
biflorus Ell.
WL
Two-flowered Rush
brachycarpus Engelm.
Short-fruited Rush
brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch.
Small-headed Rush
brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern.
Short-tailed Rush
Monocots
43
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
JUNCACEAE
RUSH FAMILY
Juncus
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
S5
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
N
*
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
I
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S5
bufonius L.
(Juncus bufonius var. congestus (S. Waton) Fern.)
Toad-rush
canadensis Gay ex LaHarpe
(Juncus canadensis Gay ex LaHarpe var. sparsiflorus Fern.)
Marsh- or Canada Rush
debilis A. Gray
E
Weak Rush
dichotomus Ell.
(Juncus platyphyllus (Wieg.) Fern.)
Forked Rush
diffusissimus Buckley
Slim-fruited Rush
dudleyi Wieg.
Dudley's Rush
effusus L. ssp. effusus
(Juncus effusus L. var. compactus Hoppe)
Soft Rush
effusus L. ssp. solutus (Fern. & Wieg.)
Hämet-Ahti
(Juncus effusus L. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg.)
Soft Rush
filiformis L.
E
Thread-rush
gerardii Loisel.
Saltmarsh-rush
greenei Oakes & Tuckerman
Greene's Rush
inflexus L.
Meadow-rush
marginatus Rostk.
Grass-leaf rush
militaris Bigelow
Bayonet-rush
nodosus L.
Knotted Rush
WL
44
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
JUNCACEAE
RUSH FAMILY
Juncus
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N?
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N?
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
S4?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
pelocarpus E. Meyer
Pondshore-rush
pervetus Fern.
H
Blunt-flowered Rush
pylaei Laharpe
(Juncus effusus L. var. pylaei (Laharpe) Fern. & Wieg.)
(Juncus effusus L. var. costulatus Fern.)
(Juncus effusus L. var. decipiens, auct. non Buch.)
Soft Rush
secundus Beauv. ex Poiret
Secund Rush
tenuis Willd.
(Juncus tenuis Willd. var. williamsii Fern.)
Path-rush, Yard-rush
torreyi Cov.
WL
SNR
Torrey's Rush
Luzula
S4
acuminata Raf. var. acuminata
Drooping Wood-rush
bulbosa (Wood) Rydb.
WL
Bulbous Wood-rush
campestris (L.) DC.
Field Wood-rush
echinata (Small) Hermann
Hedgehog Wood-rush
luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilm.
White-flowered Wood-rush
multiflora (Retz.) Lej. ssp. frigida (Buch.)
Krecz.
WL
(Luzula multiflora (Retz.) Lej. var. fusconigra Celak.)
Boreal Wood-rush
multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. ssp. multiflora
(Luzula multiflora (Erh.) Lej. var. acadiensis Fern.)
Common Wood-rush
parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. ssp. melanocarpa
(Michaux) Hamet-Ahti
Black-fruited Wood-rush
E
Monocots
45
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
JUNCAGINACEAE
ARROW-GRASS FAMILY
Triglochin
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3S4
*
*
*
*
*
I?
*
I
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
maritima L.
Saltmarsh Arrow-grass
LILIACEAE
LILY FAMILY
Clintonia
S4
borealis (Aiton) Raf.
Bluebead-lily
Erythronium
S5
americanum Ker-Gawler ssp. americanum
Trout-lily
Lilium
S4
canadense L.
Canada Lily
lancifolium Thunb.
(Lilium tigrinum Ker)
Tiger-lily
philadelphicum L.
Wood-lily
superbum L.
Turk's Cap Lily
Medeola
S5
virginiana L.
Indian Cucumber-root
Streptopus
amplexifolius (L.) DC.
WL
S3?
Clasping-leaf Twisted-stalk
S4
lanceolatus (Aiton) Reveal
(Streptopus roseus Michaux var. perspectus Fassett)
Rose Mandarin
Tricyrtis
SNA
hirta (Thunb.) Hooker
Toad-Lily
Tulipa
SNA
gesneriana L.
Garden-tulip
SNA
sylvestris L.
Wild Tulip
MELANTHIACEAE
BUNCHFLOWER FAMILY
Chamaelirium
luteum (L.) A. Gray
Devil's-bit, Fairy-wand
E
S1
46
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
MELANTHIACEAE
BUNCHFLOWER FAMILY
Trillium
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
S4S5
cernuum L. var. cernuum
(Trillium cernuum L. var. macranthum Eames & Wieg.)
Nodding Trillium
erectum L.
Purple Trillium
grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisb.
White Trillium
undulatum Willd.
Painted Trillium
Veratrum
S5
viride Aiton
False Hellebore
NARTHECIACEAE
ASPHODEL FAMILY
Aletris
S4
farinosa L.
Colic-root
ORCHIDACEAE
ORCHIS FAMILY
Aplectrum
hyemale (Muhl. ex Willd.) Torrey
E
S1
T
S2
Putty-root
Arethusa
bulbosa L.
Arethusa
Calopogon
S4
tuberosus (L.) B.S.P.
Grass-pink
Coeloglossum
viride (L.) Hartman
WL
S2S3
(Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartman var. virescens (Muhl. ex Willd.)
Luer)
(Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. var. bracteata (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray)
Frog-orchis
Corallorhiza
S4
maculata (Raf.) Raf.
Spotted Coral-root
odontorhiza (Willd.) Poir. var. odontorhiza
SC
Autumn Coral-root
trifida Chatelain
Pale Coral-root
Monocots
47
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ORCHIDACEAE
ORCHIS FAMILY
Cypripedium
S5
acaule Aiton
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Pink Lady's-slipper
arietinum R.Br.
E
S1
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
H
SH
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2S3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
Ram's Head Lady's-slipper
parviflorum Salisb. var. maskin (Farw.)
Sheviak
Small Yellow Lady's-slipper
parviflorum Salisb. var. parviflorum
(Cypripedium calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern.)
Southern Small Yellow Lady's-slipper
parviflorum Salisb. var. pubescens (Willd.)
Knight
WL
(Cypripedium calceolus L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Correll)
Woodland Yellow Lady's-slipper
reginae Walter
E
Showy Lady's-slipper
Epipactis
SNA
helleborine (L.) Crantz
Helleborine
Galearis
spectabilis (L.) Raf.
WL
S2S3
(Orchis spectabilis L.)
Showy Orchis
Goodyera
S4
pubescens (Willd.) R. Br.
Downy Rattlesnake-plantain
repens (L.) R. Br.
E
(Goodyera ophioides (Fern.) Rydb.)
(G. repens (L.) R. Br. var. ophioides Fern.)
Dwarf Rattlesnake-plantain
tesselata Lodd.
Checkered Rattlesnake-plantain
Isotria
medeoloides (Pursh) Raf.
E
S1
WL
S3S4
T
S2
Small Whorled Pogonia
verticillata (Willd.) Raf.
Large Whorled Pogonia
Liparis
liliifolia (L.) L. C. Rich. ex Ker-Gawler
Purple Twayblade
48
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ORCHIDACEAE
ORCHIS FAMILY
Liparis
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S3S4
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
SH
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
E
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
dilatata (Pursh) Lindley ex Beck var. dilatata T
S2
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S4
loeselii (L.) L. C. Rich.
Green Twayblade
Listera
australis Lindl.
WL
S1?
E
S1
E
S1
(Neottia australis (Lindl.) Szlachetko)
Southern Twayblade
cordata (L.) R. Br.
(Neottia cordata (L). Rich.)
Heart-leaf Twayblade
Malaxis
bayardii Fern.
Bayard's Green Adder's Mouth, Barrens Adder's M.
monophyllos (L.) Sw. ssp. brachypoda (A.
Gray) A. & D. Löve
E
S1
(Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. var. brachypoda (A. Gray) F. Morris &
Eames)
(Malaxis brachypoda (A. Gray) Fern.)
White Adder's-mouth
unifolia Michaux
WL
S2?
Green Adder's Mouth
Platanthera
SNR
×andrewsii (M. White) Luer
(Platanthera lacera × P. psycodes)
(Habenaria ×andrewsii M. White)
aquilonis Sheviak
North Wind Orchis
blephariglottis (Willd.) Lindley var.
blephariglottis
(Habenaria blephariglottis (Willd.) Hooker)
White-fringed Orchis
ciliaris (L.) Lindley
H
(Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br.)
Yellow or Orange-fringed Orchis
clavellata (Michaux) Luer
(Habenaria clavellata (Michaux) Sprengel)
Club-spur Orchis
cristata (Michaux) Lindley
(Habenaria cristata (Michaux) R. Br.)
Crested Fringed Orchis
(Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hooker)
Tall or Leafy White Orchis
Monocots
49
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ORCHIDACEAE
ORCHIS FAMILY
Platanthera
flava (L.) Lindley var. herbiola (R. Br.) Luer
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
WL
S2?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S2?
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2?
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
H
SH
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S1S2
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
T
S2
(Habenaria flava (L.) R. Br. var. herbiola (R. Br.) Ames & Correll)
Pale Green or Tubercled Orchis
grandiflora (Bigelow) Lindley
(Habenaria fimbriata (Aiton R.) Br.)
Large Purple-fringed Orchis
hookeri (Torrey ex A. Gray) Lindley
(Habenaria hookeri Torrey ex A. Gray)
Hooker's Orchis
huronensis (Nutt.) Lindl.
(Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindley var. huronensis (Nutt.) Luer)
(Habenaria huronensis (Nutt.) Spreng.)
Northern Green Orchis
lacera (Michaux) G. Don
(Habenaria lacera (Michaux) Lodd.)
Ragged-fringed Orchis
macrophylla (Goldie) Lindl.
WL
(Platanthera orbiculata (Pursh) Lindley var. macrophylla (Goldie)
Luer)
(Habenaria macrophylla Goldie)
Large Round-leaved Orchis
obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Lindley ssp.
obtusata
(Habenaria obtusata (Banks ex Pursh) Rich.)
Blunt-leaved Orchis
orbiculata (Pursh) Lindley
(Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torrey)
Round-leaved Orchis or Orchid
psycodes (L.) Lindl.
(Habenaria psycodes (L.) Sprengel)
Small Purple-fringed Orchis
Pogonia
ophioglossoides (L.) Ker-Gawler
S5
Rose Pogonia
Spiranthes
cernua (L.) L. C. Rich.
S5
Nodding Ladies'-tresses
×intermedia Ames
(Spiranthes lacera var. gracilis × S. lacera var. vernalis)
Blanche Ames' Tresses
lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. gracilis (Bigelow) Luer
(Spiranthes gracilis (Bigelow) Beck)
Southern Slender Ladies'-tresses
50
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ORCHIDACEAE
ORCHIS FAMILY
Spiranthes
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S2?
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
E
S1
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S3S4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
T
S2
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
E
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. ssp. trianthophora E
S1
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
S4
lacera (Raf.) Raf. var. lacera
Northern Slender Ladies'-tresses
lucida (H.H. Eaton) Ames
WL
Shining or Wide-leaved Ladies'-tresses
ochroleuca (Rydb.) Rydb.
Yellow Nodding Ladies'-tresses
romanzoffiana Cham.
Hooded Ladies'-tresses
tuberosa Raf.
(Spiranthes tuberosa Raf. var. grayi (Ames) Fern.)
Little Ladies'-tresses
vernalis Engelm. & A. Gray
Grass-leaved Ladies'-tresses
Tipularia
discolor (Pursh) Nutt.
Crane-fly Orchis
Triphora
Nodding Pogonia, Three Birds Orchid
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Aegilops
cylindrica Host
SNA
Jointed Goat Grass
Agropyron
cristatum (L.) Gaertner
SNA
Crested Wheatgrass
desertorum (Fisher ex Link) J.A. Schultes
SNA
Clustered Wheatgrass
Agrostis
canina L.
SNA
Velvet Bentgrass
capillaris L.
(Agrostis tenuis Sibth.)
Rhode Island Bentgrass
elliottiana J.A. Schultes
((NO COUNTY INDICATED))
Elliott's Bentgrass
Monocots
51
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Agrostis
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S4
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
SNA
*
W
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
gigantea Roth
(Agrostis alba, auct. non L.)
Redtop
hyemalis (Walter) B.S.P.
Southern Ticklegrass
perennans (Walter) Tuckerman
(Agrostis altissima (Walter) Tuckerman)
Upland Bentgrass
scabra Willd.
Northern Ticklegrass
stolonifera L.
(Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Hudson) Farw.)
Marsh Bentgrass
Aira
SNA
caryophyllea L. var. caryophyllea
Silvery Hairgrass
SNA
praecox L.
Strict Hairgrass
Alopecurus
S5
aequalis Sobol.
Short-awned Foxtail
carolinianus Walter
Carolina Foxtail
geniculatus L.
Marsh Foxtail
myosuroides Hudson
Slender Foxtail
pratensis L.
Meadow Foxtail
Ammophila
S4
breviligulata Fern. ssp. breviligulata
Dunegrass
Amphicarpum
amphicarpon (Pursh) Nash
E
S1
(Amphicarpum purshii Kunth)
Annual Peanutgrass
Andropogon
gerardii Vitman
Big Bluestem
S5
52
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Andropogon
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I?
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNA
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
S2
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
glomeratus (Walter) B.S.P. var. glomeratus
(Andropogon virginicus L. var. abbreviatus (Hackel) Fern. & Griscom)
Bunched Broom-sedge
S4
virginicus L. virginicus
Broom-sedge
Anthoxanthum
SNA
hirtum (Schrank) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp
(Hierochloe hirta (Schrank) Borbás)
(Savastana hirta Schrank)
Northern Sweet Grass
nitens (Weber) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp
ssp. nitens
(Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv.)
Sweet Grass
odoratum L.
Sweet Vernalgrass
ovatum Lag. var. aristatum Pérez-Lara
(Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss.)
(Anthoxanthum puelii Lecoq & Lamotte)
Puel's Vernalgrass
Apera
interrupta (L.) Beauv.
SNA
SNA
SNA
SNA
Interrupted Bentgrass
spica-venti (L.) Beauv.
Silky Bentgrass
Aristida
SNA
basiramea Engelm. ex Vasey
Forktip Needle-grass
dichotoma Michaux var. dichotoma
Poverty-grass
longespica Poiret var. geniculata (Raf.) Fern.
(Aristida intermedia Scribner & Ball)
Barrens Needle-grass
longespica Poiret var. longespica
Slender Needle-grass or Slimspike Three-awn
oligantha Michaux
Prairie Needle-grass
purpurascens Poiret
Purple Needle-grass
T
Monocots
53
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Aristida
tuberculosa Nutt.
T
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
S2
Seabeach Needle-grass
Arrhenatherum
SNA
elatius (L.) J. & K. Presl ssp. bulbosum
(Willd.) Schübler & Martens
(Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J. & K. Presl var. bulbosum (Willd.)
Spenner)
Bulbous Tall Oatgrass
SNA
elatius (L.) J. & K. Presl ssp. elatius
Tall Oatgrass
Arthraxon
hispidus (Thunb.) Makino
Potential SNA
ly
Invasive
(Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino var. cryptatherus (Hackel)
Honda)
Hairy Joint-grass
Avena
fatua L.
SNA
Wild Oats
hybrida Peterm.
An Oats
sativa L.
Oats
Avenula
pubescens (Hudson) Dumort.
SNA
(Helictrotrichon pubscens (Hudson) Pilger)
Downy Oat Grass
Bouteloua
gracilis (Willd. ex HBK.) Lag. ex Steudel
SNA
Blue Grama-grass
repens (Kunth) Scribner & Merrill
Creeping Grama-grass
rigidiseta (Steudel) A.S. Hitchc.
Stiff-awned Grama-grass
Brachyelytrum
aristosum (Michaux) Trel. in Branner &
Coville
S5
(Brachyelytrum septentrionale (Babel) G. Tucker)
(Brachyeletrum erectum (Schreber ex Sprengel) Beauv. var.
septentrionale Babel)
Woodgrass
erectum (Schreber ex Sprengel) Beauv.
S4
(Brachyelytrum erectum var. glabratum (Vasey) T. Koyama & Kawano)
Awned Woodgrass
54
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Brachypodium
pinnatum (L.) Beauv.
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
Short-stalked Brome
Briza
media L.
SNA
Quaking Grass
Bromus
arvensis L.
SNA
Field-chess
briziformis Fischer & Meyer
Rattlesnake-chess
ciliatus L.
(Bromus canadensis Michaux.)
(Bromus dudleyi Fern.)
Fringed Brome
commutatus Schrader
Hairy Chess
erectus Hudson
Upright Brome
hordeaceus L. ssp. hordeaceus
(Bromus mollis, auct. non L.)
Soft Brome
hordeaceus L. ssp. pseudothominei (P.
Sm.) H. Scholz
Soft Brome
hordeaceus L. ssp. thominei (Hardouin)
Hylander
(Bromus thominii Hardouin)
Soft Brome
inermis Leysser ssp. inermis
Smooth Brome
japonicus Thunb. ex Murray
Japanese Chess
kalmii A. Gray
(Bromus purgans L.)
Wild Brome
latiglumis (Shear) A.S. Hitchc.
(Bromus altissimus Pursh)
Tall Brome
Monocots
55
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Bromus
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S5
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
S1
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
SNA
lepidus Holmb.
Slender Brome
marginatus Nees ex Steudel
Perennial Brome
pubescens Muhl. ex Willd.
(Bromus purgans, auct. non L.)
Woodland Brome
rigidus Roth
(Bromus diandrus Roth ssp. rigidus (Roth) Lainz)
Stiff Brome
rubens L.
Foxtail-chess
secalinus L.
Cheat
sterilis L.
Barren Brome
tectorum L.
Drooping Brome
Calamagrostis
S5
canadensis (Michaux) Beauv. var.
canadensis
Canada Bluejoint or Reedgrass
canadensis (Michaux) Beauv. var.
macouniana (Vasey) Stebbins
WL
Macoun's Reedgrass
cinnoides (Muhl.) Bart.
(Calamagrostis coarctata (Torrey) Eaton)
Reed-bluejoint
epigejos (L.) Roth var. georgica (K. Koch)
Ledeb.
Feathertop
pickeringii A. Gray
E
(Calamagrostis pickeringii A. Gray var. debilis Kearney Fern. & Wieg.)
Pickering's Reedgrass
stricta ssp. inexpansa (Timm) Koeler
E
S1
New England Northern Reed Grass
Cenchrus
longispinus (Hackel) Fern.
Common Sandbur
S5
56
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Cenchrus
spinifex Cav.
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
(Cenchrus parviflorus Benth.)
Coastal Sandbur
Chloris
gayana Kunth
SNA
Rhodes Grass
verticillata Nutt.
Windmill-grass
virgata Sw.
Feather Finger-grass
Cinna
arundinacea L.
S5
Common
latifolia (Trev. ex Goepp.) Griseb. ex Ledeb.
S5
Slender Woodreed
Corynephorus
canescens (L.) Beauv.
SNA
Clubgrass
Crypsis
schoenoides (L.) Lam.
SNA
(Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host)
Swamp Prickle-Grass
Cynodon
dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon
SNA
Bermuda Grass
Cynosurus
cristatus L.
SNA
Crested Dogtail
Dactylis
glomerata L.
SNA
Orchard-grass
Dactyloctenium
aegyptium (L.) Willd.
SNA
Finger-grass
Danthonia
californica Bol.
SNA
California Oatgrass
compressa Austin ex Peck
(Danthonia allenii Austin)
Woodland Oatgrass
spicata (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer & J.A.
Schultes
Poverty-grass
Monocots
57
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Deschampsia
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
S5
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNA
cespitosa (L.) Beauv. ssp. cespitosa
(Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) Beauv. ssp. parviflora (Thuill.)
Jarmolenko & So¢)
Tussock-hairgrass
cespitosa (L.) Beauv. ssp. glauca (Hartman) E
Hartman
Tussock-hairgrass
flexuosa (L.) Trin.
Common Hairgrass
Desmazeria
SNA
rigida (L.) Tutin
(Catapodium rigida (L.) Hubbard ex Dony)
Fern Grass
Dichanthelium
acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark ssp.
acuminatum
WL
S1?
(Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark var. acuminatum)
(Panicum auburne Ashe)
Auburn Panic-grass
acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark ssp.
columbianum (Scribn.) Freckmann & Lelong
(Dichanthelium columbianum (Scribner) Freckmann)
(Panicum columbianum Scribner)
(Panicum tsugetorum Nash)
Downy Panic-grass
acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark ssp.
fasciculatum (Torrey) Freckmann & Lelong
(Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark var. fasciculatum
(Torr.) Freckmann)
(Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Fern.)
(Panium subvillosum Ashe)
Fascicled Panic-grass
acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark ssp.
implicatum (Scribn.) Freckmann & Lelong
(Panicum meridionale Ashe)
(Panicum oricola A.S. Hitchc. & Chase)
Pondshore Panic-grass
acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark ssp.
lindheimeri (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong
(Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark var. lindheimeri
(Nash) Gould & Clark)
(Dichanthelium lanuginosum (Ell.) Gould var. lindheimeri (Nash)
Fern.)
(Panicum lanuginosum Ell. var. septentrionale (Fern.) Fern.)
Lindheimer's Panic-grass
acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark ssp.
spretum (J.A. Schultes) Freckmann &
Lelong
(Dichanthelium spretum (J.A. Schultes) Freckmann)
(Panicum spretum J.A. Schultes)
Smooth Panic-grass
58
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Dichanthelium
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
boreale (Nash) Freckmann
(Panicum boreale Nash)
Northern Panic-grass
clandestinum (L.) Gould
(Panicum clandestinum L.)
Deer-tongue
commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould ssp.
ashei (G. Pearson ex Ashe) Freckmann &
Lelong
(Panicum commutatum J.A. Schultes)
(Panicum ashei Pearson)
Changeable Panic-grass
depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould
(Panicum depauperatum Muhl.)
(Panicum depauperatum Muhl. var. involutum Torrey Wood)
Depauperate Panic-grass
dichotomum (L.) Gould ssp. dichotomum
(Panicum dichotomum L.)
(Panicum dichotomum L. var. barbulatum (Michaux) Wood)
Forked Panic-grass
dichotomum (L.) Gould ssp.
mattamuskeetense (Ashe) Freckmann &
Lelong
E
(Dichanthelium mattamuskeetense (Ashe) Mohlenbrock)
(Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe)
(Panicum clutei Nash)
Mattamuskeet Panic-grass
dichotomum (L.) Gould ssp. microcarpon
(Muhl. ex Ell.) Freckmann & Lelong
(Dichanthelium microcarpon (Muhl. ex Ell.) Mohlenbrock)
(Panicum microcarpon Muhl. ex Ell.)
Tiny-fruited Panic-grass
latifolium (L.) Gould & Clark
(Panicum latifolium L.)
Broad-leaved Panic-grass
linearifolium (Scribner) Gould
(Panicum linearifolium Scribner)
(Panicum linearifolium Scribner var. werneri (Scribner) Fern.)
Linear-leaved Panic-grass
oligosanthes (J.A. Schultes) Gould ssp.
scribnerianum (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong
(Dichanthelium oligosanthes (J.A. Schultes) Gould var. scribnerianum
(Nash) Gould)
(Panicum oligosanthes Schultes var. scribnerianum (Nash) Fern.)
Scribner's Panic-grass
Monocots
59
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Dichanthelium
ovale (Ell.) Gould & Clark ssp.
pseudopubescens (Nash) Freckmann &
Lelong
SC
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
SH
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
S1
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N? N? N? N? N? N?
*
*
*
*
*
*
N?
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3
(Dichanthelium commonsianum (Ashe) Freckmann)
(Panicum commonsianum Ashe)
(Panicum owenae Bicknell)
Commons' Panic-grass
ovale (Ell.) Gould & Clark ssp. villosissimum H
(Nash) Freckmann & Lelong
(Dichanthelium villosissimum (Nash) Freckmann)
(Panicum villosissimum Nash)
Villous Panic-grass
scabriusculum (Ell.) Gould & Clark
T
(Panicum scabriusculum Ell.)
(Panicum recognitum Fern.)
(Panicum aculeatum Hitchc. & Chase)
Harsh Panic-grass
×scoparioides (Ashe) Mohlenbrock
(Dichanthelium acuminatum × D. ovale)
scoparium (Lam.) Gould
H
(Panicum scoparium Lam.)
Velvet Panic-grass
sphaerocarpon (Ell.) Gould
Round-fruited Panic-grass
wrightianum (Scribner) Freckmann
SC
(Panicum wrightianum Scribner)
Wright's Panic-grass
xanthophysum (A. Gray) Freckmann
(Panicum xanthophysum A. Gray)
Yellow Panic-grass
Digitaria
cognata (J. A Schultes) Pilger
WL
SNA
(Leptoloma cognatum (J.A.Schultes) Chase)
Fall Witch-grass
filiformis (L.) Koeler
Slender Crab-grass
ischaemum (Schreber) Muhl.
Smooth Crab-grass
sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
Large Crab-grass
violascens Link
(Digitaria ischaemum var. violascens (Link) Radford)
Violet Crab-grass
60
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Distichlis
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
S4S5
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S4
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S2?
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S5
spicata (L.) Greene
Saltmarsh Spike-grass
Echinochloa
SNA
colona (L.) Link
Jungle-rice
crus-galli (L.) Beauv.
Barnyard-grass
frumentacea Link
(Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. frumentacea (Link) W. Wight)
Japanese Millet
muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. microstachya
Wieg.
Small-spiked Cockspur
muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. muricata
Cockspur-grass, Barnyard-grass
walterii (Pursh) Heller
Walter's Cockspur
Eleusine
SNA
indica (L.) Gaertner
Goose-grass
Elymus
S5
canadensis L. var. canadensis
Canada Wild Rye
curvatus Piper
(Elymus virginicus L. var. submuticus Hooker)
(Elymus submuticus (Hook.) Smyth & Smyth)
Prairie Wild Rye
glabriflorus (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball
H
Southeastern Wild-Rye
hystrix L.
(Hystrix patula Moench)
Bottlebrush-grass
macgregorii R. Brooks & J.J.N. Campbell
WL
Early Wild Rye
repens (L.) Gould
(Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex B.D. Jackson)
(Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.)
Quack-grass
Monocots
61
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Elymus
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
*
*
N
N?
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
S4?
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
S3
N
N
N
N
I?
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
riparius Wieg.
Riverbank Wild Rye
SNR
trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners ssp.
glaucus (Pease & Moore) Cody
(Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte ex Lewis var. glacucum (Pease
& Moore) Malte)
trachycaulus ssp. trachycaulus (Link) Gould
ex Shinners
WL
SNR
(Agropyron trachycaulum (Link) Malte var. novae-angliae (Scribner)
Fern.)
villosus Muhl. ex Willd.
E
Hairy Wild Rye
virginicus L. var. halophilus (Bicknell) Wieg.
Saltmarsh Wild Rye
virginicus L. var. virginicus
Virginia Wild Rye
wiegandii
(Elymus canadensis L. var. wiegandii (Fern.) Bowden)
Wiegand's Wild Rye
Eragrostis
capillaris (L.) Nees
WL
SNA
Lace-grass
cilianensis (All.) Lut. ex Janchen
(Eragrostis megastachya (Koeler) Link)
Stink-grass
curvula (Schrader) Nees
Weeping Lovegrass
frankii Meyer ex Steudel
SC
Frank's Lovegrass
hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P.
Sandbar-lovegrass
intermedia A.S. Hitchc.
Prairie-lovegrass
mexicana (Hornem.) Link ssp. virescens (J.
Presl.) S.D. Koch & Sánchez
(Eragrostis virescens J. Presl.)
Mexican Lovegrass
62
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Eragrostis
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
minor Host
(Eragrostis poaeoides Beauv. ex R. & S.)
Little Lovegrass
pectinacea (Michaux) Nees var. pectinacea
Tufted Lovegrass
pilosa (L.) Beauv. var. pilosa
(Eragrostis multicaulis Steudel)
(Eragrostis peregrina Wieg.)
India Lovegrass
spectabilis (Pursh) Steudel
(Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steudel var. sparsihirsuta Farw.)
Purple Lovegrass
Eremochloa
SNA
ophiuroides (Munro) Hackel
Centipede-grass
Festuca
filiformis Pourret
Likely
SNA
Invasive
(Festuca capillata Lam.)
(Festuca tenuifolia Sibth.)
Hair-fescue
ovina L.
Sheep-fescue
rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaudin
(Festuca rubra L. var. commutata Gaudin)
(Festuca nigrescens Lam.)
Red Fescue
rubra L. ssp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman
(Festuca diffusa Dumort. var. multiflora (Hoffm.) Asch. & Graebner)
(Festuca rubra L. var. multiflora (Hoffman) Aschers. & Graebn.)
(Festuca heteromalla Pourret)
Many-flowered Fescue
rubra L. ssp. pruinosa (Hack.) Piper
(Festuca rubra L. var. juncea (Hack.) Richter)
Coastal Red Fescue
rubra L. ssp. rubra
Red Fescue
subverticillata (Pers.) Alexeev
(Festuca obtusa Biehler)
Nodding Fescue
Monocots
63
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Festuca
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
SNR
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Likely
SNR
Invasive
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
S4S5
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
trachyphylla (Hackel) Krajina
(Festuca duriuscula L., sensu auct. amer.)
(Festuca ovina L. var. duriuscula (L.) W.D.J. Koch, sensu auct.
amer.)
(Festuca longifolia, auct. non Thuill.)
Hard Fescue
Gastridium
phleoides (Nees & Meyen) C.E. Hubbard
SNA
Nitgrass
Glyceria
acutiflora Torrey
S4?
Sharp-scaled Mannagrass
borealis (Nash) Batch.
Northern Mannagrass
canadensis (Michaux) Trin.
Mannagrass
fluitans (L.) R. Br.
Float-grass
grandis S. Watson var. grandis
(Glyceria maxima (Hartman) Holmb. ssp. grandis (S. Watson) Hulten)
Tall Mannagrass
laxa (Scribn.) Scribn.
Lax Mannagrass
maxima (Hartman) Holmb.
English Watergrass
melicaria (Michaux) Hubbard
Slender Mannagrass
obtusa (Muhl.) Trin.
Coastal Mannagrass
septentrionalis A.S. Hitchc. var.
septentrionalis
Eastern Float-grass
striata (Lam.) A.S. Hitchc.
(Glyceria striata var. stricta (Scribner) Fern.)
Fowl Mannagrass
Holcus
lanatus L.
Velvet-grass
SNA
64
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Hordeum
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
SNA
jubatum L. ssp. jubatum
Foxtail-barley
murinum L. ssp. leporinum (Link) Arcangeli
Wild Barley
pusillum Nutt.
Little Barley
vulgare L.
(Hordeum vulgare var. trifurcatum)
Barley, Six-row Barley
Leersia
S5
oryzoides (L.) Sw.
Rice Cut-grass
S4S5
virginica Willd.
White Cut-grass
Leptochloa
fusca (L.) Kunth ssp. fascicularis (Lam.) N.
Snow
T
S1
(Diplachne maritima Bicknell)
(Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv.)
(Leptochloa fascicularis var. maritima (Bicknell) Gleason)
Saltpond-grass
fusca (L.) Kunth ssp. uninervia (J. Presl) N.
Snow
(Diplachne uninervia (Presl) Parodi)
(Leptochloa uninervia (Presl) Hitchc. & Chase)
Mexican Sprangletop
panicea (Retz.) Ohwi ssp. mucronata
(Michaux) Nowack
(Leptochloa mucronata (Michaux) Kunth)
(Leptochloa filiformis Lam. Beauv. var. attenuata (Nutt.) Steyermark
& Kucera)
Slender Feather-grass
Leymus
mollis (Trin.) Hara ssp. mollis
E
S1
(Elymus arenarius L. var. villosus Meyer)
Sea Lyme-grass, American Dunegrass, Strandwheat
Lolium
multiflorum Lam.
SNA
(Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. diminutum Mutel)
(Lolium perenne L. var. aristatum Willd.)
Italian Rye-grass
perenne L.
Perennial Rye-grass
SNA
Monocots
65
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Lolium
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
temulentum L. ssp. temulentum
Darnel
Mibora
SNA
minima (L.) Desv.
Mibora
Microstegium
vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus
Likely
SNA
Invasive
(Eulalia viminea (Trin.) Kuntze)
Japanese Stiltgrass
Milium
effusum L. var. cisatlanticum Fern.
T
S2
Woodland-millet
Miscanthus
sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Franchet
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Japanese Plumegrass
SNA
sinensis Andersson
Chinese Plumegrass
Molinia
SNA
caerulea (L.) Moench
Purple Moorgrass
Muhlenbergia
capillaris (Lam.) Trin.
H
SH
Hairgrass
frondosa (Poiret) Fern.
Wirestem Muhly
glomerata (Willd.) Trin.
(Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. var. cinnoides (Link) Hermann)
Marsh Muhly
mexicana (L.) Trin.
Satingrass
schreberi J.F. Gmelin
Nimblewill
sobolifera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Trin.
Awnless Woodland-muhly
sylvatica Torrey ex A. Gray
(Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torrey ex A. Gray var. robusta Fern.)
Woodland- or Forest-muhly
tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P.
Awned Muhly
66
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Muhlenbergia
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SC
S2
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SC
S3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
S2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
uniflora (Muhl.) Fern.
Northern Muhly
Oryzopsis
S5
asperifolia Michaux
Spreading Ricegrass
Panicum
SNA
amarum Ell. ssp. amarulum (A.S. Hitchc. &
Chase) Freckmann & Lelong
Bitter Panic-grass
capillare L. ssp. capillare
(Panicum capillare L. var. occidentale Rydb.)
Witch-grass
dichotomiflorum Michaux var.
dichotomiflorum
(Panicum dichotomiflorum Michaux var. geniculatum (Wood) Fern.)
Fall Panic-grass
dichotomiflorum Michaux var. puritanorum
Svenson
Svenson's Panic-grass
miliaceum L. ssp. milliaceum
Broom-corn Millet
philadelphicum Bernh. ex Trin. ssp.
gattingeri (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong
(Panicum gattingeri Nash)
Gattinger's Panic-grass
philadelphicum Bernh. ex Trin. ssp.
philadelphicum
(Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. ex Trin var. tuckermanii (Fern.)
Steyerm. & Schmoll)
Philadelphia Panic-grass
rigidulum Bosc ex Nees subsp. pubescens
(Vasey) Freckmann & Lelong
T
(Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees var. pubescens (Vasey) Lelong)
(Panicum longifolium Torrey)
Long-leaved Panic-grass
rigidulum Bosc ex Nees ssp. rigidulum
(Panicum rigidulum Bosc ex Nees var. rigidulum)
(Panicum agrostoides Sprengel)
Flat-stemmed Panic-grass
verrucosum Muhl.
Warty Panic-grass
Monocots
67
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Panicum
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
WL
S2S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
WL
S3?
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S5
virgatum L.
(Panicum virgatum L. var. cubense Griseb.)
(Panicum virgatum L. var. spissum Linder)
Switchgrass
Pascopyrum
SNA
smithii (Rydb.) A. Love
(Agropyron smithii Rydb.)
Western Wheat-grass
Paspalum
laeve Michaux
H
SH
(Paspalum laeve Michaux var. circulare (Nash) W. Stone ex Fern.)
Field Bead-grass
setaceum Michaux var. muhlenbergii (Nash)
D. Banks
(Paspalum ciliatifolium Michaux var. muhlenbergii (Nash) Fern.)
Muhlenberg's Bead-grass
setaceum Michaux var. psammophilum
(Nash) D. Banks
(Paspalum psammophilum Nash)
Sand Bead-grass
setaceum var. setaceum Michaux
Small-fruited or Slender Bead-grass
Phalaris
arundinacea L.
Invasive S5
Reed Canary-grass
SNA
canariensis L.
Canary-grass
Phleum
SNA
arenarium L.
Sand-timothy
pratense L.
(Phleum pratense L. ssp. nodosum (L.) Arcang.)
Timothy
subulatum (Savi) Asch. & Graebner
Subulate Timothy
Phragmites
australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel ssp.
americanus Saltonstall, P.M. Peterson &
Soreng
WL
SNR
Phragmites, North American Reed
australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel
Phragmites, Common Reed
Invasive SNA
68
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Phyllostachys
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S1
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
dulcis McClure
Sweet Bamboo
Piptatherum
S5
pungens (Torr ex Spreng.) Dorn
(Oryzopsis pungens (Torrey ex Sprengel) A.S. Hitchc.)
Little Ricegrass
S4
racemosum (Sm.) Eat.
(Oryzopsis racemosa (J. E. Smith) Ricker ex A.S. Hitchc.)
Mountain Ricegrass
Piptochaetium
avenaceum (L.) Parodi
WL
SNR
(Stipa avenacea L.)
Black Oatgrass
Poa
alsodes A. Gray
S4
Floodplain-speargrass
annua L.
Annual Bluegrass
bulbosa L. ssp. vivipara (Koel.) Arcang.
Bulbous Bluegrass
chapmaniana Scribner
Chapman's Bluegrass
compressa L.
Canada Bluegrass
nemoralis L.
Woodland-bluegrass
palustris L.
Fowl-meadow Grass
pratensis L. ssp. pratensis
Kentucky Blue-grass, Junegrass
pratensis L. ssp. angustifolia (L.) Arcang.
(Poa angustifolia L.)
Narrow-leaved Kentucky Blue-grass
saltuensis Fern. & Wieg. ssp. languida (A.S. E
Hitchc.) A. Haines
(Poa debilis Torrey)
Drooping Speargrass
saltuensis Fern. & Wieg. ssp. saltuensis
Woodland Speargrass
Monocots
69
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Poa
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
SNA
I
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
S4
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
trivialis L. ssp. trivialis
Rough Bluegrass
Polypogon
SNA
monspeliensis (L.) Desf.
Rabbit-foot Grass
Puccinellia
SNA
distans (Jacq.) Parl. ssp. borealis (Holmb.)
W.E. Highes
Reflexed Alkali-grass
distans (Jacq.) Parl. ssp. distans
European or Reflexed Alkali-grass
fasciculata (Torrey) Bicknell
H
Bunched Alkali-grass
maritima (Hudson) Parl.
Seaside Alkali-grass
pumila (Vasey) A.S. Hitchc.
H
(Puccinellia tenella (Lange) Holmb. ssp. alascana, auct. non
(Scribner & Merrill) Tzvelev)
(Puccinellia paupercula (Holmb.) Fern. & Weath. var. alaskana, auct.
non (Scribner & Merrill) Fern. & Weath.)
Northern Alkali-grass
Sacciolepis
striata (L.) Nash
SNA
(Holcus striatus L.)
(Panicum aquaticum Bosc ex Spreng.)
American Cup-scale
Schedonorus
arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.
SNA
(Festuca arundinacea Schreber)
(Festuca elatior L. var. arundinacea (Schreb.) C.F.H. Wimmer)
(Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbyshire)
Tall Rye Grass
pratensis (Hudson) Beauv.
SNA
(Festuca pratensis Hudson)
(Festuca elatior L., in part)
(Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbyshire)
Meadow Rye Grass
Schizachne
purpurascens (Torrey) Swallen
S4
Purple Oats
Schizachyrium
scoparium (Michaux) Nash var. scoparium
(Andropogon scoparium Michaux)
(Andropogon scoparium Michaux var. frequens Hubbard)
(Andropogon scoparium Michaux var. ducis Fern. & Griscom)
Little Bluestem
S5
70
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Secale
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
W
*
*
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
S2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
cereale L.
Rye
Setaria
SNA
faberi Herrm. ex Rosen
Nodding Foxtail
italica (L.) Beauv.
Foxtail-millet
parviflora (Poiret) Kerguelen
SC
(Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv.)
Bristly Foxtail
pumila (Poir.) Roemer & J.A. Schultes ssp.
pumila
(Setaria glauca, auct. non (L.) Beauv.)
Yellow Foxtail
verticillata (L.) Beauv.
Bur-bristle Grass
viridis (L.) Beauv.
(Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. var. weinmannii (R. & S.) Brand)
Green Foxtail
Sorghastrum
S4S5
nutans (L.) Nash
Indian Grass
Sorghum
SNA
bicolor (L.) Moench
Sorghum
SNA
halepense (L.) Pers.
(Sorghum vulgare Pers.)
Johnson-grass
Spartina
S5
alterniflora Loisel
Saltwater Cord-grass
×caespitosa A.A. Eaton
(Spartina patens × S. pectinata)
cynosuroides (L.) Roth
T
(Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth var. polystachya (Michaux) Beal ex
Fern.)
Salt-reedgrass
patens (Aiton) Muhl. var. patens
(Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl. var. monogyna (M.A. Curtis) Fern.)
Salt-hay, Salt-meadow Grass or Cord-grass
S5
Monocots
71
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Spartina
S5
pectinata Link
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
(Spartina pectinata Link var. suttiei (Farw.) Fern.)
Prairie Cord-grass
SNR
pectinata Link × S. alterniflora Loisel.
Sphenopholis
S4
intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb.
(Sphenopholis obtusata (Michaux) Scribner var. major (Torrey)
Erdman)
Slender Wedgegrass
nitida (Biehler) Scribner
T
S2
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
H
SH
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
T
S1S2
*
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
N
WL
SNR
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
N?
I
*
*
*
WL
S2?
I
*
*
I
I
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
H
SH
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
Shining Wedgegrass
obtusata (Michaux) Scribner
(Sphenopholis obtusata (Michaux) Scribner var. lobata (Trin.)
Scribner)
(Sphenopholis obtusata (Michaux) Scribner var. lobata (Trin.)
Scribner)
Prairie-wedgegrass
pensylvanica (L.) A.S. Hitchc.
(Trisetum pensylvanica (L.) Beauv.)
Swamp-oats
Sporobolus
compositus (Poiret) Merrill var. compositus
(Sporobolus asper (Beauv.) Kunth)
Tall Dropseed
cryptandrus (Torrey) A. Gray
Sand-dropseed
heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray
Northern Dropseed
neglectus Nash
Small Dropseed
vaginiflorus (Torrey ex A. Gray) Wood var.
vaginiflorus
Poverty-grass
Thinopyrum
intermedium
SNA
(Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski)
(Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv.)
Hairy-scaled Wheat-grass
pycnanthum (Pers.) Barkworth
(Elymus pycnanthus (Godr.) Melderis)
(Elymus pungens (Pers.) Melderis subsp. pycnanthus (Godr.) O.
Bolòs & Vigo)
Seabeach Quack-grass
SNA
72
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Torreyochloa
S4
pallida (Torrey) Church var. fernaldii (A.S.
Hitchc.) Dore ex Koyama & Kawano
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(Torreyochloa fernaldii (A.S. Hitchc.) Church)
(Glyceria fernaldii (A.S. Hitchc.) St. John)
(Puccinellia fernaldii (A.S. Hitchc.) E.G. Voss)
Fernald's Mannagrass
S5
pallida (Torrey) Church var. pallida
(Glyceria pallida (Torr.) Trin.)
(Puccinellia pallida (Torr.) Kuntze)
Pale or Torrey's Mannagrass
Tragus
SNA
berteronianus J.A. Schultes
Texas Bur
Tridens
SNA
flavus (L.) A.S. Hitchc. var. flavus
(Triodia flava (L.) Smyth)
Purpletop
Triplasis
S4
purpurea (Walter) Chapman var. purpurea
Purple Sand-grass
Tripsacum
dactyloides (L.) L.
E
S1
Northern Gama-grass
Triraphis
SNA
mollis R. Br.
Purpleheads
Trisetum
SNA
flavescens (L.) Beauv.
Yellow False Oats
spicatum (L.) Richter
E
S1
(Trisetum triflorum (Bigelow) Love & Love ssp. molle (Michaux) Love
& Love)
(Trisetum spicatum var. molle (Kunth) Beal)
Narrow False Oats
Triticum
aestivum L.
SNA
Wheat
Urochloa
texana (Buckley) R.D. Webster
SNA
(Brachiaria texana (Buckley) S.T. Blake)
(Panicum texanum Buckley)
Texas Signal-grass
Vulpia
bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray
(Festuca bromoides L.)
(Festuca dertonensis (All.) Asch. & Graebner)
Bromelike Fescue
SNA
Monocots
73
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POACEAE
GRASS FAMILY
Vulpia
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
W
*
W
W
W
W
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
I
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
myuros (L.) K.C. Gmelin
(Vulpia myuros (L.) K.C. Gmelin var. hirsuta Hackel)
(Festuca myuros L.; Festuca megalura Nutt.)
(Vulpia megalura (Nutt.) Rydb.)
Mouse-tail or Rat-tail Fescue
S4S5
octoflora (Walter) Rydb. var. tenella (Willd.)
Fern.
(Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. var. glauca (Nutt.) Fern.)
(Festuca octoflora Walt. var. glauca (Nutt.) Fern.)
(Festuca octoflora Walt. var. tenella (Willd.) Fern.)
Six-weeks Fescue
Zea
SNA
mays L. ssp. mays
Corn
Zizania
S4
aquatica L. var. aquatica
Wild Rice
palustris L. var. palustris
WL
S1S2
(Zizania aquatica L. var. angustifolia A.S. Hitchc.)
Slender Wild Rice
PONTEDERIACEAE
PICKERELWEED FAMILY
Eichhornia
SNA
crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laubach
(Eichhornia speciosa Kunth)
Water-hyacinth
Heteranthera
dubia (Jacq.) MacM.
WL
S2S3
(Zosterella dubia (Jacq.) Small)
Water Star-grass
Pontederia
S5
cordata L.
(Pontederia cordata L. var. lancifolia (Muhl.) Torrey)
Pickerel-weed
POTAMOGETONACEAE
PONDWEED FAMILY
Potamogeton
alpinus Balbis
H
SH
Northern Pondweed
amplifolius Tuckerman
Big-leaved Pondweed
×argutulus Hagstr.
(Potamogeton gramineus × P. nodosus)
berchtoldii Fieber
(Potamogeton pusillus L. var. tenuissimus Mert. & Koch)
Slender Tiny Pondweed
74
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POTAMOGETONACEAE
PONDWEED FAMILY
Potamogeton
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
E
S1
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S2?
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
S3
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
bicupulatus Fern.
(Potamogeton capillaceus Poiret)
Hairlike Pondweed
biculpulatus Fern. × P. epihydrus Raf.
confervoides Reichenb.
T
Alga-pondweed
crispus L.
Invasive SNA
Curly Pondweed
epihydrus Raf.
(Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. var. ramosus (Peck) House)
Ribbon-leaf Pondweed
foliosus Raf. ssp. foliosus
Leafy Pondweed
friesii Rupr.
Fries' Pondweed
gemmiparus (J.W. Robbins) J.W. Robbins
ex Morong
(Potamogeton pusillus L. var. gemmiparus Robbins)
Tiny Pondweed
gramineus L.
(Potamogeton gramineus L. var. maximus Morong)
(Potamogeton gramineus L. var. myriophyllus Robbins)
Grass-leaf Pondweed
hillii Morong
SC
Hill's Pondweed
illinoensis Morong
Illinois Pondweed
×mysticus Morong
(Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber × Potamogeton perfoliatus L.)
natans L.
Floating Pondweed
×nitens G.H. Weber
(Potamogeton gramineus × P. perfoliatus)
(Potamogeton ×subnitens Hagstrom)
nodosus Poiret
Long-leaved Pondweed
Monocots
75
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POTAMOGETONACEAE
PONDWEED FAMILY
Potamogeton
S5
oakesianus Robbins
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
Oakes' Pondweed
obtusifolius Mert. & Koch
WL
S1?
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
S4
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
S3?
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNR
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
E
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
Blunt-leaved Pondweed
ogdenii Hellquist & Hilton
Ogden's Pondweed
perfoliatus L.
(Potamogeton perfoliatus L. var. bupleuroides (Fern.) Farw.)
Perfoliate Pondweed
praelongus Wulfen
Whitestem-pondweed
pulcher Tuckerman
Spotted Pondweed
pusillus
Tiny Pondweed
richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb.
Richardson's Pondweed
robbinsii Oakes
Robbins Pondweed
×scoliophyllus Hagstr.
(Potamogeton amplifolius × P. illinoensis)
×spathuliformis (Robbins) Morong
(Potamogeton gramineus L. × P. illinoensis Morong)
spirillus Tuckerman
Northern Snailseed-pondweed
strictifolius Benn.
Straight-leaved Pondweed
vaseyi Robbins
(Potamogeton lateralis Morong, in part)
Vasey's Pondweed
zosteriformis Fern.
Flatstem-pondweed
Stuckenia
pectinata (L.) Boerner
(Potamogeton pectinatus L.)
Sago-pondweed
S4
76
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
RUPPIACEAE
WIDGEON-GRASS FAMILY
Ruppia
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4S5
maritima L.
Widgeon-grass
RUSCACEAE
BUTCHER'S BROOM FAMILY
Convallaria
SNA
majalis L.
Lily-of-the-valley
Maianthemum
S5
canadense Desf.
Canada Mayflower
racemosum (L.) Link ssp. racemosum
(Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf.)
False Solomon's Seal
stellatum (L.) Link
Starry Solomon's Seal
trifolium (L.) Sloboda
WL
Three-leaved Solomon's Seal
Polygonatum
S4
biflorum (Walt.) Ell.
(Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Ell. var. commutatum (Schultes f.)
Morong)
(Polygonum commutatum (Schultes f.) Dietr.)
Giant Solomon's Seal
latifolium (Jacq.) Desf.
Broad-leaved Solomon's Seal
pubescens (Willd.) Pursh
Solomon's Seal
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE
POD-GRASS FAMILY
Scheuchzeria
palustris L.
E
S1
(Scheuchzeria palustris L. ssp. americana (Fern.) Hulten)
Pod-grass
SMILACACEAE
GEENBRIAR FAMILY
Smilax
glauca Walter
S5
(Smilax glauca Walter var. leurophylla Blake)
Sawbrier
herbacea L.
Carrion-flower
rotundifolia L.
Common Greenbrier
Monocots
77
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
TYPHACEAE
CAT-TAIL FAMILY
Sparganium
S5
americanum Nutt.
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Common Bur-reed
androcladum (Engelm.) Morong
WL
S3?
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
WL
S2S3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
S3?
