RESEARCH ARTICLE
Agricultural Science Digest, Volume 43 Issue 4: 451-458 (August 2023)
Adaptability and Forage Productivity of Panicum phragmitoides
Stapf. in the Southern Region
O.K. Gerard1, F.P. Koutouan2, N.C. Bodji2, N.R. Yao3
10.18805/ag.DF-535
ABSTRACT
Background: Adaptability and forage productivity of Panicum phragmitoïdes in the humid region of Côte d’Ivoire were evaluated
compared to Panicum maximum cv C1 from October 2018 to April 2019.
Methods: Three accessions of P. phragmitoïdes and P. maximum cv C1 were transplanted by cuttings with three replicates in a
randomized complete blocks design to evaluate adaptability parameters and forage yield.
Result: The average number of tallies per tuft of P. phragmitoïdes ranged from 15.83±2.24 to 19.17±7.39 versus 33.67±5.10 tallies
for P. maximum cv C1. Accessions of P. phragmitoïdes ranged in height from 146.33±9.49 to 151.42±15.88 cm and were higher than
P. maximum cv C1 which was 119.50±20.67 cm. The forage productivity of P. phragmitoïdes and P. maximum cv C1. were identical
and ranged from 4.84±1.07 to 8.20±3.72 t DM/ha/year. P. phragmitoïdes seems to adapt well in the humid region of Côte d’Ivoire.
Key words: Adaptability, Humid region, Panicum maximum cv C1, Panicum phragmitoïdes.
INTRODUCTION
Panicum maximum cv C1 is a productive fodder grass (34 t
DM/ha/year) resistant to bushfire (Noirot et al., 1986), well
palatable by cattle and resistant to grazing and trampling
(César, 2005; Sana, 2015). It has fine foliage and is
particularly adapted to the Sudanian zone (César, 2005).
Although it is a species widely popularized in Côte d’Ivoire,
it is a self-shattering species (Mandret and Noirot, 1999).
That induces low grain productivity, with poor quality seeds,
in direct harvesting, whether manual or mechanical (Mandret
and Noirot, 1999; César, 2005). In addition, the selling cost
of the produced seed is high (Noirot, 1990). Then, the high
cost of this variety of seed is considered the main obstacle
to its popularization (Noirot, 1990). In fact, forage plants
propagated by seeds, if not too expensive, are favored by
breeders (Vlavonou, 2009), as seed production is always
more expensive than forage production, as demonstrated
by Govind et al. (2016), with Cajanus cajan, a forage legume.
At the same time, among the collection of perennial
Panicum species, Panicum phragmitoides Stapf (De Wouw
et al., 2008), a forage species is quoted as well grazed in
drier climates, is found in the Guinean and Sudanese
Guineans humid savannahs (Poilecot, 1999). César and
Coulibaly (1993) rank it in class 2 of pastoral value, i.e. in
the class of species having either average production, limited
palatability depending on the season and variable resistance
to grazing or having low production with high food value.
There is not a lot of documentation devoted to this species,
in particular concerning its agronomic and zoo technical
characteristics, except the work of Boudet (1975) for which,
40-days-old regrowths in the rainy season recorded a value
in DNM of 43 g/kg DM and in UF/kg of 0.60. Recurring
undocumented observations report that this species would
Volume 43 Issue 4 (August 2023)
1
Institut National Polytechnique-Félix Houphouët Boigny de
Yamoussoukro, EDP, UMRI Agricultural Sciences and Rural Engineering, BP 1313 Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
2
Zootechnic and Animals Productions Laboratory, Agriculture and
Animal Resources Department, Institut National PolytechniqueFélix Houphouët Boigny de Yamous s oukro, BP 1313,
Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
3
Bioclimatology Laboratory, Waters and Forests and Environment
Department, Institut National Polytechnique-Félix Houphouët
Boigny de Yamoussoukro, BP 1313 Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
Corresponding Author: O.K. Gerard, Ins titut National
Polytechnique-Félix Houphouët Boigny de Yamoussoukro, EDP,
UMRI Agricultural Sciences and Rural Engineering, BP 1313
Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire. Email: gerardpsl@yahoo.fr
How to cite this article: Gerard, O.K., Koutouan, F.P., Bodji, N.C.
and Yao, N.R. (2023). Adaptability and Forage Productivity of
Panicum phragmitoides Stapf. in the Southern Region. Agricultural
Science Digest. 43(4): 451-458. doi: 10.18805/ag.DF-535.
