TFCG Technical Paper 18
THE VERTEBRATE BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST CONDITION OF
UDZUNGWA MOUNTAIN FORESTS IN MUFINDI DISTRICT
By N. Doggart, C. Leonard, A. Perkin, M. Menegon and F. Rovero
Dar es Salaam
June 2008
Cover photographs by Michele Menegon. From left to right. 1. Horned bush viper eating a reed frog. 2.
View of Igoda Forest and adjacent tea fields. 3. Spiny flanked chameleon (Chamaeleo laterispinis)
¤ Tanzania Forest Conservation Group
Suggested citations:
Whole report
Doggart, N., C. Leonard, A. Perkin, M. Menegon and F. Rovero (2008). The Biodiversity and forest
condition of Udzungwa Mountain forests in Mufindi District. TFCG Technical Paper No 18. DSM, Tz. 1142 pp.
Sections with Report: (example using section 3)
Menegon, M., (2008). Reptiles and Amphibians. In: Doggart, N., C. Leonard, A. Perkin, M. Menegon
and F. Rovero (2008). The Biodiversity and forest condition of Udzungwa Mountain forests in Mufindi
District.TFCG Technical Paper No 18. DSM, Tz. 1 - 142 pp.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
The Eastern Arc Mountain forests in Mufindi District lie at the south-western extreme of the Eastern Arc.
The forests are found on the Mufindi plateau at the top of the Mufindi escarpment. The plateau includes
a mosaic of forest, commercial tea cultivation, pine and eucalyptus plantation, coffee and subsistence
agriculture. The forests of Mufindi are highly fragmented and many of them show high levels of
disturbance some of which dates back over 50 years. Lovett & Pócs (1993) suggest that parts of the
larger Mufindi forests such as Kigogo were cultivated in the mid 19th Century and cite the presence of
agricultural ridges under the forest. Other parts of Mufindi Scarp East and West were inhabited at the
time of gazettement in the 1950s and 1960s. All of the forests have been affected by timber harvesting
and the expansion of the tea estates.
Relative to some areas of the Eastern Arc, botanists have visited the Mufindi forests quite frequently.
The Tea estates also attracted a number of biologists to the area including Colin Congdon, Ivan
Bampton, Jon Lovett and Neil and Liz Baker. As a result there are several publications that describe the
biodiversity and conservation of the area. Overall there has been more work on the plants than on the
vertebrates with the exception of birds. As such the current survey focused on documenting the
vertebrate fauna of the area.
This report documents the aims, methods, results and conclusions of biodiversity surveys carried out in
the Eastern Arc Mountains of Mufindi Distrct by a team from the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group
and the Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Italy. The survey was financed by the Critical Ecosystem
Partnership Fund as part of the partnership project ‘Filling the Knowledge Gap: Surveys of Poorly Known
Sites and Species in the Eastern Arc and Coastal Forests’.
Methods and sampling localities
The surveys were conducted in two phases between February and August 2006 by a team of seven
researchers visiting ten forests (Table 1). The surveys covered mammals, birds, reptiles and
amphibians. The team used a combination of observations, sound recordings, mist-netting, pit fall traps
and camera trapping in order to record vertebrate species. The condition of the forest was also
assessed and interviews were conducted to document indigenous knowledge. The team carried out
surveys in Lulanda, Ipafu, Igoda, Kigogo, Mufindi Scarp East, Mufindi Scarp West and Kidegemsitu
Forest Reserves and two forest patches belonging to Unilever Tea Tanzania Limited (UTTL): Ifupira,
Livalonge forests and one owned by the Mufindi Tea Company: Lupeme. The forests range in altitude
from 860 m to 2000 m asl. The forests contain a mosaic of forest, grassland, bamboo, woodland and
thicket.
Table 1. Summary of area, altitudinal range and vegetation of forest reserves visited.
Forest
Area (ha)
Altitudinal range Vegetation
Status
Ifupira
N/a
1900 - 2000
Montane forest
UTTL
Igoda
80
1720 - 1820
Montane forest
LAFR
Ipafu
109
1700 - 1820
Montane forest
LAFR
Kidegemsitu
218
1840 - 1920
Montane forest
LAFR
Kigogo
2522
1770 - 1940
Montane forest and bamboo thicket
CFR
Livalonge
N/a
1880 – 1960
Montane forest
UTTL
Lulanda
197
1480 - 1640
Montane forest
LAFR
Lupeme
N/a
1880 - 1920
Montane forest
MTC
Mufindi Scarp East
15183
860 - 1960
Montane forest, grassland
CFR
Mufindi Scarp West
1851
1300 - 1860
Montane forest, thicket and grassland
CFR
CFR = Catchment Forest Reserve; LAFR= Local Authority Forest Reserve; MTC = Mufindi Tea Company; UTTL
= Unilever Tea Tanzania Limited.
2
Map 1. Location of trap sites in the Mufindi landscape.
Species and species richness
Based on records from the scientific literature and from the results of the current survey, the survey team
recorded 210 vertebrate species including 126 birds, 37 mammals, 27 reptiles and 20 amphibians. The
overall species list from the survey is provided in Table 2.
BIRDS
Accipiter melanoleucus
Accipiter minullus
Accipiter tachiro
Alethe fuelleborni
Andropadus chlorigula
Andropadus masukuensis
Andropadus striifacies
Andropadus virens
Anthreptes collaris
Great Sparrowhawk
Little Sparrowhawk
African Goshawk
White-chested Alethe
Green-throated Greenbul
Shelley's Greenbul
Stripe-faced Greenbul
Little Greenbul
Collared Sunbird
3
F
F
F
FF
FF
FF
FF
F
F
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Kidegemsitu
Village belt and tea
plantation
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp West
Lulanda
Ipafu
Igoda
Ifupira
Red list
Common name
Lupeme
Mufindi Scarp East
Species
Range
Forest
Dependency
Table 2. Vertebrate species recorded during the current survey in the North Pare Mountains.
1
1
1
1
1
Elminia albonotata
Estrilda astrild
Estrilda paludicola
Estrilda quartinia
Euplectes ardens
Euplectes capensis
Falco biarmicus
Francolinus afer
4
O
F
FF
FF
FF
F
F
FF
O
F
FF
O
F
F
F
F
F
F
O
F
F
F
F
O
F
O
F
F
O
FF
O
O
F
FF
O
F
FF
FF
F
W
W
EA N
W
W
W
W
EA N
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
EA N
EA N
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
FF
O
O
F
O
O
O
O
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
LC 1
1
1
1
1
LC 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Kidegemsitu
Village belt and tea
plantation
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp West
Lulanda
Ipafu
Igoda
Ifupira
Red list
1
Lupeme
Mufindi Scarp East
Common name
African Pipit
Brown-headed Apalis
Chapin's Apalis
Black-headed Apalis
Bar-throated Apalis
Lemon Dove
Black-faced Rufous Warbler
Dark batis
Chin-spot Batis
Cinnamon Bracken Warbler
Evergreen Forest Warbler
Spotted Eagle Owl
Augur Buzzard
Mountain Buzzard
Lizard buzzard
Grey-backed Camaroptera
Black Cuckoo Shrike
Montane Nightjar
White-browed Coucal
Silvery-cheeked Hornbill
Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo
Eastern Yellowbill
Black-chested snake eagle
Red-faced Cisticola
Black-lored Cisticola
Churring Cisticola
Speckled Mousebird
Olive Pigeon
Pied Crow
Olive-flanked Robin Chat
Robin Chat
White-browed Robin Chat
Red-capped Robin Chat
Red-faced Crimsonwing
House Martin
Cardinal Woodpecker
Olive Woodpecker
Square-tailed Drongo
Black-backed Puffback
White-tailed Crested
Flycatcher
Common Waxbill
Fawn-breasted Waxbill
Yellow-bellied Waxbill
Red-naped Widowbird
Yellow Bishop
Lanner Falcon
Red-necked Spurfowl
Range
Forest
Dependency
Species
Anthus cinnamomeus
Apalis alticola
Apalis chapini
Apalis melanocephala
Apalis thoracica
Aplopelia larvata
Bathmocercus rufus
Batis crypta
Batis molitor
Bradypterus cinnamomeus
Bradypterus lopezi
Bubo africanus
Buteo augur
Buteo oreophilus
Kaupifalco monogrammicus
Camaroptera brachyura
Campephaga flava
Caprimulgus poliocephalus
Centropus superciliosus
Ceratogymna brevis
Cercococcyx montanus
Ceuthmochares aereus
Circaetus pectoralis
Cisticola erythrops
Cisticola nigriloris
Cisticola njombe
Colius striatus
Columba arquatrix
Corvus albus
Cossypha anomala
Cossypha caffra
Cossypha heuglini
Cossypha natalensis
Cryptospiza reichenovii
Delichon urbica
Dendropicos fuscescens
Dendropicus griseocephalus
Dicrurus ludwigii
Dryoscopus cubla
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
LC
LC
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Nectarinia mediocris
Nectarinia olivacea
Nectarinia venusta
Onychognathus walleri
Oriolus larvatus
Orthotomus metopias
Otus senegalensis
Phyllastrephus flavostriatus
Phyllastrephus placidus
Platysteira peltata
Ploceus bertrandi
Ploceus ocularis
Ploceus xanthops
Pogoniulus bilineatus
Pogoniulus leucomystax
Pogonocichla stellata
Polemaetus bellicosus
Prinia subflava
O
Scaly Francolin
Common moorhen
Striped Swallow
Angola Swallow
red-rumped swallow
Peters' Twinspot
Lesser Honeyguide
Greater Honeyguide
Jameson's Firefinch
African Firefinch
Tropical Boubou
Fulleborn's Black Boubou
Uhehe Fiscal
Oriole Finch
Bronze Mannikin
Rufous-backed Mannikin
Long-crested Eagle
Black-fronted Bush Shrike
Giant kingfisher
White-eyed Slaty Flycatcher
Spot-throat
African Pied Wagtail
Dusky Flycatcher
Yellow-billed stork
Amethyst Sunbird
Malachite Sunbird
Eastern Double-collared
Sunbird
Eastern Olive Sunbird
Variable Sunbird
Waller's Starling
Black-headed Oriole
Red-capped Tailorbird
African Scops Owl
Yellow-streaked Greenbul
Olive Mountain Greenbul
Black-throated Wattle-eye
Bertram's Weaver
Spectacled Weaver
Holub's Golden Weaver
Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird
Moustached Green
Tinkerbird
Starred Robin
Martial eagle
Tawny-flanked Prinia
5
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
FF
F
O
O
W
W
W
W
Kidegemsitu
Village belt and tea
plantation
Kigogo
1
F
W
O
W
1
O
W
O
W
O
W
1
F
W
F
W
O
W
O
W
O
W
O
W
FF EA N LC 1
F EA N LC
FF
W
1
O
W
F
W
O
W
F
W
1
F
W
1
F
W
1
FF EA N LC 1
O
W
1
O
W
1
O
W
1
O
W
O
W
1
FF
F
F
FF
F
FF
O
FF
F
F
O
O
O
F
Mufindi Scarp West
Lulanda
Ipafu
Igoda
Ifupira
Red list
W
Lupeme
Mufindi Scarp East
Common name
Red-winged Francolin
Range
Forest
Dependency
Species
Francolinus levaillantii
Francolinus squamatus
udzungwensis
Gallinula chloropus
Hirundo abyssinica
Hirundo angolensis
Hirundo daurica
Hypargos niveoguttatus
Indicator minor
Indicator indicator
Lagonosticta rhodopareia
Lagonosticta rubricata
Laniarius aethiopicus
Laniarius fuelleborni
Lanius marwitzi
Linurgus olivaceus
Lonchura cucullata
Lonchura nigriceps
Lophaetus occipitalis
Malaconotus nigrifrons
Megaceryle maxima
Melaenornis fischeri
Modulatrix stictigula
Motacilla aguimp
Muscicapa adusta
Mysteria ibis
Nectarinia amethystina
Nectarinia famosa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Cephalophus harveyi
Cephalophus monticola
Cercopithecus mitis moloneyi
Chrysochloris stuhlmanni
Civettictis civetta
Colobus angolensis
Cricetomys gambianus
Crocidura sp A cf hildegardeae
Crocidura sp B cf hildegardeae
Crocidura sp C cf monax
Crocidura sp D
Dendromus sp.
Galagoides cf orinus
Galagoides granti
Genetta servalina lowei
Grammomys dolichurus
Harvey's duiker
Blue duiker
Gentle monkey
Golden mole
African civet
Angola pied colobus
Giant Pouched rat
White-toothed shrew
White-toothed shrew
White-toothed shrew
White-toothed shrew
Climbing mouse
Mountain galago
Grant's galago
Lowe’s servaline genet
Narrow-footed thicket rat
6
W
W
W
W
W
F
F
O
W
EA N
W
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Kigogo
Lulanda
Ipafu
Ifupira
Red list
Igoda
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
LR/
FF
W cd 1
FF
W
F
W
1
W
O
W
F
W
F
W LC
W
W
FF EA N DD 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
FF EA
FF
W
FF EA N
F
W
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Kidegemsitu
Village belt and tea
plantation
Marsh mongoose
Lesser pouched rat
Side-striped jackal
O
F
O
FF
F
1
1
1
1
Mufindi Scarp West
MAMMALS
Atilax paludinosus
Beamys hindei major
Canis adustus Sundevall, 1847
F
W
FF
W
1
F
W
O
W
1
O
W
1
O
W
F
W
1
F
W
1
F
W
FF EA N VU 1
F EA N LC
FF
W
F
W
1
F
W
1
O
W
1
FF
W
1
O
W
F
W
1
F
W
F
W
1
Lupeme
Mufindi Scarp East
Turtur chalcospilos
Turtur tympanistria
Vidua macroura
Zoothera gurneyi
Zosterops senegalensis
Common name
Eastern Roughwing
African Hill Babbler
Yellow-vented Bulbul
Stonechat
Broad-tailed warbler
Yellow-crowned Canary
East African Citril
Yellow-browed Seedeater
Thick-billed seedeater
Iringa Akalat
Green Barbet
Crowned Eagle
Red-eyed Dove
African Wood Owl
Little grebe
Livingstone's Turaco
Marsh Tchagra
Paradise Flycatcher
Crowned Hornbill
Olive Thrush
Emerald-spotted Wood
Dove
Tambourine Dove
Pin-tailed Whydah
Orange Ground Thrush
Yellow White-eye
Range
Forest
Dependency
Species
Psalidoprocne orientalis
Pseudoalcippe abyssinica
Pycnonotus tricolor
Saxicola torquata
Schoenicola brevirostris
Serinus canicollis
Serinus hypostictus
Serinus whytii
Serinus burtoni
Sheppardia lowei
Stactolaema olivacea
Stephanoaetus coronatus
Streptopelia semitorquata
Strix woodfordii
Tachybaptus ruficollis
Tauraco livingstonii
Tchagra minuta
Terpsiphone viridis
Tockus alboterminatus
Turdus olivaceus
1
Hylomyscus arcimontensis
Hystrix cristata Linnaeus, 1758
Lophuromys flavopunctatus
Mus minutoides
Mus triton
Myosorex kihaulei
Nandinia binotata
Neotragus moschatus
Otolemur crassicaudatus
Papio cynocephalus
Paraxerus vexillarius byatti
Potamochoerus larvatus
Praomys delectorum
Rhynchocyon cirnei
Suncus megalura
Tragelaphus scriptus
REPTILES
Adenorhinus barbouri
Atheris ceratophorus
Bitis arietans
Causus rhombeatus
Chamaeleo dilepis
Chamaeleo laterispinis
Chamaeleo tempeli
Chamaeleo werneri
Cordylus ukingensis
Crotaphopeltis tornieri
Dasypeltis scabra
Dispholidus typus
Duberria lutrix
Kinyongia cf. oxyrhina
Kinyongia Sp. Nov.
Lamphrophis fuliginosus
Lycodonomorphus whitey
Lycophidion capense
Lycophidion uzungwense
Lygodactylus angularìs.
Melanoseps loveridgei
Melanoseps uzungwensis
Philothamnus ornatus
Psammophylax variabilis
Rhampholeon moyeri
Rhinotyphlops nigrocandidus
Telescopus semiannulatus
F
O
F
F
F
FF
O
O
O
FF
FF
O
O
O
F
O
F
FF
O
O
FF
FF
O
7
E
EA
W
W
W
E
EA N
EA
W
EA N
W
W
W
EA
E
W
W
W
E
W LC
W
E
W
W
EA
EA
W
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Kidegemsitu
Village belt and tea
plantation
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp West
Lulanda
Ipafu
Igoda
Ifupira
Red list
W
W
FF EA N
1
F
W LC
F
W
1
W
1
W
FF
E EN 1
F
W
F
W
O
W
F
W
FF EA N VU 1
F
W
1
F
W
1
FF
W
1
F
W
F
W
F
FF
O
O
Lupeme
Mufindi Scarp East
Common name
African Dormouse
Bush hyrax
Eastern Arc montane wood
mouse
Crested porcupine
Brush-furred rat
Common mouse
Common mouse
Mouse shrew
African palm civet
Suni
Large-eared greater galago
Yellow baboon
Swynnerton's bush squirrel
Bush pig
Soft-furred rat
Chequered elephant shrew
Forest shrew
Bushbuck
Range
Forest
Dependency
Species
Graphiurus murinus
Heterohyrax brucei
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
O
W
W
1
-
AMPHIBIANS
Afrixalus sp.
Kidegemsitu
Village belt and tea
plantation
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp West
Common name
Lupeme
Mufindi Scarp East
Lulanda
Ipafu
Igoda
Ifupira
Red list
Range
Forest
Dependency
Species
Thelotornis cf. mossambicanus
Trachylepis varia
1
1
1
Not
liste
FF
E
d
O
W LC
O
W LC
FF EA N NT
F
W LC
F
O EA N LC
O EA N LC
F EA N LC
Not
liste
FF
E
d
VU
CIT
F EA N ES I
O
E VU
O
W LC
O
W LC
Not
liste
d
FF
E
O
W LC
FF EA VU
Not
liste
O
W d
O
W LC
Afrixalus sp. Nov.
Amietia angolensis
Amietophrynus gutturalis
Arthroleptis cf. reichei
Arthroleptis cf. xenodactyloides
Arthroleptis sp.
Hyperolius pictus
Hyperolius pseudargus
Hyperolius puncticulatus
Leptopelis sp. Nov
Nectophrynoides cf viviparus
Phlyctymantis keithae
Phrynobatrachus mababiensis
Phrynobatrachus natalensis
Probreviceps sp. Nov.
Ptychadena uzungwensis
Scolecomorphus cf. kirkii
Strongylopus fuelleborni
Xenopus cf. muelleri
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Table 3. Summary of vertebrate species richness by taxa in nine Mufindi forests.
Reptiles
N/a
N/a
6
N/a
Mammals
13
4
9
13
8
Birds
61
N/a
N/a
74
1
1
1
-
Table 3 summarises the species richness that was recorded in each of the forests visited by the survey
team. These figures should be considered in the context of uneven sampling intensity. Thus whilst
Lulanda, Mufindi Scarp West and Ipafu have the most species recorded, this partly reflects the more
intensive survey effort in these forests, particularly in terms of the bird surveys.
Amphibians
N/a
N/a
6
N/a
1
1
The list of vertebrate species in Table 2 does not include any bat or fish species as such the total
number of species in Mufindi’s forests is greater than the 210 species that have been documented so
far.
Forest
Ifupira
Igoda
Lupeme
Ipafu
1
1
Total
74
4
21
87
1
Forest
Kidegemsitu
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp East
Mufindi Scarp West
Lulanda
Amphibians
N/a
10
N/a
N/a
8
Reptiles
N/a
8
N/a
N/a
8
Mammals
1
21
18
14
13
Birds
12
35
N/a
74
66
Total
13
74
18
88
95
Endemism
In terms of endemic species, there are a total of 39 restricted range species found in Mufindi (Table 4).
The reptilian fauna include the most restricted range species.
Table 4. Summary of the number of restricted range species in Mufindi.
Taxon
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
Birds
Total
Udzungwa endemic (E)
4
5
1
0
10
Eastern Arc Endemic (EA)
1
5
1
0
7
Eastern Arc near-endemic (EA N)
5
3
5
9
22
The 39 restricted range species found in Mufindi are listed in Table 5.
Species endemic to the Udzungwa Mountains found in Mufindi
Amphibian Afrixalus Sp. Nov.
FF
E
Amphibian Leptopelis Sp. Nov
FF
E
Amphibian Phlyctymantis keithae
O
E
VU
Amphibian Probreviceps Sp. Nov.
FF
E
Mammal Myosorex kihaulei
Mouse shrew
FF
E
EN
F
E
Reptile
Adenorhinus barbouri
Reptile
F
E
Chamaeleo laterispinis
Reptile
FF
E
Kinyongia Sp. Nov.
Reptile
F
E
Lycophidion uzungwense
Reptile
FF
E
Melanoseps uzungwensis
Species endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains found in Mufindi
Amphibian Scolecomorphus kirkii
FF EA VU
Mammal Galagoides cf. orinus
FF EA
Reptile
FF EA
Atheris ceratophorus
Reptile
F
EA
Chamaeleo werneri
Reptile
FF EA
Kinyongia cf. oxyrhina
Rhinotyphlops
F
EA
Reptile
nigrocandidus
Reptile
FF EA
Rhampholeon moyeri
Species near-endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains found in Mufindi
Amphibian Arthroleptis cf. reichei
FF EA N NT
Amphibian Hyperolius pictus
O EA N LC
Amphibian Hyperolius pseudargus
O EA N LC
Amphibian Hyperolius puncticulatus
F EA N LC
F EA N VU
Amphibian Nectophrynoides cf
9
1
1
1
1
1
Mufindi Scarp West
Kigogo
Kidegemsitu
Village belt and tea
plantation
Ipafu
Igoda
Ifupira
Red list
Common name
Lulanda
Lupeme
Mufindi Scarp East
Species
Range
Forest
Dependency
Table 5. List of 39 restricted range vertebrate species found in Mufindi and their localities.
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
1
-
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Mammal
Mammal
Mammal
Mammal
Mammal
Reptile
Reptile
Reptile
Chapin's Apalis
Dark batis
Black-lored Cisticola
Churring Cisticola
Fulleborn's Black
Boubou
Laniarius fuelleborni
Uhehe Fiscal
Lanius marwitzi
Spot-throat
Modulatrix stictigula
Iringa Akalat
Sheppardia lowei
Green Barbet
Stactolaema olivacea
Lesser pouched rat
Beamys hindei major
Crocidura sp C cf monax White-toothed shrew
Lowe’s servaline
genet
Genetta servalina lowei
Eastern Arc montane
Hylomyscus arcimontensis wood mouse
Swynnerton's bush
Paraxerus vexillarius byatti squirrel
Chamaeleo tempeli
Adenorhinos barbouri
Crotaphopeltis tornieri
FF
FF
F
O
EA N
EA N
EA N
EA N
LC
LC
LC
LC
1
1
FF
F
FF
FF
F
F
FF
EA N
EA N
EA N
EA N
EA N
EA N
EA N
LC
LC
LC
VU
LC
1
DD
1
1
1
1
1
Mufindi Scarp West
Kigogo
Kidegemsitu
Village belt and tea
plantation
Common name
Lulanda
Lupeme
Mufindi Scarp East
Ipafu
Igoda
Ifupira
Red list
Range
Forest
Dependency
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Species
viviparus
Apalis chapini
Batis crypta
Cisticola nigriloris
Cisticola njombe
1
1 1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
FF EA N
1
1 1
FF EA N
1
1
1
1 1
FF
F
F
FF
1
1
1
1 1
1
EA N VU
EA N
EA N
EA N
-
1
1
-
It is interesting to note that 10 of the 39 restricted ranges species were recorded on village land of which
four were not were recorded in any of the forests. These species were mainly recorded in montane
grassland on village land and reflects the importance of this habitat for the conservation of restricted
range species.
The number of restricted range species varies considerably between reserves (Table 6) with Kigogo
having the most Udzungwa and Eastern Arc endemics with a total of 27 restricted range species whilst
no restricted range species were recorded in Igoda. Again these comparisons should be considered in
the context of differences in sampling intensity however it does highlight the importance of both Kigogo
(27 restricted range species) and Lulanda Forest Reserves (17 restricted range species).
The majority (20) of the species considered to be ‘near-endemic’ to the Eastern Arc Mountains have
ranges that extend into the Southern Rift forests. Associations with Mount Kilimanjaro and the coastal
forests are weaker with three and five species overlapping respectively. This reflects the proximity of the
Mufindi forests with the Southern Rift forests.
Table 6. Number of restricted range species found in each forest.
Forest
Ifupira
Igoda
Lupeme
Ipafu
Kidegemsitu
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp East
Number of species
endemic to the
Udzungwa Mountains
1
0
1
1
0
7
Number of species
Number of species
endemic to the Eastern near-endemic to the
Eastern Arc Mountains
Arc Mountains
0
8
0
0
0
5
0
9
0
5
5
15
1
0
10
4
Total
9
0
6
10
5
27
5
Mufindi Scarp
West
Lulanda
Village belt
0
3
4
0
4
1
8
10
5
8
17
10
Threatened taxa
In terms of globally threatened taxa, there are 26 species listed on the IUCN red list that are present in
Mufindi. These are summarised in Table 7. It should be noted that most reptile species have not been
assessed. Similarly the three new species of amphibian, the new chameleon species and the possible
new galago taxon have not been assessed. However, given their restricted ranges and the rates of
disturbance in Mufindi, it is likely that they will be considered vulnerable to extinction.
Table 7. Number of threatened species in Mufindi Forests.
Taxon
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
Birds
Total
Endangered
0
Vulnerable
3
1
1
1
5
1
Near threatened
1
1
2
The species considered to be endangered is Myosorex cf kihaulei.
Species present in the Mufindi forest which are considered to be Vulnerable include:
Amphibians
Phlyctymantis keithae
Scolecomorphus kirkii
Leptopelis barbouri
Nectophrynoides viviparus
Mammals
Paraxerus vexillarius byatti
Birds
Sheppardia lowei
Forest disturbance
The survey team assessed disturbance over 15 ha in eight of the forests.
11
Least Concern
10
8
18
Map 2. Location of disturbance transects in the Mufindi landscape.
The survey team recorded several different signs of resource use and disturbance within the forest
reserves including pole and timber cutting, pitsawing (22 events), paths (14 events), fire (six events),
cultivation (five events), traps (four events), abandoned settlement (one event) and bee hive (one hive).
Of these, pole and timber cutting were the most prevalent and were recorded in all reserves. The highest
rates of timber and pole cutting were in Kigogo and Lulanda Forest Reserves where there was more
than twice as much cutting as in the other forests. In both reserves, most of the cutting was recorded as
old cut, with the exception of some pole cutting in Kigogo Forest Reserve which appeared to be quite
recent. The rate of timber cutting was lowest in Ifupira, Mufindi Scarp East and Ipafu forests. The
results of the disturbance transects should be considered in light of signs of intensive logging in the past
such that the edges of several of the tea estate forests are a tangled thicket of vines and scrubby
vegetation with few large canopy trees.
Indigenous knowledge
In order to assess indigenous knowledge about the fauna of Mufindi’s forests, 53 people (43 men, 10
women) were interviewed in eight groups from six villages between February and June 2006.
Respondents mentioned ten primate, ungulate and sengi species. All but two of these species were
also recorded by the survey team. The two species mentioned in the indigenous knowledge surveys but
not recorded by the survey team are the tree hyrax and the rock hyrax. It is quite possible that both
species are present but were not detected by the survey team. Further research is needed in order to
confirm their presence. Respondents also confirmed that red colobus, mangabeys, black and rufous
sengi and Abbott’s duiker are not present in the Mufindi forests. The interviews also highlighted that in
the forests of the Mufindi, there are some wildlife conflicts. Medium-sized wild animals such as vervet
monkeys, Sykes monkeys, baboons and bushpigs were mentioned as causing damage to crops.
12
Conclusions
The surveys have shown that the forests are more important than was previously thought in terms of the
concentration of restricted range species. With at least four strictly endemic vertebrate species, the
Mufindi forests have comparable levels of endemism to other Eastern Arc mountain ranges. However
these figures should be considered in light of the recent ‘splitting’ of several amphibian species thus
raising documented rates of endemism across the Eastern Arc Mountains. Kigogo and Lulanda forests
appear to be of particular importance in terms of endemic species and herpetofaunal species richness.
The fauna show strong associations with the southern Rift forests reflecting the proximity of the
Southern Highlands to the Mufindi forests. The surveys also recorded widespread disturbance and
reflect the need for increased investment in protected area management in Mufindi.
Recommendations
The recommendations arising from this study can be summarised as follows:
Conservation interventions
x Establish and implement equitable and effective joint forest management for Kigogo and Mufindi
Scarp West and identify ways of restoring connectivity between the western forests.
x Continue to support joint forest management for Lulanda Forest Reserve given its exceptionally
high concentration of restricted range species.
x Control hunting of forest mammals through awareness raising, joint forest management and
coordination between stakeholders.
x Control illegal logging through joint forest management and awareness raising campaigns
x Implement awareness raising campaigns on the values, threats and conservation needs of the
Mufindi Forests and strengthen environmental education in schools
x Identify and conserve critical montane grassland habitats in Mufindi.
x Support efforts to reduce local dependence on the unsustainable extraction of products from the
forests particularly timber, poles and fuel wood.
x Develop and implement a strategy to tackle human – wildlife conflicts
x Develop and implement a strategy to address invasive alien species
x Develop and implement a strategy to prevent and tackle forest fires
x Improved coordination of conservation activities in Mufindi
Further research and monitoring
x Further research on taxonomy, distribution and conservation status of some of the possibly new,
scarce and cryptic species including dwarf galagos, black and white colobus, squirrels, tree
hyrax, Lowe’s genet and blue duiker.
x Further anlaysis and description of the new amphibian and reptile species.
x Support for biodiversity and threat monitoring
x Further surveys to provide additional information on the distribution and status of threatened and
restricted range species.
x Further research on the fauna of the montane grasslands with a view to identifying priority areas
for conservation.
x Further research on optimal methods for restoring forest connectivity and in identifying priority
areas in the western Mufindi forests.
x Research on control measures for invasive alien plant species.
x Conservation genetic studies on minimum viable populations sizes for species vulnerable to
extinction, particularly the three new amphibian and one chameleon species.
13
Eastern double-collared sunbird. Photo by A. Perkin
African dormouse in Mufindi Scarp East. Photo by M.
Menegon.
Uluguru one-horned chameleon (Kinyongia cf.
oxyrhina). Photo by M. Menegon
Guttural toad Amietophrynus gutturalis. Photo by M.
Menegon
Variable reed frog Hyperolius pictus. Photo by M.
Menegon.
Lowe’s servaline genet. Photo by F. Rovero
Galagoides cf orinus in Kigogo FR. Photo by A. Perkin
Harvey’s duikers in Mufindi Scarp West. Photo by F.
Rovero.
14
View of Mufindi Scarp. Photo by M. Menegon
Project team
Leonsi Mlawila with Eastern double-collared sunbird.
Photo by A. Perkin
Waterfall in Kigogo Forest. Photo by M. Menegon.
Disturbed tea estate forest. Photo by A. Perkin.
Maneno Mbilinyi, Charles Leonard and Leonsi Mlawila
measuring birds. Photo by A. Perkin.
Andrew Perkin conducting nocturnal surveys. Photo by
C. Bracebridge
Michele Menegon releasing horned bush-viper in
Kigogo. Photo by A. Perkin.
15
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................................................. 2
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS...................................................................................................................... 19
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................................................... 20
LIST OF MAPS.......................................................................................................................................................... 20
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................................... 20
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 23
1)
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 24
1.1
1.2
1.3
2)
FOREST RESERVE DESCRIPTIONS ............................................................................................................. 29
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
3)
LITERATURE REVEW.................................................................................................................................... 56
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................... 56
METHODS .................................................................................................................................................. 56
SAMPLING INTENSITY .................................................................................................................................. 57
RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 59
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................... 60
BIRDS ............................................................................................................................................................... 62
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
7)
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 48
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................... 49
METHODS .................................................................................................................................................. 49
SAMPLING INTENSITY .................................................................................................................................. 50
RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 50
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................... 54
SMALL MAMMALS.......................................................................................................................................... 56
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
6)
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................... 40
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................... 40
METHODS .................................................................................................................................................. 40
SAMPLING INTENSITY .................................................................................................................................. 41
RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 41
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................... 46
CONSERVATION .......................................................................................................................................... 47
NOCTURNAL MAMMALS ............................................................................................................................... 48
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
5)
IFUPIRA FOREST ......................................................................................................................................... 29
IGODA FOREST ........................................................................................................................................... 29
IPAFU FOREST ............................................................................................................................................ 30
KIDEGEMSITU FOREST ................................................................................................................................ 30
KIGOGO CATCHMENT FOREST RESERVE...................................................................................................... 31
LIVALONGE FOREST .................................................................................................................................... 34
LULANDA FOREST RESERVE........................................................................................................................ 34
LUPEME FOREST ........................................................................................................................................ 35
MUFINDI SCARP EAST CATCHMENT FOREST RESERVE ................................................................................. 35
MUFINDI SCARP WEST FOREST RESERVE ................................................................................................... 37
MEDIUM AND LARGE MAMMALS ................................................................................................................. 40
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4)
BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT .................................................................................................................. 24
REPORT STRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................. 24
AN OVERVIEW OF THE MUFINDI FORESTS ..................................................................................................... 25
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 62
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................... 62
METHODS .................................................................................................................................................. 62
SAMPLING INTENSITY .................................................................................................................................. 63
RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 63
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................... 67
REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS........................................................................................................................ 71
7.1
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................... 71
16
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
8)
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................... 71
METHODS .................................................................................................................................................. 71
RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 72
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................... 77
FOREST USE............................................................................................................................................... 80
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
9)
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 80
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................... 80
METHODS .................................................................................................................................................. 80
SAMPLING INTENSITY .................................................................................................................................. 80
RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 81
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................... 95
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SURVEY ...................................................................................................... 96
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 96
METHODS .................................................................................................................................................. 96
SAMPLING INTENSITY .................................................................................................................................. 96
RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................... 97
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................. 109
10)
CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 113
11)
RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 116
12)
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 119
17
Tanzania Forest Conservation Group
The Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG) is a Tanzanian non-governmental organisation that
has been promoting the conservation of Tanzania’s forests since 1985. TFCG’s mission is to conserve
and restore the biodiversity of globally important forests in Tanzania for the benefit of present and future
generations. We achieve this through capacity building, advocacy, research, community development
and protected area management, in ways that are sustainable and foster participation, cooperation and
partnership.
TFCG supports field based projects promoting participatory forest management, environmental
education, community development, advocacy and research in the Eastern Arc and Coastal Forests.
TFCG also supports a community forest conservation network that facilitates linkages between
communities involved in participatory forest management. To find out more about TFCG please visit our
website www.tfcg.org
TFCG is a partner in the Filling the Knowledge Gap project.
Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali
The Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali (MTSN), founded in 1922, is an Italian institution dedicated to
conservation, education and research in natural sciences. The mission of the MTSN is to promote
knowledge and conservation of the mountainous environment through the transfer of up-dated
information to a wide audience. The MTSN promotes both its own research activities and connections
with national and international universities and research centres.
MTSN has been conducting research in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania since 1998. MTSN also
supports community education and other conservation projects in the Udzungwa Mountains, and
manages the Udzungwa Ecological Monitoring Centre, a training and monitoring facility belonging to the
Udzungwa Mountains National Park.
MTSN is a partner in the Filling the Knowledge Gap project.
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of Conservation International, the
French Development Agency, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the John D.
and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. Conservation International administers the
fund. CEPF provides strategic assistance to nongovernmental organizations, community groups and
other civil society partners to help safeguard Earth’s biodiversity hotspots. A fundamental goal is to
ensure civil society is engaged in biodiversity conservation. The partnership invests in biodiversity
hotspots, Earth's biologically richest and most threatened areas. CEPF focuses on hotspots in the
developing world and strategically targets priority areas in the hotspots for maximum impact.
Between 2004 and 2008 the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund has invested US$ 7 million in the
Eastern Arc and Coastal Forests of Kenya and Tanzania.
CEPF has financed the Filling the Knowledge Gap project.
Contact details for project partners
Tanzania Forest Conservation Group, PO Box 23410, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
tfcg@tfcg.or.tz
E-mail:
Website:
www.tfcg.org
Tel.:
+255 (0)22 2669007
Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Via Calepina 14, I-38100 Trento, Italy
Website:
www.mtsn.tn.it
Tel.:
+39 0461 270311
18
Abbreviations and acronyms
AP
a.s.l.
CEPF
CMEAMF
Dbh
DNRO
FBD
FR
FTKG
IUCN – SSC
MTSN
MW
TFCG
UTTL
Andrew Perkin
above sea level
Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests
Diameter at Breast Height
District Natural Resources Office(r)
Forestry and Beekeeping Division
Francesco Rovero
Filling the Knowledge Gap
International Union for the Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission
Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali
Megawatts
Tanzania Forest Conservation Group
Unilever Tea Tanzania Limited
19
List of Figures
Figure 1. Chart showing percentage of galago calls of different call types. ............................................................. 51
Figure 2. Annotated advertising call of G. cf orinus from Kigogo Forest Reserve. .................................................. 52
Figure 3. Sonogram of the species specific advertisement call the ‘pssst and repetitive call’ for G cf. orinus
recorded in Kigogo FR. ..................................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 4. The double unit repetitive or scaling call of G. orinus from the type locality in the Uluguru Mountains.... 53
Figure 5. Sonograms of the incipient double unit repetitive call of G cf. orinus in Kigogo Forest Reserve. ............ 53
Figure 6. Sonogram of a grunt shriek call. ............................................................................................................... 54
Figure 7. Comparisons of sonograms for Leptopelis sp........................................................................................... 75
Figure 8. Comparisons of sonograms for Afrixalus sp. ............................................................................................ 76
Figure 9. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transects in Ifupira forest. 82
Figure 10. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transects in Ifupira
forest. ................................................................................................................................................................ 82
Figure 11. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transects in Livalonge
forest. ................................................................................................................................................................ 83
Figure 12. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transect in Livalonge
forest. ................................................................................................................................................................ 84
Figure 13. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transects in Mufindi Scarp
West FR. ........................................................................................................................................................... 85
Figure 14. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transects in Mufindi
Scarp West FR.................................................................................................................................................. 85
Figure 15. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transects in Kigogo FR. 87
Figure 16. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transects in Kigogo FR.
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 87
Figure 17. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transects in Mufindi Scarp
East FR. ............................................................................................................................................................ 88
Figure 18. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transects in Mufindi
Scarp East FR................................................................................................................................................... 89
Figure 19. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transect in Ipafu forest. . 90
Figure 20. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transect in Ipafu forest.
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Figure 21. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transect in Kidegemsitu
forest. ................................................................................................................................................................ 91
Figure 22. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transect in Kidegemsitu
forest. ................................................................................................................................................................ 92
Figure 23. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transect in Lulanda forest.