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
WL
S2S3
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Shining Bur-reed
angustifolium Michaux
(Sparganium emersum Rehmann var. angustifolium (Michaux) Taylor
&
MacBryde)
(Sparganium emersum Rehmann var. multipedunculatum (Morong)
Reveal)
(Sparganium multipedunculatum (Morong) Rydb.)
Narrow-leaved Bur-reed
emersum Rehmann
(Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb.)
Green-fruited Bur-reed
eurycarpum Engelm. ex A. Gray
Giant Bur-reed
fluctuans (Morong) Robinson
Floating Bur-reed
natans L.
(Sparganium minimum (Hartman) Fries)
Small Bur-reed
Typha
S5
angustifolia L.
Narrow-leaved Cat-tail
×glauca Godron
(Typha angustifolia × T. latifolia)
latifolia L.
Common Cat-tail
XYRIDACEAE
YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY
Xyris
S5
difformis Chapman var. difformis
(Xyris caroliniana, auct. non Walter)
Yellow-eyed Grass
montana Ries
WL
S2?
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S3?
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
Northern Yellow-eyed Grass
smalliana Nash
(Xyris congdonii Small)
Quagmire Yellow-eyed Grass
78
Monocots
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
XYRIDACEAE
YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY
Xyris
torta Small
S4
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
Twisted Yellow-eyed Grass
ZANNICHELLIACEAE
HORNED PONDWEED
Zannichellia
palustris L.
S4
(Zannichellia palustris L. var. major (Hartman) W.D.J. Koch)
Horned Pondweed
ZOSTERACEAE
EEL-GRASS FAMILY
Zostera
marina L.
(Zostera marina L. var. stenophylla Aschers. & Graebn.)
Eel-grass
S5
Tricolpates
79
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ACTINIDIACEAE
ACTINIDIA FAMILY
Actinidia
arguta (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planchon ex Miq.
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4?
*
*
*
*
*
*
I?
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
Bower-actinidia
ADOXACEAE
MOSCHATEL FAMILY
Sambucus
nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli
S5
(Sambucus canadensis L.)
Black Elderberry
racemosa L.
S5
(Sambucus racemosa L. ssp. pubens (Michaux) House)
Red-berried Elderberry
Viburnum
acerifolium L.
S5
Maple-leaf Viburnum
dentatum L. var. lucidum Aiton
(Viburnum recognitum Fern.)
Northern Arrow-wood
dentatum L. var. venosum (Britton) Gleason
Southern Arrow-wood
dilatatum Thunb.
Linden Arrow-wood
lantana L.
Wayfaring Tree
lantanoides Michaux
(Viburnum alnifolium Marsh.)
Witch-hobble; Hobblebush
lentago L.
Nannyberry
nudum L. var. cassinoides (L.) Torrey & A.
Gray
(Viburnum cassinoides L.)
Wild Raisin
opulus L. ssp. opulus
(Viburnum opulus L. var. opulus)
Guelder Rose, Snowball
opulus L. ssp. trilobum (Marsh.) Clausen
(Viburnum opulus L. var. americanum Aiton)
(Viburnum trilobum Marsh.)
Highbush-cranberry
80
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ADOXACEAE
MOSCHATEL FAMILY
Viburnum
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
SNA
plicatum Thunb.
(Viburnum tomentosum Thunb.)
Japanese Snowball
rafinesquianum J.A. Schultes var.
rafinesquianum
E
Downy Arrow-wood
sieboldii Miq.
Siebold's Viburnum
AIZOACEAE
FIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY
Tetragonia
tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze
SNA
New Zealand Spinach
AMARANTHACEAE
AMARANTH FAMILY
Alternanthera
pungens Kunth
SNA
(Achyranthes repens L.)
(Alternanthera repens (L.) Link)
Khaki Joyweed
Amaranthus
albus L.
SNA
Tumbleweed
blitoides S. Watson
(Amaranthus graecizans, auct. non L.)
Tumbleweed
blitum L. ssp. emarginatus (Moq. ex Uline &
Bray) Carreter
(Amaranthus lividus L.)
Livid Amaranth
cannabinus (L.) Sauer
(Acnida cannabinus L.)
Saltmarsh-hemp
caudatus L.
Love-lies-bleeding
cruentus L.
Purple-amaranth
deflexus L.
Low Amaranth
hybridus L.
Green Amaranth
Tricolpates
81
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
AMARANTHACEAE
AMARANTH FAMILY
Amaranthus
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1S2
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNA
hypochondriacus L.
Prince's Feather
macrocarpus Benth. var. macrocarpus
Dwarf Amaranth
palmeri S. Watson
Palmer's Amaranth
powellii S. Watson
Powell's Amaranth
pumilus Raf.
H
Seabeach-amaranth
retroflexus L.
Redroot
spinosus L.
Spiny Amaranth
tuberculatus (Moq. ex DC.) Sauer
(Amaranthus rudis Sauer)
(Acnida altissima Riddell)
(Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer var. subnuda S. Watson)
Water-hemp
viridis L.
(Amaranthus gracilis Desf.)
Slender Amaranth
Atriplex
acadiensis Tascher.
H
SH
(Atriplex glabriuscula Edmondston var. acadiensis (Taschereau) S. L.
Welsh)
Maritime Orache
cristata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
(Atriplex pentandra (Jacq.) Standley)
(Atriplex arenaria Nutt.)
Seabeach Orache
glabriuscula Edmonston
WL
Prostrate Orache
hortensis L.
Red Orache
littoralis L.
(Atriplex patula var. littoralis (L.) A. Gray)
Seaside Orache
82
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
AMARANTHACEAE
AMARANTH FAMILY
Atriplex
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
S4
*
*
*
*
N?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SH
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
S4
*
*
I
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
W
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
patula L.
Orache
prostrata Boucher ex DC.
(Atriplex patula L. var. hastata, auct. non (L.) A. Gray)
Halberd-leaf Orache
rosea L.
Red Orache
sibirica L.
(Obione muricata Gaertn.)
(Obione siberica (L.) Fisch.)
Siberian Saltbush
subspicata (Nutt.) Rydb.
H
(Atriplex patula var. subspicata (Nutt.) S. Watson)
Halberd-leaf Orache
Axyris
amaranthoides L.
SNA
Russian Pigweed
Bassia
hirsuta (L.) Aschers.
SNA
Downy Seablite
hyssopifolia (Pallas) Volk .
SNA
Hyssop Seablite
Beta
vulgaris L.
SNA
Beet
Chenopodium
album L.
SNA
(Chenopodium album L. var. missouriense (Aellen) Bassett &
Crompton)
(Chenopodium album L var. lanceolatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Coss. &
Germ.)
(Chenopodium missouriense Aellen)
Pigweed, Lamb's Quarters
berlandieri Moq. var. bushianum (Aellen)
Cronq.
(Chenopodium bushianum Aellen)
Country Pigweed
berlandieri Moq. var. macrocalycium
(Aellen) Cronq.
(Chenopodium macrocalycium Aellen)
Seabeach Pigweed
berlandieri Moq. var. zschackei (J. Murr) J.
Murr in Urban & Graebn.
(Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. ssp. zschackei (J. Murr) Zobel)
Berlandier's Goosefoot
Tricolpates
83
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
AMARANTHACEAE
AMARANTH FAMILY
Chenopodium
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
S1
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
SNA
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
S5
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNR
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
SNA
bonus-henricus L.
Good King Henry
capitatum (L.) Aschers. var. capitatum
Strawberry-blite
foggii Wahl
E
Fogg's Goosefoot
foliosum (Moench) Aschers.
Leafy Goosefoot
glaucum L. var. glaucum
Oak-leaf Goosefoot
murale L.
Sowbane
polyspermum L. var. acutiflorum (Sm.)
Gaud.
Many-seeded Goosefoot
pratericola Rydb.
(Chenopodium desiccatum A. Nels. var. leptophylloides (J. Murr.)
H.A. Wahl)
White Pigweed
rubrum L. var. humile (Hooker) S. Wats.
(Chenopodium humile Hooker)
Coast-blite
rubrum L. var. rubrum
Coast-blite
simplex (Torrey) Raf.
WL
(Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen)
(Chenopodiumhybridum L. var. gigantospermum (Aellen) Rouleau)
Maple-leaf Goosefoot
standleyanum Aellen
WL
(Chenopodium hybridum L. var. standleyanum (Aellen) Fern.)
Woodland-goosefoot
strictum Roth ssp. glaucophyllum (Aellen)
Aellen & Just.
(Chenopodium strictum Roth var. glaucophyllum (Aellen) Wahl)
Glaucous Pigweed
urbicum L.
City-goosefoot
84
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
AMARANTHACEAE
AMARANTH FAMILY
Cycloloma
atriplicifolium (Sprengel) Coulter
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
Winged Pigweed
Dysphania
ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants
SNA
(Chenopodium ambrosioides L.)
(Chenopodium ambrosoides L. var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray)
(Chenopodium anthelmiticum L.)
Wormseed
botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants
(Chenopodium botrys L.)
Jerusalem Oak
cristata (F. Muell.) Mosyakin & Clemants
(Chenopodium cristatum (F. Muell.) F. Muell.)
(Blitum cristatum F. Muell.)
Crested Glandular-goosefoot
graveolens (Willd.) Mosyakin & Clemants
(Chenopodium graveolens Willd.)
Fetid Pigweed
multifida (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants
(Chenopodium multifidum L.)
(Roubieva multifidum (L.) Moq.)
Cut-leaved Goosefoot
pumilio (R. Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants
(Chenopodium pumilio R. Br.)
(Chenopodium carinatum auct. non R. Br.)
Ridged Goosefoot
Froelichia
gracilis (Hooker) Moq.
SNA
Slender Cottonweed
Kochia
scoparia (L.) Schrader
SNA
Summer-cypress
Monolepis
nuttalliana (J.A. Schultes) Greene
SNA
Poverty-weed
Salicornia
ambigua Michaux
S5
(Salicornia virginica, auct. non L.)
Perennial Glasswort
bigelovii Torrey
Dwarf Glasswort or Saltwort
depressa Standl.
(Salicornia europaea, auct. non L.)
Common Glasswort or Saltwort
Tricolpates
85
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
AMARANTHACEAE
AMARANTH FAMILY
Salsola
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
I
*
*
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
collina Pallas
Steppe-saltwort
kali L. ssp. pontica (Pallas) Mosyakin
(Salsola caroliniana Walter)
(Salsola kali var. caroliniana (Walt.) Nutt)
Carolina Saltwort
kali L. ssp. kali
Prickly Saltwort, Seabeach-saltwort
tragus L.
(Salsola kali L. ssp. tragus (L.) Aellen)
(Salsola iberica Sennen & Pau)
(Salsola kali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch)
Russian Thistle
Spinacia
SNA
oleracea L.
Spinach
Suaeda
calceoliformis (Hooker) Moq.
SC
S2S3
(Suaeda americana (Pers.) Fern.)
American Sea-blite
linearis (Ell.) Moq.
Slender Sea-blite
maritima (L.) Dumort. ssp. maritima
Saltmarsh Sea-blite
maritima (L.) Dumort. ssp. richii (Fern.)
Bassett & Crompton
WL
(Suaeda richii Fern.)
Rich's Sea-blite
ANACARDIACEAE
CASHEW FAMILY
Cotinus
coggygria Scop.
SNA
Eurasian Smoketree
Rhus
aromatica Aiton var. aromatica
SNA
Fragrant-sumac
copallinum L. var. latifolia Engler
Winged Sumac
glabra L.
(Rhus borealis Greene)
Smooth Sumac
86
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ANACARDIACEAE
CASHEW FAMILY
Rhus
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
W
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
hirta (L.) Sudworth
(Rhus typhina L.)
Staghorn-sumac
SNR
×pulvinata Greene
(Rhus glabra × R. hirta)
(Rhus glabra L. var. borealis Britt., auct. non R. B. Greene)
Toxicodendron
S5
radicans (L.) Kuntze ssp. radicans
(Rhus radicans L.)
Poison-ivy
rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene
(Rhus radicans var. rydbergii (Small) Rehder)
Creeping Poison-ivy
vernix (L.) Kuntze
(Rhus vernix L.)
Poison-sumac
APIACEAE
PARSLEY FAMILY
Aegopodium
podagraria L.
Invasive SNA
Goutweed
Aethusa
SNA
cynapium L.
Fool's Parsley
Anethum
SNA
graveolens L.
Dill
Angelica
S4
atropurpurea L.
Purplestem-angelica
lucida L.
WL
S2?
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
SH
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(Coelopleurum lucidum (L.) Fern.)
Seaside-angelica
venenosa (Greenway) Fern.
(Angelica villosa (Walter) B.S.P.)
Hairy-angelica
Anthriscus
sylvestris (L.) Hoffmann
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Chervil
Apium
graveolens L.
Celery
SNA
Tricolpates
87
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
APIACEAE
PARSLEY FAMILY
Aralia
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
N?
*
*
*
N?
*
N?
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
SNA
elata (Miq.) Seem.
Japanese Angelica Tree
hispida Vent.
Bristly Sarsaparilla
nudicaulis L.
Wild Sarsaparilla
racemosa L. ssp. racemosa
Spikenard
spinosa L.
Hercules' Club
Astrantia
SNA
major L.
Greater Masterwort
CARROT FAMILY
Bupleurum
SNA
lancifolium Hornem.
(Bupleurum protractum Hoffm. & Link)
Lance-leaved Thorow Wax
PARSLEY FAMILY
odontites L.
(Bupleurum fontanesii Guss. ex Caruel)
Toothed Hare's Ear
rotundifolium L.
Hare's Ear
Carum
SNA
carvi L.
Caraway
Caucalis
SNA
sp.
A bur-parsley
Cicuta
S5
bulbifera L.
Bulblet Water-hemlock
S5
maculata L. var. maculata
Water-hemlock
Conioselinum
chinense (L.) B.S.P.
SC
S2?
Hemlock-parsley
Conium
maculatum L.
Poison-hemlock
SNA
88
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
APIACEAE
PARSLEY FAMILY
Coriandrum
sativum L.
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
W
W
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
Coriander
Cryptotaenia
canadensis (L.) DC.
S4
Honewort
Cuminum
cyminum L.
SNA
Cumin
Daucus
carota L.
SNA
Queen Anne's Lace
Eleutherococcus
pentaphyllus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Nakai
SNA
(Acanthopanax sieboldianus Makino)
(Aralia pentaphylla Sieb. & Zucc.)
Five-leaved Aralia
Eryngium
planum L .
SNA
Broad-leaved Eryngo
Falcaria
vulgaris Bernh.
SNA
Sickleweed
Foeniculum
vulgare P. Miller
SNA
Fennel
Hedera
helix L.
SNA
English Ivy
Heracleum
mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Giant Hogweed, Giant Cow-parsnip
maximum Bartram
(Heracleum lanatum Michaux)
Cow-parsnip
sphondylium L. ssp. sibiricum (L.) Simonkai
Hogweed
Hydrocotyle
americana L.
S5
Swamp-pennywort
umbellata L.
Water-pennywort
S4
Tricolpates
89
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
APIACEAE
PARSLEY FAMILY
Hydrocotyle
verticillata Thunb.
T
S2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
(Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. var. triradiata (A. Richard) Fern.)
Saltpond Pennywort
Kalopanax
SNA
septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz.
(Acanthopanax ricinifolius (Sieb. & Zucc.) Seem.)
(Kalopanax pictus (Thunb.) Nakai)
Castor-aralia
Levisticum
SNA
officinale W.D.J. Koch
Lovage
Ligusticum
S4
scothicum L.
Scotch Lovage
Lilaeopsis
chinensis (L.) Kuntze
WL
S2?
Lilaeopsis
Myrrhis
SNA
odorata (L.) Scop.
(Scandix odorata L.)
Anise
Osmorhiza
S4
claytonii (Michaux) C.B. Clarke
Sweet Cicely
S4
longistylis (Torrey) DC.
(Osmorhiza longistylis var. villicaulis Fern.)
Aniseroot
Panax
quinquefolius L.
SC
S3
American Ginseng
trifolius L.
S4
Dwarf Ginseng
Pastinaca
sativa L.
SNA
Field-parsnip
Petroselinum
crispum (P. Miller) Nyman ex A.W. Hill
SNA
Parsley
Peucedanum
palustre (L.) Moench
SNA
Milk-parsley
Pimpinella
anisum L.
Anise
SNA
90
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
APIACEAE
PARSLEY FAMILY
Pimpinella
SNA
saxifraga L. ssp. saxifraga
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
Burnet-saxifrage
Ptilimnium
S4
capillaceum (Michaux) Raf.
Mock Bishop's-weed
Sanicula
canadensis L. var. canadensis
T
S2
H
SH
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
T
S2
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S2S3
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
I
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Canadian Sanicle
canadensis L. var. grandis Fern.
marilandica L.
Black Snakeroot
odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe
(Sanicula gregaria Bickn.)
Clustered Sanicle
trifoliata Bicknell
Trefoil Sanicle
Scandix
pecten-veneris L.
SNA
Shepherd's Needle
Sium
suave Walter
S5
Water-parsnip
Torilis
japonica (Houtt.) DC.
SNA
Japanese Hedge-parsley
leptophylla (L.) Reichenb. f.
SNA
Narrow-leaved Hedge-parsley
Zizia
aurea (L.) Koch
S5
Golden Alexanders
APOCYNACEAE
DOGBANE FAMILY
Amsonia
tabernaemontana Walter var.
tabernaemontana
SNA
Amsonia
Apocynum
androsaemifolium L.
Spreading Dogbane
S5
Tricolpates
91
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
APOCYNACEAE
DOGBANE FAMILY
Apocynum
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3S4
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
WL
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
T
S2
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
cannabinum L.
(Apocynum cannabinum L. var. hypericifolium A. Gray)
(Apocynum sibiricum Jacq.)
(Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. var. cordigerum (Greene) Fern.)
Prairie-dogbane
S4
×floribundum Greene
(Apocynum androsaemifolium × A. cannabinum)
(A. ×medium Greene)
Asclepias
S45
amplexicaulis J.E. Smith
Blunt-leaved Milkweed
exaltata L.
Poke-milkweed
incarnata L. ssp. incarnata
Smooth Swamp-milkweed
incarnata L. ssp. pulchra (Ehrh. ex Willd.)
Woodson
Downy Swamp-milkweed
purpurascens L.
E
Purple Milkweed
quadrifolia Jacq.
Four-leaved Milkweed
syriaca L.
Common Milkweed
tuberosa L.
Orange Milkweed
verticillata L.
Whorled Milkweed
Cynanchum
louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi
Invasive SNA
(Cynanchum nigrum (L.) Pers.)
(Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench)
Black Swallow-wort
rossicum (Kleopov) Borhidi
Likely
SNA
Invasive
(Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleo.) Barb.)
Pale Swallow-wort
Vinca
herbacea Waldst. & Kit.
Herbaceous Periwinkle
SNA
92
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
APOCYNACEAE
DOGBANE FAMILY
Vinca
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S4
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
major L.
Greater Periwinkle
SNA
minor L.
Periwinkle
AQUIFOLIACEAE
HOLLY FAMILY
Ilex
SNA
aquifolium L.
English Holly
glabra (L.) A. Gray
Inkberry
laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray
Smooth Winterberry
montana Torrey & A. Gray ex A. Gray
E
Big-leaved Holly, Mountain Holly
mucronata (L.) M. Powell, Savol., & S.
Andrews
(Nemopanthus mucronatus (L.) Loes.)
Mountain-holly
opaca Aiton var. opaca
American Holly
verticillata (L.) A. Gray
(Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray var. tenuifolia (Torrey) S. Watson)
Winterberry
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Acanthospermum
SNA
australe (Loefl.) Kuntze
Paraguay Greenstripe
Achillea
millefolium L. ssp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper
WL
S3S4
(Achillea millefolium L. var. occidentalis DC.)
(Achillea millefolium L. var. borealis (Bong.) Farw.)
(Achillea borealis Bong.)
Seaside-yarrow
millefolium L. ssp. millefolium
Yarrow
ptarmica L.
Sneezeweed
Tricolpates
93
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Ageratina
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4S5
altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robinson
(Eupatorium rugosum Houtt.)
White Snakeroot
aromatica (L.) Spach
E
S1
(Eupatorium aromaticum L.)
Lesser Snakeroot
Ageratum
houstonianum P. Miller
SNA
Houston's Ageratum
Ambrosia
artemisiifolia L.
S5
(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. var. elatior (L.) Descourtils)
(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. var. paniculata (Michaux) Blankinship)
Ragweed
psilostachya DC.
(Ambrosia coronopifolia Torrey & A. Gray)
(Ambrosia psilostachya DC. var. coronopifolia (Torrey & A. Gray)
Farw.)
Western Ragweed
trifida L.
Giant Ragweed
Anaphalis
margaritacea (L.) Bentham & Hooker f.
S5
(Gnaphalium margaritaceum L.)
Pearly Everlasting
Antennaria
howellii Greene ssp. canadensis (Greene)
Bayer
S5
(Antennaria canadensis Greene)
Canadian Pussytoes
howellii Greene ssp. petaloidea (Fern.)
Bayer
(Antennaria neodioica Greene ssp. petaloidea (Fern.) Bayer &
Stebbins)
(Antennaria petlaoidea Fern.)
Field-pussytoes
neglecta Greene
Pussytoes
howellii Greene ssp. neodioica (Greene)
Bayer
(Antennaria neodioica Greene var. grandis Fern.)
(Antennaria neodioica Greene var. chlorophylla Fern.)
(Antennaria neodioica Greene var. attenuata Fern.)
Greene's Pussytoes
94
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Antennaria
parlinii Fern. ssp. fallax (Greene) Bayer &
Stebbins
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
S5
(Antennaria fallax Greene)
(Antennaria brainerdii Fern.)
(Antennaria munda Fern.)
Broad-leaved Pussytoes
parlinii Fern. ssp. parlinii
(Antennaria arnoglossa Greene)
(Antennaria parlinii Fern var. arnoglossa (Greene) Fern.)
(Antennaria parlinii Fern. var. arnoglossa (Greene) Fern.)
Smooth Pussytoes, Parlin's Pussytoes
plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson
Plantain-leaved Pussytoes
Anthemis
arvensis L.
SNA
(Anthemis arvensis L. var. agrestis (Wallr.) DC.)
Dog-chamomile; corn-camomile
cotula L.
SNA
Mayweed
Arctium
lappa L.
SNA
Great Burdock
minus Bernh.
Common Burdock
tomentosum P. Miller
Woolly Burdock
Arctotis
stoechadifolia Berg.
SNA
(Arctotis grandis Thunb.)
(Arctotis stoechadifolia var. grandis (Thunb.) Less.)
Silver Arctotis
Artemisia
abrotanum L.
SNA
Southernwood
absinthium L.
Absinthe
annua L.
Annual Wormwood
biennis Willd.
Sageweed
Tricolpates
95
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Artemisia
campestris L. ssp. caudata (Michaux) Hall &
Clements
*
N?
*
N?
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
Tall Wormwood
dracunculus L.
Terragon
frigida Willd.
Prairie-sagewort
ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. ludoviciana
White Sage
pontica L .
Roman Wormwood
stelleriana Besser
Dusty Miller
tridentata Nutt. ssp. tridentata
Sagebrush
vulgaris L.
Mugwort
Aster
tataricus L. f.
SNA
Tartarian Aster
Baccharis
halimifolia L.
S4
Groundsel-tree
Balsamita
major Desf.
SNA
(Chrysanthemum balsamita (L.) Baillon)
(Tanacetum balsamita L.)
Costmary
Bellis
perennis L.
SNA
English Daisy
Bidens
alba (L.) DC.
SNA
(Bidens alba (L.) DC. var. radiata (Schultz-Bip.) Ballard ex T.E.
Melchert)
(Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Schultz-Bip.)
Bur-marigold
aristosa (Michaux) Britton
(Bidens aristosa (Michaux) Britton var. mutica A. Gray Gattinger)
Bearded Bur-marigold
SNA
96
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Bidens
beckii Torrey ex Sprengel
WL
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3S4
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
S2
(Megalodonta beckii (Torrey ex Sprengel) Greene)
Water-marigold
bipinnata L.
Spanish Needles
cernua L.
Nodding Bur-marigold
connata Muhl. ex Willd.
Swamp Beggar-ticks
discoidea (Torrey & A. Gray) Britton
Small Beggar-ticks
eatonii Fern.
E
Eaton's Beggar-ticks
frondosa L.
Devil's Pitchforks
hyperborea Greene
E
(Bidens hyperborea Greene var. colpophila (Fern. & St. John) Fern.)
Estuary Beggar-ticks
laevis (L.) B.S.P.
Smooth Bur-marigold
×multiceps Fassett
(Bidens connta × B. eatonii)
polylepis Blake
(Bidens involucrata (Nutt.) Britt.)
(Bidens polylepis Blake var. retrorsa Sherff)
(Coreopsis involucrata Nutt.)
Ozark Beggars-ticks
tenuisecta A. Gray
Cut-leaved Beggar-ticks
trichosperma (Michaux) Britton
(Bidens coronata (L.) Britton)
Northern Tickseed-sunflower
tripartita L.
(Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand)
Leafy-bracted Beggar-ticks
vulgata Greene
Tall Beggar-ticks
Tricolpates
97
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Boltonia
asteroides (L.) L'Her var. latisquama (A.
Gray) Cronq.
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
False Aster
asteroides (L.) L'Her var. recognita (Fern. &
Griscom) Cronq.
SNA
White Dolls-daisy
Calendula
officinalis L.
SNA
Pot-marigold
Callistephus
chinensis Nees
SNA
China Aster
Calotis
cuneifolia R. Br.
SNA
Wedge-leaf Calotis
Carduus
acanthoides L. ssp. acanthoides
SNA
Spiny Plumeless-thistle
nutans L.
SNA
Nodding Thistle
Carthamus
lanatus L.
SNA
Woolly Safflower
tinctorius L.
SNA
Safflower
Centaurea
benedicta (L.) L.
SNA
(Cnicus benedictus L.)
Blessed Thistle
cyanus L.
Bachelor's Button
diffusa Lam.
Spreading Star-thistle
jacea L.
(Centaurea ×debeauxii Gren. & Godr. ssp. thuillieri Dostal)
Brown Knapweed
melitensis L.
Maltese Star-thistle
×moncktonii C. E. Britton
(Centaurea jacea × C. nigra)
(Centaurea pratensis, auct. non Thuill.)
98
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Centaurea
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Likely
SNA
Invasive
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S5
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2S3
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
S4?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
nigra L.
(Centaurea nigra L. var. radiata DC.)
Black Knapweed
nigrescens Willd.
(Centaurea vochinensis Bernh. ex Reichenb.)
(Centaurea transalpina Schleicher ex DC.)
Wocheiner Knapweed
solstitialis L.
Yellow Star-thistle
stoebe L. ssp. micranthos (Gugler) Hayek
(Centaurea biebersteinii DC.)
(Centaurea maculosa, auct. non Lam.)
Spotted Knapweed
Chaenactis
SNA
glabriuscula DC. var. glabriuscula
Pebble-pincushion
Chrysanthemum
SNA
morifolium Ramat.
(Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev)
Florist's Chrysanthemum
Cichorium
SNA
intybus L.
Chicory
Cirsium
SNA
arvense (L.) Scop.
(Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. var. integrifolium Wimmer & Grab.)
(Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. var. mite Wimmer & Grab.)
Canada Thistle
discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Sprengel
Field-thistle
horridulum Michaux var. horridulum
WL
Yellow Thistle
muticum Michaux
Swamp-thistle
palustre (L.) Scop.
Marsh-thistle
pumilum (Nutt.) Sprengel var. pumilum
Pasture-thistle
vulgare (Savi) Tenore
Bull-thistle
Tricolpates
99
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Coreopsis
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
S3
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
lanceolata L.
Lanceleaf-tickseed
major Walter
(Coreopsis major Walter var. stellata (Nutt.) B.L. Robinson)
Trefoil-tickseed
palmata Nutt.
Prairie Tickseed
pubescens Ell.
(Coreopsis pubescens Ell. var. robusta A. Gray ex Eames)
Hairy Tickseed
rosea Nutt.
WL
Pink Tickseed
tinctoria Nutt.
Plains-tickseed
tripteris L.
Tall Tickseed
verticillata L.
Whorled Tickseed
Cosmos
bipinnatus Cav.
SNA
Cosmos
parviflorus (Jacq.) Pers.
Small-flowered Cosmos
sulphureus Cav.
Orange Cosmos
Cota
tinctoria (L.) J. Gay
SNA
(Anthemis tinctoria L.)
Yellow Chamomile
Cotula
coronopifolia L.
SNA
Brass-buttons
Crepis
capillaris (L.) Wallr.
SNA
Smooth Hawk's Beard
foetida L.
Fetid Hawk's Beard
SNA
100
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Crepis
SNA
nicaeensis Balbis ex Pers.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
Turkish Hawk’s-beard
SNA
tectorum L.
Narrow-leaved Hawk's Beard
Crupina
SNA
vulgaris Cass.
False Saw-wort
Cyclachaena
SNA
xanthifolia (Nutt.) Fresen.
(Iva xanthifolia Nutt.)
Big Marsh-elder
Doellingeria
infirma (Michaux) Greene
E
S1
(Aster infirmus Michaux)
Cornel-leaf Flat-topped Aster
S5
umbellata (P. Mill.) Nees var. umbellata
(Aster umbellatus P. Mill.)
Tall Flat-topped White Aster
Doronicum
SNA
pardalianches L.
Great Leopard's Bane
Dyssodia
SNA
papposa (Vent.) A.S. Hitchcock
Fetid Marigold
Echinacea
SNA
pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.
Pale-purple Coneflower
SNA
purpurea (L.) Moench
Purple Coneflower
Echinops
SNA
sphaerocephalus L.
Globe-thistle
Eclipta
SNA
prostrata (L.) L.
(Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.)
Yerba de Tajo; False Daisy
Erechtites
S5
hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. var.
hieracifolius
Pilewort, Fireweed
hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. var.
megalocarpus (Fern.) Cronq.
(Erechtites megalocarpus Fern.)
Seaside Pilewort
WL
S2S3
Tricolpates
101
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Erigeron
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
S4?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4?
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
annuus (L.) Pers.
Daisy-fleabane
canadensis L.
(Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.)
(Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. pusilla (Nutt.) Cronq.)
(Conyza onyzaparva Cronq.)
Horseweed, Hogweed, Butterweed
philadelphicus L. var. philadelphicus
Philadelphia Fleabane
pulchellus Michaux var. pulchellus
Robin's Plantain
strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. septentrionalis
(Fern. & Wiegand) Fern.
Rough Fleabane
strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. strigosus
(Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. beyrichii (Fischer & C. Meyer)
Torrey & A. Gray)
(Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. discoideus Robbins ex A.
Gray)
Rough Fleabane, Lesser Daisy-fleabane
Euchiton
SNA
involucratus (G. Forst.) Holub
(Gnaphalium involucratum G. Forst.)
Common Creeping Cudweed
Eupatorium
SNA
altissimum L.
Tall Boneset
hyssopifolium L.
(Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. var. calcaratum Fern. & Schub.)
Hyssop-leaved Boneset
novae-angliae (Fern.) V. Sullivan ex A.
Haines & Sorrie
E
(Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torrey & A. Gray var. novae-angliae
Fern.)
New England-boneset
perfoliatum L.
Boneset
pilosum Walter
(Eupatorium pilosum Walter rotundifolium var. saundersii (Porter)
Cronq.)
Rough Boneset
pubescens Muhl. ex Willd.
(Eupatorium rotundifolium L. var. ovatum (Bigelow) Torrey)
Hairy Boneset
102
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Eupatorium
rotundifolium L.
H
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S1S2
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S4?
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SH
Round-leaved Boneset
serotinum Michaux
Late Boneset
sessilifolium L.
(Eupatorium sessilifolium L. var. brittonianum Porter)
Upland Boneset
Eurybia
S5
divaricata (L.) Nesom
(Aster divaricatus (Nutt.) Torrey & A. Gray)
White Wood-aster
×herveyi (A. Gray) Nesom
(Eurybia macrophylla × E. spectabilis)
(Aster ×herveyi A. Gray)
Cartpath-aster
macrophylla (L.) Cass.
(Aster macrophyllus L.)
Big-leaved Aster
radula (Aiton) Nesom
WL
(Aster radula Aiton)
Rough Aster
schreberi (Nees) Nees
(Aster schreberi Nees)
(Aster glomeratus (Bernh. ex Nees) Burgess)
(Aster macrophyllus var. schreberi (Nees) Seymour)
Schreber's Aster
spectabilis (Aiton) Nesom
(Aster spectabilis Aiton)
Showy Aster
Euthamia
caroliniana (L.) Greene ex Porter & Britton
S5
(Euthamia tenuifolia (Pursh) Nutt.)
(Solidago tenuifolia Pursh)
(Solidago microcephala (Greene) Bush)
Slender-leaved Flat-topped Goldenrod
graminifolia (L.) Nutt.
S5
(Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb.)
(Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. var. nuttallii (Greene) Stone)
(Solidago graminifolia var. nuttallii (Greene) Fern.)
Grass-leaf Flat-topped Goldenrod, Common Flattopp
Eutrochium
dubium (Willd. ex Poir.) E.E. Lamont
(Eupatorium dubium Willd. ex Poiret)
Atlantic Joe-Pye-weed
S5
Tricolpates
103
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Eutrochium
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
S5
fistulosum (Barratt) E.E. Lamont
(Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt)
Hollow-stemmed Joe-Pye-weed
maculatum (L.) E.E. Lamont var. maculatum
(Eupatorium maculatum L.)
Spotted Joe-Pye-weed
purpureum (L.) E.E. Lamont var. purpureum
(Eupatorium purpureum L.)
Sweet Joe-Pye-weed
Filago
SNA
vulgaris Lam.
((location of this waif is uncertain))
Common Cotton-rose
Flaveria
SNA
trinervia (Sprengel) C. Mohr
Yellowtops
Gaillardia
SNA
aristata Pursh
Perennial Gaillardia
SNA
pulchella Foug.
Rose-ring Gaillardia
Galinsoga
SNA
parviflora Cav.
Quickweed
SNA
quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavón
(Galinsoga bicolorata St. John & White)
(Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake)
(Galinsoga caracasana (DC.) Schultz-Bip.)
Hairy Quickweed
Gamochaeta
SNA
pensylvanica (Willd.) Cabrera
Pennsylvania cudweed
purpurea (L.) Cabrera
E
S1
Purple Cudweed
Glebionis
carinata (Schousb.) Tzvelev
SNA
(Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousb.)
Tricolor Daisy
coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach
(Chrysanthemum coronarium L.)
Garland-chrysanthemum
segetum (L.) Fourr.
(Chrysanthemum segetum L.)
Corn-marigold
104
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Gnaphalium
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
S5
uliginosum L.
Low Cudweed
Grindelia
SNA
squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal
Gumweed
Guizotia
SNA
abyssinica (L. f.) Cass.
Niger
Helenium
SNA
amarum (Raf.) Rock var. amarum
(Helenium tenuifolium Nutt.)
Fine-leaved Sneezeweed
autumnale L.
WL
S3?
N? N?
(Helenium autumnale L. var. canaliculatum (Lam.) Torrey & A. Gray)
Common Sneezeweed
flexuosum Raf.
SNA
(Helenium nudiflorum Nutt.)
Purple-headed Sneezeweed
Helianthus
annuus L.
SNA
Common Sunflower
debilis Nutt. ssp. cucumerifolius (Torrey &
A. Gray) Heiser
Cucumber-leaf Sunflower
decapetalus L.
Thin-leaved Sunflower
divaricatus L.
Divaricate Sunflower
giganteus L.
Giant Sunflower
grosseserratus Martens
Saw-toothed Sunflower
×intermedius R.W Long
(Helianthus grosseserratus × H. maximiliani)
×kellermanii Britton
(Helianthus grosseserratus × H. salicifolius)
Kellerman's Sunflower
×laetiflorus Pers.
(Helianthus pauciflorus × H. tuberosus)
Showy Sunflower
Tricolpates
105
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Helianthus
maximiliani Schrader
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
(Helianthus dalyi Britton)
Maximilian's Sunflower
mollis Lam.
Ashy Sunflower
pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. pauciflorus
(Helianthus rigidus (Cass.) Desf.)
(Helianthus laetiflorus Pers. var. rigidus (Cass.) Fern.)
Stiff Sunflower
pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. subrhomboideus
(Rydb.) O. Spring and E. Schilling
(Helianthus rigidus (Cass.) Desf. ssp. subrhomboideus (Rydb.)
Heiser)
(Helianthus laetiflorus var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Fern.)
Rhombic-leaved Sunflower
petiolaris Nutt. ssp. petiolaris
Prairie Sunflower
strumosus L.
Harsh Sunflower
tuberosus L.
Jerusalem Artichoke
Heliomeris
multiflora Nutt. var. multiflora
SNA
(Gymnolomia multiflora (Nutt.) Benth. & Hooker f.)
Showy False Goldeneye
Heliopsis
helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. helianthoides
SNA
Oxeye, False Sunflower
helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra (Dunal)
Fern.
SNA
(Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet ssp. scabra Dunal Fischer)
Rough Oxeye
Helminthotheca
echioides (L.) Holub
SNA
(Picris echioides L.)
Bristly Oxtongue
Hemizonia
fasciculata (DC.) Torrey & A. Gray
SNA
Fascicled Tarweed
Heterosperma
pinnatum Cav.
Fine-leaved Heterosperma
SNA
106
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Hieracium
aurantiacum L.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
SNA
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
SNR
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
SNA
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
Orange Hawkweed
caespitosum Dumort.
(Hieracium pratense Tausch)
King-devil
×fernaldii Lepage
(Hieracium kalmii × H. scabrum)
(Hieracium canadense var. hirtirameum Fern.)
flagellare Willd.
(Pilosella flagellaris (Willd.) P.D. Sell & C. West)
Whip-hawkweed
×floribundum Wimmer & Grab.
(Hieracium caespitosum × H. lactucella)
King-devil
gronovii L.
Hairy Hawkweed
lachenalii K.C. Gmelin
(Hieracium vulgatum Fries)
European Hawkweed
×marianum Willd.
(Hieracium gronovii × H. venosum)
Maryland Hawkweed
murorum L.
Golden Lungwort
paniculatum L.
Panicled Hawkweed
pilosella L.
Mouse-ear Hawkweed
piloselloides Vill.
(Hieracium florentinum All.)
Smooth Hawkweed
praealtum Vill. ex Gochnat
(Hieracium praealtum Vill. ex Gochnat var. decipiens W.D.J. Koch)
Stellate Hawkweed
sabaudum L.
Savoy Hawkweed
scabrum Michaux
Rough Hawkweed
Tricolpates
107
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Hieracium
S5
umbellatum L.
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
(Hieracium canadense Michaux)
(Hieracium canadense Michaux var. fasciculatum (Pursh) Fern.)
(Hieracium kalmii L.)
Canada Hawkweed
venosum L.
(Hieracium venosum L. var. nudicaule (Michaux) Farw.)
Rattlesnake Weed
Hypochaeris
glabra L.
SNA
Smooth Cat's Ear
radicata L.
SNA
Spotted Cat's Ear
Inula
helenium L.
SNA
Elecampane
salicina L.
SNA
Willow-leaved Yellowhead
Ionactis
linariifolia (L.) Greene
S5
(Aster linariifolius L.)
Stiff Aster
Iva
annua L.
SNA
(Iva ciliata Willd.)
Rough Marsh-elder
frutescens (Bartlett) R.C. Jackson
S4
(Iva frutescens (Bartlett) R.C. Jackson ssp. oraria)
Hightide-bush
Jacobaea
vulgaris Gaertner
Likely
SNA
Invasive
(Senecio jacobaea L.)
Tansy-ragwort
Krigia
virginica (L.) Willd.
S5
Dwarf Dandelion
Lactuca
biennis (Moench) Fern.
S5
Blue Wild Lettuce
canadensis L.
(Lactuca canadensis L. var. latifolia Kuntze)
(Lactuca canadensis L. var. longifolia (Michaux) Farw.)
(Lactuca canadensis L. var. obovata Wiegand)
Yellow Wild Lettuce
S5
108
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Lactuca
hirsuta Muhl. ex Nutt.
WL
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
SNR
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
SNA
W
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
S3
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
S2S3
(Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. ex Nutt. var. sanguinea (Bigelow) Fern.)
Hairy Wild Lettuce
×morssii B.L. Robinson
(Lactuca biennis × L. canadensis)
Morss's Wild Lettuce
sativa L.
Garden-lettuce
serriola L.
(Lactuca scariola L.)
Prickly Lettuce
Lapsana
SNA
communis L.
Nipplewort
Lasthenia
SNA
californica DC. ex Lindley
(Baeria chrysostoma Fischer & C.A. Meyer)
Goldfields
SNA
minor (DC.) Ornduff
Woolly Lasthenia
Layia
SNA
platyglossa (Fischer & C.A. Meyer) A. Gray
Tidytips
Leontodon
SNA
saxatilis Lam. ssp. saxatilis
(Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat)
(Leontodon leysseri (Wallr.) G. Beck)
Little Fall-dandelion
Leucanthemum
SNA
vulgare Lam.
(Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.)
(Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. var. pinnatifidum Lecoq &
Lamotte)
Oxeye-daisy
Liatris
SNA
pycnostachya Michaux var. pycnostachya
Gayfeather
scariosa (L.) Willd. var. novae-angliae
(Lunell) Gandhi, S.M. Young, & P. Somers
SC
(Liatris borealis Nutt.)
(Liatris novae-angliae (Lunell) Shinners)
New England Blazing-star
spicata (L.) Willd. var. spicata
Spiked Blazing-star
Tricolpates
109
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Logfia
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
S1
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
SNA
minima (Sm.) Durmort.
(Filago minima (Sm.) Pers.)
(Gnaphalium minimum Sm.)
Little Cotton-rose
Madia
SNA
sativa Molina
(Madia sativa var. congesta Torrey & A. Gray)
(Madia capitata Nutt.)
Large-headed Coast-madia
Matricaria
SNA
chamomilla L.
(Matricaria recutita L.)
(Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert)
Wild Chamomile
SNA
discoidea DC.
(Matricaria matricarioides, auct. non (Less.) Porter)
Pineapple-weed
Microseris
SNA
douglasii (DC.) Schultz-Bip.
Douglas's Microseris
Mikania
S4
scandens (L.) Willd.
Climbing Hempweed
Mycelis
SNA
muralis (L.) Dumort.
Wall-lettuce
Nabalus
albus (L.) Hooker
WL
SNR
(Prenanthes alba L.)
White Lettuce
altissimus (L.) Hooker
(Prenanthes altissima L.)
Slender Rattlesnake-root
serpentarius (Pursh) Hooker
E
(Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh)
Lion's Foot
trifoliolatus Cass.
(Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cass.) Fern.)
Gall-of-the-earth
Oclemena
acuminata (Michaux) Nesom
S5
(Aster acuminatus Michaux)
Whorled Wood-aster
×blakei (Porter) Nesom
(Aster ×blakei (Porter) House)
Blake's Aster
SNR
110
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Oclemena
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
N
*
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I?
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
S4
nemoralis (Aiton) Greene
(Aster nemoralis Aiton)
Bog-aster
Oligoneuron
album (Nutt.) Nesom
E
S1
H
SH
(Solidago ptarmicoides (Nees) Boivin)
(Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) Torrey & A. Gray)
Upland White Goldenrod
rigidum (L.) Small var. rigidum
(Solidago rigida L.)
Stiff Goldenrod
Onopordum
SNA
acanthium L. ssp. acanthium
Scotch Thistle
Packera
S5
aurea (L.) A. & D. Löve
(Senecio aureus L.)
Golden Ragwort
obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) W.A. Weber & A.
Löve
(Senecio obovatus Muhl. ex Willd.)
Broad-leaved Ragwort
paupercula (Michaux) W.A. Weber & A. Löve
(Senecio pauperculus Michaux)
Balsam-ragwort
Palafoxia
SNA
texana DC.
Texas Palafoxia
Parthenium
SNA
hysterophorus L.
Santa Maria
SNA
integrifolium L.
Wild Quinine
Perezia
SNA
multiflora (Humb. & Bonpl.) ssp. sonchifolia
(Baker) Vuill.
(Perezia aletes Macbride)
(Perezia sonchifolia Baker)
Perezia
Petasites
frigidus (L.) Fries var. palmatus (Aiton)
Cronq.
E
S1
(Petasites palmatus (Aiton) A. Gray)
Sweet Colt's Foot
hybridus (L.) Gaertner, B. Meyer, & Scherb.
Butterbur
SNA
Tricolpates
111
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Picris
SNA
hieracioides L.
I
*
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
Hawkweed Oxtongue
Pityopsis
S4
falcata (Pursh) Nutt.
(Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) Ell.)
(Heterotheca falcata (Pursh) Harms)
Sickle-leaved Golden-aster
Pluchea
S4
odorata (L.) Cass. var. succulenta (Fern.)
Cronq.
(Pluchea purpurascens (Sw.) DC. var. succulenta Fern.)
Saltmarsh-fleabane
Pseudognaphalium
macounii (Greene) Kartesz
WL
S1S2
H
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNR
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
*
*
*
SNA
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(Gnaphalium viscosum Kunth)
(Gnaphalium macounii Greene)
Clammy Everlasting
micradenium (Weatherby) Nesom
(Gnaphalium helleri Britton var. micradenium (Weatherby) Mahler)
(Gnaphalium obtusifolium var. micradenium Weatherby)
Heller's Everlasting
obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt
(Gnaphalium obtusifolium L.)
Sweet Everlasting
Ratibida
columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl.
SNA
Prarie Mexican-hat
pinnata (Vent.) Barnh.
SNA
Grey-headed Prairie-coneflower
Rudbeckia
bicolor Nutt.
SNA
Pinewoods Coneflower
hirta L. var. hirta
Black-eyed Susan, Yellow Daisy
hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farw.
(Rudbeckia serotina Nutt.)
Black-eyed Susan
laciniata L. var. laciniata
(Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. hortensis Bailey)
Tall Coneflower, Green-headed Coneflower
subtomentosa Pursh
Sweet Coneflower
112
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Rudbeckia
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
triloba L. var. triloba
Three-lobed Coneflower
Santolina
SNA
chamaecyparissus L. .
Lavender-cotton
Schkuhria
SNA
pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze
Threadleaf
Sclerolepis
uniflora (Walter) B.S.P.
E
S1
One-flowered Hardscale
Scorzoneroides
autumnalis (L.) Moench ssp. autumnalis
SNA
(Leontodon autumnalis L.)
(Leontodon autumnalis L. ssp. pratensis (Link) Arcangeli)
(Leontodon autumnalis L. var. pratensis (Link) W.D.J. Koch)
Fall-dandelion, Hawkbit
autumnalis (L.) Moench ssp. pratensis
(Link) Holub
SNA
(Leontodon autumnalis L. ssp. pratensis (Link) Arcangeli)
(Leontodon autumnalis L. var. pratensis (Link) W.D.J. Koch)
Fall-dandelion, Hawkbit
Senecio
spartioides Torrey & A. Gray
SNA
(Senecio multicapitatus Greenm. ex Rydb.)
(Senecio spartioides var. multicapitatus (Greenm. ex Rydb.) Welsh)
Broomlike Ragwort
suaveolens (L.) Ell.
(Synosma suaveolens (L.) Raf. ex Britton)
(Hasteola suaveolens (L.) Pojark.)
(Cacalia suaveolens L.)
Sweet-scented Indian-plantain
viscosus L.
Sticky Groundsel
vulgaris L.
Common Groundsel
Sericocarpus
asteroides (L.) B.S.P.
S5
(Aster paternus Cronq.)
(Aster asteroides (L.) MacMillan)
(Conyza asteroides L.)
Toothed White-topped Aster
linifolius (L.) B.S.P.
(Aster solidagineus Michaux)
(Conyza linifolia L.)
Narrow-leaved White-topped Aster
S4
Tricolpates
113
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Silphium
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
caesia L. var. caesia × S. rugosa P. Miller
SNR
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
canadensis L. var. canadensis
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
H
SH
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
H
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SH
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
perfoliatum L. var. perfoliatum
Cup-plant
Silybum
SNA
marianum (L.) Gaertner
(Carduus marianus L.)
Blessed Milk-thistle
Solidago
S4
aestivalis Bicknell
(Solidago rugosa P. Miller var. sphagnophila Graves)
Sphagnum-goldenrod
altissima L. ssp. altissima
(Solidago canadensis L. var. scabra Torrey & A. Gray)
Tall Goldenrod
arguta Aiton var. arguta
Sharp-leaved Goldenrod
×asperula Desf.
(Solidago rugosa × S. sempervirens)
bicolor L.
Silverrod
caesia L. var. caesia
Bluestem-goldenrod
Canada Goldenrod
canadensis L. var. hargeri Fern.
Harger's Goldenrod
erecta Pursh
(Solidago speciosa Nutt. var. erecta (Pursh) MacM.)
Slender Goldenrod
flexicaulis L.
Zigzag Goldenrod
gigantea Aiton
(Solidago gigantea Aiton var. serotina (Kuntze) Cronq.)
Late Goldenrod
hispida Muhl. ex Willd.
(Solidago bicolor var. concolor Torrey & A. Gray)
Hispid Goldenrod
H
114
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Solidago
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S2
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S5
I
*
*
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2S3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
juncea Aiton
Early Goldenrod
latissimifolia P. Miller
(Solidago elliottii Torrey & A. Gray var. ascendens Fern.)
Elliott's Goldenrod
macrophylla Pursh
T
(Solidago macrophylla Pursh var. thyrsoidea (E. Meyer) Fern.)
Large-leaved Goldenrod
nemoralis Aiton ssp. nemoralis
Gray Goldenrod
odora Aiton ssp. odora
Sweet Goldenrod
patula Muhl. ex Willd. var. patula
Rough-leaved Goldenrod
puberula Nutt. var. puberula
Downy Goldenrod
rugosa P. Miller var. aspera (Aiton) Fern.
(Solidago aspera Aiton)
(Solidago rugosa ssp. aspera (Aiton) Cronq.)
Rough Goldenrod
rugosa P. Miller var. rugosa
(Solidago rugosa P. Miller var. villosa (Pursh) Fern.)
(Solidago villosa Pursh)
Rough-stemmed Goldenrod, Wrinkle-leaved
Goldenrod
sempervirens L. var. mexicana (L.) Fern.
