Cannabaceae
Trema

Trema micranthum (L.) Blume

First published in Mus. Bot. 2: 58 (1856)
This species is accepted
The native range of this species is Tropical & Subtropical America. It is a shrub or tree and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. It is has environmental uses and social uses, as animal food, a poison and a medicine and for fuel and food.

Distribution

Native to:

Argentina Northeast, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Central American Pac, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Florida, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Southwest Caribbean, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is.

Introduced into:

Galápagos, Myanmar

Synonyms

Homotypic Synonyms

Heterotypic Synonyms

Classification

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Publications

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Ayala, M.M. (2015). Flora del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán 129: 1-21. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónomica de México.
  • Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D.E. Atha (2000). Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: 1-246.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K., Rodríguez Delcid, D. & Olmedo Galán, P. (2016). Nova Silva Cuscatlantica. Parte 3: Angiospermae - Familias R a Z y Gymnospermae. Englera 29(3): 1-356.
  • Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
  • Brako, L. & Zarucchi, J.L. (1993). Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 45: i-xl, 1-1286. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • Cardoso Pedemeiras, L., Ferreira da Costa, A., Dunn de Araujo,D.S. & Pereira Carauta, P.P. (2011). Ulmaceae, Cannabaceae e Urticaceae das restingas do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rodriguésia 62: 299-313.
  • Cirilo, N. & Proctor, G.R. (1994). Vascular plants of the Caribbean Swan islands of Honduras. Brenesia 41-42: 73-80.
  • Correa A., Mireya D. Galdames, Carmen Correa A., M. D., C. Galdames & M. S. de Stapf (2004). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Panamá: 1-599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1997). Flora of North America North of Mexico 3: 1-590. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Garcia-Mendoza, A.J. & Meave, J.A. (eds.) (2012). Diversidad florística de Oaxaca: de musgos a angiospermas (colecciones y listas de especies), ed. 2: 1-351. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Goodwin, Z.A. & al. (2013). A checklist of the vascular plants of the lowland savannas of Belize, Central America. Phytotaxa 101: 1-119.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. (eds.) (2011). Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 1-939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
  • Jørgensen, P.M. & León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999). Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Missouri Botanical Garden.
  • López Patiño, E.J., Szeszko, D.R., Rascala Pérez, J. & Beltrán Retis, A.S. (2012). The flora of the Tenacingo-Malinalco-Zumpahuacán protected natural area, state of Mexico, Mexico. Harvard Papers in Botany 17: 65-167.
  • Molino, J.-F., Sabatier, D., Grenand, P., Engel, J., Frame, D., Delprete, P.G., Fleury, M., Odonne, G., Davy, D., Lucas, E.J. & Martin, C.A. (2022). An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature. Adansonia, sér. 3, 44: 345-903.
  • Monro, A.K., González, F., Santamaría, D., Chacón, O., Rodríguez, A., Solano, D. Zamora, N. & Correa, M. (2011). A first checklist to the vascular plants of La Amistad International Park (PILA), Costa Rica-Panama. Phytotaxa 322: 1-283.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Niembro Rocas, A., Vázquez Torres, M. & Sáchez Sáchez, O. (2010). Árboles de Veracruz 100 especies para la reforstación estratégica: 1-253. Gombierno del Estado de Veracruz, México.
  • Paña-Chocarro, M.C., Espada-Mateos, C., Vera, M., Céspedes, G. & Knapp, S. (2010). Updated checklist of vascular plants of the Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve (Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú), Paraguay. Phytotaxa 12: 1-224.
  • Pederneiras, L.C. & al. (2014). Avaliação do risco de extinção das Urticineae das restingas do estado de Rio de Janeiro. Rodriguésia 65: 261-273.
  • Persson, C. & Ståhl, B. (2014). Flora of Ecuador 91: 1-76. Gothenburg University.
  • Pérez-Farrera, M.Á., Martínez-Camilo, R., Martínez-Meléndez, N., Farrera-Sarmiento, O. & Maza-Villalobos, S. (2012). Listado florístico del Cerro Quetzal (Polígono III) de la reserva de la biosfera El Triunfo, Chiapas, México. Botanical Sciences 90: 113-142.
  • Santana Carrillo, J. (2011). Flora de Guerrero 44: 1-26. Facultade de Ciencias, UNAM.
  • Trusty, J.L., Kesler, H.C. & Delgado, G.H. (2006). Vascular flora of Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, ser. 4, 57: 247-355.
  • Villaseñor, J.L. (2016). Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87: 559-902.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R. & Celis, M. (eds.). 2015. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co