Submitted: 01-02-2023
Accepted: 17-05-2023
Online: 14-06-2023
keep its mature seeds on the panicles a little longer. If
true, this information would offer the possibility of direct
seed harvesting , with abun dant and quality seed
production. On the over side, seed production is justified if
the agrono mic an d zootechnical parameters are
encouraging. In fact, the choice of a forage species by the
breeders is generally guided by the ease of implantation,
productivity and plant adaptability (Mitja and Pascale,
2004). The present trial aims to study some characteristics
of the Panicum phragmitoides, particularly its settlement
parameters, its growth (tiller and height) and its fodder yield,
in comparison with Panicum maximum cv C1.
451
Adaptability and Forage Productivity of Panicum phragmitoides Stapf. in the Southern Region
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Area of study
The experiment was conducted in Bingerville, a town located
20 km from Abidjan (Fig 1). The climate is of tropical
monsoon type, with four seasons. The main rainy season,
from April to July, is followed by a short dry season from
August to September. Then followed the October to
November short rainy season and finally the long dry season,
from December to March, with little rain sometimes. The
average temperature was 26.4C and the average annual
precipitation was 1823 mm. The soils are ferralitic, highly
desaturated and reworked, full of physical properties and
cultural aptitudes favorable to their cultivation (Pep
Engineering, 2015).
Obtaining biological material
Panicum maximum cv C1 and Panicum phragmitoides were
used in this study.
Panicum maximum cv C1 was sampled at
Yamoussoukro Seed Station, an Ivorian structure in charge
of tropical fodder seeds production.
Panicum phragmitoides was collected in the center of
Côte d’Ivoire, in the Gbêkê region, in three different areas,
around Bouaké, the capital of this region. The village of
Affouvassou, which coordinates 30 N 0275078 / UTM
086671; the second one on the Bouaké-Diabo axis,
coordinates 30 N 0269950/ UTM 0854616 and the third
locality is on the Bouaké-Brobo axis at the point 30 N
02850099 / UTM 0849359.
In the village of Affouvassou, tufts of Panicum
phragmitoides were collected under shade, near a shoal,
close to a backwater. The herbaceous layer was dominated
by Andropogon gayanus. The soil was deep, sandy-gravelly
and humus-rich at that place. On the Bouaké-Diabo axis,
Panicum phragmitoides was collected along a paved road.
The vegetation was made of a field of cashew trees,
herbaceous plants: Andropogon tectorum, Andropogon
gayanus, Hyparrhenia dissoluta, Hyparrhenia rufa and
woody species such as Pilostigma thonningii, Daniellia
oliveri. The soil was sandy clay. Panicum phragmitoides was
harvested along the asphalt road on the Bouaké-Brobo axis.
Besides the Panicum phragmitoides, the herbaceous
vegetation was composed, of Hyparrhenia subplumosa,
Hyparrhenia dissoluta, Andropogon gayanus, Hyptis
souavelens, Walteria indica. Ligneous species were composed
of Daniellia oliveri, Pilostigma thonningii and Terminaria
glossesens. The soil was slightly clayey and sandy but non-humus.
Depending on the origin of the plant material, a
codification was established (Table 1).
The plant, once harvested, was trimmed until getting
tufts of 25 to 30 cm in length in order to facilitate the transport
and increase its survival time. Then there was placed in a
gauge at the Yamoussoukro Seed Station (SSY), in April
2018 for three months for vegetative propagation. At the
end of the gauge, it was destumpped again and transported
to the experimental site to start the test.
Soil preparation and experimental device
The experimental site was lightly tilled with a hoe followed
by pulverization with a rake. The experimental apparatus
was a totally randomized block with three repetitions. In each
of the elementary pieces of 10 m2 (5 m 2 m), cuttings were
planted in October 2018, the distance of 50 cm in all
directions, i.e. 55 cuttings per elementary plot (Fig 2). The
cutting was composed of roots with cut ends, the collar
and a bouquet of 3 tiller leaves selected 15 cm above the
tillering platform.
Measured parameters
During the first 60 days after trial establishment
(establishment phase), the number of alive plants was
recorded every 8 days; this allowed the recovery rate (RR)
of the species to be calculated using formula 1:
Recovery rate per tuff RR (%) =
Number of live plants
55
100
....(1)
Fig 1: Bingerville in the District of Abidjan (Akou, 2010).