H
Seaside Goldenrod
sempervirens L. ssp. sempervirens
Seaside-goldenrod
simplex Kunth. ssp. randii (Porter) Ringius
var. monticola (Porter) Ringius
E
(Solidago simplex Kunth ssp. randii (Porter) Ringius var. randii
(Porter) Ringius)
(Solidago glutinosa Nutt. ssp. randii (Porter) Cronq.)
Rand's Goldenrod
speciosa Nutt. var. speciosa
WL
Showy Goldenrod
squarrosa Muhl.
Stout Goldenrod
Tricolpates
115
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Solidago
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
S5
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
uliginosa Nutt.
(Solidago uliginosa Nutt. var. linoides (Torrey & A. Gray) Fern.)
(Solidago purshii Porter)
Swamp-goldenrod
S4
ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. ulmifolia
Elm-leaf Goldenrod
Sonchus
SNA
arvensis L. ssp. arvensis
Field Sow-thistle, Corn Sow-thistle
arvensis L. ssp. uliginosus (Bieber) Nyman
(Sonchus arvensis L. var. glabrescens Günther)
Swamp Sow-thistle
asper (L.) Hill
Spiny Sow-thistle
oleraceus L.
Annual Sow-thistle
Symphyotrichum
SNR
×amethystinum (Nutt.) Nesom
(Aster ×amethystinus Nutt.)
(Symphyotrichum ericoides × S. novae-angliae)
Amethyst-aster
boreale (Torrey & A. Gray) Nesom
(Aster borealis (Torrey & A. Gray) Prov.)
(Aster junciformis Rydb.)
Rush Bog-aster
ciliolatum (Lindl.) A. & D. Löve
(Aster ciliolatus Lindley)
Lindley's Heart-leaf Aster
concolor (L.) Nesom var. concolor
E
(Aster concolor L.)
Eastern Silvery Aster
cordifolium (L.) Nesom
(Aster cordifolius L.)
(Aster cordifolius L. var. furbishiae Fern.)
(Aster cordifolius L. var. polycephalus Porter)
Blue Heart-leaf Aster
dumosum (L.) Nesom
(Aster dumosus L. var. coridifolius (Michaux) Torrey & A. Gray)
(Aster dumosus L. var. subulifolius Torrey & A. Gray)
Bushy, Long-stalked Aster, Rice-button Aster
dumosum (L.) Nesom × S. racemosum (Ell.)
Nesom
116
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Symphyotrichum
ericoides (L.) Nesom var. ericoides
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
*
I
SNR
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S4
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4?
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
Heath-aster
laeve (L.) A. & D. Löve var. laeve
(Aster laevis L.)
Smooth Aster
lanceolatum (Willd.) Nesom ssp.
lanceolatum var. latifolium (Semple &
Chmielewski) Nesom
(Aster lanceolatus Willd. var. latifolius Semple & Chmielewski)
lanceolatum (Willd.) Nesom ssp.
lanceolatum var. lanceolatum
(Aster lanceolatus Willd.)
(Aster simplex Willd.)
(Aster simplex Willd. var. ramosissimus (Torr. & Gray) Cronq.)
Tall White or Panicled Aster
lateriflorum (L.) A. & D. Löve
(Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton; A. vimineus Lam.)
(Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton var. angustifolius Wiegand)
(Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton var. horizontalis (Desf.) Farw.)
Calico Aster, Goblet-aster
novae-angliae (L.) Nesom
(Aster novae-angliae L.)
New England Aster
novi-belgii (L.) Nesom var. elodes (Torrey &
A. Gray) Nesom
New York Aster
novi-belgii (L.) Nesom var. novi-belgii
(Aster novi-belgii L. var. novi-belgii)
(Aster johannensis Fern.)
(Aster novi-belgii L. var. johannensis (Fern.) A.G. Jones)
New York Aster
patens (Aiton) Nesom var. patens
(Aster patens Aiton var. patens)
Skydrop Aster, Clasping Aster
pilosum (Willd.) Nesom var. pilosum
(Aster pilosus Willd. var. pilosus)
Hairy Aster, Awl-aster
pilosum (Willd.) Nesom var. pringlei (A.
Gray) Nesom
(Aster pilosus Willd. var. pringlei (A. Gray) Blake)
(A. pringlei (A. Gray) Britton)
Pringle's Aster
Tricolpates
117
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Symphyotrichum
praealtum (Poir.) Nesom var. angustior
(Wieg.) Nesom
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S4
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
H
SH
SC
(Aster praealtus Poiret)
Willow Aster
prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nesom
(Aster prenanthoides Muhl. ex Willd.)
Crooked-stemmed Aster
puniceum (L.) A. & D. Löve var. puniceum
(Aster puniceus L. var. puniceus)
(Aster puniceus L. var. firmus (Nees) Torrey & A. Gray)
(Aster puniceus ssp. firmum (Nees) A. G. Jones)
Bristly Aster, Swamp Aster
racemosum (Ell.) Nesom
(Aster fragilis, auct. non Willd.)
(Aster vimineus, auct. non Lam.)
Small White Aster
subulatum (Michaux) Nesom var. subulatum
(Aster subulatus Michaux var. subulatus)
(Aster subulatus Michaux var. euroauster Fern. & Griscom)
Small-flowered Aster, Annual Saltmarsh-aster
×tardiflorum (L.) Greuter, M.V. Agab., &
Wagenitz
(Symphyotrichum cordifolium × S. puniceum)
(Aster novi-belgii L. var. tardiflorus (L.) A.G. Jones)
(Aster tardiflorus L.)
Late Aster
tenuifolium (L.) Nesom var. tenuifolium
(Aster tenuifolius L.)
Large-flowered Aster
tradescantii (L.) Nesom
T
(Aster tradescantii L.)
(Aster lateriflorus var. hirsuticaulis, auct. non (Lindley ex DC.) Porter)
Tradescant's Aster
undulatum (L.) Nesom
S4S5
(Aster undulatus L.)
(Aster undulatus L. var. loriformis Burgess)
Wavy-leaved Aster
Tagetes
erecta L.
SNA
Aztec Marigold
minuta L.
SNA
Muster John Henry
Tanacetum
parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip.
(Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh.)
Feverfew
SNA
118
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Tanacetum
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
SNA
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I?
*
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
vulgare L.
(Chrysanthemum uliginosum Pers.)
Tansy
Taraxacum
SNA
laevigatum (Willd.) DC.
(Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. ex Besser)
Red-seeded Dandelion
latilobum DC.
(Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers ssp. vulgare (Lam.)
Schinz & R. Keller)
Broad-lobed Dandelion
officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers
Dandelion
Thymophylla
SNA
tenuiloba (DC.) Small var. tenuiloba
(Dyssodia tenuiloba (DC.) B.L. Robinson)
Bristle-leaf Dogweed
Tragopogon
SNA
dubius Scop.
(Tragopogon major Jacq.)
Pale Goat's Beard
porrifolius L.
Oysterplant
pratensis L.
Yellow Goat's Beard
Tripleurospermum
SNA
inodorum (L.) Schultz-Bip.
(Matricaria perforata Mérat)
(Matricaria maritima var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott)
Scentless Chamomile
SNA
maritimum (L.) W.D.J. Koch ssp. maritimum
(Matricaria maritima L.)
Seaside-chamomile
Tussilago
farfara L.
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Colt's-foot
Verbesina
alternifolia (L.) Britton
WL
SNA
Wingstem
encelioides (Cav.) Bentham & Hooker f. ex
A. Gray ssp. exauriculata (Robinson &
Greenman) Coleman
Golden Crownbeard
SNA
Tricolpates
119
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ASTERACEAE
COMPOSITE FAMILY
Vernonia
fasciculata Michaux
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
Prairie-ironweed
glauca (L.) Willd.
Broad-leaved Ironweed
missurica Raf.
Missouri Ironweed
noveboracensis (L.) Michaux
New York Ironweed
Xanthium
spinosum L.
SNA
Spiny Cocklebur
strumarium L. var. canadense (P. Miller)
Torrey & A. Gray
(Xanthium echinatum Murray)
(Xanthium italicum Moretti)
Cocklebur
strumarium L. var. glabratum (DC.) Cronq.
(Xanthium chinense P. Miller)
Sandbar Cocklebur
strumarium L. var. strumarium
European Cocklebur, European Clotbur
Xerochrysum
bracteatum (Vent.) Tzvelev
SNA
(Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Andr.)
(Xeranthemum bracteatum Vent.)
Strawflower
BALSAMINACEAE
TOUCH-ME-NOT FAMILY
Impatiens
capensis Meerb.
S5
Orange Jewelweed
glandulifera Royle
Purple Balsam
pallida Nutt.
Yellow Jewelweed
BERBERIDACEAE
BARBERRY FAMILY
Berberis
×ottawensis Schneider
(Berberis thunbergii × B. vulgaris)
SNA
120
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BERBERIDACEAE
BARBERRY FAMILY
Berberis
thunbergii DC.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
N?
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S2
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Invasive SNA
Japanese Barberry
vulgaris L.
Likely
SNA
Invasive
European Barberry
Caulophyllum
giganteum (Farw.) Loconte & Black
WL
S2S3
(Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michaux var. giganteum Farw.)
Early Blue Cohosh
S4
thalictroides (L.) Michaux
Late Blue Cohosh
Epimedium
×youngianum Fischer & Meyer
(Epimedium diphyllum × E. grandiflorum)
Podophyllum
peltatum L.
WL
SNA
May-apple
BETULACEAE
BIRCH FAMILY
Alnus
SNA
glutinosa (L.) Gaertner
Black Alder
incana (L.) Moench ssp. rugosa (Du Roi)
Clausen
(Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng.)
(Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng. var. americana (Regel) Fern.)
Speckled Alder
serrulata (Aiton) Willd.
(Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd. var. subelliptica Fern.)
Smooth Alder
viridis (Vill.) Lam. & DC. ssp. crispa (Aiton)
Turrill
T
(Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh)
(Alunus crispa (Aiton) Pursh var. mollis (Fern.) Fern.)
Mountain Alder, Green Alder
Betula
alleghaniensis Britton
S5
(Betula lutea Michaux f.)
(Betula alleghaniensis Britton var. macrolepis (Fern.) Brayshaw)
Yellow Birch
×caerulea Blanch.
(Betula cordifolia × B. populifolia)
(Betula ×caerulea-grandis Blanch.)
Blue Birch
SNA
Tricolpates
121
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BETULACEAE
BIRCH FAMILY
Betula
N
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S3
*
*
I
*
*
N
N
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
papyrifera Marsh.× B. populifolia Marsh.
SNR
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
pendula Roth
SNA
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
W
*
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
cordifolia Regel
WL
S4?
(Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (Regel) Fern.)
Heart-leaf Paper-birch
lenta L.
Black Birch
nigra L.
WL
River-birch
papyrifera Marsh.
Paper-birch
Silver Birch
platyphylla Sukatschev
(Betula mandshurica (Regel) Nakai var. szechuanica (Schneid.)
Rehd.)
(Betula platyphylla Sukaczev var. szechuanica Schneid.)
Broad-leaved Birch
populifolia Marsh.
Gray Birch
pubescens Ehrh. ssp. pubescens
(Betula alba L. var. pubescens (Ehrh.) Spach)
Downy Birch
pumila L.
E
Swamp-birch
×raymundii Lepage
(Betula populifolia × B. pumila)
Carpinus
caroliniana Walter ssp. virginiana (Marsh.)
Furlow
S5
Ironwood
Corylus
americana Walter
S5
American Filbert
cornuta Marsh.
S5
Beaked Hazelnut
Ostrya
virginiana (P. Miller) K. Koch
Hop-hornbeam
S5
122
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BIGNONIACEAE
TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY
Campsis
radicans (L.) Seemann ex Bureau
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
SNA
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
Trumpet-creeper
Catalpa
bignonioides Walter
SNA
Indian Bean-tree
ovata G. Don
Chinese Catalpa
speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm.
Cigar-tree
BORAGINACEAE
BORAGE FAMILY
Amsinckia
eastwoodiae J.F.Macbr.
SNA
Eastwood's Fiddleneck
lycopsoides Lehman
(Amsinckia barbata Greene)
Bugloss Fiddleneck
menziesii (Lehm.) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.
var. intermedia (Fischer & C.A. Mey.)
Ganders
(Amsinckia intermedia Fischer & C.A. Meyer)
Rough Fiddleneck
menziesii (Lehm.) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.
var. menziesii
(Amsinckia parviflora Heller)
(Amsinckia rugosa Rydb.)
(Amsinckia micrantha Suksdorf)
Rough Fiddleneck
Anchusa
arvensis (L.) Bieb.
SNA
(Lycopsis arvensis L.)
Small Bugloss
azurea P. Mill.
(Anchusa italica Retz.)
Italian Bugloss
officinalis L.
Alkanet
Asperugo
procumbens L.
SNA
Madwort
Borago
officinalis L.
Borage
SNA
Tricolpates
123
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BORAGINACEAE
BORAGE FAMILY
Buglossoides
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston ssp. arvensis
(Lithospermum arvense L.)
Corn-gromwell
Cryptantha
SNA
ambigua (A. Gray) Greene
Basin-cryptantha
Cynoglossum
SNA
amabile Stapf & Drummond .
Chinese Forget-me-not
microglochin Bentham
Himalayan Hound's Tongue
officinale L.
Hound's Tongue
virginianum L. var. boreale (Fern.)
Cooperrider
E
Northern Wild Comfrey
Echium
creticum L.
SNA
(Echium australe Lam.)
Cretian Viper's Bugloss
plantagineum L.
Purple Viper's Bugloss
pustulatum Sibth. & Sm.
Viper's Bugloss
vulgare L.
Viper's Bugloss
Ellisia
nyctelea (L.) L.
SNA
Aunt Lucy
Hackelia
virginiana (L.) I.M. Johnston
S4
Woodland Hound's Tongue
Heliotropium
amplexicaule Vahl
SNA
Clasping Heliotrope
europaeum L.
European Heliotrope
indicum L.
Indian Heliotrope
124
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BORAGINACEAE
BORAGE FAMILY
Hydrophyllum
canadense L.
N
N
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
Likely
SNA
Invasive
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
S4
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
E
S1
Broad Waterleaf
S4
virginianum L.
Virginia Waterleaf
Lappula
SNA
occidentalis (S. Wats.) Greene var.
occidentalis
(Lappula echinata Gilib. var. occidentalis (S. Watson) Boivin)
(Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene var. occidentalis (S. Wats.)
Rydb.)
(Lappula redowskii, auct. non (Hornem.) Greene)
Flat-spined Stickseed
SNA
squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort.
(Lappula echinata Gilib.)
Two-row Stickseed
Lithospermum
SNA
officinale L.
European Gromwell
Mertensia
maritima (L.) S.F. Gray var. maritima
E
S1
Oysterleaf
virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link
SNA
Virginia Cowslip
Myosotis
arvensis (L.) Hill
SNA
Field Scorpion-grass
discolor Pers.
(Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) Sm.)
Yellow-and-blue Forget-me-not
laxa Lehm.
Smaller Forget-me-not
scorpioides L.
True Forget-me-not
stricta Link ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes
(Myosotis micrantha, auct. non Pallas ex Lehm.)
Blue Scorpion-grass
sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm.
Garden Forget-me-not
verna Nutt.
Spring Scorpion-grass
Tricolpates
125
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BORAGINACEAE
BORAGE FAMILY
Onosmodium
virginianum (L.) A. DC.
H
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
SNA
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
N
*
*
N
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SH
False Gromwell
Phacelia
SNA
brachyloba (Bentham) A. Gray
Short-lobed Phacelia
distans Bentham
Common Phacelia
egena (Greene ex Brand) Greene ex J.T.
Howell
(Phacelia magellanica (Lam.) Coville, pro parte)
Phacelia
minor (Harvey) Thellung ex F. Zimmerman
(Phacelia whitlavia A. Gray)
California Bluebell
Plagiobothrys
SNA
reticulatus (Piper) I.M. Johnston
Popcorn-flower
SNA
trachycarpus (A. Gray) I.M. Johnston
(Allocarya trachycarpa (A. Gray) Greene)
San Joaquin Popcorn-flower
Symphytum
SNA
asperum Lepechin
Prickly Comfrey
officinale L.
Comfrey
tuberosum L.
Tuber-comfrey
BRASSICACEAE
MUSTARD FAMILY
Alliaria
petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande
Invasive SNA
(Alliaria officinalis Andrz.)
Garlic-mustard
Alyssum
SNA
alyssoides (L.) L.
Pale Alyssum
Arabidopsis
lyrata (L.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz ssp. lyrata
E
S1
(Arabis lyrata L.)
Lyre-leaved Rock-cress
thaliana (L.) Heynh.
Mouse-ear Cress
SNA
126
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BRASSICACEAE
MUSTARD FAMILY
Arabis
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N?
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNA
procurrens Waldst. & Kit.
Hungarian Rock-cress
S4?
pycnocarpa M. Hopkins
(Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. pycnocarpa (M. Hopkins) Rollins)
Hairy Rock-cress
Armoracia
SNA
rusticana Gaertner, Meyer, & Scherb.
(Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib.)
Horse-radish
Aurinia
SNA
saxatilis (L.) Desv.
(Allysum saxatile L.)
Goldentuft
Barbarea
SNA
stricta Andrz.
Upright Yellow Rocket
verna (P. Miller) Ascherson
Early Winter-cress
vulgaris Aiton f.
(Barbarea vulgaris Ait. f. var. arcuata Opiz ex Presl Fries)
Winter-cress
Berteroa
SNA
incana (L.) DC.
Hoary Alyssum
SNA
mutabilis (Vent.) DC.
Flatpod-alyssum
Boechera
S4
canadensis (L.) Al-Shehbaz
(Arabis canadensis L.)
Sickle-pod
laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Al-Shehbaz
SC
S3
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
T
S2
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
WL
S2S3
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
I?
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
(Arabis laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Poiret)
Smooth Rock-cress
missouriensis (Greene) Al-Shehbaz
(Arabis missouriensis Greene)
Green Rock-cress
stricta (Graham) Al-Shehbaz
(Arabis drummondii A. Gray)
Drummond's Rock-cress
Brassica
juncea (L.) Czern.
Brown Mustard
SNA
Tricolpates
127
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BRASSICACEAE
MUSTARD FAMILY
Brassica
*
W
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
napus L.
Rutabaga
nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch
Black Mustard
oleracea L.
(Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.)
(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.)
Cabbage
rapa L.
(Brassica rapa L. ssp. campestris (L.) Clapham)
(Brassica rapa L. ssp. olifera DC.)
(Brassica campestris L.)
Turnip
Bunias
SNA
orientalis L.
Turkish Rocket
Cakile
S4S5
edentula (Bigelow) Hooker ssp. edentula
var. edentula
Sea-rocket
Camelina
SNA
microcarpa Andrz. ex DC.
Small-seeded False Flax
SNA
sativa (L.) Crantz ssp. sativa
Gold-of-pleasure
Capsella
SNA
bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.
Shepherd's Purse
Cardamine
bulbosa (Schreber ex Muhl.) B.S.P.
WL
S2S3
(Cardamine rhomboidea (Pers.) DC.)
Spring-Cress
concatenata (Michaux) Sw.
(Dentaria laciniata Muhl. ex Willd.)
(Dentaria concatenata Michaux)
Cut-leaved Toothwort
dentata Schult.
T
(Cardamine pratensis L. var. palustris Wimmer & Grab.)
Fen Cuckoo-flower
diphylla (Michaux) Wood
(Dentaria diphylla Michaux)
(Denaria incisa Small)
Two-leaved Toothwort
128
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BRASSICACEAE
MUSTARD FAMILY
Cardamine
douglassii Britton
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
Likely
SNA
Invasive
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
*
*
N
N
*
N?
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
WL
S2?
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
E
S1
Purple Cress
flexuosa With.
(Cardamine hirsuta L. ssp. flexuosa (With.) Forbes & Hemsl.)
(Cardamine sylvatica Link)
Wavy Bittercress
hirsuta L.
Hairy Rock-cress
impatiens L.
Bushy Rock-cress
longii Fern.
Long's Bittercress
maxima (Nutt.) Wood
(Dentaria maxima Nutt.)
(Dentaria anomala Eames)
Three-leaved Toothwort
parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britton) O.E.
Schulz
Small-flowered Bittercress
pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.
(Cardamine pensylvanica var. brittoniana Farw.)
Pennsylvania Bittercress
pratensis L.
Cuckoo-flower
Chorispora
tenella (Pallas) DC.
SNA
Blue Mustard
Conringia
orientalis (L.) Dumort.
SNA
Treacle-mustard
Descurainia
pinnata (Walter) Britton ssp. brachycarpa
(Richardson) Detling
SNA
(Descurainia pinnata var. brachycarpa (Richardson) Fern.)
Northern Tansy-mustard
sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl
SNA
Herb-sophia
Diplotaxis
muralis (L.) DC.
Wall-rocket
SNA
Tricolpates
129
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BRASSICACEAE
MUSTARD FAMILY
Diplotaxis
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
W
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
tenuifolia (L.) DC.
Cutleaf Wall-rocket
Draba
reptans (Lam.) Fern.
H
SH
Carolina Whitlow-grass
SNA
verna L.
(Erophila verna (L.) Besser)
(Draba verna L. var. boerhaavii van Hall)
(Erophila verna (L.) Besser ssp. praecox (Stevens) S.M. Walters)
Longpod Whitlow-grass
Eruca
vesicaria (L.) Cav. ssp. sativa
SNA
Garden-rocket
Erucastrum
gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz
SNA
French Rocket
Erysimum
cheiranthoides L.
SNA
Wormseed-mustard
hieracifolium L.
(Erysimum strictum P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey., & Scherb.)
European Wallflower
inconspicuum (S. Watson) MacM. var.
inconspicuum
Prairie-rocket
odoratum Ehrh.
(Erysimum pannonicum Crantz)
Fragrant Wallflower
repandum L.
Treacle-mustard
Euclidium
syriacum (L.) Aiton f.
SNA
Syrian-mustard
Hesperis
matronalis L.
Invasive SNA
Dame's Rocket
Iberis
amara L.
SNA
Rocket-candytuft
Lepidium
campestre (L.) Aiton f.
Cow-cress
SNA
130
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BRASSICACEAE
MUSTARD FAMILY
Lepidium
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
Invasive SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
densiflorum Schrader var. densiflorum
Prairie-peppergrass
didymum L.
(Coronopus didymus (L.) J. E. Smith)
Lesser Swine-cress
draba L.
(Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.)
Heart-podded Pepperweed
latifolium L.
Broad-leaved Pepperweed; Tall Pepperweed
perfoliatum L.
Clasping Peppergrass
ruderale L.
Stinking Peppergrass
sativum L.
Garden-cress Peppergrass
squamatum Forsk.
(Coronopus squamatus (Forsk.) Ascherson)
Swine-cress
virginicum L. var. virginicum
Poor-man's Pepper
Lobularia
maritima (L.) Desv.
SNA
Sweet Alyssum
Lunaria
annua L.
SNA
Honesty
Nasturtium
microphyllum Boenn. ex Reichenb.
SNA
(Rorippa microphylla (Boenn. ex Reichenb.) Hyl. ex A. & D. Löve)
(Nasturtium officinale Aiton f. var. microphyllum (Boenn. ex
Reichenb.) Thellung)
Watercress
officinale Aiton f.
SNA
(Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek)
Water-cress
Neslia
paniculata (L.) Desv.
Ball-mustard
SNA
Tricolpates
131
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BRASSICACEAE
MUSTARD FAMILY
Raphanus
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
W
*
*
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
SNA
raphanistrum L.
Wild Radish
SNA
sativus L.
Garden-radish
Rapistrum
SNA
rugosum (L.) All. ssp. rugosum
(Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. var. venosum Pers. DC.)
Grenade
Rorippa
amphibia (L.) Besser
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Water Yellowcress
aquatica (Eaton) Palmer & Steyerm.
(Armoracia lacustris (A. Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V. Bates)
(Armoracia aquatica (Eaton) Wiegand)
Lake-cress
globosa (Turcz. ex Fischer & Meyer) Hayek
Round-fruited Yellowcress
palustris (L.) Besser var. fernaldiana
(Butters & Abbe) R. Stuckey
(Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe)
Jonsell)
(Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás ssp. fernaldiana Butters & Abbe)
Marsh Yellowcress
palustris (L.) Besser var. hispida (Desv.)
Rydb.
(Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. hispida (Desv.) Jonsell)
(Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás var. hispida (Desv.) Butters &
Abbe)
Marsh Yellowcress
palustris (L.) Besser var. palustris
(Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás var. microcarpa (Regel) Fern.)
Marsh Yellowcress, Common Yellowcress, Yellow
Wate
×prostrata (Bergeret) Schinz & Thellung
(Rorippa amphibia × R. sylvestris)
Prostrate Yellowcress
sessiliflora (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc.
Sessile-flowered Yellowcress
sylvestris (L.) Besser
Creeping Yellowcress
Sinapis
alba L.
(Brassica hirta Moench)
White Mustard
SNA
132
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
BRASSICACEAE
MUSTARD FAMILY
Sinapis
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
SNA
arvensis L.
(Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler)
Charlock
Sisymbrium
SNA
altissimum L.
Tumbling Mustard
irio L.
London Rocket
loeselii L.
Loesel's Mustard
officinale (L.) Scop.
(Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. var. leiocarpum DC.)
Hedge-mustard
orientale L.
Eastern Rocket
Teesdalia
SNA
nudicaulis (L.) Aiton f.
Shepherd's Cress
Thlaspi
SNA
arvense L.
Penny-cress
Tropidocarpum
SNA
gracile Hooker
Slender Keelfruit
Turritis
S5
glabra L.
(Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh.)
Tower-mustard
BUXACEAE
BOXWOOD FAMILY
Pachysandra
SNA
terminalis Sieb. & Zucc.
Japanese Pachysandra
CACTACEAE
CACTUS FAMILY
Opuntia
humifusa (Raf.) Raf.
E
S1
Eastern Prickly Pear
CAMPANULACEAE
BLUEBELL FAMILY
Campanula
aparinoides Pursh
(Campanula uliginosa Rydb.)
Marsh-bellflower
S4
Tricolpates
133
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CAMPANULACEAE
BLUEBELL FAMILY
Campanula
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
S4S5
N
N
N
N
I
N
N
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
WL
S2S3
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
N
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
I
S?
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
glomerata L.
Clustered Bellflower
lanata Friv.
Bulgarian Bellflower
persicifolia L.
Willow-bellflower
rapunculoides L.
Creeping Bellflower
rotundifolia L.
Harebell
trachelium L.
Canterbury Bells
Jasione
SNA
montana L.
Sheep's Bit
Lobelia
S4
cardinalis L.
Cardinal-flower
dortmanna L.
Water-lobelia
inflata L.
Indian Tobacco
kalmii L.
Brook-lobelia
siphilitica L. var. siphilitica
Great Blue Lobelia
spicata Lam. var. campanulata McVaugh
Spiked Lobelia
spicata Lam. var. spicata
Spiked Lobelia, Pale-spike Lobelia
Triodanis
perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl.
(Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC.)
Venus's Looking-glass
S4
134
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CANNABACEAE
HEMP FAMILY
Cannabis
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
SNR
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
SNA
sativa L.
Marijuana, Hemp
Celtis
S4
occidentalis L.
(Celtis occidentalis L. var. canina (Raf.) Sarg.)
(Celtis occidentalis L. var.pumila (Pursh) A. Gray)
Hackberry
Humulus
japonicus Sieb. & Zucc.
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Japanese Hops
lupulus L. var. lupuloides E. Small
(Humulus americanus Nutt.)
(Humulus lupulus L. ssp. americanus (Nutt.) A. & D. Löve)
American Hops
lupulus L. var. lupulus
Common Hops
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY
Cephalaria
SNA
gigantea (Ledeb.) Bobrov
(Scabiosa gigantea Ledeb.)
Yellow Scabious, Giant Scabious
Diervilla
S5
lonicera P. Miller
Bush-honeysuckle
Dipsacus
SNA
fullonum L.
(Dipsacus sylvestris Hudson)
Common Teasel
SNA
laciniatus L. .
Cut-leaved Teasel
Knautia
SNA
arvensis (L.) Coulter
Blue Buttons
Kolkwitzia
SNA
amabilis Graebner
Beauty-bush
Linnaea
borealis L. ssp. americana (Forbes) Hultén
ex Clausen
WL
S3
Twinflower
Lonicera
×bella Zabel
(Lonicera morrowii × L. tatarica)
Hybrid Honeysuckle
Invasive SNA
Tricolpates
135
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY
Lonicera
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
I
*
*
*
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Invasive SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
Potential SNA
ly
Invasive
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
Invasive SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
W
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
I?
*
*
I?
I?
I?
I?
*
I?
I?
I?
I?
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
canadensis Bartram ex Marsh.
Fly-honeysuckle
dioica L.
Wild Honeysuckle
hirsuta Eaton
E
Hairy Honeysuckle
japonica Thunb.
Japanese Honeysuckle
maackii (Rupr.) Herder
Amur Honeysuckle
morrowii A. Gray
Morrow Honeysuckle
reticulata Raf.
(Lonicera prolifera (Kirchner) Rehder)
Grape-honeysuckle
sempervirens L. var. sempervirens
WL
Trumpet-honeysuckle
tatarica L.
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Tatarian Honeysuckle
villosa (Michaux) J.A. Schultes
Mountain Fly-honeysuckle
xylosteum L.
SNA
European Fly-honeysuckle
Scabiosa
atropurpurea L.
SNA
Mournful Widow
columbaria L.
Dove Pincushions
ochroleuca L.
Yellowish Scabious
Succisa
pratensis Moench.
(Scabiosa succisa L.)
Devil's Bit
SNA
136
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY
Succisella
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
N?
*
*
N?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
SNA
inflexa (Kluk) G. Beck
(Scabiosa australis Wulfen)
(Succisa australis (Wulfen) Reichenb.)
Devil's Bit
Symphoricarpos
albus (L.) S.F. Blake ssp. albus
E
S1
Snowberry
albus (L.) Blake ssp. laevigatus (Fern.)
Hultén
(Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake var. laevigatus (Fern.) S.F.
Blake)
Western Snowberry
occidentalis Hooker
Wolfberry
orbiculatus Moench.
Coralberry
Triosteum
S4
aurantiacum Bicknell var. aurantiacum
Wild Coffee
perfoliatum L.
E
S1
Broad Tinker's Weed
Valeriana
SNA
officinalis L.
Garden-valerian
Valerianella
umbilicata (Sullivant) Wood
H
SH
(Valerianella intermedia Dyal)
Corn-salad
Weigela
floribunda (Sieb. & Zucc.) C.A. Mey.
SNA
Crimson Weigela
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
PINK FAMILY
Agrostemma
githago L. var. githago
SNA
Corn-cockle
Arenaria
serpyllifolia L.
SNA
(Arenaria serpyllifolia L. var. tenuior Mert. & Koch)
(Arenaria serpyllifolia L. ssp. leptoclados (Reichenb.) Nyman)
Thyme-leaf Sandwort
Cerastium
arvense L.
Field-chickweed
S5
Tricolpates
137
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
PINK FAMILY
Cerastium
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
S1
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
SNA
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
SH
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
fontanum Baumg. ssp. vulgare (Hartman)
Greuter & Burdet
(Cerastium vulgatum L.)
(Cerastium fontanum Baumg. var. triviale (Link) Jalas)
Mouse-ear Chickweed
glomeratum Thuill.
(Cerastium viscosum, auct. non L.)
Clammy Mouse-ear Chickweed
nutans Raf. var. nutans
E
Nodding Chickweed
pumilum W. Curtis ssp. pumilum
Dwarf Mouse-ear Chickweed
semidecandrum L.
Little Mouse-ear Chickweed
strictum L.
H
(Cerastium arvense ssp. strictum (L.) Ugborogho)
American Field Chickweed
tomentosum L.
Snow-in-summer
Corrigiola
litoralis L. ssp. litoralis
SNA
Shore-strapwort
Dianthus
armeria L.
SNA
Deptford Pink
barbatus L.
Sweet William
deltoides L.
Maiden-pink
plumarius L.
Garden-pink
Eudianthe
coeli-rosa (L.) Reichenb.
SNA
(Silene coeli-rosa (L.) Godron)
(Lychnis coeli-rosa (L.) Desr.)
Rose-of-heaven
Gypsophila
elegans Bieb.
Caucasus Gypsophila
SNA
138
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
PINK FAMILY
Gypsophila
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
muralis L.
Mist-gypsophila
paniculata L.
Baby's Breath
scorzonerifolia Ser.
Glandular Baby’s Breath
Herniaria
SNA
hirsuta L. var. hirsuta
Hairy Rupture-wort
Holosteum
SNA
umbellatum L. ssp. umbellatum
Jagged Chickweed
Honckenya
S4
peploides (L.) Ehrh. ssp. robusta (Fern.)
Hultén
(Arenaria peploides L. var. robusta Fern.)
Seabeach sandwort
Illecebrum
SNA
verticillatum L.
Coral Necklace
Lychnis
SNA
chalcedonica L.
Scarlet Lychnis
coronaria (L.) Murray
Mullein-pink
flos-cuculi L. ssp. flos-cuculi
Ragged Robin
Minuartia
michauxii (Fenzl) Farw.
T
S2
(Arenaria stricta Michaux var. stricta)
Michaux's Sandwort
Moehringia
S5
lateriflora (L.) Fenzl
(Arenaria lateriflora L.)
Grove-sandwort
macrophylla (Hooker) Fenzl
E
S1
(Arenaria macrophylla Hooker)
Large-leaved Sandwort
Myosoton
aquaticum (L.) Moench
(Stellaria aquaticum (L.) Scop.)
Giant Chickweed
SNA
Tricolpates
139
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
PINK FAMILY
Paronychia
argyrocoma (Michaux) Nutt.
E
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
S1
(Paronychia argyrocoma (Michaux) Nutt. var. albimontana Fern.)
Silverling
canadensis (L.) A. Wood
Forked Chickweed
fastigiata (Raf.) Fern. var. fastigiata
WL
Hairy Forked Chickweed
Petrorhagia
SNA
prolifera (L.) Ball & Heywood
(Tunica prolifera (L.) Scop.)
Proliferous Pink
SNA
saxifraga (L.) Ser. ex Link var. saxifraga
(Tunica saxifraga (L.) Scop.)
Saxifrage-pink
Polycarpon
SNA
tetraphyllum (L.) L. ssp. tetraphyllum
(Mollugo tetraphylla L.)
Four-leaved Manyseed
Sagina
decumbens (Ell.) Torrey & A. Gray ssp.
decumbens
WL
SNR
Trailing Pearlwort
japonica (Sw.) Ohwi
Japanese Pearlwort
maxima A. Gray ssp. maxima
Large Pearlwort
nodosa (L.) Fenzl ssp. nodosa
WL
Knotted Pearlwort
procumbens L.
Matted Pearlwort
Saponaria
ocymoides L.
SNA
Rock-soapwort
officinalis L.
SNA
Soapwort
Scleranthus
annuus L.
SNA
Annual Knawel
perennis L.
Perennial Knawel
SNA
140
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
PINK FAMILY
Silene
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
S2S3
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
SNA
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
S4
antirrhina L.
Sleepy Catchfly
armeria L.
(Atocion armeria (L.) Raf.)
Sweet William Catchfly
caroliniana Walter ssp. pensylvanica
(Michaux) Clausen
WL
Wild Pink
conica L. ssp. conica
Striate Catchfly
csereii Baumg.
von Cserei's Catchfly
dichotoma Ehrh.
Forking Catchfly
dioica (L.) Clairville
(Lychnis dioica L.)
Red Campion
gallica L.
French Catchfly
latifolia Poir. ssp. alba (P. Mill.) Greuter &
Burdet
(Silene pratensis (Raf.) Godr. & Gren.)
(Lychnis alba P. Miller)
Evening Lychnis
nivea (Nutt.) Muhl. ex Otth
Snowy Campion
noctiflora L.
Night-flowering Catchfly
vulgaris (Moench) Garcke
(Silene cucubalus Wibel)
Bladder-campion
Spergula
arvensis L.
SNA
Spurrey
morisonii Boreau
SNA
Morrison's Spurry
Spergularia
canadensis (Pers.) G. Don var. canadensis
Northern Sand-spurrey
S4
Tricolpates
141
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
PINK FAMILY
Spergularia
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
S4
I
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
S2S3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
diandra (Guss.) Held.
(Arenaria diandra Guss.)
(Spergularia salsuginea Fenzl.)
Alkali Sand-spurrey
marina (L.) Griseb.
(Spergularia salina J. & K. Presl)
Saltmarsh Sand-spurrey
purpurea (Pers.) G. Don
Purple Sand-spurrey
rubra (L.) J. & K. Presl
Red Sand-spurrey
Stellaria
S4?
alsine Grimm
Seep-starwort
borealis Bigelow ssp. borealis
WL
(Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong.)
(Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. vars. floribunda (Fern.) Fern.)
(Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. var. isophylla Fern.)
Northern Starwort
corei Shinners
(Stellaria pubera Michaux var. sylvatica (Beguinot) Weatherby)
Great-chickweed
graminea L.
Common Stitchwort
holostea L.
Greater Stitchwort
longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. var. longifolia
Long-leaved Starwort
media (L.) Vill.
Common Chickweed
Vaccaria
hispanica (P. Miller) Rauschert
SNA
(Vaccaria pyramidata Medicus)
(Saponaria vaccaria L.)
Cow-herb
Viscaria
vulgaris Bernh.
(Lychnis viscaria L.)
German Catchfly
SNA
142
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CELASTRACEAE
STAFF-TREE FAMILY
Celastrus
orbiculatus Thunb.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
SNA
W
*
W
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
Invasive SNA
Oriental Bittersweet
BITTERSWEET FAMILY
orbiculatus Thunb. × C. scandens L.
Hybrid Bittersweet
STAFF-TREE FAMILY
scandens L.
SC
American Bittersweet
Euonymus
alatus (Thunb.) Sieb.
Invasive SNA
Winged Euonymus
atropurpurea Jacq. var. atropurpurea
Burning Bush
europaea L.
European Spindle-tree
fortunei (Turcz.) Handel-Maz. var. radicans
(Sieb. ex Miq.) Rehder
Winter-creeper
fortunei (Turcz.) Handel-Maz. var. vegeta
(Rehder) Rehder
Big-leaved Winter-creeper
phellomana Loesel
Cork-tree
CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE
KATSURA FAMILY
Cercidiphyllum
SNA
japonicum Sieb. & Zucc.
Katsura Tree
CISTACEAE
ROCKROSE FAMILY
Crocanthemum
S4S5
bicknellii (Fern.) Barnh.
(Helianthemum bicknellii Fern.)
Hoary Frostweed
canadense (L.) Britton
(Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michaux)
Canadian Frostweed
dumosum Bicknell
(Helianthemum dumosum (Bicknell) Fern.)
Bushy Frostweed
SC
Tricolpates
143
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CISTACEAE
ROCKROSE FAMILY
Crocanthemum
S4
propinquum (Bicknell) Bicknell
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
(Helianthemum propinquum Bicknell)
Low Frostweed
Hudsonia
S4
ericoides L.
Golden Heather
ericoides L. × H. tomentosa Nutt.
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
tomentosa Nutt.
S4
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2S3
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
S5
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
S3S4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4?
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
(Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. var. intermedia Peck)
Beach-heather, Hudsonia, Poverty-grass
Lechea
S4
intermedia Leggett ex Britton var. intermedia
Large-podded Pinweed
intermedia Leggett ex Britton var. juniperina
(Bicknell) B.L. Robinson
H
Maine Pinweed
maritima Leggett ex B.S.P. var. maritima
Beach-pinweed
minor L.
WL
Thyme-leaf Pinweed
mucronata Raf.
(Lechea villosa Ell.)
Hairy Pinweed
pulchella Raf. var. moniliformis (Bicknell)
Seymour
E
Beaded Pinweed
pulchella Raf. var. pulchella
(Lechea leggettii Britton & Hollick)
Leggett's Pinweed
tenuifolia Michaux
Slender Pinweed
CLEOMACEAE
SPIDER FLOWER FAMILY
Cleome
hassleriana Chodat
SNA
(Cleome spinosa, auct. non Jacq.)
Spider-flower
serrulata Pursh
Rocky Mountain Bee-plant
SNA
144
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CLEOMACEAE
SPIDER FLOWER FAMILY
Polanisia
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
W
W
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
SH
*
*
N?
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
dodecandra (L.) DC. ssp. dodecandra
(Polanisia graveolens Raf.)
Eastern Clammy-weed
SNA
dodecandra (L.) DC. ssp. trachysperma
(Torrey & A. Gray) Iltis
(Polanisia trachysperma Torrey & A. Gray)
Western Clammy-weed
CLETHRACEAE
SWEET PEPPER-BUSH FAMILY
Clethra
S5
alnifolia L.
Sweet Pepper-bush
CONVOLVULACEAE
BINDWEED FAMILY
Calystegia
SNA
pellita (Ledeb.) G. Don ssp. pellita
(Calystegia pubescens Lindley)
(Convolvulus pellitus Ledeb.)
Hairy Bindweed
sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. americana (Sims)
Brummitt
(Convolvulus sepium (L.) R. Br. var. americanaus Sims)
(Convolvulus sepium (L.) R. Br. var. repens (L.) A. Gray)
Wild Morning-glory
sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. angulata Brummitt
Wild Morning-glory
sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. appalachiana
Brummitt
Wild Morning-glory
sepium (L.) R. Br. ssp. sepium
(Convolvulus sepium L.)
European Morning-glory, Hedge-bindweed
silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. ssp. fraterniflora
(Mackenzie & Bush) Brummitt
H
(Calystegia fraterniflora (Mackenzie & Bush) Brummitt)
(Calystegia sepium var. fraterniflora (Mackenzie & Bush) Shinners)
(Convolvulus fraterniflorus (Mackenzie & Bush) Mackenzie & Bush)
Short-stalked False Bindweed
spithamaea (L.) Pursh ssp. spithamaea
E
S1
(Convolvulus spithamaeus L.)
Upright Bindweed
Convolvulus
arvensis L.
Field-bindweed
SNA
Tricolpates
145
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CONVOLVULACEAE
BINDWEED FAMILY
Cuscuta
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
S1S2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
H
SH
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
WL
S1?
*
*
N? N?
*
N?
*
*
*
*
*
*
N?
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
W
*
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
W
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
SNA
campestris Yuncker
(Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. var. calycina Engelm.)
Prairie Dodder
cephalanthi Engelm.
Buttonbush-dodder
compacta Juss. ex Choisy var. compacta
Dense Dodder
coryli Engelm.
WL
Pondshore-dodder
epilinum Weihe
Flax Dodder
epithymum L.
Clover-dodder
gronovii Willd. ex J.A. Schultes var. gronovii
Love-vine
indecora Choisy var. indecora
Collared Dodder
pentagona Engelm.
Field-dodder
polygonorum Engelm.
Smartweed-dodder
Ipomoea
coccinea L.
SNA
(Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench)
Red Morning-glory
hederacea Jacq.
(Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth)
Ivy-leaved Morning-glory
lacunosa L.
Small White Morning-glory
pandurata (L.) G.F.W. Meyer
Wild Potato-vine
purpurea (L.) Roth
(Ipomoea hirsutula Jacq. f.)
Common Morning-glory
146
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CONVOLVULACEAE
BINDWEED FAMILY
Ipomoea
tricolor Cav.
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S4?
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
I?
I?
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
Dwarf Morning-glory
CORNACEAE
DOGWOOD FAMILY
Benthamidia
florida (L.) Spach
S5
(Cornus florida L.)
Flowering Dogwood
Chamaepericlymenum
canadense (L.) Aschers. & Graebn.
S5
(Cornus canadensis L.)
Bunchberry
Nyssa
sylvatica Marshall
S5
Black Gum
Swida
alternifolia (L. f.) Small
S5
(Cornus alternifolia L. f.)
Pagoda-dogwood
amomum (P. Miller) Small var. amomum
(Cornus amomum P. Miller ssp. amomum)
Silky Dogwood
amomum (P. Mill.) Small var. schuetzeana
(C.A. Mey.) A. Haines
(Cornus amomum P. Miller ssp. obliqua (Raf.) J.S. Wilson)
Pale Dogwood
×arnoldiana (Rehd.) Soják
(Swida amomum ssp. amomum × S. racemosa)
racemosa (Lam.) Moldenke
(Cornus racemosa Lam.)
(Cornus foemina P. Miller ssp. racemosa (Lam.) J.S. Wilson)
Gray Dogwood
rugosa (Lam.) Rydb.
(Cornus rugosa Lam.)
Round-leaved Dogwood
sanguinea (L.) Opiz
(Cornus sanguinea L.)
Red Dogwood
sericea (L.) Holub
(Cornus sericea L.)
(Cornus stolonifera Michaux)
Red Osier Dogwood
Tricolpates
147
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CRASSULACEAE
ORPINE FAMILY
Aizopsis
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
W
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
SNR
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
SNA
aizoon (L.) V. Grulich
(Sedum aizoon L.)
Siberian Stonecrop
Crassula
aquatica (L.) Schoenl.
T
S2
(Tillaea aquatica L.)
Shore Pygmy-weed
Hylotelephium
SNA
erythrostictum (Miq.) H. Ohba
(Sedum alboroseum Baker)
Garden-orpine
SNA
telephium (L.) H. Ohba ssp. telephium
(Sedum telephium L.)
(Sedum purpureum L. Schultes)
Live-forever
Phedimus
SNA
spurius (Bieb.) 't Hart
(Sedum spurium Bieb.)
Caucasus Stonecrop
Sedum
SNA
acre L.
Wall-sedum
hispanicum L.
Glandular Stonecrop
reflexum L.
(Sedum rupestre L.)
Rock-stonecrop
sarmentosum Bunge
Running Stonecrop
sexangulare L.
Creeping Stonecrop
ternatum Michaux
WL
Mountain-stonecrop
Sempervivum
tectorum L.
SNA
Hen-and-chickens
CUCURBITACEAE
GOURD FAMILY
Citrullus
lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai
(Citrullus vulgaris Schrader)
Watermelon
SNA
148
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
CUCURBITACEAE
GOURD FAMILY
Cucumis
anguria L.
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
W
*
W
*
W
W
W
W
W
*
*
*
W
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
W
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I?
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
West Indian Gherkin
melo L.
Cantaloupe
myriocarpus E. Mey. ex Naud.
Paddy Melon
sativus L.
Garden-cucumber
Cucurbita
maxima Dcne.
SNA
Squash
pepo L.
SNA
Pumpkin
Echinocystis
lobata (Michaux) Torrey & A. Gray
S4
Wild Balsam-apple
Lagenaria
siceraria (Molina) Standl.
SNA
(Cucurbita lagenaria L.)
Bottle Gourd
Sicyos
angulatus L.
S4
Bur-cucumber
Thladiantha
dubia Bunge
SNA
Manchu Tuber-gourd
DIAPENSIACEAE
DIAPENSIA FAMILY
Galax
urceolata (Poiret) Brummitt
SNA
(Galax aphylla, auct. non L.)
Galax
DROSERACEAE
SUNDEW FAMILY
Drosera
filiformis Raf. var. filiformis
S4
Thread-leaf Sundew
intermedia Hayne
Spatulate-leaved Sundew
rotundifolia L.
Round-leaved Sundew
Tricolpates
149
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
EBENACEAE
EBONY FAMILY
Diospyros
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
Invasive SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
I?
*
*
*
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
virginiana L.
Persimmon
ELAEAGNACEAE
OLEASTER FAMILY
Elaeagnus
SNA
angustifolia L.
Russian Olive
pungens Thunb.
Japanese Oleaster
umbellata Thunb. var. parvifolia (Royle)
Schneid.
Autumn-olive
ELATINACEAE
WATERWORT FAMILY
Elatine
americana (Pursh) Arnott
E
S1
(Elatine triandra Schkuhr var. americana (Pursh) Fassett)
American Waterwort
minima (Nutt.) Fischer & C.A. Meyer
Lesser Waterwort
triandra Schkuhr
WL
European Waterwort
ERICACEAE
HEATH FAMILY
Andromeda
polifolia L. var. glaucophylla (Link) DC.
S4
(Andromeda glaucophylla Link)
Bog-rosemary
Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel
S5
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel ssp. coactilis (Fern. & MacBr.)
A. & D. Löve & Kapoor)
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel var. coactilis Fern. & MacBr.)
Bearberry
Calluna
vulgaris (L.) Hull
SNA
Heather
Chamaedaphne
calyculata (L.) Moench
S5
(Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench var. angustifolia (Aiton)
Rehder)
(Cassandra calyculata (L.) D. Don var. angustifolia (Aiton) Seymour)
Leatherleaf
Chimaphila
maculata (L.) Pursh
Striped Pipsissewa
S5
150
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ERICACEAE
HEATH FAMILY
Chimaphila
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
umbellata (L.) W. Barton ssp. cisatlantica
(Blake) Hultén
(Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Barton var. cisatlantica Blake)
Pipsissewa
Corema
conradii (Torrey) Torrey ex Loudon
WL
S3
Broom-crowberry
Epigaea
repens L.
S5
(Epigaea repens L. var. glabrifolia Fern.)
Mayflower
Erica
cinerea L.
SNA
Scotch Heath
tetralix L.
Cross-leaf Heath
vagans L.
Cornish Heath
Eubotrys
racemosa (L.) Nutt.
S4
(Leucothoe racemosa (L.) A. Gray)
Swamp-sweetbells
Gaultheria
hispidula (L.) Muhl. ex Bigelow
S4
(Chiogenes hispidula (L.) Torrey & A. Gray)
Creeping Snowberry
procumbens L.
S5
Wintergreen
Gaylussacia
baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch
S5
Black Huckleberry
bigeloviana (Fern.) Sorrie & Weakley
S4
(Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) Torrey & A. Gray var. bigeloviana Fern.)
Dwarf Huckleberry
frondosa (L.) Torrey & A. Gray ex Torrey
S4S5
Dangleberry
Hypopitys
lanuginosa (Michx.) Nutt.
SNR
(Monotropa lanuginosa Michx.)
Hairy Pine-sap
monotropa Crantz
(Monotropa hypopithys L.)