Useful Plants of Boyacá Project

  • Bernal, R., Galeano, G., Rodríguez, A., Sarmiento, H. & Gutiérrez, M. (2017). Nombres comunes de las plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes/
  • Cruz, M. P., Estupiñán, A. C., Jiménez-Escobar, N. D., Sánchez, N., Galeano, G., & Linares, E. (2009). Etnobotánica de la región tropical del Cesar, Complejo Ciénaga de Zapatosa. Colombia, Diversidad Biótica VIII: media y baja montaña de la serranía de Perijá. Pag, 417-447.
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humbodlt (2014). Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Castro, C. (Proveedor de metadatos), Bernal, Y. (Autor), García, N. (Autor). Versión 11.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=ls_colombia_magnoliophyta_2014
  • Kew's Economic Botany collection in The State of the World’s Plants Report–2016. (2016). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew https://stateoftheworldsplants.org/2016/
  • Linares, E. (1994). Inventario preliminar de las plantas utilizadas para elaborar artesanías en Colombia. Vniversitas Scientarium. Vol 2: 1-38

Kew Backbone Distributions

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2012). Catalogue of seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192.
  • Berendsohn, W.G., Gruber, A.K., Rodríguez Delcid, D. & Olmedo Galán, P. (2016). Nova Silva Cuscatlantica. Parte 3: Angiospermae - Familias R a Z y Gymnospermae. Englera 29(3): 1-356.
  • Boggan, J. Funck, V. & Kelloff, C. (1997). Checklist of the Plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, Franch Guiana) ed. 2: 1-238. University of Guyana, Georgetown.
  • Cardoso Pedemeiras, L., Ferreira da Costa, A., Dunn de Araujo,D.S. & Pereira Carauta, P.P. (2011). Ulmaceae, Cannabaceae e Urticaceae das restingas do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rodriguésia 62: 299-313.
  • Cirilo, N. & Proctor, G.R. (1994). Vascular plants of the Caribbean Swan islands of Honduras. Brenesia 41-42: 73-80.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (1997). Flora of North America North of Mexico 3: 1-590. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  • Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela.
  • Jaramillo Díaz, P. & Guézou, A. (2017). CDF Checklist of Galapagos Vascular Plants - FCD Lista de especies de Plantas Vasculares de Galápagos http://www.darwinfoundation.org/datazone/checklists/vascular-plants/.
  • Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. (2003). A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 45: 1-590. Smithsonian Institution.
  • Monro, A.K., González, F., Santamaría, D., Chacón, O., Rodríguez, A., Solano, D. Zamora, N. & Correa, M. (2011). A first checklist to the vascular plants of La Amistad International Park (PILA), Costa Rica-Panama. Phytotaxa 322: 1-283.
  • Nelson Sutherland, C.H. (2008). Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. SERNA/Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
  • Niembro Rocas, A., Vázquez Torres, M. & Sáchez Sáchez, O. (2010). Árboles de Veracruz 100 especies para la reforstación estratégica: 1-253. Gombierno del Estado de Veracruz, México.
  • Paña-Chocarro, M.C., Espada-Mateos, C., Vera, M., Céspedes, G. & Knapp, S. (2010). Updated checklist of vascular plants of the Mbaracayú Forest Nature Reserve (Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú), Paraguay. Phytotaxa 12: 1-224.
  • Pederneiras, L.C. & al. (2014). Avaliação do risco de extinção das Urticineae das restingas do estado de Rio de Janeiro. Rodriguésia 65: 261-273.
  • Persson, C. & Ståhl, B. (2014). Flora of Ecuador 91: 1-76. Gothenburg University.
  • Trusty, J.L., Kesler, H.C. & Delgado, G.H. (2006). Vascular flora of Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, ser. 4, 57: 247-355.
  • Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. , Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (eds.) (2008). Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 107: 1-3348. Missouri Botanical Garden.

Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

  • Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
  • Diazgranados et al. (2021). Catalogue of plants of Colombia. Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia project. In prep.
  • Diazgranados, M., Allkin, B., Black N., Cámara-Leret, R., Canteiro C., Carretero J., Eastwood R., Hargreaves S., Hudson A., Milliken W., Nesbitt, M., Ondo, I., Patmore, K., Pironon, S., Turner, R., Ulian, T. (2020). World Checklist of Useful Plant Species. Produced by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity.
  • FPI (2021). Food Plants International. https://fms.cmsvr.com/fmi/webd/Food_Plants_World?homeurl=https://foodplantsinternational.com/plants/
  • IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
  • Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (2015). Identificación de las plantas útiles como Productos Forestales No Maderables del Bosque seco-Tropical en tres ventanas del Caribe colombiano. 1386 registros, aportados por: Garcia, H. (Contacto del Recurso), López Camacho, R. (Creador del recurso), Sarmiento Bernal, C. (Proveedor del metadatos). Espitia Palenci, L. (Autor), Gallego, B. (Punto de contacto), Aguilar Cano, J. (Curador), Mendoza, H. (Curador). Versión 2.0. http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=rrbb_bst-caribe_plantae_2015
  • Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/