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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DIGEST - A Research Journal of Agriculture, Animal and Veterinary Sciences
Adaptability and Forage Productivity of Panicum phragmitoides Stapf. in the Southern Region
Dry matter rate (DMR) (%) =
DW 100
100
....(2)
W here
Dw= Dry weight of the aliquot sample.
The average dry matter rate (DMRa) per accession was
obtained by formula 3:
DMRa (%) =
DMR1 + DMR2 + DMR3
3
....(3)
W here
DMR1= Dry matter rate of repetition 1.
DMR2= Dry matter rate of repetition 2.
DMR3= Dry matter rate of repetition 3.
Fodder productivity per m 2 (g DM/m²/year) per
elementary plot was calculated using formula 4:
Fodder productivity/m2 (Fw m2) (g DM/m2/year) =
4 (DMRa Fw)
100
....(4)
W here
Fw= Fresh weight obtained per repetition over an area of
0.25 m2.
Volume 43 Issue 4 (August 2023)
The forage yield (FY) in tons of dry matter per hectar
per elementary piece was obtained by formula 5.
tMS
ha
an
(
Forage yield (FY)
(
On four feet previously identified at random, 5 weeks
after implantation the number of tillers per foot was observed
and 6 weeks after establishment, the height of the plants
was measured.
The tillering level was obtained by direct counting, after
stump removal. Plant height was determined measuring the
main tiller with a ruler, i.e. the tallest tiller, from the base to
the top of the highest leaf or the inflorescence if any.
At the end of the establishment phase, an equalization
cut was made at 15 cm from the ground early December
2018. In February 2019, at eight weeks of regrowth, the
number of tillers per plant was again determined, as well as
the height of the plants using the same methods as
previously.
The potential forage yield was also assessed at the
same period. In each elementary piece, square measuring
50 cm on a side was chosen at random for that.
The four feet included in the square were mowed 15
cm from the ground around 10 a.m., after the dew evaporated.
There were gathered into one bundle and weighed in
situ using an electronic grocer’s scale, CAMRY brand, with
a precision of 1 g and a capacity of 5 kg. The fresh weight
thus obtained per elementary plot is noted (Fw).
For a given accession, the different biomasses from
each repetition were added, chopped manually into short
strands of about 5 cm, then homogenized.
Three 100 g aliquot samples, weighed using the same
balance, were collected. There were packaged in plastic
bags and put to an oven at 70C for 72 hours to obtain dry
weights (Dw).
The dry matter rate (DMR) was then calculated by
formula 2:
=
10000 Fwa
10000
....(5)
W here
Fwa= Average fresh weight obtained per repetition over an
area of 0.25 m2.
Data analysis
In order to make a comparison of the different averages
obtained, the normality of the samples as well as the
homogeneity of the average variances were checked by
respectively the Shapiro and Levene tests.
In the absence of normality or homogeneity of
variances, the data were transformed into log (x+1).
The averages variances (recovery rate, tillering level,
plant height and forage yield) were compared, using variance
analysis (ANOVA) at a threshold factor of 5%.
The Newman-Keuls test was later used to separate the
averages in case of significant difference. XLSTAT 2014.5.03
software was used for data processing.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Setting-up parameters
Plant recovery rate
Both species recorded the same recovery rates (P>0.05),
ranging between 52.12±2.78% and 67.88±16.89% (Fig 3).
All accessions implantation recovery rates, 8 weeks after
settlement, between 50% and 60%, are mean, according to
the scale proposed by Koutouan (2014). In central Côte
d’Ivoire, Amalaman (2009) obtained a recovery rate of
82.42% for P. maximum C1. This rate increased up to 89%
with fertilization. The recovery rate is influenced by several
factors such as choice of tillers, there preparation, absence
of parasitic attacks and especially optimal water supply of
the plant material (Bulgden and Dieng, 1997). For Panicum
maximum, a rainfall of at least 1200 mm/year is necessary
to allow the growth and development of this species
(Adjolohoun et al., 2008), because seed production is more
expensive than forage production, even for pulses (Govind
et al., 2016).
The plants included in this study having undergone
the same treatments, recovery average rates recorded
could be explained by lack of fertilization and especially
by under water supply. In fact, the setting-up of the trial
was late. It was done at the end of the short rainy season.