Pinesap
S5
Tricolpates
151
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ERICACEAE
HEATH FAMILY
Kalmia
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SH
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
angustifolia L. var. angustifolia
Sheep-laurel
latifolia L.
Mountain-laurel
polifolia Wangenh.
Bog-laurel
Leucothoe
SNA
fontanesiana (Steudel) Sleumer
(Leucothoe axillaris (Lam.) D. Don var. editorum (Fern. & Schubert)
Ahles)
(Leucothoe editorum Fern. & Schubert)
Dog-hobble
Lyonia
S5
ligustrina (L.) DC. var. ligustrina
Maleberry
Moneses
uniflora (L.) A. Gray
WL
S2S3
One-flowered Pyrola
Monotropa
S5
uniflora L.
Indian Pipe
Orthilia
S4
secunda (L.) House
(Orthilia secunda (L.) House ssp. obtusata (Turcz). Böcher)
One-sided Pyrola
Pyrola
S5
americana Sweet
(Pyrola rotundifolia L. var. americana (Sweet) Fern.)
Glossy Shinleaf
asarifolia Michaux ssp. asarifolia
H
(Pyrola asarifolia Michaux var. purpurea (Bunge) Fern.)
Pink Pyrola
chlorantha Sw.
(Pyrola chlorantha Sw. var. convoluta (W.P.C.Barton) Fern.)
(Pyrola virens Schreb. var. convoluta (W. P.C. Barton) Fern.)
(Pyrola virens Schreb.)
Green Shinleaf
elliptica Nutt.
Elliptic Shinleaf
Rhododendron
canadense (L.) Torrey
S4
Rhodora
carolinianum Rehd.
Carolina Rhododendron
SNA
152
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ERICACEAE
HEATH FAMILY
Rhododendron
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
T
S1S2
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S2?
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
S5
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
catawbiense Michaux
Catawba Rhododendron
groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron & Judd
(Ledum groenlandicum Oeder)
Labrador Tea
maximum L.
Great Laurel
periclymenoides (Michaux) Shinners
(Rhododendron nudiflorum (L.) Torrey)
Pinxter-flower
prinophyllum (Small) Millais
(Rhododendron roseum (Loisel.) Rehder)
Early Azalea
vaseyi A. Gray
Vasey's Azalea
viscosum (L.) Torrey
Swamp-azalea
Vaccinium
angustifolium Aiton
S5
(Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton var. hypolasium Fern.)
(Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton var. laevifolium House)
(Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton var. nigrum (Wood) Dole)
Low Sweet Blueberry, Late Sweet Blueberry,
Lowbush
×atlanticum Bicknell
(Vaccinium angustifolium × V. corymbosum)
caesariense Mackenzie
New Jersey Highbush Blueberry
corymbosum L.
(Vaccinium corymbosum L. var. glabrum A. Gray)
Highbush-blueberry
fuscatum Aiton
(Vaccinium atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller)
Black Highbush-blueberry
macrocarpon Aiton
Large Cranberry
myrtilloides Michaux
Sourtop-blueberry
Tricolpates
153
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ERICACEAE
HEATH FAMILY
Vaccinium
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S1
N
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
S4?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S1S2
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
Likely
SNA
Invasive
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Invasive SNA
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
oxycoccos L.
(Vaccinium oxycoccos L. var. ovalifolium Michaux)
Small Cranberry
pallidum Aiton
(Vaccinium vacillans Kalm ex Torrey)
Early Sweet Blueberry
stamineum L.
Deerberry
vitis-idaea L. ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hultén
E
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. var. minus Lodd.)
Mountain-cranberry
EUPHORBIACEAE
SPURGE FAMILY
Acalypha
S4?
gracilens A. Gray
Slender Three-seeded Mercury
rhomboidea Raf.
(Acalypha virginica var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperrider)
Broad Three-seeded Mercury
virginica L.
WL
Three-seeded Mercury
Croton
capitatus Michaux var. capitatus
SNA
Hogwort
texensis (Klotzsch) Mueller-Argau ex DC.
SNA
Skunkweed
Euphorbia
corollata L.
SNA
Flowering Spurge
cyparissias L.
Cypress-spurge
dentata Michaux
(Poinsettia dentata (Michaux) Klotzsch & Garcke)
Toothed Spurge
esula L.
Leafy Spurge
glyptosperma Engelm.
(Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small)
Ridge-seed spurge
154
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
EUPHORBIACEAE
SPURGE FAMILY
Euphorbia
helioscopia L.
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
Sun-spurge
lathyris L.
Caper-spurge
maculata L.
(Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small)
(Euphorbia supina Raf.)
Milk-purslane
marginata Pursh
Snow-on-the-mountain
nutans Lag.
(Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small)
(Euphorbia preslii Guss.)
(Euphorbia maculata, auct. non L.)
Eyebane
peplus L.
Petty Spurge
platyphyllos L.
Broad-leaved Spurge
polygonifolia L.
(Chamaesyce polygonifolia (L.) Small)
Seaside-spurge
prostrata Aiton
(Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small)
Wartweed
vermiculata Raf.
(Chamaesyce vermiculata (Raf.) House)
Hairy Spurge
virgata Waldst. & Kit.
(Euphorbia esula ssp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Nyman)
Narrow Leafy-Spurge
Mercurialis
annua L.
SNA
Mercury
Ricinus
communis L.
Castor-bean
SNA
Tricolpates
155
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
FABACEAE
PEA FAMILY
Acmispon
americanus (Nutt.) Rydb. var. americanus
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
(Lotus unifoliolatus (Hooker) Bentham var. unifoliolatus)
(Lotus americanus (Nutt.) Bisch.)
Prairie-trefoil
Amorpha
fruticosa L.
SNA
(Amorpha fruticosa L. var. oblongifolia Palmer)
False Indigo
Amphicarpaea
bracteata (L.) Fern.
S5
(Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. var. comosa (L.) Fern.)
Hog-peanut
Apios
americana Medicus
S5
Groundnut
Arachis
hypogaea L.
SNA
Peanut
Astragalus
contortuplicatus L.
SNA
Twisted Milk-vetch
glycyphyllos L.
SNA
Fitsroot
Baptisia
australis (L.) R. Br. ex Aiton f. var. australis
SNA
Blue False Indigo
bracteata Muhl. ex Ell. var. leucophaea
(Nutt.) Kartesz & Gandhi
(Baptisia leucophaea Nutt.)
Plains Wild Indigo
tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Aiton f.
(Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Aiton f. var. crebra Fern.)
Yellow Wild Indigo
Caragana
arborescens Lam.
SNA
Pea-tree
Cercis
canadensis L. var. canadensis
SNA
Redbud
Chamaecrista
fasciculata (Michaux) Greene
(Cassia fasciculata Michaux)
Partridge-pea
S4
156
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
FABACEAE
PEA FAMILY
Chamaecrista
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
nictitans (L.) Moench ssp. nictitans var.
nictitans
(Cassia nictitans L.)
Wild Sensitive Plant
Cicer
SNA
arietinum L.
Chick-pea
Cladrastis
SNA
kentukea (Dum.-Cours.) Rudd
(Cladrastis lutea (Michaux f.) K. Koch)
Yellowwood
Colutea
SNA
arborescens L.
Bladder-senna
Coronilla
SNA
scorpioides (L.) W.D.J. Koch
(Ornithopus scorpioides L.)
Yellow False Crown-vetch
Crotalaria
S4
sagittalis L.
Rattlebox
Cytisus
SNA
×praecox W.J. Bean
(Cytisus multiflorus (L'Hér) Sweet × C. purgans Spach)
SNA
scoparius (L.) Link var. scoparius
Scotch Broom
Dalea
SNA
leporina (Aiton) Bullock
(Dalea alopecuroides Willd.)
Foxtail Prairie-clover
Desmodium
S5
canadense (L.) DC.
Canadian Tick-trefoil
canescens (L.) DC.
WL
Hoary Tick-trefoil
ciliare (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC.
Hairy Small-leaved Tick-trefoil
cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. ex Loudon T
Large-bracted Tick-trefoil
×humifusum (Muhl. ex Bigelow) Beck
(Desmodium paniculatum × D. rotundifolium)
Spreading Tick-trefoil
Tricolpates
157
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
FABACEAE
PEA FAMILY
Desmodium
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S4
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
SH
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S4
marilandicum (L.) DC.
Maryland Tick-trefoil
obtusum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC.
(Desmodium rigidum (Ell.) DC.)
Stiff Tick-trefoil
paniculatum (L.) DC.
Panicled Tick-trefoil
perplexum Schubert
(Desmodium dillenii Darl.)
Dillen's Tick-trefoil
rotundifolium DC.
Prostrate Tick-trefoil
sessilifolium (Torrey) Torrey & A. Gray
H
Sessile-leaved Tick-trefoil
Galega
officinalis L.
SNA
Goat's Rue
Genista
tinctoria L.
SNA
Dyer's Greenweed
Gleditsia
triacanthos L.
SNA
Honey-locust
Glycine
max (L.) Merr.
SNA
Soybean
Glycyrrhiza
lepidota Pursh
SNA
Licorice
Gymnocladus
dioicus (L.) K. Koch
SNA
Kentucky Coffee-tree
Hylodesmum
glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) H. Ohashi &
R.R. Mill
S4
(Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) Wood)
Cluster-leaf Tick-trefoil
nudiflorum (L.) H. Ohashi & R.R. Mill
(Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC.)
Naked Tick-trefoil
S5
158
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
FABACEAE
PEA FAMILY
Kummerowia
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
SNR
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
SNA
striata (Thunb.) Schindl.
(Lespedeza striata Thunb.)
Japanese Clover
Laburnum
SNA
anagyroides Medicus
Golden Chain Tree
Lathyrus
SNA
aphaca L.
Yellow Vetchling
japonicus Willd. var. maritimus (L.) Kartesz
& Gandhi
(Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. glaber (Ser.) Fern.)
(Lathyrus japonicus Willd. var. pellitus Fern.)
(L. maritimus L. Bigelow var. pellitus (Fern.) Gleason)
Beach-pea
latifolius L.
Everlasting Pea
palustris L.
WL
(Lathyrus palustris L. var. myrtifolius (Muhl. ex Willd.) A. Gray)
(Lathyrus palustris L. var. pilosus (Cham.) Ledeb.)
Vetchling, Marsh-pea
pratensis L.
Meadow-pea
sativus L.
Grass-pea
sylvestris L.
Flat Pea
tuberosus L.
Field-pea
Lens
SNA
culinaris Medicus
(Lens esculenta Moench)
Lentil
Lespedeza
angustifolia (Pursh) Ell.
WL
S3?
Narrow-leaved Bush-clover
bicolor Turcz.
Bicolored Bush-clover
×brittonii Bicknell
(Lespedeza procumbens × L. virginica)
Tricolpates
159
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
FABACEAE
PEA FAMILY
Lespedeza
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
S3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
hirta (L.) Hornem. ssp. hirta × L.
procumbens Michaux
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
hirta (L.) Hornem. × L. stuevei Nutt.
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
×longifolia DC.
SNR
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
SNR
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
S4
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
SH
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S5
capitata Michaux
Round-headed Bush-clover
cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don
Sericea Lespedeza
cyrtobotrya Miq.
Curved Bush-clover
frutescens (L.) Hornem.
WL
(Lespedeza violacea, auct. non (L.) Pers.)
Violet Bush-clover
hirta (L.) Hornem. ssp. hirta
Hairy Bush-clover
(Lespedeza capitata × L. hirta)
(Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. var. dissimulans Fern.)
×nuttallii Darl.
(Lespedeza hirta × L. violacea)
procumbens Michaux
Trailing Bush-clover
procumbens Michaux × L. stuevei Nutt.
stuevei Nutt.
H
Stueve's Bush-clover
thunbergii (DC.) Nakai
Tall Bush-clover
violacea (L.) Pers.
(Lespedeza intermedia (S. Watson) Britton)
Wand Bush-clover
virginica (L.) Britton
Virginia Bush-clover
Lotus
corniculatus L.
Birdsfoot-trefoil
SNA
160
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
FABACEAE
PEA FAMILY
Lupinus
perennis L. ssp. perennis
WL
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
I?
I
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
W
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
W
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3S4
Wild Lupine
polyphyllus Lindley var. polyphyllus
SNA
Washington Lupine
Medicago
arabica (L.) Hudson
SNA
Spotted Medick
disciformis DC.
Veinless Medick
falcata L.
(Medicago sativa L. ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang.)
Yellow Alfalfa
laciniata (L.) P. Miller
Cut-leaved Medick
lupulina L.
Black Medick
minima (L.) L.
Little Medick Bur-clover
monantha (C.A. Mey) Trautv.
(Trigonella noeana Boiss.)
(Trigonella monantha C.A. Mey.)
Persian Fenugreek
polymorpha L.
(Medicago hispida Gaertner)
Hispid Bur-clover
praecox DC.
Mediterranean Medick
rigidula (L.) All.
(Medicago agrestis Ten. ex DC.)
Tifton medick
sativa L.
Blue Alfalfa, Lucerne
Melilotus
albus Medicus
SNA
White Sweet-clover
indicus (L.) All.
Small Yellow Sweet-clover
SNA
Tricolpates
161
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
FABACEAE
PEA FAMILY
Melilotus
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
SNA
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Invasive SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
officinalis (L.) Lam.
Yellow Sweet-clover
Ornithopus
SNA
sativus Brot. ssp. sativus
Common Bird’s-foot
Phaseolus
SNA
coccineus L.
(Phaseolus multiflorus Willd.)
Scarlet Runner
SNA
vulgaris L.
(Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. humilis Alef.)
Green Bean
Pisum
SNA
sativum L.
Garden-pea
Pueraria
montana (Lour.) Merrill var. lobata (Willd.)
Maesen & S. Almeida
Likely
SNA
Invasive
(Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi)
Kudzu
Robinia
SNA
hispida L. var. hispida
Bristly Locust
×margarettae Ashe (pro sp.)
(Robinia hispida × R. pseudoacacia)
pseudoacacia L.
Black Locust
viscosa Vent. var. viscosa
Clammy Locust
Scorpiurus
SNA
muricatus L.
(Scorpiurus subvillosus L.)
Scorpionpod
Securigera
SNA
varia (L.) Lassen
(Coronilla varia L.)
Crown-vetch
Senna
hebecarpa (Fern.) Irwin & Barneby
E
S1
(Cassia hebecarpa Fern.)
Northern Wild Senna
obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby
(Cassia obtusifolia L.)
(Cassia tora, auct. non L.)
Sickle-pod
SNA
162
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
FABACEAE
PEA FAMILY
Sesbania
herbacea (P. Mill.) McVaugh
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
I?
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
(Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A.W. Hill)
Colorado River-hemp
Strophostyles
helvola (L.) Ell.
S4
Beach-bean
Tephrosia
virginiana (L.) Pers.
S4?
Goat's Rue
Thermopsis
villosa (Walter) Fern. & Schubert
SNA
Hairy Bush-pea
Trifolium
arvense L.
SNA
Rabbit-foot Clover
aureum Pollich
(Trifolium agrarium L.)
Palmate Hop-clover
campestre Schreber
(Trifolium procumbens L.)
Pinnate Hop-clover
dichotomum W.J. Hooker & Arnott
Tall Clover
dubium Sibth.
Little Hop-clover
glomeratum L.
Clustered Clover
hybridum L.
Alsike Clover
incarnatum L.
Crimson Clover
medium L.
Zigzag Clover
pratense L.
(Trifolium pratense L. var. sativum (P. Miller) Schreber)
Red Clover
repens L.
White Clover
Tricolpates
163
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
FABACEAE
PEA FAMILY
Trifolium
resupinatum L.
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
Persian Clover
striatum L.
Knotted Clover
subterraneum L.
Subterranean Clover
tomentosum L.
Woolly Trefoil
Trigonella
corniculata (L.) L.
SNA
Sickle-fruit Fenugreek
laciniata L.
SNA
Egyptian Fenugreek
Ulex
europaeus L.
SNA
Gorse
Vicia
cracca L. ssp. cracca
SNA
Bird-vetch
faba L.
Broad Bean
grandiflora Scop.
Large Yellow Vetch
hirsuta (L.) S.F. Gray
Tiny Vetch
lathyroides L.
Pea-vetch
sativa L. ssp. nigra (L.) Ehrh.
(Vicia angustifolia L. var. angustifolia)
(Vicia angustifolia L. segetalis (Thuiller) W.D.J. Koch)
(Vicia angustifolia L. uncinata (Desv.) Rouy)
Narrow-leaved Vetch
sativa L. ssp. sativa
Common Vetch, Spring-vetch, Tare
tetrasperma (L.) Schreber
(Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreber var. tenuissima Druce)
Four-seed Vetch
164
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
FABACEAE
PEA FAMILY
Vicia
villosa Roth
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
SNA
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
I
SNR
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
Hairy Vetch
Wisteria
floribunda (Willd.) DC.
SNA
Japanese Wisteria
frutescens (L.) Poir.
(Wisteria macrostachya (Torrey & A. Gray) Nutt. ex B.L. Robins. &
Fern.)
Atlantic Wisteria
sinensis (Sims) DC.
Chinese Wisteria
FAGACEAE
BEECH FAMILY
Castanea
dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.
S4
American Chestnut
mollissima Blume
Chinese Chestnut
pumila (L.) P. Miller
Chinquapin
sativa P. Miller
Sweet Chestnut
Fagus
grandifolia Ehrh.
S5
(Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. var. caroliniana (Loudon) Fern. & Rehder)
American Beech
sylvatica L.
SNA
European Beech
Quercus
alba L.
S5
White Oak
×benderi Baenitz
(Quercus coccinea × Q. rubra)
bicolor Willd.
Swamp White Oak
×bimundorum Palmer
(Quercus alba × Q. robur)
cerris L.
European Turkey-oak
Tricolpates
165
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
FAGACEAE
BEECH FAMILY
Quercus
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I?
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
SNR
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S2
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
N
N
N
N?
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
S5
coccinea Muenchh.
Scarlet Oak
×faxonii Trel.
(Quercus alba × Q. prinoides)
×fernaldii Trel.
(Quercus illicifolia × Q. rubra)
×fernowii Trel.
(Quercus alba × Q. stellata)
×fontana Laughlin
(Quercus coccinea × Q. velutina)
×hawkinsii Sudworth
(Quercus rubra × Q. velutina)
(Quercus ×porteri Trel.)
ilicifolia Wangenh.
Scrub-oak
imbricaria Michaux
Shingle-oak
×jackiana Schneider
(Quercus alba × Q. bicolor)
×leana Nutt.
(Quercus imbricaria × Q. velutina)
macrocarpa Michaux
SC
Bur-oak
montana Willd.
(Quercus prinus L.)
Chestnut-oak
muehlenbergii Engelm.
T
Yellow Oak
palustris Muenchh.
Pin-oak
prinoides Willd.
(Quercus prinoides Willd. var. rufescens Rehder)
Dwarf Chinquapin-oak
×rehderii Trel.
(Quercus ilicifolia × Q. velutina)
166
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
FAGACEAE
BEECH FAMILY
Quercus
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
SNR
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
S3S4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
W
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
SNR
×robbinsii Trel.
(Quercus coccinea × Q. ilicifolia)
robur L.
English Oak
rubra L.
(Quercus rubra L. var. ambigua (A. Gray) Fern.)
(Quercus rubra var. borealis (Michaux f.) Farw.)
Red Oak
×saulii C. Schneider
(Quercus alba × Q. montana)
stellata Wangenh.
WL
Post-oak
×stelloides Palmer
(Quercus prinoides × Q. stellata)
×vaga Palmer & Steyermark
(Quercus palustris × Q. velutina)
velutina Lam.
Black Oak
FRANKENIACEAE
SEAHEATH FAMILY
Frankenia
SNA
pulverulenta L.
European Seaheath
GENTIANACEAE
GENTIAN FAMILY
Bartonia
paniculata (Michxaux) Muhl. ssp. iodandra
(B.L. Robins.) J. Gillett
H
SH
(Bartonia paniculata (Michaux) Muhl. var. intermedia Fern.)
Purple Screw-stem
paniculata (Michaux) Muhl. ssp. paniculata
Screw-stem
virginica (L.) B.S.P.
Screw-stem
Centaurium
erythraea Raf.
SNA
(Centaurium umbellatum, auct. non Gilib.)
Lesser Centaury
pulchellum (Sw.) Druce
Branching Centaury
SNA
Tricolpates
167
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
GENTIANACEAE
GENTIAN FAMILY
Frasera
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
WL
S2?
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S2S3
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
SC
S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
I?
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
E
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
albicaulis Dougl. ex Griseb. ssp. nitida
(Bentham) C.L. Hitchc.
(Frasera nitida Benth.)
White-stemmed Elkweed
Gentiana
andrewsii Griseb. var. andrewsii
E
S1
Andrews's Bottle-gentian
clausa Raf.
Bottle-gentian
linearis Froel.
Narrow-leaved Gentian
Gentianella
quinquefolia (L.) Small
(Gentiana quinquefolia L. ssp. quinquefolia)
Stiff Gentian
Gentianopsis
S4
crinita (Froel.) Ma
(Gentiana crinita Froel.)
Fringed Gentian
Halenia
deflexa (J. E. Smith) Griseb. ssp. deflexa
H
SH
Spurred Gentian
Sabatia
SNA
angularis (L.) Pursh
Rose-pink
campanulata (L.) Torrey
E
Slender Marsh-pink
campanulata (L.) Torrey × S. kennedyana
Fern.
kennedyana Fern.
Plymouth Gentian
stellaris Pursh
Sea-pink
Schenkia
spicata (L.) Mansion
SNA
(Centaurium spicatum (L.) Fritsch)
Saltmarsh Centaury
GERANIACEAE
GERANIUM FAMILY
Erodium
botrys (Cav.) Bertol.
Bristly Stork's Bill
SNA
168
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
GERANIACEAE
GERANIUM FAMILY
Erodium
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
SNA
ciconium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton
Stork's Bill
cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton ssp.
cicutarium
Alfileria
cygnorum Nees
Swan Stork's Bill
malacoides (L.) L'Hér.
Soft Stork's Bill
moschatum (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton var. praecox
Lange
Musky Stork's Bill
stephenianum Willd.
Stephen's Stork's Bill
Geranium
bicknellii Britton
WL
S2S3
Bicknell's Crane's Bill
carolinianum L.
(Geranium carolinianum L. var. confertiflorum Fern.)
Carolina Crane's Bill
columbinum L.
Long-stalked Crane's Bill
dissectum L.
Cut-leaved Crane's Bill
maculatum L.
Wild Geranium
molle L.
Dove's Foot Crane's Bill
pratense L.
Meadow Crane's Bill
pusillum L.
Small Crane's Bill
robertianum L.
Herb-Robert
Tricolpates
169
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
GERANIACEAE
GERANIUM FAMILY
Geranium
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
S4
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
S1?
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
S3
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
SNA
sanguineum L.
Blood-red Crane's Bill
sibiricum L.
Siberian Crane's Bill
thunbergii Sieb. & Zucc. ex Lindl. & Paxton
(Geranium nepalense Sweet var. thunbergii
(Sieb. & Zucc. ex Lindl. & Paxton ) Kudo)
(Geranium ibericum Cav.)
Dewdrop Crane's Bill
GROSSULARIACEAE
GOOSEBERRY FAMILY
Ribes
americanum P. Miller
WL
S3S4
Wild Black Currant
aureum Pursh var. villosum DC.
(Ribes odoratum H. Wendl)
Buffalo-currant
cynosbati L.
Wild Gooseberry
glandulosum Grauer
Skunk-currant
hirtellum Michaux
(Ribes hirtellum Michaux var. calcicola (Fern.) Fern.)
Swamp-gooseberry
lacustre (Pers.) Poiret
SC
Bristly Black Currant
nigrum L.
European Black Currant
rotundifolium Michaux
WL
Round-leaved Gooseberry
rubrum L.
(Ribes sativum Syme)
Garden Red Currant
triste Pallas
WL
Swamp Red Currant
uva-crispa L. var. sativum DC.
(Ribes grossularia L.)
European Currant
170
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
HALORAGACEAE
WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY
Myriophyllum
alterniflorum DC.
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
Likely
SNA
Invasive
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
E
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SC
S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
WL
S1S2
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
S4
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4?
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
E
S1
Slender Water-milfoil
aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc.
(Myriophyllum brasiliense Camb.)
Parrot’s-feather
farwellii Morong
S1
Farwell's Water-milfoil
heterophyllum Michaux
Invasive SNA
Variable Water-milfoil
humile (Raf.) Morong
Lowly Water-milfoil
pinnatum (Walter) B.S.P.
(Myriophyllum scabratum Michaux)
Pinnate Water-milfoil
sibiricum Komarov
(Myriophyllum exalbescens Fern.)
Northern Water-milfoil
spicatum L.
Invasive SNA
Spiked Water-milfoil
tenellum Bigelow
Leafless Water-milfoil
verticillatum L.
E
(Myriophyllum verticillatum L. var. pectinatum Wallr.)
Whorled Water-milfoil
Proserpinaca
×intermedia Mackenzie
SNR
(Proserpinaca palutris × P. pectinata)
palustris L.
(Proserpinaca palustris L. var. crebra Fern & Griscom)
Mermaid-weed
pectinata Lam.
Cut-leaved Mermaid-weed
HAMAMELIDACEAE
WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY
Hamamelis
virginiana L.
Witch-hazel
S5
Tricolpates
171
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
HYDRANGEACEAE
HYDRANGEA FAMILY
Deutzia
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
SNA
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
SNA
scabra Thunb.
(Deutzia scabra Thunb. var. plena (Maxim.) Rhed.)
Fuzzy Deutzia
Hydrangea
SNA
arborescens L.
Wild Hydrangea
SNA
paniculata Sieb.
Peegee Hydrangea
Philadelphus
SNA
coronarius L.
European Mock-orange
inodorus L.
Appalachian Mock-orange
pubescens Loisel.
Ozark Mock-orange
HYPERICACEAE
ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY
Hypericum
adpressum Raf. ex Barton
T
S2
E
S1
N
N
N
N
*
N?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Creeping St. John's-wort
ascyron L.
(Hypericum pyramidatum Aiton)
Great St. John's-wort
boreale (Britton) Bicknell
Northern Dwarf St. John's-wort
canadense L.
Canadian St. John's-wort
densiflorum Pursh
Bushy St. John's-wort
×dissimulatum Bicknell
Bicknell's St. John's-wort
ellipticum Hooker
Pale St. John's-wort
frondosum Michaux
Golden St. John's-wort
gentianoides (L.) B.S.P.
Orange Grass
172
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
HYPERICACEAE
ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY
Hypericum
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
I
S4S5
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
majus (A. Gray) Britton
Larger Canadian St. John's-wort
mutilum L.
Dwarf St. John's-wort
perforatum L.
Common St. John's-wort
prolificum L.
Shrubby St. John's-wort
punctatum Lam.
Spotted St. John's-wort
stragulum P. Adams & Robson
E
(Ascyrum hypericoides L. var. multicaule (Michaux ex Willd.) Fern)
(Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz ssp. multicaule (Michaux ex
Willd.) Robson)
St. Andrew's Cross
Triadenum
fraseri (Spach) Gleason
S4
(Hypericum virginicum L. var. fraseri (Spach) Fern.)
Northern Marsh St. John's-wort
virginicum (L.) Raf.
S5
(Hypericum virginicum L.)
Marsh St. John's-wort
JUGLANDACEAE
WALNUT FAMILY
Carya
cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch
S4
Bitternut-hickory
glabra (P. Miller) Sweet
(Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg.)
Pignut
ovata (P. Miller) K. Koch
Shagbark-hickory
tomentosa (Poir. in Lam.) Nutt.
(Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.)
Mockernut Hickory
Juglans
ailanthifolia Carr.
SNA
(Juglans sieboldiana Maxim.)
Japanese Walnut
×bixbyi Rehd.
(Juglans ailanthifolia × J. cinerea)
SNA
Tricolpates
173
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
JUGLANDACEAE
WALNUT FAMILY
Juglans
cinerea L.
WL
S4?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
I
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Butternut
SNA
nigra L.
Black Walnut
LAMIACEAE
MINT FAMILY
Agastache
SNA
foeniculum × A. rugosa (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.)
Kuntze
scrophulariifolia (Willd.) Kuntze
E
S1
Purple Giant-hyssop
Ajuga
SNA
genevensis L.
Geneva Bugleweed
SNA
reptans L.
Carpet-bugleweed
Ballota
SNA
nigra L. var. nigra
Black Horehound
Blephilia
ciliata (L.) Bentham
E
S1
E
S1
Downy Woodmint
hirsuta (Pursh) Bentham
Hairy Woodmint
Clinopodium
acinos (L.) Kuntze
SNA
(Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy)
(Satureja acinos (L.) Scheele)
Mother-of-thyme
vulgare L.
SNA
(Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch)
Basil
Collinsonia
canadensis L.
S4
Northern Horse-balm
Dracocephalum
parviflorum Nutt.
SNA
American Dragonhead
thymiflorum L.
Thyme-flowered Dragonhead
SNA
174
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
LAMIACEAE
MINT FAMILY
Elsholtzia
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
W
SNA
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
*
N
I?
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
SNA
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl.
Elsholtzia
Galeopsis
SNA
bifida Boenn.
(Galeopsis tetrahit L. var.bifida (Boenn.) Lej. & Court.)
Cleft Hemp-nettle
ladanum L.
Red Hemp-nettle
tetrahit L.
Hemp-nettle
Glechoma
SNA
hederacea L.
(Glechoma hederacea L. var. micrantha Moricand)
Gill-over-the-ground
Hedeoma
hispida Pursh
WL
S1?
Rough Pennyroyal
pulegioides (L.) Pers.
S4S5
(Melissa pulegioides (L.) L.)
American Pennyroyal
Hyssopus
officinalis L.
SNA
Hyssop
Lamium
album L. ssp. album
SNA
Snowflake
amplexicaule L. var. ampliexicaule
Henbit
galeobdolon (L.) L. ssp. galeobdolon
(Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek)
(Gealeobdolon luteum Huds.)
Yellow Archangel
maculatum L.
Spotted Dead Nettle
purpureum L. var. incisum (Willd.) Pers.
(Lamium hybridum, auct. non Vill.)
Intermediate Henbit
purpureum L. var. purpureum
Purple Dead Nettle, Red Dead Nettle
Tricolpates
175
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
LAMIACEAE
MINT FAMILY
Leonurus
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
S1S2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
S4S5
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
SNA
cardiaca L.
Motherwort
Lycopus
S5
americanus Muhl. ex W. Barton
American Water-horehound
amplectens Raf.
WL
Sessile Water-horehound
asper Greene
Western Water-horehound
europaeus L.
European Water-horehound
rubellus Moench
E
Gypsywort Water-horehound
uniflorus Michaux
Northern Water-horehound
virginicus L.
Virginia Water-horehound
Marrubium
vulgare L.
SNA
Horehound
Melissa
officinalis L.
SNA
Lemon-Balm
Mentha
aquatica L. var. aquatica
SNA
Water-mint
arvensis L. ssp. parietariaefolia (Becker)
Briq.
Field-mint
canadensis L.
(Mentha arvensis L. var. villosa (Bentham) S.R. Stewart)
American Field-mint
×gracilis Sole
(Mentha arvensis ssp. parietariaefolia × M. spicata ssp. spicata)
(Mentha gentilis, auct. non L.)
(Mentha cardiaca (S.F. Gray) Gerarde ex Baker)
Spotted Whorled Mint
longifolia (L.) L.
(Mentha var. mollissima (Borkh.) Rouy)
Horse-mint
176
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
LAMIACEAE
MINT FAMILY
Mentha
×piperita L.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
SNA
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
S4?
N
N
N
I?
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
SNA
(Mentha aquatica × M. spicata)
(Mentha crispa L.)
Peppermint
×rotundifolia (L.) Hudson
(Mentha longifolia × M. suaveolens)
Round-leaved Mint
spicata L. ssp. spicata
(Mentha longifolia, sensu auct.)
Spearmint
×villosa Hudson
(Mentha spicata × M. suaveolens)
(Mentha alopecuroides Hull)
Woolly Mint
Monarda
clinopodia L.
SNA
Basil Bee-balm
didyma L.
Bee-balm
fistulosa L. ssp. fistulosa
(Monarda fistulosa L. var. mollis (L.) Bentham)
Wild Bergamot
media Willd.
Purple Bergamot
punctata ssp. punctata L. var. villicaulis
(Pennell) Palmer & Steyermark
Dotted Horse-mint
punctata L. ssp. punctata var. punctata
Dotted Horse-mint
Nepeta
cataria L.
SNA
Catnip
Ocimum
basilicum L.
SNA
Basil
Origanum
majorana L.
SNA
Wild Marjoram
vulgare L.
Marjoram
SNA
Tricolpates
177
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
LAMIACEAE
MINT FAMILY
Perilla
frutescens (L.) Britton var. crispa (Bentham)
Deane
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
I?
I?
I?
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4?
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
SNA
Perilla-mint
Physostegia
virginiana (L.) Bentham ssp. virginiana
SNA
(Physostegia virginiana (L.) Bentham var. speciosa (Sweet) A. Gray)
False Dragonhead
Prunella
laciniata (L.) L.
SNA
Cut-leaved Heal-all
vulgaris L. ssp. lanceolata (W. Barton)
Hultén
(Prunella vulgaris L. var. elongata Bentham)
Wild Heal-all
vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris
Eurasian Heal-all, Self-heal
Pycnanthemum
×clinopodioides Torrey & A. Gray
S1
(Pycnanthemum incanum × P. tenuifolium)
Basil Mountain-mint
incanum (L.) Michaux var. incanum
Hoary Mountain-mint
muticum (Michaux) Pers.
Short-toothed Mountain-mint
tenuifolium Schrader
Slender-leaved Mountain-mint
verticillatum (Michaux) Pers. var. pilosum
(Nutt.) Cooperrider
Hairy Mountain-mint
verticillatum (Michaux) Pers. var.
verticillatum
Whorled Mountain-mint
virginianum (L.) Durand & B.D. Jackson
Virginia Mountain-mint
Salvia
nemorosa L.
SNA
(Salvia sylvestris L., sensu auct.)
Woodland-sage
pratensis L.
Meadow-clary
SNA
178
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
LAMIACEAE
MINT FAMILY
Salvia
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S3S4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
SNA
sclarea L.
Clary
splendens Sellow ex Roemer & J.A.
Schultes
Scarlet Sage
tiliifolia Vahl
Linden-sage
verticillata L.
Lilac-sage
Satureja
SNA
hortensis L.
Summer-savory
Scutellaria
SNA
altissima L.
Tall Skullcap
galericulata L.
(Scutellaria epilobiifolia Hamilton)
Marsh-skullcap
integrifolia L.
H
Hyssop Skullcap
lateriflora L.
Mad-dog Skullcap
parvula Michaux var. missouriensis (Epling)
Fern.
WL
SNR
(Scutellaria parvula Michaux var. leonardii (Epling) Fern.)
(Scutellaria ambigua Nutt.)
Small Skullcap
Stachys
SNA
annua (L.) L.
Annual Yellow Woundwort
arvensis (L.) L.
Corn-woundwort
hispida Pursh
(Stachys tenuifolia Willd. var. hispida (Pursh) Fern.)
(Stachys tenuifolia Willd. var. platyphylla Fern.)
Hispid Hedge-nettle
hyssopifolia Michaux
Hyssop Hedge-nettle
WL
Tricolpates
179
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
LAMIACEAE
MINT FAMILY
Stachys
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
SNA
palustris L.
Marsh Hedge-nettle, Clown's Woundwort
pilosa Nutt. var. pilosa
H
SH
(Stachys palustris L. ssp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling)
(Stachys palustris var. pilosa (Nutt.) Fern.)
American Hedge-nettle
Teucrium
SNA
botrys L.
Cut-leaved Germander
canadense L. var. canadense
(Teucrium canadense L. var. virginicum (L.) Eaton)
Saltmarsh Germander, American Germander,
Wood-sage
canadense L. var. occidentale (A. Gray)
McClintock & Epling
(Teucrium occidentale A. Gray)
Hairy Germander
scorodonia L.
Germander-sage, Woodland Germander
Thymus
SNA
pulegioides L.
(Thymus serpyllum, auct. non L.)
Wild Thyme
SNA
vulgaris L.
Thyme
Trichostema
brachiatum L.
E
S1
(Isanthus brachiatus (L.) B.S.P.)
False Pennyroyal
dichotomum L.
S5
Blue Curls
LARDIZABALACEAE
LARDIZABALA FAMILY
Akebia
×pentaphylla (Makino) Makino
SNA
(A. quinata × A. trifoliata Koidz.)
Hybrid Akebia
quinata (Houtt.) Dcne.
Five-leaved Akebia
SNA
180
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
LENTIBULARIACEAE
BLADDERWORT FAMILY
Utricularia
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S4
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I?
I?
*
*
I?
*
I?
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2S3
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
T
S2
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
H
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
SC
S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
H
SH
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
cornuta Michaux
Horned Bladderwort
geminiscapa Benj.
Twin-scaped Bladderwort
gibba L.
(Utricularia biflora Lam.)
Humped Bladderwort
inflata Walter
Inflated Bladderwort
intermedia Hayne
Flat-leaved Bladderwort
macrorhiza Le Conte
(Utricularia vulgaris L. var. americana Gray)
(Utricularia vulgaris L. ssp. macrorhiza (Le Conte) Clausen)
Great Bladderwort
minor L.
WL
Lesser Bladderwort
purpurea Walter
Purple Bladderwort
radiata Small
(Utricularia inflata var. minor Chapman)
Small Floating Bladderwort
resupinata B. D. Greene ex Bigelow
Resupinate Bladderwort
striata Le Conte ex Torrey
(Utricularia fibrosa Walter)
Fibrous Bladderwort
subulata L.
Slender Bladderwort
LIMNANTHACEAE
FALSE MERMAID FAMILY
Floerkea
proserpinacoides Willd.
False Mermaid
LINACEAE
FLAX FAMILY
Linum
catharticum L.
White Flax
SNA
Tricolpates
181
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
LINACEAE
FLAX FAMILY
Linum
intercursum Bicknell
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
S2
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S2S3
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
SH
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SC
S3
T
WL
Sandplain Flax
medium (Planchon) Britton var. texanum
(Planchon) Fern.
Texan Flax
striatum Walter
(Linum striatum Walter var. multijugum Fern.)
Panicled Yellow Flax, Ridgestem Yellow Flax
sulcatum Riddell var. sulcatum
H
Grooved Yellow Flax
usitatissimum L.
Common Flax
virginianum L.
Woodland Yellow Flax
LINDERNIACEAE
FALSE PIMPERNEL FAMILY
Lindernia
dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea
(Michaux) Cooperrider
S5
(Lindernia anagallidea (Michaux) Pennell)
False Pimpernel
dubia (L.) Pennell var. dubia
S5
(Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. riparia (Raf.) Fern.)
(Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. inundata (Pennell) Pennell)
False Pimpernel
LOASACEAE
LOASA FAMILY
Mentzelia
oligosperma Nutt. ex Sims
SNA
Stickleaf
LYTHRACEAE
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY
Cuphea
procumbens Ortega
SNA
Low Cuphea
viscosissima Jacq.
SNA
(Cuphea petiolata (L.) Koehne)
Blue Waxweed
Decodon
verticillatus (L.) Ell.
(Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. var. laevigatus Torrey & A. Gray)
Water-willow
S5
182
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
LYTHRACEAE
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY
Lythrum
alatum Pursh var. alatum
N
N?
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Invasive SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
WL
S1?
Winged Loosestrife
hyssopifolia L.
Annual Loosestrife
junceum Banks & Sol.
(Lythrum flexuosum, auct. non. Lag.)
Rose Loostrife
salicaria L.
(Lythrum salicaria L. var. gracilior Turcz.)
(Lythrum salicaria L. var. tomentosum (P. Miller) DC.)
Purple Loosestrife
Rotala
ramosior (L.) Koehne
E
S1
Tooth-cup
Trapa
natans L.
Invasive SNA
Water-chestnut
MALVACEAE
MALLOW FAMILY
Abutilon
theophrasti Medicus
SNA
Velvet-leaf
Alcea
rosea L.
SNA
(Althaea rosea (L.) Cav.)
Hollyhock
Althaea
officinalis L.
SNA
Marsh-mallow
Anoda
cristata (L.) Schlecht.
SNA
Crested Anoda
Gossypium
hirsutum L. var. hirsutum
SNA
Cotton
Hibiscus
moscheutos L. ssp. moscheutos
S4
(Hibiscus palustris L.)
Rose-mallow
trionum L.
SNA
Flower-of-an-hour
Malva
alcea L.
Vervain-mallow
SNA
Tricolpates
183
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
MALVACEAE
MALLOW FAMILY
Malva
moschata L.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
W
W
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
I
SNA
Musk-mallow
neglecta Wallr.
(Malva rotundifolia, auct. non L.)
Cheeses, Common Mallow
parviflora L.
Small-flowered Mallow
rotundifolia L.
(Malva pusilla, auct. non Smith)
Round-leaved Mallow
sylvestris L.
(Malva sylvestris L. var. mauritiana (L.) Boiss.)
High Mallow
verticillata L.
(Malva crispa (L.) L.)
(Malva verticillata L. var. crispa L.)
Crisped Mallow, Whorled Mallow
Modiola
caroliniana (L.) G. Don
SNA
Bristly-fruited Mallow
Pseudabutilon
stuckertii R.E. Fries
SNA
(Wissadula callimorpha (Hochr.) Hassler var. friesii Hassler)
(Sida callimorpha Hochr.)
Paraguayan Wissadula
Sida
hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby
SNA
Virginia Mallow
spinosa L.
SNA
Prickly Mallow
Sphaeralcea
fendleri A. Gray ssp. fendleri
SNA
Thicket Globe-mallow, Scarlet Mallow
Tilia
americana L. var. americana
S5
(Tilia americana L. var. neglecta (Spach) Fosberg)
Basswood, Whitewood, American Linden
americana L. var. heterophylla (Vent.)
Loudon
White Basswood
cordata P. Miller
Small-leaved Linden
184
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
MALVACEAE
MALLOW FAMILY
Tilia
SNA
petiolaris DC.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
Pendant Silver Linden
SNA
×vulgaris Hayne
(Tilia cordata × T. platyphyllos)
(Tilia europea L., in part)
Common Lime
MELASTOMATACEAE
MELASTOMA FAMILY
Rhexia
mariana L. var. mariana
E
S1
Maryland Meadow-beauty
S4
virginica L.
Northern Meadow-beauty
MENISPERMACEAE
MOONSEED FAMILY
Menispermum
canadense L.
WL
S3
Moonseed
MENYANTHACEAE
BUCKBEAN FAMILY
Menyanthes
trifoliata L.
S4
(Menyanthes trifoliata L. var. minor Raf.)
Buckbean
Nymphoides
cordata (Ell.) Fern.
S5
Floating Heart
peltata (Gmelin) Kuntze
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Yellow Floating Heart
MOLLUGINACEAE
CARPET-WEED FAMILY
Mollugo
verticillata L.
SNA
Carpetweed
MORACEAE
MULBERRY FAMILY
Broussonetia
papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent.
SNA
Paper-mulberry
Ficus
carica L.
Fig
SNA
Tricolpates
185
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
MORACEAE
MULBERRY FAMILY
Maclura
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I?
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
SNA
pomifera (Raf.) Schneider
Osage Orange
Morus
SNA
alba L.
White Mulberry
rubra L.
E
S1
Red Mulberry
MYRICACEAE
WAX-MYRTLE FAMILY
Comptonia
peregrina (L.) Coulter
S5
Sweet-Fern
Morella
pensylvancia (Mirbel) Kartesz
S5
(Myrica pensylvanica Loisel.)
Bayberry
Myrica
gale L.
S5
Sweet Gale
MYRSINACEAE
MYRSINE FAMILY
Anagallis
arvensis L.
SNA
Scarlet Pimpernel
Lysimachia
borealis (Raf.) U Manns & A. Anderb.
S5
(Trientalis borealis Raf. ssp. borealis)
Starflower
ciliata L.
Fringed Loosestrife
clethroides Duby in DC.
Goose-neck Yellow-loosestrife
×commixta Fern.
(Lysimachia terrestris × L. thyrsiflora)
hybrida Michaux
Narrow-leaved Loosestrife
maritima (L.) Galasso, Banfi, & Soldano
(Glaux maritima L.)
(Glaux maritima L. ssp. obtusifolia (Fern.) Boivin)
Sea-milkwort
186
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
MYRSINACEAE
MYRSINE FAMILY
Lysimachia
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Invasive SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNR
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
SH
*
*
N?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
SNA
minima (L.) U. Manns & A. Anderb.
(Anagallis minima (L.) Krause)
Chaffweed pimpernel
nummularia L.
Moneywort
×producta (A. Gray) Fern.
(Lysimachia quadrifolia × L. terrestris)
punctata L.
Spotted Loosestrife
quadriflora Sims
H
(Lysimachia longifolia Pursh)
Four-flowered Yellow Loosestrife
quadrifolia L.
Whorled Loosestrife
terrestris (L.) B.S.P.
Swamp-candles
thyrsiflora L.
Tufted Loosestrife
vulgaris L.
Garden-loosestrife
NELUMBONACEAE
LOTUS-LILY FAMILY
Nelumbo
lutea Willd.
SNA
American Lotus
NYCTAGINACEAE
FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY
Mirabilis
albida (Walter) Heimerl
SNA
Pale Umbrella-wort
hirsuta (Pursh) MacMillan
Hairy Umbrella-wort
nyctaginea (Michaux) MacMillan
Heart-leaved Umbrella-wort
OLEACEAE
OLIVE FAMILY
Chionanthus
virginicus L.
Fringe-tree
SNA
Tricolpates
187
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
OLEACEAE
OLIVE FAMILY
Forsythia
suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I?
I
SNA
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
I
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
SNA
Weeping Forsythia
viridissima Lindl.
SNA
Forsythia
Fraxinus
americana L.
S5
White Ash
excelsior L.
Common Ash
nigra Marshall
Black Ash
pennsylvanica Marshall
(Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern.)
Green Ash
Ligustrum
obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc. var. obtusifolium
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Japanese Privet
obtusifolium Sieb. & Zucc. var. suave
(Kitagawa) H. Hara
(Ligustrum amurense Carr.)
ovalifolium Hassk.
California Privet
sinense Lour.
Chinese Privet
vulgare L.
Common Privet
Syringa
josikaea Jacq. f. ex Reichenb.
SNA
Hungarian Lilac
reticulata (Blume) Hara
Amur Lilac
villosa Vahl
Bushy Lilac
vulgaris L.
Common Lilac
188
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ONAGRACEAE
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY
Camissonia
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4S5
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
bistorta (Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray) Raven
(Oenothera bistorta Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray)
Bistort-suncups
SNA
campestris (Greene) Raven ssp. campestris
(Oenothera dentata Cav. var. parishii (Abrams) Munz)
Inyo Suncups
Chamerion
S5
angustifolium (L.) Holub ssp. circumvagum
(Mosq.) Kartesz
(Epilobium angustifolium L., in part)
Fireweed
Circaea
S4
alpina L. ssp. alpina
Small Enchanter's Nightshade
S4S5
canadensis ( L.) Hill ssp. canadensis
(Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) Aschers & Magnus)
(Circaea quadrisulcata Maxim. Franchet & Savigny var. canadensis
(L.) Hara)
Enchanter's Nightshade
SNR
×sterilis Boufford
(Circaea alpina × C. lutetiana)
(Circaea ×intermedia Ehrh.)
Clarkia
SNA
pulchella Pursh
Deerhorn-clarkia
SNA
rhomboidea Douglas ex Hooker
Tongue-clarkia
Epilobium
S5
ciliatum Raf. var. ciliatum
(Epilobium glandulosum Lehm. var. adenocaulon (Hauskk.) Fern.)
American Willow-herb
coloratum Biehler
S5
Eastern Willow-herb
hirsutum L.
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Hairy Willow-herb
leptophyllum Raf.
Narrow-leaved Willow-herb
palustre L.
(Epilobium palustre L. var. grammadophyllum Haussk.)
(Epilobium palustre L. var. oliganthum (Michaux) Fern.)
Marsh Willow-herb
Tricolpates
189
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ONAGRACEAE
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY
Epilobium
S4
strictum Muhl. ex Sprengel
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Northeastern Willow-herb
Ludwigia
S4
alternifolia L.
Seedbox
S5
palustris (L.) Ell.
(Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott var. americana (DC.) Fern. & Griscom)
Water Purslane
polycarpa Short & Peter
E
S1
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
E
S1
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
N?
*
N?
*
*
*
N?
*
*
SH
*
*
*
N? N?
*
*
*
N?
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
S4
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
Many-fruited Seedbox
sphaerocarpa Elliott
(Ludwigia sphaerocarpa Elliott var. macrocarpa Fern. & Griscom)
Round-fruited Seedbox
Oenothera
S5
biennis L.
(Oenothera biennis L. var. pycnocarpa (Atkinson & Bartlett) Wiegand)
Common Evening-primrose
curtiflora W.L. Wagner & Hoch
(Gaura parviflora Douglas ex Lehm.)
Small-flowered Gaura
fruticosa L. ssp. fruticosa
N? N?
*
(Oenothera fruticosa L. var. linearis Michaux S. Watson)
(Oenothera tetragona Roth var. longistipata (Pennell) Munz)
Sundrops, Bushy Evening-primrose
fruticosa L. ssp. glauca (Michaux) Straley
H
N? N?
Sundrops
gaura W.L. Wagner & Hoch
(Gaura biennis L.)
Biennial Gaura
glazioviana Micheli
(Oenothera erythrosepala Borbás)
Garden Evening-primrose
laciniata Hill
Cut-leaved Evening-primrose
oakesiana (A. Gray) Robbins ex S. Watson
& Coulter
(Oenothera cruciata Nutt. ex G. Don var. stenopetala (Bickn.) Fern.)
(Oenothera parviflora L. var. oakesiana (Robbins) Fern.)
Cross-shaped Evening-primrose
parviflora L.
Small-flowered Evening-primrose
S4
190
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ONAGRACEAE
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY
Oenothera
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SH
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S4?