Other Data

Other Kew resources that provide information on this taxon:

Date Reference Identified As Barcode Type Status Has image?
Jan 1, 2014 Holguer Lugo, S. [Lugo 3060] Ecuador K001581800 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Glaziou [10051] Brazil K000947393 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Ule, E. [5268] Brazil K000947444 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Martius [1071] Brazil K000947437 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 s.coll. [2082] Brazil K000947442 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Sellow [279] Brazil K000947427 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Guillemin [s.n.] Brazil K000947394 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Spruce [586] Brazil K000947431 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Tweedie [1140] Brazil K000947440 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Tweedie [1182] Brazil K000947632 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Gardner [119] Brazil K000947633 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Sellow [155] Brazil K000947441 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Pohl [741] Brazil K000947438 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Gomes, A.I. [s.n.] Brazil K000947426 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Widgren [9] Brazil K000947392 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Gardner [2005] Brazil K000947439 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Heringer, E.P.; Filgueiras, T.S.; Mendonça, R.C.; Pereira, B.A.S. [6264] Brazil K000947460 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Robert, A. [773] Brazil K000947428 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Glaziou, A.F.M. [14278] Brazil K000947391 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Gardner [2005] Brazil K000947390 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Spruce, R. [2082] Brazil K000947631 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Gardner [117] Brazil K000947445 Yes
Jul 17, 2013 Mueller, F. [91] Brazil K000947436 Yes
May 3, 2006 Tschá, M.C., et al. [506] Brazil K000352363 Yes
May 3, 2006 Tschá, M.C., et al. [509] Brazil K000352362 Yes
May 3, 2006 Travassos, Z., et al. [260] Brazil K000352361 Yes
Jan 1, 1997 Arbo, M.M.; Carvalho, A.M.; Ferrucci, M.S.; Jardim, J.G.; Sant´Ana, S.C. [7757] Argentina K000947462 Yes
Jan 1, 1993 Dubs, B. [1309] Brazil K000947452 Yes
Jan 1, 1992 Todzia, C.; Zarucchi, J.L.; Hill, S.R.; Nelson, B.W.; Cid Ferreira, C.A.; Guedes, J.; Santos, J.L. [2231] Brazil K000947458 Yes
Jan 1, 1987 Cid Ferreira, C.A. [5161] Brazil K000947466 Yes
Jan 1, 1986 Balée, W.L.; Ribeiro, B.G. [788] Brazil K000947459 Yes
Jan 1, 1983 Teixeira, L.O.A.; Fife, A.J.; McFarland, K.; Mota, C.D.A.; Santos, J.L.; Gomes, S.P.; Nelson, B.W. [368] Brazil K000947457 Yes
Jan 1, 1978 Silva, A.S.; Prance, G.T.; Berg, C.C.; Balick, M.J.; Henderson, A.J.; Nelson, B.W.; Bahia, R.P.; Santos, M.R. [AS198] Brazil K000947455 Yes
Jan 1, 1975 Irwin, H.S.; Maxwell, H.; Wasshausen, D.C. [19208] Brazil K000947412 Yes
Jan 1, 1974 Prance, G.T.; Steward, W.C.; Harter, F.P.; Ramos, J.F.; Pinheiro, W.S.; Monteiro, O.P. [10815] Brazil K000947461 Yes
Jan 1, 1972 Silva, M.; Souza, R. [2342] Brazil K000947416 Yes
Jan 1, 1972 Prance, G.T.; Rodrigues, W.A.; Ramos, J.F.; Farias, L.G. [8876] Brazil K000947410 Yes
Jan 1, 1972 Cavalcante, P. [2328] Brazil K000947415 Yes
Jan 1, 1972 Prance, G.T.; Forero, E.; Wrigley, B.L.; Ramos, J.F.; Farias, L.G. [5953] Brazil K000947422 Yes
Jan 1, 1972 Prance, G.T.; Rodrigues, W.A.; Ramos, J.F.; Farias, L.G. [8729] Bolivia K000947407 Yes
Jun 15, 1970 Carauta, J.P.P. [177] Brazil K000947418 Yes
May 31, 1967 Lindeman, J.C.; Haas, J.H. [5392] Brazil K000947420 Yes
Oct 1, 1965 Hatschbach, G.G. [12773] Brazil K000947414 Yes
Sep 21, 1965 Duarte, A.P. [7272] Brazil K000947430 Yes
Jan 1, 1965 Prance, G.T.; Silva, N.T. [59341] Brazil K000947385 Yes
Jan 1, 1964 Pires, J.M.; Cavalcante, P.B. [52184] Brazil K000947386 Yes