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Figure 24. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transect in Lulanda
forest. ................................................................................................................................................................ 94
List of Maps
Map 1. Location of trap sites in the Mufindi landscape. ............................................................................................. 3
Map 2. Location of disturbance transects in the Mufindi landscape......................................................................... 12
Map 3. Kigogo Forest Reserve JB Map ................................................................................................................... 32
Map 4. Mufindi Scarp East JB Map .......................................................................................................................... 36
Map 5. Mufindi Scarp West JB Map ......................................................................................................................... 39
Map 6. Location of trapsite in Ifupira Forest. ............................................................................................................ 58
Map 7. Location of trap site in Ipafu forest. .............................................................................................................. 58
Map 8. Location of trap sites in Kigogo and Mufindi Scarp West............................................................................. 59
Map 9. The Mngeta divide. ....................................................................................................................................... 78
Map 10. Location of disturbance transects in Ifupira and Kidegemsitu Forests....................................................... 81
Map 11. Location of disturbance transects in Lulanda and Ipafu forests................................................................. 89
Map 12. Location of the disturbance transect in Lulanda Forest. ............................................................................ 93
List of Tables
Table 1. Summary of area, altitudinal range and vegetation of forest reserves visited. ............................................ 2
Table 2. Vertebrate species recorded during the current survey in the North Pare Mountains................................. 3
Table 3. Summary of vertebrate species richness by taxa in nine Mufindi forests. ................................................... 8
Table 4. Summary of the number of restricted range species in Mufindi................................................................... 9
Table 5. List of restricted range vertebrate species found in Mufindi and their localities........................................... 9
Table 6. Number of restricted range species found in each forest........................................................................... 10
Table 7. Number of threatened species in Mufindi Forests...................................................................................... 11
20
Table 8. Summary of sampling intensity for camera-trapping and census walks. ................................................... 41
Table 9. Checklist of medium to large mammals recorded in Mufindi forests.......................................................... 41
Table 10. Medium to large mammal species richness by forest. ............................................................................. 43
Table 11. Summary of primate and forest antelope census walk results from Mufindi surveys. ............................. 43
Table 12. Summary of camera-trapping sampling effort and results obtained. ....................................................... 44
Table 13. Camera-trapping results for Lupeme Forest. ........................................................................................... 44
Table 14. Camera-trapping results for Kigogo forest. .............................................................................................. 44
Table 15. Camera-trapping results for Lulanda and Ipafu forests............................................................................ 44
Table 16. Camera-trapping results for Mufindi Scarp West forest. .......................................................................... 45
Table 17. Camera-trapping results for the four forest areas combined. .................................................................. 45
Table 18. Summary of sampling intensity for trapping intensity for galagos............................................................ 50
Table 19. Checklist of galago and hyrax species recorded in Mufindi forests. ........................................................ 50
Table 20. A comparison between the main call types uttered by three populations of ‘Mountain Galagos’
Galagoides orinus. ............................................................................................................................................ 51
Table 21. Summary of sampling intensity for small mammals. ................................................................................ 57
Table 22. Checklist of small mammal species from five Mufindi Forests................................................................. 59
Table 23. Number of small mammal species recorded in six Mufindi forests. ......................................................... 60
Table 24. Number of Eastern Arc endemic and near endemic species. .................................................................. 61
Table 25. Summary of sampling intensity for bird surveys....................................................................................... 63
Table 26. Checklist of bird species from six Mufindi Forests ................................................................................... 63
Table 27. Bird species richness in six reserves. ...................................................................................................... 68
Table 28. Eastern Arc endemic and near-endemic birds found in the South Nguru Mountains and their ranges... 69
Table 29. Number of Eastern Arc near-endemic bird species recorded in six forests. ............................................ 70
Table 30. Summary of sampling sites for herpetofauna........................................................................................... 72
Table 31. Check List of Amphibians and Reptiles of Mufindi area Forests.............................................................. 72
Table 32. Number of endemic amphibian species recorded Mufindi area............................................................... 76
Table 33. Number of endemic reptile species recorded in Mufindi area. ................................................................. 76
Table 34. List of threatened and CITES-listed amphibian and reptile species. ....................................................... 77
Table 35. Number of disturbance transects assessed in each reserve. .................................................................. 80
Table 36. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Ifupira forest............................................................... 81
Table 37. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Ifupira forest. .......................................................... 82
Table 38. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Livalonge forest. ........................................................ 83
Table 39. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Livalonge forest. ..................................................... 83
Table 40. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Mufindi Scarp West FR.............................................. 84
Table 41. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Mufindi Scarp West FR. ......................................... 85
Table 42. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Kigogo FR.................................................................. 86
Table 43. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Kigogo FR. ............................................................. 87
Table 44. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Mufindi Scarp East FR............................................... 88
Table 45. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Mufindi Scarp East FR. .......................................... 88
Table 46. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Ipafu........................................................................... 90
Table 47. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Ipafu forest. ............................................................ 90
Table 48. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Kidegemsitu forest..................................................... 91
Table 49. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Kidegemsitu forest.................................................. 92
Table 50. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Lulanda forest............................................................ 93
Table 51. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Lulanda forest......................................................... 94
Table 52. Summary of other disturbances recorded in the Mufindi Forests. ........................................................... 94
Table 53. Sampling intensity for indigenous knowledge survey............................................................................... 96
Table 54. Frequency with which focal taxa were sighted by villagers in Ihomasa Village. ...................................... 98
Table 55. Location of sightings in Ihomasa Village. ................................................................................................. 98
Table 56. Interviewee responses on abundance of focal taxa in Ihomasa Village. ................................................. 98
Table 57. Traditional uses for focal taxa in Ihomasa Village.................................................................................... 99
Table 58. Local names of focal taxa in Ihomasa Village. ......................................................................................... 99
Table 59. Frequency with which focal taxa were sighted by villagers in Lulanda Village. ..................................... 100
Table 60. Location of sightings in Lulanda Village. ................................................................................................ 100
Table 61. Interviewee responses on abundance of focal taxa in Lulanda Village. ................................................ 101
Table 62. Traditional uses for focal taxa in Lulanda Village................................................................................... 101
Table 63. Local names of focal taxa in Lulanda Village. ........................................................................................ 101
Table 64. Frequency with which focal taxa were sighted by villagers in Ifupira Village. ........................................ 102
Table 65. Location of sightings in Ifupira Village. ................................................................................................... 102
Table 66. Interviewee responses on abundance of focal taxa in Ifupira Village. ................................................... 103
Table 67. Traditional uses for focal taxa in Ifupira Village...................................................................................... 103
Table 68. Local names of focal taxa in Ifupira Village. ........................................................................................... 103
Table 69. Frequency with which focal taxa were sighted by villagers in Ikaning’ombe Village. ............................ 104
Table 70. Location of sightings in Ikaning’ombe Village. ....................................................................................... 104
21
Table 71.
Table 72.
Table 73.
Table 74.
Table 75.
Table 76.
Table 77.
Table 78.
Table 79.
Table 80.
Table 81.
Table 82.
Table 83.
Table 84.
Table 85.
Table 86.
Table 87.
Table 88.
Table 89.
Table 90.
Table 91.
Table 92.
Table 93.
Table 94.
Table 95.
Interviewee responses on changes in the abundance of focal taxa in Ikaning’ombe Village. ............... 104
Traditional uses for focal taxa in Ikaning’ombe Village. ......................................................................... 105
Local names of focal taxa in Ikaning’ombe Village. ............................................................................... 105
Frequency with which focal taxa were sighted by villagers in Ikwega Village........................................ 105
Location of sightings in Ikwega Village. ................................................................................................. 106
Interviewee responses on abundance of focal taxa in Ikwega Village................................................... 106
Traditional uses for focal taxa in Ikwega Village. ................................................................................... 107
Local names of focal taxa in Ikwega Village. ......................................................................................... 107
Frequency with which focal taxa were sighted by villagers in Ludilo Village. ........................................ 107
Location of sightings inLudilo Village. .................................................................................................... 108
Interviewee responses on abundance of focal taxa in Ludilo Village..................................................... 108
Traditional uses for focal taxa in Ludilo Village. ..................................................................................... 108
Local names of focal taxa in Ludilo Village. ........................................................................................... 108
Summary of species mentioned during the indigenous knowledge surveys.......................................... 109
Summary of whether animals were seen only inside or outside of forests or both................................ 110
Uses of mammals hunted in the Udzungwa Mountains forest of Mufindi district................................... 110
Crop damage caused by different animals as reported by respondents around Mufindi Scarp West... 111
Crop damage caused by different animals as reported by respondents around Lulanda forest. .......... 111
Crop damage caused by different animals as reported by respondents around Ifupira forest. ............. 111
Crop damage caused by different animals as reported by respondents in Ipafu forest......................... 111
Crop damage caused by different animals as reported by respondents in Kigogo Forest Reserve...... 111
Crop damage caused by different animals as reported by respondents in Kidegemsitu forest............. 112
Species richness in Mufindi Forests....................................................................................................... 113
Summary of species endemism by taxon............................................................................................... 113
Number of threatened species in Mufindi Forests.................................................................................. 114
List of Appendices
Appendix 1. Details of primate census walks in Mufindi forests............................................................................. 124
Appendix 2. Details of camera-trap sites in Mufindi forests. .................................................................................. 125
Appendix 3. Small mammal specimen numbers from Mufindi Scarp East Forest Reserve................................... 126
Appendix 4. Small mammal specimen numbers from Kigogo Forest Reserve...................................................... 126
Appendix 5. Small mammal specimen numbers from Ifupira Forest...................................................................... 126
Appendix 6. Small mammal specimen numbers from Ipafu Forest........................................................................ 126
Appendix 7. Small mammal specimen numbers from Mufindi Scarp West Forest Reserve.................................. 127
Appendix 8. Bird observations................................................................................................................................ 128
Appendix 9. List of bird caught in mist nets with biometrics and locality information............................................. 136
Appendix 10. List of the herptiles specimens recorded (collected and observed) ................................................. 140
Appendix 11. Location and description of disturbance transects. .......................................................................... 142
22
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Funding
This survey was funded by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund through the project: ‘Filling the
Knowledge Gap: Surveys of Poorly Known Sites and Species in the Eastern Arc and Coastal Forests’.
Permission
Permissions to conduct this survey were kindly provided by the Forestry and Beekeeping Division of the
Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, the Tanzania
Commission of Science and Technology, Mufindi District Natural Resources Office, Unilever Tea
Tanzania Limted and the Sao Hill Plantations Ltd.
Survey Team
Team Leader:
Mammal specialists:
Primatologist:
Herpetologist:
Ornithologists:
Research Officer:
Field Assistants:
Nike Doggart
Francesco Rovero and Claire Bracebridge
Andrew Perkin
Michele Menegon
Leonsi Mlawila and Maneno Mbilinyi
Charles Leonard
Amani Maundu, Esi Mlawila, Costi Mbilinyi and Felista Mbilinyi.
We are extremely grateful to the people of Mufindi district for their co-operation in carrying out this
survey. In particular, we would to thank: Mr Magoma (Mufindi DNRO), Jeswald Ubisimbali (Mufindi
DFO), village leaders and all the villagers from Lulanda, Ikaning’ombe, Ludilo, Ihomasa and Ikwega for
their local knowledge and support. We would also like to thank Unilever Tea Tanzania Ltd especially
Magesa, Amir Kivambi and Sylvia Rutatina and the Estate Managers of Kivere, Ifupira and Livalonge for
their assistance on logistics. Thank you also to Jeff Fox and all the staff at Mufindi Foxes Highlands
Lodge for providing us with accommodation.
Report writing
The report has been written by Francesco Rovero, Michele Menegon, Andrew Perkin, Charles Leonard
and Nike Doggart. Authors of the individual chapters are indicated in the text.
Editing
The overall editing of the report was carried out by Nike Doggart.
Technical advice
We are grateful to all those who have provided technical advice in the development and implementation
of the project in particular the project’s scientific advisors: Neil Burgess, Galen Rathbun, Simon Bearder,
Tom Butynski, Simon Loader, Andrew Marshall and Kim Howell.
We are also grateful to Neil Burgess for his detailed comments on this report.
23
1)
Introduction
1.1
Background to the project
This report documents the results of biodiversity surveys carried out in the Udzungwa Mountain forests
of Mufindi District through the ‘Filling the Knowledge Gap’ project. ‘Filling the Knowledge Gap (FTKG):
Surveys of Poorly Known Sites and Species in the Eastern Arc and Coastal Forests of Tanzania’ is a
partnership project between the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG) and the Museo Tridentino
di Scienze Naturali (MTSN). The project is financed by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, a joint
initiative between Conservation International, the Global Environmental Facility, the World Bank, the
Government of Japan and the MacArthur Foundation.
The purpose of the project is that:
Protected area authorities, conservation organizations and other stakeholders within the Eastern Arc
and Coastal Forests are planning and implementing conservation activities using current, relevant and
accurate information on the status of selected sites and species.
The project focuses on increasing the knowledge of the vertebrate biodiversity of the Tanzanian Eastern
Arc Mountains with a particular focus on three isolated montane forest sites (the North Pare, Udzungwa
(Mufindi side) and Rubeho (Mpwapwa side) Mountains) as well as selected coastal forests in Tanga,
Coast and Lindi regions. The project team also visited the Nguu Mountains. The taxonomic focus of the
project is on vertebrates, particularly primates, hyraxes, sengis, carnivores, forest antelopes, birds,
amphibians and reptiles. The sites and taxa have been selected on the basis of gaps in our knowledge
of the biodiversity of the hotspot, consultation with other researchers and also based on the strengths of
TFCG and MTSN’s research scientists.
The overall objectives of the surveys were:
1. To conduct field surveys of the vertebrate fauna and habitat condition for the Mufindi forests.
2. To address key gaps in our knowledge of the distribution and conservation status of diurnal
primates, duikers, galagos, sengis, tree hyraxes, selected amphibians (bufonids and microhylids)
and reptiles in the Mufindi forests.
3. To provide data on the distribution and relative abundance of duikers, galagos, diurnal primates,
sengis, tree hyraxes, selected amphibians (bufonids and microhylids) and reptiles to the relevant
IUCN-SSC Specialist Groups
4. To document indigenous knowledge of diurnal primates, duikers, galagos, sengis and tree hyrax.
5. To train protected area authority staff in monitoring and surveys techniques.
6. To train members of local communities in monitoring techniques.
The Mufindi forests are amongst the least surveyed forests in the Eastern Arc. In keeping with FTKG’s
objectives, biodiversity surveys were conducted in nine forests: Lulanda, Ipafu, Kigogo, Mufindi Scarp
East, Mufindi Scarp West, Kidegemsitu and three forest patches belonging to Unilever Tea Tanzania
Limited (UTTL) forests in Ifupira, Lupeme and Livalonge tea estates. The surveys were carried out
between February and August, 2006.
As part of the FTKG project, training was conducted in Mufindi forests to two district forest officers, two
division forest officer and eight village environmental committee members. They were trained in forest
disturbance survey techniques. The aim of the training was to provide capacity building to the protected
area staff towards conserving and monitoring the Mufindi forests
1.2
Report structure
The report is organised in 11 sections. The report begins with an executive summary, which gives an
outline of the overall findings of the Mufindi surveys.
The introduction contains an overview of the Filling the Knowledge Gap project and a description of the
study area, including an overview of the location, geology, climate, hydrology, altitudinal range and
24
vegetation of the Mufindi forest in southern Udzungwa Mountains. This section also includes a history of
biological research and conservation initiatives in the Mufindi.
Chapter 2 provides descriptions of each forest surveyed including general information about the forest
such as location, map, soils, climate, vegetation, catchment and timber values.
The next five sections have information on the medium and large mammals, nocturnal mammals, small
mammals, birds and herpetofauna of the Mufindi forests. Each section includes an introduction, aims,
sampling intensity, results and discussion.
Section 8 outlines how the forests have been disturbed by human activities including timber extraction,
pole cutting, wildlife trapping and fire.
Section 9 documents the indigenous knowledge of local people in the Mufindi forests. This includes
information on sacred sites, traditions and observations of local wildlife including myths, behavioural
observations, local names, hunting techniques and human – wildlife conflicts.
In the final sections, conclusions as well as conservation recommendations are made.
A detailed description of the methods used during these surveys is provided in Doggart et al 2006 c.
1.3
An overview of the Mufindi forests
1.3.1 Location
The Udzungwa Mountains are the largest of 13 mountain blocks that comprise the Eastern Arc in
Tanzania. The Eastern Arc is a chain of block-faulted, crystalline mountains under the climatic influence
of the Indian Ocean (Lovett 1985). The Udzungwa Mountains stretch across four districts in Tanzania. A
small part is within Kilosa District and a strip of land is within Kilombero District (both Morogoro Region)
and the rest is found in Kilolo and Mufindi Districts of Iringa Region. The Udzungwa Mountains extend
over 1,613,140 ha (FBD, 2006 c) and are at the south-western end of the Eastern Arc Mountains. To the
north lie the Rubeho Mountains while to the north-east lie the Uluguru and Malundwe Mountains.
The Udzungwa Mountains in Mufindi district represent the westernmost tip of the Eastern Arc. There are
12 Eastern Arc forest reserves in Mufindi District (based on FBD List of Forest Reserves in Tanzania).
Of these four are Central Government protective Forest Reserves, that are managed as Catchment
Forest Reserves (Uzungwa Scarp (extends west from Kilombero District), Mufindi Scarp East, Mufindi
Scarp West and Kigogo) and eight are Local Authority Reserves (Lugoda Lutali (includes Luhunga,
Igoda, Mkonge, Kitwite, Ipafu and Lugoda Lutali forests), Lulanda, Kidete, Mpanga, Kidegemsitu, Kibao,
Mpanga and Madisi). In addition there are some extensive areas of natural forest on private land
including on the Malenda, Brooke Bond, Unilever (4106 ha) and Kyfulilo Farm. There is also a proposed
village forest at Nandala Village.
The Catchment Forest Reserves are the most extensive category of protected area in Mufindi covering a
total of 21,800 ha. Private forests are also extensive in this District, coving 13,450 ha. While Local
Authority Forest Reserves cover 1,500 ha (Burgess et al. 2007).
1.3.2 Geology and soils
According to Lovett & Pócs (1993), generally Mufindi forests have well drained brown sandy loams
developed over gneiss rocks. In some forests, for instance Kigogo and Mufindi Scarp East, the drained
brown sandy loamy soils occur with outcrops of granite and clay stones.
1.3.3 Climate
According to Lovett & Pócs (1993), the climate in the Udzungwa Mountains of Mufindi is characterized
by oceanic rainfall with oceanic/continental temperatures. The nearest rainfall stations are at Mufindi
Forest Station (for Kigogo and Mufindi Scarp West), Kibwele Tea Factory (for Lulanda) and Kilima Tea
Factory (for Mufindi Scarp East). Rainfall ranges between 600-2000 mm / year. The dry season extends
between June - November. Temperatures vary from 20 qc max (December) to 15 qc min (July).
25
1.3.4 Hydrology
The Udzungwa Mountain forests in Mufindi district are part of the catchment area for the Rufiji River.
The Rufiji River basin covers an area of 177,420 km2 and has three major tributaries: the Great Ruaha
River, the Kilombero River and the Luwegu River. The basin covers eight regions including Iringa region
and 21 districts including Mufindi District. There are more than 30 rivers that contribute water to the
Rufiji’s major tributaries. In Mufindi District, the major rivers carrying water from the Udzungwa Mountain
Forests into the Rufiji basin include the Kigogo River which flows from Kigogo Forest Reserve, the Little
Ruaha flowing to the North of the Udzungwas, the Kihansi and Kilombero Rivers (www.rufijibasin.com).
Two biologically important areas that rely on water from Mufindi’s catchment forests are the Kihansi
Waterfalls and the Kilombero Valley. The Kihansi Falls are home to the critically endangered Kihansi
Spray Toad Nectophrynoides asperginis and two endangered plant species including a wild coffee. The
falls also support the Lower Kihansi Hydropower Project which contributes about 180 MW to the national
grid.
The Kilombero Valley was declared a Ramsar site in 2002. The valley lies between the the Udzungwa
Mountains at the northwestern side and the Mahenge Mountains on the southeastern side. Rivers
flowing out of Mufindi District and into the Kilombero Valley include: the Kigogo, Kihansi, Ruhudji,
Mnyera and Pitu Rivers. These rivers divide into a myriad of tributaries in the central part of the
floodplain.
The Kilombero Valley is a key part of the Selous-Kilombero seasonal wildlife migrations. The valley
contains almost 75 % of the world's population of the wetland dependent Puku antelope Kobus vardonii.
The Crocodile population of the Kilombero and Selous is one of the most significant populations of
Crocodylus niloticus in the world. The valley also provides an important dry season habitat for large
mammals, particularly Loxodonta africana, Hippopotamus amphibius and Syncerus caffer. Three
endemic birds are known; the weaverbird Ploceus burnieri and two undescribed species of Cisticola. In
the wet season it is an essential spawning area for many fish species found in the Rufiji River system.
Of these, two are endemic species Citharinus congicus and Alestes stuhlmanni (www.wetlands.org).
The Kilombero Valley also supports both subsistence and commercial agriculture including the
Kilombero Valley Teak plantation. The river is also an important source of fish for fishing communities.
1.3.5 Altitudinal range
Mufindi’s Eastern Arc forests extend along the main Mufindi plateau. The altitude of the plateau ranges
from approximately 1500 m asl to the highest point at 2072 m asl at Sawala (Baker & Baker 2002). The
southern extent of the plateau is covered with steep hills ranging in altitude from 1300 – 2000 m asl,
while the topography further north is more gentle at around 1900 m asl. At the southern edge of the
Mufindi plateau, the land drops steeply down an escarpment towards the Kilombero Valley at
approximately 1000 m. It is this escarpment which lends its name to Mufindi Scarp East and West and
to Uzungwa Scarp. At Uzungwa scarp, forest extends down this escarpment although further west there
are only narrow stretches of forest from Kigogo Forest Reserve that descend down the escarpment.
The remainder of the forest being confined to the plateau area with open woodland and thicket on the
escarpment.
Overall, the altitudinal range of forests in the Udzungwa Mountains ranges from 300 to 2580 meters
above sea level (Burgess et al., 2007).
1.3.6 Forest change
A recent study by the Forestry and Beekeeping Division (FBD 2006 c) indicated that the area of forest in
the Udzungwa Mountains has declined from 138,370 ha in 1979 to 135,280 ha by 2000. This represents
a decline of 3,090 ha of forest over a period of 21 years, with most of the loss (2980 ha) occurring during
the 1980s. Over the 21 years, the annual rate of forest loss has been 0.1 %. Newmark (1998)
estimated that historically forest cover in the Udzungwa Mountains has extended up to 210,300 ha.
Unfortunately it is not possible to clearly determine the rate of loss for the Mufindi forests specifically.
26
Woodcock (1998) documented forest decline in Lulanda where more than 60 % of the forest was cleared
between 1945 and 1997.
1.3.7 Other research done in the area
Several studies have been carried out on the forest biodiversity of Mufindi District. Lovett & Pócs (1993)
conducted an assessment of the condition of the catchment forest reserves in Iringa region including the
catchment forests in Mufindi District. In Mufindi the study covered Idewa, Ihangana, Kibao, Kidete,
Kigogo, Lugoda Lutali, Myangala, Mufindi Scarp East, Mufindi Scarp West and Lulanda Forests. The
study provided an overview of the vegetation, biodiversity values, catchment values and conservation
issues for each forest. Section 2 has more detailed information on the reserves which were covered by
the Lovett & Pócs’ study.
Lovett and Congdon also published three papers in the Journal of the East African Natural History
Society about the Mufindi Forests based on their time in Mufindi associated with the tea estates (Lovett
1989, Lovett and Congdon 1989 and Lovett and Congdon 1990). The papers provide brief notes on the
botanical composition of Luisenga stream, Lulanda and Kigogo forests with a particular focus on
restricted range species.
With support from the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group, there have been three recent studies that
have focused on Lulanda Forest.
Kerry Woodcock used Lulanda as one of her study sites for her doctoral thesis (Woodcock 2002). This
research looked at the changing roles of different institutions in forest conservation over the 20th
Century. In the case of Lulanda, using aerial photographs she documented that more than 60 % of the
forest was cleared between 1945 and 1955, largely in response to directions from the British
administration to clear the forest to make way for coffee plantations. Woodcock (1998) summarises how
effective forest management has been under different scenarios in Lulanda, observing that the
participatory approach promoted by TFCG from the mid- 1990s has at least halted further decline in the
forest.
In 2001, the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group conducted research on the ecology of the Lulanda
corridor with a view to improving the management and monitoring of the area (Doody 2002). The
research documented the botanical composition of the three forest corridors (two in Lulanda and one in
Luhunga) and made comparisons between the botanical composition of the corridors with that of the
adjacent natural forests. The report concluded that while there are significant differences in the current
botanical composition, there were signs of regeneration of species that dominate the natural forest.
In 2002, researchers from University of Newcastle UK together with Tanzanian researchers from
Sokoine University and University of Dar es Salaam conducted an assessment of the Forest Corridor
Programme in Lulanda forest (Hayhow et al. 2003). The team compared the biodiversity values of the
forest corridor between Fufu and Mgwilwa and the forests themselves. The team focused on the
vertebrate diversity of the two areas and found that there were still significant differences between the
two areas but concluded that the corridor contributed positively to the conservation of the Lulanda Forest
and that there were initial signs of some of the forest associated species using the corridor.
1.3.8 Conservation initiatives
The studies outlined in the previous section have all highlighted the threats facing the forests in Mufindi.
Several conservation initiatives have attempted to address these threats. Some of the larger
conservation initiatives in the Mufindi forests are described briefly in this section.
Mufindi Forest Conservation Project
This project is conducted by the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG). TFCG has been
providing support for forest conservation in the Southern Udzungwa Mountains in Mufindi district since
1995. The support has been focused on Participatory Forest Management for six forests covering 620
ha and working with six villages. The project has also been working with communities to increase
household incomes through activities such as fish farms, improved fruit crops etc.
27
In addition TFCG has been reforesting areas of land that act as corridors between forest fragments.
Through enrichment planting and fire protection, forest species are beginning to return to the corridors.
Detailed information on the project is available at www.tfcg.org
Hifadhi Ya Mazingira (HIMA) Programme (1998-2002).
This was a land use management and natural resource conservation programme established in Iringa
region including Mufindi district. The programme covered Kifyoya, Masuni and Mandumbuli forests in
Sadani division in Mufindi with the aims of improving the productivity and sustainability of agriculture and
natural resources management, improving catchment protection, reducing soil erosion while improving
moisture retention in priority catchments. HIMA also aimed at strengthening local institutions to enable
them to support local communities in achieving viable and sustainable agricultural, natural resources
management and catchment protection. Activities included training to farmers’ extension staff, research,
local institutional capacity building, awareness raising and support to villagers on natural forest
management and appropriate land use.
UTTL Biodiversity Action Plan
Unilever Tea Tanzania (UTT) developed a Biodiversity Action Plan in 2003 in an effort to minimize the
threats which face the natural forests that occupy more than 65 % of the land within UTT’s Mufindi tea
estates. Through this biodiversity action plan, the company has set guidelines to prevent agricultural
encroachment into the high biodiversity forests and felling of indigenous trees. Furthermore, in ensuring
that threats are avoided the company provides alternative sources of firewood to its employees.
Lower Kihansi Environmental Management Project (LKEMP).
The project was established in order to reduce the downstream threat of habitat loss as a result of the
Kihansi Hydropower project in the Kihansi Gorge. The LKEMP is implemented by the Government of
Tanzania through the Environment Division under the Vice President’s Office together with the Ministry
of Natural Resources and Tourism and Tanzania’s National Environmental Management Council. The
objective of this project is to put in place a series of measures for the long term conservation of the
Kihansi Gorge ecosystem and upstream catchment areas. At the national level, the project has the
objective of supporting the development of a coordinated and consistent legal and constitutional
framework for environmental and water resources management and strengthening of ecosystem
monitoring and assessment functions of environmental institutions.
Mufindi Environmental Trust
Other conservation initiatives in Mufindi include conservation activities carried out by Mufindi
Environmental Trust (MUET). This is a non-government organisation which supports afforestation and
environmental awareness raising in villages in Mufindi district.
Socio-economic context and history
Historically there is some evidence to suggest that significant parts of the land now forested, were once
agricultural land. Lovett (unpubl.) quotes Greenway (1973) who observed that forests at Mufindi and
nearby Dabaga (08° 05' S 35° 56' E) showed "... almost everywhere, past cultivation in the form of crop
ridges and furrows when the forest floor herbage is removed". Lovett poses the hypothesis that small
pox decimated the population in this area during the 18th Century. Congdon (pers. Comm.) noted that
when the tea estates were recruiting workers in the 1950s there were few people living in the area and
so workers were recruited at Ukinga with lorries transporting workers on a weekly basis between Ukinga
and Mufindi. Lovett attributes the botanical paucity of several of the Mufindi forests to forest clearance
over the last few centuries which has left a forest dominated by more widespread Afrmontane species in
contrast to other Eastern Arc Mountain forests at comparable altitude such as West Kilombero Scarp
which include more restricted range tree species.
28
2)
Forest Reserve descriptions
This section provides detailed descriptions of Ifupira, Igoda, Ipafu, Kidegemsitu, Kigogo, Livalonge
Lulanda, Lupeme, Mufindi Scarp East and Mufindi Scarp West.
2.1
Ifupira Forest
Iringa Region, Mufindi District
Altitudinal range:
1900 – 2000 m asl
Access
From the Mafinga – Sawala Road turn left before Sawala towards Ifupira Village. Immediately after
Ifupira Village turn right towards Mdabulo. The road cuts through the forest.
Description
The forest belongs to Unilever Tea Tanzania Limited. It is part of a mosaic of forest, tea and traditional
agriculture that extends over 15 km in a north east / south west direction on the Mufindi plateau. The
area visited by the survey team was centred around 9061500 and 768200. It is part of the same mosaic
as Lupeme Forest.
Topography and Hydrology
The forest extends around two river valleys, the southernmost is the Lilasi River valley. There is a UTTL
dam close to the road within the forest which is where the team established their camp site.
2.2
Igoda Forest
Originally part of the Lugoda-Lutali Local Authority Forest Reserve
Iringa Region, Mufindi District
Year of establishment:
unknown
Declaration:
unknown
Border map:
The Igoda forest was surveyed by Mufindi District Council Surveys Office
in July – August 2000 with support from the Tanzania Forest Conservation
Group. The map does not have a JB number. We were unable to trace
the original map for the Lugoda Lutali reserve.
Topographic maps:
248 / 2 – 249 / 1
Gazetted area:
80.3 ha
Gazetted boundary length: unknown
Location:
9053200 - 9054500
774300 - 776000
Altitude:
1720 – 1820 m asl
Access
The forest is located on the Eastern edge of Igoda Village. The Sawala – Lulanda road cuts through the
forest.
Description
Igoda is part of the fragmented Lugoda-Lutali Local Authority Forest Reserve which also includes
Kitwite, Igoda, Mholomelwa, Lugodalutali, Ipafu and Mkonge forests. Although this forest does not
appear in the list of Tanzanian Forest Reserves nor on the 1959 map of Tanzanian Forest Reserves, it is
listed in the List of Mufindi Forest Reserves (Mufindi District Council 2006)
Climate (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Oceanic rainfall with oceanic/continental temperatures. Rainfall: 1400 mm/year (Kilima Tea Factory). Dry
season: June - November. Temperatures: 19° C max. (November),14° C min. (July).
Vegetation (based on research carried out in 2000 by Moses Mwangoka, TFCG Botanical Collector)
Montane forest dominated by Parinari excelsa, Macaranga kilimandscharica and Bersama abyssinica.
Other common tree species found within the forest include Bridelia micrantha, Albizia gummifera and
Aphloia theiformis. Occasional trees include: Kiggelaria africana and Xymalos monospora. Common
29
shrubs include Tecoma nyassae, Erthyrococca sp., Clutia abyssinica, Solanum sp. and Psychotria
goetzi. Other shrubs include: Triumfetta sp., Rhus longipes, Ipomaea involucarta and Rauvolfia sp..
Common herbs include Bidens sp., Vernonia sp., Rubus sp., Isoglossa lactea and Mimulopsis solmsii.
Climbers include Clematis simensis, Tarenna roseicosta, Rutidea orientalis and Asparagus setaceus.
Topography and hydrology
The forest extends over a gently undulating part of the Mufindi plateau. The Fyogo river skirts the
northern tip of the forest. A stream flows from east to west through the middle of the forest which joins
the Mpanga River further south-east.
2.3
Ipafu Forest
Originally part of Lugoda-Lutali Forest Reserve.
Iringa Region, Mufindi District
Year of establishment:
unknown
Declaration:
unknown
Border map:
The Ipafu forest was surveyed by Mufindi District Council Surveys Office in
July – August 2000 with support from the Tanzania Forest Conservation
Group.
Topographic maps:
249 / 1
Gazetted area:
109 ha
Altitude:
1700 - 1820 m asl
Location:
9052755 to 9054375
776550 to 777875
Access
The forest is adjacent to Ikaning’ombe Village. The Sawala – Lulanda road cuts through the northern
end of the forest. Ipafu forest is 500 m east of the Igoda forest.
Description
Igoda is part of the fragmented Lugoda-Lutali Local Authority Forest Reserve which also includes
Kitwite, Igoda, Mholomelwa, Lugodalutali, Ipafu and Mkonge forests. Although this forest does not
appear in the list of Tanzanian Forest Reserves nor on the 1959 map of Tanzanian Forest Reserves, it is
listed in the List of Mufindi Forest Reserves (Mufindi District Council 2006)
Climate (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Oceanic rainfall with oceanic / continental temperatures. Rainfall: 1400 mm / year (Kilima Tea Factory).
Dry season: June - November. Temperatures: 19° C max. (November), 14° C min. (July).
Vegetation (based on research carried out in 2000 by Moses Mwangoka, TFCG Botanical Collector)
Montane forest dominated by Parinari excelsa, Xymalos monospora, Ochna holstii, Millettia dura and
Albizia gummifera. Other tree species include Vepris sp., Rytigynia lichenoxenos and Eugenia sp.
Dominant shrubs include Chassalia subochreata, Psychotria sp., and Maytenus sp. Other shrubs
include Dalbergia lacta, Dracaena laxissima, Pavetta lynesii, Allophyllus ferrugineus, Helixanthera sp,
Coffea mufindiensis and Clutia sp. Climbers include Artobotrys sp..
Topography
The reserve extends over two east – west oriented valleys. There is a steep slope from the valley below
the reserve, rising up to 1820 m at the top of the forest. The streams are tributaries to the Mpanga
River.
2.4
Kidegemsitu Forest
Iringa Region, Mufindi District
Year of establishment:
Declaration:
1945
Local Authority Forest Reserve
30
JB Map:
Topographic maps:
Forest area:
Altitude:
Location:
82 (1945)
232 / 4
218 ha
1840 - 1920 m asl
9064800 - 9065700
7769500 – 771500
Access
The closest village to Kidegemsitu Forest is Ludilo Village. From the Mafinga - Sawala road turn left
towards Ifupira village. Immediately after Ifupira Village take the left hand fork towards Ludilo Village.
Alternatively turn right at Itulavanu from the Mafinga – Sawala road towards Ifwagi. From there head
south via Ikonongo to Ludilo. From Ludilo it is a 1 km walk in a northwesterly direction.
Description
Kidegemsitu is not cited in the list of Tanzanian Forest Reserves but is included as a Local Authority
Reserve in the Mufindi District list of reserves. We were unable to trace any information about the
gazettement notice.
On the topographic map a second part of the forest is shown to the north of the patch visited by the
survey team. The northerly forest patch appears to have been entirely cleared.
Vegetation
Disturbed montane forest. The least disturbed forest is on the western edge of the forest patch.
Topography and hydrology
The reserve extends up a gentle slope on the side of a small valley. The stream in the valley flows into
the Mafindasa River.
2.5
Kigogo Catchment Forest Reserve
Mufindi District, Iringa Region
Year of establishment:
1952
Declaration:
GN 131 of 1952
Border map:
JB 120 (1:10,000) of 23/1/52
Topographic maps:
248/1, 248/2
Gazetted area:
6232 acres (2522 ha)
Gazetted boundary length: 97,430 feet (29.7 km)
Location:
08°37'40" - 08°41'40"S; 35°11'45" - 35°16'30"E
Altitude:
1770 - 1940 m.
31
Map 3. Kigogo Forest Reserve JB Map
Access (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
About 55 km from Mafinga. Access to the northern boundary is 6 km South of Mninga Village and 1 km
South of Mkalala Village. The beginning of the forest road to the view point on the escarpment is 7 km
from the head office of Unilever Tea (T) Ltd., at Lugoda on Kivere Estate. The reserve covers the
Mufindi escarpment and Kigogo and Ngalawa valleys. It is contiguous with and lies north-east of Mufindi
Scarp West Forest Reserve, and is west of Mufindi Scarp East FR.
Soils (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
32
Under forest: Well drained brown sandy loams over gneiss. Outcrops of clay with stones occur.
Climate (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Oceanic rainfall with oceanic/continental temperatures. Nearest rainfall station: Mufindi Forest Station.
Estimated rainfall: 2000 mm/year. Dry season: June - November. Temperatures: 20° C max. (Dec.), 15°
C min. (Jul.).
Vegetation (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Kigogo Forest Reserve is montane forest with extensive areas of bamboo, both in single-species stands
and in forest understory. Parts of the reserve are secondary over old cultivation.
Montane forest: Canopy to 20 m. Trees include: Albizia gummifera, Aphloia theiformis, Bersama
abyssinica, Bridelia brideliifolia, Cassipourea gummiflua, Cryptocarya liebertiana, Ilex mitis, Macaranga
kilimandscharica, Maytenus acuminata, Nuxia congesta, Ochna holstii, Parinari excelsa, Phoenix
reclinata, Pittosporum viridiflorum, Podocarpus, Rapanea melanophloeos, Rytigynia lichenoxenos,
Rytigynia uhligii, Schrebera alata, Sinarundinaria alpina, Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum,
Vepris stolzii, Xymalos monospora. In lower parts of the forest, where it is adjacent to Mufindi Scarp
East FR, trees may include: Allanblackia stuhlmannii, Cylicomorpha parviflora, Chrysophyllum
gorungosanum, Garcinia volkensii, Galiniera saxifraga, Myrianthus holstii, Neoboutonia macrocalyx,
Polyscias fulva, and Strombosia scheffleri.
Topography and hydrology (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
The Kigogo River flows down the escarpment and is an important source of water for the Mufindi Paper
Mills on the Mgololo plain below the escarpment. There are many other small streams flowing to the
East and West down the escarpment. Water from these is used for small scale irrigation of vegetable
plots and general use by the local people.
Timber values (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Ocotea and Khaya nyasica formerly occurred, but stocks are now exhausted. Lower grade timber
includes: Albizia gummifera, Bridelia brideliifolia and Chrysophyllum gorungosanum. Podocarpus also
occurs, though no large trees were seen.
Biodiversity (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
The reserve contains quite a number of Eastern Arc endemics. Animals include: Red Duiker,
Livingstone's Suni, Bushbuck, Blue Monkey, Bushpig, Red-legged Sun Squirrel. Birds include: Mountain
Greenbul, White-chested Alethe, Olive-flanked Ground Robin, Iringa Ground Robin, Spot-throat, Redcapped Forest Warbler, Chapin's Apalis, and Njombe Thick-billed Seed-eater. Kigogo is the type locality
of the bird Francolinus squamatus uzungwensis. Before 1960 buffalo were common, though none exist
there today. Similarly Harvey's red duiker, Livingstone's Suni and leopard were once common but are
rare now due to extensive hunting and trapping. Blue monkeys occur, but Black and White, and Red
Colobus have never been seen. Butterflies include: Acraea vuillotii, Chondrolepis obscuriora,
Chondrolepis similisa and a new species of Anthene. Rare and interesting plants include: Aframomum
laxiflorum, Afrothismia insignis, Allanblackia stuhlmannii, Bersama rosea, Coffea mufindensis,
Oxyanthus lepidus subsp kigogoensis, Psychotria megalopus, Stolzia christopherii, Stolzia leedalii, and
a tree Annonaceae that has yet to be placed to genus.
Human impacts (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Paths crossing the reserve are used by people who live on the plateau, but cultivate on the fertile land
below the escarpment. The main path through the reserve is also quite important for trade during the
Ulanzi (bamboo wine) season. The Ulanzi season on the escarpment and in the valley are slightly outof-phase giving rise to a brisk trade. In the northern part of the reserve a road has been placed along the
trace of a traditional footpath in order to reach a view point. There is also a path along the Kigogo river
which was used by fishermen. The river itself was stocked with trout. An arboretum and forest station
were established some time ago, but are now abandoned.
Parts of the forest currently under closed canopy cover were formerly cultivated as indicated by
cultivation ridges. The cultivation and subsequent regeneration are probably at least 150 years old.
There are many areas of cultural importance within the reserve which are related to former inhabited
33
sites. More recent disturbance comes from logging for Ocotea and Khaya nyasica. There are many old
buffalo traps, and hunting for smaller animals is still practised. Fuelwood, building poles and bamboo for
basket making are extracted on a small scale.
2.6
Livalonge forest
Iringa Region, Mufindi District
Topographic map:
248/1
Altitude:
1880 – 1960
Access
Livalonge forest can be accessed by road from Mafinga (via Nyololo and Igowole divisions) through
Ihomasa village to UTTL’s Livalonge tea estate. The forest is adjacent to the tea estate. Alternatively,
the forest can be accessed from Mafinga to Livalonge tea estates through roads which cut across the
tea estates including the UTTL’s Lugoda and Kivere tea estates. Livalonge forest is contiguous with
Mufindi Scarp West on its south/south-eastern side.
Description
The forest belongs to the UTTL and is centred on 737520 / 9039314. The forest range extends for about
3 km in the north-west / south-east orientation. Tea, cinchona and subsistence crops surround the forest
on its north / north-west, south and western sides. Much of the forest interior is occupied by high canopy
trees while most of the forest edge especially on the southern edge is dominated by smaller trees and a
shrubby tangle of vines and Rubus sp..
2.7
Lulanda Forest Reserve
Iringa Region, Mufindi District although on map sheet 249/1 Lulanda is placed in Iringa District.
Declaration :
Not known to be officially declared
Topographic map :
249/1
Measured area :
196.7 ha (three patches 89.3, 24.8, 82.6 ha) Lulanda Forest was surveyed
by Mufindi District Council Surveys Office in July – August 2000 with
support from the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group.
Measured boundary length : 1310 m (13.1 km)
Location:
08°35'15" - 08°17'07"S; 35°36'50" - 35°38'15"E
Altitude:
1480 - 1640 m asl.
Access
About 75 km from southeast of Mafinga. Access is from the road through Mdabulo mission, Ihanu and
Ibwanzi villages to Lulanda village. The forest is located in the southern Udzungwa Mountains, (5 km
East of Mufindi Scarp East Forest Reserve) in two valleys on the edge of the east facing escarpment
from 1480 - 1640 m.
Soils (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Under forest: Well drained brown sandy loams over gneiss.
Climate (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Oceanic rainfall with oceanic/continental temperatures. Nearest rainfall station: Kibwele Tea Factory.
Estimated rainfall: 1600 - 2000 mm / year with a mist effect. Dry season: June - November.
Temperatures: 19° C max. (November), 14° C min. (July).
Vegetation (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
The three forest patches are montane forest with swampy open areas in valley bottoms.