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
perennis L.
Little Sundrops
pilosella Raf. ssp. pilosella
Hairy Sundrops
villosa Thunb. ssp. villosa
(Oenothera depressa Greene)
Plains Evening-primrose
OROBANCHACEAE
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY
Agalinis
acuta Pennell
E
S1
(Gerardia acuta (Pennell) Pennell)
Sandplain Gerardia
maritima (Raf.) Raf. ssp. maritima
(Gerardia maritima Raf.)
Seaside Gerardia
paupercula (A. Gray) Britton var. paupercula
(Gerardia paupercula (Gray) Britt.)
(Gerardia purpurea L. var. paupercula Gray)
Small-flowered Gerardia
purpurea (L.) Pennell
(Gerardia purpurea L.)
Purple Gerardia
tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. var. parviflora (Nutt.)
Pennell
H
Small-Flowered Slender Gerardia
tenuifolia (Vahl.) Raf. var. tenuifolia
Slender Gerardia
Aureolaria
flava (L.) Farw. var. flava
S4
(Gerardia flava L.)
Smooth False Foxglove
pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. intercedens Pennell
Fern-leaf False Foxglove
pedicularia (L.) Raf. var. pedicularia
(Gerardia pedicularia L.)
Fern-leaf False Foxglove
virginica (L.) Pennell
(Gerardia virginica (L.) B.S.P.)
Downy False Foxglove
Tricolpates
191
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
OROBANCHACEAE
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY
Castilleja
coccinea (L.) Sprengel
H
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
SH
Scarlet Painted Cup
SNA
exserta (Heller) Chuang & Heckard ssp.
exserta
(Orthocarpus purpurascens Benth.)
Indian Paint-brush
Conopholis
S4
americana (L.) Wallr. f.
Squaw-root
Epifagus
S5
virginiana (L.) W.P.C. Barton
Beech-drops
Euphrasia
SNA
micrantha Reichenb.
Tiny-flowered Eyebright
nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr.
(Euphrasia americana Wettst.)
(Euphrasia canadensis, auct. non Townsend)
Hairy Eyebright
stricta Wolff ex Lehm.
(Euphrasia rigidula Jordan)
(Euphrasia officinalis L.)
Stiff Eyebright
Melampyrum
S5
lineare Desr.
(Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. latifolium Barton)
(Melampyrum lineare Desr. var. pectinatum (Pennell) Fern.)
(Melampyrum lineare var. americanum (Michaux) Beauverd)
Cow-wheat
Odontites
SNA
vernus (Bellardi) Dumort. ssp. serotinus
(Dumort.) Corb.
(Odontites serotinus Dumort.)
Red Bartsia
Orobanche
S5
uniflora L.
One-flowered Cancer-root
Pedicularis
S5
canadensis L. ssp. canadensis
Wood-betony
lanceolata Michaux
E
S1
Swamp-lousewort
Rhinanthus
alectorolophus (Scop.) Pollich
(Rhinanthus major Ehrh.)
Large Yellow Rattle
SNA
192
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
OROBANCHACEAE
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY
Rhinanthus
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N?
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
SNA
minor L. ssp. minor
(Rhinanthus crista-galli L., pro parte)
Yellow Rattle
Schwalbea
americana L.
H
SH
Chaffseed
OXALIDACEAE
WOOD-SORREL FAMILY
Oxalis
SNA
corniculata L.
(Oxalis repens Thunb.)
Lady's Sorrel
dillenii Jacq. ssp. dillenii
Southern Yellow Wood-sorrel
dillenii Jacq. ssp. filipes (Small) Eiten
(Oxalis filipes Small)
Smooth Yellow Wood-sorrel
intermedia A. Richs.
(Ionoxalis intermedia (A. Rich.) Small)
West Indian Wood-sorrel
montana Raf.
(Oxalis acetosella, auct. non L.)
Mountain Wood-sorrel
stricta L.
(Oxalis europaea Jordan)
(Oxalis fontana Bunge)
Common Yellow Wood-sorrel
violacea L.
E
Violet Wood-sorrel
PAEONIACEAE
PEONY FAMILY
Paeonia
SNA
officinalis L.
Peony
PAPAVERACEAE
POPPY FAMILY
Adlumia
fungosa (Aiton) Greene ex B.S.P.
SC
S3
Climbing Fumitory
Argemone
albiflora Hornem. ssp. albiflora
(Argemone alba Lestib.)
White Prickly-poppy
SNA
Tricolpates
193
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
PAPAVERACEAE
POPPY FAMILY
Argemone
mexicana L.
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
I?
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
I
I?
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
W
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
I
SNA
Yellow Prickly-poppy
Capnoides
sempervirens (L.) Borkh.
S4
(Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers.)
Pink Corydalis
Chelidonium
majus L.
SNA
Celandine
Corydalis
aurea Willd.
SNA
(Capnoides aureum (Willd.) Kuntze)
(Corydalis washingtoniana Fedde)
Golden Corydalis, Scrambled Eggs
solida (L.) Clairv.
SNA
(Corydalis bulbosa (L.) DC.)
Purple Corydalis
Dicentra
canadensis (Goldie) Walp.
S4
Squirrel-corn
cucullaria (L.) Bernh.
Dutchman's Breeches
eximia (Ker-Gawl.) Torrey
(Fumaria eximia Ker-Gawl.)
Wild Bleeding-heart
Eschscholzia
californica Cham. ex Nees
SNA
California Poppy
Fumaria
officinalis L. ssp. officinalis
SNA
Fumitory
Glaucium
flavum Crantz
Invasive SNA
Sea-poppy
Macleaya
cordata (Willd.) R. Br.
SNA
Plume-poppy
Papaver
dubium L.
SNA
Longpod-poppy
rhoeas L.
Corn-poppy
SNA
194
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
PAPAVERACEAE
POPPY FAMILY
Papaver
SNA
somniferum L.
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I?
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Opium-poppy
Sanguinaria
S4
canadensis L.
Bloodroot
PARNASSIACEAE
GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS FAMILY
Parnassia
S4
glauca Raf.
Grass-of-Parnassus
PAULOWNIACEAE
PAULOWNIA FAMILY
Paulownia
SNA
tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex
Steudel
Princess-tree
PEDALIACEAE
PEDALIUM FAMILY
Proboscidea
SNA
louisianica (P. Miller) Thellung
Ram's-horn
Sesamum
SNA
orientale L.
(Sesamum indicum L.)
Sesame
PENTHORACEAE
DITCH-STONECROP FAMILY
Penthorum
S4
sedoides L.
Ditch-stonecrop
PHRYMACEAE
LOPSEED FAMILY
Glossostigma
SNA
cleistanthum W.R. Barker
Mudmat
Mazus
SNA
miquelii Makino
(Mazus reptans N.E. Br.)
Creeping Mazus
SNA
pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis
(Mazus japonicus (Thunb.) Kuntze)
Japanese Mazus
Mimulus
alatus Aiton
Winged Monkey-flower
E
S1
Tricolpates
195
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
PHRYMACEAE
LOPSEED FAMILY
Mimulus
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
*
N
N
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
SH
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
W
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
SNA
brevipes Bentham
Wide-throated Monkey-flower
moschatus Douglas ex Lindley var.
moschatus
E
Muskflower
ringens L.
Blue Monkey-flower
Phryma
S4
leptostachya L.
Lopseed
PHYTOLACCACEAE
POKEWEED FAMILY
Phytolacca
S5
americana L. var. americana
Pokeweed
PLANTAGINACEAE
PLANTAIN FAMILY
Antirrhinum
SNA
majus L.
Common Snapdragon
Callitriche
S5
heterophylla Pursh var. heterophylla
(Callitriche anceps Fern.)
Variable Water-starwort
palustris L.
(Callitriche verna L.)
Spring Water-starwort
stagnalis Scop.
Stream Water-starwort
terrestris Raf.
H
(Callitriche deflexa A. Br.)
Terrestrial Starwort
Chaenorrhinum
minus (L.) Lange
SNA
Dwarf Snapdragon
Chelone
glabra L.
S4
(Chelone glabra L. var. dilatata Fern. & Wiegand.)
White Turtlehead
lyonii Pursh
Lyon's Turtlehead
SNA
196
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
PLANTAGINACEAE
PLANTAIN FAMILY
Chelone
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N?
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
obliqua L. var. obliqua
Red Turtlehead
Collinsia
parviflora Lindley
H
SH
Small-flowered Blue-eyed Mary
Cymbalaria
SNA
muralis Gaertner, Meyer, & Scherb.
Kenilworth-ivy
Digitalis
SNA
grandiflora P. Mill.
(Digitalis ambigua Murr.)
Yellow Foxglove
lanata Ehrh.
Grecian Foxglove
lutea L.
Small Yellow Foxglove
purpurea L. var. purpurea
Common Foxglove
Gratiola
S5
aurea Pursh
Golden Pert
S4
neglecta Torrey
Mud Hedge-hyssop
Hippuris
vulgaris L.
H
SH
Mare's Tail
Kickxia
elatine (L.) Dumort.
SNA
Canker-root
Linaria
dalmatica (L.) P. Miller ssp. dalmatica
SNA
(Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire & Petit.)
Dalmatian Toadflax
genistifolia (L.) P. Miller
Broom-leaf Toadflax
maroccana Hooker f.
Moroccan Toadflax
repens (L.) P. Miller
Striped Toadflax
Tricolpates
197
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
PLANTAGINACEAE
PLANTAIN FAMILY
Linaria
SNA
vulgaris P. Miller
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
Butter-and-eggs
Nuttallanthus
S5
canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton
(Linaria canadensis (L.) Chaz.)
Blue Toadflax
Penstemon
SNA
barbatus (Cav.) Roth ssp. barbatus
Bearded Penstemon
SNA
calycosus Small
Long-sepaled Penstemon
S4
digitalis Nutt. ex Sims
N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N?
Tall White Beard-tongue
grandiflorus Nutt.
SNA
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
N
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
I?
I?
*
*
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
(Penstemon bradburii Pursh)
Large-flowered Beard-tongue
hirsutus (L.) Willd.
E
Hairy Beard-tongue
pallidus Small
Pale Beard-tongue
tubiflorus Nutt.
Tube Beard-tongue
Plantago
intermedia DC.
S4
(Plantago major L. var. intermedia (DC.) Pilger)
(Plantago major L. var. scopulorum Fries & Broberg)
Saltmarsh Plantain
arenaria Waldst. & Kit.
(Plantago psyllium L., nom. ambig.)
(Plantago indica L., nom. illeg.)
Sand-plantain
aristata Michaux
Bracted Plantain
coronopus L.
Cut-leaved Plantain
lanceolata L.
(Plantago altissima, auct. non L.)
(Plantago lanceolata L. var. sphaerostachya Mert. & Koch)
Ribgrass Plantain
198
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
PLANTAGINACEAE
PLANTAIN FAMILY
Plantago
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S4S5
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
S1?
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I?
*
I?
*
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I?
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
SNR
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
major L.
Common Plantain, White Man's Foot
maritima L. var. juncoides (Lam.) A. Gray
(Plantago oliganthos R. & S.)
(Plantago juncoides Lam. var. decipiens (Barneoud) Fern.)
Seaside Plantain
media L.
Dwarf Plantain
patagonica Jacq.
(Plantago purshii Roemer & Shultes)
Pursh's Plantain
pusilla Nutt.
WL
Dwarf Plantain
rugelii Dcne.
American Plantain
virginica L.
Hoary Plantain
Veronica
SNA
agrestis L.
Field-speedwell
americana Schwein. ex Bentham
(Veronica beccabunga L. var. americana Raf.)
American Brooklime
anagallis-aquatica L.
(Veronica anagallis L.)
(Veronica glandifera Pennell)
Water-speedwell
arvensis L.
Corn-speedwell
austriaca L. ssp. teucrium (L.) D.A. Webb
(Veronica latifolia L.)
(Veronica teucrium L.)
Broad-leaved Speedwell
beccabunga L.
Brooklime
catenata Pennell
(Veronica comosa, auct. non Richter)
(Veronica connata, auct. non Raf.)
Water Speedwell
E
Tricolpates
199
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
PLANTAGINACEAE
PLANTAIN FAMILY
Veronica
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
S5
*
N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N?
*
N?
SNA
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNR
*
N?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
N
*
I?
I?
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
I?
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
chamaedrys L.
Birdseye-speedwell
longifolia L.
Long-leaved-speedwell
officinalis L.
Common Speedwell
peregrina L. ssp. peregrina
Purslane-speedwell, Neckweed
peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell
Purslane-speedwell
persica Poiret
Persian-speedwell
scutellata L.
Marsh-speedwell
serpyllifolia L. ssp. humifusa (Dickson) Syme WL
(Veronica tenella All.)
Northern Thyme-leaf Speedwell
serpyllifolia L. ssp. serpyllifolia
Thyme-leaf Speedwell
Veronicastrum
virginicum (L.) Farw.
T
S2
Culver's-root
PLATANACEAE
PLANE-TREE FAMILY
Platanus
S4
occidentalis L.
Sycamore
PLUMBAGINACEAE
LEADWORT FAMILY
Limonium
S4
carolinianum (Walter) Britton
(Limonium nashii Small)
Sea-lavender
PODOSTEMACEAE
RIVERWEED FAMILY
Podostemum
ceratophyllum Michaux
Thread-foot
WL
S3S4
200
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POLEMONIACEAE
POLEMONIUM FAMILY
Collomia
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
SNA
linearis Nutt.
Tiny Trumpet
Gilia
SNA
achilleifolia Bentham ssp. multicaulis
(Bentham) V. & A. Grant
(Gilia multicaulis Bentham)
California Gilia
interior (Mason & A. Grant) A. & V. Grant
Thread-stalk Gilia
tricolor Bentham ssp. diffusa (Congd.)
Mason & A. Grant
Bird's Eye Gilia
Ipomopsis
SNA
rubra (L.) Wherry
(Gilia rubra (L.) Heller)
Scarlet Gilia
Navarretia
SNA
leucocephala Bentham ssp. minima (Nutt.)
Day
White-cap Navarretia
Phlox
SNA
paniculata L.
Summer-phlox
SNA
subulata L. ssp. subulata
Moss-phlox
Polemonium
SNA
micranthum Bentham
(Polemoniella micrantha (Bentham) Heller)
Little Polemonium
SNA
reptans L. var. reptans
Greek Valerian
POLYGALACEAE
MILKWORT FAMILY
Polygala
ambigua Nutt.
H
SH
Alternate Milkwort
cruciata L. var. aquilonia Fern. & Schub.
Cross-leaved Milkwort
nuttallii Torrey & A. Gray
WL
Nuttall's Milkwort
paucifolia Willd.
Fringed Polygala
Tricolpates
201
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POLYGALACEAE
MILKWORT FAMILY
Polygala
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
SH
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
WL
S2S3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
W
W
*
*
W
W
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
I
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S4
polygama Walter
Racemed Milkwort
sanguinea L.
Purple Milkwort
senega L.
Seneca Snakeroot
verticillata L.
(Polygala verticillata L. var isocycla Fern.)
Whorled Milkwort
POLYGONACEAE
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY
Bistorta
officinalis Delarbre
SNA
(Polygonum bistortum L.)
(Persicaria bistorta (L.) Sampaio)
Bistort
Chorizanthe
pungens Bentham
SNA
Pungent Spineflower
Emex
spinosa (L.) Campd.
SNA
Spiny Threecorner-Jack
Fagopyrum
esculentum Moench
SNA
(Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib.)
Buckwheat
tataricum (L.) Gaertner
SNA
India Buckwheat
Fallopia
baldschuanica (Regel) Holub
SNA
(Polygonum aubertii Henry)
Silver Lace-vine
×bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtková) J.P. Bailey
(Fallopia japonica × F. sachalinensis)
cilinodis (Michaux) Holub
(Polygonum cilinode Michaux)
Fringed Bindweed
convolvulus (L.) A. Löve
(Polygonum convolvulus L.)
Black Bindweed
202
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POLYGONACEAE
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY
Fallopia
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Invasive SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
cristata (Engelm. & A. Gray) Holub
(Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & A. Gray)
(Polygonum scandens L. var. cristatum (Engelm. & Gray) Gleason)
Winged Bindweed
dumetorum (L.) Holub
(Polygonum dumetorum L.)
(Polygonum scandens L. var. dumetorum (L.) Gleason)
Thicket Bindweed
japonica (Houtt.) R. Decr.
(Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc.)
(Reynoutria japonica Houtt.)
Japanese Knotweed
sachalinensis (F.S. Petrop. ex Maxim.) R.
Decr.
(Polygonum sachalinense Schmidt ex Maxim.)
Giant Knotweed
scandens (L.) Holub
(Polygonum scandens L.)
Climbing False Buckwheat, Bindweed
Persicaria
amphibia (L.) S.F. Gray
S5
(Polygonum amphibium L. var. emersum Michaux)
(Polygonum amphibium L. var. stipulaceum Coleman)
(Polygonum coccineum Muhl.)
Water Smartweed
arifolia (L.) Haroldson
(Polygonum arifolium L. var. pubescens (Keller) Fern.)
Halberd-leaf Tearthumb
careyi (Olney) Greene
(Polygonum careyi Olney)
Carey's Smartweed
hydropiper (L.) Opiz
(Polygonum hydropiper L.)
Water-pepper
hydropiperoides (Michaux) Small
(Polygonum hydropiperoides Michaux)
(Polygonum hydropiperoides Michaux var. opelousanum (Ridd. ex
Small) W. Stone)
(Polygonum hydropiperoides Michaux var. adenocalyx Stanf.)
False Water-pepper, Mild Water-pepper
lapathifolia (L.) S.F. Gray
(Polygonum lapathifolium L.; Polygonum lapathifolium L. var.
salicifolium Sibthorp)
(Polygonum lapathifolium L. scabrum Moench)
(Polygonum lapathifolium L. var. prostratum Wimm.)
Willow-weed Smartweed, Nodding Smartweed,
Dock-lea
Tricolpates
203
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POLYGONACEAE
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY
Persicaria
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
longiseta (Bruijn) Kitagawa
(Polygonum caespitosum Blume var. longisetum (deBruyn) A.N.
Steward)
Chinese Smartweed
maculosa S.F. Gray
(Polygonum persicaria L.)
(Polygonum persicaria L. var. ruderale Salisb. Meisner)
(Polygonum dubium Stein)
Lady's Thumb
minor (Hudson) Opiz
(Polygonum minus Huds.)
(Polygonum minus Huds. var. subcontinuum (Meisn.) Fern.)
Small Smartweed
nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Gross
(Polygonum nepalense Meisner)
Nepalese Knotweed
orientalis (L.) Spach
(Polygonum orientale L.)
Prince's Feather
pensylvanica (L.) G. Maza
(Polygonum pensylvanicum L.)
(Polygonum pensylvanicum L. var. nesophilum Fern.; Polygonum
pensylvanicum L. var. rosiflorum Norton)
(Polygonum pensylvanicum L. var. laevigatum Fern.)
Pinkweed, Smartweed, Pennsylvania Smartweed
perfoliata (L.) H. Gross
Invasive SNA
(Ampelygonum perfoliatum (L.) Roberty & Vautier)
(Polygonum perfoliatum L.)
Mile-a-Minute Vine
punctata (Ell.) Small
(Polygonum punctatum Ell.)
(Polygonum punctatum Ell. var. confertiflorum (Meisner) Fassett)
(Polygonum punctatum Ell. vars. leptostachyum Meisner Small &
parvum Victorin & Rouss.)
Perennial Water-smartweed, Dotted Smartweed
puritanorum (Fern.) Soják
SC
(Polygonum puritanorum Fern.)
Pondshore Smartweed
robustior (Small) Bicknell
(Polygonum robustius (Small) Fern.)
(Polygonum punctatum var. majus (Meisner) Fassett)
Big Water-smartweed
sagittata (L.) H. Gross
(Polygonum sagittatum L.)
Arrow-leaf Tearthumb
204
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POLYGONACEAE
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY
Persicaria
setacea (Baldw.) Small
T
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
I?
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
S3S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
S3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
N
*
N
N
N
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
*
I
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2S3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S2
(Polygonum setaceum Baldwin var. interjectum Fern.)
Swamp Smartweed
virginiana (L.) Gaertner
(Polygonum virginianum L.)
(Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf.)
(Antenoron virginianum (L.) Roberty & Vautier)
Jumpseed
wallichii Greuter & Burdet
Garden Smartweed
Polygonum
SNA
argyrocoleon Steudel ex Kunze
Silversheath Knotweed
articulatum L.
(Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisner)
Jointweed
aviculare L.
(Polygonum aviculare L. var. vegetum Ledeb.)
(Polygonum neglectum Besser)
(Polygonum rurivagum Jaordan ex Boreau)
Knotweed, Doorweed
bellardii All.
Bellard's Knotweed
buxiforme Small
(aviculare var. littorale Link Mert.)
Box-leaf Knotweed
erectum L.
Erect Knotweed
glaucum Nutt.
SC
Seabeach Knotweed
ramosissimum Michaux var. prolificum Small
(Polygonum prolificum (Small) Robinson)
Saltmarsh Knotweed
ramosissimum Michaux var. ramosissimum
(Polygonum exsertum Small)
Saltmarsh Knotweed, Bushy Knotweed
tenue Michaux
Rock Knotweed
WL
Tricolpates
205
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POLYGONACEAE
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY
Rheum
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
I
*
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
S4
*
I
*
*
I?
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
SNA
rhabarbarum L.
(Rheum rhaponticum, auct non L.)
Rhubarb
Rumex
SNA
acetosa L.
Garden-sorrel
acetosella ssp. pyrenaicus (Pourret ex
Lapeyr.) Akeroyd
(Rumex acetosella L. ssp. angiocarpus, auct. non (Murb.) Murb.)
Sheep-sorrel
altissimus Wood
Pale Dock
britannica L.
(Rumex orbiculatus A. Gray)
Great Water-dock
crispus L. ssp. crispus
Curly Dock
hastatulus Baldwin
WL
Dune-sorrel
longifolius DC.
(Rumex domesticus Hartman)
Dooryard Dock
fueginus Philippi
(Rumex maritimus L. var. fueginus (Phil.) Dusen)
Golden Dock
maritimus L.
Golden Dock, Saltpond Dock
obtusifolius L. ssp. obtusifolius
Bitter Dock
occidentalis S. Wats.
(Rumex aquaticus L. var. fenestratus (Greene) Dorn)
(Rumex occidentalis var. fenestratus (Greene) Lepage)
Window-dock
pallidus Bigelow
T
Seabeach Dock
patientia L.
Patience-dock
206
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
POLYGONACEAE
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY
Rumex
*
*
*
*
I?
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
SNA
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
I?
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
I?
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S?
persicarioides L.
(Rumex maritimus L. var. persicarioides (L.) R.S. Mitchell)
Golden Dock
×pratensis Mertens & Koch
(Rumex crispus × R. obtusifolius)
(Rumex ×acutus L.)
pulcher L.
Fiddle-dock
triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f.
(Rumex salicifolius Weinm. ssp. triangulivalvis Danser)
(Rumex salicifolius Weinm. var. mexicanus, auct. non (Meisner) C.L.
Hitchc.)
Willow-leaf Dock
verticillatus L.
T
S1S2
Swamp-dock
PORTULACACEAE
PURSLANE FAMILY
Calandrinia
SNA
ciliata (Ruiz & Pavón) DC.
Red Maids
Claytonia
S4
caroliniana Michaux
Broad-leaved Spring-beauty
sibirica L.
(Montia sibirica (L.) T.J. Howell)
Siberian Spring-beauty
virginica L.
E
Narrow-leaved Spring-beauty
Montia
linearis (Douglas ex Hooker) Greene
SNA
Linear Montia
Portulaca
grandiflora Hooker
SNA
Red Portulaca
oleracea L.
SNA
Common Purslane
PRIMULACEAE
PRIMROSE FAMILY
Androsace
occidentalis Pursh
Western Rock-jasmine
SNA
Tricolpates
207
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
PRIMULACEAE
PRIMROSE FAMILY
Hottonia
inflata Ell.
WL
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S1
N
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3
Featherfoil
Primula
SNA
japonica A. Gray
Japanese Primrose
SNA
veris L.
English Cowslip
RANUNCULACEAE
BUTTERCUP FAMILY
Aconitum
SNA
napellus L.
Monkshood, Wolfbane
Actaea
S4S5
pachypoda Ell.
(Actaea alba, auct. non (L.) P. Miller)
Doll's Eyes
racemosa L.
E
(Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.)
Black Cohosh
rubra (Aiton) Willd.
Red Baneberry
Anemone
acutiloba (DC.) G. Lawson
S3S4
(Hepatica nobilis P. Miller var. acuta (Pursh) Steyermark)
(Hepatica acutiloba DC.)
Sharp-lobed Hepatica
americana (DC.) H. Hara
(Hepatica nobilis P. Miller var. obtusa (Pursh) Steyermark)
(Hepatica americana DC. Ker-Gawler)
Blunt-lobed Hepatica
blanda Schott & Kotschy
Greek Windflower
canadensis L.
Canada Anemone
cylindrica A. Gray
Thimbleweed
nemorosa L.
European Windflower
quinquefolia L. var. quinquefolia
Wood-anemone
208
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
RANUNCULACEAE
BUTTERCUP FAMILY
Anemone
virginiana L. var. alba (Oakes) Wood
H
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
W
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SH
(Anemone virginiana L. var. riparia (Fern.) Boivin)
(Anemone riparia Fern.)
Riverbank Thimbleweed
S5
virginiana L. var. virginiana
Stout Thimbleweed
Aquilegia
S5
canadensis L.
Wild Columbine
SNA
vulgaris L.
European Columbine
Caltha
S5
palustris L.
Marsh-marigold
Clematis
occidentalis (Hornem.) DC. var. occidentalis SC
S2
(Clematis verticillaris DC.)
Purple Columbine
terniflora DC.
(Clematis dioscoreifolia Levl. & Vaniot)
Yam-leaf Clematis
virginiana L.
Virgin's Bower
Consolida
SNA
ajacis (L.) Schur
(Delphinium ajacis L.)
(Delphinium ambiguum L.)
Rocket-larkspur
Coptis
S5
trifolia (L.) Salisb.
(Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. ssp. groenlandica (Oeder) Hultén)
(Coptis groenlandica (Oeder) Fern.)
Goldthread
Hydrastis
canadensis L.
E
S1
Golden Seal
Myosurus
minimus L.
SNA
Mouse-tail
Nigella
damascena L.
Devil-in-the-Bush
SNA
Tricolpates
209
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
RANUNCULACEAE
BUTTERCUP FAMILY
Ranunculus
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
WL
S2?
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
H
SH
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S4
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
Invasive SNA
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
SH
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
S?
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S?
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
abortivus L.
(Ranunculus abortivus L. var. acrolasius Fern.)
(Ranunculus abortivus L. var. eucyclus Fern.)
Kidney-leaf Buttercup
acris L.
(Ranunculus acris L. var. latisectus G. Beck)
Tall Buttercup
allegheniensis Britton
Allegheny Buttercup
ambigens S. Watson
American Spearwort
aquatilis L. var. diffusus Withering
(Ranunculus subrigidus W. Drew)
(Ranunculus longirostris Godron)
White Water-crowfoot
bulbosus L.
Bulbous Buttercup
caricetorum Greene
(Ranunculus hispidus Michaux var. caricetorum (Greene) T. Duncan)
(R. septentrionalis Poir. var. caricetorum (Greene) Fern.)
Swamp-buttercup
cymbalaria Pursh
Seaside Crowfoot
fascicularis Muhl. ex Bigelow
WL
Early Buttercup
ficaria L.
Lesser Celandine
flabellaris Raf.
Yellow Water-crowfoot
flammula L. var. ovalis (Bigelow) L.D.
Benson
H
(reptans L. var. ovalis Bigelow Torr. & A. Gray)
Creeping Spearwort
flammula L. var. reptans (L.) Meyer
(Ranunculus flammula L. var. filiformis (Michaux) Hooker)
Creeping Spearwort
hispidus Michaux
(Ranunculus hispidus Michaux var. falsus Fern.)
Hispid Buttercup
210
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
RANUNCULACEAE
BUTTERCUP FAMILY
Ranunculus
micranthus Nutt.
E
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
S2
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
N?
*
N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N?
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S3S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
W
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
W
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
(Ranunculus micranthus Nutt. var. delitescens Greene Fern.)
Small-flowered Buttercup
pensylvanicus L. f.
SC
Bristly Buttercup
recurvatus Poiret var. recurvatus
Hooked Buttercup
repens L.
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Creeping Buttercup
sceleratus L. var. sceleratus
WL
S3?
Cursed Crowfoot
Thalictrum
dioicum L.
S5
Early Meadow-rue
pubescens Pursh
(Thalictrum pubescens Pursh var. hebecarpum (Fern.) Boivin)
(Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. ex Spreng.)
Tall Meadow-rue
revolutum DC.
Skunk Meadow-rue
thalictroides (L.) Eames & Boivin
(Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach)
Rue-anemone
Xanthorhiza
simplicissima Marsh.
SNA
Yellowroot
RESEDACEAE
MIGNONETTE FAMILY
Reseda
alba L.
SNA
White Cut-leaved Mignonette
lutea L.
Yellow Cut-leaved Mignonette
luteola L.
Dyer's Rocket
odorata L.
Garden-mignonette
Tricolpates
211
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
RHAMNACEAE
BUCKTHORN FAMILY
Ceanothus
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
E
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
T
S2
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
N
WL
S?
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
americanus L.
(Ceanothus americanus L. var. intermedius (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray)
New Jersey Tea
SNA
herbaceus Raf.
(Ceanothus ovatus, auct. non Desf.)
Prairie-redroot
Frangula
alnus P. Miller
Invasive SNA
(Rhamnus frangula L.)
Glossy Alder-buckthorn
Rhamnus
S4
alnifolia L'Hér.
Alder-leaf Buckthorn
cathartica L.
Invasive SNA
Common Buckthorn
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
×Sorbaronia
SNA
fallax Scneid.
(Aronia melanocarpa × Sorbus aucuparia)
(Sorbus ×fallax Schneid.)
SNA
hybrida (Moench) Scneid.
(Aronia arbutifolia × Sorbus aucuparia)
(Pyrus ×hybrida Moench)
Agrimonia
SNA
eupatoria L.
Medicinal Agrimony
gryposepala Wallr.
Common Agrimony
parviflora Aiton
Small-flowered Agrimony
pubescens Wallr.
(Agrimonia bicknellii (Kearney) Rydb.)
Downy Agrimony
rostellata Wallr.
Small-beaked Agrimony
striata Michaux
Coarse Agrimony
Alchemilla
monticola Opiz
Lady's Mantle
SNA
212
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Amelanchier
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
S2
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
SNR
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
arborea (Michaux f.) Fern.
Downy Shadbush, Downy Serviceberry
bartramiana (Tausch) Roemer
T
Bartram's Shadbush
canadensis (L.) Medicus
Thicket Shadbush
laevis Wieg.
(Amelanchier arborea (Michaux f.) Fern. var. laevis (Wiegand) Ahles)
Smooth Shadbush
nantucketensis Bicknell
WL
S3S4
(Amelanchier stolonifera Weig. f. micropetala (B.L. Robins). Rehder)
Nantucket Shadbush
×neglecta Eggleston ex G.N. Jones
(Amelanchier bartramiana × A. laevis)
sanguinea (Pursh) DC.
SC
Round-leaved Shadbush
spicata (Lam.) K. Koch
(Amelanchier stolonifera Wiegand)
Running Shadbush
Argentina
anserina (L.) Rydb.
SNA
(Potentilla anserina L.)
Silverweed
egedii (Wormsk.) Rydb. ssp. groenlandica
(Tratt.) A. Löve
S4
(Potentilla egedii Wormsk. var. groenlandica Tratt.)
Saltmarsh Silverweed
Aronia
arbutifolia (L.) Ell.
S4S5
(Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L. f.)
(Photinia pyrifolia (Lam.) Robertson & Phipps)
Red Chokeberry
×floribunda (Lindl.) Spach
(Aronia ×prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehder)
(Photinia floribunda (Lindl.) Robertson & Phipps)
(Pyrus floribunda Lindley)
Purple Chokeberry
melanocarpa (Michaux) Ell.
(Pyrus melanocarpa (Michaux) Willd.)
(Photinia melanocarpa (Michaux) Robertson & Phipps)
Black Chokeberry
Tricolpates
213
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Aruncus
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
SNR
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
I
SNA
dioicus (Walter) Fern. var. dioicus
Goat's Beard
Chaenomeles
SNA
speciosa (Sweet) Nakai
(Chaenomeles lagenaria (Loisel.) Koidz.)
Japanese Quince
Comarum
S4
palustre L.
(Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.)
Marsh-cinquefoil
Cotoneaster
SNA
divaricatus Rehd. & Wilson in Sarg.
Spreading Cotoneaster
Crataegus
bicknellii Eggleston
E
S1
(Crataegus chrysocarpa var. bicknellii. (Eggleston) Palmer)
(Crataegus rotundifolia Moench var. bicknellii Egglest.)
Bicknell's Hawthorn
biltmoreana Beadle
(Crataegus modesta Sarg.)
(Crataegus peckii Sarg.)
Biltmore Hawthorn
boyntonii Beadle
(Crataegus foetida Ashe)
(Crataegus hargeri Sarg.)
(Crataegus baxteri Sarg.)
Stinking Hawthorn
brainerdii Sarg.
(Crataegus seelyana Sarg.)
(Crataegus shirleyensis Sarg.)
Brainerd's Hawthorn
chrysocarpa Ashe var. chrysocarpa
Round-leaved Hawthorn
coccinea L.
(Crataegus pedicellata Sarg.)
Scarlet Hawthorn, Red Haw
coccinioides Ashe
(Crataegus dilatata Sarg.)
(Crataegus coccinioides Ashe var. dilatata (Sarg.) Egglest.)
Broad-leaved Hawthorn
crus-galli L.
(Crataegus crus-galli L. var. exigua (Sarg.) Eggleston)
(Crataegus exigua Sarg.)
Cockspur Hawthorn
214
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Crataegus
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SH
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
SNR
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
dissona Sarg.
(Crataegus pruinosa var. dissona (Sarg.) Egglest.)
Northern Hawthorn
dodgei Ashe
H
(Crataegus rotundata Sarg.)
(Crataegus gravesii Sarg.)
Dodge's Hawthorn
flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K. Koch var.
flabellata
(Crataegus lemingtonensis Sarg.)
(Crataegus crudelis Sarg.)
(Crataegus propria Sarg.)
Fan-hawthorn, Fan-leaf Hawthorn
flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K. Koch var.
grayana (Egglest.) Palmer
(Crataegus grayana Eggleston)
Gray's Hawthorn
flavida Sarg.
(Crataegus chrysocarpa var. phoenicea, auct. non Palmer)
(Crataegus dodgei var. flavida (Sarg.) P.G. Sm. & J.B. Phipps)
Yellow Hawthorn
fluviatilis Sarg.
(Crataegus apiomorpha Sarg.)
River Hawthorn
forbesae Sarg.
Forbes' Hawthorn
fretalis Sarg.
(Crataegus ampla Sarg.)
Long Island Sound Hawthorn
handyae Sarg.
(Crataegus chadsfordiana Sarg.)
(Crataegus spatiosa Sarg.)
Handy's Hawthorn
holmesiana Ashe
(Crataegus anomala Sarg.)
(Crataegus eamesii Sarg.)
(Crataegus villipes (Ashe) Ashe)
Holmes' Hawthorn
intricata Lange var. intricata
Allegheny Hawthorn
keepii Sarg.
(Crataegus brunetiana, auct. non Sarg.)
(Crataegus searsii Sarg.)
Keep's Hawthorn
Tricolpates
215
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Crataegus
lumaria Ashe
H
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNR
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
SH
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNR
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SH
(Crataegus dodgei var. lumaria (Ashe) Sarg.)
Thorny Hawthorn
macracantha Lodd. ex Loud var.
macracantha
(Crataegus succulenta var. macracantha (Lodd. ex Loud) Egglest.)
Long-thorned Hawthorn
macracantha Lodd. ex Loud var.
occidentalis (Britton) Egglest.
(C. succulenta Schrad. ex Link var. occidentalis Britt.)
Long-thorned Hawthorn
macrosperma Ashe
(Crataegus roanensis Ashe)
Big-seeded Hawthorn
monogyna Jacq.
(Crataegus oxyacantha, auct. non L.)
(Crataegus curvisepala Lindm.)
English Hawthorn
phaenopyrum (L. f.) Medicus
(Crataegus cordata Ait.)
(Crataegus populifolia Walt.)
Washington Hawthorn
populnea Ashe
H
(Crataegus compta Sarg.)
(Crataegus iracunda Beadle var. populnea (Ashe) Kruschke)
(Crataegus iracunda Beadle var. stolonifera (Ashe) Kruschke;)
Poplar Hawthorn
pringlei Sarg.
(Crataegus exclusa Sarg.)
(Crataegus pringlei Sarg. var. exclusa (Sarg.) Egglest.)
Pringle's Hawthorn
pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. porteri
(Britton) Egglst.
Frosted Hawthorn
pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch var. pruinosa
Frosted Hawthorn
punctata Jacq.
(Crataegus punctata Jacq. var. aurea Ait.)
Dotted Hawthorn
schizophylla Egglest.
WL
Cut-leaved Hawthorn
schuettei Ashe var. basilica Beadle
Royal Hawthorn
216
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Crataegus
stonei Sarg.
H
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N?
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
S4?
N
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
SH
Stone's Hawthorn
submollis Sarg.
(Crataegus arnoldiana Sarg.)
(C. champlainensis Sarg.)
(Crataegus pennsylvanica Ashe)
Downy Hawthorn
succulenta Schrader ex Link var. succulenta
(Crataegus succulenta Schrader ex Link var. laxiflora (Sarg.)
Kruschke)
Succulent Hawthorn
Cydonia
oblonga P. Miller
SNA
Quince
Dasiphora
floribunda Raf.
S4
(Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) A. Löve)
(Potentilla fruticosa L. ssp. floribunda (Pursh) Elkington)
Shrubby Cinquefoil
Drymocallis
arguta (Pursh) Rydb.
S4
(Potentilla arguta Pursh)
Tall Cinquefoil
Exochorda
racemosa (Lindley) Rehder
SNA
(Exochorda grandiflora (Hooker) Lindley)
Pearlbush
Filipendula
rubra (Hill) B.L. Robins.
SNA
Queen-of-the-prairie
ulmaria (L.) Maxim.
SNA
Queen-of-the-meadow
Fragaria
×ananasa Duchesne
SNA
(F. virginiana × F. chiloensis (L.) P. Mill.)
Garden Strawberry
vesca L. ssp. americana (Porter) Staudt
Woodland Strawberry
vesca L. ssp. vesca
European Strawberry
virginiana Duchesne ssp. glauca (S.
Watson) Staudt
Northern Wild Strawberry
Tricolpates
217
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Fragaria
N
N
N
N
N
N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N? N?
*
N?
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
S3S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2?
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
virginiana Duchesne ssp. virginiana
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Wild Strawberry, Thick-leaved Wild Strawberry
Geum
S4
aleppicum Jacq. ssp. strictum (Aiton)
Clausen
(Geum strictum Ait.)
Yellow Avens
S5
canadense Jacq. var. canadense
(Geum canadense Jacq. var. camporum (Rydb.) Fern. & Weatherby)
White Avens
fragarioides (Michaux) Smedmark
SC
(Waldsteinia fragarioides (Michaux) Tratt.)
Barren Strawberry
laciniatum Murray
Herb-bennet Avens
rivale L.
Purple Avens
urbanum L.
City-avens
vernum (Raf.) Torrey & A. Gray
Spring Avens
virginianum L.
WL
Virginia Avens
Kerria
japonica (L.) DC.
SNA
(Rubus japonicus L.)
Japanese Rose
Malus
×arnoldiana (Rehd.) Rehd.
SNA
(Malus baccata × M. floribunda)
(Pyrus arnoldiana (Rehder) Bean)
baccata (L.) Borkh.
(Pyrus baccata L.)
Siberian Crabapple
floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte
(Pyrus floribunda Kirchner)
Japanese Flowering Crabapple
prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh.
Plum-leaf Apple
218
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Malus
pumila P. Miller
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
SNA
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
Apple
sieboldii (Regel) Rehder
SNA
(Pyrus sieboldii Regel)
Toringo Crabapple
Physocarpus
opulifolius (L.) Maxim.
SNA
Ninebark
Porteranthus
trifoliatus (L.) Britton
SNA
(Gillenia trifoliatus (L.) Moench)
Indian-physic
Potentilla
alba L.
SNA
White Cinquefoil
argentea L.
Silvery Cinquefoil
canadensis L.
(Potentilla pumila Poir.)
Dwarf Cinquefoil
inclinata Vill.
(Potentilla canescens Bess.)
(Potentilla intermedia var. canescens (Bess.) Rupr.)
Grayish Cinquefoil
intermedia L.
Intermediate Cinquefoil
norvegica L.
Three-finger
recta L.
Rough-fruited Cinquefoil
reptans L.
Creeping Cinquefoil
rivalis Nutt.
(Potentilla rivalis Nutt. var. millegrana (Engelm. ex Lehman) S.
Watson)
Brook Cinquefoil
simplex Michaux
(Potentilla simplex Michaux var. calvescens Fern.)
Old Field Cinquefoil
Tricolpates
219
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Prunus
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
S4?
N
N
N
N
N
N
I?
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
W
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
S4
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4?
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
S2
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
alleghaniensis Porter
Allegheny Plum
americana Marsh.
Wild Plum
avium (L.) L.
Sweet Cherry
cerasifera Ehrh.
Cherry-plum
cerasus L.
Sour Cherry
domestica L.
Common Plum, Garden-plum, Prune
hortulana Bailey
Wild Goose Plum
insititia L.
(Prunus domestica L. ssp. institia (L.) Schneider)
(Prunus domestica L. var. insititia (L.)
Boivin)
Damson Plum
mahaleb L.
Mahaleb Cherry
maritima Marsh. var. maritima
Beach-plum
nigra Aiton
Canada Plum
pensylvanica L. f. var. pensylvanica
Fire-cherry
persica (L.) Batsch
Peach
pumila L. var. depressa (Pursh) Gleason
T
Sandbar-cherry
serotina Ehrh. var. serotina
Black Cherry
serrulata Lindley
Japanese Cherry
220
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Prunus
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I?
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S2S3
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
S4?
susquehanae Willd.
Sand-cherry
S5
virginiana L. var. virginiana
Choke-cherry
Pyrus
SNA
calleryana Dcne.
Bradford Pear
SNA
communis L.
Pear
Rhodotypos
SNA
scandens (Thunb.) Makino
Jetbead
Rosa
acicularis Lindley ssp. sayi (Schwein.) W.H.
Lewis
E
S1
(Rosa acicularis Lindley var. bourgeauiana Crépin Crépin)
(Rosa acicularis Lindley var. sayana Erlanson)
Northern Prickly Rose
arkansana Porter
Prairie Rose
blanda Aiton var. blanda
WL
Smooth Rose
canina L.
Dog-rose
carolina L. ssp. carolina
(Rosa carolina L. var. villosa (Best) Rehder)
Pasture-rose
cinnamomea L.
Cinnamon-rose
gallica L.
French Rose
glauca Pourret
(Rosa rubrifolia Vill.)
Redleaf Rose
luciae
(Rosa wichuraiana Crépin)
Memorial Rose
micrantha Borrer ex J. E. Smith
Small-flowered Rose
Tricolpates
221
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Rosa
multiflora Thunb. ex Murray
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S4?
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
S5
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Invasive SNA
Multiflora Rose
nitida Willd.
New England Rose
palustris Marsh.
Swamp-rose
rubiginosa L.
(Rosa eglanteria L.)
Sweetbrier
rugosa Thunb.
Saltspray Rose
sempervirens L.
Evergreen Rose
setigera Michaux
Prairie-rose
spinosissima L.
(Rosa pimpinellifolia L.)
Scotch Rose
virginiana P. Miller
Low Rose
Rubus
allegheniensis Porter
S5
Common Blackberry
allegheniensis Porter × R. flagellaris Willd.
SNR
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
allegheniensis Porter × R. hispidus L.
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
allegheniensis Porter × R. setosus Bigelow
SNR
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
arenicola Blanchard
S4
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3?
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
(Rubus sanfordii Bailey)
(Rubus electus Bailey)
allegheniensis Porter × R. pensilvanicus
Poir.
(Rubus rosa Bailey)
New England Sand-blackberry
argutus Link
Serrate Blackberry
222
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Rubus
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1S2
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S3S4
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
SH
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
flagellaris Willd. × R. frondosus Bigelow
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
N
flagellaris Willd. × R. recurvicaulis
Blanchard
SNR
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
frondosus Bigelow
S4
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
frondosus Bigelow × R. hispidus L.
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
frondosus Bigelow × R. recurvicaulis Blanch.
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
frondosus Bigelow × R. semisetosus Blanch.
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
hispidus L.
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
bifrons Vest ex Tratt.
Double-leaved Blackberry
canadensis L.
Smooth Blackberry
cuneifolius Pursh
WL
(Rubus chapmanii Bailey)
Sand-blackberry
dalibarda L.
(Dalibarda repens L.)
Dewdrop
discolor Weihe & Nees
(Rubus procerus, auct. non P.J. Mueller)
Himalaya Berry
elegantulus Blanchard
H
(Rubus kennedyanus Fern.)
Showy Blackberry
enslenii Tratt.
(Rubus sempervirens Bigelow)
Southern Dewberry
flagellaris Willd.
(Rubus jaysmithii Bailey var. angustior Bailey)
(Rubus felix Bailey)
(Rubus geophilus Blanch.)
Northern Dewberry
(R. multispinus Blanchard)
(R. recurvans Blanchard)
Leafy Blackberry
Bristly Dewberry
Tricolpates
223
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Rubus
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
hispidus L. × R. vermontanus Blanch.
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
idaeus L. ssp. idaeus
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
SNA
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4?
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
jaysmithii Bailey × R. frondosus Bigelow
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
laciniatus Willd.
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
SNR
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
hispidus L. × R. recurvicaulis Blanch.
SNR
hispidus L. × R. semisetosus Blanch.
hispidus L. × R. setosus Bigelow
(Rubus adjacens Fern.)
(Rubus jacens Blanch.)
(Rubus trifrons Blanch.)
European Raspberry, Garden-raspberry
idaeus L. ssp. strigosus (Michaux) Focke
(Rubus idaeus L. var. canadensis Richardson)
(Rubus strigosus Michaux)
(Rubus idaeus ssp. sachalinensis (Levl.) Focke)
Wild Red Raspberry
illecebrosus Focke
Strawberry Raspberry
jaysmithii Bailey
(Rubus scambens Bailey)
(Rubus tetricus Bailey)
Smith's Blackberry
Evergreen Blackberry
×neglectus Peck
(R. idaeus ssp. strigosus × R. occidentalis)
occidentalis L.
Black Raspberry
odoratus L.
Purple-flowering Raspberry
parvifolius L.
(Rubus triphyllus Thunb.)
(Rubus parviflorus var. triphyllus (Thunb.) Nakai)
Three-leaved Blackberry
pensilvanicus Poiret
(Rubus andrewsianus Blanch.)
(Rubus honorus Bailey)
(Rubus pergratus Blanch.)
Pennsylvania Blackberry
224
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Rubus
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4?
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
semisetosus Blanch. × R. setosus Bigelow
SNR
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
semisetosus Blanch. × R. vermontanus
Blanch.
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
setosus Bigelow
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
setosus Bigelow × R. vermontanus
Blanchard
SNR
N
*
*
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
vermontanus Blanchard
S4
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
phoenicolasius Maxim.
Likely
SNA
Invasive
Wineberry
pubescens Raf.
(Rubus pubescens Raf. var. pilosifolius A.F. Hill)
Swamp-dewberry
recurvicaulis Blanchard
(Rubus plicatifolius Blanchard)
Arching Sand-blackberry
recurvicaulis Blanch. × R. setosus Bigelow
(Rubus bicknellii Bailey)
(Rubus arcuans Fern. & St. John)
recurvicaulis Blanchard × R. vermontanus
Blanchard
(Rubus severus Brain.)
semisetosus Blanchard
Bog-blackberry
Bristly Blackberry
Vermont Blackberry
Sanguisorba
canadensis L.
S4
Canadian Burnet
minor Scop.
SNA
(Sanguisorba minor Scop. ssp. muricata (Spach) Nordborg)
Garden-burnet
Sibbaldiopsis
tridentata (Aiton) Rydb.
S4
(Potentilla tridentata Aiton)
Three-toothed Cinquefoil
Sorbaria
sorbifolia (L.) A. Braun
False Spiraea
SNA
Tricolpates
225
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
ROSACEAE
ROSE FAMILY
Sorbus
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
S1
N
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N? N? N?
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
alnifolia (Sieb. & Zucc.) K. Koch
(Crataegus alnifolia Sieb. & Zucc.)
Korean Mountain-ash
americana Marsh.
American Mountain-ash
aucuparia L.
European Mountain-ash
decora (Sarg.) Schneider
E
Showy Mountain-ash
hybrida L.
Oakleaf Mountain-ash
Spiraea
alba Du Roi var. alba
S3?
Hairy Meadowsweet
alba Du Roi var. latifolia (Aiton) Dippel
(Spiraea latifolia (Aiton) Borkh.)
Meadowsweet
japonica L. f. var. fortunei (Planch.) Rehd.
Japanese Spiraea
prunifolia Sieb. & Zucc.
Double Spiraea
tomentosa L.
Steeple-bush
×vanhouttei (Briott) Carr.
(Spiraea cantoniensis Lour. × S. trilobata L.)
RUBIACEAE
MADDER FAMILY
Asperula
arvensis L.
SNA
Woodruff
Cephalanthus
occidentalis L.
S5
Buttonbush
Diodia
teres Walter var. teres
Buttonweed
SNA
226
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
RUBIACEAE
MADDER FAMILY
Galium
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
S1
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
*
S2
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
S4?
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
album L.
(Galium erectum Huds.)
(Galium mollugo ssp. erectum (Huds.) Briq.)
(Galium mollugo var. erectum (Huds.) Domin.)