The plants could not benefit from sufficient water for their
growth and development. So, with P. maximum C1
reference, which recorded an average recovery rate
compare to P. phragmitoides, but which presented good
recovery rates in another locality, one could expect higher
recovery rates for P. phragmitoides with non-defective
strains, sufficient water supply and adequate fertilization.
453
Adaptability and Forage Productivity of Panicum phragmitoides Stapf. in the Southern Region
The recovery rate is a very important parameter, because the
ease of installation in order to limit weedings is a very important
criterion for selection of a forage plant (Vlavonou, 2009).
Tillering level
The average number of tillers per tuft of P. phragmitoides
accessions, five weeks after planting, varied non-significantly
(P>0.05) between 15.83±7.43 and 19.17±8.00. This level
of tillering was lower (P<0.05) than that of P. maximum cv
C1, which was 33.67±14.00 per tuft (Fig 4). These results
matched with the observations of Poilecot (1999), who had
previously stated that the tillers of Panicum phragmitoides
are large and rigid but less numerous. Those observations
would be due to the fact that Panicum phragmitoides, during
its growth, has a plagiotrope development. It orients itself in
an oblique plane according to gravity. However, abundant
tillering ensures better soil cover (Koutouan, 2014).
Plant height
Six weeks after seeding establishment, P. phragmitoides
accessions showed similar heights (P>0.05), varying from
146.33±9.49 to 151.42±15.88 cm. These heights were
however higher (P<0.05) than those of Panicum maximum
cv C1, with 119.50±20.67 cm (Fig 5). Height of fodder
plan ts during the setting-up is also an adaptability
parameter. It makes it possible to assess the ability of
forage plants to compete with other species for light
(Koutouan, 2014). W ithin the Andropogon species,
Koutouan (2014) observed a strong negative correlation
between tuft height and tillering level. Amalaman (2009)
observed that short forage species have higher level of
tillering than tall species. The conclusions of those
different authors seem to be confirmed through this study.
The high height of Panicum phragmitoides added to its
plag io trop e develo pm en t su gg est th at in a spatial
Table 1: Origin of plant material.
N
Forage species
Origin
Collection place
Identification code
1
Panicum maximum cv C1
Yamoussoukro autonomous district
Yamoussoukro seed station
2
Panicum phragmitoïdes
Gbêkê area
Affouvassou village
PmC1
PpA
3
Diabo crossroads
PpD
4
Brobo roads
PpB
Fig 2: Experimental set-up.
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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DIGEST - A Research Journal of Agriculture, Animal and Veterinary Sciences
Adaptability and Forage Productivity of Panicum phragmitoides Stapf. in the Southern Region
competition, Pani cum phragmitoi des would let few
p ossibilities fo r w eed plan ts develo p ment. Th e
establishment of Panicum phragmitoides would then
require fewer weed co ntrol measures than what is
currently in progress for P. maximum cv C1.
Operating parameters
Tillering level
Leveling cut which took place two months after the
establishment of the species is a simulation of animal
grazing. At eight weeks of regrowth, P. phragmitoides
accessions mean number of tillers was the same (P>0.05).
It varied from 28.08±6.30 to 31.50±17.56 tillers per tuft.
However, this level of tillering was lower than that of Panicum
maximum cv C1 (P<0.05) which was 71.08±22.40 (Fig 6).
However, abundant tillering ensures resistance to
trampling, grazing and better soil cover. In addition, it
ensures maximum fodder production and improves feed
value (Koutouan, 2014). The obtained results suggest that
Panicum phragmitoides would be less interesting than
Panicum maximum cv C1 in terms of resistance to trampling,
grazing, soil cover, forage productivity and food value.
Plant height
Both species have recorded the same average heights per
tuft (P>0.05), ranging between 170.04±12.78 cm and
175.50±14.64 cm (Fig 7). That height, moreover, increased
when moving fro m the estab lishment phase to the
operation phase. Following the leveling cut, species
studied reacted by growing higher, exceeding the level
reached during the establishment phase. That means P.
phragmitoides would tend to grow more when grazed. But,
as reported by Koutouan (2014), this growth following
grazing, should not be excessive, because it can be an
obstacle of domestic ruminants grazing, especially cattles.