Montane forest: Canopy to 30 m, intact in parts but generally much disturbed following extraction of
timber species. Larger trees include: Alangium chinense, Albizia gummifera, Allanblackia stuhlmannii,
Apholia theiformis, Bersama abyssinica, Bridelia brideliifolia, Caloncoba welwitschii, Canthium
oligocarpum, Cassipourea gummiflua, Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Cola greenwayi, Cryptocarya
liebertiana, Cylicomorpha parviflora, Drypetes gerrardii, Drypetes usambarica, Garcinia volkensii,
Isolona hexaloba, Ixora scheffleri, Maytenus acuminata, Myrianthus holstii, Myrica salicifolia (on the
edges), Pancovia golungensis, Parinari excelsa, Polyceratocarpus scheffleri, Polyscias fulva, Rauvolfia
34
caffra, Rawsonia reticulata, Schefflera goetziana , Schrebera alata, Strombosia scheffleri, Trichocladus
ellipticus, Trilepisium madagascariense, Vitex amaniensis and Xymalos monospora.
Swamps: Thick herbaceous cover to 3 m tall with Mimulopsis and Cyathea. Trees include: Anthocleista
grandiflora and Hallea rubrostipulata.
Topography and Hydrology Values (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
The forest protects a small catchment with year round stream flow. The water is used for domestic
consumption and small scale irrigation.
Biodiversity (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
For such a small forest Lulanda contains a remarkable number of interesting species, and with nearly
forty large tree species recorded it has a high diversity. Mammals include: Black-and-White Colobus,
and formerly Red Duiker and Livingstone's Suni. Birds include: Buff-spotted Pygmy Crake, Mountain
Greenbul, Little Greenbul, Shelley's Greenbul, Yellow-streaked Greenbul, Olive Mountain Greenbul,
Chapin's Apalis, Black-headed Apalis, Brown-headed (Grey) Apalis, Bar-throated Apalis, Red-capped
Forest Warbler, White-chested Alethe, Spot-throat, and Olive-flanked Ground Robin. New or interesting
trees and shrubs include: Berteria pauloi, Canthium sp. nov., Coffea sp. nov., Cola sp. nov., Drypetes
gerrardinioides, Drypetes usambarica var. rugulosa, Lasianthus peduncularis, Lasiodiscus sp. aff.
mildbraedii, Psychotria megalopus, Trichilia lovetii and Zimmermaniopsis uzungwae.
Human Impacts (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Recent timber extraction has heavily disturbed the forest, opening the canopy in many areas. There is
encroachment for cultivation along the edges of the forest. Building poles, firewood and medicines are
taken. There is a footpath through the forest linking the village with cultivated areas below the reserve.
2.8
Lupeme Forest
Iringa Region, Mufindi District
Topographic maps:
248 /2
Altitude :
1820 – 1990 m asl.
Access
From the Mafinga – Sawala road, turn left in Sawala towards the Lupeme Tea estate (and the Fox
Highland Lodge). The road cuts through the forest in several places including close to the location
where the surveys were undertaken.
Description
The forest belongs to the Mufindi Tea Company. It is part of a mosaic of forest, tea, cinchona and
traditional agriculture that extends over 15 km in a north –east / south west orientation. The area visited
by the survey team was centred around 764220 / 9057436.
2.9
Mufindi Scarp East Catchment Forest Reserve
Iringa Region; Mufindi District
Year of establishment:
1954
Declaration :
GN 450 of 1954
Variation Order :
There must be one relating to putting the main and alternate route to
Southern Paper Mills through the reserve.
Border map:
JB 588 (1963)
Topographic maps :
248/1, 248/2, 249/1
Gazetted area :
15,183 ha
Gazetted boundary length : 51,736.31 m (rest curvilinear)
Location:
8°34'05"S - 08°42'40"S; 35°11'55"E - 35°36'05"E
Altitude:
860 m – 1960 m
35
Map 4. Mufindi Scarp East JB Map
Access (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
40 km south of Mafinga, 3 km South of Sawala, on the Mufindi loop road. Access is from the road from
Sawala to Mgololo which bisects the reserve (not shown on topographical sheet 248/2), from the road
along Mpanga ridge and at many places on the escarpment from the Brooke Bond Tea Estates. The
south-western limb of the reserve is bordered by Kigogo Forest Reserve to the northwest. The reserve
covers a 45 km long strip of the Mufindi escarpment from southwest of Livalonga to 4.5 km southwest of
Lulanda village, and the Mpanga ridge east of Kibwele Tea Estate and south of Lugoda Lutali villages
from an elevation of 860 to 1960 m. It is mislabelled as Mufindi Scarp West Forest Reserve on map
sheet 248/1, and as Mufindi Scarp Forest Reserve on map sheet 248/2.
Soils (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Under forest: Well drained brown sandy loams over gneiss or clay with stones, with small areas of
granitic outcrops on the escarpment.
Climate (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Oceanic rainfall with oceanic/continental temperatures. Rainfall: 1450 mm/year (Kilima Tea Factory). Dry
season: June - November. Temperatures: 19° C max. (November), 14° C min. (July).
Vegetation (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
The escarpment is covered by grassland with scattered Protea but extends into montane forest on the
lower south eastern part of the Kigogo FR. The Mpanga ridge is covered by scrubby to secondary upper
montane forest on infertile clay with stones soils.
Montane forest: Canopy to 20 m. Trees include: Allanblackia stuhlmannii, Cylicomorpha parviflora,
Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Garcinia volkensii, Galiniera saxifraga, Myrianthus holstii, Neoboutonia
macrocalyx, Polyscias fulva, and Strombosia scheffleri.
Upper montane forest: Secondary in nature on poor soils of the Mpanga ridge, with patches of wattle.
The canopy is very open, but trees to 20 m occur. Trees include: Albizia gummifera, Bersama
abyssinica, Cussonia spicata, Dombeya torrida, Macaranga kilimandscharica Maesa lanceolata,
Polyscias fulva, Rapanea melanophloeos. Shrubs include: Buddleja salviifolia, Dodonea viscosa,
Tecomaria. Climbers include: Urera. Herbs include: Ensete, Lobelia gibberroa.
Catchment Values (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
The Kigogo River flows through the reserve and there are numerous other small streams flowing to the
East and West down the escarpment. Water from these streams is used for small scale irrigation of
36
vegetable plots and general use by the local people living below the escarpment, and by Southern Paper
Mills for pulp processing. The escarpment is susceptible to erosion, and so the reserve protects it.
Timber Values:
Some timber species occur in the montane forest where the reserve is continuous with Kigogo FR.
Stocks of Mkangazi (Khaya nyasica) are exhausted, but some Mlembelembe (Chrysophyllum
gorungosanum) and other less valuable species remain.
Biodiversity (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
The montane forest continuous with the Kigogo FR is of the Eastern Arc type and contains a number of
species of restricted distribution including: Allanblackia stuhlmannii and Psychotria megalopus.. On the
Mpanga ridge the forest is secondary and contains few species of restricted distribution. Birds include:
Buteo oreophilus, Cossypha anomala, Sheppardia lowei, Orthotomus metopias, Andropadus
tephrolaemus and Alcippe abyssinica.
Human Impacts (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Areas of thicket on the Mpanga ridge were under cultivation prior to gazettement. The reserve is
traversed by traditional footpaths in a number of places. Fire occurs in the escarpment grassland most
years. Fuel wood, poles, and other forest products are used by the villages on the northern boundary. A
road 40 m wide and about 13 km long (about 52 ha) has been cleared along the Mpanga ridge. The
main road from Sawala to the Mufindi Paper Mills at Mgololo traverses the escarpment. A small road
south of the Luisenga river traverses the escarpment, but is very eroded at the bottom.
2.10 Mufindi Scarp West Forest Reserve
Iringa Region; Mufindi District
Declaration:
Not seen
Border map :
JB 587 1963 (1:50,000)
Topographic map :
248/1
Gazetted area :
4576 acres (1851.8 ha)
Gazetted boundary length : 8607 m (28,239 ft.) rest curvilinear
Location:
08°41'15"S - 08°43'50"S; 35°07'40"E - 35°10'50"E.
Altitude:
1300 – 1860 m asl
Access
140 km from Mafinga (via Ngwazi), 12 km from Igowole. Access is from Udumka or Ihomasa village. The
road from Kifyulilo Tea Research Station to Ihomasa passes through the northern edge of the reserve
for a short distance, and Malenda Farm borders the reserve. The reserve covers part of the Mufindi
escarpment south of Ihomasa together with hills and valleys behind the escarpment with an elevational
range of 1300 m to 1860 m. The area marked Mufindi West Scarp FR on map sheet 248/1 includes part
of Mufindi Scarp East FR to the east, and extends west of the actual boundary.
Soils (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Under forest: well drained brown sandy loams over gneiss.
Climate (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Oceanic rainfall with oceanic/continental temperatures. Rainfall: 2000 mm/year (Mufindi Forest Station).
Dry season: June - November. Temperatures:
20_C max. (Dec.), 15_C min. (Jul.).
Vegetation (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
The steep escarpment is covered by grassland with scattered Protea sp., with montane forest in the
northern and central part of the reserve, edged by scrubby thicket. The montane forest is probably
secondary as the reserve was formerly inhabited.
Montane forest: Canopy to 15 - 20 m. Trees include: Albizia gummifera, Allophylus africanus, Apholia
theiformis, Bersama abyssinica, Bridelia bridelliodes, Canthium oligocarpum, Catha edulis,
Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Croton sylivaticus, Cussonia spicata, Diospyros whyteana, Macaranga
kilimandscharica, Maesa lanceolata, Neoboutonia macrocalyx, Nuxia congesta, Oxyanthus speciosus,
Pittosporum viridiflorum, Polyscias fulva, Psychotria mahonii, Rapanea melanophloeos, Strychnos mitis,
37
Syzygium guineense subsp. afromontanum, Syzygium masukuense, Vepris stolzii, Xymalos monospora.
Trees at the forest edge include: Buddleja salviifolia, Dombeya torrida, Flacourtia indica, Heteromorpha,
Myrica salicifolia, Osyris lanceolata.. Shrubs include: Clausena anisata, Clutia abyssinica, Dodonea
viscosa, Kiggelaria africana, Kotschya, Lippia, Lobelia gibberroa, Maytenus mossambicensis, Pavetta,
Rhus longipes, Rytigynia, Solanum schumannianum, Tecomaria capensis, Triumfetta, Vernonia.
Catchment Values (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
There are numerous other small streams flowing to the East and West down the escarpment. Water
from these streams is used for irrigation of tea, for small scale irrigation of vegetable plots and general
use by the local people, and by Southern Paper Mills in pulp processing. The escarpment is very
susceptible to erosion, and so this is protected by the reserve.
Timber Values (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
The valuable species such as Muheti (Ocotea usambarensis). are exhausted, but less valuable species
such as Mtanga (Albizia gummifera) and Muhapi (Bridelia bridellifolia) occur.
Biodiversity (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
This reserve contains the southernmost forest in the Eastern Arc, and although areas of the forest are
secondary, there is likely to be remnants of Eastern Arc forests in the river valleys.
Human Impacts (from Lovett & Pócs 1993)
Formerly there was a mission within the reserve near Malenda Farm. Much of the forested area north of
the escarpment was inhabited prior to gazettement of the reserve so many places in Mufindi West Scarp
Forest Reserve have cultural importance. Examples of areas of importance are: Ikemesa, Malenda,
Kipugu and Itendega. In the north and north east the reserve is bordered by Kifyulilo, Malenda and
Livalonge tea estates which protect it from encroachment. On map sheet 248/1, which is drawn from
1978 aerial photography, habitation is shown in the north western part of the reserve. Timber was
formerly extracted and small animals hunted. Fire occurs in the escarpment grasslands almost annually.
38
Map 5. Mufindi Scarp West JB Map
39
3)
Medium and large mammals
By Francesco Rovero and Andrew Perkin
3.1
Literature review
While the northern Udzungwa forests have been the subject of several studies on mammals (review in
Rovero & De Luca, submitted), there is little information on mammals from the southern, Mufindi forests.
A review of records of primates and duikers appears in Dinesen et al. (2001); the areas covered include
“Mufindi” (presumably Mufindi Scarp West Forest Reserve) and “Kigogo” (presumably Kigogo Forest
Reserve). Out of the nine Udzungwa species considered in the review, they report the occurrence (with
abundance indicated as rare) of only Sykes’ monkey and Harvey’s duiker in both Mufindi forests.
3.2
Objectives
The objectives of the mammal research conducted during this study were:
1.
To increase our understanding of the biogeography, taxonomy and ecology of large forest
mammals, especially the primates and forest antelopes in the Mufindi forests.
2.
To contribute data and information to the Red List process and to conservation organisations for
improved management of study taxa.
3.
To provide training in the survey techniques and monitoring of study taxa, especially transect
census and camera-trapping techniques.
4.
To increase awareness at the local and national level on the conservation of study taxa.
3.3
Methods
We define medium to large mammals as all those mammal species that are usually not recorded using
standard trapping methods for small mammals such as Sherman’s and pitfall traps and are instead
recorded by the model of camera-traps used in these surveys. Thus, we included mammals from the
size of a squirrel from the genus Paraxerus and elephant shrew from the genus Petrodromus and above.
A detailed account of the methods is provided in Rovero (2006). The following methods were deployed:
Census walks to count primates and forest antelopes
Application of this method in Mufindi forests was constrained in terms of length of transects conducted
and efficiency by the severe degradation of most forests resulting in vegetation thickness and thus
difficulties to walk straight and at a reasonable pace. Moreover, some of the forest patches are small, in
the order of 1 km2 (e.g. Lulanda and Ipafu) which limited the length of the transects.
Camera-trapping to detect presence of medium to large mammals
Camera-traps (Deercam DC 300) were set to take photos 24-h per day and mounted with 36 exposure,
Kodak 200 ISO films. The minimum delay between consecutive photos was set at 1 minute. We
retrieved cameras after approximately 30 - 45 days. Trap-days were computed as the number of 24-h
periods cameras were operating, i.e. until they were retrieved or the film was full (and thus it can be less
than 30 days). For each camera-trapped species, we computed the number of events as the number of
photos, not considering photos of the same species or individual taken within the same hour. Trap-rate
was computed as the number of events divided by trapping effort (in days) and multiplied by 100. For
each species, we pooled data from different cameras by computing total number of events, number of
successful cameras and mean trap-rate for successful cameras. We present results for each forest site,
as well as for all sites.
Other observations of wildlife and human disturbance were recorded opportunistically.
Nocturnal transects
See Section 4 for more details on this. Records from the nocturnal transects have been included in this
section for the purposes of estimating species richness however more details and discussions are
provided in the next section.
40
3.4
Sampling intensity
We deployed camera-traps at a total of 32 camera-trap sites in five areas, as follows:
1. Lupeme forest (small forest belonging to UTT near the lake adjacent to Foxes’ lodge)
2. Kigogo forest (both in Kigogo Forest Reserve and contiguous forest areas that belong to UTT)
3. Mufindi Scarp West (both in the Forest Reserve a contiguous forest area that belongs to UTT)
4. Lulanda (Fufu forest patch)
5. Ipafu Forest
One camera-trap was stolen while installed in the forest (at the edge of Kigogo forest near tea
plantations) and three cameras did not produce photographs. The remaining 27 cameras operated for a
total of 802 trap-days (Table 8).
F. Rovero and one assistant conducted 10 census walks (Table 8), for a mean distance of 1.6 km
walked per census, as estimated by GPS. Ground distance is greater, however these walks were kept
straight as much as possible and the altitudinal range covered by each walk was small (mean altitude
range of 90 m). Average census duration was 2.5 hours, beginning at about 7:30 h.
Sampling intensity for census walks and camera-trapping is summarized in Table 8, more details on
each census walk and camera-trap site are reported in Appendices 1 and 2 respectively.
Table 8. Summary of sampling intensity for camera-trapping and census walks.
Forest site
Lupeme + “lake
forest” (at Foxes’
lodge)
Kigogo
Fufu (Lulanda) +
Mgwilwa
Mufindi Scarp West
All sites
Number of
camera-traps
(total trap-effort)
4 (116 days)
Number of
census walks
(mean distance)
Altitude range of
the transects and
camera-traps
1745-1900
-
Period
Feb-March
2006
8 (257 days)
4 (1.84 km)
1800-1900
7 (206 days)
2* (1.43 km)
1530-1750
Feb-March
2006
May-Aug 2006
8 (223 days)
27 (802 days)
4 (1.53 km)
10 (1.60 km)
1800-1920
1530-1920
May-Aug 2006
Feb-Aug 2006
* Census walks conducted in Fufu forest patch (Lulanda) only.
Records from Ipafu, Igoda, Kidegemsitu and Mufindi Scarp East are based on records made by other
members of the survey team. Systematic diurnal transects and camera trapping were not carried out in
these forests.
3.5
Results
A total of 21 species of medium to large mammals from 13 families were recorded by the survey team
(Table 9). Two other species may be present in these forests: the squirrel, Heliosciurus undulatus and
the tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax validus however we were not able to confirm the presence of these species
and further field work is necessary to assess their presence or absence (see section 4 for further
discussion on D. validus). Eleven species were detected through camera-trapping and sightings or
signs, while nine species were recorded through observations of by hearing their vocalisations. Only the
African civet was recorded on the basis of signs alone. Because of high sensitivity settings, cameratraps also took several photographs of one or more species of small rodents that could not be identified
and therefore are not considered in this section.
41
Kidegemsitu
Kigogo general
Mufindi Scarp
East
Mufindi Scarp
West
Lulanda
Detection
Ipafu
Lupeme
Igoda
Ifupira
Red list
Common name
Range
Species
Forest
Dependency
Table 9. Checklist of medium to large mammals recorded in Mufindi forests.
Cercopithecus mitis moloneyi Wolf,
1822
GALAGONIDAE
Otolemur crassicaudatus (É.
Geoffrey 1812)
Galagoides granti Thomas and
Wroughton, 1907
Galagoides cf orinus
MACROSCELIDIDAE
Rhynchocyon cirnei Peters, 1847
SCIURIDAE
Paraxerus vexillarius byatti
Kershaw, 1923
MURIDAE
Cricetomys gambianus
Waterhouse, 1840
HERPESTIDAE
Atilax paludinosus Cuvier, 1829
Angola pied
colobus
F
W
Yellow baboon
F
W
Gentle monkey
F
W
Large-eared greater
galago
O
W
Grant's galago
Mountain galago
FF
Chequered
elephant shrew
FF
Swynnerton's bush
squirrel
Kidegemsitu
Kigogo general
Mufindi Scarp
East
Mufindi Scarp
West
Lulanda
Detection
Ipafu
Lupeme
Igoda
Ifupira
Red list
Range
Common name
Forest
Dependency
Species
COLOBIDAE
Colobus angolensis palliatus
Sclater, 1860
CERCOPITHECIDAE
Papio cynocephalus Desmarest,
1820
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Ob
1
1
1
CT,
Ob,
1 VH
1
1
1
1
W
1
W
1
1
1
1
1
FF EA N VU 1
1
1
1
1
Giant Pouched rat
F
W
Marsh mongoose
F
W
Crested porcupine
F
W
LC
Ob
1
1
T
VH
1
CT,
Ob
1
1
CT,
Ob
1
1
CT
1
CT
HYSTRICIDAE
Hystrix cristata Linnaeus, 1758
VIVERRIDAE
Genetta servalina lowei Pucheran,
1855
Civettictis civetta Schreber, 1776
Nandinia binotata Gray, 1830
CANIDAE
Canis adustus Sundevall, 1847
PROCAVIDAE
Heterohyrax brucei (Gray, 1868)
SUIDAE
Potamochoerus larvatus Cuvier,
1822
BOVIDAE
Tragelaphus scriptus Pallas, 1766
Philantomba monticola Thunberg,
1789
Cephalophus harveyi Thomas,
1893
Neotragus moschatus Von
Dueben, 1846
Lowe’s servaline
genet
African civet
African palm civet
FF EA N
O
W
F
W
Side-striped jackal
O
W
Bush hyrax
O
W
Bush pig
F
W
Bushbuck
F
W
Blue duiker
FF
W
Harvey's duiker
FF
W
F
W
Suni
Key to Table 9
42
LC
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
CT
1
1
1
Ob
1
1
CT
D
CT
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1
VH
1 CT, D
1
CT
1
Ob
CT,
1 Ob, D
1
LR/
cd 1
1
1
1
1
1
CT
Red List
EN = Endangered, VU Vulnerable, LR/cd = Lower Risk/conservation dependent, DD = Data Deficient, LC = Least
Concern
Range
W = Widespread, EA N = Near-endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains
Forest dependency
FF = strictly confined to forest, F = mainly forest, but also found outside, O = non-forest species
Detection method
CT = Camera Trap, D = Dung, Ob = Observation, VH = Vocalisation heard
Taxonomy follows Wilson and Reeder (2005)
The number of medium and large mammal species recorded from each reserve is given in Table 10.
Table 10. Medium to large mammal species richness by forest.
Forest
Ifupira
Igoda
Lupeme
Ipafu
Kidegemsitu
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp East
Mufindi Scarp West
Lulanda
Number of medium and large mammal species
6
4
9
7
1
11
8
9
13
3.5.1 Census walks for primates and forest antelopes.
Sighting rates (number of groups / dung piles per km) are presented in Table 11, primate records being
divided into sightings and the sum of sightings and auditory records. Because males of Sykes’ monkeys
are usually more visible than females and juveniles and because males often move at the edge of the
rest of the social group, sightings of and vocalizations / alarm calls of single individuals were considered
as a sighting of a group, for the purpose of computing the encounter rate.
Sykes’ monkey and Angolan colobus were the only diurnal primates seen during census walks. Sykes’
monkey appeared to be relatively common and it was recorded at all sites, with a maximum of two
groups seen during each walk. Group size ranged from 5 to 8. In contrast, Angolan colobus was only
recorded in Lulanda forest patches. In “Fufu” patch, which is mature forest dominated by Parinari
excelsa, the population is probably down to 3 - 4 groups. In the adjacent, but separated “Mgwilwa”
patch, only one group of three individuals was sighted.
Two groups of Angolan colobus that were counted in Fufu had 5 and 4 individuals, respectively, with the
following composition:
- 1 adult male, 1 adult female, 1 adult (sex not determined), 1 sub-adult
- 1 adult male, 1 adult female, 1 large juvenile/sub-adult, 1 adult.
Only one duiker was seen during systematic walks, while camera-trapping provided more information on
forest antelopes. The only record of a blue duiker in the area was from an opportunistic sighting in
Mgwilwa forest patch, at Lulanda.
Table 11. Summary of primate and forest antelope census walk results from Mufindi surveys.
Site
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp W
Lulanda
1
Sykes' seen
0,73
0,70
1,05
Observation Rate1
Sykes' seen+heard
Angolan colobus
0,95
0,56
1,40
1,05
Duiker seen
0,56
-
All sites
0,83
0,97
1,05
0,56
The number of times per kilometre an individual or group of primates or an individual antelope was observed.
43
3.5.2. Camera-trapping
Table 12 summarizes results in terms of number of events (independent photographs) and species
recorded. Overall, a total of 202 events were recorded over 802 trapping-days. The number of mammal
species recorded per forest site ranged from 5 to 10. In addition, three species of birds were recorded.
Trapping effort per camera ranged from 23 to 44 days, with a mean of 29.7 days.
Table 12. Summary of camera-trapping sampling effort and results obtained.
Forest Site
Number of events
Number of mammal species
10
37
99
56
202
5
6
9
10
14
Lupeme
Kigogo
Lulanda and Ipafu
Mufindi Scarp West
All sites
The following tables (Table 13 - 17) present, for each site, as well as for the four sites combined, the list
of species camera-trapped; the number of independent photos (events); the number of cameras where a
species was photo-trapped and the trap-rate. The trap-rate is the mean trap-rate across all of the
camera-sites where the species was trapped. Details of trap-sites are presented in the Appendix 2.
Table 13. Camera-trapping results for Lupeme Forest.
Species
Swynnerton’s bush squirrel
Giant-pouched rat
Chequered sengi
African palm civet
Suni
Events
Trap-rate
1
1
4
1
3
3.45
3.45
6.9
3.45
10.34
Successful cameras
1
1
2
1
1
In Lupeme Forest the four cameras recorded a total of 10 events of 5 mammal species over 116 trapdays.
Table 14. Camera-trapping results for Kigogo forest.
Species
Sykes' monkey
Swynnerton’s bush squirrel
Giant-pouched rat
Lowe's genet
Harvey's duiker
Bushbuck
Events
5
22
1
4
4
1
Trap-rate
8.51
18.62
3.33
6.72
3.87
3.33
Successful cameras
2
4
1
2
3
1
In Kigogo Forest the eight cameras recorded 37 events of six mammal species during 257 trap-days
Table 15. Camera-trapping results for Lulanda and Ipafu forests.
Species
Events
Trap-rate
Successful cameras
Swynnerton’s bush squirrel
Lesser pouched rat
Giant-pouched rat
Chequered sengi
African palm civet
14
19
38
17
3
44
26.52
22.14
25.84
14.45
5.85
3
3
5
5
2
Lowe's genet
Marsh mongoose
Suni
Harvey's duiker
1
1
3
3
4.35
2.38
4.50
3.46
1
1
2
3
Birds:
Lemon dove
Orange ground trush
Great Sparrowhawk
22
25
1
45.91
25.46
2.38
2
4
1
In Lulanda and Ipafu Forests, the seven cameras recorded 99 events of nine mammal species and 48
events of three bird species during 206 trap-days
Table 16. Camera-trapping results for Mufindi Scarp West forest.
Species
Events
Trap-rate
Swynnerton’s bush squirrel
Lesser pouched rat
Giant-pouched rat
Chequered sengi
Porcupine
African palm civet
African civet
Lowe's genet
Harvey's duiker
Bush pig
13
1
4
13
1
8
2
8
2
1
11.94
3.23
9.09
9.66
4.35
5.06
3.67
11.67
3.67
4.00
Successful cameras
4
1
1
5
1
5
2
3
2
1
Birds:
Lemon dove
Orange ground trush
25
4
21.77
4.36
4
3
The eight cameras recorded 53 events of 10 mammal species and 29 events of two bird species during
223 trap-days.
Table 17. Camera-trapping results for the four forest areas combined.
Species1
Swynnerton’s bush squirrel
Lesser pouched rat
Giant-pouched rat
Chequered sengi
Sykes' monkey
Lowe's genet
Suni
African palm civet
Porcupine
Bush pig
African civet
Harvey's duiker
Bushbuck
Marsh mongoose
Birds:
Lemon dove
Orange ground thrush
Events
50
20
44
34
5
13
6
12
1
1
2
9
1
1
Trap-rate
15.13
12.68
10.43
10.33
8.51
7.58
7.42
4.79
4.35
4.00
3.67
3.66
3.33
2.38
47
29
33.84
14.91
45
Number of successful Number of
forests
cameras 2
12
4
4
2
8
4
12
3
2
1
6
3
3
2
8
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
8
3
1
1
1
1
6
7
2
2
Great Sparrowhawk
1
2.38
1
1
Species are ranked by mean trap-rate, which is an index of relative abundance. The mean trap-rate is calculated
across all of the camera-sites where the species was trapped.
2
The number of cameras that recorded this species.
1
3.5.3 Notes on opportunistic observations
Details on the galagos and hyrax are provided in Section 4.
Baboon were heard by A. Perkin close to Kigogo Forest Reserve.
Side-striped jackal was observed by A. Perkin at night on the road near to the Ifupira Forest.
Blue duiker was observed by F. Rovero in Mgwilwa Forest patch in Lulanda.
3.6
Discussion
3.6.1 Species richness, diversity and abundance
With 21 species of medium to large mammal, the Mufindi forests are comparable to other Eastern Arc
mountain forests in terms of their species richness. For example, we recorded 19 medium to large
mammal species in three small forests in the North Pare Mountains (total area 48 km2) using the same
methods and comparable sampling effort (Doggart et al. 2008). Despite the small size and high levels of
disturbance of the Mufindi forests, they are also comparable with some much larger forest areas
including Kanga Forest Reserve in the South Nguru where we recorded 14 species (area 67 km2,
Rovero et al. 2007) and Uluguru North FR (85 km2, F. Rovero & A. Bowkett, unpubl. data) where only
eight species were recorded.
However, a comparison with species’ richness of some forests in the northern parts of Udzungwa (see
Rovero & De Luca submitted), especially those within the well-protected National Park, shows that the
mammal community in Mufindi is impoverished, and composed mainly of small-bodied species. This
could be an effect of hunting and habitat degradation acting over a considerable length of time. Thus, we
did not record some of the larger, widespread mammals found in northern forests, such as leopard and,
buffalo, although Colin Congdon (pers. comm.), a former employee of the Mufindi estate, recalls that in
the 1970s leopard and buffalo were present in the forests. The absence or scarcity of these large
mammals is likely to reflect hunting and habitat degradation. This possibility is further substantiated by
our observation that species that are normally hunted such as Harvey’s duiker and blue duiker, bushpig,
and bushbuck appear to be present at very low densities, as estimated by camera-trapping rates.
Similarly, we did not record some of the more restricted range, and forest-dependent species found in
the Northern Udzungwas including Udzungwa red colobus, Abbott’s duiker or the Sanje mangabey
(closest populations are in the Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, ca. 50 km to the north-east of Mufindi
forests). Moreover, we did not record the recently discovered Kipunji (Rungwecebus kipunji) although
Mufindi lies directly between the two known populations of this recently described primate species. The
absence of these restricted-ranges species may be due to biogeographic reasons such as the isolation
of the southern forests over time which has prevented colonisation from the northern forests.
Species’ richness in Mufindi did not appear to be correlated with forest area, since the highest richness
was found in the three Lulanda forests, which altogether do not exceed 5 km2 and single patches are in
the range of 1 - 2 km2. Interestingly, in Lulanda we recorded three species that were not found in the
other forests: Angolan colobus, marsh mongoose and blue duiker. The exclusive presence of Angolan
colobus in Lulanda forests is especially puzzling, since this species is very common in the northern
Udzungwa forests and there are other areas of good canopy forest, especially in Kigogo, that could
support a healthy population of this primate. In contrast, that blue duiker was recorded in only one site
may reflect both the elusiveness of this species (which applies to marsh mongoose as well) and its
disappearance from other forests because of hunting pressure.
Other species that were found at only one site are bushbuck and tree hyrax (possible record only) which
were recorded in Kigogo only. In general, abundance of ungulates seems especially low. The diversity of
species recorded was otherwise quite similar among the forests surveyed. That only one species was
recorded in Kidegemsitu reflects the low sampling intensity in this forest.
46
In terms of abundance, among the primates, Sykes’ monkey was found to be relatively common
throughout the forests, which is not surprising as this species often occurs in areas with secondary and
regenerating vegetation and forest edges (Rovero et al. 2006 b). The encounter rate of about 0.8 groups
per km (by GPS) from census walks is very similar to that recorded in North Pare Mountains with the
same method. The low abundance, and especially small range of Angolan colobus in Lulanda forest
patches is reason for concern for the long-term viability of this population that is completely isolated. It is
also concerning that no infants or juveniles were seen in the groups sighted.
Among the camera-trapped species, smaller mammals such as Swynnerton’s bush squirrel, both lesser
and giant-pouched rat, and chequered sengi appear to be the commonest species as derived from both
camera-trap rates and number of successful camera-traps. Among the carnivores, Lowe’s genet and
palm civet were captured at several sites and with relatively higher trap-rates. In contrast, duikers and
other ungulates were trapped with the lowest rates and number of sites. It should be noted, however,
that conclusions on abundance from our rapid assessment methods are always indicative and need to
be considered with caution.
3.6.2 Threatened and endemic species
The only globally threatened species according to IUCN (2007) that we recorded in the Mufindi forests is
the Swynnerton’s bush squirrel Paraxerus vexillarius. This species is listed as Vulnerable, and it is also
endemic to the Eastern Arc and Southern Rift (Burgess et al. 2007). There is very little information on
this species, and on Paraxerus in general. There is also some taxonomic confusion over Paraxerus, with
contrasting names being used in the literature (Wilson & Reeder 2005 and Kingdon 1997).
Although servaline genets Genetta servalina are widespread in equatorial Africa, the subspecies G. s.
lowei is very localised and only found in three blocks in the Eastern Arc Mountains (Rovero et al. 2006
a).
It is also worth mentioning the status of Harvey’s duiker Cephalophus harveyi, which is classified as
Lower Risk - Conservation Dependent (IUCN 2007). While it is relatively widespread, this duiker is
increasingly threatened from hunting and habitat degradation throughout its range (Kingdon & Rovero in
press).
In terms of diversity and biogeography, Mufindi forests seem generally less important than northern
Udzungwa forests, which could be due to a combination of larger size, wider altitude range of forest
cover, and better protection of some of the northern forests (e.g. Mwanihana and Ndundulu/Luhomero).
Moreover, Mufindi forests are relatively more scattered and isolated than most of the northern
Udzungwa forests, that are closer together and might have been connected until more recently. This
could explain why large endemic species such as Sanje mangabey and Udzungwa red colobus were not
recorded in Mufindi forests. Nevertheless, some of the Mufindi forests hold an interesting mammal
community with some Eastern Arc endemic and near-endemic taxa that need focal research and
conservation attention.
3.7
Conservation
The predominance of secondary and regenerating canopy in Mufindi forests indicates that there has
been heavy disturbance in the past. Such habitat degradation is likely to have negatively affected the
forest dependent small and large mammal species and their prey. Hunting must also have occurred at
high levels, as shown by restricted presence and low abundance of duikers and other species that are
usually hunted. During the surveys reported in this chapter, we only found one active nylon snare (in
“Fufu” forest). This may indicate that hunting is not practised anymore to a large extent. Possibly
because the target species are now so rare that hunting is no longer worthwhile.
In general, the forests of Mufindi are being poorly conserved, with the exception of “Fufu” forest in
Lulanda, where TFCG has been running a community conservation project since 1993, and some areas
within Mufindi Scarp West that are managed by Unilever. Nevertheless, Mufindi forests extend over a
considerable area and some parts, such as the lower parts of Kigogo Forest Reserve are still in good
shape. Albeit in low numbers and fragmented, there are populations of medium to large forest mammals
that would certainly recover if they were properly protected.
47
4)
Nocturnal mammals
By Andrew Perkin
4.1
Introduction
This section of the report documents the findings from the nocturnal surveys for galagos and hyrax in the
southern Udzungwa forests of Mufindi district.
There are few published accounts of galago research in the Udzungwa Mountains. Honess (1996)
worked in the lowland Matundu FR where he recorded ‘Galagoides udzungwensis’ (now called
Galagoides zanzibaricus). Bayes (1998) conducted a galago genetics study and sequenced a sample
collected by J. Fjeldsa (sample number: JFM710B held at the Copenhagen Zoological Museum) that
was provisionally identified as Galagoides orinus. This sequence indicated that G. orinus is distinct from
other Galagoides species such as G. zanzibaricus and G. granti.
Butynski et al (1998) conducted galago surveys in the eastern and south central Udzungwa mountains
(Mang’ula, Matundu, Sanje falls, Kihansi river and Udzungwa scarp). They recorded Galagoides
zanzibaricus in all sites except in Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve where Galagoides orinus was
recorded at a site ca. 65 km east of our first sampling site (Site 1) in Mufindi Scarp West Forest Reserve.
The author conducted galago surveys in the Eastern Udzungwas in Ndundulu and Nyumbanitu
Mountains as part of the Frontier-Tanzania surveys of West Kilombero FR (Perkin 2001 a). G. orinus
was recorded in the submontane and montane forest areas and one record of G. zanzibaricus was
recorded in a riverine forest at 1000 m, an unusually high altitude for this species. Otolemur
crassicaudatus was reported by local people to be present in the surrounding woodlands. Frontier also
collected one G. orinus from New Dabaga FR in the central Udzungwas (Perkin 2001 b).
Only one survey for galagos had previously been conducted in the South Western Udzungwa forests in
Lulanda forest where, one species, Grant’s galago G. granti was found (Perkin unpub. data, Hayhow et
al. 2003). Further East by 40 km, at Kihansi, G. zanzibaricus was found from 400 – 1,070 m (Honess
1996, Butynski et al 1998, Cordeiro pers comm..)
Biogeographically the western Udzungwa forests of Mufindi district are an interesting area since they
represent the known and probable species limits for several galago species. Lulanda represents the
known north western limit for Galagoides granti and Kihansi represents the known south western limit for
G. zanzibaricus. Surprisingly G. orinus was not found in Lulanda (Hayhow et al. 2003) thus Udzungwa
Scarp FR represented the known south western limit for G. orinus prior to the this survey (Butynski et al
1998). The few tape recordings of G. orinus from the Udzungwas have indicated some qualitative
differences from the type form in Uluguru mountains (Lawrence & Washburn 1936). More recordings
are needed to investigate these differences further. The Otolemur species are unusually distributed in
the Udzungwas. The expected forest form Garnett’s galago O. garnettii is known only from one locality
in the north west Udzungwas at Mbatwa (A. Perkin, unpubl. data) and O. crassicaudatus occurs in
several areas in the woodlands and plantation forests of the Udzungwas (Perkin 2001 a & b, Perkin
unpub data, Moyer pers. com).
One species of tree hyrax Dendrohyrax validus occurs in Tanzania’s Eastern Arc and Coastal forests.
Various surveys have shown that the distribution of D. validus is very patchy within its known range. In
the Udzungwas they are known from the Forests of the Eastern part of the Udzungwa Mountains in the
Udzungwa Mountains National Park (Perkin unpub data), West Kilombero, New Dabaga and Uzungwa
Scarp Forest Reserve (Topp-Jorgensen 2001a & b). Dendrohyrax validus like other Dendrohyrax
species are highly vocal and use vocalisations to maintain territories and social cohesion whilst leading a
largely solitary and arboreal lifestyle. As such, vocalisation studies can indicate their presence in an area
however preliminary vocalisation studies indicate differences in the vocal repertoires between
populations (Roberts 2001). It is thought that this may have taxonomic implications given the long
periods of isolation of the region as a whole and of individual populations. Tree hyrax are commonly
48
hunted and monitoring rates of hyrax vocalisations can give an indication of hunting pressure (ToppJørgensen & Pedersen 2001).
Other hyrax species that occur in other parts of the Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal zone are the rock
hyrax Procavia capensis and the bush hyrax Heterohyrax brucei. P. capensis which occurs in the
northern parts of the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests (Kingdon 1997) has been recorded in
the North Pare Mountains while the bush hyrax H. brucei is considered to occur throughout the range of
Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests but in bushed and rocky areas and not in forest (Kingdon
1997). Thus, in Mufindi, areas of rocky forest edge may also contain bush hyrax. There are few
published records of hyrax form the western Udzungwas but a few studies imply that Dendrohyrax
validus and Heterohyrax occur in the area (Kingdon 1997).
4.2
Objectives
The objectives of the nocturnal primate and hyrax surveys were:
1. To increase our understanding of the biogeography, taxonomy and ecology of galagos and
hyraxes.
2. To contribute data and information to the Red List process and to conservation organisations
for improved management of study taxa.
3. To increase awareness at the local and national level on the conservation of study taxa.
4.3
Methods
Three methods were used to determine the presence of galagos and hyrax: nocturnal transect surveys,
vocalisation analysis and trapping. A summary of these methods is provided below. For more details
please refer to Perkin (2006) in the methods manual of the Filling the Knowledge Gap project.
4.3.1 Nocturnal transect surveys
Night walks were conducted along pre-existing paths or cut transects to reduce noise and disturbance.
Galagos were detected visually by their eyeshine using head torches. Morphological details were noted
with the aid of a spotting torch and binoculars. Photographs were also taken where possible. Visual
descriptions were compared with published and unpublished descriptions and photographs. Hyrax are
typically very hard to observe, thus recording their vocalizations is the most reliable method to detect
their presence and identify them. During the nocturnal census walks, galago and hyrax vocalizations
were tape-recorded and used for species identification. An analogue Marantz PMD-222 audiocassette
recorder and a Sennheiser K6-ME66 directional microphone were used.
Night walks started just before dusk and continued between 18:45 and 22:00, then in the mornings from
05:00 – sunrise. A 15 minute point survey was conducted at 19:00, to estimate relative densities of
galagos within a 50 meter radius. During the night, data was also taken advantageously around camp.
Walks were conducted slowly at 0.5 km / hr pausing to observe any galagos and other target species
when animals were seen and to record vocalizations. Start and finish times were noted as well as time
taken to record and / or observe animals. The times at which animals were detected and any
behavioural observations were also recorded (Perkin 2006).
4.3.2 Vocalization analysis
Vocalizations were imported into a computer and digitized using Avisoft-Sonapro (R. Spect, Berlin)
software to generate sonograms, and spectrograms that graphically illustrate sound patterns. These
can then be used to identify calls, make qualitative comparisons and descriptions and quantitative
measurements. Galagos are identified mainly from their species specific advertising call and to a lesser
extent their alarm calls (due to their complexity and variety).
4.3.2 Trapping
Trapping galagos is difficult and capture rates are highly variable depending on the species, weather
and locality. Live box traps of the Chardonneret design were used to attempt to live-trap galagos.
Banana and peanut butter bait in varying combinations were used. Galagos once caught are carefully
handled with gloves, measured and photographed before release during the night at the point of original
capture.
49
4.4
Sampling intensity
Night walks were conducted in four sites for a total of 76 hrs and 30 min (Table 18). Trapping for galagos
was attempted in all reserves for a total of 15 trap nights.
Table 18. Summary of sampling intensity for trapping intensity for galagos.
Altitude range
Trapping intensity for
(meters)
galagos.