Upright Bedstraw
aparine L.
Cleavers
asprellum Michaux
Rough Bedstraw
boreale L.
E
(Galium boreale L. var. intermedium DC.)
Northern Bedstraw
brevipes Fern. & Wiegand
(Galium trifidum L. ssp. brevipes (Fern. & Wiegand) A. & D. Löve)
((NO COUNTY INDICATED))
Short-stalked Bedstraw
circaezans Michaux var. circaezans
Wild Licorice, Forest-bedstraw
circaezans Michaux var. hypomalacum Fern.
Wild Licorice
labradoricum (Wiegand) Wiegand
T
Labrador Bedstraw
lanceolatum Torrey
Lance-leaf Bedstraw
mollugo L.
Field-madder
mollugo L. × G. verum L. ssp. verum
Pale-yellow Bedstraw
obtusum Bigelow ssp. obtusum
Blunt-leaved Marsh-bedstraw
odoratum (L.) Scop.
(Asperula odorata L.)
Sweet White Woodruff
palustre L.
Marsh-bedstraw
pilosum Aiton var. pilosum
Hairy Bedstraw
Tricolpates
227
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
RUBIACEAE
MADDER FAMILY
Galium
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
sylvaticum L.
Scotch Mist
tinctorium (L.) Scop. var. tinctorium
Clayton's Marsh-bedstraw
tinctorium (L.) Scop. var. floridanum Wieg.
H
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
trifidum L. ssp. halophilum (Fern. &
Wiegand) Puff
H
SH
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
S4
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
W
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S1
N
N
*
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
SNA
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
Seaside Bedstraw
trifidum L. ssp. trifidum
Tricleft Bedstraw, Northern Three-lobed Bedstraw
triflorum Michaux
(Galium triflorum Michaux var. asprelliforme Fern.)
Sweet-scented Bedstraw
verum L. ssp. verum
Yellow Bedstraw, Our Lady's Bedstraw
verum L. ssp. wirtgenii (F.W. Schultz)
Oborny
Wirtgen's Bedstraw
Houstonia
S5
caerulea L.
(Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hooker)
Bluets; Quaker Ladies, Innocence
longifolia Gaertner
E
(Houstonia purpurea var. longifolia (Gaertner) Fosberg,)
(Hedyotis longifolia (Gaertner) Hooker)
Long-leaved Bluets
purpurea L. var. calycosa A. Gray
(Hedyotis purpurea (L.) T. & G. var. calycosa (A. Gray) Fosberg)
(Hedyotis lanceolata (Poiret) Britton)
Calycose Bluets
Mitchella
repens L.
S5
Partridge-berry
Rubia
tinctoria L.
SNA
Madder
Sherardia
arvensis L.
Field-madder
SNA
228
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
RUTACEAE
RUE FAMILY
Phellodendron
amurense Rupr.
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N?
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S2S3
N
N
N
N
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
I?
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
SNR
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Likely
SNA
Invasive
(Phellodendron japonicum Maxim.)
(Phellodendron sachalinense (F. Schmidt) Sarg.)
Japanese Corktree; Sakhalin Corktree
Ptelea
SNA
trifoliata L. ssp. trifoliata var. trifoliata
Wafer-ash
Zanthoxylum
S4
americanum P. Miller
Common Prickly Ash
SALICACEAE
WILLOW FAMILY
Populus
SNA
×rouleauiana Boivin
(Populus alba × P. grandidentata)
alba L.
White Poplar
balsamifera L. ssp. balsamifera
WL
Balsam-poplar
×canescens (Aiton) J. E. Smith
(Populus alba L. × P. tremula)
Gray Poplar
deltoides Bartram ex Marsh.
Cottonwood
grandidentata Michaux
Big-toothed Aspen
×heimburgeri Boivin
(Populus alba × P. tremuloides)
heterophylla L.
×jackii Sarg.
E
(Populus balsamifera × P. deltoides)
(Populus ×gileadensis Rouleau)
Balm-of-Gilead
nigra L.
Lombardy Poplar
×smithii Boivin
(Populus grandidentata × P. tremuloides)
Tricolpates
229
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
SALICACEAE
WILLOW FAMILY
Populus
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
bebbiana Sarg. × S. humilis Marsh
SNR
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
×bebbii Gandog.
SNR
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
S3
N
N
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
SNR
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
tremula L.
European Aspen
SNA
tremuloides Michaux
Trembling Aspen
Salix
SNA
alba L.
(Salix alba L. ssp. vitellina (L.) Arcang.)
(Salix alba L. ssp. caerulea (Sm.) Rechinger f.)
White Willow
bebbiana Sarg.
Long-beaked Willow
(Salix eriocephala × S. sericea)
×beschelii Boivin
(Salix bebbiana × S. discolor)
candida Fluegge ex Willd.
WL
Hoary Willow
cinerea L. ssp. cinerea
Gray Willow
cinerea L. ssp. oleifolia (Sm.) Macreight
Gray Willow
×conifera Wangenh. (pro sp.)
(Salix discolor × S. humilis)
discolor Muhl.
(Salix discolor Muhl. var. latifolia Andersson)
Large Pussy-willow
elaeagnos Scop.
(Salix incana Schrank)
eriocephala Michaux ssp. eriocephala var.
eriocephala
(Salix rigida Muhl.)
(Salix cordata Muhl.)
Diamond-willow
eriocephala Michaux ssp. eriocephala × S.
pedicellaris Pursh
230
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
SALICACEAE
WILLOW FAMILY
Salix
exigua Nutt. ssp. interior (Rowlee) Cronq.
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S2
*
N
N
N
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
S5
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S2?
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
SNR
eriocephala Michaux ssp. eriocephala × S.
petiolaris J. E. Smith
T
(Salix interior Rowlee)
Sandbar-willow
×fragilis L.
(Salix alba × S. euxina)
(Salix ×rubens Schrank nothovar. basfordiana (Scaling ex Salter)
Meikle)
humilis Marsh
Small Pussy-willow, Prairie-willow, Upland-willow
lucida Muhl. ssp. lucida
Shining Willow
nigra Marsh.
Black Willow
occidentalis Walt.
(Salix humilis Marsh var. microphylla (Andersson) Fern.)
(Salix tristis Aiton)
Dwarf Prarie Willow
pedicellaris Pursh.
WL
(Salix pedicellaris Pursh. var. hypoglauca Fern.)
(Salix pedicellaris Pursh. var. tenuescens Fern.)
Bog-willow
×pendulina Wenderoth
(Salix euxina × S. babylonica L.)
pentandra L.
Bay-leaf Willow
petiolaris J. E. Smith
(Salix gracilis Andersson)
Slender Willow
purpurea L.
Basket-willow
×sepulcralis Semonkai
(Salix alba L. × S. babylonica L.)
Weeping Willow
sericea Marsh.
Silky Willow
Tricolpates
231
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
SALICACEAE
WILLOW FAMILY
Salix
serissima (Bailey) Fern.
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
SNA
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
I?
I?
I?
I?
I?
I
I
I
*
I
S3
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I?
*
I
*
*
*
Invasive SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Invasive SNA
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
I
WL
S3
Autumn-willow
×smithiana Willd.
(Salix cinerea × S. viminalis)
viminalis L.
Common Osier
SANTALACEAE
SANDALWOOD FAMILY
Arceuthobium
pusillum Peck
SC
S3
Eastern Dwarf Mistletoe
Comandra
S5
umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. umbellata
Bastard-toadflax
SAPINDACEAE
SOAPBERRY FAMILY
Acer
SNA
campestre L.
Hedge-maple
ginnala Maxim.
Amur Maple
negundo L. var. negundo
Boxelder
nigrum Michaux f.
WL
Black Maple
palmatum Thunb.
Japanese Maple
pensylvanicum L.
Striped Maple
platanoides L.
Norway Maple
pseudoplatanus L.
Sycamore-maple
rubrum L.
Red Maple
saccharinum L.
Silver Maple
232
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
SAPINDACEAE
SOAPBERRY FAMILY
Acer
saccharum Marsh. var. saccharum
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
Sugar-maple
spicatum Lam.
Mountain-maple
tataricum L.
Tartarian Maple
Aesculus
hippocastanum L.
SNA
Horse-chestnut
Cardiospermum
halicacabum L.
SNA
Balloon-vine
Koelreuteria
paniculata Laxm.
SNA
Golden Rain-tree
SARRACENIACEAE
PITCHER PLANT FAMILY
Sarracenia
purpurea L.
S5
Pitcher-plant
SAXIFRAGACEAE
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY
Chrysosplenium
americanum Schwein. ex Hooker
S4
Golden Saxifrage
Micranthes
pensylvanica (L.) Haw.
S4
(Saxifraga pensylvanica L.)
Swamp-saxifrage
virginiensis (Michaux) Small
S4
(Saxifraga virginiensis Michaux)
Early Saxifrage
Mitella
diphylla L.
S4
Bishop's Cap
nuda L.
S4
Lesser Mitrewort
Tiarella
cordifolia L. var. cordifolia
Foamflower
S4
Tricolpates
233
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
SCROPHULARIACEAE
FIGWORT FAMILY
Buddleja
davidii Franchet
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S3S4
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
W
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
Butterfly-bush
Limosella
australis R. Br.
S4
(Limosella subulata Ives)
Atlantic Mudwort
Scrophularia
lanceolata Pursh
S4?
American-figwort
marilandica L.
Maryland Figwort
nodosa L.
Wood-figwort
Verbascum
blattaria L.
SNA
Moth-mullein
densiflorum Bertol.
(Verbascum thapsiforme Schrader)
Large-flowered Mullein
lychnitis L.
White Mullein
nigrum L.
Dark Mullein
phlomoides L.
Clasping Mullein
thapsus L.
Common Mullein
SIMAROUBACEAE
QUASSIA FAMILY
Ailanthus
altissima (P. Miller) Swingle
Invasive SNA
Tree-of-heaven
SOLANACEAE
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY
Browallia
americana L.
SNA
Bush-violet
Datura
inoxia P. Miller
Downy Thorn-apple
SNA
234
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
SOLANACEAE
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY
Datura
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
×sanderae Hort. ex W. Wats.
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
tabacum L.
SNA
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
W
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
stramonium L.
SNA
(Datura stramonium L. var. tatula (L.) Torrey.)
White Thorn-apple, White Jimson-weed
wrightii Regel
SNA
(Datura inoxia P. Mill. ssp. quinquecuspida (Torr.) Barcl.)
Sacred Thorn-apple
Hyoscyamus
niger L.
SNA
Black Henbane
Lycium
barbarum L.
SNA
(Lycium halimifolium P. Miller)
Matrimony-vine
chinense P. Miller
SNA
Chinese Matrimony-vine
Nicandra
physalodes (L.) Gaertner
SNA
Apple-of-Peru
Nicotiana
alata Link & Otto
SNA
Winged-tobacco
langsdorffii Schrank
Flowering Tobacco
quadrivalvis Pursh var. bigelovii (Torrey)
DeWolf
(Nicotiana bigelovii (Torrey) S. Watson)
California Tobacco
rustica L.
Wild Tobacco
Tabacco
Petunia
axillaris (Lam.) B.S.P.
SNA
Garden-petunia
integrifolia (Hooker) Schinz & Thellung
SNA
(Petunia violacea Lindley)
Violet-flowered Petunia
Physalis
alkekengi L.
Chinese Lantern-plant
SNA
Tricolpates
235
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
SOLANACEAE
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY
Physalis
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
SH
N
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
*
I
I
I
SNA
angulata L.
Cut-leaved Ground-cherry
grisea (Waterfall) M. Martinez
(Physalis pruinosa, auct. non L.)
(Physalis pubescens L. var. grisea Waterfall)
Strawberry-tomato
heterophylla Nees var. heterophylla
(Physalis heterophylla Nees var. ambigua (A. Gray) Rydb.)
Clammy Ground-cherry
longifolia Nutt. var. subglabrata (Mackenzie
& Bush) Cronq.
H
(Physalis virginiana var. subglabrata (Mackenzie & Bush) Waterfall)
Long-leaved Ground-cherry
philadelphica Lam. var. immaculata
Waterfall
(Physalis ixocarpa, auct. non Brot. ex Hornem.)
Tomatillo
pubescens L. var. integrifolia (Dunal)
Waterfall
Low Hairy Ground-cherry
virginiana P. Miller var. virginiana
Virginia Ground-cherry
Solanum
carolinense L. var. carolinense
SNA
Horse-nettle
citrullifolium A. Braun var. citrullifolium
Melon-leaf Nightshade
dulcamara L. var. dulcamara
Bittersweet Nightshade, Deadly Nightshade
dulcamara L. var. villosissimum Desv.
Bittersweet Nightshade, Deadly Nightshade
lycopersicon L. var. lycopersicon
(Lycopersicon esculentum P. Miller)
Tomato
melongena L.
Eggplant
nigrum L. ssp. nigrum
European Black Nightshade
236
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
SOLANACEAE
NIGHTSHADE FAMILY
Solanum
physalifolium Rusby var. nitidibaccatum
(Bitter) Edmonds
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
W
W
*
*
*
W
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
SNA
I
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
(Solanum sarrachoides, auct. non Sendtner)
(Solanum villosum, auct. non L. P. Miller)
Viscid Nightshade
pseudocapsicum L.
Jerusalem Cherry
ptycanthum Dunal
(Solanum americanum, auct. non P. Miller)
American Black Nightshade
rostratum Dunal
(Solanum cornutum, auct. non Lam.)
Buffalo-bur
sisymbriifolium Lam.
Sticky Nightshade
triflorum Nutt.
Cut-leaved Nightshade
tuberosum L.
Potato
villosum L.
(Solanum nigrum L. var. villosum L.)
Hairy Nightshade
STAPHYLEACEAE
BLADDERNUT FAMILY
Staphylea
trifolia L.
S4
Bladdernut
STYRACACEAE
STORAX FAMILY
Halesia
carolina L.
SNA
Carolina Silverbells
SYMPLOCACEAE
SWEETLEAF FAMILY
Symplocos
paniculata (Thunb.) Miq.
(Prunus paniculata Thunb.)
(Myrtus chinensis Lour.)
(Symplocos chinensis (Lour.) Druce)
Sapphireberry, Asiatic Sweetleaf
SNA
Tricolpates
237
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
TAMARICACEAE
TAMARISK FAMILY
Tamarix
parviflora DC. .
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
I
SNA
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
*
*
I
I
*
*
SNA
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
SNA
Tamarisk
THEOPHRASTACEAE
WATER-PIMPERNEL FAMILY
Samolus
valerandi L. ssp. parviflorus (Raf.) Hultén
S4
(Samolus parviflorus Raf.)
Water-pimpernel
THYMELAEACEAE
MEZEREUM FAMILY
Daphne
cneorum L.
SNA
Rose Daphne
mezereum L.
SNA
Daphne
Dirca
palustris L.
S4
Leatherwood
TROPAEOLACEAE
NASTURTIUM FAMILY
Tropaeolum
majus L.
SNA
Nasturtium
ULMACEAE
ELM FAMILY
Ulmus
americana L.
S4
American Elm
glabra Hudson
Wych Elm
parvifolia Jacq.
Chinese Elm
procera Salisb.
(Ulmus minor, auct. non P. Miller)
English Elm
pumila L.
Dwarf Elm
rubra Muhl.
Slippery Elm
238
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
URTICACEAE
NETTLE FAMILY
Boehmeria
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
I?
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
I
*
I
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
cylindrica (L.) Sw.
(Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. var. drummondiana (Weddell) Weddell)
False Nettle
Laportea
S4S5
canadensis (L.) Weddell
Wood-nettle
Parietaria
SNA
judaica L.
Pellitory
pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.
WL
S2S3
Rock-pellitory
Pilea
fontana (Lunnell) Rydb.
S3S4
Black-seeded Clearweed
pumila (L.) A. Gray
S5
Clearweed
Urtica
dioica L. ssp. dioica
SNA
Stinging Nettle
dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Aiton) Selander
(Urtica dioica L. var. procera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Weddell)
Slender Stinging Nettle
urens L.
Burning-nettle
VERBENACEAE
VERVAIN FAMILY
Glandularia
hispida Ruiz & Pavón
SNA
(Verbena hispida Ruiz & Pavón)
Hispid Vervain
×hybrida (Grönland & Rümpler) Nesom
SNA
(Verbena hybrida Grönland & Rümpler)
Garden-vervain
Verbena
bonariensis L. var. conglomerata Briq.
SNA
South American Vervain
bracteata Lag. & Rodr.
Prostrate Vervain
×engelmannii Moldenke
(Vebena hastata × V. urticifolia)
Tricolpates
239
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
VERBENACEAE
VERVAIN FAMILY
Verbena
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1
N
*
N
N
*
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
I
*
I
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
hastata L. var. hastata
Blue Vervain
officinalis L.
European Vervain
simplex Lehm.
E
(Verbena angustifolia Michaux)
Narrow-leaved Vervain
stricta Vent.
Hoary Vervain
urticifolia L.
White Vervain
VIOLACEAE
VIOLET FAMILY
Viola
adunca Sm. var. adunca
SC
S3
Sand-violet
adunca Sm. var. adunca × Viola labradorica
Schrank
SNR
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
affinis Le Conte
S4
N
N
N
*
*
N
*
*
N
N
*
*
N
*
SNA
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
*
SNR
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
*
S4S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
S2
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
(Viola latiuscula Greene)
Le Conte's Violet
arvensis Murray
Field-pansy
×bissellii House
(Viola cucullata × V. sororia)
(V. ×conturbita House)
blanda Willd. var. blanda
Sweet White Violet
blanda Willd. var. palustriformis A. Gray
(Viola incognita Brainerd)
(Viola incognita Brainerd var. forbesii Brainerd)
Large-leaved White Violet
brittoniana Pollard
T
(Viola atlantica Britton)
(V. pedatifida G. Don ssp. brittoniana (Pollard) McKinney)
Britton's Violet, Coast-violet
brittoniana Pollard × V. pectinata Bicknell
240
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
VIOLACEAE
VIOLET FAMILY
Viola
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
I?
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
SNR
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
SH
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
I
*
*
*
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
*
I
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
brittoniana Pollard × Viola lanceolata L. ssp.
lanceolata
SNR
canadensis L. var. canadensis
Canada Violet
cucullata Aiton
Blue Marsh-violet
×fernaldii House
(Viola sagittata var. ovata × V. sororia)
(Viola ×parca House)
(Viola ×abberans Greene)
japonica Langsd. ex Ging.
Japanese Violet
labradorica Schrank
(Viola conspersa Reichenb.)
American Dog-violet
lanceolata L. ssp. lanceolata
Lance-leaf Violet
×eclipes H.E. Ballard
(Viola labradorica × V. striata)
((vouchered but location is uncertain))
×malteana House
(Viola labradorica × V. rostrata)
×mulfordae Pollard
(Viola brittoniana × V. sagittata var. ovata)
nephrophylla Greene
H
Northern Bog-violet
×notabilis Bicknell
(Viola brittoniana × V. cucullata)
odorata L.
English Violet
pallens (Banks ex DC.) Brainerd
(Viola macloskeyi Lloyd ssp. pallens (Banks ex DC.) M.S. Baker)
Wild Violet
palmata L.
(Viola palmata L. var. dilatata Ell.)
(Viola triloba Schwein. var. dilatata (Ell.) Brainerd)
(Viola triloba Schwein.)
Three-lobed Violet
Tricolpates
241
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
VIOLACEAE
VIOLET FAMILY
Viola
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S5
*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
S3S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
S1S2
N
N
*
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
*
*
*
*
*
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
S2S3
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
*
*
*
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S4?
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
*
N
*
S1
pectinata Bicknell
(Viola brittoniana Pollard var. pectinata (Bickn.) Alexander)
Comb-violet
pedata L.
Bird's Foot Violet
×populifolia Greene
(Viola palmata × V. sororia)
×porteriana Pollard
(Viola cucullata × V. sagittata var. ovata)
primulifolia L.
(Viola primulifolia L. var. acuta (Bigelow) Torr. & A. Gray)
Primrose-leaf Violet
pubescens Aiton var. pubescens
(Viola pensylvanica Michaux)
(Viola pubescens Aiton var. eriocarpa Nutt.)
(Viola pubescens Aiton var. peckii House)
Downy Yellow Violet
pubescens Aiton var. scabriuscula
Schweinitz ex Torrey & A. Gray
(Viola eriocarpa Schweinitz)
Smooth Yellow Violet
renifolia A. Gray
WL
(Viola renifolia A. Gray var. brainerdii (Greene) Fern.)
Kidney-leaf Violet
×robinsoniana House
(Viola palmata × V. sagittata var. ovata)
rostrata Pursh
WL
Long-spurred Violet
rotundifolia Michaux
Round-leaved Violet
×ryoniae House
(Viola cucullata × V. subsinuata)
sagittata Aiton var. ovata (Nutt.) Torrey & A.
Gray
(Viola fimbriatula J. E. Smith)
Arrow-leaf Violet
sagittata Aiton var. sagittata
(Viola emarginata (Nutt.) LeConte)
Arrow-leaf Violet
242
Tricolpates
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
VIOLACEAE
VIOLET FAMILY
Viola
N
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
sororia Willd. × V. subsinuata Greene
SNR
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
striata Aiton
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S1S2
N
*
N
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
*
*
*
I
SNA
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
*
I
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
SNA
*
*
I
I
I
*
*
I
I
*
*
*
I
*
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
N
*
*
N
N
N
N
*
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
S5
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie
WL
S1S2
Great-spurred Violet
sororia Willd.
(Viola papilionacea Pursh p. p.)
(Viola septentrionalis Greene)
Common Blue Violet
Creamy Violet
subsinuata Greene
WL
(Viola palmata, auct. non L.)
Early Blue Violet
tricolor L.
Johnny-jump-up
×wittrockiana Gams.
(Viola altaica Ker Gawl. × V. lutea Huds. or V. tricolor L.)
VITACEAE
GRAPE FAMILY
Ampelopsis
heterophylla (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. var.
brevipedunculata C.L. Li
Likely
SNA
Invasive
(Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv.)
Porcelain-berry
Parthenocissus
quinquefolia (L.) Planchon
S5
Virginia Creeper
tricuspidata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Planchon
Boston Ivy
vitacea (Knerr) A.S. Hitchc.
Grape-woodbine
Vitis
aestivalis Michaux var. aestivalis
S4
Summer-grape, Pigeon-grape
aestivalis Michaux var. bicolor Deam
(Vitis aestivalis Michaux var. argentifolia (Munson) Fern.)
Silver-leaved Grape
labrusca L.
Fox-grape
Tricolpates
243
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts - 2011
Status S-Rank
BE FR HS HD WO MI ES SU NO BR PL BA DU NA
VITACEAE
GRAPE FAMILY
Vitis
×novae-angliae Fern.
*
N
*
N
*
N
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
S4
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
I?
*
*
I
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNA
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
W
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
SNR
(Vitis labrusca × V. riparia)
New England Grape
riparia Michaux
River-bank Grape
vinifera L.
Wine-grape
vulpina L.
Frost Grape
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
CALTROP FAMILY
Tribulus
terrestris L.
Puncture-vine
SNA
Species Exclusiae
Agrostis pallens Trin.
specimen = A. stolonifera L.
Amsinckia douglasiana
specimens = A. eastwoodiae J.F.Macbr. and A. menziesii var. menziesii
Amsinckia spectabilis Fischer & C.A. Mey.
specimen = A. menziesii var. menziesii (Lehm.) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr.
Arctanthemum arcticum (L.) Tzvelev ssp. polare (Hultén) Tzvelev
all known specimens from cultivated plants
Arctium vulgare (Hill) Evans (= A. nemosum Lej. & Court. )
specimens = A. minus Bernh.
Artemisia campestris L. ssp. borealis (Pala) Hall & Clements
specimens = A. campestris L. ssp. caudata (Michaux) Hall & Clements
Aster patens Aiton var. phlogifolius (Muhl. ex Willd.) Nees
specimens = Symphyotrichum patens (Ait.) Nesom var. patens
Betula xperpusii Schneider
specimens = B. pumila L.
Bidens pilosa L.
specimen = Bidens alba (L.) DC.
Briza maxima L.
all known specimens from cultivated plants
Bromus inermis Leysser ssp. pumpellianus (Scribner) Wagnon
specimens = Bromus inermis Leysser ssp. inermis
Carex comosa Boot. × C. lurida Wahlenb.
specimen = C. lurida Wahlenb
Carex crinita Lam. × C. scabrata Schwein.
specimen = C. gynandra Schwein.
Carex magellanica Lam. ssp. magellanica
specimens = C. magellanica Lam. ssp. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Hulten
Carex nigromarginata Schwein.
specimens = C. tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. var. tonsa
Carex pensylvanica Lam.× C. umbellata Schkuhr ex Willd.
specimen equivocal
Carex recta Boott
specimens = Carex vacillans Drej. ex Hartman
Carex recta Boott × Carex stricta Lam.
specimens equivocal
Carya laciniosa (Michaux f.) Loud.
all known specimens from cultivated plants
Ceratophyllum muricatum Cham.
specimen = C. echinatum A. Gray
Crataegus lucorum Sarg.
specimens variously not as determined
Danthonia sericea Nutt.
specimen = D. spicata (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes
Dicentra formosa (Andr.) Walp. ssp. formosa
all known specimens from cultivated plants
Dichanthelium oligosanthes (J.A. Schultes) Gould ssp. oligosanthes
specimens = D. oligosanthes ssp. scribnerianum (Nash) Freckman & Lelong
Dichanthelium polyanthes (Schult.) Mohlenbr.
specimen = Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon (Ell.) Gould
Eleocharis tortilis (Link.) Scult.
specimens = E. tuberculosa (Michaux) Roemer & Schultes
Eryngium amethystinum L.
specimen = E. planum L.
Euphorbia agraria Bieb.
specimen not as determined
Fatoua villosa (Thunb.) Nakai
specimens not truly naturalized
Gilia inconspicua (Sm.) Sweet
specimens = Gilia interior (Matson & A. Grant) A. & V. Grant
Iris primatica Pursh × I. versicolor L.
specimen is equivocal
Juncus subcaudatus (Engelm. ex A.Gray ) Coville & S.F.Blake
specimens variously not as determined
Lappula occidentalis (S. Wats.) Greene var. occidentalis
all known specimens from cultivated plants
Leptosiphon androsaceus Benth. (as Gilia androsacea Steud.)
specimen = Gilia tricolor Benth. ssp. diffusa (Cong.) Mason & A. Grant
Linaria angustissima (Loisel.) Borbas
specimen = Linaria vulgaris P. Miller
Lupinus albus L.
all known specimens from cultivated plants
Luzula congesta (Thuill.) Lej.
specimen = L. multiflora ssp. multiflora
Lythrum virgatum L.
specimen = L. salicaria L.
Nicotiana longiflora Cav.
specimens = N. alata Link & Otto
Osmundastrum cinnamomea L.C. Presl × Osmunda claytoniana L.
specimen = O. claytoniana L.
244
Panicum dichotomum L. var. lucidum (Ashe) Lelong
specimen = Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould ssp. dichotomum
Physalis peruviana L.
all known specimens from cultivated plants
Picea pungens Engelm.
all known specimens from cultivated plants
Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hooker & Arn.) I.M. Johnston
specimens = Plagiobothrys reticulatus (Piper) I.M. Johnston
Potamogeton ×faxonii Morong)
specimens equivocal
Potamogeton diversifolius Rafinesque
specimens = P. bicupulatus Fern. × P. epihydrus Raf.
Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen × P. richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb.
specimens equivocal
Primula anisodora Balf. f. and G. Forrest
specimen = P. japonica Gray
Rorippa ×austriaca (Crantz) Bess.
specimens = R. ×prostrata (Bergeret) Schinz & Thellung
Salix aurita L.
specimens equivocal
Salix babylonica L.
specimens = S. ×sepulcralis Semonkai
Salix cordata Michaux
specimens = Salix eriocephala Michaux
Salix euxina (=S. fragilis, auct. non L.)
all known specimens from cultivated plants
Syringa ×persica L.
specimen = S. josikaea Jacq. f. ex Reichenb.
Taraxacum ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC.
specimen = T. latilobum DC.
Viola chinensis G. Don
specimen = V. japonica Langsd. ex Ging.
245
Reported for Massachusetts, Vouchers not Found
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench
Filipendula vulgaris Moench
Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze
Geranium aequale (Bab.) Aedo
Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thellung
Hedysarum alpinum L.
Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link
Helianthus occidentalis Riddell ssp. occidentalis
Anthyllis vulneraria L.
Hordeum marinum (Hudson) ssp. goussonianum (Parl.) Thell.
Asclepias viridiflora Raf.
Impatiens balsamina L.
Atriplex pentandra (Jacq.) Standl.
Juncus alpinoarticulatus Chaix
Atriplex tatarica L.
Juncus bulbosus L.
Avena barbata Pott ex link
Krigia biflora (Walter) S.F. Blake
Avena hybrida Peterm.
Leonurus marrubiastrum (L.) Reichenb.
Barbarea orthoceras Ledeb.
Leucanthemella serotina (L.) Tzvelev
Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch
Linaria dalmatica (L.) P. Mill. ssp. macedonica (Griseb.) D.A.Sutton
Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw.
Liquidambar styraciflua L.
Cardamine ×incisa (Eames) K. Schum.
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke E
Carex arcta Boott
Minuartia glabra (Michx.) Mattf.
Carex copulata (Bailey) Fern.
Minuartia groenlandica (Retz.) Ostenf.
Carex crawei Dewey
Monarda citriodora Cerv. ex Lag.
Carex divulsa Stokes
Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brennan
Carex ebenea Rydb.
Nardus stricta L.
Carex tenuiflora Wahlenb.
Navarretia intertexta (Benth.) Hook.
Centaurea ×psammogena Gáyer
Oxalis latifolia Kunth
Centaurea calcitrapa L.
Packera anonyma (Wood) W.A. Weber and A. Love
Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Aschers.
Panicum flexile (Gattinger) Scribn.
Cerastium diffusum Pers.
Petunia ×hybrida Vilm. (= Petunia atkinsiana D. Don ex Loud.)
Chenopodium polyspermum L. var. polyspermum
Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.
Commelina diffusa Burman f.
Phlox latifolia Michaux
Convolvulus tricolor L.
Platanus hybrida Brot.
Corallorhiza odontorhiza (Willd.) Poir. var. pringlei Greenman
Polygonum argyrocoleon Stued. ex Kunze
Corallorhiza wisteriana Conrad
Polygonum douglasii Greene
Crataegus magniflora Sarg.
Potamogeton ×sparganiifolius Laestad. Ex Fries )
Cyperus entrerianus Boeckl.
Potamogeton illinoensis Morong × P. perfoliatus L.
Cystopteris protrusa (Weatherby) Blasdell
Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen × P. richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb.
Dactyloctenium radulans (R. Br.) Beauv.
Potentilla colina Wibel
Desmodium glabellum (Mich.) DC.
Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch.
Desmodium strictum (Pursh) DC.
Potentilla verna L. (as P. tabernaemontani Aschers.)
Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Rothman
Pterospora andromeda Nutt.
Diphasiastrum sitchense (Rupr.) Holub
Rudbeckia fulgida Ait.
Dryopteris ×pittsfordensis Slosson
Rudbeckia laciniata L. var. bipinnate Perdue
Eragrostis hirsuta (Michaux) Nees
Ruta graveolens L.
Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny
Sabatia campestris Nutt.
Erodium laciniatum (Cav.) Willd. var. bovei (Delile) Murbeck
Salicornia maritima Wolff & Jefferies
Ruellia carolinensis (J.F. Gmelin) Steud.
246
Schizachyrium littorale (Nash) Bickn.
Schoenoplectus ×contortus (Eames) S.G. Sm.
Senecio eremophilus Richards
Senecio sylvaticus L.
Senna marilandica (L.) Link
Sigesbeckia orientalis L.
Silene pendula L.
Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f.
Spergula pentandra L.
Spiraea thunbergii Sieb. ex Blume
Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) A.S. Hitchc.
Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britt.
Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude
Tagetes patula L.
Taraxacum palustre (Lyons) Symons
Tetraneuris argentea (A. Gray) Greene
Thymus praecox Opiz ssp. arcticus (Dur.) Jalas
Valerianella locusta (L.) Lat.
Vicia sepia L.
Viola ×conjugens Greene
Viola ×greenmanii House
Viola ×modesta House
247
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250
INDEX
Abies
Absinthe
Abutilon
Acalypha
Acanthospermum
Acer
Achillea
Acmispon
Aconitum
ACORACEAE
Acorus
Actaea
Actinidia
ACTINIDIACEAE
Adder’s Mouth, Barrens
Adder’s Mouth, Green
Adder’s Mouth, White
Adder’s Tongue Fern
Adiantum
Adlumia
ADOXACEAE
Aegilops
Aegopodium
Aesculus
Aethusa
Agalinis
Agastache
AGAVACEAE
Ageratina
Ageratum
Ageratum, Houston’s
Agrimonia
Agrimony, Coarse
Agrimony, Common
Agrimony, Downy
Agrimony, Medicinal
Agrimony, Small-beaked
Agrimony, Small-lowered
Agropyron
Agrostemma
Agrostis
Ailanthus
Aira
AIZOACEAE
Aizopsis
Ajuga
Akebia
Akebia, Five-leaved
Akebia, Hybrid
Alcea
Alchemilla
Alder, Black
Alder, Green
Alder, Mountain
Alder, Smooth
Alder, Speckled
Aletris
Alexanders, Golden
Alfalfa, Yellow
Alileria
Alisma
ALISMATACEAE
Alkali-grass, Bunched
Alkali-grass, European
Alkali-grass, Northern
Alkali-grass, Relexed
Alkali-grass, Seaside
Alkanet
ALLIACEAE
Alliaria
Allium
Alnus
Alopecurus
11
94
182
153
92
231, 232
92
155
207
15
15
207
79
79
48
48
48
8
9
192
79
50
86
232
86
190
173
15
93
93
93
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
50
136
50
233
51
80
147
173
179
179
179
182
211
120
120
120
120
120
46
90
160
168
15
15
69
69
69
69
69
122
16
125
16
120
51
Alternanthera
Althaea
Alyssum
alyssum, Flatpod
Alyssum, Hoary
Alyssum, Pale
Alyssum, Sweet
Amaranth, Green
Amaranth, Livid
Amaranth, Low
Amaranth, Palmer’s
Amaranth, Powell’s
amaranth, Purple
amaranth, Seabeach
Amaranth, Slender
Amaranth, Spiny
AMARANTHACEAE
Amaranthus
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Ambrosia
Amelanchier
Ammophila
Amorpha
Ampelopsis
Amphicarpaea
Amphicarpum
Amsinckia
Amsonia
Amsonia
ANACARDIACEAE
Anagallis
Anaphalis
Anchusa
Andromeda
Andropogon
Androsace
Anemone
Anemone, Canada
anemone, Wood
Anethum
Angelica
angelica, Hairy
angelica, Purple stem
angelica, Seaside
Anise
Aniseroot
Anoda
Anoda, Crested
Antennaria
Anthemis
Anthoxanthum
Anthriscus
Antirrhinum
Apera
APIACEAE
Apios
Apium
Aplectrum
APOCYNACEAE
Apocynum
Apple
Apple, Plum-leaf
Apple-of-Peru
AQUIFOLIACEAE
Aquilegia
Arabidopsis
Arabis
ARACEAE
Arachis
Aralia
Aralia, Five-leaved
Arbor Vitae
Arceuthobium
Archangel, Yellow
Arctium
80
182
125
126
126
125
130
80
80
80
81
81
80
81
81
81
80
80, 81
16
93
212
51
155
242
155
51
122
90
90
85
185
93
122
149
51, 52
206
207, 208
207
207
86
86
86
86
86
89
89
182
182
93
94
52
86
195
52
86
155
86
46
90
90
218
217
234
92
243
125
126
17
155
87
88
11
231
174
94
251
Arctostaphylos
Arctotis
Arctotis, Silver
ARECACEAE
Arenaria
Arethusa
Arethusa
Argemone
Argentina
Arisaema
Aristida
Aristolochia
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Armoracia
Aronia
Arrhenatherum
Arrow-arum
Arrow-grass, Saltmarsh
Arrowhead, Common
Arrowhead, Engelmann’s
Arrowhead, Estuary
Arrowhead, Grass-leaf
Arrowhead, Mud
Arrowhead, Northern
arrowhead, Pondshore
arrowhead, Rifle
arrowhead, River
arrowhead, Terete
Arrow-wood, Downy
Arrow-wood, Linden
Arrow-wood, Northern
Arrow-wood, Southern
Artemisia
Arthraxon
Artichoke, Jerusalem
Aruncus
Asarum
Asclepias
Ash, Black
Ash, Common
Ash, Green
ash, Wafer
Ash, White
ASPARAGACEAE
Asparagus
Asparagus
Aspen, Big-toothed
Aspen, European
Aspen, Trembling
Asperugo
Asperula
ASPLENIACEAE
Asplenium
Aster
aster, Amethyst
aster, Annual Saltmarsh
aster, Awl
Aster, Big-leaved
Aster, Blake’s
Aster, Blue Heart-leaf
aster, Bog
Aster, Bristly
Aster, Calico
Aster, China
Aster, Clasping
Aster, Cornel-leaf Flat-topped
Aster, Crooked-stemmed
Aster, Eastern Silvery
Aster, False
aster, Goblet
Aster, Hairy
aster, Heath
Aster, Large-lowered
Aster, Late
Aster, Lindley’s Heart-leaf
149
94
94
18
136
46
46
192, 193
212
17
52, 53
13
13
126
212
53
18
45
15
15
16
15
16
15
16
15
16
16
80
79
79
79
94, 95
53
105
213
13
91
187
187
187
228
187
18
18
18
228
229
229
122
225
4
4
95
115
117
116
102
109
115
110
117
116
97
116
100
117
115
97
116
116
116
117
117
115
Aster, Narrow-leaved White-topped 112
Aster, New England
116
Aster, New York
116
Aster, Pringle’s
116
Aster, Rice-button
115
Aster, Rough
102
aster, Rush Bog
115
Aster, Schreber’s
102
Aster, Showy
102
Aster, Skydrop
116
Aster, Small White
117
Aster, Small-lowered
117
Aster, Smooth
116
Aster, Stiff
107
Aster, Swamp
117
Aster, Tall Flat-topped White
100
Aster, Tall White or Panicled
116
Aster, Tartarian
95
Aster, Toothed White-topped
112
Aster, Tradescant’s
117
aster, White Wood
102
aster, Whorled Wood
109
Aster, Willow
117
ASTERACEAE
95
Astragalus
155
Athyrium
10
Atriplex
81, 82
Aunt Lucy
123
Aureolaria
190
Aurinia
126
Autumn-crocus
19
Autumn-olive
149
Avena
53
avens, City
217
Avens, Herb-bennet
217
Avens, Purple
217
Avens, Spring
217
Avens, Virginia
217
Avens, White
217
Avens, Yellow
217
Avenula
53
Axyris
82
Azalea, Early
152
azalea, Swamp
152
Azalea, Vasey’s
152
Azolla
4
AZOLLACEAE
4
Baby’s Breath, Glandular
138
Baby’s Breath
138
Baccharis
95
Bachelor’s Button
97
Ball-mustard
130
Balloon-vine
232
Ballota
173
Balm-of-Gilead
228
Balsam, Purple
119
Balsam-apple, Wild
148
BALSAMINACEAE
119
Balsamita
95
Balsam-poplar
228
Balsam-ragwort
110
Bamboo, Sweet
68
Baneberry, Red
207
Baptisia
155
Barbarea
126
Barberry, European
120
Barberry, Japanese
120
barley, Foxtail
64
Barley, Little
64
Barley, Six-row Barley
64
Barley, Wild
64
Barnyard-grass
60
Bartonia
166
Bartsia, Red
191
Basil
173, 176
Basin-cryptantha
Bassia
Basswood
Basswood, White
Bastard-toadlax
Bayberry
Beach-bean
Beach-heather
Beach-pea
Bead-grass, Field
Bead-grass, Muhlenberg’s
Bead-grass, Sand
Beak-rush, Brown
Beak-rush, Capillary
Beak-rush, Sooty
Beak-rush, White
Bean, Broad
Bean, Green
Bean-tree, Indian
Bearberry
Beard-tongue, Hairy
Beard-tongue, Large-lowered
Beard-tongue, Pale
Beard-tongue, Tall White
Beard-tongue, Tube
Beauty-bush
bedstraw, Forest
Bedstraw, Hairy
Bedstraw, Labrador
Bedstraw, Lance-leaf
bedstraw, Marsh
Bedstraw, Northern
Bedstraw, Northern Three-lobed
Bedstraw, Our Lady’s
Bedstraw, Pale-yellow
Bedstraw, Rough
Bedstraw, Seaside
Bedstraw, Short-stalked
Bedstraw, Sweet-scented
Bedstraw, Tricleft
Bedstraw, Upright
Bedstraw, Wirtgen’s
Bedstraw, Yellow
Bee-balm
Bee-balm, Basil
Beech, American
Beech, European
Beech-drops
Beech-fern, Northern
Beech-fern, Southern
Bee-plant, Rocky Mountain
Beet
Beggar-ticks, Cut-leaved
Beggar-ticks, Eaton’s
Beggar-ticks, Estuary
Beggar-ticks, Leafy-bracted
Beggar-ticks, Small
Beggar-ticks, Swamp
Beggar-ticks, Tall
Belllower, Bulgarian
Belllower, Clustered
Belllower, Creeping
belllower, Marsh
belllower, Willow
Bellis
Bellwort, Large-lowered
Bellwort, Perfoliate
Bentgrass, Elliott’s
Bentgrass, Interrupted
Bentgrass, Marsh
Bentgrass, Rhode Island
Bentgrass, Silky
Bentgrass, Upland
Bentgrass, Velvet
Benthamidia
252
123
82
183
183
231
185
162
143
158
67
67
67
36
36
115
36
163
161
122
149
197
197
197
197
197
134
226
226
226
226
226
226
227
227
226
226
227
226
227
227
226
227
227
176
176
164
164
191
9
9
143
82
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
133
133
133
132
133
95
19
19
50
52
51
50
52
51
50
146
BERBERIDACEAE
Berberis
Bergamot, Purple
Bergamot,Wild
Berry, Himalaya
Berteroa
Beta
betony, Wood
Betula
BETULACEAE
Bidens
BIGNONIACEAE
Bindweed, Black
Bindweed, Climbing
bindweed, Field
Bindweed, Fringed
Bindweed, Hairy
Bindweed, Short-stalked False
Bindweed, Upright
Bindweed, Winged
Birch, Black
Birch, Blue
Birch, Broad-leaved
Birch, Downy
Birch, Gray
birch, Heart-leaf Paper
birch, Paper
birch, River
Birch, Silver
birch, Swamp
Birch, Yellow
Bird’s-foot, Common
Birdseye-speedwell
Birdsfoot-trefoil
Bird-vetch
Birthwort, Creeping
Bishop’s Cap
Bishop’s-weed, Mock
Bistort
Bistorta
Bistort-suncups
Bittercress, Long’s
