Biodiversity of apple

STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY OF APPLE
Scientific name: Malus domestica
Family : Rosaceae
INTRODUCTION
The apple is the most ubiquitous of temperate fruits and has been
cultivated in Europe and Asia from antiquity
It was known to the Greeks and Romans and mentioned by
Theophrastus in the third century B.C. Since then the apple has been
distributed into almost all parts of the world.

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
 The main ancestor of apple is now considered to be Malus sieversii,
which is wild from the Heavenly Mountains (Tien Shan) at the
boundary between Western China and the former Soviet Union, to
the edge of the Caspian Sea.
 This species is diverse and wild trees bearing the full range of
forms, colours and tastes are found in Kazakhstan and other
independent countries of Central Asia formed from the breakup of
the Soviet Union and especially around Alma Ata.

 More than 80% of the apple supply from Europe. Other countries are
Italy, France, Germany, Hungary, USA, North& South America,
China, Old USSR, India, Spain, Iran and Switzerland.
 In India, the largest producer are Jammu and Kashmir, Maximum
area found in Himachal Pradesh (Apple bowl of India)

EVOLUTION
 The cultivated apple Malus domestica Borkh. (= M. pumila Miller), is
native of European and west Asiatic region.
 Many are diploid (2n = 2x = 34) and self-incompatible, i.e. resemble, in
these features, their wild progenitors. Under domestication, triploid (2n
= 3x = 51) and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 68) self-compatible apple clones
have evolved as well.
 The genus Malus (excluding Eriolobus) comprises about 30 species. The
wild members of this genus are distributed over the temperate regions of
Europe (a single wild species), Asia (the majority of the species) and
North America (several species).

 East Asia is particularly rich in species diversity.
 Most of the wild species are diploid (2n = 2x = 34), sexually
reproducing and selfincompatible.

SPECIES OF IMPORTANCE
 The diversity of temperate fruits in India is mainly confined to
Himalayan Region. The genus Malus, of the 30 species, only
two, Malus baccata and M.sikkimensisoccur in India.
 Two varieties of Malus baccta has also been identified
as M.baccata var.himalaica in North- Western region and
Meghalaya and M.baccata var.dirangensis in Arunachal Pradesh.

M.sylvestris : Small astringent and greenish fruits
M.baccata : Hardy plant
M.mandshurica : Called as Manchurian crab
M.prunifolia : Called as Larger Chinese crab
M.sieboldii : Moderately resistant to apple canker
M.fusca , M.floribunda : Fire blight resistant type
M.halliana, M. hupehensis Woolly Aphid resistant type

Malus sylvestris: It is native of Western and Central Europe, very less
pubescence somewhat glabrous. Produces small astringent and
greenish fruits.
Malus baccata (Borkh) (Khrot)
 Locally known as banphall, this was collected from Khrot in
Himachal pradesh at an altitude of 2000m. Plants in the wild are low
and spreading.
 The trees produce small yellow fruits overlaid with red stripes. This
seedling is been categorized to be as dwarfing as M9.

Malus sylvestris
Malus baccata

Malus baccata var. himalaica
 It was collected from Himachal Pradesh at an altitude of 3000m
and at Meghalaya at an altitude of 1300 m and it grows wild in
the hills of Uttarpradesh, where it is used as a rootstock for apple
cultivars.
 Its tree is small producing small red colour fruits. It has been
reported to be partially resistance to collar root, root rot and
woolly aphid.

Malus pumila
 It is native to South East Europe and Asia. Most of the
cultivated varieties have been evolved from this species.
Malus sargentii
 Native to Japan. Fruit dark red in colour, round flat in shape
Malus seiboldi
 Native to Japan. Fruits are very small yellow or red in colour
Malus sikkimensis
 It was collected from Lachen valley in Sikkim at an altitude of
1970m. Locally called Tipsi and it is used as rootstock for apple.

OLD CULTIVARS
 Out of nearly one thousand cultivars in India, Red Delicious, Starking
Delicious (syn. Royal) and Richard cover 60-70 percent area.
 Other prominent cultivars include Ambri, Hazaratbali, Kesri and
Maharaji in Kashmir, Beauty of bath, Early Shanburry, Green Sweet,
Cortland Rymer and Spitzenberg in UP, Parlin's Beauty in Nilgiri hills,
Red June, Red Gold, King of Pippins, Granny Smith, Winter Delicious,
Commercial, Winter Banana, Black ben devis , Rus Pippin and Jjonathan
in HP .
 Spur type: Oregon Spur Delicious, Delcon, Nugget Golden
Delicious