Number of trap nights
Kigogo
24
15
1630 - 1730
Mufindi East
25
0
1570 - 1800
0
Mufindi West*
0
Ifupira Division, Unilever forest
23
0
Igoda
4hr 30 min
1700 - 2030
All sites
76 hrs and 30 min
15
*Mufindi West was surveyed opportunistically for galagos by C. Leonard and C. Bracebridge.
Forest Reserve
4.5
Night walk survey
intensity (hrs)
Results
4.5.1 Species
Two species of galago and two species of hyrax were recorded in the Southern Udzungwa forests. A
third species of galago, the Thick tailed greater galago Otolemur crassicaudatus (Congdon pers.
Comm.) was reported to occur but was not detected during the nocturnal field surveys. One of the dwarf
galagos is provisionally identified as the Mountain galago Galagoides cf. orinus and the second was
Grant’s galago Galagoides granti.
The Mountain galago Galagoides cf. orinus was found to be very similar in appearance and size to other
populations in the main forest blocks in the eastern parts of the Udzungwas. This population was also
similar in appearance and size to other populations within the Eastern Arc Mountains. This similarity
identifies the southern Udzungwa population within the genus Galagoides, and then in the species clade
of G. orinus and not either the Zanzibar galago G. zanzibaricus (found in the lowland Udzungwas east of
the Kihansi river) or Grant’s galago G. granti (found in Lulanda forest). Both G. granti and G.
zanzibaricus are approximately 50 % larger than G. orinus.
One species of hyrax was heard faintly from the lower slopes of the escarpment. The calls indicated the
presence of bush hyrax Heterohyrax. Droppings and other signs found on the edge of the escarpment
in Kigogo FR at about 1500 m a.s.l. also indicate the presence of hyrax. This part of the forest is steep
and remote and holds good canopy forest dominated by Parinari excelsa indicating suitable habitat for
tree hyrax Dendrohyrax.
Galagos
Dwarf galago
Galagoides cf. orinus
Grant’s galago
Galagoides granti
Hyrax
Bush hyrax
Heterohyrax brucei
Tree hyrax
Dendrohyrax validus
* Recorded in Hayhow et al. 2003
Lulanda
Ipafu
Igoda
Vh
Kidegemsitu
Ob
Ifupira
Ob, Vh
Livalonge
Mufindi
scarp West
Scientific name
Mufindi
Scarp East
Species
Kigogo
Table 19. Checklist of galago and hyrax species recorded in Mufindi forests.
Litt*
Vh
?D
Detection method
Ob = Observation, VH = Vocalisation heard, Litt = record from the literature
50
VH
4.5.2 Galago vocalisation
The galago recorded in Kigogo, Mufindi Scarp East and Mufindi Scarp West is provisionally identified as
the mountain galago, largely based on the vocalizations recorded. During this survey five call types
were recorded for G. cf. orinus. These recorded calls are compared with the call repertoire for G. orinus
at the type locality in the Uluguru Mountains and with the population of Mountain galago in the Taita
population which differs significantly from the Uluguru population.
Table 20. A comparison between the main call types uttered by three populations of ‘Mountain Galagos’
Galagoides orinus.
Species
Double unit croak
call or scaling call
Squeak and
repetitive call
Incipient repetitive
call
Yaps and screeches
and
‘pisst’ contact call
Yaps and rapid
yaps
Grunt shrieks
Udzungwa
population
Uluguru population
(Type locality)
Taita population
x
x
x
x
X
x
X
x
X
x
X
x
A total of 64 calls were sound recorded. Surprisingly few alarm calls were recorded with the majority
being advertising or contact calls. The majority of the calls were composed of ‘incipient repetitive calls’
(see chart below) followed by the ‘psst repetitive call’ (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Chart showing percentage of galago calls of different call types.
51
High pitched squeak and repetitive call
The high pitched squeak and repetitive call was identified as the species’ typical advertising call. This
call was the most frequently recorded call (61 %, n = 21). Advertising calls are typically heard in the
evenings when animals wake up and leave their sleeping sites. The galagos call out to their family
members as well as others in the vicinity in order to advertise their presence and maintain contact in the
dark. Galagos are territorial and vocal behaviour is very important in maintaining their territories. This
call is also species specific and is thus important in identifying galagos during field surveys. When this
call is compared to other populations of mountain galagos in the Eastern Arc Mountains especially the
type population in the Uluguru Mountains significant differences were noted (see xxx).
)
z
H
k(
y
c
n
e
u
q
er
F
High pitched
squeak units.
10
Insect, frog and
paper factory
noise.
8
6
Repetitive
units
4
2
0.5
1.0
1.5
Time (sec)
2.0
2.5
Figure 2. Annotated advertising call of G. cf orinus from Kigogo Forest Reserve.
)
z
H
k(
y
c
n
e
u
q
er
F
12
10
8
6
4
2
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0 2.5
Time (sec)
3.0
3.5
4.0
Figure 3. Sonogram of the species specific advertisement call the ‘pssst and repetitive call’ for G cf. orinus
recorded in Kigogo FR.
52
Figures 2 and 3 show the species specific advertisement call of the G cf. orinus from Kigogo Forest
Reserve. ‘The squeak and repetitive call’ of the mountain galago recorded in Kigogo Forest Reserve,
which reliably indicates the presence of this species. There are 3 - 6 high pitched (approx 3 – 10 kHz)
squeak introductory units. Starting before the end of the last squeak unit the low pitched (0.65 - 2.6 kHz)
single and sometimes double unit repetitive units are uttered.
)
z
H
k(
y
c
n
e
u
q
er
F
10
8
6
4
2
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
Time (sec)
Figure 4. The double unit repetitive or scaling call of G. orinus from the type locality in the Uluguru Mountains.
Figure 4 shows the double unit call from animals at the type locality in the Ulugurus. By comparing
Figure 4 with Figures 2 and 3 it is evident that there are clear spectrographical differences between the
Udzungwa G. cf. orinus population and the Uluguru population.
Incipient repetitive call
The incipient repetitive call is similar to the high pitched squeak and repetitive call but without the
‘squeak’ element (see figures below). I have named this as ‘incipient’ to refer to the possibility that this
is an incomplete ‘high pitched squeak and repetitive call’ without the squeak elements. Thirty nine of
these calls were recorded which formed the majority of the calls recorded (69%) (see Fig. 1). Often a
second sub unit can be detected which indicates affinities with the double unit rolling call of the Rondo
galago G. rondoensis,. This call has also never been heard in the Uluguru G. orinus population.
)
z
H
k(
y
c
n
e
u
q
er
F
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Time (sec)
2.5
3.0
3.5
Figure 5. Sonograms of the incipient double unit repetitive call of G cf. orinus in Kigogo Forest Reserve.
53
Figures 5 show an ‘incipient double unit repetitive call’ of the G cf. Orinus from Kigogo Forest S.
Udzungwa Mts. The squeak units are absent, a second subunit can be seen.
Grunt shrieks
This call is uttered when the galago is in heightened state of excitement and is probably an alarm call to
indicate a source of danger such as a predator. This loud urgent call serves both to warn others and to
warn the predator that it has been detected.
8
)
z
H
k(
y
c
n
e
u
q
er
F
6
4
2
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Time (sec)
2.5
3.0
3.5
Figure 6. Sonogram of a grunt shriek call.
Figure 6 shows a section of the grunt shriek call. The total call length was over 3 min, 55 sec. The call
is highly variable and uttered by only one galago while others maybe in the proximity. The amount of
shriek units in each phrase varies from 1 - 12 as does the time interval between phrases (0.5 – 22 sec).
4.6 Discussion
4.6.1 Species richness, diversity and abundance
Galagos
The Mountain galago Galagoides. orinus, is an Eastern Arc endemic species. The dwarf galago
populations encountered during this survey appear to be most similar to G. orinus but are distinct on the
basis of vocalizations. Provisionally the species is therefore identified as the Udzungwa mountain
galago G. cf. orinus however the G. cf. orinus in Mufindi appear to be different to the population at the
type locality in the Uluguru mountains. This suggests that the Mufindi populations may be taxonomically
different and may be a sister species. To the west G. cf. orinus is also vocally different from the
southern highlands dwarf galago, the Ukinga galago Galagoides sp. nov. Ukinga (Groves 2001). The
taxon in the Mufindi forests, is also known to occur only along the Mufindi Scarp East and Kigogo
escarpment forests. Elsewhere in the Udzungwas G. cf. orinus is present in the Uzungwa Scarp,
Kilanze Kitungulu, New Dabaga, Nyumabnito, Ndundulu, Luhomero and the Mwanihana forests (Perkin
a & b 2001, Butynski et al 1998).
That no Galagoides were detected at. Igoda, Ipafu and Ifupira is surprising since these dwarf galagos
are known to tolerate secondary forest. The forests of Ifupira would have been continuous until recently
with the Mufindi escarpment forests. The forest fragments of Igoda and Ipafu seem to be ecologicaly
suitable and the fact that G. granti (see below) occurs in the nearby Lulanda forest fragment make the
absence of any Galagoides in these forests strange.
54
The record of Grant’s galago occurring only in Lulanda forest (Hayhow et al. 2003) is unusual as Grant’s
galago is normally found south of the Rufiji River. North of the Rufiji, Grant’s galago is usually replaced
by G. zanzibaricus and G. orinus.
No Otolemur species were positively confirmed to occur although local people indicate that O.
crassicaudatus occurs in the forest edge farmland habitat mosaic of Ipafu, Igoda and Lulanda. The
absence of the forest Otolemur Garnett’s galago O. garnettii reflect this species general absence from
the Udzungwa mountains apart from a small riverine forest at Mbatwa in the north of the Udzungwa
Mountains National Park (Rovero et al 2007).
Hyrax
Further research is required in order to confirm the identification of the hyrax species along the Mufindi
escarpment. Whilst, bush hyrax and tree hyrax can be sympatric (Topp-Jorgensen et al. 2001 b, Owen
& Perkin 2007), further research is required to confirm these. That no vocalizations were recorded
indicates that hyrax are occurring in low densities are confined to the most remote rocky areas to avoid
hunting pressure. Colin Congdon (pers. com.) a resident in the Mufindi area for over 50 years reports
that hyrax were common in the forests and local people were often seen carrying hyrax carcasses that
they had trapped. Given the lack of clear evidence of the presence of hyrax, this indicates that hyrax
have been intensively hunted almost to the point of localised extinction.
4.6.2 Threatened and endemic species
Galagos
The large eared greater galago is not threatened, the Mountain galago is listed as Data Deficient by
IUCN.
Hyrax
Both bush hyrax Heterohyrax and tree hyrax Dendrohyrax validus are not listed as threatened (IUCN
2008). The taxonomic authority that the IUCN redlist assessors use recognise Dendrohyrax validus as a
subspecies; Dendrohyrax arboreous validus. For this report I recognise D. validus as a species
following Walker 1995 and Kingdon 1997.
4.6.3 Conservation
G. cf. orinus within the Mufindi forests was found to be restricted to the escarpment forests of Mufindi
East, Mufindi West and Kigogo Forest Reserve. The main threat to this galago species is habitat
clearance. As such local Mufindi based conservation efforts should focus on these areas for this taxon.
Wider afield this taxon is found in other much larger forests of the Udzungwa Mtns. and is quite
abundant in the montane and submontane forests of these areas and as such, is of no imminent
conservation concern providing these forests are not threatened with clearance.
The identity of the hyrax species in the Mufindi forests is still in question. However Hyrax appear to be
highly threatened by hunting and indeed are likely to be locally extinct in all but a few remote parts of the
Mufindi escarpment edge in Kigogo forest. A cessation of hunting is vital for hyrax to recover as well as
protecting their habitat since they require large old trees to inhabit.
55
5)
Small Mammals
By Claire Bracebridge, Nike Doggart and Charles Leonard
5.1
Literature revew
Small mammals constitute a highly successful group adapted to a wide array of niches both in natural
environments and in human dominated landscapes. In tropical forests small mammals play an important
role as dispersal agents and pollinators, and their impact on seed and seedling survivorship through
predation is thought to play a major role in forest dynamics (Fleming, 1975; and various citations in
Struhsaker, 1998). They are also important prey for many medium-sized carnivores and raptors
(Chandrasekar-Rao & Sunquist, 1996), and therefore play an important ecological role in natural forest
ecosystems.
The Eastern Arc Mountains are home to seven endemic and and five near-endemic shrews and rodents
(Burgess et al. 2007). The rodent fauna is widely distributed throughout the Eastern Arc although many
species are restricted to montane or sub-montane habitats, while shrew species are more patchily
distributed indicating a higher level of speciation in the individual Eastern Arc mountain regions (Stanley
et al., 1998).
Little work had been carried out previously on the small mammal fauna of the Mufindi area. In 2002, an
expedition from the University of Newcastle conducted small mammal surveys in Lulanda Forest
Reserve where they recorded seven rodent species and at least one shrew species (Hayhow et al.
2003). Although none of their specimens have been identified to species level, we have included their
results up to the level of genus.
5.2
Objectives
The objectives of the small mammal research conducted during this study were:
x To document the presence of Eastern Arc endemic and near endemic rodent and shrew species
in Mufindi forests
x To document the species richness of selected forests in Mufindi forests.
5.3
Methods
The small mammal fauna of Mufindi forests was surveyed by combining bucket pitfall traps with drift
fencing and Sherman traps. Such methods have been shown to capture most of the small mammal
fauna effectively (Stanley et al., 1998). A summary of the methods used is provided below with more
details provided in Perkin (2006).
For the purposes of this study we define “small mammals” as including shrews from the families
Soricidae and Chrysochloridae and rodents from the familiy Muridae excluding the Giant pouched rat
which was included as a medium-sized mammal in Section 3.
5.3.1 Bucket Pitfall Trapping
Shrews and rodents were sampled using bucket pitfall lines. Three 50 m linear transects were created at
each survey site. Each transect had eleven 20 litre plastic buckets which were sunk into the ground with
their rims flush to ground level. The buckets contained small holes to allow rainwater to drain from them
and each bucket was positioned 5 m apart. A line of vertical plastic sheeting (approximately 0.5 m high)
ran along the bucket line crossing the centre of each bucket to form a ‘drift fence’. The plastic fencing
was supported by stakes tied to the plastic sheeting using sisal string. Small holes were pierced into the
plastic using a twig through which the string was threaded. A 10 – 15 cm lip of plastic sheeting was left
on the ground onto which soil and leaf litter was placed to prevent any gap in the drift fence at ground
level. The lip was oriented so that it faced up the slope. Two slits were made in the ‘lip’ above each
bucket to avoid animals using the ‘lip’ as a bridge over the bucket. Habitat details were recorded on a
standard form for each bucket pitfall trap so that consistent habitat details were recorded on individual
specimen forms.
Each line was placed no more than 50 m apart. Traps were checked early each morning and evening.
For those individuals where it was not possible to provide a reliable identification in the field, the animal
56
was taken as a specimen. All shrews were also taken as specimens because of the difficulties of
identifying shews in the field. Other individuals were marked and released. The animals were marked
by clipping a small area of fur above the left hind foot and were released close to the trap where they
were caught.
5.3 2 Sherman Traps
Medium to large-sized rodents were sampled using 45 medium Sherman traps (23 cm x 8 cm x 9 cm)
and five large Sherman traps (38 cm x 12 cm x 10 cm) baited with toasted coconut and peanut butter.
Traps were set in two groups of 17 and one group of 16 (with at least one large trap in each group) in
different micro-habitat types and set at least 2 m apart in clusters of two or three. Numbered tags were
tied to vegetation at eye height above each trap in order to ensure that the traps were successfully
relocated. Traps were wedged into tree roots or between stakes to prevent a trapped animal from
endangering itself by ‘rolling’ the trap. Traps were located in areas likely to be frequented by rodents
such as in dense tangles of vegetation; at the base of fruiting trees and close to rodent holes. Ten traps
were set along low level branches in Mufindi Scarp West Forest Reserve, nine in Ifupira forest, five in
Ipafu, ten in Mufindi Scarp East and nine in Kigogo Forest Reserves. These traps were secured by
wedging the trap between branches or by using vines. All larger Sherman traps were set on the ground.
Habitat details were recorded on a standard form for each bucket pitfall so that the consistent details
were recorded on individual specimen forms.
Traps were baited each evening (1600 hrs or later) for five nights and checked early the following
morning (0630 hrs). Traps were closed during the day. When checking the traps, the status of each trap
was recorded on a standard form to record whether the trap had caught an animal or was touched,
snapped, not working or the bait was missing. These data was summarized on a separate form to
provide overall trapping rates for each site.
5.3.3 Identification
Animals were identified in the field using a combination of Kingdon (1997) and the Tanzanian mammal
key together with the lead author’s experience from previous small mammal surveys. The specimens
were then looked through by Professor K. M. Howell of the University of Dar es Salaam to confirm or
correct the identifications. Although, we had planned to send the specimens to W. Stanley at the Field
Museum, Chicago, changes in US postal regulations prevented us from doing this. However W. Stanley
kindly provided some comments on the identifications. The specimens are currently (March 2008)
stored at the University of Dar es Salaam.
5.4
Sampling intensity
Small mammals were trapped during Februrary, June and July 2006 at five trapsites: four trapsites
inside forest reserves (Kigogo, Mufindi Scarp West, Mufindi Scarp East and Lugoda-Lutali (Ipafu
Forest)) and one in Ifupira forest for five nights at each site. A total of 1248 trap nights were carried out
using Sherman traps and 874 trap nights using bucket pitfall traps. The sampling intensity for each of
the five forests is summarised in Table 21.
Table 21. Summary of sampling intensity for small mammals.
Zoo
site
1
2
3
4
5
Dates
18/02/0622/02/06
26/02/0603/02/06
14/06/0618/06/06
20/06/0624/06/06
27/06/0601/07/06
Location
Mufindi
Scarp
East FR
Kigogo
FR
Ifupira
Ipafu
Forest
Mufindi
Scarp
West FR
Habitat
Montane
forest
Montane
forest
Montane
forest
Submontane
forest
Submontane
/ montane
forest
Altitude
(m asl)
Grid ref
(E)
Grid ref
(N)
Sherman
trap nights
Bucket pitfall
trap nights
1800
746579
9040100
250
175
1850
747899
9042693
250
175
1920
768086
9061476
249
175
1734
777533
9052839
249
174
17901815
736120
9037989
250
175
57
Map 6. Location of trapsite in Ifupira Forest.
Map 7. Location of trap site in Ipafu forest.
58
Map 8. Location of trap sites in Kigogo and Mufindi Scarp West.
5.5
Results
A total of 16 small mammal species from three families were recorded at the five trap sites. These
species are listed in Table 22.
Table 22. Checklist of small mammal species from five Mufindi Forests.
CHRYSOCHLORIDAE
Chrysochloris stuhlmanni
MURIDAE
Beamys hindei major
Dendromus sp.
Grammomys dolichurus
Graphiurus murinus
Hylomyscus arcimontensis
Golden mole
W
Lesser pouched rat
EA N
Climbing mouse
Narrow-footed thicket
W
rat
African Dormouse
W
Eastern Arc montane
EA N
wood mouse
Brush-furred rat
W
Common mouse
W
Common mouse
W
Soft-furred rat
W
Lophuromys flavopunctatus
Mus minutoides
Mus triton
Praomys delectorum
SORICIDAE
Crocidura sp A cf hildegardeae White-toothed shrew
W
59
Ipafu
Mufindi
Scarp West
No. of individuals per zoo site
(recaptures)
Ifupira
Distri Ecol. IUCN
butio Type status
n
Kigogo
Common name
Mufindi
Scarp East
Species
0
1
0
0
0
F
2
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
F
0
1
1
3
3
F
2
0
0
0
0
FF
8 (2)
13 (6)
7
1
9 (1)
F
0
0
1
1
1
3 (1)
0
1
0
0
13
3
0
0
0
16 (2) 32 (8) 6 (1) 12 (11) 10 (8)
F
4
0
0
1
0
Crocidura sp B cf hildegardeae
Crocidura sp C cf monax
Crocidura sp D
Myosorex kihaulei
Suncus megalura
White-toothed shrew
White-toothed shrew
White-toothed shrew
Mouse shrew
Forest shrew
W
EA N
FF
DD
E
W
FF
F
EN
6
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
56 (5) 59 (14) 18
(1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
19 (11) 24 (9)
Similar species were recorded by Hayhow et al. (2003) in Lulanda including the genera: Praomys,
Lophuromys, Hylomyscus, Grammomys, Dendromus, Mus and Beamys hindei (family Muridae). At least
one species from the genus Crocidura (family Soricidae) was also recorded.
Details of the specimen identification numbers recorded for each species from each reserve are
provided in Appendices 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. These Appendices also provide a breakdown of how many
animals of each species were recorded in bucket pitfalls vs Sherman traps.
5.6
Discussion
5.6.1 Species richness
With nine species from the family Muridae and six species from the Soricidae family, the Mufindi forests
have comparable species richness in terms of small mammals to other parts of the Eastern Arc
Mountains. For example in Uluguru North Forest Reserve 10 species from the family Muridae and 7
species from the family Soricidae were recorded by Frontier Tanzania (Bracebridge, 2005). Similarly in
West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve, 10 species from the family Muridae and 5 species from the
family Soricidae were recorded (Topp-Jorgensen et al., 2001 b).
In comparing the species richness of the six forests from which data is available it appears that the most
diverse small mammal fauna are found in Mufindi Scarp East and Kigogo forests (Table 23). Lulanda
also exhibits relatively high species richness. Mufindi Scarp West appears to contain the fewest
species.
Table 23. Number of small mammal species recorded in six Mufindi forests.
Forest
Ifupira
Ipafu
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp East
Mufindi Scarp West
Lulanda (Newcastle data)
5.6.2
Number of small mammal species
recorded
7
6
10
10
5
8
Abundance
Praomys delectorum was the species of rodent recorded most frequently with a total 76 animals trapped
in the five trap sites. This species is abundant throughout the Eastern Arc Mountains and is also present
on Mount Rungwe, Mount meru and Mount Kilimanjaro. It was particularly abundant in the montane
forests in Kigogo and Ifupira (7.5 individuals captured per 100 trap nights).
Mus triton was almost as abundant as Praomys in Mufindi Scarp East (3 individuals versus 3.75
individuals per 100 trap nights), where the trap site was located on a ridge top with a track and grassy
areas suitable for this species.
Hylomyscus arcimontensis was captured at every zoo site but in lower overall numbers. This is a
recently described species limited to the Eastern Arc Mountains and Mt Rungwe. It was particularly
abundant in Kigogo (3 individuals per 100 trap nights).
60
Other rodent species captured in low numbers were Beamys hindei (Kigogo and Mufindi Scarp East),
Grammomys dolichurus (Kigogo and Mufindi Scarp West), Graphiurus murinus (Mufindi Scarp East) and
Dendromus sp which was only recorded in Mufindi Scarp West.
Chrysochloris stuhlmanni, the Golden mole was found in a bucket in Kigogo after heavy rain. This is one
of the few areas where it has been captured during trapping (B. Stanley, pers. comm.).
In terms of shrew captures, all species were collected in low numbers (between 0.25 and 0.5 individual
per 100 trap nights).
Crocidura hildegardeae was found in three of the forests, whilst the Mouse shrew (Myosorex kihaulei),
an Eastern Arc endemic and endangered, was found in all of the forests, except Mufindi Scarp West.
Crocidura monax, a vulnerable, near endemic species to the Eastern Arc, was captured in Mufindi Scarp
East and Ifupira only. In Kigogo Forest an unidentified Crocidura species was also captured and awaits
taxonomic identification.
5.6.3 Endemism
There are four species of shrew and rodent with restricted ranges that occur in the Mufindi forests. Of
these one species is endemic to the Udzungwa Mountains (Myosorex kihaulei) and three species are
near endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains (Beamys hindei major, Hylomyscus arcimontensis and
Crocidura monax).
Table 24. Number of Eastern Arc endemic and near endemic species.
Forest
Mufindi Scarp East
Kigogo
Ifupira
Ipafu
Mufindi Scarp West
Number of Udzungwa endemic
species
Number of Eastern Arc near
endemic species
1
1
1
1
0
3
2
2
1
1
5.6.4 Habitat dependence
The surveys recorded three species that are considered to be forest dependent: Crocidura monax,
Hylomyscus arcimontensis and Myosorex kihaulei. The presence of H. acrimontensis in all of the forests
indicates that at least some of the forest remaining is of sufficiently good quality to support this forest
dependent species. Mufindi Scarp East, Ipafu and Ifupira forest all contain three forest dependent small
mammal species while Kigogo, has only two such species. In terms of forest dependent species, only
the mouse H. acrimontensis was recorded Mufindi Scarp West which may reflect the drier characteristics
of this forest.
5.6.5 Threatened species
Only one species that is listed as threatened by IUCN was recorded from the Mufindi forests, the shrew
Myosorex kihaulei. This species was recorded in Mufindi Scarp East, Kigogo, Ifupira and Ipafu forests
but was not recorded from Mufindi Scarp West Forest. The species is endemic to the Udzungwa
Mountains and is thought to be threatened by habitat clearance.
61
6)
Birds
By Leonsi Mlawila, Maneno Mbilinyi, Liz Baker and Nike Doggart
6.1
Introduction
The Udzungwa Mountains as a whole are home to seven of the 19 Eastern Arc endemic bird species
and 23 of the 26 near endemic species (Burgess et al. 2007). Of these nine of the Eastern Arc nearendemic bird species are known from the Mufindi area. No Eastern Arc endemic bird species are
confirmed from the Mufindi area.
The Mufindi forests visited during this survey are part of the ‘Udzungwa Mountains’ important bird area
(Baker & Baker 2002).
Other bird surveys that have been carried out in this area include Hayhow et al. (2003) who recorded 26
bird species from Lulanda forest including the African tailorbird Orthotomus metopias, the spot-throat
Modulatrix stictigula and Fulleborn’s black boubou Laniarius fuelleborni. They also recorded the
presence of Moreau’s sunbird, Nectarinia moreaui in the Lulanda corridor, although this record has not
been confirmed by the present study.
In Kigogo, Lovett & Pócs (1993) recorded the presence of Mountain Greenbul, White-chested Alethe,
Olive-flanked Ground Robin, Iringa Ground Robin, Spot-throat, Red-capped Forest Warbler, Chapin's
Apalis, and Njombe Thick-billed Seed-eater in Kigogo and noted that Kigogo is the type locality of
Francolinus squamatus udzungwensis.
In Lugoda-Lutali Lovett & Pócs (1993) recorded the presence of: Mountain buzzard, Chapin’s apalis,
African Hill-babbler, Olive-flanked Robin Chat, Speckled Mousebird, Spot-throat, Eastern DoubleCollared sunbird, Moustached Green Tinkerbird and Yellow White-eye.
In Lulanda Lovett & Pócs (1993) recorded Buff-spotted Pygmy Crake, Mountain Greenbul, Little
Greenbul, Shelley's Greenbul, Yellow-streaked Greenbul, Olive Mountain Greenbul, Chapin's Apalis,
Black-headed Apalis, Brown-headed (Grey) Apalis, Bar-throated Apalis, Red-capped Forest Warbler,
White-chested Alethe, Spot-throat and Olive-flanked Robin Chat.
In Mufindi Scarp East, Lovett & Pócs (1993) recorded: Mountain buzzard, Olive-flanked Robin Chat,
Iringa Akalat, Red-capped Tailorbird and African Hill-babbler.
6.2
Objectives
The objectives of the bird research conducted during this study were:
x To document the presence of Eastern Arc endemic and near endemic bird species in the Eastern
Arc Mountain forests of Mufindi District.
x To document the bird species richness of selected Eastern Arc Mountain forests in Mufindi
District.
6.3
Methods
Two methods were used to assess the bird fauna of the Mufindi forests: mist netting and observations.
A summary of these methods is provided below. For more details on the methods used, please refer to
Doggart (2006 a).
6.3.1 Mist netting
Nets were opened at first light on each day, checked frequently throughout the day and closed at dusk.
Captured birds were placed in clean cloth bags and taken to the ringing station for processing.
The netting sites embraced a good variety of vegetation structures as indicated by the good numbers of
forest-dwelling species captured (7 Iringa Akalat Sheppardia loweii and 14 Spot-throat Modulatrix
stictigula). In addition to mist netting, observations were recorded at each site and one day was
dedicated to observing by walking through the different parts of the forest as far as the forest edge.
Measurements
All birds were fitted with East African Natural History Society rings and standard weights and
measurements were taken. These are wing, bill, tarsus and tail. Birds were also weighed using Pesola
balances at 50 g, 100 g and 300 g. Where possible, age and sex were noted and the time of day of the
capture recorded. Birds were also checked for breeding status by noting the size of the brood patch on
a scale from 1 – 5 and birds were examined for the presence of fat. No birds were retrapped.
Moult
Every individual was checked for moult and only two birds were found to be moulting: a Little Greenbul
Andropadus virens at Ipafu and the single Evergreen Forest Warbler Bradypterus mariae captured at
Ifupira. See Appendix 9 for measurements and moult details. Forest birds would be expected to moult
towards the end of, or immediately after breeding allowing for low energy expenditure during the cold
season.
6.3.2 Observations
Two days were devoted to surveying a wider area of forest to compile a species list for each forest.
Both members of the team walked in the same direction, usually as far as the forest edge recording
birds as they went. Species known by their voice were also recorded.
6.4 Sampling intensity
Bird survey work and mist netting were carried out by Leons Mlawila and Maneno Mbilinyi in four forests
in Mufindi District, namely Ifupira Forest -8.488557, 35.43582 alt 1929 m., Ipafu Forest, -8.56235,
35.52331 alt 1949 m., and Mufindi Scarp West Forest Reserve, -8.4153, 35.0848 alt 1791 m and
Lulanda Forest -8.60749, 35.62351 alt 1681 m between 13th and 28th June 2006 (Table 25). This
survey work was carried out in conjunction with surveys for galagos, small mammals, reptiles and frogs.
Additional records were made opportunistically by Andrew Perkin in Kigogo and Kidegemsitu. Other
records from the literature are included in Table 26.
Twenty, 6 m mist nets were placed in good forest in Ipafu, Ifupira and Mufindi Scarp West giving an
average of 1440 net meter hours per full day of mist netting. A total of six full days of mist netting and
three half days (when nets were being moved) were carried out.
Table 25. Summary of sampling intensity for bird surveys.
Altitudinal range
Period
Number of
of mist nets
observation
days
Ifupira
1440 (2.5 days)
2
1929
13th – 15th June 2006
Ipafu
1440 (2.5 days)
2
1949
20th – 22nd June 2006
Mufindi Scarp West
1440 (2.5days)
2
1791
26th – 28th June 2006
Lulanda
0 (0 days)
2
N/a
June 2006
Kigogo*
0
10
N/a
February 2006
Kidegemsitu*
0
1
N/a
June 2006
* Bird records from Kigogo and Kidegemsitu were made opportunistically by Andrew Perkin.
Forest site
Net meter hours
6.5 Results
A total of 126 species of bird were recorded through observations and mist netting in six forests in
Mufindi District. These species are listed in Table 26
F
F
F
63
W
W
W
1
1
1
1
1
Data Source
Other
Kidegemsitu
Kigogo
Lulanda
Mufindi Scarp
West
Ipafu
Ifupira
Red list
Common name
Great Sparrowhawk
Little Sparrowhawk
African Goshawk
Range
Species
Accipiter melanoleucus
Accipiter minullus
Accipiter tachiro
Forest
Dependency
Table 26. Checklist of bird species from six Mufindi Forests
MM
MM
MM
Elminia albonotata
Estrilda astrild
Estrilda paludicola
FF
FF
FF
FF
F
F
O
F
FF
FF
FF
F
F
FF
O
F
FF
O
F
F
F
F
F
F
O
F
F
F
F
O
F
O
F
F
O
FF
O
O
F
FF
O
F
FF
FF
F
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
EA N
W
W
W
W
EA N
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
EA N
EA N
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
FF
O
O
W
W
W
64
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
LC 1
1
1
1
1
LC 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
LC
LC
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Data Source
Other
Kidegemsitu
Kigogo
Lulanda
Mufindi Scarp
West
Ipafu
Ifupira
Red list
Range
Common name
White-chested Alethe
Green-throated Greenbul
Shelley's Greenbul
Stripe-faced Greenbul
Little Greenbul
Collared Sunbird
African Pipit
Brown-headed Apalis
Chapin's Apalis
Black-headed Apalis
Bar-throated Apalis
Lemon Dove
Black-faced Rufous Warbler
Dark batis
Chin-spot Batis
Cinnamon Bracken Warbler
Evergreen Forest Warbler
Spotted Eagle Owl
Augur Buzzard
Mountain Buzzard
Lizard buzzard
Grey-backed Camaroptera
Black Cuckoo Shrike
Montane Nightjar
White-browed Coucal
Silvery-cheeked Hornbill
Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo
Eastern Yellowbill
Black-chested snake eagle
Red-faced Cisticola
Black-lored Cisticola
Churring Cisticola
Speckled Mousebird
Olive Pigeon
Pied Crow
Olive-flanked Robin Chat
Robin Chat
White-browed Robin Chat
Red-capped Robin Chat
Red-faced Crimsonwing
House Martin
Cardinal Woodpecker
Olive Woodpecker
Square-tailed Drongo
Black-backed Puffback
White-tailed Crested
Flycatcher
Common Waxbill
Fawn-breasted Waxbill
Forest
Dependency
Species
Alethe fuelleborni
Andropadus chlorigula
Andropadus masukuensis
Andropadus striifacies
Andropadus virens
Anthreptes collaris
Anthus cinnamomeus
Apalis alticola
Apalis chapini
Apalis melanocephala
Apalis thoracica
Aplopelia larvata
Bathmocercus rufus
Batis crypta
Batis molitor
Bradypterus cinnamomeus
Bradypterus lopezi
Bubo africanus
Buteo augur
Buteo oreophilus
Kaupifalco monogrammicus
Camaroptera brachyura
Campephaga flava
Caprimulgus poliocephalus
Centropus superciliosus
Ceratogymna brevis
Cercococcyx montanus
Ceuthmochares aereus
Circaetus pectoralis
Cisticola erythrops
Cisticola nigriloris
Cisticola njombe
Colius striatus
Columba arquatrix
Corvus albus
Cossypha anomala
Cossypha caffra
Cossypha heuglini
Cossypha natalensis
Cryptospiza reichenovii
Delichon urbica
Dendropicos fuscescens
Dendropicus griseocephalus
Dicrurus ludwigii
Dryoscopus cubla
MM, Litt
MM, AP
MM, AP
MM
MM, AP
MM, AP
MM, AP
MM
MM, AP
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM, AP
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM, AP
1
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM, AP
MM, AP
MM
MM, AP
MM, AP
MM, Litt
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM, AP
MM, AP
MM, AP
MM
MM
Nectarinia mediocris
Nectarinia olivacea
Nectarinia venusta
Onychognathus walleri
Oriolus larvatus
Orthotomus metopias
Otus senegalensis
Phyllastrephus flavostriatus
Phyllastrephus placidus
Platysteira peltata
Ploceus bertrandi
Ploceus ocularis
Ploceus xanthops
Pogoniulus bilineatus
Pogoniulus leucomystax
F
O
O
O
O
O
Scaly Francolin
common moorhen
Striped Swallow
Angola Swallow
red-rumped swallow
Peters' Twinspot
Lesser Honeyguide
Greater Honeyguide
Jameson's Firefinch
African Firefinch
Tropical Boubou
Fulleborn's Black Boubou
Uhehe Fiscal
Oriole Finch
Bronze Mannikin
Rufous-backed Mannikin
Long-crested Eagle
Black-fronted Bush Shrike
Giant kingfisher
White-eyed Slaty Flycatcher
Spot-throat
African Pied Wagtail
Dusky Flycatcher
Yellow-billed stork
Amethyst Sunbird
Malachite Sunbird
Eastern Double-collared
Sunbird
Eastern Olive Sunbird
Variable Sunbird
Waller's Starling
Black-headed Oriole
Red-capped Tailorbird
African Scops Owl
Yellow-streaked Greenbul
Olive Mountain Greenbul
Black-throated Wattle-eye
Bertram's Weaver
Spectacled Weaver
Holub's Golden Weaver
Yellow-rumped Tinkerbird
Moustached Green
Tinkerbird
W
W
W
W
W
W
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
FF
F
F
FF
F
FF
O
FF
F
F
O
O
O
F
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
1
1
FF
W
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Data Source
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
1
1
Other
Kidegemsitu
Kigogo
Lulanda
Mufindi Scarp
West
1
1
F
W
1
O
W
O
W
O
W
1
O
W
F
W
F
W
O
W
O
W
O
W
O
W
FF EA N LC 1
F EA N LC
1
FF
W
O
W
F
W
O
W
1
F
W
1
F
W
1
F
W
FF EA N LC 1
1
O
W
1
O
W
1
O
W
O
W
1
O
W
65
Ipafu
Ifupira
Red list
Common name
Yellow-bellied Waxbill
Red-naped Widowbird
Yellow Bishop
Lanner Falcon
Red-necked Spurfowl
Red-winged Francolin
Range
Forest
Dependency
Species
Estrilda quartinia
Euplectes ardens
Euplectes capensis
Falco biarmicus
Francolinus afer
Francolinus levaillantii
Francolinus squamatus
udzungwensis
Gallinula chloropus
Hirundo abyssinica
Hirundo angolensis
Hirundo daurica
Hypargos niveoguttatus
Indicator minor
Indicator indicator
Lagonosticta rhodopareia
Lagonosticta rubricata
Laniarius aethiopicus
Laniarius fuelleborni
Lanius marwitzi
Linurgus olivaceus
Lonchura cucullata
Lonchura nigriceps
Lophaetus occipitalis
Malaconotus nigrifrons
Megaceryle maxima
Melaenornis fischeri
Modulatrix stictigula
Motacilla aguimp
Muscicapa adusta
Mysteria ibis
Nectarinia amethystina
Nectarinia famosa
1
1
1
Litt
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
1
MM
MM
MM, AP
MM
MM, AP
MM
MM
MM, AP
MM
MM
MM, AP
MM
MM
MM, AP
MM, AP
MM, AP
MM
MM
MM
MM, AP
MM, AP
MM
MM
MM
MM, Litt
MM
MM
MM, Litt
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM, AP
Turtur chalcospilos
Turtur tympanistria
Vidua macroura
Zoothera gurneyi
Zosterops senegalensis
O
F
O
FF
F
W
W
W
W
W
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Data Source
1
Other
1
Kidegemsitu
1
Kigogo
Lulanda
Mufindi Scarp
West
F
W
1
O
W
O
W
F
W
FF
1
W
F
W
1
O
W
1
O
W
O
W
1
F
W
1
F
W
F
W
FF EA N VU 1
F EA N LC
FF
W
1
F
W
1
F
W
1
O
W
1
FF
W
O
W
1
F
W
F
W
1
F
W
Ipafu
Ifupira
Red list
Range
Common name
Starred Robin
Martial eagle
Tawny-flanked Prinia
Eastern Roughwing
African Hill Babbler
Yellow-vented Bulbul
Stonechat
Broad-tailed warbler
Yellow-crowned Canary
East African Citril
Yellow-browed Seedeater
Thick-billed seedeater
Iringa Akalat
Green Barbet
Crowned Eagle
Red-eyed Dove
African Wood Owl
Little grebe
Livingstone's Turaco
Marsh Tchagra
Paradise Flycatcher
Crowned Hornbill
Olive Thrush
Emerald-spotted Wood
Dove
Tambourine Dove
Pin-tailed Whydah
Orange Ground Thrush
Yellow White-eye
Forest
Dependency
Species
Pogonocichla stellata
Polemaetus bellicosus
Prinia subflava
Psalidoprocne orientalis
Pseudoalcippe abyssinica
Pycnonotus tricolor
Saxicola torquata
Schoenicola brevirostris
Serinus canicollis
Serinus hypostictus
Serinus whytii
Serinus burtoni
Sheppardia lowei
Stactolaema olivacea
Stephanoaetus coronatus
Streptopelia semitorquata
Strix woodfordii
Tachybaptus ruficollis
Tauraco livingstonii
Tchagra minuta
Terpsiphone viridis
Tockus alboterminatus
Turdus olivaceus
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM, Litt
MM, Litt
MM
MM
MM, AP
MM
MM
MM, AP
MM
MM
MM, AP
MM
MM
MM, AP
MM
MM
MM
Key to Table 26
Red List
EN = Endangered, VU Vulnerable, LR/cd = Lower Risk/conservation dependent, DD = Data Deficient, LC = Least
Concern
Range
W = Widespread, EA N = Near-endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains
Forest Dependency
FF = strictly confined to forest, F = mainly forest, but also found outside, O = non-forest species
Data Source
MM = Maneno Mbilinyi, AP = Andrew Perkin, Litt = Record from the literature (Lovett & Pócs 1993).
In total, 42 birds were ringed comprising 25 species. Sight records were also noted in each of the
forests and 124 species were recorded from 444 observations. All of the species that were recorded
through the mist netting were also recorded from observations. Observation data for the four forests is
listed in Appendix 8 and data from the mist netting exercises in three of the four forests are attached as
Appendix 9.
As is usually the case in mist netting exercises, ground dwelling and understorey birds dominated the
catch. However, numbers of sunbirds and white-eyes captured were lower than expected with only
66
three sunbirds and one white-eye being caught overall although more birds were observed feeding
above mist net height and at the forest edge. Catch rates tailed off significantly after 9 am,
demonstrating that the cold season at higher altitudes is indeed a low activity period for birds.