In fact, there exploit the grass up to a maximum height of
2 m. Thus, the size reached by P. phragmitoides at 8
weeks of regrowth seems ideal for good use in pasture,
provided that at this age the grass is still of good quality.
Considering forage productivity, Panicum maximum cv C1
and P. phragmitoides have the same yield, although the
tillering level of Panicum maximum cv C1 is higher than
that of P. phragmitoides. Those results therefore does not
confirm the previous assumption made above regarding
the prediction of P. phragmitoides productivity compared
Recovery rate (%)
80.00
a
70.00
60.00
a
a
a
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
52.12
58.18
PpB
PpA
67.88
63.64
PpD
PmC1
0.00
Accessions
Number of tillers per plant
Fig 3: Recovery rate of the settlement of the different accessions.
b
40
35
30
25
20
a
a
a
15
10
5
0
15.83
19.17
17.00
33.67
PpB
PpA
PpD
PmC1
Accessions
Fig 4: Number of tillers per plant 5 weeks after establishment.
Volume 43 Issue 4 (August 2023)
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Adaptability and Forage Productivity of Panicum phragmitoides Stapf. in the Southern Region
Plant height (cm)
to that of P. maximum cv C1, based on the level of tillering
of each species. Thus, P. phragmitoides would have
compensated this disadvantage by its taller height and
the vigor of its tillers. Indeed, forage species that have
both a high height and a large diameter also have a large
biovolume (Adjolohoun et al., 2012).
180
160
140
120
100
80
a
Fodder productivity
Fodder yields of both species didn’t vary significantly
(P>0.05) from 4.84±1.07 to 8.20±3.72 t DM/ha/year (Fig 8).
The yields obtained are comparable to the yields of 6
to 7.5 t DM/ha/year obtained in the Sudanian zone of Burkina
Faso by Sana et al. (2020). There nevertheless remain low
a
a
b
60
40
20
0
146.33
PpB
146.83
PpA
151.42
119.50
PpD
PmC1
Accessions
Fig 5: Plant height 6 weeks after establishment.
Number of tillers per plant
90
b
80
70
60
50
a
a
a
31.50
28.08
31.42
71.08
PpB
PpA
PpD
PmC1
40
30
20
10
0
Accessions
Fig 6: Number of tillers per plant at 8 weeks of regrowth.
178
a
Plant height (cm)
176
a
a
174
172
a
170
168
166
175.50
173.58
172.54
170.04
PpB
PpA
PpD
PmC1
164
Accessions
Fig 7: Plant height 8 weeks regrowth.
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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DIGEST - A Research Journal of Agriculture, Animal and Veterinary Sciences
Forage yield (t DM/ha/year)
Adaptability and Forage Productivity of Panicum phragmitoides Stapf. in the Southern Region
10
8
a
a
a
a
6
4
2
6.55
4.84
PpB
PpA
6.03
8.20
PpD
PmC1
0
Accessions
Fig 8: P. phragmitoides and P. maximum cv C1 forage yield.
compared to the 15 t DM/ha/year, reported by these same
authors, obtained in the southern zone of Côte d’Ivoire, in
rainfed and unfertilized crops and very low compared to
34 t DM/ha /year obtained by Noirot et al. (1986) in the same
area, under irrigation and fertilization, reported by those
same authors. Although P. maximum cv C1 is known to be
adapted to the Guinean zone of Côte d’Ivoire and very
productive in that space, it recorded low productivity. The
results could be linked to the period of the trial setting up,
during the short rainy season. It is therefore the dry season
productivity that was evaluated. Refer to the productivity
results previously obtained in Panicum maximum cv C1, one
could therefore expect an improvement in the productivity
of P. phragmitoides if it is fertilized and evaluated during the
long rainy season.
CONCLUSION
A fter analysing the resu lts ob tain ed in Pa ni cu m
phragmitoides in comparison with those of P. maximum
cv C1, already known to be adapted to the Guinean zone
of Côte d’Ivoire and very productive in the said area, we
can conclude that Panicum phragmitoides would be
adapted to the south zone of Côte d’Ivoire and very
productive in this same space. However, a resumption of
the trial under conditions of optimal water supply and
under fertilization, will allow us to definitively assess the
adaptability of this plant. Moreover, the resistance of
Panicum phragmitoides to trampling and grazing, its
ground cover and its food value should be studied. If the
results are promising, the seed potential of this species
should then also be evaluated.
Conflict of interest: None.
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