Bittercress, Pennsylvania
Bittercress, Small-lowered
Bittersweet, American
Bittersweet, Hybrid
Bittersweet, Oriental
blackberry, Arching Sand
Blackberry, Bristly
Blackberry, Common
Blackberry, Double-leaved
Blackberry, Evergreen
Blackberry, Leafy
blackberry, New England Sand
Blackberry, Pennsylvania
blackberry, Sand
Blackberry, Serrate
Blackberry, Smooth
Blackberry, Three-leaved
Blackberry, Vermont
Black-eyed Susan
Bladder Fern, Laurentian
Bladder-campion
Bladdernut
Bladder-senna
Bladderwort, Fibrous
Bladderwort, Flat-leaved
Bladderwort, Great
Bladderwort, Horned
Bladderwort, Humped
Bladderwort, Inlated
Bladderwort, Lesser
Bladderwort, Purple
Bladderwort, Resupinate
Bladderwort, Slender
119
119, 120
176
176
222
126
82
191
120, 121
120
95, 96
122
201
202
144
201
144
144
144
202
121
120
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
121
120
161
199
159
163
13
232
90
201
201
188
128
128
128
142
142
142
224
224
221
222
223
222
221
223
222
221
222
223
224
111
10
140
236
156
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
Bladderwort, Small Floating
180
Bladderwort, Twin-scaped
180
Blazing-star, New England
108
Blazing-star, Spiked
108
BLECHNACEAE
4
Bleeding-heart, Wild
193
Blephilia
173
Bloodroot
194
Blue Alfalfa, Lucerne
160
Blue Flag, Northern
41
Blue Flag, Slender
41
Blue Scorpion-grass
124
Bluebead-lily
45
Bluebell, California
125
Blueberry, Early Sweet
153
blueberry, Highbush
152
blueberry, Highbush Black
152
Blueberry, Late Sweet
152
Blueberry, Low Sweet
152
Blueberry, Lowbush
152
Blueberry, New Jersey Highbush
152
blueberry, Sourtop
152
Blue-eyed Grass, Eastern
42
Blue-eyed Grass, Meadow
42
Blue-eyed Grass, Sandplain
42
Blue-eyed Grass, Slender
42
Blue-eyed Grass, Stout
41
Blue-eyed Mary, Small-lowered
196
Bluegrass, Annual
68
Bluegrass, Bulbous
68
Bluegrass, Canada
68
Bluegrass, Chapman’s
68
Blue-grass, Kentucky
68
Blue-grass, Narrow-leaved Kentucky 68
Bluegrass, Rough
69
bluegrass, Woodland
68
Bluejoint, Canada or Reedgrass
55
Bluestem, Big
51
Bluestem, Little
69
Bluestem-goldenrod
113
Bluets, Calycose
227
Bluets, Long-leaved
227
Bluets; Quaker Ladies, Innocence
227
Boechera
126
Boehmeria
238
Bog-blackberry
224
Bog-clubmoss, Northern
3
Bog-clubmoss, Robust
3
Bog-clubmoss, Southern
2
Bog-rosemary
149
Bolboschoenus
19, 20
Boltonia
97
Boneset
101
Boneset, Hairy
101
Boneset, Hyssop-leaved
101
Boneset, Late
102
boneset, New England
101
Boneset, Rough
101
Boneset, Round-leaved
102
Boneset, Tall
101
Boneset, Upland
102
Borage
122
BORAGINACEAE
122
Borago
122
Botrychium
7
Bottlebrush-grass
60
Bottle-gentian
167
Bottle-gentian, Andrews’
167
Bouteloua
53
Bower-actinidia
79
Boxelder
231
Brachyelytrum
53
Brachypodium
54
Bracken
4
Bracken, Pine Barrens
5
Brasenia
Brass-buttons
Brassica
BRASSICACEAE
Bristle-fern, Appalachian
Bristle-fern, Weft
Briza
Brome, Barren
Brome, Drooping
Brome, Fringed
Brome, Perennial
Brome, Short-stalked
Brome, Slender
Brome, Smooth
Brome, Soft
Brome, Stiff
Brome, Tall
Brome, Upright
Brome, Wild
Brome, Woodland
Bromus
Brooklime
Brooklime, American
Brook-lobelia
Broom-crowberry
Broom-sedge
Broom-sedge, Bebb’s
Broom-sedge, Blunt
Broom-sedge, Bunched
Broussonetia
Browallia
Buckbean
Buckthorn, Alder-leaf
Buckthorn, Common
buckthorn, Glossy Alder
Buckwheat
Buckwheat, False
Buckwheat, India
Buddleja
Buffalo-bur
Buffalo-currant
Bugleweed, Geneva
Bugloss, Cretian Viper’s
Bugloss, Italian
Bugloss, Small
Bugloss, Viper’s
Buglossoides
Bulblet-fern
Bulbostylis
Bullsedge, Dark Green
Bulrush, Appalachian
Bulrush, Dwarf
Bulrush, Georgia
Bulrush, Hard-stemmed
Bulrush, Long-spiked
Bulrush, Meadow
Bulrush, Northeastern
Bulrush, Peck’s
Bulrush, Pendulous
Bulrush, Pursh’s
Bulrush, Red-stemmed
Bulrush, River
Bulrush, Saltmarsh
Bulrush, Seaside
Bulrush, Slender
Bulrush, Soft-stemmed
Bulrush, Spreading
Bulrush, Torrey’s
Bulrush, Water
Bulrush, Woodland
Bulrush. Hall’s
Bunchberry
Bunias
Bupleurum
Bur, Texas
253
14
99
126
125
7
7
54
55
55
54
55
54
55
54
54
55
54
54
54
55
54
198
198
133
150
52
21
31
52
184
233
184
211
211
211
201
202
201
233
236
169
173
123
122
122
123
123
10
20
38
38
36
38
36, 37
20
38
38
38
38
37
38
19
20
19
37
37
38
37
37
39
37
146
127
87
72
Bur-clover,
Bur-clover, Hispid
Bur-cucumber
Burdock, Common
Burdock, Great
Burdock, Woolly
Burhead, Little
Bur-marigold
Bur-marigold, Bearded
Bur-marigold, Nodding
Bur-marigold, Smooth
Burnet, Canadian
burnet, Garden
Burnet-saxifrage
Burning-nettle
Bur-oak
bur-parsley
Bur-reed, Common
Bur-reed, Floating
Bur-reed, Giant
Bur-reed, Green-fruited
Bur-reed, Narrow-leaved
Bur-reed, Shining
Bur-reed, Small
Bush, Burning
Bush-clover, Bicolored
Bush-clover, Curved
Bush-clover, Hairy
Bush-clover, Narrow-leaved
Bush-clover, Round-headed
Bush-clover, Stueve’s
Bush-clover, Tall
Bush-clover, Trailing
Bush-clover, Violet
Bush-clover, Virginia
Bush-clover, Wand
Bush-honeysuckle
Bush-pea, Hairy
Bush-violet
Bushy, Long-stalked Aster
BUTOMACEAE
Butomus
Butter-and-eggs
Butterbur
Buttercup, Allegheny
Buttercup, Bristly
Buttercup, Bulbous
Buttercup, Creeping
Buttercup, Early
Buttercup, Hispid
Buttercup, Hooked
Buttercup, Kidney-leaf
Buttercup, Small-lowered
buttercup, Swamp
Buttercup, Tall
Butterly-bush
Butternut
Buttonbush
Buttonbush-dodder
Buttons, Blue
Button-sedge
Buttonweed
BUXACEAE
Cabbage
Cabomba
CACTACEAE
Cakile
Calamagrostis
Calandrinia
Calendula
Calla
Calla, Wild
Callistephus
Callitriche
Calluna
160
160
148
94
94
94
15
95
95
96
96
224
224
90
238
165
87
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
142
158
159
159
158
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
134
162
233
115
18
18
197
110
209
210
209
210
209
209
210
209
210
209
209
233
173
225
145
134
22
225
132
127
14
132
127
55
206
97
17
17
97
195
149
Calopogon
Calotis
Calotis, Wedge-leaf
Caltha
CALYCANTHACEAE
Calycanthus
Calystegia
Camelina
Camissonia
Campanula
CAMPANULACEAE
Campion, Red
Campion, Snowy
Campsis
Canary-grass
Cancer-root, One-lowered
candytuft, Rocket
Canker-root
CANNABACEAE
Cannabis
Cantaloupe
Canterbury Bells
Caper-spurge
Capnoides
CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Capsella
Caragana
Caraway
Cardamine
Cardinal-lower
Cardiospermum
Carduus
Carex
Carpet-bugleweed
Carpetweed
Carpinus
Carrion-lower
Carthamus
Cartpath-aster
Carum
Carya
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Castanea
Castilleja
Castor-aralia
Castor-bean
Catalpa
Catalpa, Chinese
Catchly, Forking
Catchly, French
Catchly, German
Catchly, Night-lowering
Catchly, Sleepy
Catchly, Striate
Catchly, Sweet William
Catchly, von Cserei’s
Catnip
Cat’s Ear, Smooth
Cat’s Ear, Spotted
Cat-tail, Common
Cat-tail, Narrow-leaved
Caucalis
Caulophyllum
Ceanothus
Celandine
Celandine, Lesser
CELASTRACEAE
Celastrus
Celery
Celtis
Cenchrus
Centaurea
Centaurium
Centaury, Branching
Centaury, Lesser
46
97
97
208
13
13
144
127
188
132, 133
132
140
140
122
67
191
129
196
134
134
148
133
154
193
134
135
155
87
127
133
232
97
21-32
173
184
121
76
97
102
87
125
136
164
191
89
154
122
122
140
140
141
140
140
140
140
140
176
107
107
77
77
87
120
211
193
209
142
142
86
134
55
97
166
166
166
Centaury, Saltmarsh
Centipede-grass
Cephalanthus
Cerastium
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Ceratophyllum
CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE
Cercidiphyllum
Cercis
Chaenactis
Chaenomeles
Chaenorrhinum
Chaffseed
Chain Tree, Golden
Chain-fern, Netted
Chain-fern, Virginia
Chamaecrista
Chamaecyparis
Chamaedaphne
Chamaelirium
Chamaepericlymenum
Chamerion
Chamomile, Scentless
chamomile, Seaside
Chamomile, Wild
Chamomile, Yellow
Charlock
Cheat
Cheeses,
Chelidonium
Chelone
Chenopodium
Cherry, Black
cherry, Choke
cherry, Fire
Cherry, Japanese
Cherry, Jerusalem
Cherry, Mahaleb
cherry, Sand
cherry, Sandbar
Cherry, Sour
Cherry, Sweet
Cherry-plum
Chervil
chess, Field
chess, Foxtail
Chess, Hairy
Chess, Japanese
chess, Rattlesnake
Chestnut, American
Chestnut, Chinese
Chestnut, Sweet
Chick-pea
Chickweed, Common
chickweed, Field
Chickweed, Forked
Chickweed, Giant
chickweed, Great
Chickweed, Hairy Forked
Chickweed, Jagged
Chickweed, Little Mouse-ear
Chickweed, Mouse-ear
Chickweed, Nodding
Chicory
Chimaphila
Chinquapin
Chionanthus
Chionodoxa
Chives, Wild
Chloris
Chokeberry, Black
Chokeberry, Purple
Chokeberry, Red
Chorispora
Chorizanthe
254
167
62
225
136
13
13
142
142
155
98
213
195
192
158
4
4
155
11
149
45
146
188
118
118
109
99
132
55
183
193
195
82
219
220
219
219
236
219
220
219
219
219
219
86
54
55
54
54
54
164
164
164
156
141
136
139
138
141
139
138
137
137
137
98
149
164
186
40
16
56
212
212
212
128
201
Christmas-fern
Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum, Florist’s
chrysanthemum, Garland
Chrysosplenium
Cicer
Cichorium
Cicuta
Cigar-tree
Cinna
Cinquefoil, Brook
Cinquefoil, Creeping
Cinquefoil, Dwarf
Cinquefoil, Grayish
Cinquefoil, Intermediate
cinquefoil, Marsh
Cinquefoil, Old Field
Cinquefoil, Rough-fruited
Cinquefoil, Shrubby
Cinquefoil, Silvery
Cinquefoil, Tall
Cinquefoil, Three-toothed
Cinquefoil, White
Circaea
Cirsium
CISTACEAE
Citrullus
Cladium
Cladrastis
Clammy-weed, Eastern
Clammy-weed, Western
Clarkia
Clary
Claytonia
Clearweed
Clearweed, Black-seeded
Cleavers
Clematis
Clematis,Yam-leaf
CLEOMACEAE
Cleome
Clethra
CLETHRACEAE
Cliff-brake, Purple
Cliff-brake, Smooth
Clinopodium
Clintonia
Clotbur, European
Clover, Alsike
Clover, Clustered
Clover, Crimson
Clover, Japanese
Clover, Knotted
Clover, Persian
Clover, Rabbit-foot
Clover, Red
Clover, Subterranean
Clover, Tall
Clover, White
Clover, Zigzag
Clown’s Woundwort
Clubgrass
Clubmoss, Bristly
Clubmoss, Carolina or Slender
Clubmoss, Copeland’s
Clubmoss, Foxtail
Clubmoss, One-cone
Clubmoss, Staghorn
Clubsedge, Alpine
Coast-blite
Coast-madia, Large-headed
Cocklebur
Cocklebur, European
Cocklebur, Sandbar
Cocklebur, Spiny
6
95
98
103
232
156
98
168
122
220
218
218
218
218
218
213
218
218
216
218
216
224
218
188
98
142
147
32
156
144
144
188
177
206
238
238
226
208
208
143
143
144
144
9
9
173
5
119
162
162
162
158
163
163
162
162
163
162
162
162
179
56
3
3
2
2
3
3
39
83
109
119
119
119
119
Cockspur, Small-spiked
Cockspur, Walter’s
Cockspur-grass
Coeloglossum
Coffee, Wild
Coffee-tree, Kentucky
Cohosh, Black
Cohosh, Early Blue
Cohosh, Late Blue Cohosh
COLCHIACEAE
Colchicum
Colic-root
Collinsia
Collinsonia
Collomia
Colt’s Foot, Sweet
Colt’s-foot
Columbine, European
Columbine, Purple
Columbine, Wild
Colutea
Comandra
Comarum
Comfrey
Comfrey, Prickly
comfrey, Tuber
Commelina
COMMELINACEAE
Comptonia
Conelower, Green-headed
conelower, Grey-headed Prairie
Conelower, Pale-purple
Conelower, Pinewoods
Conelower, Purple
Conelower, Sweet
Conelower, Tall
Conioselinum
Conium
Conopholis
Conringia
Consolida
Convallaria
CONVOLVULACEAE
Convolvulus
Coontail
Coontail, Forked
Coptis
Coralberry
Corallorhiza
Coral-root, Autumn
Coral-root, Pale
Coral-root, Spotted
Cordgrass
Cord-grass, Prairie
Cord-grass, Saltwater
Corema
Coreopsis
Coriander
Coriandrum
Cork-tree
Corktree, Japanese
Corn
CORNACEAE
corn-camomile
Corn-cockle
Corn-gromwell
Corn-marigold
Corn-poppy
Corn-salad
Corn-speedwell
Corn-woundwort
Coronilla
Corrigiola
Corydalis
Corydalis, Golden
60
60
60
46
136
157
207
120
120
19
19
46
196
173
200
110
118
208
208
208
156
231
213
123
125
125
19
19
185
111
111
100
111
100
111
111
87
87
191
128
208
76
144
144
13
13
208
136
46
46
46
46
70
71
70
150
99
88
88
142
228
73
146
94
136
123
103
193
136
198
178
156
137
193
193
Corydalis, Pink
193
Corydalis, Purple
193
Corylus
121
Corynephorus
56
Cosmos
99
Cosmos
99
Cosmos, Orange
99
Cosmos, Small-lowered
99
Costmary
95
Cota
99
Cotinus
85
Cotoneaster
213
Cotoneaster, Spreading
213
Cotton
182
Cotton-grass, Fen
35
Cotton-grass, Hare’s-tail
35
Cotton-grass, Rough
35
Cotton-grass, Slender
35
Cotton-grass, Tawny
35
Cotton-rose, Little
109
Cottonweed, Slender
84
Cottonwood
228
Cotula
94
Cow-cress
129
Cow-herb
141
Cow-lily
14
Cow-lily, Tiny
14
Cow-parsnip
88
Cowslip, English
207
Cowslip, Virginia
124
Cow-wheat
191
Crabapple, Japanese Flowering
217
Crabapple, Siberian
217
Crabapple, Toringo
218
Crab-grass, Large
59
Crab-grass, Slender
59
Crab-grass, Smooth
59
Crab-grass, Violet
59
cranberry, Highbush
79
Cranberry, Large
152
cranberry, Mountain
153
Cranberry, Small
153
Crane-ly Orchis
50
Crane’s Bill, Bicknell’s
168
Crane’s Bill, Blood-red
169
Crane’s Bill, Carolina
168
Crane’s Bill, Cut-leaved
168
Crane’s Bill, Dewdrop
169
Crane’s Bill, Dove’s Foot
168
Crane’s Bill, Long-stalked
168
Crane’s Bill, Meadow
168
Crane’s Bill, Siberian
169
Crane’s Bill, Small
168
Crassula
147
CRASSULACEAE
147
Crataegus
213-216
Creeper, Virginia
242
creeper, Winter
142
Crepis
99
cress, Lake
131
Cress, Mouse-ear
125
Cress, Purple
128
Cress, Shepherd’s
132
Cress, Spring
127
cress, Swine
130
cress, Winter
126
Crocanthemum
142
Crocus
41
crocus, Spring
41
Crotalaria
156
Croton
153
Crowfoot, Cursed
210
Crowfoot, Seaside
209
crowfoot, White Water
209
crowfoot, Yellow Water
209
255
Crownbeard, Golden
Crown-vetch
Crown-vetch, Yellow False
Crupina
Crypsis
Cryptantha
Cryptogramma
Cryptotaenia
Cuckoo-lower
Cuckoo-lower, Fen
cucumber, Garden
Cucumber-magnolia
Cucumber-root, Indian
Cucumis
Cucurbita
CUCURBITACEAE
Cudweed, Low
Cudweed, Purple
Culver’s-root
Cumin
Cuminum
Cuphea
Cuphea, Low
Cup-plant
CUPRESSACEAE
Cup-scale, American
Curls, Blue
Currant, Bristly Black
Currant, European
Currant, European Black
Currant, Swamp Red
Currant, Wild Black
Cuscuta
Cut-grass, Rice
Cut-grass, White
Cut-leaved, Toothwort
Cyclachaena
Cycloloma
Cydonia
Cymbalaria
Cynanchum
Cynodon
Cynoglossum
Cynosurus
CYPERACEAE
Cyperus
cypress, Summer
Cypress-spurge
Cypripedium
Cystopteris
Cytisus
Dactylis
Dactyloctenium
Daffodil
Daisy, English
Daisy, False
daisy, Oxeye
Daisy-leabane
Dalea
Dandelion
Dandelion, Broad-lobed
Dandelion, Dwarf
Dandelion, Red-seeded
Dangleberry
Danthonia
Daphne
Daphne
Daphne, Rose
Darnel
Dasiphora
Date-palm
Datura
Daucus
Daylower
Day-lily, Orange
118
156
156
100
56
123
9
88
128
127
148
14
45
148
148
148
104
103
199
88
88
181
181
113
11
69
179
169
169
169
169
169
145
64
64
127
100
84
216
196
91
56
123
56
19
29
84
153
47
10
156
56
56
17
95
100
108
101
156
118
118
107
118
150
56
237
237
237
65
216
18
233
88
19
39
Day-lily, Yellow
Dead Nettle, Purple
Dead Nettle, Red
Dead Nettle, Spotted
Decodon
Deerberry
Deerhorn-clarkia
Deer-tongue
Dendrolycopodium
Dennstaedtia
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE
Deparia
Deptford Pink
Deschampsia
Descurainia
Desmazeria
Desmodium
Deutzia
Deutzia, Fuzzy
Devil-in-the-Bush
Devil’s Bit
Dewberry, Bristly
Dewberry, Northern
Dewberry, Southern
dewberry, Swamp
Dewdrop
Diamond-willow
Dianthus
DIAPENSIACEAE
Dicentra
Dichanthelium
Diervilla
Digitalis
Digitaria
Dill
Diodia
Dioscorea
DIOSCOREACEAE
Diospyros
Diphasiastrum
Diplazium
Diplotaxis
Dipsacus
Dirca
Distichlis
Ditch-stonecrop
Dock, Bitter
Dock, Curly
Dock, Dooryard
dock, Fiddle
Dock, Golden
Dock, Golden
Dock, Pale
dock, Patience
Dock, Saltpond
Dock, Seabeach
dock, Swamp
Dock, Willow-leaf
dock, Window
dodder, Clover
Dodder, Collared
Dodder, Dense
dodder, Field
Dodder, Flax
dodder, Pondshore
Dodder, Prairie
dodder, Smartweed
Dodge’s Hawthorn
Doellingeria
dogbane, Prairie
Dogbane, Spreading
Dog-chamomile
Dog-hobble
Dog-rose
Dogtail, Crested
39
174
174
174
181
153
188
58
2
4
4
10
137
57
128
57
156
171
171
208
135
222
222
222
224
222
229
137
148
193
57-59
134
196
59
86
225
39
39
149
2
10
128
134
237
60
194
205
205
205
206
205
205
205
205
205
205
206
206
205
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
214
100
91
90
94
151
220
56
Dog-violet, American
Dogweed, Bristle-leaf
Dogwood, Flowering
Dogwood, Gray
dogwood, Pagoda
Dogwood, Pale
Dogwood, Red
Dogwood, Red Osier
Dogwood, Round-leaved
Dogwood, Silky
Doll’s Eyes
Doronicum
Dove Pincushions
Draba
Dracocephalum
Dragonhead, American
Dragonhead, False
Dragonhead, Thyme-lowered
Dropseed, Northern
dropseed, Sand
Dropseed, Small
Dropseed, Tall
Drosera
DROSERACEAE
Drymocallis
DRYOPTERIDACEAE
Dryopteris
Duck-meal, Spotted
Duck-potato
Duckweed
Duckweed, Greater
Duckweed, Minute
duckweed, Star
Duckweed, Tiny
Duckweed, Valdivia
Duckweed,Turion
Dulichium
Dunegrass
Dusty Miller
Dutchman’s Breeches
Dutchman’s Pipe, Large-leaved
Dyer’s Greenweed
Dysphania
Dyssodia
Eastern Dwarf Mistletoe
EBENACEAE
Echinacea
Echinochloa
Echinocystis
Echinodorus
Echinops
Echium
Eclipta
Eel-grass
Egeria
Eggplant
Eichhornia
ELAEAGNACEAE
Elaeagnus
ELATINACEAE
Elatine
Elderberry, Black
Elderberry, Red-berried
Elecampane
Eleocharis
Eleusine
Eleutherococcus
Ellisia
Elm, American
Elm, Chinese
Elm, Dwarf
Elm, English
Elm, Slippery
Elm, Wych
Elodea
256
240
118
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
207
100
135
129
173
173
177
173
71
71
71
71
148
148
216
5
5,6
17
15
17
18
17
17
17
18
18
33
51
95
193
13
157
84
100
231
149
100
60
148
15
100
123
100
243
40
235
73
149
149
149
149
79
79
107
33-35
60
88
123
237
237
237
237
237
237
40
Elsholtzia
174
Elsholtzia
174
Elymus
60, 61
Emex
201
Epifagus
191
Epigaea
150
Epilobium
188, 189
Epimedium
120
Epipactis
47
EQUISETACEAE
6
Equisetum
6, 7
Eragrostis
61, 62
Erechtites
100
Eremochloa
62
Erica
150
ERICACEAE
149
Erigeron
101
ERIOCAULACEAE
39
Eriocaulon
39
Eriophorum
35
Erodium
167, 168
Eruca
129
Erucastrum
129
Eryngium
88
Eryngo, Broad-leaved
88
Erysimum
129
Erythronium
45
Eschscholzia
193
Eubotrys
150
Euchiton
101
Euclidium
129
Eudianthe
137
Euonymus
142
Euonymus, Winged
142
Eupatorium
101, 102
Euphorbia
153, 154
EUPHORBIACEAE
153
Euphrasia
191
Eurybia
102
Euthamia
102
Eutrochium
102, 103
Evening-primrose, Bushy
189
Evening-primrose, Common
189
Evening-primrose, Cross-shaped
189
Evening-primrose, Cut-leaved
189
Evening-primrose, Garden
189
Evening-primrose, Plains
190
Evening-primrose, Small-lowered
189
Everlasting, Clammy
111
Everlasting, Heller’s
111
Everlasting, Pearly
93
Everlasting, Sweet
111
Exochorda
216
Eyebane
154
Eyebright, Hairy
191
Eyebright, Stiff
191
Eyebright, Tiny-lowered
191
FABACEAE
155
FAGACEAE
164
Fagopyrum
201
Fagus
164
Fairy-wand
45
Falcaria
88
Fall-dandelion, Hawkbit
112
Fall-dandelion, Little
108
Fallopia
201
False Flax, Small-seeded
127
False Foxglove, Fern-leaf
190
False Foxglove, Smooth
190
False Indigo
155
False Indigo, Blue
155
False Mermaid
180
False Oats, Yellow
72
Fanwort
14
Featherfoil
207
Feather-grass, Slender
64
Feathertop
55
Fennel
88
Fen-sedge
30
Fenugreek, Egyptian
163
Fenugreek, Persian
160
Fenugreek, Sickle-fruit
163
Fern Grass
57
fern, Cinnamon
8
Fern, Climbing
9
Fern, Fragile
10
fern, Glade
10
Fern, Goldie’s
5
Fern, Hay-scented
4
Fern, Interrupted
8
Fern, Royal
8
Fern, Sensitive
7
Fern, Walking
4
Fescue, Bromelike
72
Fescue, Coastal Red
62
fescue, Hair
62
Fescue, Hard
63
Fescue, Many-lowered
62
Fescue, Mouse-tail or Rat-tail
73
Fescue, Nodding
62
Fescue, Red
62
fescue, Sheep
62
Fescue, Six-weeks
73
Festuca
24
Feverfew
117
Ficus
184
Fiddleneck, Bugloss
122
Fiddleneck, Rough
122
Field Chickweed, American
137
Field-mint, American
175
Fig
184
igwort, American
233
Figwort, Maryland
233
igwort, Wood
233
Filago
103
Filbert, American
121
Filipendula
216
Fimbristylis
36
Fimbry, Autumn
36
Finger-grass
56
Finger-grass, Feather
56
Fir, Balsam
11
Fir, Colorado
11
Fir, Douglas
12
Fireweed
100, 188
Fir-moss
1
Fir-moss, Appalachian
1
Fir-moss, Mountain
1
Fir-moss, Shining
1
Fitsroot
155
Flag, Sweet
15
Flatsedge, Awned
33
Flatsedge, Dusky
32
Flatsedge, Engelmann’s
32
Flatsedge, Golden
33
Flatsedge, Gray’s
32
Flatsedge, Houghton’s
32
Flatsedge, Marsh
33
Flatsedge, Oval-headed
32
Flatsedge, Pine Barren
33
Flatsedge, Pondshore
32
Flatsedge, Red-edged
32
Flatsedge, Redroot
32
latsedge, Saltmarsh
33
Flatsedge, Saltpond
32
Flatsedge, Sand
33
Flatsedge, Schweinitz’s
33
Flatsedge, Shining
32
latsedge, Slender Sand or Button
32
Flatsedge, Straw-colored
33
Flatsedge, Texas
Flatsedge, Yellow Flatsedge
Flatsedge, Yellowish
Flaveria
Flax, Common
Flax, Grooved Yellow
Flax, Panicled Yellow
Flax, Ridgestem Yellow
Flax, Sandplain
Flax, Texan
Flax, White
Flax, Woodland Yellow
leabane, Lesser Daisy
Fleabane, Philadelphia
Fleabane, Rough
Fleabane, Rough ,
leabane, Saltmarsh
Fleur-de-lis
Float-grass
Float-grass, Eastern
Floating Heart
Floating Heart, Yellow Floating Heart
Floerkea
Flowering-rush
Flower-of-an-hour
Fly-honeysuckle
Fly-honeysuckle, European
Fly-honeysuckle, Mountain
Foamlower
Foeniculum
Forget-me-not, Chinese
Forget-me-not, Garden
Forget-me-not, Smaller
Forget-me-not, True
Forget-me-not, Yellow-and-blue
Forsythia
Forsythia
Forsythia, Weeping
Foxglove, Common
Foxglove, Downy False
Foxglove, Grecian
Foxglove, Small Yellow
Foxglove, Yellow
Foxtail, Bristly
Foxtail, Carolina
Foxtail, Green
Foxtail, Marsh
foxtail, Meadow
Foxtail, Nodding
Foxtail, Short-awned
Foxtail, Slender
Foxtail, Yellow
Fragaria
Fragile Fern, MacKay’s
Frangula
Frankenia
FRANKENIACEAE
Frasera
Fraxinus
Fringe-tree
Froelichia
Frostweed, Bushy
Frostweed, Canadian
Frostweed, Hoary
Frostweed, Low
Fuirena
Fumaria
Fumitory
Fumitory, Climbing
Gaillardia
Gaillardia, Perennial
Galanthus
Galax
Galax
Gale, Sweet
257
33
32
32
103
181
181
181
181
181
181
180
181
101
101
101
101
111
41
63
63
184
184
180
18
182
135
135
135
232
88
123
124
124
124
124
187
187
187
196
190
196
196
196
70
51
70
51
51
70
51
51
70
216
10
211
211
166
167
187
186
84
142
142
142
143
36
193
193
192
103
103
16
148
148
185
Galearis
Galega
Galeopsis
Galinsoga
Galium
Gall-of-the-earth
Gama-grass, Northern
Gamochaeta
Garlic
Garlic, European Wild
Garlic, Field
Garlic, Wild
Garlic-mustard
Gastridium
Gaultheria
Gaura, Biennial
Gaura, Small-lowered
Gayfeather
Gaylussacia
Genista
Gentian, Fringed
Gentian, Narrow-leaved
Gentian, Plymouth
Gentian, Spurred
Gentian, Stiff
Gentiana
GENTIANACEAE
Gentianella
Gentianopsis
GERANIACEAE
Geranium
Geranium, Wild
Gerardia, Purple
Gerardia, Sandplain
Gerardia, Seaside
Gerardia, Slender
Gerardia, Small-lowered
Gerardia, Small-Flowered Slender
Germander, American
Germander, Cut-leaved
Germander, Hairy
Germander, Woodland
Germander-sage
Geum
Gherkin, West Indian
Giant-hyssop, Purple
Gilia
Gilia, Bird’s Eye
Gilia, California
Gilia, Scarlet
Gilia, Thread-stalk
Gill-over-the-ground
Ginger, Wild
Ginseng, American
Ginseng, Dwarf
Glandularia
Glasswort, Common
Glasswort, Dwarf
Glasswort, Perennial
Glaucium
Glebionis
Glechoma
Gleditsia
Globe-thistle
Glory-of-the-snow
Glossostigma
Glyceria
Glycine
Glycyrrhiza
Gnaphalium
Goat’s Beard
Goat’s Beard, Pale
Goat’s Beard, Yellow
Golden Club
Golden Rain-tree
47
157
174
103
226
109
72
103
16
16
16
16
125
63
150
189
189
108
150
157
167
167
167
167
167
167
166
167
167
167
168
168
190
190
190
190
190
190
179
179
179
179
179
217
148
173
200
200
200
200
200
174
13
89
89
238
84
84
84
193
103
174
157
100
40
194
63
157
157
104
213
118
118
18
232
Golden Seal
208
Golden-aster, Sickle-leaved
111
Goldeneye, Showy False
105
Goldenrod, Canada
113
Goldenrod, Downy
114
Goldenrod, Early
114
Goldenrod, Elliott’s
114
Goldenrod, Elm-leaf
115
Goldenrod, Grass-leaf Flat-topped
102
Goldenrod, Gray
114
Goldenrod, Hispid
113
Goldenrod, Large-leaved
114
Goldenrod, Late
113
Goldenrod, Rand’s
114
Goldenrod, Rough
114
Goldenrod, Rough-leaved
114
Goldenrod, Rough-stemmed
114
goldenrod, Seaside
114
Goldenrod, Sharp-leaved
113
Goldenrod, Showy
114
Goldenrod, Slender
113
Goldenrod, Slender-leaved Flat-topped
Goldenrod
102
goldenrod, Sphagnum
113
Goldenrod, Stiff
110
Goldenrod, Stout
114
goldenrod, Swamp
115
Goldenrod, Tall
113
Goldenrod, Upland White
110
Goldenrod, Wrinkle-leaved
114
Goldenrod, Zigzag
113
Goldenrod,Sweet
114
Goldentuft
126
Goldields
108
Gold-of-pleasure
127
Goldthread
208
Good King Henry
83
Goodyera
47
Gooseberry, Round-leaved
169
gooseberry, Swamp
169
Gooseberry, Wild
169
Goosefoot, Berlandier’s
82
goosefoot, City
83
goosefoot, Crested Glandular
84
Goosefoot, Cut-leaved
84
Goosefoot, Fogg’s
83
Goosefoot, Leafy
83
Goosefoot, Many-seeded
83
Goosefoot, Maple-leaf
83
Goosefoot, Oak-leaf
83
Goosefoot, Ridged
84
goosefoot, Woodland
83
Goose-grass
60
Goose-neck Yellow-loosestrife
185
Gorse
163
Gossypium
182
Gourd, Bottle
148
Goutweed
86
Grama-grass, Blue
53
Grama-grass, Creeping
53
Grama-grass, Stiff-awned
53
grape, Fox
242
Grape, Frost
243
Grape, New England
243
Grape, River-bank
243
Grape, Silver-leaved
241
grape, Summer
242
grape, Wine
243
Grape-fern, Blunt-lobed
8
Grape-fern, Dissected
7
Grape-fern, Leathery
8
Grape-fern, Narrow Triangle
7
Grape-honeysuckle
135
Grape-hyacinth, Atlantic
40
Grass, Bermuda
56
Grass, Bur-bristle
70
Grass, Fowl-meadow
68
Grass, Indian
70
Grass, Jointed Goat
50
Grass, Orange
171
grass, Orchard
56
grass, Poverty
52
Grass, Quaking
54
Grass, Rabbit-foot
69
Grass, Salt-meadow
70
grass, Saltpond
64
Grass, Sweet
52
grass, Velvet
63
Grass-of-Parnassus
194
Grass-pea
158
Grass-pink
46
Gratiola
196
Green Dragon
17
Greenbrier, Common
76
Greenstripe, Paraguay
92
Grenade
131
Grindelia
104
Gromwell, European
124
Gromwell, False
125
GROSSULARIACEAE
169
Ground-cedar, Slender
2
Ground-cedar, Southern
2
Ground-cherry, Clammy
235
Ground-cherry, Cut-leaved
235
Ground-cherry, Long-leaved
235
Ground-cherry, Low Hairy
235
Ground-cherry, Virginia
235
Groundnut
155
Ground-pine, Northern or Round-branched
2
Groundsel, Common
112
Groundsel, Sticky
112
Groundsel-tree
95
Guelder Rose, Snowball
79
Guizotia
104
Gum, Black
146
Gumweed
104
Gymnocarpium
10
Gymnocladus
157
Gypsophila
137
Gypsophila, Caucasus
137
Hackberry
134
Hackelia
123
HAEMODORACEAE
39
Hairgrass
65
Hairgrass, Common
57
Hairgrass, Silvery
51
Hairgrass, Strict
51
hairgrass, Tussock
57
Halenia
167
Halesia
236
HALORAGACEAE
170
HAMAMELIDACEAE
170
Hamamelis
170
Hardscale, One-lowered
112
Harebell
133
Hare’s Ear
87
Hare’s-ear, Toothed
87
Hawk’s-beard, Turkish
100
Hawk’s Beard, Fetid
99
Hawk’s Beard, Narrow-leaved
100
Hawk’s Beard, Smooth
99
Hawkweed, Canada
107
Hawkweed, European
106
Hawkweed, Hairy
106
Hawkweed, Maryland
106
Hawkweed, Mouse-ear
106
Hawkweed, Orange
106
Hawkweed, Panicled
106
Hawkweed, Rough
106
258
Hawkweed, Savoy
Hawkweed, Smooth
Hawkweed, Stellate
hawkweed, Whip
Hawthorn, Allegheny
Hawthorn, Bicknell’s
Hawthorn, Big-seeded
Hawthorn, Brainerd’s
Hawthorn, Broad-leaved
Hawthorn, Cockspur
Hawthorn, Cut-leaved
Hawthorn, Dotted
Hawthorn, Downy
Hawthorn, English
hawthorn, Fan
Hawthorn, Fan-leaf
Hawthorn, Forbes’
Hawthorn, Frosted
Hawthorn, Gray’s
Hawthorn, Holmes’
Hawthorn, Keep’s
Hawthorn, Long Island Sound
Hawthorn, Long-thorned
Hawthorn, Poplar
Hawthorn, River Hawthorn
Hawthorn, Round-leaved
Hawthorn, Royal
Hawthorn, Scarlet
Hawthorn, Stone’s
Hawthorn, Succulent
Hawthorn, Thorny
Hawthorn, Washington
Hazelnut, Beaked
Heal-all, Cut-leaved
Heal-all, Eurasian
Heal-all, Wild
Heath, Cornish
Heath, Cross-leaf
Heath, Scotch
Heather
Heather, Golden
Hedeoma
Hedera
Hedge-bindweed
Hedge-hyssop, Mud
Hedge-nettle, American
Hedge-nettle, Hyssop
Hedge-nettle, Marsh
Hedge-parsley, Japanese
Hedge-parsley, Narrow-leaved
Helenium
Helianthus
Heliomeris
Heliopsis
Heliotrope, Clasping
Heliotrope, European
Heliotrope, Indian
Heliotropium
Hellebore, False
Helleborine
Helminthotheca
HEMEROCALLIDACEAE
Hemerocallis
Hemizonia
Hemlock, Eastern
Hemlock-parsley
hemp, Saltmarsh
Hemp-nettle
Hemp-nettle, Cleft
Hemp-nettle, Red
Hempweed, Climbing
Hen-and-chickens
Henbane, Black
Henbit
Henbit, Intermediate
106
106
106
106
214
213
215
213
213
213
215
215
216
215
214
214
214
215
214
214
214
214
215
215
214
213
215
213
216
216
215
215
121
177
177
177
150
201
150
149
143
174
88
144
196
179
178
179
90
90
104
104
105
105
123
123
123
123
46
47
105
39
39
105
12
87
80
174
174
174
109
147
234
174
174
Hepatica, Blunt-lobed
Hepatica, Sharp-lobed
Heracleum
Herb-Robert
Herb-sophia
Hercules’ Club
Herniaria
Hesperis
Heteranthera
Heterosperma
Heterosperma, Fine-leaved
Hibiscus
hickory, Bitternut
Hickory, Mockernut
hickory, Shagbark
Hieracium
Hightide-bush
Hippuris
Hobblebush
Hog-peanut
Hogweed
Hogwort
Holcus
Holly, American
Holly, Big-leaved
Holly, English
holly, Mountain
Holly, Mountain
Holly-fern, Braun’s
Holly-fern, Potter’s
Hollyhock
Holosteum
Honckenya
Honesty
Honewort
Honeysuckle, Amur
Honeysuckle, Hairy
Honeysuckle, Hybrid
Honeysuckle, Japanese
Honeysuckle, Morrow
Honeysuckle, Tatarian
honeysuckle, Trumpet
Honeysuckle, Wild
Hop-clover, Little
Hop-clover, Palmate
Hop-clover, Pinnate
Hops, American
Hops, Common
Hops, Japanese
Hordeum
Horehound
Horehound, Black
hornbeam, Hop
Horned-sedge, Big-headed
Horse-balm, Northern
Horse-chestnut
Horse-mint
Horse-mint, Dotted
Horse-nettle
Horse-radish
horsetail, Field
horsetail, Marsh
horsetail, Meadow
horsetail, River
horsetail, Shorehorsetail, Woodland
Horseweed
Hosta
Hosta, Blue
HOSTACEAE
Hottonia
Hound’s Tongue
Hound’s Tongue, Himalayan
Hound’s Tongue, Woodland
Houstonia
207
207
88
168
128
87
138
129
73
105
105
182
172
172
172
106
107
196
79
155
88
153
63
92
92
92
92
92
6
6
182
138
138
130
88
135
135
134
135
135
135
135
135
162
162
162
134
134
134
64
173
173
121
36
173
232
175
176
235
126
6
7
7
6
6
7
101
40
40
40
207
123
123
123
227
Huckleberry, Black
Huckleberry, Dwarf
Hudsonia
Humulus
Huperzia
HUPERZIACEAE
hyacinth, Grape
HYACINTHACEAE
Hydrangea
Hydrangea, Peegee
Hydrangea, Wild
HYDRANGEACEAE
Hydrastis
Hydrilla
Hydrilla
HYDROCHARITACEAE
Hydrocotyle
Hydrophyllum
Hylodesmum
Hylotelephium
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
Hyoscyamus
HYPERICACEAE
Hypericum
Hypochaeris
Hypopitys
HYPOXIDACEAE
Hypoxis
Hyssop
Hyssopus
Iberis
Ilex
Illecebrum
Impatiens
Indian Pipe
Indian-physic
Indian-plantain, Sweet-scented
Indigo, Yellow Wild
Inkberry
Inula
Ionactis
Ipomoea
Ipomopsis
IRIDACEAE
Iris
Iris, Crested Dwarf
Iris, Siberian
Iris, Yellow
Ironweed, Broad-leaved
Ironweed, Missouri
Ironweed, New York
ironweed, Prairie
Ironwood
ISOETACEAE
Isoetes
Isotrema
Isotria
Iva
Ivy, Boston
Ivy, English
Jack-in-the-pulpit, Dwarf
Jack-in-the-pulpit, Swamp
Jack-in-the-pulpit, Woodland
Jacobaea
Jasione
Jetbead
Jewelweed, Orange
Jewelweed, Yellow
Jimson-weed, White
Joe-Pye-weed, Atlantic
Joe-Pye-weed, Hollow-stemmed
Joe-Pye-weed, Spotted
Joe-Pye-weed, Sweet
Johnny-jump-up
Johnson-grass
259
150
150
143
134
1
1
40
40
171
171
171
171
208
40
40
40
88
124
157
147
7
234
171
171
107
150
41
41
82
174
129
92
138
119
151
218
112
155
92
107
107
145
200
41
41
41
41
41
119
119
119
119
121
1
1
13
47
107
242
88
17
17
17
107
133
220
119
119
234
102
103
103
103
242
70
Joint-grass, Hairy
53
Jointweed
204
Joyweed, Khaki
80
JUGLANDACEAE
172
Juglans
172, 173
Jumpseed
204
JUNCACEAE
42
JUNCAGINACEAE
45
Juncus
42
Junegrass
68
Juniper, Common
11
Juniper, Prostrate
11
Juniperus
11
Kalmia
151
Kalopanax
89
Katsura Tree
142
Keelfruit, Slender
132
Kenilworth-ivy
196
Kerria
217
Kickxia
196
King-devil
106
Knapweed, Black
98
Knapweed, Brown
97
Knapweed, Spotted
98
Knapweed, Wocheiner
98
Knautia
134
Knawel, Annual
139
Knawel, Perennial
139
Knotweed, Bellard’s
204
Knotweed, Box-leaf
204
Knotweed, Doorweed
204
Knotweed, Erect
204
Knotweed, Giant
202
Knotweed, Japanese
202
Knotweed, Nepalese
203
Knotweed, Rock
204
Knotweed, Saltmarsh
204
Knotweed, Seabeach
204
Knotweed, Silversheath
204
Kochia
84
Koelreuteria
232
Kolkwitzia
134
Krigia
107
Kudzu
161
Kummerowia
158
Labrador Tea
152
Laburnum
158
Lace-grass
61
Lace-vine, Silver
201
Lachnanthes
39
Lactuca
107
Ladies’ Tresses, Grass-leaved
50
Ladies’ Tresses, Hooded
49
Ladies’ Tresses, Little
50
Ladies’ Tresses, Nodding
49
Ladies’ Tresses, Northern Slender
50
Ladies’ Tresses, Shining or Wide-leaved 50
Ladies’ Tresses, Southern Slender
49
Lady-fern, Northern
10
Lady-fern, Southern
10
Lady’s Mantle
211
Lady’s Slipper, Pink
47
Lady’s Slipper, Ram’s Head
47
Lady’s Slipper, Showy
47
Lady’s Slipper, Southern Small Yellow 47
Lady’s Slipper, Woodland Yellow
47
Lady’s Thumb
203
Lady’s-Slipper, Small Yellow
47
Lagenaria
148
Lamb’s Quarters
82
LAMIACEAE
173
Lamium
174
Landoltia
17
Lantern-plant, Chinese
234
Laportea
238
Lappula
Lapsana
Larch, European
LARDIZABALACEAE
Larix
larkspur, Rocket
Lasthenia
Lasthenia, Woolly
Lathyrus
LAURACEAE
laurel, Bog
Laurel, Great
laurel, Mountain
laurel, Sheep
Lavender-cotton
Layia
Leatherleaf
Leatherwood
Lechea
Leek, Wild
Leersia
Lemna
Lemon-Balm
Lens
LENTIBULARIACEAE
Lentil
Leontodon
Leonurus
Leopard’s Bane, Great
Lepidium
Leptochloa
Lespedeza
Lespedeza, Sericea
lettuce, Garden
Lettuce, Prickly
lettuce, Wall
Lettuce, White
Lettuce, Yellow Wild
Leucanthemum
Leucojum
Leucothoe
Levisticum
Leymus
Liatris
Licorice
Licorice, Wild
Ligusticum
Ligustrum
Lilac, Amur
Lilac, Bushy
Lilac, Common
Lilac, Hungarian
Lilac-sage
Lilaeopsis
Lilaeopsis
LILIACEAE
Lilium
Lily, Canada
Lily, Turk’s Cap
lily, Wood
Lily-of-the-valley
Lime, Common
LIMNANTHACEAE
Limonium
Limosella
LINACEAE
Linaria
Linden, Pendant Silver
Linden, Small-leaved
Linden-sage
Lindera
Lindernia
LINDERNIACEAE
Linnaea
Linum
124
108
11
179
11
208
108
108
158
13
151
152
151
151
112
108
149
237
143
16
64
17
175
158
180
158
108
175
100
129
64
158
159
108
108
109
109
107
108
16
150
89
64
108
157
226
89
187
187
187
187
187
178
89
89
45
45
45
45
45
76
184
180
199
233
180
196
184
183
178
13
181
181
134
180, 181
Lion’s Foot
Liparis
Lipocarpha
Liriodendron
Listera
Lithospermum
Live-forever
LOASACEAE
Lobelia
Lobelia, Great Blue
Lobelia, Pale-spike
Lobelia, Spiked
Lobularia
Locust, Black
Locust, Bristly
Locust, Clammy
locust, Honey
Logia
Lolium
Longpod-poppy
Lonicera
Looking-glass, Venus’
Loosestrife, Annual
Loosestrife, Fringed
loosestrife, Garden
Loosestrife, Narrow-leaved
Loosestrife, Purple
Loosestrife, Spotted
Loosestrife, Tufted
Loosestrife, Whorled
Loosestrife, Winged
Loostrife, Rose
Lopseed
Lotus
Lotus, American
lousewort, Swamp
Lovage
Lovage, Scotch
Lovegrass, Frank’s
Lovegrass, India
Lovegrass, Little
Lovegrass, Mexican
lovegrass, Prairie
Lovegrass, Purple
lovegrass, Sandbar
Lovegrass, Tufted
Lovegrass, Weeping
Love-lies-bleeding
Love-vine
Ludwigia
Lunaria
Lungwort, Golden
Lupine, Washington
Lupine, Wild
Lupinus
Luzula
Lychnis
Lychnis, Evening
Lychnis, Scarlet
Lycium
LYCOPODIACEAE
Lycopodiella
Lycopodium
Lycopus
Lygodium
Lyonia
Lysimachia
LYTHRACEAE
Lythrum
Macleaya
Maclura
Madder
madder, Field
Madia
Madwort
260
109
47
36
14
48
124
147
181
133
133
133
133
130
161
161
161
157
109
64
193
134
133
182
185
186
185
182
186
186
186
182
182
195
159
186
191
89
89
61
62
50
61
61
62
61
62
61
80
145
189
130
106
160
160
160
44
138
140
138
234
2
2, 3
3
175
9
151
185, 186
181
182
193
185
227
226
109
122
Magnolia
magnolia, Umbrella
MAGNOLIACEAE
Maianthemum
Maidenhair-fern
Maiden-pink
Malaxis
Maleberry
Mallow, Bristly-fruited
Mallow, Common
Mallow, Crisped
Mallow, High
mallow, Marsh
mallow, Musk
Mallow, Prickly
mallow, Rose
Mallow, Round-leaved
Mallow, Scarlet
Mallow, Small-lowered
mallow, Thicket Globe
mallow, Vervain
Mallow, Virginia
Mallow, Whorled
Malus
Malva
MALVACEAE
Mandarin, Rose
Mannagrass
Mannagrass, Coastal
Mannagrass, Fernald’s
Mannagrass, Fowl
Mannagrass, Lax
Mannagrass, Northern
Mannagrass, Pale or Torrey’s
Mannagrass, Sharp-scaled
Mannagrass, Slender
Mannagrass, Tall
Manyseed, Four-leaved
Maple, Amur
Maple, Black
maple, Hedge
Maple, Japanese
maple, Mountain
Maple, Norway
Maple, Red
Maple, Silver
Maple, Striped
maple, Sugar
maple, Sycamore
Maple, Tartarian
Mare’s Tail
Marigold, Aztec
Marigold, Fetid
marigold, Marsh
marigold, Pot
Marijuana, Hemp
Marjoram
Marjoram, Wild
Marrubium
Marsh-bedstraw, Blunt-leaved
Marsh-bedstraw, Clayton’s
Marsh-elder, Big
Marsh-elder, Rough
Marsh-fern
Marsh-pink, Slender
Marsh-violet, Blue
Marsilea
MARSILEACEAE
Massachusetts Fern
Matricaria
Matrimony-vine
Matrimony-vine, Chinese
Matteuccia
May-apple
Maylower
14
14
14
76
9
137
48
151
183
183
183
183
182
183
183
182
183
183
183
183
182
183
183
217, 218
182, 183
182
45
63
63
72
63
63
63
72
63
63
63
139
231
231
231
231
232
231
231
231
231
232
231
232
196
117
100
208
97
134
176
176
175
226
227
100
107
9
167
240
7
7
9
109
234
234
7
120
150
Maylower, Canada
Mayweed
Mazus
Mazus, Creeping
Mazus, Japanese
Meadow-beauty, Maryland
Meadow-beauty, Northern
Meadow-clary
Meadow-rue, Early
Meadow-rue, Skunk
Meadow-rue, Tall
Meadowsweet
Meadowsweet, Hairy
Medeola
Medicago
Medick, Black
Medick, Cut-leaved
Medick, Mediterranean
Medick, Spotted
medick, Tifton
Medick, Veinless
Melampyrum
MELANTHIACEAE
MELASTOMATACEAE
Melilotus
Melissa
Melon, Paddy
MENISPERMACEAE
Menispermum
Mentha
Mentzelia
MENYANTHACEAE
Menyanthes
Mercurialis
Mercury
Mermaid-weed
Mermaid-weed, Cut-leaved
Mertensia
Mibora
Mibora
Micranthes
Microseris
Microseris, Douglas’
Microstegium
mignonette, Garden
Mignonette, White Cut-leaved
Mignonette, Yellow Cut-leaved
Mikania
Mile-a-Minute Vine
Milium
Milk-parsley
Milk-purslane
Milk-thistle, Blessed
Milk-vetch, Twisted
Milkweed, Blunt-leaved
Milkweed, Common
milkweed, Downy Swamp,
Milkweed, Four-leaved
milkweed, Poke
Milkweed, Purple
Milkweed, Whorled
Milkwort, Alternate
Milkwort, Cross-leaved
Milkwort, Nuttall’s
Milkwort, Purple
Milkwort, Racemed
Milkwort, Whorled
millet, Foxtail
Millet, Japanese
millet, Woodland
Mimulus
mint, Field
Mint, Round-leaved
Mint, Woolly
Minuartia
76
94
194
194
194
184
184
177
210
210
210
225
225
45
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
191
45
184
160, 161
175
148
184
184
175
181
184
184
154
154
170
170
124
65
65
232
109
109
65
210
210
210
109
203
65
89
154
113
155
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
200
200
200
201
201
201
70
60
65
194
175
176
176
138
Mirabilis
Miscanthus
Mist-gypsophila
Mitchella
Mitella
Mitrewort, Lesser
Mock-orange, Appalachian
Mock-orange, European
Mock-orange, Ozark
Modiola
Moehringia
Molinia
MOLLUGINACEAE
Mollugo
Monarda
Moneses
Moneywort
Monkey-lower, Blue
Monkey-lower, Wide-throated
Monkey-lower, Winged
Monkshood, Wolfbane
Monolepis
Monotropa
Montia
Montia, Linear
Moonseed
Moonwort, Daisy-leaf
Moonwort, Least
Moonwort, Swamp
Moorgrass, Purple
MORACEAE
Morella
Morning-glory, Common
Morning-glory, Dwarf
Morning-glory, European
Morning-glory, Ivy-leaved
Morning-glory, Red
Morning-glory, Small White
Morning-glory, Wild
Morus
Mosquito-fern
Moss-phlox
Mother-of-thyme
Motherwort
Moth-mullein
Mountain-ash, American
Mountain-ash, European
Mountain-ash, Korean
Mountain-ash, Oakleaf
Mountain-ash, Showy
Mountain-mint, Basil
Mountain-mint, Hairy
Mountain-mint, Hoary
Mountain-mint, Short-toothed
Mountain-mint, Virginia
Mountain-mint, Whorled
Mournful Widow
Mouse-ear Chickweed, Clammy
Mouse-ear Chickweed, Dwarf
Mouse-tail