A single Starred Robin, Pogonocichla stellata was caught and only two were seen. This is probably
indicative of male birds remaining on territory while other members of the population move to lower
altitudes at the cold time of year. The species is a known altitudinal migrant in Zambia and Malawi
(Britton 1980) and in Tanzania (Baker 1993), (Baker & Baker in prep.).
15 of the 25 species captured and 24 of the 124 species observed belong to the Important Bird Areas
Afro-tropical Highlands biome which includes 91 species for Tanzania (Baker & Baker 2002.).
Seven individuals of the Tanzanian endemic species Iringa Akalat Sheppardia lowei were captured and
a further three individuals seen. It is a resident forest-dwelling species known to occur at varying
densities above 1450 m in the larger patches of forest in the Udzungwa Mountains from Dabaga and
Mufindi south to the Njombe area (Fry et al. 198*). It forages on the forest floor and is often difficult to
detect although it is fairly easy to capture in mist nets. This survey confirms that the Iringa Akalat still
occurs in relatively small forest and isolated patches such as Ipafu 109 hectares. Also among the forest
floor dwelling species are Spot-throat Modulatrix stictigula (14 captures), Olive-flanked Robin Chat
Cossypha anomala (5 captures) and the White-chested Alethe Alethe fuelleborni (3 captures).
Greenbuls dominated the catch and 46 of the 142 birds ringed (32 %) comprising five species were
ringed. They can be a difficult group to identify and two birds with ring numbers A65446 and A65447
were thought to be different. Further checking through books not available in the field using
photographs taken in the hand indicate that these two individuals are most likely to be Grey Olive
Greenbul Phyllastrephus placidus as originally thought.
In terms of observations, due to the time of year, few birds were calling and activity levels were low. The
greatest level of activity was found at the forest edge and in sunny glades. A few interesting species
were added to those that were mist netted and these were, Crowned Eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus,
Mountain Buzzard Buteo oreophilus, Red-winged Francolin Francolinus levaillantii, Olive Woodpecker
Dendropicos griseocephalus - a female, entering a nest hole, Uhehe Fiscal Lanius marwitzi (a
Tanzanian endemic, there is anecdotal evidence of a decline in Mufindi area), Orange Ground Thrush
Zoothera gurneyi (there are only 21 records for this species from the Mufindi area in Tanzania Bird Atlas
database) and Red-capped Robin Chat Cossypha natalensis (9 Tanzania Bird Atlas records for Mufindi
for this known altitudinal migrant).
6.6 Discussion
6.5.1 Species of special interest
Spot-throat Modulatrix stictigula. This genus has uncertain affinities and is sometimes grouped with
babblers although it looks like a small thrush. It is a shy resident of montane forest undergrowth above
900m from NE Tanzania to N Malawi where it keeps close to the forest floor. Its presence is often given
away by the series of loud clear whistles which vary regionally. Near-endemic to the Eastern Arc
Mountains, it is a locally common species. During this survey 14 birds were ringed and all were
captured within the forest. Eight at Ifupira, four at Ipafu and two at Mufind Scarp Forest West. None were
caught or seen at the forest edge.
Iringa Akalat Sheppardia lowei. Endemic to Tanzania. Listed as ‘vulnerable’ in Threatened Birds of the
World (2000), it is considered threatened in the Southern Highlands where forest patches are smaller
and under greater pressure. However, the range includes the Udzungwa Mountains National Park
where the species receives the highest level of protection available in Tanzania. Seven birds were
caught: four in Ifupira and three in Mufindi Scarp West. All birds were captured deep in the forest and
not at the edge or on roads which bisect the forest.
Olive-flanked Robin Chat Cossypha anomala. This species occurs at low densities in the Ukaguru,
Uluguru and in forests of the Southern Highlands, extending southwards into the Nyika National Parks of
67
Malawi and Zambia and in northern Moçambique. There is an isolated population in the Mbulu
highlands. Five birds were caught: two in Ifupira, two in Ipafu and one in Mufindi Scarp West.
Green-throated Greenbul Andropadus chlorigula. Endemic to Tanzania, it is a common resident in
montane forest and at the forest edge, occurring in the Nguru, Ukaguru and Udzungwa mountain blocks.
The species arises from study into the Montane Greenbul Andropadus tephrolaemus complex which has
resulted in a number of races being elevated to full species. Four were ringed: three at Ifupira and one at
Ipafu.
Stripe-faced Greenbul. Molecular study by Roy (1997) proposes that the three races of Stripe-cheeked
Greenbul be elevated to full species level. Two of these occur in Tanzania. The former race striifacies
(Stripe-faced Greenbul) is fairly common in montane forests from the Chyulu and Taita Hills of southern
Kenya to the Udzungwa Mountains. Four individuals were captured, 2 in Ipafu and 2 in Mufindi Scarp
Forest West. Olive-headed Greenbul (formerly the race olivaceiceps) occurs in SW Tanzania from Mt
Rungwe and the Poroto Mountains to northern Moçambique and Malawi. Nominate milanjensis is
endemic to eastern Zimbabwe and south Malawi (Mt Mulanje). 4 were ringed, 2 at Ipafu and 2 at Mufindi
Scarp Forest West.
Chapin’s Apalis Apalis chapini. Endemic to the forests of SW Tanzania, Malawi and E. Zambia the
species was split from Chestnut-throated Apalis A. porphyrolaema by Dowsett and Dowsett-Lemaire
1980. The species was seen and heard during survey walks but as it is largely a canopy species, none
were captured.
Churring Cisticola Cisticola njombe. The species is endemic to the Southern Highlands and Nyika
National Park in Malawi. This is fairly common in upland grasslands and forest edge. It was seen and
heard mostly in pairs in bush and scrub adjacent to all 4 forested areas.
Uhehe Fiscal Lanius marwitzii. Endemic to Tanzania, it is uncommon in the southern Eastern Arc
Mountains. Only two were seen at the forest edge underlining the suggestion that the species may be
declining in the area in recent years.
Bertram’s Weaver Ploceus bertrandi. Although this species has a fairly wide distribution in Tanzania
from the Ulugurus to the Southern Highlands, it is nowhere common in the Southern Highlands, 2
females were seen. Both at Ipafu feeding at the forest edge. The species is also known from northern
Malawi and Zambia.
Kipengere Seedeater Serinus melanochrous. Although not recorded during this survey, this species is
known to occur in the Mufindi area (Tanzania Bird Atlas). It is listed as Near-threatened in Threatened
Birds of the World (2000) and is a species which further survey teams should be aware of.
Cryptospiza spp. Ring number K41684. A bird showing neither of the characteristics for a male or a
female Red-faced Crimsonwing was caught. This individual showed a distinctive red eye ring and the
colour around the eye was uniform with the rest of the face. Further captures would be needed to draw
any conclusions from this.
6.5.2 Species richness
In terms of overall species richness, 126 species have been recorded in the Eastern Arc forests of
Mufindi. This is more than the species richness recorded for forests in the South Nguru Mountains (115
species) (Kiure & Doggart 2007) and the Rubeho Mountains (106 species) (Doggart et al. 2006) but less
than the total recorded in the Uluguru Mountains (Doggart et al. 2004).
Table 27. Bird species richness in six reserves.
Forest
Ifupira
Ipafu
Kidegemsitu
Kigogo
Number of species
61
74
12
35
68
Forest
Mufindi Scarp West
Lulanda
Number of species
74
66
Mufindi Scarp West and Ipafu forests had the highest species richness with 74 species recorded from
each forest. The lowest species richness was recorded in Kidegemsitu. These figures should however
be compared in the context of the relative survey effort whereby the forests that were most intensively
studied were those visited by Mbilinyi and his team i.e. Ipafu, Ifupira, Luland and Mufindi Scarp West. It
is no coincidence more species were recorded in these forests than in Kigogo or Kidegemsitu which
were not surveyed systematically. It is likely that Kigogo forest, in particular, has a significantly higher
species richness than was recorded by the survey team given the pattern revealed by the surveys of the
other taxa.
6.5.3 Endemism
Nine bird species that are near-endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains were recorded during the current
survey however no Eastern Arc endemic bird species were recorded from the Mufindi forests (Table 28).
All of the restricted range species found in Mufindi also have populations in the Southern rift forests
highlighting the strong biological affinities between the Southern Udzungwas and Southern Rift forests.
There are no known bird species endemic to the Mufindi forests. The ranges used in this report are
based on Burgess et al. (2007).
Table 28. Eastern Arc endemic and near-endemic birds found in the South Nguru Mountains and their ranges.
Species
Common name
Apalis chapini
Chapin’s apalis
Batis crypta
Dark batis
Cisticola nigriloris
Black-lored cisticola
Cisticola njombe
Churring cisticola
Laniarius fuelleborni
Fulleborn's Black Boubou
Lanius marwitzi
Uhehe Fiscal
Modulatrix stictigula
Spot-throat
Sheppardia lowei
Iringa Akalat
Stactolaema olivacea
Green Barbet
Forests in which
recorded
Ifupira, Lulanda,
Kigogo and
Kidegemsitu
Ifupira, Ipafu,
Mufindi Scarp
West, Kigogo and
Kidegemsitu
Ipafu, Lulanda,
Mufindi Scarp
West and
Kidegemsitu
Ipafu and
Kidegemsitu
Ifupira, Ipafu,
Lulanda, Mufindi
Scarp West,
Kigogo and
Kidegemsitu
Ipafu
Ifupira, Ipafu,
Lulanda, Mufindi
Scarp West and
Kigogo
Ifupira, Mufindi
Scarp West and
Kigogo
Ipafu and Lulanda
Range (based on Burgess et al.
2007)
Nguru, Uluguru, Ukaguru, Rubeho,
Udzungwa and Southern Rift
forests
Ukaguru, Uluguru, Kiboriani and
Wota Mts, Rubeho and Iringa
highlands (Iringa), Southern
Highlands
Rubeho, Udzungwa and Southern
Rift
Rubeho, Udzungwa and Southern
Rift
West Usambara, Uluguru, Nguru,
Ukaguru, Rubeho, Udzungwa and
Southern Rift forests.
Ukaguru, Rubeho, Udzungwa and
Southern Rift forests
E & W Usambara, Nguru, Uluguru,
Ukaguru, Rubeho, Udzungwa and
Southern Rift forests
Udzungwa and Southern Rift
forests
E & W Usambara, Nguu Nguru,
Uluguru, Ukaguru, Rubeho,
Udzungwa, Coastal Forests, and
Southern Rift*
Table 29 indicates that there is little difference between the forests in terms of the number of nearendemic bird species. With seven near-endemic bird species, it appears that Ipafu is particularly
important for birds and was the only forest in which the Uhehe fiscal was recorded.
69
Table 29. Number of Eastern Arc near-endemic bird species recorded in six forests.
Forest
Ifupira
Ipafu
Kidegemsitu
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp West
Lulanda
Number of bird species nearendemic to the Eastern Arc
5
7
5
6
5
5
70
7)
Reptiles and amphibians
Michele Menegon
7.1
Literature review
Forest reserves and synantropic habitats in Mufindi area have been randomly sampled in the past by
amateurs and researchers and several Eastern Arc endemic and near endemic species have been
recorded for the area. Scattered information are present in scientific publications, unpublished reports
and in the herpetological collection of the University of Dar es Salaam. The Udzungwa endemic skink
Melanoseps uzungwensis was recorded in Kigogo Forest Reserve by Broadley et al. (2006) and Salvidio
et al. (2004). A specimen of the Eastern Arc endemic snake Rhinotyphlops nigrocandidus was collected
in Lulanda Forest by the botanist J. Lovett on 14 December 1988 and is now one of the paratypes of the
species (Broadley & Van Wallach, 2000). The Udzungwa and Southern Highlands endemic lizard
Cordylus ukingensis has been collected 10 km SE of Igeleke village, Mufindi District (Menegon et al. In
print). The Udzungwa endemic chameleon Chamaeleo laterispinis has been described by Arthur
Loveridge on the basis of a series collected in Kigogo Forest (Loveridge, 1932). The Eastern Arc and
Southern Highlands endemic toad Nectophrynoides viviparus has been reported for Kigogo Forest
Reserve by Menegon et al. (2004). However until now, there has not been a systematic review of the
area’s herpetofauna.
7.2
Objectives
The objectives of the herpetofaunal research conducted during this study were:
1.
To assess the species richness and endemism ratio of the herpetofauna in some of the forest
reserves in Mufindi.
2.
To collect further information in order to improve the understanding of the biogeography and
taxonomy of the herpetofauna of the Eastern Arc Mountains.
3.
To contribute data and information to the Red List process and to conservation organisations for
improved management of study taxa.
4.
To increase awareness at the local and national level on the conservation of the studied taxa.
7.3
Methods
Four survey methods were used to sample the herpetofauna of the Mufindi area Forests. These were:
x Visual encounter surveys (day and night);
x Opportunistic acoustic surveys (day and night);
x Opportunistic digging to sample cryptic assemblages (day only);
x Pit fall trapping.
For details of the survey methods, please refer to Menegon (2006).
Kigogo Forest Reserve has been sampled by opportunistic VES and acoustic survey both during the day
and night, in two different sites for 4 and 6 days respectively. Lulanda forest and Lupeme Forest have
been briefly visited for two days each. Farmland, tea plantations and open grassland areas have been
visited mainly in order to find suitable sites for more extensive herpetofauna surveys in the near future.
Specimens have also been sampled opportunistically during forest walks. Searches were conducted
both during the day and by night to sample the highest number of species. Further records of snakes
and chameleons were obtained from local people living in the villages at the forest edge and from the
herpetological collection of the University of Dar es Salaam. Individual abundances have been
recorded. Voucher specimens have been collected and, when possible, frog calls were recorded by
means of a Sony TCM directional microphone and a Sony Minidisc. Specimens, photographs and
sound recordings will be deposited in the Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Trento, Italy.
Amphibians taxonomy follows Frost et al. 2006.
The Kigogo forest (8° 40 S 35° 15 E) is an extensive area of escarpment edge forest ranging in altitude
from 1,800 m to below 1,500 m and covering the Kigogo and Nyarua Kiseu river catchments in the
southern Udzungwa Mountains. Lulanda and Lupeme Forests, Farmland and Grasslands have also
been visited.
71
Table 30. Summary of sampling sites for herpetofauna.
Collecting site UTM co-ordinates
Elevation
range m asl
Main
Type
Kigogo
Site 1
36L074889 / 9041146
1700 - 1800
Montane forest
Open canopy forest, Closed
canopy forest
Kigogo
Site 2
Lupeme Forest
36L746579 / 9040348
1700 - 1800
Montane forest
36L0764780 / 9057392
1883
Montane forest
Open canopy forest, Closed
canopy forest
Open canopy, disturbed
Lulanda Forest
36L0788226 / 9046728
1430
Montane forest
Closed canopy forest
1700 – 1800
Farmland,
plantations
Village belt and Various
tea plantations
7.4
vegetation Main habitats investigated
tea Synantropic habitats
Results
7.4.1 Species composition and richness
A total of 29 species have been recorded, of these 15 are Amphibians and 14 are Reptiles. 20 additional
records have been found in the scientific literature and in the herpetological collection of the University of
Dar es Salaam, giving a total of 49 species recorded for the area (a total of 20 species of Amphibians in
10 families and 29 species of Reptiles in 6 families) (Table 31). The present study recorded 3 amphibian
taxa and one reptile taxon that are sufficiently distinct from other taxa that they may be considered new
species based upon the available data. The assessment of new species has been done on the basis of
morphological, genetic and bioacoustic analysis. The descriptions for these species are being prepared.
Table 31. Check List of Amphibians and Reptiles of Mufindi area Forests.
Taxa
Habitat
Endemism
IUCN status
KI 1
KI 2
LU
LP
VI
Recording method
FF
N
NT
+
+
+
+
-
Coll.
+
+
+
-
-
Coll.
AMPHIBIANS
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptis cf. reichei
Arthroleptis sp.
F
-
-
Arthroleptis cf. xenodactyloides
F
W
LC
+
+
+
+
+
Coll.
FF
E
Not listed
+
+
+
+
-
Coll.
O
W
LC
-
-
-
-
+
Coll.
F
EA N
VU – CITES I
-
+
-
-
-
FF
E
Not listed
+
+
-
-
-
Afrixalus Sp. Nov.
FF
E
Not listed
+
+
+
-
-
Coll.
Afrixalus sp.
O
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
Obs.
Hyperolius puncticulatus
F
EA N
LC
+
+
+
-
+
Coll.
Hyperolius pictus
O
EA N
LC
-
-
-
-
+
Coll.
Hyperolius pseudargus
O
EA N
LC
-
-
-
-
+
Coll.
Phlyctymantis keithae
O
E
VU
-
-
+
-
+
UDSM
O
W
LC
-
-
-
+
+
UDSM
O
W
LC
-
+
-
+
+
Coll.
O
W
Not listed
-
-
-
-
+
UDSM
Leptopelis Sp. Nov.
Bufonidae
Amietophrynus gutturalis
Nectophrynoides cf. viviparus
Coll.
Brevicipitidae
Probreviceps Sp. Nov.
Coll.
Hyperolidae
Pipidae
Xenopus cf. muelleri
Pyxicephalidae
Amietia angolensis
Ranidae
Strongylopus fuelleborni
72
Taxa
Habitat
Endemism
IUCN status
KI 1
KI 2
LU
LP
VI
Recording method
O
W
LC
-
-
-
-
+
UDSM
Phrynobatrachus mababiensis
O
W
LC
-
-
-
+
+
UDSM
Phrynobatrachus natalensis
O
W
LC
-
-
-
-
+
Coll.
FF
EA
-
+
+
+
-
-
Coll.
O
W
-
-
-
-
+
Coll.
+
-
-
-
-
Coll.
Ptychadenidae
Ptychadena uzungwensis
Petropedetidae
Scolecomorphidae
Scolecomorphus cf. kirkii
REPTILES
Gekkonidae
Lygodactylus angularìs.
Chamaeleonidae
Kinyongia Sp. Nov.
FF
E
CITES II
Kinyongia cf. oxyrhina
FF
EA
CITES II
-
-
+
-
-
TFCG
Chamaeleo dilepis
O
W
CITES II
-
-
-
-
+
Obs.
-
+
-
-
+
Coll.
Chamaeleo laterispinis
F
E
CITES II
Chamaeleo tempeli
F
EA N
CITES II
-
+
-
+
+
Coll.
Chamaeleo werneri
F
EA
CITES II
+
+
-
-
+
Coll.
FF
EA
+
+
-
+
Rhampholeon moyeri
Coll.
Cordylidae
W
Cordylus ukingensis
CITES II
LIT.
Scincidae
Melanoseps loveridgei
F
W
-
+
-
-
+
Coll.
+
-
-
-
-
LIT.
Melanoseps uzungwensis
FF
E
Trachylepis varia
O
W
-
-
-
+
+
Obs.
FF
EA
-
-
+
-
-
LIT.
Duberria lutrix
O
W
-
-
+
+
+
Coll.
Lycodonomorphus whitey
O
W
-
-
+
-
-
UDSM
Dasypeltis scabra
O
W
-
-
+
-
+
UDSM
Dispholidus typus
O
W
-
-
-
-
+
Coll.
Crotaphopeltis tornieri
FF
EA N
-
-
-
+
-
Coll.
Lycophidion capense
O
W
-
-
-
+
+
UDSM
Lycophidion uzungwense
O
E
-
-
-
-
+
Coll.
Lamphrophis fuliginosus
O
W
-
-
+
-
+
UDSM
Telescopus semiannulatus
O
W
-
-
-
-
+
UDSM
W
-
-
+
-
-
Coll.
Typhlopidae
Rhinotyphlops nigrocandidus
Colubridae
Thelotornis cf. mossambicanus
Psammophylax variabilis
O
W
-
-
-
-
+
UDSM
Philothamnus ornatus
O
W
-
-
-
-
+
Coll.
Adenorhinos barbouri
F
EA N
-
-
-
+
UDSM
Atheris ceratophorus
FF
EA
+
+
+
-
+
Coll.
Bitis arietans
O
W
-
-
-
-
+
Coll.
Causus rhombeatus
O
W
+
UDSM
Viperidae
-
-
-
-
Key to Table 31
Locality
KI 1 = Kigogo Forest Reserve Site 1; KI 2 = Kigogo Forest Reserve Site 2 LU = Lulanda Forest Reserve
LP = Lupeme Forest; VI = Village belt and plantations
Red List
73
EN = Endangered, VU Vulnerable, LR/cd = Lower Risk/conservation dependent, DD = Data Deficient, LC = Least
Concern
Range
E = Endemic to the Udzungwa Mountains; EA = Eastern Arc Endemic, EA N = Near-endemic to the Eastern Arc
Mountains, W = Widespread,
Forest Dependency
FF = strictly confined to forest, F = mainly forest, but also found outside, O = non-forest species
Recording Method
Coll. = Collected during the current survey
LIT = Record taken from the literature
UDSM = In the herpetological collection of the University of Dar es Salaam
7.4.2 New species
The present study recorded three amphibian taxa and one reptile taxon that are sufficiently distinct from
other taxa that they may be considered new species based upon the available data. The assessment of
the taxonomic status of the species collected during the surveys was done in the context of a more
extensive work on the genera, involving molecular, osteological, bioacoustic and morphological analysis
conducted between 2005 and 2008 (Loader et al. unpublished, Poynton et al. unpublished, Menegon et
al. unpublished). Formal description of some of the species is in progress.
Leptopelis Sp. Nov. A medium sized forest Leptopelis in the Udzungwa range was considered
belonging to the species L. barbouri by several authors. Recent bioacoustical analysis (Michele
Menegon unpublished data) and genetic analysis (Simon Loader unpublished data) show that Leptopelis
barbouri is actually a complex of different species (type locality in Usambara Mountains). The species
collected in the study sites shows bioacoustic and genetic differences and is likely to be endemic to the
Udzungwa Range. See below a comparison between the call recorded in Kigogo and a Leptopelis cf.
barbouri call recorded in Kanga Forest Reserve, further north. Further analysis is needed in order to
assess the taxonomy of the Leptopelis barbouri complex.
Leptopelis sp.
Southern Udzungwa form
Recorded on Kigogo Forest
Reserve.
Call lenght: 0.198 s
Peak frequency: 1981.1
Emphasis on the initial part
of the pulse train
74
Leptopelis barbouri
Northern form
Recorded in Kanga Forest
Reserve.
Call lenght: 5.553 s
Peak frequency: 2067.2
Emphasis on the final part of
the pulse train
Figure 7. Comparisons of sonograms for Leptopelis sp.
Afrixalus Sp. Nov. was considered to belong to the species A. uluguruensis by Schiotz (1999). Further
analysis based on acoustical data (Menegon unpublished), Barry Clarke unpublished morphological data
and Loader unpublished genetic data, show that A. uluguruensis is actually a complex of different
species (type locality in the Uluguru Mountains). The species recorded for the study site seems to be
endemic of the southern Udzungwa Mountains from the Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve in the north to
the Forest patches in Mufindi area in the south. See below (Figure 8) a preliminary comparison between
the call recorded in Kigogo and an Afrixalus cf. uluguruensis call recorded in Nguu North Forest
Reserve. Further analysis is needed in order to assess the species composition of the Afrixalus cf.
uluguruensis complex
Afrixalus uluguruensis
Northern form
Recorded at Nguu North
Forest Reserve.
Call lenght: 0.534 s
Peak frequency: 3100.8
Emphasis on the central part
of the pulse train
75
Afrixalus uluguruensis
Southern Udzungwa form
Recorded at Kigogo Forest
Reserve.
Call lenght: 0.830 s
Peak frequency: 3100.8
Emphasis on the initial part
of the pulse train
Figure 8. Comparisons of sonograms for Afrixalus sp.
Probreviceps Sp. Nov. has been reported as Probreviceps macrodactylus rungwensis by Loader et al.
(2006). In that paper the phylogenetic assessment of the genus shows that the species have two
divergent lineages, which each correspond to distinct areas, the Udzungwa and Southern Highlands.
Since the Mount Rungwe represents the type locality for Probreviceps macrodactylus rungwensis, the
populations of the Udzungwa Mountains belong to a phylogenetic distinct taxon that deserve taxonomic
assessment. For further details of the analysis of species and intrageneric relationships in Brevicipitidae,
see Loader et al. (2004).
Kinyongia Sp. Nov. Among reptiles, the Kinyongia species collected in Kigogo Forest Reserve – site 1
– does not fit the description of any known species and it has a peculiar rostral appendage formed by
two short converging horns, quite unique among the currently known Kinyongia species. From a
morphological point of view it belongs to the K. fischeri complex sensu Tilbury et al. 2007. A further
specimen of this species, collected in the northern part of the Udzungwa mountains and originally
misidentified as Bradypodion tenue (now K. tenuis), has been found in the herpetological Collection of
University of Dar es Salaam. A molecular assessment of the taxon is currently on going.
7.4.3 Endemism
The proportion of amphibian and reptile species from the Mufindi area that are endemic or near-endemic
to the area is high. Based on the results of this study, 6 species that represent 12.7 % of the
herpetofauna species recorded are strictly endemic to the Udzungwa Mountains and a further 21
species representing 44.6 % of the recorded species, have ranges restricted to the Eastern Arc
Mountains or Southern Highlands (Tables 32 and 33).
Table 32. Number of endemic amphibian species recorded Mufindi area.
Forest reserve
Kigogo
Lulanda
Lupeme
Village belt
Total species
Udzungwa
endemic
3
3
Eastern Arc
Endemic
1
1
Eastern Arc nearendemic
3
2
Widespread
1
1
4
0
0
1
1
3
5
7
9
10
2
2
Table 33. Number of endemic reptile species recorded in Mufindi area.
Forest reserve
Kigogo
Lulanda
Lupeme
Village belt
Total species
Udzungwa
endemic
3
0
Eastern Arc
Endemic
3
3
Eastern Arc nearendemic
2
0
Widespread
0
2
4
1
2
5
2
3
4
3
13
14
76
0
5
7.4.4 Zoogeography
Within the Eastern Afromontane endemic species, the Mufindi area shows slightly more overlap in terms
of species with the Southern Highlands than with the northern part of the Eastern Arc Mountains. This
supports the assumption of some authors that, at least from an herpetological point of view, there is no
faunal gap between the Eastern Arc Mountains and the Southern Highlands (Menegon and Davenport in
print). Specifically, two species are shared with the Southern Highlands and the northern Eastern Arc
mountain blocks; four (maybe five) species are shared with the Southern Highlands only and three are
shared with the northern blocks of Eastern Arc Mountains only.
7.4.5 Threatened species
The surveys recorded two species listed as being vulnerable to extinction according to IUCN criteria and
one species considered near-threatened. A provisional assessment of the three new species suggests
that theses species are all vulnerable to extinction on the basis of their small and fragmented
populations.
Table 34. List of threatened and CITES-listed amphibian and reptile species.
Scientific name
Threatened status
CITES
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptis reichei
Leptopelis sp. nov.
NT
VU - Need to be assessed*
Bufonidae
Nectophrynoides cf. viviparus
VU
Brevicipitidae
Probreviceps sp. nov.
VU - Need to be assessed*
Hyperolidae
Afrixalus sp. nov.
Phlyctymantis keithae
VU - Need to be assessed*
VU
-
CITES I
Chamaelonidae
CITES II
CITES II
CITES II
CITES II
CITES II
CITES II
CITES II
Kinyongia sp.
Kinyongia cf. oxyrhina
Chamaeleo dilepis
Chamaeleo laterispinis
Chamaeleo tempeli
Chamaeleo werneri
Rhampholeon moyeri
Cordylidae
Cordylus ukingensis
CITES II
7.5
Discussion
Although the herpetofauna of the Mufindi area has been randomly collected for many years, several
unrecorded or undescribed species were found during our study. The herpetological survey, combined
with previous data, revealed nearly 50 species including three species new to science in an area highly
modified by man. The species composition reflects the geographic position of the area that, rather than
a gap, seems to represent a bridge between the Eastern Arc Mountains and the Southern Highlands.
Populations with small effective sizes (< 100) are prone to rapid divergence, loss of heterozygosity,
inbreeding and random fixation of mutations (Driscoll, 1999). Mufindi, with its artificial archipelago of
small forest patches, is an interesting natural laboratory to study the minimum viable population size of
species. Such research could contribute to our understanding of the size at which a population is at risk
77
of local extinction (Gilpin and Soulé, 1986 and Soulé, 1987). Such research could also contribute to our
understanding of genetic bottlenecks, the founder effect and the ability of some endemic or near
endemic species to disperse in altered habitats.
The southern Udzungwa Mountains, more specifically the mosaic of forest and grasslands included in
the area south west of a line, cutting the so called ‘Mgeta corridor’ and linking the villages of Tanangozi
in the north west and Mngeta in the south east (see Map xx), shows certain differences relative to the
herpetofaunal composition of the more northerly Eastern Arc Mountains (although further research is
needed to assess whether Kisinga-Rugaro, New Dabaga-Ulongambi and Kiranzi-Kitunguru forest
reserves fall to the north or south of the line). Two of the genera endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains,
Callulina and Hoplophryne, occur in the northern part of the Udzungwa Mountains and throughout the
rest of the Eastern Arc Mountains, but are absent south of this line. Similarly the genus Boulengerula is
absent from the entire Udzungwa mountain block while it is widely distributed, with several species, in
the northern part of the Eastern Arc Mountains. The population of the Probreviceps cf. rungwensis
occurring in the southern Udzungwa, is genetically more closely related to the Southern Highlands taxon
rather than to the northern Udzungwa one (Simon Loader pers. com.). Several so-called “Eastern Arc
Mountain near endemic species” are shared between the southern Udzungwas only and the Southern
Highlands, among them Chamaeleo tempeli, Cordylus ukingensis and Adenorhinos barbouri.
Map 9. The Mngeta divide.
Other southern African species that reach the Southern Udzungwas but not the rest of the Eastern Arc
Mountains include the grass dwelling lizards of the genus Tetradactylus. The Tetradactylus lizards are
widespread, with several species, in southern Africa. Only two of them are recorded at northern
latitudes, one is the recently described Tetradactylus udzungwensis, endemic to southern Udzungwa
only, the other one is T. ellenbergeri that also reaches the montane grasslands in Southern Udzungwa
and occurs in syntopy with the former species in the vicinity of Bomalong’ombe Village, west of
Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve. The survey team have searched for both of these species in the
Mufindi area but have not yet recorded them. This could be due to local extinction or biases in research
78
effort against open areas). The range of the Tetradactylus lizard species further highlights the
peculiarity of the southern Udzungwa herpetofauna and stresses the need for more phylogeographic
investigation in order to understand the relationship between the faunal assemblages of the southern
part of the Eastern Arc Mountains and the Southern Highlands.
79
8)
Forest use
By Charles Leonard and Nike Doggart
8.1
Introduction
The forests of the Eastern Arc Mountains are gradually being cleared (Forestry and Beekeeping
Division, 2006c) and there is an urgent need for the problem to be documented if changes are to be
made to reverse or slow the degradation process (Madoffe et al., 2000). These forests have been under
continuous exploitative human pressure for at least 2,000 years (Schmidt, 1989). The growing human
population in the area has placed greater demand on the resources of the ecosystem to provide food,
fuelwood, hydropower, clean water, land and other forest products.
8.2
Objectives
The major objectives of the forest use survey were:
• To assess the intensity and distribution of human disturbance within the Eastern Arc Mountain
forests of Mufindi District.
• To record the types of human disturbance affecting the Eastern Arc Mountain forests of Mufindi
District.
8.3
Methods
Disturbance transects were used to provide information on rates of timber extraction and pole cutting
and other disturbances within the forests. Disturbance was assessed within fifteen 10 m wide transects
in Ifupira (2), Livalonge (1), Mufindi Scarp West (2), Kigogo (5), Mufindi Scarp East (2), Ipafu (1),
Kidegemsitu (1) and Lulanda Forests (1). Each transect was 1 km in length. Transects were placed
starting at the forest boundary and following a constant bearing. The bearing depended on the
orientation of the forest. The location of the start and end points were recorded using a GPS. The
distance between transects varied between forests and depended on the area of the forest. The location
of the transects in each of the eight forests is shown in Maps xx and the coordinates for each transect
are provided in Appendix 11.
Disturbance rates were recorded for each 50 m section along the transect lines. The level of disturbance
was assessed in terms of the number of poles and timbers which were cut relative to the number of live
or naturally dead trees in a 10 m strip (5 m either side of the transect line). Poles were defined as those
trees with straight stems at least 2 m in length and with 5 - 15 cm dbh. Timber trees were defined as all
trees with straight stems at least 3 m in length and exceeding 15 cm dbh.
Every cut tree stump and cut pole was measured within the transect. The diameter at breast height (dbh)
was measured at the standard height of 1.3 m above the ground using a calibrated tape. The diameter
of cut trees and poles were measured at the point of cut. Fallen tree trunks or branches were not
counted, only stumps.
Other forms of human disturbance were also recorded systematically in each of the forests. These
disturbances include fire, pitsawing, timber / planks, trapping, cultivation, grazing, paths, charcoal
burning or clearings.
A more detailed account of the methods used for assessing disturbance is provided in Doggart (2006 b).
8.4
Sampling intensity
Forest use was assessed over a total of 15 ha (Table 35).
Table 35. Number of disturbance transects assessed in each reserve.
Forest
Ifupira
Livalonge
Mufindi Scarp West
Mufindi Scarp East
Number of transects Area of transect (ha)
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
80
Forest
Kigogo
Ipafu
Kidegemsitu
Lulanda
TOTAL
8.5
Number of transects Area of transect (ha)
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
15
Results
8.4.1 Ifupira forest
Ifupira Forest is managed by UTTL. The only recent signs of disturbance recorded in Ifupira were old
cut poles. However the broken canopy and prevalence of the invasive alien species Rubus sp. and
Lantana camara, indicates that this forest has been logged intensively in the past. A dam has been
constructed inside the forest to supply water to the tea fields. The construction of the dam also involved
the construction of a road and water channels which have contributed to the degradation of the forest.
The road to Mdabulo from Ifupira traverses the forest on the south-eastern side.
Map 10. Location of disturbance transects in Ifupira and Kidegemsitu Forests.
Pole extraction
A total of 831 poles were recorded in Ifupira forest. Of these, 89 % of the poles were alive, 10 % were
naturally dead, 1 % were old cut poles and 0 % were freshly cut. The number of poles recorded in each
transect are summarized in Table 36 below.
Table 36. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Ifupira forest.
Transect
number
Transect
area (ha)
Total
number
poles
sampled
Average
live
poles per ha (%
of total)
Average dead
poles per ha
(% of total)
Average
old
cut poles per
ha (% of total)
IF1
1
313
265 (85)
48 (15)
0 (0)
IF2
1
518
474 (92)
38 (7)
6 (1)
369.5 (89)
43 (10)
3 (1)
Total
2
831
Note: Values in brackets are percentages of total poles recorded, to nearest whole number.
81
Average
fresh
cut poles per ha
(% of total)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Number of poles per ha
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Live poles
Dead poles
Old cut poles
Fresh cut poles
IF1
IF2
Transect number
Figure 9. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transects in Ifupira forest.
Timber extraction
A total of 498 timber-sized trees were recorded in Ifupira forest. On average, 85 % were live, 15 % were
naturally dead, 0 % were old cut and 0 % were freshly cut timber trees. Table 37 below summarizes
numbers of timbers recorded in each transect.
Table 37. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Ifupira forest.
Transect
number
IF1
IF2
Total
Transect
area (ha)
1
1
2
Total
number
timbers
sampled
304
194
498
Average
live
timbers
per ha (%
of total)
251 (83)
174 (90)
212.5 (85)
Average
dead
timbers per
ha (% of
total)
53 (17)
20 (10)
36.5 (15)
Average old
cut timbers
per ha (% of
total)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Average fresh cut
timbers per ha (%
of total)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Note: values in brackets are percentages of total timbers recorded, to nearest whole number.
Number of timbers per ha
300
250
Live timbers
200
Dead timbers
150
Old cut timbers
100
Fresh cut timbers
50
0
IF1
IF2
Transect number
Figure 10. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transects in Ifupira
forest.
8.5.2 Livalonge forest
Livalonge forest is contiguous with Mufindi Scarp West Forest Reserve along its southern / southeastern border. The forest is managed by Unilever Tea Tanzania Limited (UTTL). The forest vegetation
at the forest edge, especially where it forms a boundary with Mufindi Scarp West, consists of a low
82
canopy with vine tangles and Rubus sp.. In contrast, the forest interior is characterised by the presence
of a high canopy with emergents up to 30 m. Signs of forest duikers and bush pigs were prevalent in the
forest interior indicating low levels of disturbance. The northern and western edge of the forest is
surrounded by agricultural land, both subsistence agriculture and tea fields. Overall, in terms of the
canopy structure and prevalence of invasive alien species, the forest is less disturbed than Ifupira forest
which is also managed by UTTL. Signs of disturbance recorded during the surveys included old cut
poles and timber, an old pitsaw site, a rope snare and a path.
Pole extraction
A total of 436 poles were recorded in Livalonge forest. On average, 84% of recorded poles along the
transect were alive, 15% were naturally dead, 1% were old cut poles and 0% fresh cut. Numbers of
poles recorded along the transect are summarized in Table 38 below.
Table 38. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Livalonge forest.
Total
Average
Average
Average old
number
live poles
dead poles cut poles per Average fresh cut
Transect Transect poles
poles per ha (% of
per ha (%
ha (% of
per ha (%
number
area (ha) sampled
of total)
total)
of total)
total)
LIV1
1
436
368 (84)
66 (15)
2 (1)
0 (0)
Note: Values in brackets are percentages of total poles recorded, to nearest whole number.
Number of poles per ha
400
350
300
Live poles
250
Dead poles
200
Old cut poles
150
Fresh cut poles
100
50
0
LV
Transect number
Figure 11. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transects in Livalonge
forest.
Timber extraction
A total of 236 timbers were recorded in Livalonge forest. On average, 79% of recorded timbers along the
transect were live, 20% were naturally dead, 1% were old cut timbers and 0% fresh cut. Numbers of
timbers recorded along the transect are summarized in Table 39 below.
Table 39. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Livalonge forest.
Transect
number
LIV1
Transect
area (ha)
1
Total
number
timbers
sampled
236
Average
live
timbers
per ha (%
of total)
187 (79)
Average
dead
timbers per
ha (% of
total)
46 (20)
Average old
cut timbers
per ha (% of
total)
3 (1)
Average fresh cut
timbers per ha (%
of total)
0 (0)
Note: values in brackets are percentages of total timbers recorded, to nearest whole number.
83
Number of timbers per ha
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Live timbers
Dead timbers
Old cut timbers
Fresh cut timbers
LV
Transect number
Figure 12. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transect in Livalonge
forest.
8.4.3 Mufindi Scarp West
Historically, parts of Mufindi Scarp West were inhabited by local people and Germans (see Indigenous
Knowledge Survey section of this report). As a result the reserve is dominated by secondary growth
vegetation. The ridge tops in the forest interior have a high canopy while the valleys have a scrubby
tangle dominated by Rubus sp.. There is an old track crossing the forest that was formerly used to
transport logs to the Mgololo’s Southern Paper Mills (now called Mufindi Paper Mills).
Types of disturbance that were recorded by the survey team in Mufindi Scarp West Forest Reserve
include cut poles and timber; cultivation, paths, pitsawing and old settlements. One path was recorded
on each of the transects whilst pitwasing was recorded five times. Signs of an old settlement were
visible along Transect MW 2. These were the remains of a German settlement from the 1920s. There is
a belief held by some local people that the Germans left rupees and gold behind. This belief has led to
various attempts to excavate pits where the gold is said to have been hidden. More detailed information
about this is found in Indigenous Knowledge Survey Section 9 of this report.
Approximately 600 m along Transect MW 1 the team recorded a four acre field where beans were being
cultivated. Similarly along the forest boundary close to Transect MW 1, five acres have been cleared for
the cultivation of wheat and beans. The cultivation is taking place at the source of the Kitendega River.
There is an abrupt transition from forest to tea where the forest reserve adjoins the Malenda Tea Farms
Ltd. No reserve demarcation was visible in this area.
Pole extraction
A total of 803 poles were recorded in Mufindi Scarp West FR. On average, 86 % of poles recorded
along the disturbance transects were live, 13 % were naturally dead, 1 % were old cut poles and 0 %
were freshly cut. Numbers of poles recorded along the disturbance transects are summarized in Table
40 below.
Table 40. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Mufindi Scarp West FR.
Total
Average live Average dead Average old cut
number
poles per ha poles per ha poles per ha (%
Transect Transect poles
number
area (ha) sampled
(% of total)
(% of total)
of total)
MW1
1
423
361 (85)
60 (14)
2 (1)
MW2
1
380
332 (87)
47 (12)
1 (1)
2
803
346.5 (86)
53.5 (13)
1.5 (1)
Total
Note: Values in brackets are percentages of total poles recorded, to nearest whole number.
84
Average fresh
cut poles per
ha (% of total)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0(0)
Number of poles per ha
400
350
300
Live poles
250
Dead poles
200
Old cut poles
150
Fresh cut poles
100
50
0
MW1
MW2
Transect number
Figure 13. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transects in Mufindi Scarp
West FR.