Varieties Parentage Important characters
Jammu and Kashmir
Lal Ambri Red Delicious X Ambri Red colour
Sunehri Ambri X Golden Delicious Good keeping quality
Himachal Pradesh
Ambred Red Delicious X Ambri 57 Keeping quality good,low incidence of powdery
mildew, sooty blotch and scab
Ambstarking Starking Delicious X
Ambri 81
Tolerant to scab
Ambroyal Starking Delicious X
Ambri 84
Semi – dwarf tree, semi spur type, good dessert
quality, tolerant to scab
Ambrich Richared X Ambri 15 Semi- dwarf tree, semi spur type, good dessert
quality, tolerant to scab

Cultivar Resistance to biotic and abiotic factors
Liberty
Apple scab, Cedar apple rust, Powdery mildew
and Fire blight.
Prima, Priscilla, Jonafree, Liberty and species
such as M.baccata, M.floribunda, M.micromalus
Resistant to scab
Red Delicious Resistant to Cedar apple rust
Delicious, McIntosh and other
species M.robusta, M. zumi M.
sargentii and M.baccata jackii
Mildew resistant varieties
Mill End, Royal Jubilee, Sundog Crab Crown rot resistance
Malling-Merton, Robusta 5 Woolly aphid resistance
Tropical Beauty, Parlin's Beauty, Mollie's
Delicious
Cold hardiness
Northern Spy, Ottawa 521 and McIntosh Dwarfing effect
M. baccata, M. sylvestris, M. prunifolia, M.
sieversii, M. fusca, M. ioensis,
M. coronaria
Chaubattia Anupam
Winter injury

APPLE VARIETIES
 Apple varieties fall into two categories : diploids and triploids.
 Diploids have plenty of good pollen and are self-fruitful.
 Triploids are self-unfruitful and become productive only when
pollinated by using suitable pollenizer varieties.
 Even self-fruitful varieties have to be interplanted to get
commercial crops through cross-pollination.

The commercial production of apples in India :-
HP leading cultivars:
 Red delicious
 Starking delicious
 Richard
 Star crimson delicious
 Golden delicious
 Tydeman’s early worcester
 Redgold

J&K leading cultivars:
 Amlari
 Red delicious
 Starking delicious
 Benoni
 Irish peach
 Versifield
 Cox orange pippin

UP leading cultivars:
 Shan burry
 Fanny
 Cort hand
 Mc Intosh
 Rymer
 Red delicious

ambrosia apple :
Crisp and juicy,
this is a great apple for snacking.
Arkansas Black apple :
This apple is renown for its long shelf
life.It's good for making sauce and
baking.

Elstar apple
This firm apple is especially good for
making apple sauce.
Empire apple
This is a Red Delicious-McIntosh
cross that's great for baking or
eating out of hand.

Granny Smith apple
This is a firm, tart apple that's good for
baking, making pies, and eating out of
hand. They tend to have thick skins, so
you might want to peel them before
serving
Gravenstein This is a good, all-
purpose apple, but it's best suited for
making applesauce and pies.

Jonagold apple
This crisp, juicy apple is a Jonathan-
Golden Delicious cross. It's a bit tart and
good for eating out of hand.
Jonathan apple
This tart apple is good for eating
out of hand, though it has a fairly
thick peel.

McIntosh apple
These soft apples are great for
snacking or for making applesauce
Mutsu apple :-Crispin apple
This is a very juicy, crisp, all-purpose
apple

Pippin apple = Newtown
Pippin apple
This is a firm, tart apple that's
great for pies, baking, and
applesauce
Red Delicious apple
These sweet, soft apples are
good for eating

Pink Lady
 Originated in Western
Australia
 Introduced in 1985
 Cross breed between Golden
Delicious and Lady Williams
 Medium sized apple with
cream, dense flesh.
 Distinctive sweet and tart
flavour, often experienced
with a subtle fizz.

Fuji
 Originate from Japan
 Introduced in 1962
 Cross breed between Red
delicious and Ralls
 Large size apple with a
very crisp, juicy texture.
 Very sweet refreshing
taste
 High water and sugar.
 Distinctive honey-sweet
flavour.

Cox
 Originated in England.
 Traced back to 1865.
 Small to medium sized
apple with creamy flesh.
 Strong, sweet and acid
flavour.

Royal Gala
 Originated in New
Zealand.
 Introduced in 1965.
 Cross between Cox's
Orange Pippin and
Golden Delicious.
 Medium sized apple
with firm, crisp white
flesh.
 Sweet, aromatic flavour.

Golden Delicious
 Originated in West
Virginia, USA.
 Medium sized apple,
with firm, creamy flesh.
 Sweet juicy flavour.

Granny Smith
 Originated in Australia,
discovered by 'Granny'
Anne 'Smith' of Ryde.
with clean white flesh.
 Very tart, juicy, crisp
apple.

Bramley
 Discovered in Southwell,
Nottinghamshire in the
garden of local butcher,
Matthew Bramley, in 1856.
 Very large, dark green
culinary apple , accounts
for 95% of all UK cooking
apple sales.
 Very tart, firm apple, high in
malic acid with strong
appley flavour.
 Turns light and of good
texture when cooked.