Mudmat
Mudwort, Atlantic
Mugwort
Muhlenbergia
Muhly, Awned
Muhly, Marsh
Muhly, Northern
Muhly, Wirestem
muhly, Woodland- or ForestMulberry, Red
Mulberry, White
Mullein, Clasping
Mullein, Common
Mullein, Dark
Mullein, Large-lowered
261
186
65
138
227
232
232
171
171
171
183
138
65
184
184
176
151
186
195
195
194
207
84
150
206
206
184
8
8
8
65
184
185
145
146
144
145
145
145
144
185
4
200
173
175
233
225
225
225
225
225
177
177
177
177
177
177
135
137
137
208
194
233
95
65
65
65
66
65
65
185
185
233
233
233
233
Mullein, White
Mullein-pink
Muscari
Musklower
Mustard, Black
Mustard, Blue
Mustard, Brown
mustard, Hedge
Mustard, Loesel’s
mustard, Tower
mustard, Treacle
Mustard, Tumbling
Mustard, White
mustard, Wormseed
Muster John Henry
Mycelis
Myosotis
Myosoton
Myosurus
Myrica
MYRICACEAE
Myriophyllum
Myrrhis
MYRSINACEAE
Nabalus
Naiad, Common
Naiad, Guadalupe
Naiad, Lesser
Naiad, Slender
Najas
Nannyberry
Narcissus
Narcissus, Poet’s
NARTHECIACEAE
Nasturtium
Nasturtium
Navarretia
Navarretia, White-cap
Necklace, Coral
Needle-grass, Barrens
Needle-grass, Forktip
Needle-grass, Prairie
Needle-grass, Purple
Needle-grass, Seabeach
Needle-grass, Slender
Nelumbo
NELUMBONACEAE
Nepeta
Neslia
Nettle, False
Nettle, Slender Stinging
Nettle, Stinging
nettle, Wood
New Jersey Tea
New York Fern
Nicandra
Nicotiana
Nigella
Niger
Nightshade, American Black
Nightshade, Bittersweet
Nightshade, Cut-leaved
Nightshade, Enchanter’s
Nightshade, European Black
Nightshade, Hairy
Nightshade, Melon-leaf
Nightshade, Small Enchanter’s
Nightshade, Sticky
Nightshade, Viscid
Nimblewill
Ninebark
Nipplewort
Nitgrass
Nuphar
Nut-rush
233
138
40
195
127
128
126
132
132
132
128
132
131
129
117
109
124
138
208
185
185
170
89
185
109
40
41
41
40
40, 41
79
17
17
46
237
130
200
200
138
52
52
52
52
53
52
186
186
176
130
238
238
238
238
211
9
234
234
208
104
236
235
236
188
235
236
235
188
236
236
65
218
108
63
14
38
Nut-sedge, Papillose
38
Nutsedge, Pondshore
39
Nut-sedge, Tall
39
Nuttallanthus
197
NYCTAGINACEAE
186
Nymphaea
14
NYMPHAEACEAE
14
Nymphoides
184
Nyssa
146
Oak, Black
166
oak, Chestnut
165
oak, Dwarf Chinquapin
165
Oak, English
166
oak, European Turkey
164
Oak, Jerusalem
84
oak, Post
166
Oak, Red
166
Oak, Scarlet
165
oak, Scrub
165
oak, Shingle
165
Oak, Swamp White
164
Oak, White
164
Oak, Yellow
165
Oak-fern
10
Oat Grass, Downy
53
Oatgrass, Black
68
Oatgrass, Bulbous Tall
53
Oatgrass, California
56
Oatgrass, Tall
53
Oatgrass, Woodland
56
Oats
53
Oats, Narrow False
72
Oats, Purple
69
Oats, Wild
19
Ocimum
176
Oclemena
109
Odontites
191
Oenothera
189, 190
OLEACEAE
186
Oleaster, Japanese
149
Oligoneuron
110
Olive, Russian
149
ONAGRACEAE
188
Onion
16
Onoclea
7
ONOCLEACEAE
7
Onopordum
110
Onosmodium
125
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
8
Ophioglossum
8
Opium-poppy
194
Opuntia
194
Orache
82
Orache, Halberd-leaf
82
Orache, Prostrate
81
orache, Seabeach
81
orache, Seaside
81
Orange Milkweed
91
Orange, Osage
185
Orchid, Three Birds
50
ORCHIDACEAE
46
Orchis, Blunt-leaved
49
Orchis, Club-spur
48
Orchis, Crested Fringed
48
orchis, Frog
46
Orchis, Hooker’s
49
Orchis, Large Purple-fringed
49
Orchis, Large Round-leaved
49
Orchis, North Wind
48
Orchis, Northern Green
49
Orchis, Pale green or Tubercled
49
Orchis, Ragged-fringed
49
Orchis, Round-leaved
49
Orchis, Showy
47
Orchis, Small Purple-fringed
49
Orchis, Tall or Leafy White
48
Orchis, White-fringed
48
Orchis, Yellow or Orange-fringed
48
Origanum
176
Ornithogalum
40
Ornithopus
161
OROBANCHACEAE
190
Orobanche
191
Orontium
18
orpine, Garden
147
Orthilia
151
Oryzopsis
66
Osier, Common
231
Osmorhiza
89
Osmunda
8
OSMUNDACEAE
8
Osmundastrum
8
Ostrich-fern
7
Ostrya
121
Othocallis
40
OXALIDACEAE
192
Oxalis
192
Oxeye, False Sunlower
105
Oxeye, Rough
105
Oxtongue, Bristly
105
Oxtongue, Hawkweed
111
Oysterleaf
124
Oysterplant
118
Pachysandra
132
Pachysandra, Japanese
132
Packera
110
Paeonia
192
PAEONIACEAE
192
Paint-brush, Indian
191
Painted Cup, Scarlet
191
Painted Trillium
46
Palafoxia
110
Palafoxia, Texas
110
Panax
88
Panic-grass, Auburn
57
Panic-grass, Broad-leaved
58
Panic-grass, Changeable
58
Panic-grass, Commons’
59
Panic-grass, Depauperate
58
Panic-grass, Downy
57
Panic-grass, Fall
66
Panic-grass, Fascicled
57
Panic-grass, Flat-stemmed
66
Panic-grass, Forked
58
Panic-grass, Gattinger’s
66
Panic-grass, Harsh
59
Panic-grass, Lindheimer’s
57
Panic-grass, Linear-leaved
58
Panic-grass, Long-leaved
66
Panic-grass, Mattamuskeet
58
Panic-grass, Northern
58
Panic-grass, Philadelphia
66
Panic-grass, Pondshore
57
Panic-grass, Round-fruited
59
Panic-grass, Scribner’s
58
Panic-grass, Smooth
57
Panic-grass, Svenson’s
66
Panic-grass, Tiny-fruited
58
Panic-grass, Velvet
59
Panic-grass, Villous
59
Panic-grass, Warty
66
Panic-grass, Wright’s
59
Panic-grass, Yellow
59
Panicum
66
pansy, Field
239
Papaver
193, 194
PAPAVERACEAE
192
Paper-mulberry
184
Parathelypteris
9
Parietaria
238
262
Parnassia
PARNASSIACEAE
Paronychia
Parrot’s-feather
Parsley
Parsley, Fool’s
parsnip, Field
Parthenium
Parthenocissus
Partridge-berry
Pascopyrum
Paspalum
Pastinaca
Paulownia
PAULOWNIACEAE
Pea, Everlasting
pea, Field
Pea, Flat
pea, Garden
pea, Marsh
pea, Meadow
pea, Partridge
Peach
Peanut
Peanutgrass, Annual
Pear
Pear, Bradford
Pearlbush
Pearlwort, Japanese
Pearlwort, Knotted
Pearlwort, Large
Pearlwort, Matted
Pearlwort, Trailing
Pea-tree
Pea-vetch
Pebble-pincushion
PEDALIACEAE
Pedicularis
Pellaea
Pellitory
pellitory, Rock
Peltandra
Penny-cress
Pennyroyal, American
Pennyroyal, False
Pennyroyal, Rough
Pennywort, Saltpond
pennywort, SwampPenstemon
Penstemon, Bearded
Penstemon, Long-sepaled
PENTHORACEAE
Penthorum
Peony
Pepper, Poor-man’s
Peppergrass, Clasping
Peppergrass, Garden-cress
peppergrass, Prairie
Peppergrass, Stinking
Peppermint
Pepperweed, Broad-leaved
Pepperweed, Heart-podded
Pepperweed, Tall
Perezia
Perezia
Perilla
Perilla-mint
Periwinkle
Periwinkle, Greater
Periwinkle, Herbaceous
Persicaria
Persimmon
Pert, Golden
Petasites
Petrorhagia
194
194
139
170
89
86
89
110
242
227
67
67
89
194
194
158
158
158
161
158
158
155
219
155
51
220
220
216
139
139
139
139
139
155
163
98
194
191
9
238
238
18
132
174
179
174
89
88
197
197
197
194
194
192
130
130
130
130
130
176
130
130
130
110
110
177
177
91
92
91
202-204
149
196
110
139
Petroselinum
89
Petunia
234
petunia, Garden
234
Petunia, Violet-lowered
234
Peucedanum
89
Phacelia
125
Phacelia
125
Phacelia, Common
125
Phacelia, Short-lobed
125
Phalaris
67
Phaseolus
161
Phedimus
147
Phegopteris
9
Phellodendron
228
Philadelphus
171
Phleum
67
Phlox
200
phlox, Summer
200
Phoenix
18
Phragmites
67
Phragmites
67
Phryma
195
PHRYMACEAE
194
Phyllostachys
68
Physalis
234
Physocarpus
218
Physostegia
177
Phytolacca
195
PHYTOLACCACEAE
195
Picea
11
Pickerel-weed
73
Picris
111
Pignut
172
Pigweed
82
Pigweed, Country
82
Pigweed, Fetid
84
Pigweed, Glaucous
83
Pigweed, Russian
82
Pigweed, Seabeach
82
Pigweed, White
83
Pigweed, Winged
84
Pilea
238
Pilewort, Fireweed
100
Pilewort, Seaside
100
pimpernel, Chaffweed
186
Pimpernel, False
181
Pimpernel, Scarlet
185
Pimpinella
89
PINACEAE
11
Pine, Austrian
12
pine, Ground, Princess Pine
2
pine, Hickey’s Ground
2
Pine, Jack
11
Pine, Japanese Black
12
Pine, Mugo
12
pine, Pitch
12
Pine, Scotch
12
Pine, White
12
Pine,Red
12
Pineapple-weed
109
Pinesap
150
pink, Garden
137
Pink, Proliferous
139
pink, Rose
167
Pink, Wild
140
Pinkweed, Smartweed, Pennsylvania
Smartweed
203
Pin-oak
165
Pinus
11, 12
pinweed, Beach
143
Pinweed, Beaded
143
Pinweed, Hairy
143
Pinweed, Large-podded
143
Pinweed, Leggett’s
143
Pinweed, Maine
143
Pinweed, Slender
Pinweed, Thyme-leaf
Pinxter-lower
Pipevine, Woolly
Pipewort
Pipewort, Parker’s
Pipsissewa
Pipsissewa, Striped
Piptatherum
Piptochaetium
Pisum
Pitcher-plant
Pitchforks, Devil’s
Pityopsis
Plagiobothrys
PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago
Plantain, American
Plantain, Bracted
Plantain, Common
Plantain, Cut-leaved
Plantain, Dwarf
Plantain, Hoary
Plantain, Pursh’s
Plantain, Ribgrass
Plantain, Robin’s
Plantain, Saltmarsh
plantain, Sand
Plantain, Seaside
PLATANACEAE
Platanthera
Platanus
Pluchea
Plum, Allegheny
plum, Beach
Plum, Canada
Plum, Common
Plum, Damson
plum, Garden
Plum, Wild
Plum, Wild Goose
PLUMBAGINACEAE
Plumegrass, Chinese
Plumegrass, Japanese
Plumeless-thistle, Spiny
Plume-poppy
Poa
POACEAE
Pod-grass
Podophyllum
PODOSTEMACEAE
Podostemum
Pogonia
Pogonia, Large Whorled
Pogonia, Rose
Pogonia, Small Whorled
Poison-hemlock
Poison-ivy
Poison-ivy, Creeping
Poison-sumac
Pokeweed
Polanisia
POLEMONIACEAE
Polemonium
Polemonium, Little
Polycarpon
Polygala
Polygala, Fringed
POLYGALACEAE
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonatum
Polygonum
POLYPODIACEAE
Polypodium
Polypogon
263
143
143
152
13
39
39
149
149
68
68
161
232
96
111
125
195
197
198
197
198
197
198
198
198
197
101
197
197
198
199
48
199
111
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
199
65
65
97
193
68, 69
50
76
120
199
199
49
47
49
47
87
86
86
86
195
144
200
200
200
139
200, 201
200
200
201
76
204
8
8
69
Polystichum
pondweed, Alga
Pondweed, Big-leaved
Pondweed, Blunt-leaved
Pondweed, Curly
pondweed, Flatstem
Pondweed, Floating
Pondweed, Fries’
Pondweed, Grass-leaf
Pondweed, Hairlike
Pondweed, Hill’s
Pondweed, Horned
Pondweed, Illinois
Pondweed, Leafy
Pondweed, Long-leaved
Pondweed, Northern
pondweed, Northern Snailseed
Pondweed, Oakes’
Pondweed, Ogden’s
Pondweed, Perfoliate
Pondweed, Ribbon-leaf
Pondweed, Richardson’s
Pondweed, Robbins
pondweed, Sago
Pondweed, Slender Tiny
Pondweed, Spotted
Pondweed, Straight-leaved
Pondweed, Tiny
Pondweed, Vasey’s
pondweed, Whitestem
Pontederia
PONTEDERIACEAE
Popcorn-lower
Popcorn-lower, San Joaquin
Poplar, Gray
Poplar, Lombardy
Poplar, White
Poppy, California
Populus
Porcelain-berry
Porteranthus
Portulaca
Portulaca, Red
PORTULACACEAE
Potamogeton
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Potato
Potato-vine, Wild
Potentilla
Poverty-grass
Poverty-weed
Prairie-clover, Foxtail
Prickly Ash, Common
Prickly Pear, Eastern
Prickly-poppy, White
Prickly-poppy, Yellow
Primrose, Japanese
Primula
PRIMULACEAE
Prince’s Feather
Princess-tree
Privet, California
Privet, Chinese
Privet, Common
Privet, Japanese
Proboscidea
Proserpinaca
Prunella
Prunus
Pseudabutilon
Pseudognaphalium
Pseudolycopodiella
Pseudotsuga
Ptelea
PTERIDACEAE
6
74
73
75
74
75
74
74
74
74
74
78
74
74
74
73
75
75
75
75
74
75
75
75
73
75
75
74
75
75
73
73
125
125
228
228
228
193
228
242
218
206
206
206
73
73-75
236
145
218
143
84
156
228
132
192
193
207
207
206
81
194
187
187
187
187
194
170
177
219
183
111
3
12
228
9
Pteridium
4
Ptilimnium
90
Puccinellia
69
Pueraria
161
Pumpkin
148
Puncture-vine
243
Purpleheads
72
Purpletop
72
Purslane, Common
206
Purslane, Water
189
Pussytoes
93
Pussytoes, Broad-leaved
94
Pussytoes, Canadian
93
pussytoes, Field
93
Pussytoes, Greene’s
93
Pussytoes, Parlin’s
94
Pussytoes, Plantain-leaved
94
Pussytoes, Smooth
94
Putty-root
46
Pycnanthemum
177
Pygmy-weed, Shore
147
Pyrola
151
Pyrola, One-lowered
151
Pyrola, One-sided
151
Pyrola, Pink
151
Pyrus
220
Quack-grass
60
Quack-grass, Seabeach
71
Queen Anne’s Lace
88
Queen-of-the-meadow
216
Queen-of-the-prairie
216
Quercus
164-166
Quickweed
103
Quickweed, Hairy
103
Quillwort
243
Quillwort, Acadian
1
Quillwort, Eaton’s
1
Quillwort, Engelmann’s
1
Quillwort, Lake
1
Quillwort, New England
1
quillwort, Riverbank
2
Quillwort, Spiny-spored
1
Quillwort, Tuckerman’s
2
Quince
216
Quince, Japanese
213
Quinine, Wild
110
radish, Garden
131
Radish, Wild
131
Ragged Robin
138
Ragweed
93
Ragweed, Giant
93
Ragweed, Western
93
Ragwort, Broad-leaved
110
Ragwort, Broomlike
112
Ragwort, Golden
110
ragwort, Tansy
107
Raisin, Wild
79
RANUNCULACEAE
207
Ranunculus
209
Raphanus
131
Rapistrum
131
Raspberry, Black
233
Raspberry, European
223
raspberry, Garden
223
Raspberry, Purple-lowering
223
Raspberry, Wild Red
223
Ratibida
111
Rattle, Large Yellow
191
Rattle, Yellow
191
Rattlebox
156
Rattlesnake Weed
107
Rattlesnake-fern
8
Rattlesnake-plantain, Checkered
47
Rattlesnake-plantain, Downy
47
Rattlesnake-plantain, Dwarf
47
Rattlesnake-root, Slender
109
Red Cedar, Eastern
11
Red Currant, Garden
169
Red Haw
213
Red Maids
206
Red Orache
81, 82
Redbud
155
Redroot
32
redroot, Prairie
211
Redtop
51
Reed Canary-grass
67
Reed Grass, New England Northern 55
Reed, Common
67
Reed, North American
67
Reed-bluejoint
55
Reedgrass, Macoun’s
55
Reedgrass, Pickering’s
55
Reseda
210
RESEDACEAE
210
RHAMNACEAE
211
Rhamnus
211
Rheum
205
Rhexia
184
Rhinanthus
191
Rhodes Grass
56
Rhododendron
151, 152
Rhododendron, Carolina
151
Rhododendron, Catawba
152
Rhodora
151
Rhodotypos
220
Rhubarb
205
Rhus
85, 86
Rhynchospora
33
Ribes
169
rice, Jungle
60
Rice, Slender Wild
73
Rice, Wild
73
Ricegrass, Little
68
Ricegrass, Mountain
68
Ricegrass, Spreading
66
Ricinus
154
River-hemp, Colorado
162
Robinia
161
Rock Polypody, Appalachian
8
Rock-brake, Fragile
9
Rock-cress, Bushy
128
Rock-cress, Drummond’s
126
Rock-cress, Green
126
Rock-cress, Hairy
126
Rock-cress, Hungarian
126
Rock-cress, Lyre-leaved
125
Rock-cress, Smooth
126
Rocket, Dame’s
129
Rocket, Dyer’s
210
Rocket, Eastern
132
Rocket, French
129
rocket, Garden
129
Rocket, London
132
rocket, Prairie
129
Rocket, Turkish
127
Rocket, Upright Yellow
126
rocket, Wall
128
Rock-jasmine, Western
206
Rorippa
130
Rosa
220
ROSACEAE
211
rose, Cinnamon
220
Rose, Evergreen
221
Rose, French
220
Rose, Japanese
217
Rose, Low
221
Rose, Memorial
220
Rose, Multilora
221
Rose, New England
221
Rose, Northern Prickly
220
264
rose, Pasturerose, Prairie
Rose, Prairie
Rose, Redleaf
Rose, Saltspray
Rose, Scotch
Rose, Small-lowered
Rose, Smooth
rose, Swamp
Rose-of-heaven
Rotala
Rubia
RUBIACEAE
Rubus
Rudbeckia
Rue, Goat’s
Rue-anemone
Rumex
Ruppia
RUPPIACEAE
Rupture-wort, Hairy
RUSCACEAE
rush, BayonetRush, Blunt-lowered
Rush, Brackish
Rush, Dudley’s
Rush, Forked
rush, Grass-leaf
Rush, Greene’s
Rush, Jointed
Rush, Knotted
Rush, Marsh- or Canada
rush, Meadow
rush, Path, Yard-rush
rush, Pondshore
rush, Saltmarsh
Rush, Scouring
rush, Seaside Toad
Rush, Secund
Rush, Sharp-fruited
Rush, Short-fruited
Rush, Short-tailed
Rush, Slim-fruited
Rush, Small-headed
Rush, Soft
Rush, Torrey’s
Rush, Two-lowered
Rush, Weak
Rush, Wiegand’s
Rutabaga
RUTACEAE
Rye
Rye Grass, Meadow
Rye Grass, Tall
Rye-grass, Italian
Rye-grass, Perennial
Sabatia
Sacciolepis
Saflower
Saflower, Woolly
Sage, Scarlet
Sage, White
sage, Woodland
Sagebrush
Sageweed
sagewort, Prairie
Sagina
Sagittaria
SALICACEAE
Salicornia
Salix
Sallow Sedge
Salsola
Saltbush, Siberian
Salt-reedgrass
220
221
220
220
221
221
220
220
221
137
182
225
225
221-224
111
157
210
205
76
76
126
76
43
44
42
43
43
43
43
42
43
43
43
44
44
43
6
42
44
42
42
42
43
42
43
44
42
43
42
127
228
70
69
69
64
64
167
69
97
97
178
95
177
95
94
95
139
15
228
84
229
27
85
82
70
Saltwort
Saltwort, Carolina
Saltwort, Prickly
saltwort, Seabeach
Salvia
Salvinia
SALVINIACEAE
Sambucus
Samolus
Sandbur, Coastal
Sandbur, Common
Sand-grass, Purple
Sand-spurrey, Alkali
Sand-spurrey, Northern
Sand-spurrey, Purple
Sand-spurrey, Red
Sand-spurrey, Saltmarsh
sandwort, Grove
Sandwort, Large-leaved
Sandwort, Michaux’s
sandwort, Seabeach
Sandwort, Thyme-leaf
Sanguinaria
Sanguisorba
Sanicle, Canadian
Sanicle, Clustered
Sanicle, Trefoil
Sanicula
Santa Maria
SANTALACEAE
Santolina
SAPINDACEAE
Saponaria
Sapphireberry
Sarracenia
SARRACENIACEAE
Sarsaparilla, Bristly
Sarsaparilla, Wild
Sassafras
Sassafras
Satingrass
Satureja
SAURURACEAE
Saururus
savory, Summer
Sawbrier
Saw-wort, False
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Saxifrage, Early
Saxifrage, Golden
saxifrage, SwampSaxifrage-pink
Scabiosa
Scabious, Yellowish
Scandix
Scarlet Runner
Schedonorus
Schenkia
Scheuchzeria
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE
Schizachne
Schizachyrium
SCHIZAEACEAE
Schkuhria
Schoenoplectus
Schwalbea
Scirpus
Scleranthus
Scleria
Sclerolepis
Scorpion-grass, Field
Scorpion-grass, Spring
Scorpionpod
Scorpiurus
Scorzoneroides
84
85
85
85
177
9
9
79
237
56
55
72
141
140
141
141
141
138
138
138
138
136
194
224
90
90
90
90
110
231
112
231
139
236
232
232
87
87
13
13
65
178
14
14
178
76
100
232
232
232
232
139
135
135
90
161
69
167
76
76
69
69
9
112
36
192
38
139
38, 39
112
124
124
161
161
112
Scotch Broom
Scotch Mist
Scouring Rush, Dwarf
Scouring Rush, Variegated
Scrambled Eggs
Screw-stem
Screw-stem, Purple
Scrophularia
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Scutellaria
Sea Lyme-grass
Sea-blite, American
Seablite, Downy
Seablite, Hyssop
Sea-blite, Rich’s
Sea-blite, Saltmarsh
Sea-blite, Slender
Seaheath, European
Sea-lavender
Sea-milkwort
Sea-pink
Sea-poppy
Sea-rocket
Secale
Securigera
Sedge, Appalachian
Sedge, Awl-fruited
Sedge, Awned
Sedge, Back’s
Sedge, Bailey’s
Sedge, Beaded
Sedge, Beaked
Sedge, Bicknell’s
Sedge, Black
Sedge, Bladder
Sedge, Bog
Sedge, Bristly
Sedge, Broad Wooly-fruited
Sedge, Brome-like
Sedge, Broom
Sedge, Broom
Sedge, Brown
Sedge, Brownish
sedge, Bur
Sedge, Bush’s
Sedge, Buxbaum’s
Sedge, Cat-tail
Sedge, Chestnut-colored
Sedge, Colonial
Sedge, Concealed
Sedge, Crawford’s
Sedge, Creeping
Sedge, Crested
Sedge, Crowded
Sedge, Davis’
Sedge, Delicate
Sedge, Dewey’s
Sedge, Dioecious
Sedge, Dry Land
sedge, Dune
Sedge, Eastern or Atlantic Prickly
Sedge, Emmons’
sedge, Emory’s
Sedge, False Hop
Sedge, Fernald’s
sedge, Fescue
Sedge, Few-lowered
Sedge, Few-fruited
sedge, Field
sedge, Fox
sedge, Foxtail
sedge, Galingale
Sedge, Glaucescent
Sedge, Golden
Sedge, Graceful
265
156
227
7
7
193
166
166
233
233
178
64
85
82
82
85
85
85
166
199
185
167
193
127
70
161
21
30
23
21
21
29
30
21
27
25
238
22
28
22
29
29
22
22
29
22
22
31
22
22
20
23
22
23
23
23
26
23
30
29
25
21
20
24
26
27
21
28
28
23
31
20
29
24
21
24
Sedge, Gray
Sedge, Gray’s
Sedge, Greenish-white
Sedge, Hairy
Sedge, Hairy-fruited
Sedge, Hairy-leaved
Sedge, Handsome
Sedge, Hare’s-foot
Sedge, Hay
Sedge, Hayden’s
Sedge, Hirsute
Sedge, Hitchcock’s
Sedge, Hooked
sedge, Hopsedge
Sedge, Howe’s Prickly
Sedge, Inlated
Sedge, Inland Prickly
sedge, Inundated Horned
Sedge, Lakeside
Sedge, Little Green
Sedge, Livid
Sedge, Long-beaked
sedge, Long-beaked Bald
Sedge, Long-beaked Pennsylvania
Sedge, Long-culmed
Sedge, Long’s
Sedge, Long-stalked
sedge, Loose-lowered Woodland
Sedge, Marsh
sedge, Meadow
Sedge, Michaux’s
sedge, Midland
sedge, Millet
Sedge, Mitchell’s Awned
Sedge, Mountain
sedge, Mud
Sedge, Muhlenberg’s
sedge, Necklace Woodland
Sedge, New England
Sedge, Northern Awned
Sedge, Northern Stalked
sedge, One-nerved Woodland
Sedge, Oval-headed
Sedge, Pale
Sedge, Panicled
Sedge, Peck’s
sedge, Pendant Bog
Sedge, Pennsylvania
Sedge, Plantain-leaf
sedge, Porcupine
sedge, Prairie
Sedge, Prickly
Sedge, Relexed
Sedge, Ribbed
Sedge, Rich Woods
sedge, Riverside
sedge, Saltmarsh
sedge, Sand
Sedge, Scabrous
Sedge, Schweinitz’s
sedge, Seabeach
sedge, Shore
sedge, Short Fescue
sedge, Short-beaked Bald
sedge, Short-beaked Sand
Sedge, Silvery
sedge, Silvery Bog
sedge, Slender Straw
sedge, Slender Woodland
sedge, Slender-spiked Woodland
Sedge, Small Yellow
sedge, Smith’s Club
Sedge, Smooth-sheathed
Sedge, Southern Stalked
sedge, Spreading Woodland
25
24
20
25
31
25
24
28
24
25
25
25
29
27
21
31
25
36
26
31
26
30
36
26
24
26
28
26
20
24
27
27
28
27
23
26
27
28
27
25
23
26
22
28
23
28
27
28
28
25
29
21
29
31
27
31
28
20
29
29
29
26
21
36
31
21
22
30
24
23
23
37
26
23
26
Sedge, Squarrose
Sedge, Stiff
sedge, Stiff-leaved Sand
sedge, Straw
sedge, SummerSedge, Swamp Prickly
Sedge, Swan’s
Sedge, Swinging
Sedge, Thin-leaved
Sedge, Thread-leaf
sedge, Three-seeded Bog
Sedge, Threeway
sedge, Torrey’s Beak
Sedge, Tuckerman’s
sedge, Tussock
sedge, Twig
Sedge, Twisted Drooping
sedge, Two-seeded Bog
Sedge, Variable
Sedge, Velvet-fruited
Sedge, Vernal
Sedge, Walter’s
sedge, White Bear
Sedge, Wiegand’s Prickly
Sedge, Willdenow’s
Sedge, Winged
sedge, Woodland
Sedge, Woolly-fruited
Sedge, Yellow
sedge, Yellow Fox
Sedum
sedum, Wall
Seedbox
Seedbox, Many-fruited
Seedbox, Round-fruited
Selaginella
SELAGINELLACEAE
Self-heal
Sempervivum
Senecio
Senna
Sensitive Plant, Wild
Sericocarpus
Serviceberry, Downy
Sesame
Sesamum
Sesbania
Setaria
Shadbush, Bartram’s
Shadbush, Downy
Shadbush, Nantucket
Shadbush, Round-leaved
Shadbush, Running
Shadbush, Smooth
Shadbush, Thicket
Sheep’s Bit
Shepherd’s Needle
Shepherd’s Purse
Sherardia
Shinleaf, Elliptic
Shinleaf, Glossy
Shinleaf, Green
Sibbaldiopsis
Sickle-pod
Sickleweed
Sicyos
Sida
Signal-grass, Texas
Silene
Silphium
Silverbells, Carolina
Silverling
Silverrod
Silverweed, Saltmarsh
Silybum
30
20
30
30
20
29
30
31
22
24
21
33
36
31
30
32
29
23
20
31
22
30
20
31
32
20
21
26
24
21
147
147
189
189
189
3
3
177
147
112
161
156
112
212
194
194
162
70
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
133
90
127
227
151
151
151
224
126
88
148
183
72
140
113
236
139
113
212
113
SIMAROUBACEAE
233
Sinapis
131
Sisymbrium
131
Sisyrinchium
41
Sium
90
Skullcap, Hyssop
178
Skullcap, Mad-dog
178
skullcap, Marsh
178
Skullcap, Small
178
Skullcap, Tall
178
Skunk-cabbage
18
Skunk-currant
169
Skunkweed
153
Slender-leaved Mountain-mint
177
Small-fruited or Slender Bead-grass 67
Smartweed, Carey’s
202
Smartweed, Chinese
203
Smartweed, Garden
204
Smartweed, Nodding
202
smartweed, Perennial Water, Dotted Smartweed
203
Smartweed, Pondshore
203
Smartweed, Swamp
204
Smartweed, Water
202
Smartweed, Willow-weed
202
SMILACACEAE
76
Smilax
76
Smoketree, Eurasian
85
Snakeroot, Black
90
Snakeroot, Lesser
93
Snakeroot, Seneca
201
Snakeroot, White
93
Snapdragon, Common
195
Snapdragon, Dwarf
195
Sneezeweed
92
Sneezeweed, Common
104
Sneezeweed, Fine-leaved
104
Sneezeweed, Purple-headed
104
Snowball, Japanese
80
Snowberry
136
Snowberry, Creeping
150
Snowberry, Western
136
Snowdrop
16
Snowlake
16
Snow-in-summer
137
Snow-on-the-mountain
154
Soapwort
139
soapwort, Rock
139
SOLANACEAE
233
Solanum
235, 236
Solidago
113-115
Solomon’s Seal
76
Solomon’s Seal, Broad-leaved
76
Solomon’s Seal, False
76
Solomon’s Seal, Giant
76
Solomon’s Seal, Starry
76
Solomon’s Seal, Three-leaved
76
Sonchus
115
Sorbaria
224
Sorbaronia
211
Sorbus
225
Sorghastrum
70
Sorghum
70
Sorghum
70
sorrel, Dune
205
sorrel, Garden
205
Sorrel, Lady’s
192
sorrel, Sheep
205
Southernwood
94
Sowbane
83
Sow-thistle, Annual
115
Sow-thistle, Corn
115
Sow-thistle, Field
115
Sow-thistle, Spiny
115
Sow-thistle, Swamp
115
266
Soybean
Spanish Bayonet
Spanish Needles
Sparganium
Spartina
Speargrass, Drooping
speargrass, Floodplain
Speargrass, Woodland
Spearmint
Spearwort, American
Spearwort, Creeping
Speedwell, Broad-leaved
Speedwell, Common
speedwell, Field
speedwell, Long-leaved
speedwell, Marsh
Speedwell, Northern Thyme-leaf
speedwell, Persian
speedwell, Purslane
speedwell, Purslane, Neckweed
Speedwell, Thyme-leaf
Spergula
Spergularia
Sphaeralcea
Sphenopholis
Spicebush
Spider-lower
Spiderwort, Long-bracted
Spiderwort, Smooth
Spiderwort, Virginia
Spike-grass, Saltmarsh
Spike-moss, Hidden
spike-moss, Meadow
spikemoss, Rock
Spikenard
Spike-rush, Ambiguous
Spike-rush, Beaked or Saltmarsh
Spike-rush, Black-fruited
Spike-rush, Creeping
Spike-rush, Deceitful
Spike-rush, Englemann’s
Spike-rush, Few-lowered
Spike-rush, Horsetail
Spike-rush, Little
Spike-rush, Matted or Mudlat
Spike-rush, Olive
Spike-rush, One-glumed
Spike-rush, Orange-fruited
Spike-rush, Ovate
Spike-rush, Red-footed
Spike-rush, Robbins’
Spike-rush, Saltpond
Spike-rush, Slender
Spike-rush, Small or Tiny-fruited
Spike-rush, Soft-stemmed
Spike-rush, Square-stemmed
Spike-rush, Three-ribbed
Spike-rush, Tubercled
Spikerush, Wright’s
Spinach
Spinach, New Zealand
Spinacia
Spindle-tree, European
Spinelower, Pungent
Spinulum
Spiraea
Spiraea, Double
Spiraea, False
Spiraea, Japanese
Spiranthes
Spirodela
Spleenwort, Ebony
Spleenwort, Maidenhair
spleenwort, Mountain
Spleenwort, Scott’s
157
15
96
77
70
68
68
68
176
209
209
198
199
198
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
140
140
183
71
13
143
19
19
19
60
3
3
3
87
33
35
34
34
34
34
35
34
33
34
34
35
34
34
34
35
34
35
34
34
35
35
35
33
80
80
85
142
201
3
225
225
224
225
49, 50
18
4
4
4
4
Spleenwort, Silvery
10
Spleenwort, Wall-rue
4
Sporobolus
71
Sprangletop, Mexican
64
Spring-beauty, Broad-leaved
206
Spring-beauty, Narrow-leaved
206
Spring-beauty, Siberian
206
Spruce, Black
11
Spruce, Norway
11
Spruce, Red
11
Spruce, White
11
Spurge, Broad-leaved
154
Spurge, Flowering
153
Spurge, Hairy
154
Spurge, Leafy
153
Spurge, Petty
154
spurge, Ridge-seed
153
spurge, Seaside
154
spurge, Sun
154
Spurge, Toothed
153
Spurrey
140
Squash
148
Squaw-root
191
Squill, Siberian
40
Squirrel-corn
193
St. Andrew’s Cross
172
St. John’s-wort, Bicknell’s
171
St. John’s-wort, Bushy
171
St. John’s-wort, Canadian
171
St. John’s-wort, Common
172
St. John’s-wort, Creeping
171
St. John’s-wort, Dwarf
171
St. John’s-wort, Golden
171
St. John’s-wort, Great
171
St. John’s-wort, Larger Canadian
172
St. John’s-wort, Marsh
172
St. John’s-wort, Northern Dwarf
171
St. John’s-wort, Northern Marsh
172
St. John’s-wort, Pale
171
St. John’s-wort, Shrubby
172
St. John’s-wort, Spotted
172
Stachys
178, 179
Staphylea
236
STAPHYLEACEAE
236
Starlower
185
Star-grass, Water
73
Star-grass, Yellow
41
Star-of-Bethlehem
40
Star-sedge
29
Star-sedge, Big
29
Star-sedge, European
30
Star-thistle, Maltese
97
Star-thistle, Spreading
97
Star-thistle, Yellow
98
Starwort, Long-leaved
141
Starwort, Northern
141
starwort, Seep
141
Starwort, Terrestrial
195
Steeple-bush
225
Stellaria
141
Steppe-saltwort
85
Stickleaf
181
Stickseed, Flat-spined
124
Stickseed, Two-row
124
Stiltgrass, Japanese
65
Stink-grass
61
Stitchwort, Common
141
Stitchwort, Greater
141
Stonecrop, Caucasus
147
Stonecrop, Creeping
147
Stonecrop, Glandular
147
stonecrop, Mountain
147
stonecrop, Rock
147
Stonecrop, Siberian
147
Stonecrop,Running
147
Stone-rush
Stork’s Bill
Stork’s Bill, Bristly
Stork’s Bill, Musky
Stork’s Bill, Soft
Stork’s Bill, Stephen’s
Stork’s Bill, Swan
strapwort, ShoreStrawberry, Barren
Strawberry, European
Strawberry, Garden
Strawberry, Wild
Strawberry, Woodland
Strawberry-blite
Strawberry-tomato
Strawlower
Straw-sedge, Big
Straw-sedge, Brown
Straw-sedge, Saltmarsh
Streptopus
Strophostyles
Stuckenia
STYRACACEAE
Suaeda
Succisa
Succisella
sumac, Fragrant
Sumac, Smooth
sumac, Staghorn
Sumac, Winged
Suncups, Inyo
Sundew, Round-leaved
Sundew, Spatulate-leaved
Sundew, Thread-leaf
Sundrops
Sundrops, Hairy
Sundrops, Little
Sunlower, Ashy
Sunlower, Common
Sunlower, Cucumber-leaf
Sunlower, Divaricate
Sunlower, Giant
Sunlower, Harsh
Sunlower, Kellerman’s
Sunlower, Maximilian’s
Sunlower, Prairie
Sunlower, Rhombic-leaved
Sunlower, Saw-toothed
Sunlower, Showy
Sunlower, Stiff
Sunlower, Thin-leaved
Swallow-wort, Black
Swallow-wort, Pale
Swamp-candles
Swamp-milkweed, Smooth
Swamp-oats
Sweet Bay
Sweet Cicely
Sweet Grass, Northern
Sweet Pepper-bush
Sweet William
sweetbells, SwampSweetbrier
Sweet-clover, Small Yellow
Sweet-clover, White
Sweet-clover, Yellow
Sweet-Fern
Sweetshrub, Eastern
Swida
Swine-cress, Lesser
Switchgrass
Sycamore
Symphoricarpos
Symphyotrichum
Symphytum
267
38
167
167
168
168
168
168
137
217
216
216
217
216
83
235
119
27
30
25
45
162
75
236
85
135
135
85
85
86
85
188
148
148
148
189
190
190
105
104
104
104
104
105
104
105
105
105
104
104
105
104
91
91
209
91
71
14
89
52
144
137
150
221
160
160
161
185
13
146
130
67
199
136
115-117
125
SYMPLOCACEAE
Symplocarpus
Symplocos
Syringa
Tabacco
Tagetes
Tail, Lizard’s
Tamarack
TAMARICACEAE
Tamarisk
Tamarix
Tanacetum
Tansy
Tansy-mustard, Northern
Tape-grass
Taraxacum
Tarweed, Fascicled
TAXACEAE
Taxus
Tearthumb, Arrow-leaf
Tearthumb, Halberd-leaf
Teasel, Common
Teasel, Cut-leaved
Teesdalia
Tephrosia
Terragon
Tetragonia
Teucrium
Thalictrum
THELYPTERIDACEAE
Thelypteris
THEOPHRASTACEAE
Thermopsis
Thimbleweed
Thimbleweed, Riverbank
Thimbleweed, Stout
Thinopyrum
Thistle, Blessed
thistle, Bull
Thistle, Canada
thistle, Field
thistle, Marsh
Thistle, Nodding
thistle, Pasture
Thistle, Russian
Thistle, Scotch
thistle, SwampThistle, Yellow
Thladiantha
Thlaspi
Thorn-apple, Downy
Thorn-apple, Sacred
Thorn-apple, White
Thread-foot
Threadleaf
Thread-rush
Three-awn, Slimspike
Threecorner-Jack, Spiny
Three-inger
Three-seeded Mercury
Three-seeded Mercury, Broad
Three-seeded Mercury, Slender
Three-square, Common
Threesquare, Olney’s
Thuja
Thyme
Thyme, Wild
THYMELAEACEAE
Thymophylla
Thymus
Tiarella
Ticklegrass, Northern
Ticklegrass, Southern
Tickseed, Hairy
tickseed, Lanceleaf
236
18
236
187
234
117
14
11
237
237
237
117
117
128
41
118
105
12
12
203
202
134
134
132
162
95
80
179
210
9
9
237
162
207
208
208
71
97
98
98
98
98
97
98
85
110
98
98
148
132
233
234
234
199
112
43
52
201
218
153
153
153
37
37
11
136
179
237
118
179
232
51
51
99
99
Tickseed, Pink
tickseed, Plains
Tickseed, Prairie
Tickseed, Tall
tickseed, Trefoil
Tickseed, Whorled
Tickseed-sunlower, Northern
Tick-trefoil, Canadian
Tick-trefoil, Cluster-leaf
Tick-trefoil, Dillen’s
Tick-trefoil, Hairy Small-leaved
Tick-trefoil, Hoary
Tick-trefoil, Maryland
Tick-trefoil, Naked
Tick-trefoil, Panicled
Tick-trefoil, Prostrate
Tick-trefoil, Sessile-leaved
Tick-trefoil, Spreading
Tick-trefoil, Stiff
Tidytips
Tiger-lily
Tilia
Timothy
timothy, Sand
Timothy, Subulate
Tinker’s Weed, Broad
Tiny Trumpet
Tipularia
Toadlax, Blue
Toadlax, Broom-leaf
Toadlax, Dalmatian
Toadlax, Moroccan
Toadlax, Striped
Toad-Lily
Toad-rush
Tobacco, California
Tobacco, Flowering
Tobacco, Indian
Tobacco, Wild
tobacco, Winged
Tomatillo
Tomato
Tongue-clarkia
Tooth-cup
Toothwort, Three-leaved
Toothwort, Two-leaved
Torilis
Torreyochloa
Toxicodendron
Tradescantia
Tragopogon
Tragus
Trapa
Tree-of-heaven
trefoil, Prairie
Trefoil, Woolly
Tresses, Blanche Ames’
Triadenum
Tribulus
Trichomanes
Trichophorum
Trichostema
Tricyrtis
Tridens
Trifolium
Triglochin
Trigonella
Trillium
Trillium, Nodding
Trillium, Purple
Trillium, White
Triodanis
Triosteum
Triphora
Triplasis
99
99
99
99
99
99
96
156
157
157
156
156
157
157
157
157
157
156
157
108
45
183, 184
67
67
67
136
200
50
197
196
196
196
196
45
43
234
234
133
234
234
235
235
188
182
128
127
90
72
86
19
118
72
182
233
155
163
49
172
243
4
39
179
45
72
162
45
163
46
46
46
46
133
136
50
72
Tripleurospermum
Tripsacum
Triraphis
Trisetum
Triticum
TROPAEOLACEAE
Tropaeolum
Tropidocarpum
Trout-lily
Trumpet-creeper
Tsuga
Tuber-gourd, Manchu
tulip, Garden
Tulip, Wild
Tulipa
Tulip-tree
Tumbleweed
Turnip
Turritis
Turtlehead, Lyon’s
Turtlehead, Red
Turtlehead, White
Tussilago
Twayblade, Green
Twayblade, Heart-leaf
Twayblade, Purple
Twinlower
Twisted-stalk, Clasping-leaf
Typha
TYPHACEAE
Ulex
ULMACEAE
Ulmus
Umbrella-sedge, Annual
Umbrella-sedge, Hairy
Umbrella-wort, Hairy
Umbrella-wort, Heart-leaved
Umbrella-wort, Pale
Urochloa
Urtica
URTICACEAE
Utricularia
Uvularia
Vaccaria
Vaccinium
valerian, Garden
Valerian, Greek
Valeriana
Valerianella
Vallisneria
Velvet-leaf
Veratrum
Verbascum
Verbena
VERBENACEAE
Verbesina
Vernalgrass, Puel’s
Vernalgrass, Sweet
Vernonia
Veronica
Veronicastrum
Vervain, Blue
Vervain, European
vervain, Garden
Vervain, Hispid
Vervain, Hoary
Vervain, Narrow-leaved
Vervain, Prostrate
Vervain, South American
Vervain, White
Vetch, Common
Vetch, Four-seed
Vetch, Hairy
Vetch, Large Yellow
Vetch, Narrow-leaved
268
118
72
72
72
72
237
237
132
45
122
12
148
45
45
45
14
80
127
132
195
196
195
118
48
48
47
134
45
77
77
163
237
237
36
36
186
186
186
72
238
238
180
19
141
152
136
200
136
136
41
182
46
233
238, 239
238
118
52
52
119
198
199
239
239
238
238
239
239
238
238
239
163
163
164
163
163
Vetch,Tiny
Vetchling
Vetchling, Yellow
Viburnum
Viburnum, Maple-leaf
Viburnum, Siebold’s
Vicia
Vinca
Viola
VIOLAECEAE
Violet, Arrow-leaf
Violet, Bird’s Foot
Violet, Britton’s
Violet, Canada
violet, Coast
violet, Comb
Violet, Common Blue
Violet, Creamy
Violet, Downy Yellow
Violet, English
Violet, Great-spurred
Violet, Japanese
Violet, Kidney-leaf
Violet, Lance-leaf
Violet, Large-leaved White
Violet, Le Conte’s
Violet, Long-spurred
violet, Northern Bog
Violet, Primrose-leaf
Violet, Round-leaved
violet, Sand
Violet, Smooth Yellow
Violet, Sweet White
Violet, Three-lobed
Violet, Wild
Viper’s Bugloss, Purple
Virgin’s Bower
Viscaria
VITACEAE
Vitis
Vulpia
Walllower, Fragrant
Wall-rocket, Cutleaf
Walnut, Black
Walnut, Japanese
Wapato
Wartweed
Water-chestnut
Water-clover
Watercress
Water-dock, Great
Watergrass, English
Water-hemlock
Water-hemlock, Bulblet
Water-hemp
Water-horehound, American
Water-horehound, European
Water-horehound, Gypsywort
Water-horehound, Northern
Water-horehound, Sessile
Water-horehound, Virginia
Water-horehound, Western
Water-hyacinth
Waterleaf, Broad
Waterleaf, Virginia
Water-lily, Tuberous
Water-lily, White or Fragrant
Water-lily, Yellow
Water-lobelia
Water-marigold
Water-meal, Globose
Water-meal, Northern
Water-meal, Papillate
Water-meal, Sickle
Watermelon
163
158
158
79
79
80
163
91
239
239
241
241
239
240
239
241
242
242
241
240
242
240
241
240
239
239
241
240
241
241
239
241
239
240
240
123
208
141
242
242, 243
72, 73
129
129
173
172
15
154
182
7
130
205
63
87
87
81
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
73
124
124
14
14
14
133
96
18
18
18
18
147
Water-milfoil, Farwell’s
Water-milfoil, Lealess
Water-milfoil, Lowly
Water-milfoil, Northern
Water-milfoil, Pinnate
Water-milfoil, Slender
Water-milfoil, Spiked
Water-milfoil, Variable
Water-milfoil, Whorled
Water-mint
Water-parsnip
Water-pennywort
Water-pepper
Water-pepper, False
Water-pepper, Mild
Water-pimpernel
Water-plantain, Large
Water-plantain, Lesser
Water-sedge
Water-shield
Water-smartweed, Big
Water-spangles
Water-speedwell
Water-starwort, Spring
Water-starwort, Stream
Water-starwort, Variable
Water-weed, Brazilian
Water-weed, Northern
Water-weed, Nuttall’s
Water-willow
Waterwort, American
Waterwort, European
Waterwort, Lesser
Wavy Bittercress
Wavy-leaved Aster
Waxweed, Blue
Wayfaring Tree
wedgegrass, Prairie
Wedgegrass, Shining
Wedgegrass, Slender
Weigela
Weigela, Crimson
Wheat
Wheatgrass, Clustered
Wheatgrass, Crested
Wheat-grass, Hairy-scaled
Wheat-grass, Western
White Cedar, Atlantic
White Man’s Foot
Whitlow-grass, Carolina
Whitlow-grass, Longpod
Whorled Mint, Spotted
Widgeon-grass
Wild Comfrey, Northern
Wild Indigo, Plains
Wild Lettuce, Blue
Wild Lettuce, Hairy
Wild Lettuce, Morss’
Wild Rye, Canada
Wild Rye, Early
Wild Rye, Hairy
Wild Rye, Prairie
Wild Rye, Riverbank
Wild Rye, Saltmarsh
Wild Rye, Virginia
Wild Rye, Wiegand’s
Wild Senna, Northern
Wild Strawberry, Northern
Wild-Rye, Southeastern
willow, Autumn
willow, Basket
Willow, Bay-leaf
Willow, Black
willow, Bog
Willow, Dwarf Prarie
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
175
90
88
202
202
202
237
15
15
21
14
203
9
198
195
195
195
40
40
40
181
149
149
149
128
117
181
79
71
71
71
136
136
72
50
50
71
67
11
198
129
129
175
76
123
155
107
108
108
60
60
61
60
61
61
61
61
161
216
60
231
230
230
230
230
230
Willow, Gray
Willow, Hoary
willow, Large Pussy
Willow, Long-beaked
willow, Sandbar
Willow, Shining
Willow, Silky
Willow, Slender
willow, Small Pussy
Willow, Weeping
Willow, White
Willow-herb, American
Willow-herb, Eastern
Willow-herb, Hairy
Willow-herb, Marsh
Willow-herb, Narrow-leaved
Willow-herb, Northeastern
Windmill-grass
Wineberry
Wingstem
Winterberry
Winterberry, Smooth
Winter-creeper, Big-leaved
Winter-cress, Early
Wintergreen
Wissadula, Paraguayan
Wisteria
Wisteria, Atlantic
Wisteria, Chinese
Wisteria, Japanese
Witch-grass
Witch-grass, Fall
Witch-hazel
Witch-hobble
Wolfberry
Wolfia
Wolfiella
Wood Sorrel, West Indian
woodbine, Grape
Wood-fern, Boott’s
Wood-fern, Clinton’s
Wood-fern, Crested
Wood-fern, Intermediate
Wood-fern, Marginal
Wood-fern, Mountain
Wood-fern, Slosson’s
Wood-fern, Spinulose
Wood-fern, Swamp
Wood-fern, Triploid
Woodgrass
Woodgrass, Awned
Woodland-muhly, Awnless
Woodland-sedge, Broad-leaved
Woodmint, Downy
Woodmint, Hairy
Woodreed, Slender
Woodruff
Woodruff, Sweet White
Wood-rush, Black-fruited
Wood-rush, Boreal
Wood-rush, Bulbous
Wood-rush, Common
Wood-rush, Drooping
Wood-rush, Field Wood-rush
Wood-rush, Hedgehog
Wood-rush, White-lowered
Wood-sedge, Drooping
Woodsia
Woodsia, Blunt-lobed
Woodsia, Rusty
Woodsia, Smooth
WOODSIACEAE
Wood-sorrel, Common Yellow
Wood-sorrel, Mountain
Wood-sorrel, Smooth Yellow
269
229
229
229
229
230
230
230
230
230
230
229
188
188
188
188
188
189
56
224
118
92
92
142
126
150
183
164
164
164
164
59
59
170
79
136
18
18
192
242
5
5
5
5
6
5
6
5
6
6
53
53
65
28
173
173
56
225
226
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
21
10
10
10
10
10
192
192
192
Wood-sorrel, Violet
Wood-sorrel. Southern Yellow
Woodwardia
Wool-grass
Wool-grass, Dusky
Wool-grass, Long’s
Wool-grass, Stalked
Wormseed
Wormwood, Annual
Wormwood, Roman
Wormwood, Tall
Woundwort, Annual Yellow
Xanthium
Xanthorhiza
Xerochrysum
XYRIDACEAE
Xyris
Yam, Chinese
Yam, Wild
Yarrow
yarrow, Seaside
Yellow Daisy
Yellowcress, Common
Yellowcress, Creeping
Yellowcress, Marsh
Yellowcress, Marsh
Yellowcress, Prostrate
Yellowcress, Round-fruited
Yellowcress, Sessile-lowered
Yellowcress, Water
Yellow-eyed Grass
Yellow-eyed Grass, Northern
Yellow-eyed Grass, Quagmire
Yellow-eyed Grass, Twisted
Yellowhead, Willow-leaved
Yellowroot
Yellowtops
Yellowwood
Yerba de Tajo
Yew, American
Yew, English
Yew, Japanese
Yucca
Zannichellia
ZANNICHELLIACEAE
Zanthoxylum
Zea
Zizania
Zizia
Zostera
ZOSTERACEAE
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
192
192
4
38
38
38
38
84
94
95
95
178
119
210
119
77
77
39
39
92
92
111
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
77
77
77
78
107
210
103
156
100
12
12
12
15
78
78
228
73
73
90
78
78
243
MASSACHUSETTS TOWNS AND COUNTIES
Amesbury
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West
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MIDDLESEX
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HAMPSHIRE
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BERKSHIRE
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14 MASSACHUSETTS COUNTIES
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East
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´
Boston
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Milford
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Watertown
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BARNSTABLE
Nantucket
0
DUKES
NANTUCKET
5
10
20
30
40
Miles
Bryan Connolly