Timber extraction
A total of 508 timbers were recorded along the transects in Mufindi Scarp West FR. On average, 85 % of
recorded timbers along the disturbance transects were live, 15 % were naturally dead, 0 % were old cut
timbers and 0 % fresh cut. Numbers of timbers recorded along the disturbance transects are
summarized in Table 41 below.
Table 41. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Mufindi Scarp West FR.
Transect
number
MW1
MW2
Transect
area (ha)
1
1
Total
number
timbers
sampled
274
234
2
Total
508
Average live
timbers per
ha (% of total)
236 (86)
194 (83)
Average dead
timbers per ha
(% of total)
38 (14)
38 (16)
Average old cut
timbers per ha
(% of total)
0 (0)
2 (1)
Average fresh
cut timbers
per ha (% of
total)
0 (0)
0 (0)
215 (85)
38 (15)
1 (0)
0(0)
Note: values in brackets are percentages of total timbers recorded, to nearest whole number.
Number of timbers per ha
250
200
Live timbers
150
Dead timbers
Old cut timbers
100
Fresh cut timbers
50
0
MW1
MW2
Transect number
Figure 14. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transects in Mufindi
Scarp West FR.
8.5.4 Kigogo Forest Reserve
Kigogo Forest Reserve contains some of the least disturbed forest in Mufindi District. The forest interior
is characterised by a high canopy interspersed by occasional patches of riverine forest, shrubs, tree
ferns and bamboo. Forest in the vicinity of the Kigogo River showed few signs of disturbance. In
85
contrast the forest edge, especially on the western and northern sides appears to be highly disturbed
and is dominated by Rubus sp. and other shrubs.
Types of disturbance that were recorded in Kigogo Forest Reserve include: cut poles and timber,
pitsawing, paths, fire, cultivation, forest soil collection and wildlife trapping. Pitsawing along transect KG
1 was recorded six times whilst paths were recorded twice. Along transect KG 2 cultivation was
recorded three times while pitsawing was recorded only once. In transect KG 3 two paths were
recorded, while fire was recorded once. In transect KG 4, paths were recorded four times whereas fire,
cultivation, cutting of planks and a cleared forest area were recorded only once. The area that had been
cleared was being used as a source of forest soil for tea seedlings. Along transect KG 5, wildlife
trapping was recorded three times while pitsawing was recorded only once.
The cultivation recorded along Transect KG 2 from 100 m to 200 m from the forest boundary was tea
belonging to UTTL while the cultivation recorded on Transect KG 4 was a vegetable field of about two
acres. This field was found at about 300 m from the forest boundary. The tea field was more than 300
m wide and 150 m in length.
Extraction of bamboo stems for commercial basket making is another disturbance in Kigogo which if
continued unchecked could result in the depletion of the bamboo. There were signs that workers from
the tea estate are harvesting bamboo from the forest reserve to weave baskets for tea collection. This
was particularly evident along the path up to the Kigogo View Point. Several paths cross the reserve
which are used by tea workers to access fields on the escarpment. In the northern part of the forest, a
track has been established to reach the viewpoint.
Pole extraction
A total of 3215 poles were recorded in Kigogo FR. On average, 79 % of recorded poles along the
disturbance transects were live, 13 % were naturally dead, 7 % were old cut poles and 1 % fresh cut.
Numbers of poles recorded along the disturbance transects are summarized in Table 42 below.
Table 42. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Kigogo FR.
Total
Average live Average dead Average old Average fresh
number
Transect Transect poles
poles per ha poles per ha cut poles per cut poles per
number
area (ha) sampled
(% of total)
(% of total)
ha (% of total) ha (% of total)
KG1
1
285
238 (84)
43 (15)
4 (1)
0 (0)
KG2
1
437
395 (90)
42 (10)
0 (0)
0 (0)
KG3
1
839
678 (81)
160 (19)
1 (0)
0 (0)
KG4
1
963
650 (68)
82 (9)
206 (21)
25 (3)
KG5
1
691
582 (84)
103 (15)
6 (1)
0 (0)
5
3215
508.6 (79)
86 (13)
43.4 (7)
5 (1)
Total
Note: Values in brackets are percentages of total poles recorded, to nearest whole number.
Numbers of poles per ha
800
700
600
Live poles
500
Dead poles
400
Old cut polse
300
Fresh cut poles
200
100
0
KG1
KG2
KG3
KG4
KG5
Transect numbers
86
Figure 15. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transects in Kigogo FR.
Timber extraction
A total of 1372 timbers were recorded in Kigogo FR. On average, 82 % of recorded timbers along the
disturbance transects were live, 15 % were naturally dead, 3 % were old cut timbers and 0 % fresh cut.
Numbers of timbers recorded along the disturbance transects are summarized in Table 43 below.
Table 43. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Kigogo FR.
Transect
number
KG1
KG2
KG3
KG4
KG5
Total
Transect
area (ha)
1
1
1
1
1
5
Total
number
timbers
sampled
338
217
272
285
260
1372
Average live
timbers per
ha (% of
total)
279 (83)
198 (91)
231 (85)
202 (71)
221 (85)
226.2 (82)
Average dead
timbers per
ha (% of total)
54 (16)
19 (9)
39 (14)
53 (19)
39 (15)
40.8 (15)
Average old
cut timbers
per ha (% of
total)
5 (1)
0 (0)
2 (1)
30 (10)
0 (0)
7.4 (3)
Average fresh
cut timbers per
ha (% of total)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Numbers of timbers per ha
Note: values in brackets are percentages of total timbers recorded, to nearest whole number.
300
250
Live timbers
200
Dead timbers
150
Old cut timbers
100
Fresh cut timbers
50
0
KG1
KG2
KG3
KG4
KG5
Transect numbers
Figure 16. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transects in Kigogo FR.
8.5.5 Mufindi Scarp East
The reserve has two distinct vegetation types: wooded grassland and montane forest. Wooded
grassland dominates most of the escarpment. There is a gradation of vegetation between the wooded
grassland and montane forest in the western side of the reserve where it adjoins Kigogo Forest Reserve.
Although the upper montane part of the reserve contains trees with a high canopy, the canopy on the
lower parts of the reserve is open.
Types of disturbance that have been recorded in Mufindi Scarp East Forest Reserve include cut poles
and timber, fire, pitsawing and trapping. In transect ME 1 pitsawing was recorded twice while wildlife
trapping and a path were recorded only once. In transect ME 2, the only recorded disturbance was fire
which was recorded four times.
Overall, fire has affected much of the reserve. The fires that spread into the reserve usually originate in
farms at the base of the escarpment. The fires frequently sweep across the reserve’s woodland and
damage the forest edge. There are also numerous paths which cross the escarpment.
Pole extraction
A total of 1243 poles were recorded in Mufindi Scarp East FR. On average, 88 % of recorded poles
along the disturbance transects were live, 12 % were naturally dead, 0 % were old cut poles and 0 %
87
fresh cut. Numbers of poles recorded along the disturbance transects are summarized in Table 44
below.
Table 44. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Mufindi Scarp East FR.
Total
Average live Average dead Average old Average fresh
number
Transect Transect poles
poles per ha poles per ha cut poles per cut poles per
number
area (ha) sampled
ha (% of total) ha (% of total)
(% of total)
(% of total)
ME1
1
545
489 (90)
56 (10)
0 (0)
0 (0)
ME2
1
698
602 (86)
96 (14)
0 (0)
0 (0)
2
1243
545.5 (88)
76 (12)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Total
Note: Values in brackets are percentages of total poles recorded, to nearest whole number.
Number of poles per ha
700
600
500
Live poles
400
Dead poles
300
Old cut poles
200
Fresh cut poles
100
0
ME1
ME2
Transect number
Figure 17. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transects in Mufindi Scarp
East FR.
Timber extraction
A total of 683 timbers were recorded in Mufindi Scarp East FR. On average, 87 % of recorded timbers
along the disturbance transects were alive, 13 % were naturally dead, 0 % were old cut timbers and 0 %
fresh cut. Numbers of timbers recorded along the disturbance transects are summarized in Table 45
below.
Table 45. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Mufindi Scarp East FR.
Transect
number
ME1
ME2
Total
Transect
area (ha)
1
1
2
Total
number
timbers
sampled
328
325
653
Average live
timbers per
ha (% of
total)
268 (82)
298 (92)
283 (87)
Average dead
timbers per
ha (% of total)
58 (18)
27 (8)
42.5 (13)
Average old
cut timbers
per ha (% of
total)
2 (0)
0 (0)
1 (0)
Average fresh
cut timbers per
ha (% of total)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Note: values in brackets are percentages of total timbers recorded, to nearest whole number.
88
Number of timbers per ha
700
600
500
Live timbers
400
Dead timbers
300
Old cut timbers
200
Fresh cut timbers
100
0
ME1
ME2
Transect number
Figure 18. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transects in Mufindi
Scarp East FR.
8.5.6 Ipafu forest
The eastern and southern-eastern part of Ipafu forest is dominated by montane forest with a high
canopy. The area consists of ridges and valleys with streams that flow towards the Mpanga River. The
road to Lulanda crosses the forest on its northern side. The forest strip on the northern / north-western
edge of the forest is dominated by rubus and vine tangles with a few scattered trees. The cause of this
disturbance was not clear.
Map 11. Location of disturbance transects in Lulanda and Ipafu forests.
Types of disturbance that were recorded in Ipafu forest include cut poles and timber, a path and
pitsawing.
89
Pole extraction
A total of 536 poles were recorded in Ipafu forest . On average, 88 % of the poles recorded along the
disturbance transect were alive, 11 % were naturally dead, 1 % were old cut poles and 0% were fresh
cut. Numbers of poles recorded along the disturbance transects are summarized in Table 46 below.
Table 46. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Ipafu.
Number of poles per ha
Total
Average live Average dead Average old
number
Transect Transect poles
poles per ha poles per ha cut poles per
number
area (ha) sampled
(% of total)
(% of total)
ha (% of total)
IP1
1
536
473 (88)
61 (11)
2 (1)
Note: Values in brackets are percentages of total poles recorded, to nearest whole number.
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Average fresh
cut poles per
ha (% of total)
0 (0)
Live poles
Dead poles
Old cut poles
Fresh cut poles
IP
Transect number
Figure 19. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transect in Ipafu forest.
Timber extraction
A total of 181 timbers were recorded along the transects in Ipafu forest. On average, 81 % of recorded
timbers along the disturbance transect were live, 18 % were naturally dead, 1 % were old cut timbers
and 0 % fresh cut. Numbers of timbers recorded along the disturbance transect are summarized in Table
47 below.
Table 47. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Ipafu forest.
Transect
number
IP1
Transect
area (ha)
1
Total
number
timbers
sampled
181
Average live
timbers per
ha (% of
total)
147 (81)
Average dead
timbers per
ha (% of total)
33 (18)
Average old
cut timbers
per ha (% of
total)
1 (1)
Average fresh
cut timbers per
ha (% of total)
0 (0)
Note: values in brackets are percentages of total timbers recorded, to nearest whole number.
90
Number of timbers per ha
160
140
120
Live timbers
100
Dead timbers
80
Old cut timbers
60
Fresh cut timbers
40
20
0
IP
Transect number
Figure 20. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transect in Ipafu forest.
8.5.7 Kidegemsitu forest
The topographic map indicates that Kidegemsitu forest originally extended over two forest patches.
However, during the surveys, the team found only one patch. The other patch appears to have been
cleared. According to the Mufindi District Forest Officer, Mr Jeswald Ubisimbali, part of the other patch
(more than 60 ha) was cleared several years ago by an individual farmer in order to plant tea. The case
is said to be at the High Court in Dar es Salaam. The remaining patch is disturbed with a broken canopy
and appears to be secondary in nature. The Kidegemisitu forest is under intense pressure from attempts
to clear the forest for tea, pine and other crops. Types of disturbance and forest use that were recorded
in Kidegemsitu forest include cut timber and poles, paths (1), a bee hive (1) and pitsaw sites (3).
Pole extraction
A total of 854 poles were recorded in Kidegemsitu forest . On average, 85 % of recorded poles along the
disturbance transect were live, 15 % were naturally dead, 0 % were old cut poles and 0 % were fresh
cut. Numbers of poles recorded along the disturbance transects are summarized in Table 48 below.
Table 48. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Kidegemsitu forest.
Total
Average fresh
Average live Average dead Average old
number
Transect Transect poles
cut poles per
cut poles per
poles per ha poles per ha
number
area (ha) sampled
ha (% of total) ha (% of total)
(% of total)
(% of total)
KD1
1
854
725 (85)
127 (15)
2 (0)
0 (0)
Note: Values in brackets are percentages of total poles recorded, to nearest whole number.
Number of poles per ha
800
700
600
Live poles
500
Dead poles
400
Old cut poles
300
Fresh cut poles
200
100
0
KD
Transect number
Figure 21. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transect in Kidegemsitu
forest.
91
Timber extraction
A total of 206 timbers were recorded in Kidegemsitu forest. On average, 71 % of recorded timbers along
the disturbance transect were alive, 28 % were naturally dead, 1 % were old cut timbers and 0 % fresh
cut. Numbers of timbers recorded along the disturbance transect are summarized in Table 49 below.
Table 49. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Kidegemsitu forest.
Transect
number
KD1
Transect
area (ha)
1
Total
number
timbers
sampled
206
Average live
timbers per
ha (% of
total)
146 (71)
Average dead
timbers ha (%
of total)
57 (28)
Average old
cut
timbers
per ha (% of
total)
3 (1)
Average fresh
cut timbers per
ha (% of total)
0 (0)
Note: values in brackets are percentages of total timbers recorded, to nearest whole number.
Number of timbers per ha
160
140
120
Live timbers
100
Dead timbers
80
Old cut timbers
60
Fresh cut timbers
40
20
0
KD
Transect number
Figure 22. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transect in Kidegemsitu
forest.
8.5.8 Lulanda forest
The three patches of forest at Lulanda are characterized by the presence of montane forest with a high
canopy. Disturbance in Lulanda has decreased significantly over the last decade. Woodcock (1998) in
her doctoral study demonstrated the fragmentation of Lulanda from a single forest in the early 1900s to
the current situation where only three forest fragments remain. In the past fire, logging and clearance for
agricultural land have posed a significant threat to the forest. The most intense disturbance took place
in the 1950s when local people were encouraged to clear parts of the forest for coffee cultivation.
In the 1990s, several biologists highlighted the exceptional biodiversity value of Lulanda Forest and the
threats that it was facing (Lovett & Pócs 1993 and Woodcock, 2002). For example Lovett & Pócs noted
that the stocks of some valuable timber species such as Khaya nyasica and Vitex amaniensis had been
exhausted as a result of excessive harvesting. This resulted in the establishment of the Lulanda Forest
Conservation Project by the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group in 1993.
Improved forest
management with the involvement of the local community and local government has significantly
reduced forest disturbance in Lulanda.
92
Map 12. Location of the disturbance transect in Lulanda Forest.
The only types of disturbance recorded during the current surveys were old cut poles and timber and
three old pitsaw sites. No recent signs of disturbance were recorded.
Pole extraction
A total of 433 poles were recorded along the transects in Lulanda forest. On average, 89 % of recorded
poles along the disturbance transect were live, 9 % were naturally dead, 2 % were old cut poles and 0 %
fresh cut. Numbers of poles recorded along the disturbance transects are summarized in Table 50
below.
Table 50. Numbers of live, dead, and cut poles recorded in Lulanda forest.
Number of poles per ha
Total
Average live Average dead Average old
Average fresh
number
Transect Transect poles
poles per ha poles per ha
cut poles per
cut poles per
(% of total)
(% of total)
ha (% of total) ha (% of total)
number
area (ha) sampled
LU1
1
433
385 (89)
39 (9)
8 (2)
1 (0)
Note: Values in brackets are percentages of total poles recorded, to nearest whole number.
450
400
350
Live poles
300
250
200
150
Dead poles
Old cut poles
Fresh cut poles
100
50
0
LU
Transect number
93
Figure 23. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut poles along disturbance transect in Lulanda forest.
Timber extraction
A total of 227 timbers were recorded along the transects in Lulanda forest. On average, 81 % of
recorded timbers along the disturbance transect were live, 12 % were naturally dead, 7 % were old cut
timbers and 0 % fresh cut. Numbers of timbers recorded along the disturbance transect are summarized
in Table 51 below.
Table 51. Numbers of live, dead, and cut timbers recorded in Lulanda forest.
Transect
number
LU 1
Transect
area (ha)
1
Average live
timbers per
ha (% of
total)
184 (81)
Total
number
timbers
sampled
227
Average old
cut
timbers
per ha (% of
total)
16 (7)
Average dead
timbers per
ha (% of total)
27 (12)
Average fresh
cut timbers per
ha (% of total)
0 (0)
Number of timbers per ha
Note: values in brackets are percentages of total timbers recorded, to nearest whole number.
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Live timbers
Dead timbers
Old cut timbers
Fresh cut timbers
LU
Transect number
Figure 24. Abundance of live, naturally dead, old and fresh cut timbers along disturbance transect in Lulanda
forest.
8.5.9 Other Human Disturbances
In addition to the signs of timber and pole cutting that are outlined in detail above, six other types of
disturbance were recorded in the forests of Mufindi District: cultivation, pitsawing, fire, paths, wildlife
trapping, forest clearance and old settlements. These are summarised in Table 52.
Table 52. Summary of other disturbances recorded in the Mufindi Forests.
1
5
7
2
1
4
2
4
1
3
3
1
2
1
8
1
3
1
Other
Settlement
Total
Forest soil
collection
Traps
Paths
Fire
Cultivation
Pitsaw
Ifupira
Livalonge
Mufindi Scarp
West
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp
East
Ipafu
Kidegemsitu
Lulanda
Planks
Number of events
Forest
1
1
1
1
1*
1
26
8
1**
* Old settlements/remains of bricks
** Beehive
94
0
3
10
2
5
3
8.6
Discussion
Relative to other parts of the Udzungwa Mountains such as the Udzungwa Mountain National Park and
the Kilombero Nature reserve, the forests of Mufindi district have been heavily disturbed. Human
disturbance was recorded in all of the eight forests included in this study. The most frequently recorded
types of disturbance were timber cutting followed by pole cutting, pitsawing sites, paths and wildlife
trapping.
The highest rates of timber and pole cutting were in Kigogo and Lulanda Forest Reserves where there
was more than twice as much cutting as in the other forests. In both reserves, most of the cutting was
recorded as old cut, with the exception of some pole cutting in Kigogo Forest Reserve which appeared
to be quite recent. The rate of timber cutting was lowest in Ifupira, Mufindi Scarp East and Ipafu forests.
That Lulanda and Kigogo also contain some of the best forest in terms of having an intact forest canopy
and an absence of invasive alien species seems paradoxical. One hypothesis is that historically logging
and forest clearance in the other forest patches removed most of the harvestable timber but that this
was sufficiently long enough ago for all of the tree stumps to have rotted. Another hypothesis is that
there is more effective forest management in the other reserves. Further research is needed in order to
understand better the links between the disturbance rates recorded during these surveys and their
current management.
The highest rates of pole cutting were in Kigogo FR, where approximately 24 % of all poles have been
cut, with 3 % freshly cut. High rates of pole cutting in Kigogo correspond with the presence of many
paths in this forest (eight paths recorded during the surveys). People use the paths to harvest poles,
travelling to other villages along the escarpment as well as accessing their farms below the escarpment.
Based on the results from the transects, Kigogo has the most disturbance events per hectare while
Ifupira forest has the least.
Low rates of disturbances in Ifupira forest may reflect careful management by Unilever Tea Tanzania Ltd
(UTTL) in managing the forest patches between the tea fields. But interestingly in Livalonge forest which
is also managed by UTTL, rates of recent disturbance were considerably higher. Furthermore, as with
Lulanda and Kigogo, the overall appearance of Livalonge Forest is that of a less disturbed forest relative
to Ifupira where the canopy is broken and there is an abundance of Rubus sp. and Lantana camara.
The distribution of disturbances within the eight forests was more-or-less similar. Most cultivation and
fire was recorded within 500 m of the reserve boundary. In contrast, pitsawing sites and snares were
most frequently recorded further from the reserve boundary. Most paths were randomly distributed in
most of the forests. Apart from being used by villagers to access other villages and their farms, the
random distribution of the paths reflects the use of the paths to do illegal activities in the forests both at
the forest edge and in the forest interior including accessing the pitsawing and wildlife trapping sites.
The proximity of fire to the forest edge reflects the use of fire in clearing fields close to the forest
boundary. When these fires get out of control they can quickly spread into the forest reserves. To some
extent cultivation within the forests reflects the ambiguity of the forest boundaries which have not been
clearly demarcated in most places.
Kidegemsitu forest is one of the forests in which participatory forest management has recently been
established. Absence of fresh timber cutting may be evidence that illegal cutting has decreased in the
forest as a result of improved forest management.
95
9)
Indigenous knowledge survey
By Charles Leonard
9.1
Introduction
People living close to forests often have an extensive knowledge of the wildlife found within the forests.
Levels of knowledge are likely to vary depending on the frequency with which a person visits the forest,
the activities that they are conducting in the forest and the degree to which they have received
information on the forest from their parents and other elders. Such information can be valuable in
detecting cryptic species that might otherwise be missed during a biodiversity survey as well as
providing information relevant for the design of conservation initiatives.
According to Woodcock (2002), the types of local knowledge also vary according to gender. Woodcock
mentioned that activities such as wildlife hunting in the East Usambaras are conducted solely by men. In
contrast, activities such as collection of edible wild plants and firewood from the forests are usually
carried out by women. This suggests that women may have more botanical knowledge whilst men may
be more knowledgeable about the forests animals. Woodcock (and also Ylhaisi (2000)) highlighted that
the younger generation are now less eager to learn about the forests from their elders and that this may
be a significant potential threat in passing environmental knowledge down to future generations.
9.2
Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a fairly open framework that allowed for focused,
conversational and two way communication. At the start of the interview, the facilitator explained the
purpose of the interview, which was to understand better the relationship between people in the local
area and the animals of interest. The interviewees included at least three people per group. Groups
were separated according to gender and age categories.
The facilitator recorded names, gender, tribe, profession, length of residency in the area and age group
of the person(s) interviewed. Then questions about animal groups were asked based on the following
groups: forest duikers, diurnal primates, galagos, hyraxes and sengis. The discussion focused on:
x Uses e.g. hunting for meat, skins;
x Local names
x Trapping methods;
x Any stories of traditions about the animals;
x Perceptions of changing populations / status;
x Behavioural or ecological observations e.g. feeding, predation, breeding.
The process was repeated for each taxon. During the interview, a few notes were made and immediately
after the interview, detailed notes were recorded into data sheets. A detailed description of the methods
and sample data sheets are provided in Doggart (2006 c).
9.3
Sampling intensity
In the Udzungwa Mountains in Mufindi district, interviews were conducted with 53 people (43 men, 10
women) in eight groups from six villages between February and June 2006. Details of these groups are
outlined in Table 53.
Village
Ludilo
Number of
interviewee
s /age
group
Length of
residency
20 40
> 40
Whole
life
4
4
8
>5
Educational level
</=
Std7
=/<Form
4 and
>Std 7
8
96
Economic
activity
Agric
Gender
Table 53. Sampling intensity for indigenous knowledge survey.
Tribe
Adjacent
forest
M
Hehe
Kidegemsitu
Village
20 40
Ikaning’ombe
Ifupira
2
2
Lulanda
Lulanda
> 40
2
Length of
residency
Whole
life
4
>5
Educational level
</=
Std7
=/<Form
4 and
>Std 7
3
3
5
5
3
3
3
1
Economic
activity
3 Agric, 1
Agric +
Traditional
healing
Agric
Tribe
Adjacent
forest
M
Hehe
Ipafu
M
Hehe
Kidegemsitu
and UTTL’s
forest in
Ifupira
Division
2 Agric, 1
Traditional
healing
Agric
F
Hehe
7
7
6
M
Hehe
Ihomasa
3
7
10
10
Agric
F
Hehe
Ihomasa
2
7
9
9
Agric
M
Hehe
Ikwega
3
3
3
Agric
M
Hehe
9.4
1
Gender
Number of
interviewee
s /age
group
Lulanda
MSW and
UTTL’s forest
around
Livalonge
Division
Kigogo, MSE
and UTTL’s
forests
around
Kivere tea
estate.
Results
9.4.1 Sacred forests
The forests of Mufindi Scarp West and Livalonge were the only forests mentioned as still having sites
with sacred values. Lulanda and Ipafu forests were mentioned as having had sacred values in the past.
As sacred sites, oridinary people were not allowed to enter into the sites, only the village leaders. Some
of the activities that were carried out in these sites included making offerings and conducting rituals
either to please the gods so that the rains would come or to resolve problems or to thank the gods after
harvesting crops. In Ipafu, local people mentioned that witch doctors used waters from the forest to treat
sick people. In Fufu Forest, Lulanda, local respondents mentioned that there is a large tree inside the
forest where it is believed that the famous Hehe leader, Chief Mkwawa used to rest under its shade on
his way back from the war. The local people respect this site, although no spiritual activity is carried out
there.
Other sites with cultural or spiritual values that were mentioned include some grave sites in Ihomasa
village where members of a particular clan go to say prayers and to make offerings. No sacred values
were mentioned for Kigogo, Mufindi Scarp East, Ifupira or Kidegemsitu Forests.
In the early of 1900s, Germans settled in a part of Mufindi Scarp West. Before they arrived, local people
were living in the forest. The Germans moved the local people from the forest to land adjacent to the
forest. The locals in Ihomasa village believe that the Germans buried gold and rubies somewhere in
Mufindi Scarp West forest. As a result several attempts have been made by some of the locals to dig up
the hidden jewels from within the reserve. In addition, the locals believe that if someone visits one of
these sites without consulting the witchdoctors beforehand, they will ultimately die either by being bitten
by large venomous snakes or by being killed by thunderstorms in the caves. Some elders from Ihomasa
village showed the survey team one of the areas which was settled by the Germans in Mufindi Scarp
West Forest Reserve. The area is known locally as Mufindi and they mentioned that this is where
Mufindi District got its name.
97
9.4.2 Mufindi Scarp West Forest Reserve
Adjacent village: Ihomasa
Introduction
Of the 19 people from Ihomasa who were interviewed, nine were men and ten were women. All of them
had lived in the area for their whole lives.
How frequently do people see the focal taxa
In Ihomasa, all of the men stated that they were familiar with red duiker, chequered sengi, greater
galago, rock hyrax and Sykes monkey. In contrast only four men stated that they were familiar with
dwarf galago and bushbuck.
All of the women stated that they were familiar with red duiker, bushbuck, chequered sengi, rock hyrax
and Sykes monkey. Of the ten women interviewed, only one woman stated that she had seen a dwarf
galago while eight were familiar with greater galago. No-one said that they had observed Abbott’s
duiker, black and white colobus, red colobus, mangabey or tree hyrax in the forest suggesting that none
of these species are present in Mufindi Scarp West or the Unilever forest.
Table 54. Frequency with which focal taxa were sighted by villagers in Ihomasa Village.
Species’ name
Red duiker
Abbott’s duiker
Bushbuck
Blue duiker
Black and rufous
sengi
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Tree hyrax
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Black and white
colobus
Red colobus
Mangabey
Percentage of men and women who stated that they
have ever seen the species
Most frequently stated
frequency of sighting
Men
100
0
67
0
0
Women
100
0
100
0
0
Once per year
Never
Less than once per year
Never
Never
100
22
100
0
100
100
0
100
10
80
0
100
100
0
Once per week
Once per month
Once per month
Never
Once per year
Once per month
Never
0
0
0
0
Never
Never
In Ihomasa Village most species were cited as being seen both inside and outside of the forest. Only
red duiker, bushbuck and dwarf galago were cited as only being found inside the forest whilst the rock
hyrax and greater galago were only observed outside of the forest (Table 55)
Table 55. Location of sightings in Ihomasa Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Site where species is seen
Inside the forest
Outside the
forest
¥ (100%)
¥ (74%)
¥ (47%)
¥ (26%)
¥ (58%)
¥ (16%)
¥ (37)
Both
¥ (53)
¥ (32%)
¥ (84)
¥ (63%)
In Ihomasa Village, the populations of only three species were thought to be increasing (Table 56). For
the remaining five species most people considered that their populations were declining.
Table 56. Interviewee responses on abundance of focal taxa in Ihomasa Village.
98
% of interviewees responded on abundance (number out of
the total who have observed that species)
Increasing
Decreasing
Don’t know
100 (19)
58 (11)
21 (4)
79 (15)
26 (5)
37 (7)
53 (10)
21 (4)
37 (7)
42 (8)
26 (5)
21 (4)
53 (10)
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Reasons for changes in the abundance of focal taxa
Respondents stated that red duiker and bushbuck populations were declining because they are being
hunted for their meat and skin. Habitat loss due to encroachment of agricultural land was also cited as a
cause for the decline in the populations of these species.
Populations of Sykes monkeys and rock hyrax were thought to have increased due to the abundance of
their preferred food and high fecundity. Amongst those who noted a decline in populations of Sykes
monkeys, they attributed this to hunting for meat and to protect crops. Those who noted a decline in
populations of rock hyrax attributed it to hunting for meat and skins.
The abundance of chequered sengis was reported to be increasing due to abundance of their preferred
food and habitat while that of greater galagos was stated to decrease due to habitat loss and because
they are hunted for meat (Table 57).
Table 57. Traditional uses for focal taxa in Ihomasa Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes
Dwarf galago
Meat
Use
Medicine
Skin
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
Trade
¥
% of interviewees mentioned (in brackets,
their number out of total ie 19)
100% (19) meat, 84% (16) skin, 11% (4)
medicine
58% (11) both meat and skin, 11% (4) medicine
11% (4) meat
42% (8) meat
100% (19)
37% (7) meat, 11% (4) medicine
None
The Hehe names for seven mammal species were recorded (Table xx).
Table 58. Local names of focal taxa in Ihomasa Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Language
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Name
Funo
Mato
Kimsangi
Kipwege
Pwege
Miimbi
Indumbili
Traditions and stories
Red duiker: Horns and hooves are used by traditional healers to treat people with bad omens. The
traditional healers burn the horns and hooves and use the smoke to treat the sick people. It is also
believed that if the animal runs into someone’s house when chased by a predator, the dwellers of that
house will experience trouble.
Bushbuck: The tail is used by traditional healers to cure sick people especially those suffering from ‘evil
spirits’. The healer fans the sick person with the tail.
Sykes monkey: It is believed that bones of Sykes monkeys can be used to treat a human bone disease
known locally as Kichaganza.
Chameleons: People practising witchcraft use horned chameleons in their activities.
99
9.4.3 Lulanda Forest
Adjacent village: Lulanda
Of the 10 people from Lulanda who were interviewed, seven were men and three were women. All of
them had lived in the area for their whole lives.
How frequently do people see the focal taxa
In Lulanda, all of the men stated that they were familiar with red duiker, bushbuck, chequered sengi,
greater galago, rock hyrax and black and white colobus monkey (Table 59). Of the seven men who were
interviewed, six were familiar with both blue duiker and dwarf galago while four men were familiar with
Sykes monkeys. All of the women were familiar with bushbuck, chequered sengi, galagos, and black
and white colobus. Out of the three women interviewed, only two were familiar with red duiker and only
one was familiar with blue duiker. Chequered sengi, greater galago, rock hyrax and black and white
colobus were seen the most regularly whilst bushbuck and blue duiker were rarely seen. Neither the
men nor the women said that they had observed Abbott’s duiker, red colobus, black and rufous sengi,
mangabey or tree hyrax in the forest suggesting that none of these species are present in the reserve.
Table 59. Frequency with which focal taxa were sighted by villagers in Lulanda Village.
Species’ name
Red duiker
Abbott’s duiker
Bushbuck
Blue duiker
Chequered sengi
Black and rufous sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Tree hyrax
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Black and white colobus
Red colobus
Mangabey
Percentage of men and women who stated
that they have ever seen the species
Men
100
0
100
86
100
0
86
100
0
100
57
100
0
0
Women
67
0
100
33
100
0
100
100
0
100
0
100
0
0
Most frequently stated
frequency of sighting
Once per month
Never
Less than once per year
Once per year
Once per week
Never
Once per month
Once per week
Never
Once per week
Once per month
Once per week
Never
Never
In Lulanda Village most species were cited as being seen only inside the forest with the exception of the
red duiker, blue duiker and black and white colobus which were observed both inside and outside of the
forest and the rock hyrax and greater galago which were only observed outside of the forest (Table 60)
Table 60. Location of sightings in Lulanda Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Blue duiker
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Black and white colobus
Site where species is seen
Inside the forest
Outside the
forest
¥ (50%)
¥ (100%)
¥ (60%)
¥ (100%)
¥ (90%)
¥ (100%)
¥ (100%)
¥ (40%)
¥ (30%)
Both
¥ (40%)
¥ (10%)
¥ (70%)
Reasons for changes in the abundance of focal taxa
There was some uncertainty as to whether populations of the focal taxa were increasing or decreasing
with most respondents stating that they did not know (Table 61). In contrast to other forests, four
species were cited as having populations that were increasing: red duiker, bushbuck, Sykes monkey and
black and white colobus monkey. Only rock hyrax was considered to be declining. The perception that
100
most animal populations are stable or increasing probably relates to the careful management of this
forest and the banning of hunting within the forest for several years.
This observation was confirmed by the respondents who noted that the red duiker populations have
increased due to a reduction in illegal subsistence hunting as a result of increased awareness of the
importance of natural resources. It was also thought that their preferred food species were more
abundant, again due to improved forest management.
The respondents were not aware of changes in the abundance of sengis, galagos and blue duiker.
Furthermore, only three respondents mentioned that the population of bushbuck is increasing whilst the
others were unsure. Again the reason given for the increased abundance of bushbuck was reduced
illegal subsistence hunting. Increased availability of food and less predation were the main factors
mentioned in relation to the increase in the abundance of black and white colobus and Sykes monkeys.
Declining rock hyrax populations were attributed to subsistence hunting for meat, although most of the
respondents were not aware of changes in their abundance.
Table 61. Interviewee responses on abundance of focal taxa in Lulanda Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Blue duiker
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Black and white colobus
% of interviewees who responded on abundance (number of
people who responded)
Increasing
Decreasing
Don’t know
100 (10)
30 (3)
70 (7)
100 (10)
100 (10)
100 (10)
100 (10)
40 (4)
50 (5)
40 (4)
70 (7)
30 (3)
Respondents mentioned that red duiker, bushbuck, blue duiker and rock hyrax are hunted for meat
(Table 62). Interestingly none of the primates were mentioned as being hunted for meat. The skins of
bushbuck and red duiker are also used.
Table 62. Traditional uses for focal taxa in Lulanda Village.
Meat
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Blue duiker
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
¥
¥
¥
Use
Medicine Skin
Trade
¥
¥
¥
% of respondents mentioning
each
use
(number
of
respondents)
90% (9) both meat and skin
100% (10) both meat and skin
70% (7) meat
None
None
None
90% (9) meat
None
Respondents provided the Hehe names for nine mammal species (Table 63).
Table 63. Local names of focal taxa in Lulanda Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Blue duiker
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Black and white colobus
Language
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Name
Funo
Mato
Kiharusi
Kisangi
Kipwege
Pwege
Miimbi
Indumbili
Mbega
101
Traditions and stories
Bushbuck: It is believed that the traditional healers use femur and tibia bones of the animal to create a
water reservoir for irrigation for people who do not eat bushbuck meat.
Behaviour observations:
Black and white colobus: It was stated that these animals act as shamba guards against intrusion by
vervet monkeys and baboons.
Chequered sengi: It was also mentioned that chequered sengi are often preyed upon by jackals outside
of the forest.
9.4.4 Ifupira Forest
Adjacent village: Ifupira
Five people from Ifupira were interviewed, all of them were men. They had lived in the area for their
whole lives. It was difficult to get women respondents as the time at which the survey was conducted
was not convenient for them and unfortunately the survey team were unable to return at a more
convenient time.
How frequently do people see the focal taxa
In Ifupira, all of the respondents stated that they were familiar with red duiker, bushbuck, chequered
sengi, greater galago, rock hyrax and Sykes monkey (Table 64). Chequered sengi were mentioned as
being seen the most regularly whilst red duiker were rarely seen. They did not mention the presence of
black and white colobus, red colobus, tree hyrax, black and rufous sengi and mangabeys in the forest
suggesting that none of these species are present in Ifupira Forest.
Table 64. Frequency with which focal taxa were sighted by villagers in Ifupira Village.
Species’ name
Percentage of men who
stated that they have ever
seen the species
Most frequently stated
frequency of sighting
0
100
100
0
100
0
0
100
0
100
100
0
0
0
Never
Once per year
Once per month
Never
Once per day
Never
Never
Once per month
Never
Once per month
Once per month
Never
Never
Never
Abbott’s duiker
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Blue duiker
Chequered sengi
Black and rufous sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Tree hyrax
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Black and white colobus
Red colobus
Mangabey
Red duiker and bushbuck were cited as only being present in the forest whilst chequered sengi and
Sykes monkey were observed both inside and outside of the forest. Greater galago and rock hyrax were
only observed outside of the forest (Table 65).
Table 65. Location of sightings in Ifupira Village.
Species
Inside the forest
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
¥ (100%)
¥ (100%)
Site where species is seen
Outside
the Both
forest
¥ (100%)
¥ (100%)
102
¥ (100%)
¥ (100%)
There was some uncertainty regarding population trends for most of the focal taxa. Only in the case of
red duiker and bushbuck was there agreement that the populations of these species were declining
(Table 66).
Table 66. Interviewee responses on abundance of focal taxa in Ifupira Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
% of interviewees responded on abundance (Number of
interviewees = 5)
Increasing
Decreasing
Don’t know
100
100
100
100
100
Sykes
100
Reasons for changes in the abundance of focal taxa
The respondents mentioned that the abundance of red duiker and bushbuck was declining because of
excessive illegal subsistence hunting. It was also noted that the populations of bushbuck and red duiker
in Ifupira are now very low relative to their abundance in the past. However respondents stated that red
duiker and bushbuck are more abundant in other habitats such as in the Lupeme and Itona forests.
Traditional uses of focal taxa
Red duiker and bushbuck are used for both meat and their skins whilst rock hyrax are hunted for their
meat only (Table 67). Interestingly no primates were mentioned as being hunted for their meat or skins.
Table 67. Traditional uses for focal taxa in Ifupira Village.
Use
Species
Meat
¥
¥
Medicine
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
¥
Sykes monkey
Note: Uses were mentioned by all the interviewees i.e. 100%
Skin
¥
¥
Trade
Respondents mentioned Hehe names for six mammal species (Table 68).
Table 68. Local names of focal taxa in Ifupira Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Language
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Name
Funo
Mato
Kisangi
Pwege
Miimbi
Ndumbili
9.4.5 Ipafu Forest
Adjacent village: Ikaning’ombe
Four people from Ikaning’ombe were interviewed, all of them were men. They had lived in the area for
their whole lives. It was difficult to get women respondents as the time at which the survey was
conducted was not convenient for them and unfortunately the survey team were unable to return at a
more convenient time.
How frequently do people see the focal taxa
In Ikaning’ombe, all of the respondents stated that they were familiar with red duiker, bushbuck,
chequered sengi, greater galago, rock hyrax, black and white colobus and Sykes monkey. Sykes
monkeys were seen the most frequently. Relative to other villages, bushbuck and red duiker were also
observed quite frequently. They did not mention the presence of Abbott’s duiker, blue duiker, red
103
colobus, tree hyrax, black and rufous sengi and mangabey in the forest suggesting that none of these
species are present in the reserve.
Table 69. Frequency with which focal taxa were sighted by villagers in Ikaning’ombe Village.
Species’ name
Percentage of men who
stated that they have ever
seen the species
Most frequently stated
frequency of sighting
0
100
100
0
75
0
0
100
0
100
100
100
0
0
Never
Once per month
Once per month
Never
Once per month
Never
Never
Once per month
Never
Once per month
Once per day
Once per week
Never
Never
Abbott’s duiker
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Blue duiker
Chequered sengi
Black and rufous sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Tree hyrax
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Black and white colobus
Red colobus
Mangabey
Most species were observed both inside and outside of the forest (Table 70). Only bushbuck was seen
exclusively within the forest and only rock hyrax were observed exclusively outside of the forest.
Table 70. Location of sightings in Ikaning’ombe Village.
Species
Inside the forest
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Black and white colobus
¥ (100)
Site where species is seen
Outside
the Both
forest
¥ (100)
¥ (100)
¥ (75)
¥(100)
¥ (100)
¥ (100)
In terms of perceptions of changes in the abundance of the focal taxa there was some discrepancy in
the responses. The majority of respondents cited an increase in the populations of red duiker,
bushbuck, greater galago, rock hyrax, Sykes monkey and black and white colobus (Table 71). However
one interviewee was uncertain of changes in any of the populations.
Table 71. Interviewee responses on changes in the abundance of focal taxa in Ikaning’ombe Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Black and white colobus
% of interviewees responded on abundance (Number of
interviewees = 4)
Increasing
Decreasing
Don’t know
75
25
75
25
75
75
25
75
25
75
25
75
25
Reasons for changes in the abundance of focal taxa
Most respondents mentioned that increases in the populations of red duiker, bushbuck, greater galago,
rock hyrax, Sykes monkey and black and white colobus monkey were due to enhanced conservation
strategies in the area. Reduced subsistence hunting for antelopes, which was very common in the past,
was another reason given for the population increases. The respondents stated the population size of
animals like red duiker and bushbuck during the 1980s was very low but that at present the population is
104
higher. None of the respondents commented on the abundance of chequered sengi, this is an indication
that the respondents had very little knowledge on the abundance of chequered sengi.