Jan 1, 1964 Pires, J.M.; Cavalcante, P.B. [52421] Brazil K000947387 Yes
Jan 1, 1964 Egler, W.A.; Irwin, H.S. [45984] Brazil K000947423 Yes
Jan 1, 1960 Reitz; Klein [9269] Brazil K000947384 Yes
Jan 1, 1958 Reitz; Klein [3949] Brazil K000947383 Yes
Jan 1, 1952 Hoehne, W. [13991] Brazil K000947450 Yes
Archer, W.A. [8158] Brazil K000947403 Yes
De Jong, W. [45] Peru K001890118 No
Souza, V.C.; Giulietti, A.M.; Atkins, S.; Harley, R.M.; Sakuragui, C.M. [4985] Brazil K000947463 Yes
Harley, R.M.; Giulietti, A.M.; Stannard, B.L.; Longhi-Wagner, H.M.; Lewis, G.P.; Arraes, M.G. [6739] Brazil K000947456 Yes
Senna, L.R. [149] Brazil K000947464 Yes
Rambo, B. [47048] Brazil K000947389 Yes
Milliken, W. ; Dablin, L. ; Quisbert, M.L. [7610] Bolivia K001569342 Yes
Silva, F.C. [1558] Brazil K000947465 Yes
Hatschbach, G.G.; Lindeman, J.C.; Haas, J.H. [4328] Brazil K000947419 Yes
Krukoff, B.A. [8178] Brazil K000947397 Yes
Maguire, B.; Pires, J.M.; Maguire, C.K.; Silva, N.T. [56953] Brazil K000947405 Yes
Pereira-Silva, G.; Amaral-Santos, A.; Gomes, V.F.; Oliveira, W.L.; dos Santos, A.J.B. [16019] Brazil K001581403 Yes
Ratter, J.A.; Bertolda, J.; Castro, R.A.; Ferreira, A.; Santos, R.R.; Souza, R. [1211] Brazil K000947417 Yes
Regnell, A.F. [II.250] Brazil K000947402 Yes
s.coll. [90] Brazil K000947424 Yes
Hunt, D.R.; Ramos, J.F. [5471] Brazil K000947408 Yes
Blanchet [3599] Brazil K000947443 Yes
Ducke [365] Brazil K000947396 Yes
Machado, O. [s.n.] Brazil K000947451 Yes
Castellanos, A. [26006] Brazil K000947446 Yes
Miers, J. [3226] Brazil K000947399 Yes
Malme, G.O.A. [826] Brazil K000947429 Yes
Sello [s.n.] Brazil K000947395 Yes
Mexia, Y.E.J. [4175] Brazil K000947434 Yes
Mexia, Y.E.J. [5317] Brazil K000947435 Yes
Dusén, P. [16157] Brazil K000947447 Yes
Rambo, B. [46400] Brazil K000947388 Yes
Usteri [182] Brazil K000947433 Yes
Smith, L.B. [1272] Brazil K000947449 Yes
Archer, W.A. [7796] Brazil K000947380 Yes
Harley, R.M.; Souza, R. [11059] Brazil K000947411 Yes
Philcox, D.; Ferreira, A. [4599] Brazil K000947421 Yes
Burchell [988] Brazil K001078045 Yes
Rambo, B. [47133] Brazil K000947448 Yes
Mexia, Y.E.J. [5416] Brazil K000947432 Yes
Matthews, A. [2038] Peru K000374301 Isosyntype Yes
Glaziou, A.F.M. [1133] Brazil K000947398 Yes
Ducke, A. [365] Brazil K000947381 Yes
Archer, W.A. [7796] Brazil K000947379 Yes
Fernandes, I. [953] Brazil K000947453 Yes
Rambo, B. [49147] Brazil K000947413 Yes
Ramos, H. [5471] Brazil K000947409 Yes
Philcox, D.; Ferreira, A. [4028] Brazil K000947404 Yes
Fevereiro, V.P.B.; Mayo, S.J.; Silva, M.B.; Oliveira, A.G.P.; Flor, J. [M494] Brazil K000947454 Yes
Jan 1, 1935 s.coll. [7347] Colombia Cordia alba K000583428 Type Yes
Jamaica Cordia alba K:SPC-66686.000 No
Venezuela Cordia alba K:SPC-66053.000 No

Sources

  • Angiosperm Extinction Risk Predictions v1

    • Angiosperm Threat Predictions
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

  • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Herbarium Catalogue Specimens

    • Digital Image © Board of Trustees, RBG Kew http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

  • IUCN Categories

    • IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Kew Backbone Distributions

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone

    • The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2024. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/
    • © Copyright 2023 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Kew Science Photographs

    • Copyright applied to individual images

  • Neotropikey

    • Milliken, W., Klitgard, B. and Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

  • Universidad Nacional de Colombia

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants and Fungi of Colombia

    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0

  • Useful Plants of Boyacá Project

    • ColPlantA database
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
    • http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/