Empire
 Originated in New York,
the 'Empire' state.
 Cross between
McIntosh Red and Red
Delicious.
with crisp white flesh.
Sweet but tart , juicy
and crisp.

Tentation
 Light golden, green
apple with an attractive
orange blush.
 Pleasant fruity flavour,
with a firm, crisp, juicy
texture.

Kanzi
 Attractive, deep red
apple.
 Sweet flavour with a
tart twist, good aroma
with a prominent
crunch.

 It is well suited for applesauce, cider, and pies.
 It is extremely common to find this particular cultivar
packed in children's lunches across North America
owing to its small to medium size and longstanding
reputation as a healthy snack.

Cox's Orange Pippin at the National Fruit Collection,
Kent, England

CRIPPS RED( SUNDOWER)
CRIPPS PINK (PINK LADY)

FUJI
GALA
ROYAL GALA
COX ORANGE PIPPIN

GERMPLASM COLLECTION IN INDIA AND AT GLOBAL
LEVEL
 In India nearly 743 germplasm accessions are being maintained at
National Active Germplasm Sites (NAGS) and other crop based
institutes.
 The Malus collection of the USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm
System (NPGS) Plant Genetic Resources Unit (PGRU), Geneva, New
York includes 42 species.
 Most accessions in the Malus collection are represented by trees in the
PGRU field collection; however, 1507 Malus seed accessions collected
from the wild are also available for distribution.

Malus seeds and pollen are both amenable to long term preservation.
Current methods use dormant woody buds that are collected mid-
winter, desiccated, and slow-cooled prior to long-term storage in liquid
nitrogen vapor
Malus orientalis seedshave been collected from 42 sites in Russia,
Turkey, Armenia, and Georgia by NPGS exploration teams.
A total of 121,809 M. sieversii and 33,116 M. orientalis trees were
sampled in Central Asia from 894 M. sieversii and 111 M. orientalis
trees.

 Researchers have identified resistance to fire blight (Erwinia
amylovora), apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), and cedar apple rust
(Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae) pathogens in both the
above species. In some cases, individuals exhibit resistance to all
three pathogens.
 The M. sieversii and M. orientalis collections also include
individuals with novel traits such as red-fleshed fruit, late bloom,
and cold hardiness

MANAGEMENT OF TEMPERATE FRUIT GENETIC
RESOURCES IN INDIA
 In the North, the temperate Himalayas stretch from Jammu and
Kashmir to the North-Eastern Hill region, and in the South the
Nilgiri hills also harbour a vast genetic diversity of temperate fruits.
 Numerous germplasm accessions comprising broad genetic
diversity in temperate fruits were introduced from other countries.
 Many introduced cultivars have been used directly for large scale
cultivation, for example, the 'Red Delicious' group of cultivars in
apple, etc.

Diverse temperate fruit crops have been collected, characterized and
evaluated; promising germplasm has been identified and utilized in crop
improvement programmes.
The germplasm is conserved through complementary in situ and ex
situ strategies.
 The National Genebank at NBPGR has a large ex situ conservation
facility including field genebanks, seed genebank, in vitro multi-crop
repository, and cryobank.

 Important temperate fruit accessions are being conserved in the
field genebanks. However, germplasm remains under the threat of
loss due to pest-pathogen attack, natural calamities and climate
change.
 A back-up in vitro collection includes more than 300 exotic and
indigenous accessions of Actinidia, Fragaria, Malus, Morus,
Prunus, Pyrus, Rubus andVaccinium.
 Future strategies must include monitoring of in situ genetic
diversity loss due to climate change, identification of trait-specific
germplasm such as low-chilling, biotic and abiotic stress
resistance, systematic conservation and efficient utilization.

REFERENCES
 Girish Sharma, Sharma, O.C and B.S. Thakur. 2009. Systematics of Fruit
Crops. New India Publishing Agency. Pitam Pura, New Delhi, pp.422-427.
 Jules Janick, James N.Cummuns, Susan K. Brown and Minou Hemmat.
Apples. In Fruit Breeding Vol.1 Tree and tropical Fruits. 2011 (Eds) Jules
Janick and James N.Moore. pp. 1-78
 Rana, J.C, Verma, V.d andK.Pradeep. 2006. Management of Genetic Resources
of Temperate Horticultural crops. In Temperate Horticulture – Current Scenario
(Eds. Kishore, D.K. Sathish K.Sharma and K.K. Pramanick. New India
Publishing Agency, New Delhi, pp 85-100
 Sharma, R.L. Wild germplasm of temperate Fruits. 1993. In Advances
in Horticulture, Vol.I – Fruit Crops Part I. (Eds). Chadha, K.L and O.P.Pareek,
pp. 227-242

Biodiversity of apple

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Biodiversity of apple