Traditional uses of focal taxa
Red duiker and bushbuck are used for both meat and their skins whilst rock hyrax are hunted for their
meat only (Table 72). Interestingly sengis and primates were not mentioned as being hunted for their
meat or skins.
Table 72. Traditional uses for focal taxa in Ikaning’ombe Village.
Species
Use
Meat
¥
¥
Medicine
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
¥
Sykes monkey
Black and white
colobus
Note: Uses were mentioned by all the interviewees i.e. 100%
Skin
¥
¥
Trade
Respondents provided Hehe names for six of the mammal species (Table 73). In some cases two
names were provided.
Table 73. Local names of focal taxa in Ikaning’ombe Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Language
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Name
Funo
Mato
Kisangi
Pwege, Kimng’etu,
Miimbi, Kipimbi
Ndumbili, Ngedenge
Behavioural observations
It was said that red duiker and bushbuck migrate to Ipafu from the lowland Mpanga forest during the dry
season. During this period, fire incidences are common in Mpanga forest and many animals move to
other places.
9.4.6 Kigogo Forest Reserve
Adjacent village: Ikwega
Three people from Ikwega were interviewed, all of them were men. They had lived in the area for their
whole lives. It was difficult to get women respondents as the time at which the survey was conducted
was not convenient for them and unfortunately the survey team were unable to return at a more
convenient time.
How frequently do people see the focal taxa
In Ikwega, all of the respondents stated that they were familiar with red duiker, bushbuck, chequered
sengi, dwarf galago, tree hyrax and Sykes monkey (Table 74). Sykes monkeys, dwarf galagos and
chequered sengi were observed most frequently whilst red duiker appear to be the least abundant. They
did not mention the presence of Abbott’s duiker, blue duiker, black and white colobus, red colobus, rock
hyrax, black and rufous sengi and mangabey in the forest suggesting that none of these species are
present in the reserve.
Table 74. Frequency with which focal taxa were sighted by villagers in Ikwega Village.
Species’ name
Percentage of men who
stated that they have ever
seen the species
Most frequently stated
frequency of sighting
Abbott’s duiker
Red duiker
0
100
Never
Less than once per year
105
Species’ name
Bushbuck
Blue duiker
Chequered sengi
Black and rufous sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Tree hyrax
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Black and white colobus
Red colobus
Mangabey
Percentage of men who
stated that they have ever
seen the species
Most frequently stated
frequency of sighting
100
0
100
0
100
0
100
0
100
0
0
0
Once per month
Never
Once per week
Never
Once per week
Never
Once per year
Never
Once per week
Never
Never
Never
Red duiker, bushbuck and tree hyrax are observed exclusively within the forest whereas chequered
sengis, dwart galagos and Sykes monkeys were cited as being present both inside and outside the
forest (Table 75).
Table 75. Location of sightings in Ikwega Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Tree hyrax
Sykes monkey
Site where species is seen
Inside the forest
Outside the
forest
¥ (100%)
¥ (100%)
¥ (100%)
Both
¥ (100%)
¥ (100%)
¥ (100%)
Respondents noted that most species were declining (Table 76). Only the populations of the chequered
sengi and Sykes monkey were thought to be increasing.
Table 76. Interviewee responses on abundance of focal taxa in Ikwega Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Tree hyrax
Sykes monkey
% of interviewees responded on abundance (Number of
interviewees = 3)
Increasing
Decreasing
Don’t know
100
100
100
.
100
100
100
Reasons for changes in the abundance of focal taxa
The respondents mentioned that the abundance of red duiker, bushbuck and tree hyrax was declining
because of excessive illegal subsistence hunting. It was also added that, the population of these species
is now very low compared with the past. Populations of these species are patchy in Kigogo forest with
most restricted to a few areas of riverine habitat such as along the Kigogo River. Loss of habitat due to
agricultural encroachment was the factor stated as being the cause of the decline in the population of
dwarf galagos. Although Sykes monkey is consumed as meat by some of the villagers in Ikwega, the
respondents stated that the abundance of Sykes monkeys is increasing mainly due to the high fecundity
and availability of their preferred food including cereals like maize. It was suggested that the increased
abundance of chequered sengis was due to less predation. All of the respondents seemed to be
knowledgeable about changes in the abundance of the species mentioned above.
106
A wider range of animals were listed as being hunted for meat in Ikwega relative to other villages (Table
77). This included Sykes monkey, tree hyrax and chequered sengi. Sykes monkeys were also cited as
being used for medicinal purposes.
Table 77. Traditional uses for focal taxa in Ikwega Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Tree hyrax
Sykes monkey
Use
Meat
¥
¥
¥
Medicine
Skin
Trade
¥
¥
¥
¥
Note: Uses were mentioned by all the interviewees i.e. 100%
Respondents mentioned the Hehe names for four species (Table 78).
Table 78. Local names of focal taxa in Ikwega Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Sykes monkey
Language
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Name
Funo
Mato
Kisangi
Ndumbili
Traditions and stories
It is believed that if pregnant women or their husbands hear the calls of dwarf galagos they will have
babies who cry throughout the night.
Behavioural observations
Respondents mentioned that they like Sykes monkeys because they chase away vervet monkeys from
their maize farms. They stated that Sykes monkeys are less destructive than vervets.
9.4.7 Kidegemsitu Local Authority Forest Reserve
Adjacent village: Ludilo
Eight people from Ludilo were interviewed, all of them were men. They had lived in the area for their
whole lives. It was difficult to get women respondents as the time at which the survey was conducted
was not convenient for them and unfortunately the survey team were unable to return at a more
convenient time.
How frequently do people see the focal taxa
In Ludilo, all of the respondents stated that they were familiar with red duiker, bushbuck, chequered
sengi, greater galago, rock hyrax and Sykes monkey (Table 79). The most frequently observed animal
was the chequered sengi whilst Sykes monkeys were rarely seen. They did not mention the presence of
black and white colobus, red colobus, tree hyrax, black and rufous sengi and mangabey in the forest
suggesting that none of these species are present in the reserve.
Table 79. Frequency with which focal taxa were sighted by villagers in Ludilo Village.
Species’ name
Abbott’s duiker
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Blue duiker
Chequered sengi
Black and rufous sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Percentage of men who
stated that they have ever
seen the species
Most frequently stated
frequency of sighting
0
100
100
0
100
0
0
87.5
Never
Once per month
Once per month
Never
Once per week
Never
Never
Once per week (37.5%), per
month (37.5%), less than once
107
Species’ name
Percentage of men who
stated that they have ever
seen the species
Tree hyrax
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Black and white colobus
Red colobus
Mangabey
Most frequently stated
frequency of sighting
per year (25%)
Never
Never
Less than once per year
Never
Never
Never
0
0
25
0
0
0
Only red duiker and bushbuck were cited as being present only within the forest (Table 80). Other
species were mentioned by at least some of the respondents as being present both inside and outside of
the forest.
Table 80. Location of sightings inLudilo Village.
Site where species is seen
Inside the forest
Outside the
Both
forest
¥ (100%)
¥ (100%)
¥ (25%)
¥ (37.5%)
¥ (37.5%)
¥ (62.5%)
¥ (25%)
¥ (25%)
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Sykes monkey
In Ludilo none of the respondents mentioned any animal populations that were increasing. Instead,
many were uncertain of the status of the populations of the focal taxa or thought that they were declining
(Table 81).
Table 81. Interviewee responses on abundance of focal taxa in Ludilo Village.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Sykes
% of interviewees responded on abundance (Number of
interviewees = 8)
Increasing
Decreasing
Don’t know
62.5
37.5
25
75
100
100
25
Reasons for changes in the abundance of focal taxa
Illegal hunting for meat and skins was the major cause of the reduced abundance of red duiker and
bushbuck (Table 82). The respondents also mentioned that Sykes monkeys are a problematic animal in
their area and that they therefore hunt them in order to protect their crops. This factor has contributed to
a decline in the Sykes monkey populations in the area.
Table 82. Traditional uses for focal taxa in Ludilo Village.
Use
Species
Meat
¥
¥
Medicine
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Sykes monkey
Note: Uses were mentioned by all the interviewees i.e. 100%
Skin
¥
¥
Trade
Respondents provided Hehe names for five mammal species (Table 83).
Table 83. Local names of focal taxa in Ludilo Village.
Species
Red duiker
Language
Hehe
Name
Funo
108
Species
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Greater galago
Sykes monkey
Language
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Hehe
Name
Mato
Kisangi
Pwege
Ndumbili
9.4.8 Traditional hunting techniques
Across all the forests, the hunting techniques are more or less similar. Animals such as antelopes and
monkeys are hunted using guns (muzzle loaders), dogs, snares, pangas or spears. Dogs are often used
to flush the animals from their hiding places after which they can easily be shot, snared or killed by
pangas and spears.
Alternatively, for animals such as galagos they use ulanzi as bait and when the animal gets drunk they
catch them by hand. Also they opportunistically catch them on the brewing sites when they are drunk.
For other primates such as Sykes and vervet monkeys many people surround them and then they kill
them using pangas or spears.
9.5
Discussion
9.5.1 Species
Overall, local people mentioned the presence of ten primate, ungulate and sengi species. The results
were different across the six surveyed forests with the exception of red duiker, bushbuck, chequered
sengi and Sykes monkey which were mentioned as being present in all of the forests surveyed (Table
84).
Blue duiker was only mentioned as being present in Lulanda forest whilst black and white colobus
monkey was only mentioned as being present in Lulanda and Ipafu forests.
Galagos were mentioned as being present in all the forests with the exception to Ifupira, Ipafu and
Kidegemsitu forests for which there was no mention of dwarf galagos and Kigogo forest in which the
respondents did not mentioned the presence of greater galago.
Tree hyrax was only mentioned as being present in Kigogo forest whilst rock hyrax was mentioned as
being present outside all of the forests with the exception of Kigogo and Kidegemsitu forests.
Respondents were also consistent in not mentioning Abbott’s duiker, red colobus, mangabey and black
and rufous sengi suggesting that these species are not present in the Mufindi forests.
Table 84. Summary of species mentioned during the indigenous knowledge surveys.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Chequered sengi
Dwarf Galago
Greater Galago
Sykes monkey
Rock hyrax
Black and white colobus monkey
Tree hyrax
Blue duiker
Abbott’s duiker
Red Colobus
Mangabey
Black and rufous sengi
Forest
Kigogo, Mufindi Scarp West (including Livalonge forest), Ifupira,
Kidegemsitu, Ipafu and Lulanda.
Kigogo, Mufindi Scarp West (including Livalonge forest), Ifupira,
Kidegemsitu, Ipafu and Lulanda.
Kigogo, Mufindi Scarp West (including Livalonge forest), Ifupira,
Kidegemsitu, Ipafu and Lulanda.
Kigogo, Mufindi Scarp West (including Livalonge forest) and Lulanda.
Mufindi Scarp West (including Livalonge forest), Ifupira, Kidegemsitu, Ipafu
and Lulanda.
Kigogo, Mufindi Scarp West (including Livalonge forest), Ifupira,
Kidegemsitu, Ipafu and Lulanda.
Mufindi Scarp West (including Livalonge forest), Ifupira, Ipafu and Lulanda.
Lulanda and Ipafu
Kigogo
Lulanda
None
None
None
None
109
There is more variability with regard to whether animals are seen only inside or outside of the forest, or
in both areas (Table 85). All the species mentioned spend some time in either habitat with the exception
of bushbuck and tree hyrax which were mentioned to be found only inside the forests. The variability in
responses may reflect differences in how familiar the respondents were with the species.
Table 85. Summary of whether animals were seen only inside or outside of forests or both.
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Blue duiker
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Tree hyrax
Sykes monkey
Rocky hyrax
Black and white colobus
% of respondents in all villages
Inside forest only
Outside forest only
Both inside and
outside the forest
77%
0%
15%
78%
0%
0%
13%
0%
2%
27%
13%
54%
27%
0%
6%
27%
23%
15%
6%
0%
0%
21%
0%
50%
0%
40%
31%
13%
0%
13%
In some cases, interviewees found it difficult to clearly distinguish between some of the animal species.
For example, some of the respondents confused galagos with bush squirrels (taxa not included in the
study) and were also confused on the differences between some antelopes such as blue duiker,
common duiker and suni. Some of the respondents confused the Greater and Dwarf galagos, with most
respondents being more familiar with the Greater galago. This shows that some local people are not
familiar with some of the species present in forests adjacent to them, particularly cryptic animals such as
the dwarf galago. Comparing awareness of forest species between those people who regularly enter
the forest and those who do not, the answer is predictably that those who spend more time in the forest
are more familiar with the forest species.
9.5.2 Threats to forest wildlife and traditional uses
In the forests of Mufindi district, illegal subsistence hunting for meat and habitat loss due to
encroachment for agriculture were the main reasons given for the decrease in the abundance of duikers.
For hyraxes and Sykes monkeys hunting for meat and for bushbuck hunting for both meat and skin were
the major reasons. Details on the motivation for hunting are provided in Table 86. Sykes monkeys were
hunted mainly for food and medicinal purposes. Less predation and high availability of food were the
main reasons mentioned for changes in abundance of galagos and sengis.
Table 86. Uses of mammals hunted in the Udzungwa Mountains forest of Mufindi district
Use
Species
Red duiker
Bushbuck
Blue duiker
Chequered sengi
Dwarf galago
Greater galago
Tree hyrax
Rock hyrax
Sykes monkey
Black and white colobus
Meat
83%
80%
13%
13%
0%
15%
6%
71%
29%
8%
Medicine
8%
8%
0%
0%
6%
0%
0%
0%
13%
0%
Skin
63%
75%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
58%
0%
0%
Trade
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Tree hyrax, bushbuck and Sykes monkey were reported to be sold as meat by local hunters. Prices
varied and the meat was either sold in pieces or as the whole animal. Sykes monkey were sold at TSh
1000 – 2000 per animal (approximately US$ 1 – 2), bushbuck Tshs 1000 per animal (approximately US$
1) and tree hyrax 700 per animal (approximately US$ 0.70).
110
The skin of Sykes monkey is used by witch doctors to treat sick people. In addition, bones of Sykes
monkey are used to treat a human bone disease ‘kichaganza’ whereby the bones of the Sykes monkey
are boiled into a broth which is drunk by the patient.
Of all the species, Sykes monkeys was mentioned the most frequently as having a medicinal value in
the forests of Mufindi.
9.5.3 Wildlife conflicts
Local people in Tanzania who live adjacent to boundaries of protected areas often experience problems
from wildlife. Wildlife knows no boundaries and roams freely in and out of the protected areas. When
outside a protected area, wildlife can compete with crops and livestock for land and water. The wild
animals can cause damage to crops, livestock and poultry or inflict injuries to people. Normally, the
animals concerned are large animals such as elephants, buffalo, lions and crocodiles. However even
animals such as baboons, bush pigs and monkeys can cause significant damage. Small animals such
as some rodents and small carnivores such as mongooses can also cause damage. These are regarded
as pests. This causes conflicts between the people, the wild animals and the wildlife departments.
In the forests of the Mufindi, there are some wildlife conflicts. Medium-sized wild animals such as vervet
monkeys, Sykes monkeys, baboons and bushpigs were mentioned as causing damage to crops (Tables
87 – 92).
Table 87. Crop damage caused by different animals as reported by respondents around Mufindi Scarp West.
Animal
Main crops said to be targeted.
Baboons
Vervet monkeys
Sykes monkeys
Bush pigs
Galagos
Maize and beans
Maize, beans, and mangoes.
Maize, beans, and mangoes.
Maize, beans and cabbage
Banana, pawpaw, mangoes and ulanzi
% of respondents mentioning the
animal as a pest
15
23
74
17
6
Table 88. Crop damage caused by different animals as reported by respondents around Lulanda forest.
Animal
Main crops said to be targeted
Baboons
Vervet monkeys
Sykes monkeys
Maize and beans
Maize and beans
Maize, beans, and mangoes.
% of respondents mentioning the
animal as a pest
100
100
40
Table 89. Crop damage caused by different animals as reported by respondents around Ifupira forest.
Animal
Main crops said to be targeted
Vervet monkeys
Bush pigs
Maize.
Maize, beans and potatoes
% of respondents mentioning the
animal as a pest
100
100
Table 90. Crop damage caused by different animals as reported by respondents in Ipafu forest
Animal
Main crops said to be targeted
Baboons
Vervet monkeys
Sykes monkeys
Bush pigs
Galagos
Black and white colobus
Maize and beans
Maize
Maize
Maize and beans
Banana and ulanzi
Maize
% of respondents mentioning the
animal as a pest
100
75
75
75
75
75
Table 91. Crop damage caused by different animals as reported by respondents in Kigogo Forest Reserve
Animal
Main crops said to be targeted
Baboons
Vervet monkeys
Sykes monkeys
Bush pigs
Maize and beans
Maize, beans, and mangoes.
Maize, beans, and mangoes.
Maize, beans and cabbage
111
% of respondents mentioning the
animal as a pest
100
100
100
100
Galagos
Banana, mangoes and ulanzi.
33
It was reported that galagos break the bamboo containers used to tap the ulanzi from the bamboo stem.
Table 92. Crop damage caused by different animals as reported by respondents in Kidegemsitu forest
Animal
Main crops said to be targeted
Baboons
Vervet monkeys
Maize and beans
Maize
% of respondents mentioning the
animal as a pest
100
100
Baboons and vervet monkeys were mentioned consistently in all the villages. In contrast Sykes monkey
is not mentioned around Ifupira and Kidegemsitu forests, suggesting that the species is either absent or
is not problematic in these areas.
112
10)
Conclusions
The surveys have shown that despite the fragmentation and disturbance visible in the Mufindi forests,
they continue to provide habitat to at least 38 restricted range vertebrate species of which at least five
species appear to be found in the Mufindi forests only. Kigogo and Lulanda forests contain the most
restricted range species with 27 and 17 species respectively.
With five species endemic to Mufindi, it suggests that Mufindi has comparable rates of strict endemism
with the East Usambara Mountains (four strict endemics), South Pare and Rubeho (two strict endemics
each) or Ukaguru (one strict endemic) based on figures in Burgess et al. (2007). However three of the
five endemic species recorded in Mufindi are new species that reflect taxonomic revisions following
phylogenetic analyses. These revisions are likely to show that rates of endemism amongst the
amphibian fauna across the Eastern Arc Mountains have been underestimated. As such it is difficult to
make direct comparisons between our data and that published in Burgess et al. (2007).
In terms of species richness, the surveys recorded a total of 210 vertebrate species. Additional survey
effort is likely to reveal more vertebrate species, particularly in terms of bats and fish which were not
included in the current survey.
Table 93. Species richness in Mufindi Forests.
Forest
Ifupira
Igoda
Lupeme
Ipafu
Kidegemsitu
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp East
Mufindi Scarp West
Lulanda
Total
Amphibians
N/a
N/a
6
N/a
N/a
10
N/a
N/a
8
20
Reptiles
N/a
N/a
6
N/a
N/a
8
N/a
N/a
8
27
Mammals
13
4
9
13
1
21
18
14
13
37
Birds
61
N/a
N/a
74
12
35
N/a
74
66
126
Total
74
4
21
87
13
74
18
88
95
210
The relative species richness of the nine forests visited by the survey team is difficult to determine given
differences in survey effort. However, Table 93 shows that Kigogo had the most amphibian, reptile and
mammal species given similar sampling effort to other reserves included in the herpetofauna and
mammal surveys thus suggesting that this forest is particularly diverse. Lulanda with 95 vertebrate
species, also appears to show high diversity, particularly given its small size at 197 ha.
Relative to other Eastern Arc Mountain blocks, the Mufindi forests have comparable species richness
with the North Pare Mountains where the survey team recorded 207 vertebrates species (Doggart et al.
2008) but appear to be less diverse than the South Nguru Mountains where Doggart and Loserian
(2005) recorded 319 vertebrate species.
The surveys recorded a total of 38 restricted range species (Table 94). Of these ten are endemic to the
Udzungwa Mountains. Of those species endemic to the Udzungwa Mountains, it is possible that the
three amphibian species and one reptile species that appear to be new to science, are endemic to
Mufindi. The frog Phlyctimantis keithae is also endemic to the Mufindi area.
Table 94. Summary of species endemism by taxon.
Taxon
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
Birds
TOTAL
E
4
5
1
0
10
EA
1
5
0
0
6
EA N
5
3
5
9
22
113
Of the 22 species that are near-endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains and are found in Mufindi, the
majority (20) are also found in some Southern Rift forests indicating the strong affinities between the
Mufindi fauna and that of the Southern Rift forests.
The Mufindi area, more specifically the mosaic of forest and grasslands included in the area south west
of a line, cutting the so called ‘Mngeta corridor’ and linking the villages of Tanangozi in the north west
with Mngeta in the south east (see Map xx), shows certain differences in terms of the herpetofaunal
composition relative to the more northerly Eastern Arc Mountains. The Mufindi area together with
Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve seem to represents a biogeographic bridge between a northern and a
southern faunal assemblage, with some local peculiarities such as the endemic species mentioned
earlier. This make the Mufindi area of particular interest in terms of the historical biogeography of the
region.
In terms of globally threatened taxa, there are 26 species listed on the IUCN red list that are present in
Mufindi. These are summarised in Table 95. It should be noted that most reptile species have not been
assessed. Similarly the three new species of amphibian, the new chameleon species and the possible
new galago taxon have not been assessed. However, given their restricted ranges and the rates of
disturbance in Mufindi, it is likely that they will be considered vulnerable to extinction.
Table 95. Number of threatened species in Mufindi Forests.
Taxon
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
Birds
Total
Endangered
0
Vulnerable
3
1
1
1
5
1
Near
threatened
1
1
Least
Concern
10
8
18
2
The species considered to be endangered is Myosorex cf kihaulei.
Species present in the Mufindi forest which are considered to be Vulnerable include:
Amphibians
Phlyctymantis keithae
Scolecomorphus kirkii
Leptopelis barbouri
Nectophrynoides viviparus
Mammals
Paraxerus vexillarius byatti
Birds
Sheppardia lowei
Conservation
The Mufindi forests are part of the Eastern Arc Mountain forests with strong affinities with the Southern
Rift forests. Both areas have recently been classified together as being part of the Eastern African
Afromontane biodiversity hotspot (Mittermeier et al. 2005). As such they are part of a region considered
a global priority in terms of biodiversity conservation. The area is also part of the ‘Udzungwa Mountains
Important Bird Area’ which also highlights their international importance.
In terms of protected area management, the forests of Mufindi are an interesting mosaic of different
management regimes. Three of the forests have been managed as Central Government catchment
forest reserves including the forest that appears to have the highest biological values, Kigogo. Five of
the forests visited by the survey team are local authority forest reserves: Ipafu, Igoda, Kidegemsitu and
Lulanda of which Lulanda, Igoda and Ipafu have also benefited from investment from the Tanzania
Forest Conservation Group to encourage participatory forest management. The remaining forests of
Livalonge and Ifupira are owned and managed by Unilever Tea Tanzania Limited.
114
The results of the disturbance transects show the highest rates of disturbance, albeit mostly old, to be in
Lulanda and Kigogo Forest Reserves. However, the team also noted that some of the ‘best quality’
forest to have been in these reserves, together with Livalonge, in terms of having a high canopy.
Further research is required in order to fully understand this apparent paradox.
Overall however, the surveys have shown that the Mufindi Forests continue to provide habitat for a rich
vertebrate fauna that includes many restricted range species. The high pressure on the forests from a
growing human population appears to have resulted the serious decline (and possibly local extinction) of
some vertebrate populations including buffalo, tree hyrax and leopard. Although efforts have been
successful over the last decade to encourage more participatory forestry, there remains an urgent need
for more direct management of the reserves, particularly Kigogo and Lulanda, in order to safeguard their
biological values.
115
11) Recommendations
The current study has highlighted both the need for additional research in the Mufindi forests as well as
increased efforts to improve the management of the remaining forests. Recommendations for further
research and conservation interventions are listed below.
Conservation interventions
1) Establish and implement equitable and effective joint forest management for Kigogo and
Mufindi Scarp West and identify ways of restoring connectivity between the western forests.
In terms of biodiversity conservation, one of the greatest challenges for the Mufindi forests is that they
have become so fragmented. The consolidation of the western forests and the restoration of
connectivity between forests around Kigogo, Mufindi Scarp West and Livalonge should be a priority.
These areas contain the majority of the species found in Mufindi. Management actions that are needed
in this area include the establishment of joint forest management including the preparation of a
management plan for the area, training for Village Natural Resource Committees, clearing and marking
the reserve boundaries, support for forest patrols and establishing mechanisms for improved
coordination between local government, tea estates, Sao Hill and the communities. In establishing joint
forest management, clear benefits must be provided to those supporting the joint forest management in
the communities. At a minimum the government should provide direct financial support to the village
natural resource committees to clear the forest boundaries and conduct patrols. Once the joint
management plan has been developed and agreed, the Government should make every effort to sign
joint management agreements promptly avoiding the delays that have undermined joint forest
management in some other parts of Tanzania.
In terms of restoring forest connectivity, TFCG have gained considerable experience from the Mufindi
Millennium Forest and from the Lulanda corridor. This experience has shown that given a long term
commitment, sufficient investment and the right species, it is possible to restore forest corridors provided
that the technical and political support are there.
2)
Continue to support joint forest management for Lulanda Forest Reserve given its
exceptionally high concentration of restricted range species.
Other priority areas requiring continued investment in forest management include the Lulanda forest that
appears to provide habitat to several species not found in the more westerly forests. The Lulanda forest
has exceptional levels of endemism and species richness given its small size. Although only 197 ha, the
forest has at least 95 vertebrate species and 17 restricted range species.
3)
Control hunting of forest mammals through awareness raising, joint forest management
and coordination between stakeholders.
The study has shown that the forests of Mufindi have been heavily hunted to the point that some species
such as tree hyrax, buffalo, blue duiker and leopard may now be extinct from some or all forests in
Mufindi. It is possible however that some individuals of these species remain (particularly the tree hyrax
and blue duiker) and could provide a source for population recoveries for these species. As such every
effort should be made to control hunting through awareness raising campaigns, active joint forest
management and a coordinated approach to address the issue by the tea estates, Sao Hill, village and
district governments.
4)
Control illegal logging through joint forest management and awareness raising
campaigns
There are still signs of illegal logging within the reserves. Through joint forest management and
awareness campaigns, every effort should be made to prevent further disturbance to the remaining
pristine areas of forest from illegal logging.
5)
Implement awareness raising campaigns on the values, threats and conservation needs of
the Mufindi Forests and strengthen environmental education in schools
More effort is needed to raise awareness amongst the local populations regarding the values, threats
and conservation needs of the Mufindi forests. Such awareness raising is also needed at the national
level. This should link with the implementation of the Eastern Arc information, education and
116
communication strategy and the national forest programme communication strategy. Mufindi District
council, NGOs and the private sector should also strengthen support for environmental education in
primary and secondary schools through training of teachers, provision of teaching materials and
systematic monitoring of school’s performance standards on environmental education.
6)
Identify and conserve critical montane grassland habitats in Mufindi.
Our research has also highlighted that some of the restricted range species found in Mufindi occur
outside of the current protected areas on village land. Efforts need to be made to identify representative
patches of grassland and to establish conservation strategies for these areas.
7)
Support efforts to reduce local dependence on the unsustainable extraction of products
from the forests particularly timber, poles and fuel wood.
More effort is needed to provide local communities with sustainable alternatives to forest products,
particularly timber, poles and fuel wood. Such initiatives should include tree planting and the promotion
of fuel efficient stoves. Additional work is also needed to support livelihood initiatives that provide
sustainable incomes from forest-related products and services such as honey and eco-tourism.
8)
Develop and implement a strategy to tackle human – wildlife conflicts
The indigenous knowledge survey showed that local people are experiencing problems in preventing
crop damage from wildlife. Awareness raising and training on how to resolve human – wildlife conflicts
is needed to address this issue as well as ongoing support to communities from the District Wildlife
Officer in order to prevent further conflict. The strategy should link with the District strategic plans in
order to ensure sustainability.
9)
Develop and implement a strategy to address invasive alien species
Lupeme, Ifupira and Livalonge forests have high densities of two invasive alien species: Rubus and
Lantana. Following on from research on how best to address these, action should be taken to preven
their spread and to control their populations within the forests currently affected. This might include
linkages with the Flora and Fauna International programme on invasive alien species that has been
conducting research in other parts of the Eastern Arc Mountains including the Uluguru and Usambara
Mountains in conjunction with the Tropical Biology Association programme.
10)
Develop and implement a strategy to prevent and tackle forest fires
Fires pose a significant threat to several of the forests including the two priority forests Kigogo and
Lulanda. Through experience in Lulanda, it is evident that there is a need for a combination of
awareness raising on fire prevention, training in fire prevention activities, support for fire prevention
activities such as clearing fire breaks, provision of equipment for teams involved in fire prevention and
fire fighting and training in safe and effective ways of stopping the spread of fires once they have started.
Such activities need coordinated support from the tea estates, Sao Hill, Mufindi and NGOs.
The
strategy should link with the District strategic plans in order to ensure sustainability.
11)
Improved coordination of conservation activities in Mufindi
The study has highlighted the patchwork of management regimes present in Mufindi with private sector
(tea estates and tourist companies), local government, central government, villages and NGOs all
playing active roles in the conservation of the forests. There is a need for improved coordination
amongst stakeholders and it is recommended that the District is in the strongest position to take on this
coordinating role, particularly if supported by private sector and NGOs.
Further research and monitoring
1)
Further research on taxonomy, distribution and conservation status of some of the
possibly new, scarce and cryptic species including dwarf galagos, black and white
colobus, squirrels, tree hyrax, Lowe’s genet and blue duiker.
The current study has raised a number of questions regarding the taxonomic and conservation status of
a number of species found in the Mufindi forests. The galago research found differences in the
vocalisations of the dwarf galago from Mufindi with the possibility that it is a distinct taxon. Further
research is needed on the dwarf galago population in order to determine whether Mufindi has its own
endemic primate. Genetic sampling of the black and white colobus in order to make comparisons with
the populations in the Northern Udzungwa and Southern highlands would help in understanding their
117
phylogeography as well as the biogeography of Mufindi forests. Further research is needed in order to
determine the status of tree hyrax populations in the area and to monitor whether their populations can
recover should hunting be reduced. In terms of birds, further research is also needed on the unusual
red-faced crimsonwing in order to determine whether this represents a different taxon. Researchers
should also look out for the Uhehe fiscal in order to assess whether the perceived population declines
are really occurring and if so, why.
2)
Further anlaysis and description of the new amphibian and reptile species.
Further analysis is needed to describe and determine the status of the three potentially new amphibian
and reptile species identified during this study. Research is then needed to determine their ecological
needs and to relate those findings with conservation interventions. These species should also be
assessed in terms of their red list status and the results of these analyses should be communicated to
local and national stakeholders.
4)
Support for biodiversity and threat monitoring
Biodiversity and threat monitoring should be carried out regularly in order to asesss the effectiveness of
conservation interventions and to detect changes in the populations of some of the restricted range
species. Such monitoring should include a combination of threat monitoring using methods such as the
disturbance transects used in the current study, with direct monitoring of the populations of some of the
vulnerable species through e.g. camera trapping and periodical herpetofaunal studies.
5)
Further surveys to provide additional information on the distribution and status of
threatened and restricted range species.
While the current study has provided a firm baseline for our understanding of the biodiversity of Mufindi,
the study was not able to conduct surveys in all of the forests for all of the taxa. Key gaps remain in
terms of a systematic bird survey in Kigogo Forest Reserve; a survey of the bats throughout Mufindi;
further mammal surveys in Kigogo forest reserves, particularly in terms of the hyrax populations.
6)
Further research on the fauna of the montane grasslands with a view to identifying
priority areas for conservation.
The montane grasslands of the Eastern Arc Mountains provide important habitat for several restricted
range and threatened species. Further research is needed to document the vertebrate fauna of
Mufindi’s montane grasslands and to identify critical areas for conservation investment.
7)
Further research on optimal methods for restoring forest connectivity and in identifying
priority areas in the western Mufindi forests.
Whilst TFCG has gained considerable experience on the restoration of forest connectivity, additional
work is needed to monitor ecological succession in the restored areas and to translate this experience
into clear guidelines for forest restoration in other areas. Using GIS combined with ground truthing, it
would also be useful to identify the critical and feasible corridors that could help in restoring connectivity
in the Western Mufindi forests.
8)
Research on control measures for invasive alien plant species.
Several of the forests visited by the survey team including Ifupira, Livalonge and Lupeme were affected
by the invasive alien species, Rubus sp. and Lantana camara. Further research is needed to document
the extent of the problem in Mufindi and to identify the best ways in which their spread can be controlled
and the populations reduced.
9)
Conservation genetic studies on minimum viable populations sizes for species vulnerable
to extinction, particularly the three new amphibian and one chameleon species.
Given the fragmented nature of the forests in Mufindi, a critical question that needs to be answered is
whether the current isolated populations are viable. Through a combination of population studies and
genetics, further research is needed to determine which species are most vulnerable to extinction due to
the fragmentation and what steps can be taken to prevent the negative impacts of forest fragmentation
on the survival of vulnerable species in Mufindi.
118
12)
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Details of primate census walks in Mufindi forests.
Site
Kigogo
Kigogo
Kigogo
walk #
habitat
forest habitat
altitude
1 regenerating forest montane/bamboo 1800-1940
2 regenerating forest montane/bamboo 1800-1940
3 regenerating forest montane/bamboo 1875-1800
sub-montane and
Kigogo
4 regenerating forest montane/bamboo 1875-1600
closed-canopy and
montane
1790-1770
Mufindi Scarp W
5 regenerating
Mufindi Scarp W
6 regenerating forest montane
1875-1670
Mufindi Scarp W
7 regenerating forest montane
1875-1900
(Unilever)
Mufindi Scarp W
8 regenerating forest montane
1828-1790
Lulanda (Fufu)
9 closed-canopy
sub-montane
1560-1526
Lulanda (Fufu)
10 closed-canopy
sub-montane
1560-1526
124
UTM start
UTM end
748889/9041146 748051/9042936
748889/9041146 747939/9043082
746664/9041340 746579/9040348
746664/9041340 746965/9039232
736195/9037950 735607/9037418
737554/9038884 736195/9037950
737554/9038884
736188/9039044
788748/9047716
788748/9047716
737588/9039702
736195/9037950
788108/9046500
788108/9046500
Appendix 2. Details of camera-trap sites in Mufindi forests.
Forest site
Lupeme
Camera locations (UTM)
764220/9057436
Altitude
1900
Lupeme
Lupeme
Lupeme
200m of 764220/9057436
764220/9057436
769429/9057032
1900
1900
1745
50m SW of 777728/9052898
1750
Ipafu
Forest habitat
Montane
Montane
Montane
Regenerating
Montane
Canopy
cover
Closed
Regener
ating
Closed
Open
Open
Montane
Ipafu
50m SW of 777728/9052898
1750
Open
Montane
Ipafu
777447/9053088
1735
Open
Montane
Ipafu
150m W of 777447/9053088
1730
Lulanda
788108/9046500
1526
Lulanda
Lulanda
350m N of 788108/9046500
788620/9046900
1528
1525
Lulanda
200m NE of 788620/9046900
1525
Open
Sub-montane
Sub
Sub
Sub
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Sub
Lulanda
Lulanda
Kigogo
Kigogo
Kigogo
Kigogo
Kigogo
Kigogo
Kigogo
Kigogo
Mufindi Scarp
West
Mufindi Scarp
West
Mufindi Scarp
West
Mufindi Scarp
West
Mufindi Scarp
West
Mufindi Scarp
West
Mufindi Scarp
West
Mufindi Scarp
West
Mufindi Scarp
West
788748/9047716
788748/9047716
748889/9041146
200m W of 748889/9041146
100m N of 748889/9041146
747514/9042598
150m SE of 747514/9042598
746579/9040348
300m N of 746579/9040348
400m N of Camera no. 23
1560
1560
1800
1800
1800
1880
1800
1800
1800
1800
736120/9037989
1800
Sub
Montane/bamboo
Montane/bamboo
Montane/bamboo
Montane/bamboo
Montane/bamboo
Montane
Montane
Montane
Montane
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Closed
Open
Closed
Closed
Open
Open
Floor cover
Seedlings and leaf litter
Seedlings and leaf litter
Seedlings and leaf litter
Seedlings and leaf litter
Seedlings, leaf litter and
shrub >2m
Seedlings, leaf litter and
shrub >2m
Seedlings, leaf litter and
grass
Seedlings, leaf litter and
shrubs <2m
Seedlings, stems and leaf
litter
Seedlings, herbs and leaf
litter
Seedlings and leaf litter
Seedlings, leaf litter and
herbs
Seedlings, leaf litter and
grass
Stream bed
Seedlings and grass
Seedlings and grass
Seedlings and grass
Herbs and grass
Grass
Grass
Grass and herbs
Seedlings and leaf litter
Seedlings and shrubs
>2m
Montane
12m W of 736120/9037989
1800
Montane
737599/9083201
1860
736724/9037576
1809
768086/9061476
1915
Open Seedlings and leaf litter
Regener
ating Seedlings and leaf litter
Montane
Open
Montane
Open
Seedlings and leaf litter
Seedlings, herbs and leaf
litter
Montane
50m S of 768086/9061476
1915
Open
Montane
737567/9039580
1910
Open
Montane
737594/9039542
1900
Open
Montane
50m N of 737594/9039542
1900
125
Open
Seedlings and leaf litter
Seedlings, leaf litter and
shrub <2m
Seedlings, leaf litter and
shrubs <2m
Seedlings, leaf litter and
shrubs <2m
Appendix 3. Small mammal specimen numbers from Mufindi Scarp East Forest Reserve.
Genus
Species
No. Captured (excl.
recaptured)
Sherman
Bucket
pitfall
Total (excl. % Total Specimen no.
recaptures)
Beamys
Graphiurus
Hylomyscus
Mus
Mus
Praomys
hindei major
murinus
arcimontensis
sp A minutoides
sp B triton
delectorum
2
2
7
0
13
15
0
0
1
3
0
1
2
2
8
3
13
16
Crocidura
sp A hildegardeae
0
4
4
Crocidura
sp B hildegardeae
0
6
6
Crocidura
Myosorex
TOTAL
sp C monax
cf kihaulei
0
0
39
1
1
17
1
1
56
3.57
3.57
14.29
5.36
23.21
28.57
25834
25837
25839, 25840
25835
25836, 25838
25832, 25833
26151, 26154, 26157,
7.14
26158
26152, 26153, 26155,
10.71
26156, 26160
1.79 26159
1.79 26161
100.00
Appendix 4. Small mammal specimen numbers from Kigogo Forest Reserve.
Genus
Species
Chrysochloris stuhlmanni
Beamys
hindei major
Grammomys dolichurus
Hylomyscus arcimontensis
Mus
sp B triton
Praomys
delectorum
Crocidura
sp B hildegardeae
Crocidura
sp D
Myosorex
kihaulei
Suncus
megalura
TOTAL
No. Captured (excl. Total (excl. % Total Specimen no.
recaptures)
recaptured)
Sherman Bucket
pitfall
0
2
1
11
2
17
0
0
0
0
33
1
2
0
2
1
15
1
2
1
1
26
1
4
1
13
3
32
1
2
1
1
59
1.69
6.78
1.69
22.03
5.08
54.24
1.69
3.39
1.69
1.69
100.00
26165
26163
25849
26164
25850
26162
26167, 26168
26166
26169
Appendix 5. Small mammal specimen numbers from Ifupira Forest.
Genus
Grammomys
Hylomyscus
Praomys
Mus
Crocidura
Myosorex
TOTAL
Species
dolichurus
arcimontensis
delectorum
minutoides
cf. monax
kihaulei
No. Captured (excl.
recaptured)
Sherman
Bucket
pitfall
6
5
17
0
0
0
28
0
2
15
1
1
1
20
Total (excl. % Total Specimen no.
recaptures)
6
7
32
1
1
1
48
12.50
14.58
66.67
2.08
2.08
2.08
25865
25850
26563
25866
Appendix 6. Small mammal specimen numbers from Ipafu Forest.
Genus
Species
No. Captured (excl. Total (excl. % Total Specimen no.
recaptures)
recaptured)
Sherman Bucket
pitfall
126
Grammomys
Hylomyscus
Praomys
Crocidura
Myosorex
TOTAL
dolichurus
arcimontensis
delectorum
hildegardeae
kihaulei
3
1
12
0
0
16
0
0
0
1
1
2
3
1
12
1
1
18
16.67
5.56
66.67 25868
5.56 25867
5.56 25870
100.00
Appendix 7. Small mammal specimen numbers from Mufindi Scarp West Forest Reserve.
Genus
Species
Grammomys dolichurus
Hylomyscus arcimontensis
Praomys
delectorum
Dendromus
TOTAL
No. Captured (excl.
recaptured)
Sherman
Bucket
pitfall
3
6
9
0
18
0
3
1
1
5
127
Total (excl. % Total Specimen no.
recaptures)
3
9
10
1
22
13.64
40.91 25873
45.45 25871, 25874
4.55 25872
100.00
Appendix 8. Bird observations
cardno
square
locality
species
month
yr
latitude
longitude
alt
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
fulleborn's black boubou
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
eastern double-collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
1286
1286
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
chapin's apalis
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
1286
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
dusky flycatcher
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
1286
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
green-throated greenbul
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
1286
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
Dark batis
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
1286
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
black-lored cisticola
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
1286
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
robin chat
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
1286
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
churring cisticola
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
1286
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
livingstone's turaco
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
1286
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
crowned hornbill
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
1286
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
eastern olive sunbird
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
1286
9062 3508A
Kidege msitu
red-eyed dove
6
2006
-8.46070
35.45760
1286
9062 3508A
Small river crossing
small river
6
2006
-8.45616
35.47403
1818
9062 3508A
Small river crossing
yellow white-eye
6
2006
-8.14562
35.47403
1818
9062 3508A
Small river crossing
eastern double-collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.14562
35.47403
1818
9062 3508A
Small river crossing
moustached green tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.14562
35.47403
1818
9062 3508A
Small river crossing
red-faced cisticola
6
2006
-8.14562
35.47403
1818
9062 3508A
Small river crossing
fulleborn's black boubou
6
2006
-8.14562
35.47403
1818
9062 3508A
Small river crossing
tropical boubou
6
2006
-8.14562
35.47403
1818
9062 3508A
Small river crossing
east african citril
6
2006
-8.14562
35.47403
1818
9062 3508A
Small river crossing
yellow-vented bulbul
6
2006
-8.14562
35.47403
1818
9062 3508A
Small river crossing
yellow-bellied waxbill
6
2006
-8.14562
35.47403
1818
9062 3508A
Small river crossing
lizard buzzard
6
2006
-8.14562
35.47403
1818
9062 3508A
Small river crossing
silvery-cheeked hornbill
6
2006
-8.14562
35.47403
1818
9062 3508A
Ludilo village
village
6
2006
-8.45999
35.47688
1845
1845
9062 3508A
Ludilo village
pied crow
6
2006
-8.45999
35.47688
9062 3508A
Ludilo village forest
greater honeyguide
6
2006
-8.45999
35.47688
1845
9062 3508A
Ludilo village forest
spot-throat
6
2006
-8.45999
35.47688
1845
9062 3508A
Ludilo village forest
red-rumped swallow
6
2006
-8.45999
35.47688
1845
9062 3508A
Ludilo village forest
striped swallow
6
2006
-8.45999
35.47688
1845
9062 3508A
Phillip house
yellow-rumped seedeater
6
2006
-8.45999
35.47688
1845
9062 3508A
Phillip house
paradise flycatcher
6
2006
-8.45999
35.47688
1845
9062 3508A
Phillip house
common waxbill
6
2006
-8.45999
35.47688
1845
9062 3508A
Phillip house
red-eyed dove
6
2006
-8.45999
35.47688
1845
9062 3508A
Ifupira guesthouse
african pied wagtail
6
2006
-8.48743
35.40894
2012
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
common waxbill
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
dusky flycatcher
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
livingstone's turaco
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
yellow-browed seedeater
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
chapin's apalis
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
fulleborn's black boubou
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
eastern double-collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
red-eyed dove
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
african pied wagtail
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
pied crow
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
black-fronted bush shrike
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
evergreen forest warbler
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
eastern olive sunbird
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
spot-throat
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
black-backed puffback
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
stonechat
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
chin-spot batis
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
east african citril
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira forest patch 1
paradise flycatcher
6
2006
-8.48169
35.42645
2013
9062 3508A
Ifupira small dam
cinnamon bracken warbler
6
2006
-8.48375
35.43576
2033
128
cardno
square
locality
species
month
yr
latitude
longitude
alt
9062 3508A
Ifupira small dam
mountain buzzard
6
2006
-8.48375
35.43576
2033
9062 3508A
Ifupira small dam
black-backed puffback
6
2006
-8.48375
35.43576
2033
9062 3508A
Ifupira small dam
speckled mousebird
6
2006
-8.48375
35.43576
2033
9062 3508A
Ifupira small dam
white-tailed crested flycatcher
6
2006
-8.48375
35.43576
2033
9062 3508A
Ifupira small dam
bar-throated apalis
6
2006
-8.48375
35.43576
2033
9062 3508A
Ifupira small dam
chapin's apalis
6
2006
-8.48375
35.43576
2033
9062 3508A
Ifupira small dam
little greenbul
6
2006
-8.48375
35.43576
2033
9062 3508A
Ifupira small dam
white-browed robin chat
6
2006
-8.47877
35.42469
1998
9062 3508A
Ifupira office
oriole finch
6
2006
-8.47877
35.42469
1998
1998
9062 3508A
Ifupira office
black-headed oriole
6
2006
-8.47877
35.42469
9062 3508A
Ifupira office
common moorhen
6
2006
-8.47877
35.42469
1998
9062 3508A
Ifupira office
east african citril
6
2006
-8.47877
35.42469
1998
9062 3508A
Ifupira office
moustached green tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.47877
35.42469
1998
9062 3508A
Ifupira office
green-throated greenbul
6
2006
-8.47877
35.42469
1998
9062 3508A
Ifupira office
lanner falcon
6
2006
-8.47877
35.42469
1998
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
mountain buzzard
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
cinnamon bracken warbler
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
livingstone's turaco
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
eastern double-collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
little grebe
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
lemon dove
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
red-faced crimsonwing
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
robin chat
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
white-tailed crested flycatcher
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
yellow white-eye
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
common moorhen
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
fulleborn's black boubou
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
moustached green tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
african wood owl
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
african goshawk
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
spot-throat
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
Dark batis
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
shelley's greenbul
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
olive mountain greenbul
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
bar-throated apalis
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
martial eagle
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
olive pigeon
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
olive mountain greenbul
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
yellow white-eye
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
black-chested snake eagle
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
iringa akalat
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
olive-flanked robin chat
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
white-eyed slaty flycatcher
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
montane nightjar
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
red-faced crimsonwing
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
white-chested alethe
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
cardinal woodpecker
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
livingstone's turaco
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
moustached green tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
african goshawk
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
eastern double-collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
iringa akalat
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
little grebe
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
fulleborn's black boubou
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
evergreen forest warbler
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
red-eyed dove
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
olive pigeon
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
green-throated greenbul
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
129
cardno
square
locality
species
month
yr
latitude
longitude
alt
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
white-tailed crested flycatcher
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
african pied wagtail
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
emerald-spotted wood dove
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
pied crow
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
white-tailed crested flycatcher
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
olive thrush
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
african hill babbler
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
giant kingfisher
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
broad-tailed warbler
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
red-rumped swallow
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
white-eyed slaty flycatcher
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
lemon dove
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
malachite sunbird
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508A
Ifupira big forest
yellow-billed stork
6
2006
-8.48557
35.43582
1929
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
starred robin
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
robin chat
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
stripe-faced greenbul
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
lemon dove
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
olive mountain greenbul
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
african hill babbler
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
little greenbul
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
mountain buzzard
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
livingstone's turaco
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
black-fronted bush shrike
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
tropical boubou
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
tambourine dove
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
white-chested alethe
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
yellow-rumped tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
malachite sunbird
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
black-backed puffback
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
fulleborn's black boubou
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
bar-throated apalis
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
Dark batis
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
peters' twinspot
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
evergreen forest warbler
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
eastern double-collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
marsh tchagra
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
black cuckoo shrike
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
white-eyed slaty flycatcher
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
yellow white-eye
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
shelley's greenbul
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
fawn-breasted waxbill
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
variable sunbird
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
white-tailed crested flycatcher
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
red-capped robin chat
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
yellow-vented bulbul
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
yellow-bellied waxbill
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
brown-headed apalis
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
cardinal woodpecker
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
white-browed robin chat
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
eastern olive sunbird
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
spot-throat
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
barred long-tailed cuckoo
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
crowned eagle
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
spectacled weaver
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
crowned hornbill
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
paradise flycatcher
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
130
cardno
square
locality
species
month
yr
latitude
longitude
alt
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
fulleborn's black boubou
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
grey-backed camaroptera
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
lemon dove
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
olive woodpecker
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
pied crow
6
2006
-8.56238
35.52331
1949
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
fulleborn's black boubou
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
bronze mannikin
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
churring cisticola
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
moustached green tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
livingstone's turaco
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
little greenbul
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
black-backed puffback
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
jameson's firefinch
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
variable sunbird
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
starred robin
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
red-eyed dove
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
yellow-vented bulbul
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
yellow white-eye
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
black-fronted bush shrike
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
brown-headed apalis
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
stripe-faced greenbul
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
Dark batis
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
yellow-rumped tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
red-capped tailorbird
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
eastern roughwing
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
eastern double-collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
olive-flanked robin chat
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
spot-throat
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest
red-faced cisticola
6
2006
-8.55988
35.52396
1969
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
pied crow
6
2006
-8.55577
35.52259
1731
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
tropical boubou
6
2006
-8.55577
35.52259
1731
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
red-faced crimsonwing
6
2006
-8.55577
35.52259
1731
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
evergreen forest warbler
6
2006
-8.55577
35.52259
1731
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
red-naped widowbird
6
2006
-8.55577
35.52259
1731
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
tambourine dove
6
2006
-8.55577
35.52259
1731
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
yellow-browed seedeater
6
2006
-8.55577
35.52259
1731
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
emerald-spotted wood dove
6
2006
-8.55037
35.51791
1870
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
yellow-vented bulbul
6
2006
-8.55037
35.51791
1870
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
spectacled weaver
6
2006
-8.55037
35.51791
1870
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
waller's starling
6
2006
-8.55037
35.51791
1870
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
dusky flycatcher
6
2006
-8.55037
35.51791
1870
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
common waxbill
6
2006
-8.55037
35.51791
1870
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
yellow bishop
6
2006
-8.56247
35.51388
1806
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
stonechat
6
2006
-8.56247
35.51388
1806
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
500 mt site
6
2006
-8.57001
35.51760
1681
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
white-browed robin chat
6
2006
-8.57001
35.51760
1681
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
robin chat
6
2006
-8.57001
35.51760
1681
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
yellow-browed seedeater
6
2006
-8.57001
35.51760
1681
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
common waxbill
6
2006
-8.57001
35.51760
1681
1681
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
black-lored cisticola
6
2006
-8.57001
35.51760
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
variable sunbird
6
2006
-8.57001
35.51760
1681
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
dusky flycatcher
6
2006
-8.57001
35.51760
1681
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
yellow bishop
6
2006
-8.57001
35.51760
1681
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
holub's golden weaver
6
2006
-8.56716
35.52693
1639
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
tambourine dove
6
2006
-8.56716
35.52693
1639
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
uhehe fiscal
6
2006
-8.56716
35.52693
1639
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
east african citril
6
2006
-8.56716
35.52693
1639
131
cardno
square
locality
species
month
yr
latitude
longitude
alt
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
bar-throated apalis
6
2006
-8.56716
35.52693
1639
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
black-throated wattle-eye
6
2006
-8.56716
35.52693
1639
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
african hill babbler
6
2006
-8.56716
35.52693
1639
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
barred long-tailed cuckoo
6
2006
-8.56716
35.52693
1639
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
eastern yellowbill
6
2006
-8.56716
35.52693
1639
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
green barbet
6
2006
-8.56716
35.52693
1639
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
white-chested alethe
6
2006
-8.56716
35.52693
1639
9062 3508D
Ipafu forest edge
olive thrush
6
2006
-8.56716
35.52693
1639
9062 3508D
Lulanda village
black-backed puffback
6
2006
-8.61330
35.61309
1640
1640
9062 3508D
Lulanda village
oriole finch
6
2006
-8.61330
35.61309
9062 3508D
Lulanda village
red-necked spurfowl
6
2006
-8.61330
35.61309
1640
9062 3508D
Lulanda village
angola swallow
6
2006
-8.61330
35.61309
1640
9062 3508D
Lulanda village
stonechat
6
2006
-8.61330
35.61309
1640
9062 3508D
Lulanda village
tawny-flanked prinia
6
2006
-8.61330
35.61309
1640
9062 3508D
Lulanda village
black-lored cisticola
6
2006
-8.61330
35.61309
1640
9062 3508D
Lulanda village
east african citril
6
2006
-8.61330
35.61309
1640
9062 3508D
Lulanda village
yellow-browed seedeater
6
2006
-8.61330
35.61309
1640
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
livingstone's turaco
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1930
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
little greenbul
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1930
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
black-backed puffback
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1930
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
amethyst sunbird
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1930
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
moustached green tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
grey-backed camaroptera
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
black-lored cisticola
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
variable sunbird
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
crowned hornbill
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
tropical boubou
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
green barbet
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
pied crow
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
fulleborn's black boubou
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
red-faced crimsonwing
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
eastern olive sunbird
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
bar-throated apalis
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
grey-backed camaroptera
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
starred robin
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
olive mountain greenbul
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
chin-spot batis
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
yellow-streaked greenbul
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
olive pigeon
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
spot-throat
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
moustached green tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
yellow-rumped tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
chapin's apalis
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
mountain greenbul
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
black-fronted bush shrike
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
orange ground thrush
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
cardinal woodpecker
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
red-eyed dove
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
shelley's greenbul
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
yellow-vented bulbul
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
square-tailed drongo
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
white-tailed crested flycatcher
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
white-browed coucal
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
brown-headed apalis
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
spotted eagle owl
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
black-headed apalis
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
yellow white-eye
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
132
cardno
square
locality
species
month
yr
latitude
longitude
alt
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
dusky flycatcher
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
red-capped tailorbird
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda TFCG office
waller's starling
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
eastern roughwing
6
2006
-8.60749
35.62351
1630
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
common waxbill
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
yellow-bellied waxbill
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
yellow bishop
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
spectacled weaver
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
yellow-crowned canary
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
robin chat
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
long-crested eagle
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
augur buzzard
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
rufous-backed mannikin
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
pin-tailed whydah
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
bronze mannikin
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
great sparrowhawk
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
african wood owl
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062 3508D
Lulanda Forest nth
montane nightjar
6
2006
-8.61280
35.62639
1555
9062
road - Mufindi Scarp W
fulleborn's black boubou
6
2006
9062
road - Mufindi Scarp W
eastern double-collared sunbird
6
2006
9062
road - Mufindi Scarp W
square-tailed drongo
6
2006
9062
road - Mufindi Scarp W
eastern roughwing
6
2006
1799
9062
road - Mufindi Scarp W
livingstone's turaco
6
2006
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
olive-flanked robin chat
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
emerald-spotted wood dove
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
grey-backed camaroptera
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
red-winged francolin
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
yellow white-eye
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
white-tailed crested flycatcher
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
spot-throat
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
livingstone's turaco
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
eastern roughwing
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
african wood owl
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
montane nightjar
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
cinnamon bracken warbler
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
pied crow
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
african hill babbler
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
shelley's greenbul
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
olive mountain greenbul
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
spot-throat
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
striped swallow
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
robin chat
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
eastern olive sunbird
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
moustached green tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
black-backed puffback
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
yellow-vented bulbul
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
little greenbul
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
tambourine dove
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
african wood owl
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
african scops owl
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
montane nightjar
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
stripe-faced greenbul
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
silvery-cheeked hornbill
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
yellow white-eye
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
Dark batis
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
iringa akalat
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
chapin's apalis
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
133
cardno
square
locality
species
month
yr
latitude
longitude
alt
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
crowned hornbill
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
long-crested eagle
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
waller's starling
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
black-fronted bush shrike
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
african goshawk
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
great sparrowhawk
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
white-chested alethe
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
waller's starling
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
black-headed oriole
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
red-faced cisticola
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
olive woodpecker
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
crowned hornbill
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
Dark batis
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
grey-backed camaroptera
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
tambourine dove
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
olive mountain greenbul
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
little greenbul
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
lemon dove
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
bar-throated apalis
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
red-eyed dove
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
eastern roughwing
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
striped swallow
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
livingstone's turaco
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
yellow white-eye
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
dusky flycatcher
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
amethyst sunbird
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
starred robin
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
spot-throat
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
pied crow
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
african goshawk
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
chapin's apalis
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
yellow white-eye
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
cinnamon bracken warbler
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
yellow-vented bulbul
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
variable sunbird
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
black-lored cisticola
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
lesser honeyguide
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
dusky flycatcher
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
white-eyed slaty flycatcher
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
tawny-flanked prinia
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.69169
35.14832
1618
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
fulleborn's black boubou
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
little greenbul
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
tambourine dove
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
livingstone's turaco
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
east african citril
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
red-eyed dove
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
yellow-rumped tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
Dark batis
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
yellow-browed seedeater
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
stonechat
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
yellow-bellied waxbill
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
black-backed puffback
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
eastern roughwing
6
2006
-8.69169
35.15305
1774
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
red-faced crimsonwing
6
2006
-8.16904
35.14735
1806
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
olive mountain greenbul
6
2006
-8.16904
35.14735
1806
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
crowned hornbill
6
2006
-8.16904
35.14735
1806
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
eastern double-collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.16904
35.14735
1806
134
cardno
species
month
9062 3508C
square
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
locality
fawn-breasted waxbill
6
2006
yr
latitude
-8.71210
longitude
35.15728
alt
1758
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
robin chat
6
2006
-8.71210
35.15728
1758
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
red-faced cisticola
6
2006
-8.71210
35.15728
1758
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
bertram's weaver
6
2006
-8.71210
35.15728
1758
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
jameson's firefinch
6
2006
-8.71210
35.15728
1758
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
starred robin
6
2006
-8.71210
35.15728
1758
1758
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
variable sunbird
6
2006
-8.71210
35.15728
9062 3508C
Mufindi Scarp Forest edge
little sparrowhawk
6
2006
-8.71210
35.15728
1758
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
black-fronted bush shrike
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
chapin's apalis
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
stonechat
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
bronze mannikin
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
olive pigeon
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
fulleborn's black boubou
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
pied crow
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
tambourine dove
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
red-eyed dove
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
african pipit
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
Dark batis
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
little greenbul
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
african pied wagtail
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo point
eastern double-collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.67256
35.26369
1791
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
livingstone's turaco
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
black-backed puffback
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
mountain buzzard
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
african firefinch
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
moustached green tinkerbird
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
mountain greenbul
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
yellow white-eye
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
spot-throat
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
cinnamon bracken warbler
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
eastern olive sunbird
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
square-tailed drongo
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
olive mountain greenbul
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
bar-throated apalis
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
shelley's greenbul
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
white-tailed crested flycatcher
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508C
Kigogo River
collared sunbird
6
2006
-8.68407
35.15942
1929
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
speckled mousebird
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
african wood owl
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
montane nightjar
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
brown-headed apalis
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
tambourine dove
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
9062 3508A
Mufindi Scarp Forest
lanner falcon
6
2006
-8.41530
35.08480
1799
135
Appendix 9. List of bird caught in mist nets with biometrics and locality information.
date
site
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
No
time
7.53
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
ring
species
A65445
Andropadus masukuensis
9.23
T45080
Batis crypta
9.23
A65446
Phyllastrephus placidus
re
age sex
net
-
AD
-
24.5
wing
-
AD
F
18.0
62.0
14.4
-
AD
-
19.5
77.0
18.2
82.0
bill
tar
tail
15.8
21.3
84.0 -
fat BP molt r'ger latitude
1 No
17.9
37.0 -
0 No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
22.2
77.0 2
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
1929
LM
longitude
-8.488557 35.43582
alt
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
10.33
A65447
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
23.0
85.0
19.0
22.0
86.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
10.33
T45081
Batis crypta
-
AD
M
10.0
57.0
15.0
18.7
35.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
13.24
A65448
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
23.5
87.0
15.7
21.0
87.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
13.24
T45082
Batis crypta
-
AD
F
10.5
62.0
15.9
19.2
37.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
13.24
T45083
Batis crypta
-
AD
M
12.0
61.0
15.4
18.8
38.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
13.24
T45084
Nectarinia mediocris
-
AD
-
8.5
55.0
20.4
17.2
38.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
13.24
T45085
Apalis thoracica
-
AD
-
9.5
51.0
14.0 199.0
47.0 -
5 No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
13.24
T45086
Apalis thoracica
-
AD
-
8.5
54.0
14.7
20.3
57.0 -
3 No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
14.00
T45087
Apalis thoracica
-
AD
-
19.0
52.0
15.5
21.6
55.0 -
2 No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
14.00
T45088
Apalis thoracica
-
AD
-
8.0
53.0
14.3
19.7
52.0 -
5 No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
14.00
T45089
Batis crypta
-
AD
-
11.0
60.0
15.2
18.1
55.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
14.00
T45090
Batis crypta
-
AD
M
10.5
61.0
15.5
17.6
45.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
14.00
A65449
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
22.0
85.0
18.0
22.6
87.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
14.00
T45091
Batis crypta
-
AD
-
13.0
60.0
15.1
18.4
36.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
C
15.07
A65450
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
24.0
81.0
16.3
20.0
80.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
15.07
A99685
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
29.0
80.0
18.7
29.3
71.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
16.42
T45092
Apalis thoracica
-
AD
-
54.0
51.0
15.2
20.0
47.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
16.42
A99686
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
26.0
84.0
20.3
21.6
83.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
16.42
A99687
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
24.0
85.0
19.8
21.0
82.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
18.28
T45093
Apalis thoracica
-
AD
-
11.5
50.0
13.7
19.8
51.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
18.28
K41665
Sheppardia lowei
-
AD
-
24.5
71.0
16.5
30.3
55.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
18.28
A99688
Cossypha anomala
-
AD
-
28.5
80.0
17.7
31.2
68.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
18.46
A99689
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
33.0
86.0
18.0
30.0
76.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
18.46
A99690
Cossypha anomala
-
AD
-
28.0
85.0
17.3
13.3
63.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
13/06/06
Ifupira Forest
C
18.46
K41666
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
-
11.5
57.0
11.4
17.2
40.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
7.33
A99691
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
31.0
87.0
19.9
30.3
75.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
7.33
A99692
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
29.0
80.0
15.6
37.0
75.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
7.33
K41667
Sheppardia lowei
-
AD
-
20.0
75.0
14.4
29.2
56.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
C
8.35
A99693
Alethe fuelleborni
-
AD
-
47.0 105.0
23.5
34.5
76.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
8.35
A99694
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
19.5
85.0
18.8
30.4
75.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
9.56
A99695
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
25.5
84.5
18.9
22.4
84.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
9.56
A99696
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
21.5
86.0
20.1
21.2
87.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
9.56
A99697
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
22.5
84.0
19.9
22.4
83.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
9.56
A99698
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
20.0
75.0
17.4
20.7
77.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
date
site
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
No
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
C
9.56
A99700
Andropadus chlorigula
-
AD
-
32.5
88.0
19.3
24.0
90.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
11.30
K41668
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
29.0
84.0
17.6
29.8
75.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
17.24
K41669
Bradypterus lopezi
-
AD
-
20.5
64.0
16.1
13.5
67.0 -
- Yes
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
17.24
K41670
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
20.7
82.0
16.3
20.3
71.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
18.25
K41671
Sheppardia lowei
-
AD
-
19.0
75.0
16.0
30.0
61.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
18.25
T45094
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
-
10.5
53.0
9.9
16.0
41.0 -
5 No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
14/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
18.25
T45095
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
-
11.0
55.0
11.5
17.0
43.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
B
time
9.56
ring
A99699
species
Phyllastrephus placidus
re
age sex
net
-
AD
22.5
-
wing
75.0
bill
tar
tail
16.7
21.1
75.0 -
fat BP molt r'ger latitude
- No
LM
longitude
-8.488557 35.43582
alt
1929
15/06/06
Ifupira Forest
C
7.40
T45096
Trochocercus albanotatus
-
AD
-
17.0
63.5
13.3
16.9
89.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
15/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
7.40
T45097
Trochocercus albanotatus
-
AD
-
175.0
60.0
12.6
17.0
65.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
15/06/06
Ifupira Forest
C
8.53
E0445
Andropadus chlorigula
-
AD
-
36.0
97.0
19.4
25.3 102.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
15/06/06
Ifupira Forest
C
8.53
E0446
Turdus olivaceus
-
AD
-
60.5 114.0
25.6
32.7
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
15/06/06
Ifupira Forest
C
8.53
E0447
Andropadus chlorigula
-
AD
-
44.0
97.0 204.0
25.6 100.0 -
- No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
15/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
15.30
K41672
Pseudoalcippe abyssinica
-
AD
-
17.0
76.0
15.0
22.2
62.0 -
1 No
LM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
15/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
15.30
K41673
Trochocercus albanotatus
-
AD
-
7.5
65.0
13.9
17.4
71.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
15/06/06
Ifupira Forest
B
15.30
E0448
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
29.0
81.0
18.4
30.9
75.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
15/06/06
Ifupira Forest
C
15.30
K41674
Trochocercus albanotatus
-
AD
-
19.0
62.0
11.3
17.2
70.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
15/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
15.30
T45098
Cryptospiza reichenovii
AD
-
11.0
55.0
13.9
17.3
42.0 -
2 No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
15/06/06
Ifupira Forest
A
15.30
K41675
Sheppardia lowei
-
AD
-
19.0
71.0
15.3
28.3
51.0 -
- No
GM
-8.488557 35.43582
1929
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
9.39
T45099
Batis crypta
-
AD
-
11.0
63.0
15.2
20.1
39.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
9.39
A65451
Andropadus virens
-
AD
25.0
89.0
17.8
20.3
80.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
9.39
T45100
Batis crypta
-
AD
12.5
63.0
14.7
18.5
38.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
9.39
A65452
Andropadus virens
-
AD
-
24.0
85.0
15.2
20.9
79.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
10.25
A65453
Andropadus striifacies
-
AD
-
41.0 102.0
21.3
24.1
96.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
-
86.0 -
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
10.25
A65454
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
17.0
88.0
21.1
22.0
91.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
10.25
A65455
Andropadus virens
-
AD
-
21.0
86.0
15.5
20.3
84.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
10.25
A65456
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
28.0
84.0
16.9
21.0
83.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
10.55
K41676
Pseudoalcippe abyssinica
-
AD
-
19.0
70.0
14.5
21.6
60.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
10.55
K41677
Pogonocichla stellata
-
AD
-
16.5
81.0
15.1
21.7
63.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
11.17
A65457
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
29.5
76.0
17.2
29.2
71.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
11.17
A65458
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
30.5
77.0
18.3
28.0
70.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
11.17
K41678
Pseudoalcippe abyssinica
-
AD
-
16.5
68.0
14.0
22.0
61.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
11.17
A65459
Andropadus virens
-
AD
-
25.5
86.0
15.2
19.8
80.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
11.17
A65460
Andropadus striifacies
-
AD
-
43.0
95.0
18.3
24.2
96.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
13.05
A65460
Alethe fuelleborni
-
AD
-
45.0
11.0
22.5
33.4
80.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
15.26
A65461
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
35.0
84.0
18.3
22.4
86.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
15.26
A65463
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
47.5
84.0
25.1
30.8
86.0 -
3 No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
17.15
T36880
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
-
12.5
56.0
14.5
13.8
45.0 -
3 No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
17.15
T36881
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
-
14.0
52.0
13.8
17.7
41.0 -
3 No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
137
date
site
No
time
re
age sex
net
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
C
18.17
A65464
ring
Alethe fuelleborni
species
-
AD
46.0 112.0
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
C
18.17
T36882
Batis crypta
-
AD
F
12.5
62.0
15.2
19.3
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
C
18.17
T36883
Batis crypta
-
AD
M
12.0
62.0
15.2
18.2
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
C
18.17
T36884
Batis crypta
-
AD
F
13.5
63.0
13.9
17.8
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
C
18.17
A65465
Cossypha anomala
-
AD
-
26.0
81.0
17.5
20/06/06
Ipafu forest
C
18.36
A65466
Cossypha anomala
-
AD
-
12.0
75.0
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
6.30
T36885
Trochocercus albonotatus
-
AD
-
9.0
64.0
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
6.30
A65467
Andropadus virens
-
AD
-
25.0
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
C
6.30
T36886
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
M
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
6.30
A65468
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
6.30
A65469
Andropadus virens
-
AD
-
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
6.30
T36887
Batis crypta
-
AD
-
16.5
60.0
18.5
18.4
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
6.30
T36888
Batis crypta
-
AD
F
11.0
60.0
15.4
18.3
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
6.30
T36889
Batis crypta
-
AD
F
26.5
61.0
14.4
18.4
36.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
12.20
T36890
Nectarinia ollivacea
-
AD
-
15.0
54.0
24.6
14.8
53.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
12.20
K41679
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
M
10.0
56.0
10.1
17.8
43.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
12.20
K41680
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
F
18.0
56.0
10.5
17.5
45.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
14.15
A65470
Andropadus chlorigula
-
AD
-
34.5
93.0
19.9
23.8
90.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
14.15
T36891
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
M
12.5
56.0
13.4
18.0
41.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
1949
-
wing
bill
tar
tail
23.1
34.5
83.0 -
fat BP molt r'ger latitude
longitude
alt
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
38.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
38.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
38.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
30.0
71.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
17.6
29.3
62.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
13.3
16.9
70.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
85.0
16.0
21.3
84.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
12.0
54.0
13.3
17.2
44.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
33.0
80.0
18.6
31.1
79.0 -
- No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
35.0
86.0
15.4
19.8
42.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
39.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
36.0 -
- No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
14.15
T36892
Apalis thoracica
-
AD
12.5
52.0
14.4
19.0
50.0 -
4 No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
C
14.15
T36893
Orthotomus metopias
-
AD
9.0
53.0
16.0
21.0
42.0 -
3 No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
21/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
14.15
T36894
Apalis thoracica
-
AD
11.5
54.0
15.7
21.0
52.0 -
2 No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
22/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
8.05
A65471
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
27.0
80.0
18.3
30.7
72.0 -
0 No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
22/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
8.05
A65472
Andropadus virens
-
AD
-
23.5
83.0
16.1
21.3
83.0 -
0 Yes
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
22/06/06
Ipafu forest
C
8.05
T36895
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
F
14.0
54.0
11.2
18.3
40.0 -
5 No
LM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
22/06/06
Ipafu forest
A
9.36
A65473
Dendropicos griseocephalus
-
AD
F
37.5 104.0
23.0
18.2
66.0 -
2 No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
22/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
9.36
A65474
Laniarius fuelleborni
-
AD
-
42.0
88.0
25.0
31.8
87.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
22/06/06
Ipafu forest
B
9.36
T36896
Batis crypta
-
AD
M
11.0
62.0
14.9
17.7
40.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.56235 35.52331
1949
26/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
12.45
A65475
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
31.5
81.0
20.0
30.2
77.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
26/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W A
12.45
K41681
Pseudoalcippe abyssinica
-
AD
-
13.6
65.0
15.2
21.6
59.0 -
3 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
26/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W A
12.45
K41682
Bradypterus cinnamomeus
-
AD
-
15.5
68.0
15.7
24.9
75.0 -
2 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
26/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W A
12.45
A65476
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
20.0
75.0
17.9
20.1
77.0 -
1 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
26/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W A
12.45
A65477
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
20.5
78.0
16.0
21.8
76.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
26/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
12.45
K41683
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
F
16.5
56.0
11.0
17.8
41.0 -
4 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
26/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
12.45
K41684
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
M
13.5
54.0
10.4
17.6
41.0 -
4 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
26/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
17.20
B39457
Turtur tympanistria
-
AD
F
64.0 109.0
17.9
20.5
87.0 -
0 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W A
7.04
A65470
Modulatrix stictigula
-
AD
-
30.0
80.0
18.9
31.2
71.0 -
0 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W A
7.04
A65479
Cossypha anomala
-
AD
-
26.0
82.0
18.3
31.4
67.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
7.04
A65480
Andropadus striifacies
-
AD
-
46.5 103.0
20.9
24.4
99.0 -
1 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
138
date
site
No
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
time
ring
species
re
age sex
net
-
AD
16.5
-
wing
70.0
bill
tar
tail
16.2
28.9
53.0 -
fat BP molt r'ger latitude
0 No
LM
-8.41530
longitude
35.0848
alt
7.04
K41685
Sheppardia lowei
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
7.04
K41686
Sheppardia lowei
-
AD
-
19.0
72.0
16.0
29.9
57.0 -
0 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W A
7.04
K41687
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
-
11.5
56.0
12.5
17.6
45.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
7.04
A65481
Andropadus striifacies
-
AD
-
44.5 100.1
21.0
25.0
96.0 -
3 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
9.14
T36897
Trochocercus albanotatus
-
AD
-
7.5
63.0
12.6
16.4
69.0 -
0 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W A
10.15
A65482
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
22.5
81.0
20.2
21.6
84.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
14.41
A65483
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
21.5
86.0
17.1
22.2
85.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
14.41
A65484
Andropadus virens
-
AD
-
24.0
84.0
14.4
18.6
81.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
14.41
A65485
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
26.5
86.0
17.8
21.5
85.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
14.41
A65486
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
30.5
82.0
16.8
21.3
80.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
14.41
K41688
Batis crypta
-
AD
F
17.0
57.0
15.7
18.9
38.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
14.41
A65487
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
22.5
76.0
19.7
20.6
75.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
14.41
K41689
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
M
13.0
55.0
11.6
18.8
41.0 -
0 Now
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
27/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
17.25
A65488
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
27.5
81.0
16.1
21.4
80.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W A
10:10
K41690
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
M
18.0
56.0
14.6
18.8
47.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
10:10
T36898
Cryptospiza reichenovii
-
AD
F
7.5
54.5
11.7
18.1
43.0 -
5 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
10:10
A65489
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
21.0
80.0
16.3
20.2
81.0 -
0 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
10:10
K41691
Sheppardia lowei
-
AD
-
25.0
75.0
15.0
31.0
41.0 -
0 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
10:10
A65490
Andropadus virens
-
AD
-
24.0
85.0
15.0
20.6
84.0 -
0 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W A
12:15
T36899
Zosterops senegalensis
-
AD
-
8.5
58.0
13.4
16.8
40.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W A
12:15
A65491
Phyllastrephus placidus
-
AD
-
20.0
77.5
18.8
22.3
80.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
12:15
K41692
Bradypterus cinnamomeus
-
AD
-
22.5
85.0
17.0
23.4
70.0 -
0 No
GM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
12:15
A65492
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
24.5
86.0
16.4
20.9
81.0 -
1 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
12:15
T36900
Nectarinia mediocris
-
AD
-
7.5
54.0
21.6
15.0
33.0 -
3 No
LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
12:15
A65493
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
27.5
89.0
16.1
20.4
85.0 -
3 NoW LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W B
12:15
A65494
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
24.0
80.0
15.6
18.8
80.0 -
3 NoW LM
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
28/06/06 Mufindi Scarp W A
12:15
A65495
Andropadus masukuensis
-
AD
-
23.0
80.0
16.4
19.0
80.0 -
0 No
-8.41530
35.0848
1791
139
GM
Appendix 10. List of the herptiles specimens recorded (collected and observed)
Obs, pic
MTSN 8671
MTSN 8691
KMH 25548
KMH 25843
KMH 25844
KMH 25845
MTSN 8672
MTSN 8689
MTSN 8697
KMH 25547
KMH 25848
MTSN 8688
MTSN 8689
MTSN 8696
MTSN 8872
MTSN 8874
MTSN 8686
Obs, pic
MTSN 8691
MTSN 8692
KMH 25666
MTSN 8690
MTSN 8875
MTSN 8876
MTSN 8877
MTSN 8878
KMH 25841
MTSN 8670
MTSN 8670
KMH 25576
Obs, pic
KMH 25846
KMH 25847
MTSN 8687
MTSN 8871
MTSN 8879
Obs, pic
KMH 25667
KMH 25668
KMH 25842
MTSN 8673
MTSN 8674
MTSN 8677
MTSN 8678
MTSN 8683
MTSN 8675
MTSN 8676
MTSN 8693
MTSN 8680
MTSN 8837
Chamaeleo laterispinis
Afrixalus cf. uluguruensis
Afrixalus cf. uluguruensis
Arthroleptis cf. reichei
Arthroleptis cf. reichei
Arthroleptis cf. reichei
Arthroleptis cf. reichei
Arthroleptis cf. reichei
Arthroleptis cf. reichei
Arthroleptis cf. reichei
Arthroleptis cf. xenodactyloides
Arthroleptis cf. xenodactyloides
Arthroleptis cf. xenodactyloides
Arthroleptis cf. xenodactyloides
Arthroleptis cf. xenodactyloides
Arthroleptis cf. xenodactyloides
Atheris ceratophorus
Bradypodion sp.
Chamaeleo laterispinis
Chamaeleo tempeli
Chamaeleo tempeli
Chamaeleo werneri
Chamaeleo werneri
Duberria lutrix shirana
Duberria lutrix shirana
Duberria lutrix shirana
Duberria lutrix shirana
Hyperolius puncticulatus
Hyperolius sp.
Leptopelis barbouri
Melanoseps cf. loveridgei
Nectophrynoides viviparus
Probreviceps cf. rungwensis
Probreviceps cf. rungwensis
Probreviceps cf. rungwensis
Probreviceps cf. rungwensis
Probreviceps cf. rungwensis
Rana angolensis
Rhampholeon moyeri
Rhampholeon moyeri
Scolecomorphus kirkii
Hyperolius pictus
Hyperolius pictus
Hyperolius pictus
Hyperolius pictus
Hyperolius pictus
Hyperolius pseudargus
Hyperolius pseudargus
Hyperolius puncticulatus
Phrynobatrachus sp.
Crotaphopeltis tornieri
140
Reptilia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Reptilia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Reptilia
Chameleonidae
Hyperolidae
Hyperolidae
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptidae
Arthroleptidae
Viperidae
Chameleonidae
Chameleonidae
Chameleonidae
Chameleonidae
Chameleonidae
Chameleonidae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Hyperolidae
Hyperolidae
Leptopelidae
Scincidae
Bufonidae
Microhylidae
Microhylidae
Microhylidae
Microhylidae
Microhylidae
Ranidae
Chameleonidae
Chameleonidae
Scolecomorphidae
Hyperolidae
Hyperolidae
Hyperolidae
Hyperolidae
Hyperolidae
Hyperolidae
Hyperolidae
Hyperolidae
Petropedetidae
Colubridae
Fox Farm , Mufindi
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Kigogo FR
Mufindi
Mufindi
Mufindi
Mufindi
Mufindi
Mufindi
Mufindi
Mufindi
Mufindi
Mufindi
Obs.
MTSN 8837
Trachylepis varia
Crotaphopeltis tornieri
Reptilia
Reptilia
141
Scincidae
Colubridae
Mufindi
Mufindi
Appendix 11. Location and description of disturbance transects.
Start point
Transect No Eastings Northings
KG1
748387
9042784
KG2
747700
9042519
Kigogo
KG3
745799
9042086
KG4
743793
9044662
KG5
743278
9038489
ME1
749324
9041551
Mufindi Scarp East
ME2
747071
9038363
Forest
Mufindi Scarp West
Livalonge
End point
Eastings Northings
748993 9042390
747812 9041605
745729 9041134
743686 9043719
743242 9039362
749444 9042498
746318 9038998
MW1
736248
9038073
736169
9039070
MW2
736476
9037024
735462
9036897
LV
737579
9029699
737570
9038724
IF1
768086
9061479
769201
9061529
IF2
769189
9062288
768984
9063209
Ifupira
Lulanda
LU
788903
9047563
788140
9046887
Kidegemsitu
KD
770097
9064932
770097
9065960
Ipafu
IP
777106
9054291
777245
9053371
Vegetation description
Montane forest with some bamboo and ferns. The forest borders tea fields along its
western / southwestern side. The forest extends along the top of the Mufindi
escarpment and contains a series of river valleys. The canopy cover ranged from 1050% in many parts of the forest while in some parts the canopy cover exceeded 50%
(especially along the Kigogo River).
Montane forest along the upper slope of the escarpment. The canopy cover, shrub
layer and ground layer ranged from 10 – 50 % in many parts of the forest.
Montane forest with canopy cover, shrub layer and ground layer cover ranging from
from 10 – 50 % with the exception of forest along streams and on top of some ridges
which had a canopy cover of more than 50 %.
Montane forest on a gentle upper slope. The forest extends across a valley at its
southern end which is contiguous with Mufindi Scarp West FR.The canopy cover,
shrub layer and ground layer range from 10 – 50 % with some areas having a cover
of more than 50 %.
Montane forest dominated by shrubs including Rubus sp.. The area is characterized
by the presence of scattered forest patches in a mosaic of shrub tangled Rubus ps..
The forest extends along a gentle upper slope on the top of the Mufindi escarpment.
The canopy cover mostly ranged from 10 – 50 %. Canopy cover occasionally
exceeded 50 % especially in the vicinity of the dam.. In areas dominated by
brambles, the canopy cover was below 10%. The ground and shrub layer cover
mostly ranged from 10 - 50% and above 50% in some areas. Close to the dam, there
was a chunk of forest planted with Pines and Eucalyptus trees.
Fufu patch is a montane forest with canopy cover, shrub layer and ground layer
cover ranging between 10-50% with some forest areas showing a vegetation cover
above 50%. In the forest interiori there are some scattered open grassy areas
dominated by ftrees such as Albizia.
Montane forest with broken canopy cover.
Montane forest with rubus dominated scrub along some of its northern part. In this
area the canopy cover and the ground layer mostly ranged from less than 10 % to 50
% while the shrub layer was mostly above 50 %. Further in, there is good montane
forest with canopy cover, shrub layer and ground layer from 10-50% and above 50%.
142