Code
TIUPE
Growth form
Broadleaf
Biological cycle
Annual
Habitat
Terrestrial
Triumfetta pentandra A. Rich. ex Guill. & Perr.
synonym | Mopex sinensis Lour. ex Gomes |
synonym | Triumfetta cuneata Hochst. ex A. Rich. |
synonym | Triumfetta neglecta Wight & Arnott |
synonym | Triumfetta pilosula Thw. |
synonym | Triumfetta rhomboidea var. pentandra (A. Rich.) J.L. Ellis |
No Data |
Global description
Triumfetta pentandra is an erect plant with simple leaves, alternate, petiolate and stipulated. The blade is trilobed, with toothed margin. The first tooth of the base bears a purple gland. The flowers are in small axillary glomeruli. They are orange, with sepals and petals free and comprising 5 to 13 stamens. The fruit is indehiscent. It is a spiny ovoid capsule, 4 mm long.
Cotyledons
The cotyledons are orbicular. They are borne by a petiole 5-12 mm long. The blade is 10 to 15 mm in diameter. The top of the lamina is truncated to slightly emarginate and the base is rounded or broadly wedged. The blade is marked by 3 veins. The cotyledons are at the top of a hypocotyl 3 to 5 cm long, finely pubescent and at the base of which the fruit often remains hooked and easily recognizable. The pubescence is composed of simple hairs and stellate hairs.
First leaves
The first leaves are simple and alternate. They are long petiolate and framed by linear stipules. The lamina is rhombic, 2 to 3 cm long and 15 to 30 mm wide. It is marked with 3 veins webbed at the base. The midrib has pennate secondary veins. The margin is toothed. The petiole and both sides of the lamina are pubescent, with a mixture of simple hairs and stellate hairs.
General habit
Triumfetta pentandra is erect. The plant is branched from the base, forming a small shrub. It measures up to 1 m in height.
Underground system
The root is a taproot.
Stem
The stem is cylindrical and solid. It is robust and subwoody at the base. It is covered with a pubescence consisting of simple tuberculate hairs, 2 to 3 mm long and stellate hairs.
Leaf
The leaves are simple and alternate. They are borne by a petiole 2 to 6 cm long. The petiole is pubescent, framed at the base by two linear stipules, 1 cm long and quickly deciduous. The lamina is trilobate, at the top in acute corner and at the base in wide or rounded corner. It is often wider than long, up to 10 cm wide. The margin is toothed. The first tooth, at the base of the limb, is provided on the underside with a purple gland. The lamina is trinervated at the base and marked with numerous pairs of pinnate secondary veins. The upper surface is dotted with simple hairs and has stellate hairs only along the veins. The lower surface is covered with dense stellate hairs, which mask the presence of simple hairs.
Inflorescence
The flowers are grouped in small glomeruli of 2 to 6 flowers, borne by a short peduncle and inserted in the axils of the leaves.
Flower
The flowers are orange-yellow borne by a pedicel of 1 mm. The calyx is composed of 5 free sepals, linear in shape, apiculated apex. They are 3 to 4 mm long and 1 mm wide. They are pubescent. The corolla is composed of 5 open petals with a rounded top and narrow base, 4 mm long. The stamens are 5 to 13, formed of a long net surmounted by a very short globular anther.
Fruit
The fruit is an indehiscent spiny capsule, ovoid. It is 4 mm long. The prickles are 1 mm long, simple and hooked at the top. The tegument of the capsule is pubescent and the prickles are ciliated on the upper face. Each capsule contains 4 seeds.
Seed
The seeds are pear-shaped. They are 2.2 mm long and 1.3 mm wide. The tegument is smooth and orange-brown in color.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Northern Cameroon: Triumfetta pentandra is present in the middle and at the end of the crop cycle. Germination occurs from late June to early August. Late germination can occur until the end of September. Flowering is induced by the reduction of the photoperiod and does not begin until early September, quickly followed by fruit formation. The plant dries out in November or December, at the beginning of the dry season.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Triumfetta rhomboidea can be confused with T. pentandra A. Rich., at the young stage. The latter is rather an annual species, of relatively smaller size; it differs from T. rhomboidea also by its leaves with a largely oval leaf more or less trilobed with toothed margin, of equally variable size.
These two species are also distinguished by the size of the fruits:
- globose fruit 3 to 5 mm in diameter with glabrous prickles with short white hairs between thorns (tomentose) for T. rhomboidea;
- ovoid fruit (2 to 3 mm x 3 to 4 mm) with hairy rpickles for T. pentandra.
Criteria to distinguish several Triumfetta species
Fruit prickles | Fruit | Stamens | Pilosity of fruit prickle | Espèce |
Prickle single and hooked | globose 3-5mm indehiscent | 15 | glabrous | T. rhomboidea |
Prickle single and hooked | 8-10 mm indehiscent | 15 | densely pilose | T. eriophlebia |
Prickle single and hooked | ovoïde 2- 4 mm indehiscent |
5-13 | ciliate | T. pentandra |
Prickle single and hooked | globose 10-15 mm dehiscent | 10-12 | T. cordifolia | |
Prickle single, straight or curved | T. tomentosa T. heudelotii |
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Prickles multiple spines stellately arranged | T. dubia |
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Northern Cameroon: Triumfetta pentandra grows from the Sahelo-Sudanian region to the Guinean region. It has no notable soil preference and is found over a wide range of soil types, from ferruginous dune-sand soils to degraded vertic soils with high clay content. This species is common in fallows and pastures on ferruginous soils or in vacant plots near villages. It has developed in plots cultivated for many years in a low intensity, without using high doses of fertilizer or pre-emergent herbicide.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Worldwide distribution
Triumfetta pentandra is widespread in tropical Africa, Madagascar, and India.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Local harmfulness
Northern Cameroon: Triumfetta pentandra is a minor weed, present in 10% of the plots cultivated in the Sudano-Sahelian and Sudanian zones and to a lesser extent in the drier regions. This species is very rarely abundant.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Local control
Northern Cameroon: Triumfetta pentandra is easily removed by repeated weeding.
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
- Berhaut J., 1967. Flore du Sénégal. 2ème éd. Clairafrique éd., Dakar, Sénégal, 485p.
- Hutchinson J., Dalziel J. M., Keay R. W. J. & Hepper F. N., 1958. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. I part. 2. 2ème éd.. The Whitefriars Press ed., London & Tonbridge, 828p.
- Merlier H. & Montégut J., 1982. Adventices tropicales. ORSTOM-GERDAT-ENSH éd., Montpellier, France, 490p.
- Donfack P., 1993. Etude de la dynamique de la végétation après abandon de la culture au Nord-Cameroun. Thèse Dc. 3ème cycle , Faculté des sciences, Univ. de Yaoundé, Cameroun, 192p.
- Le Bourgeois, T. and H. Merlier (1995). Adventrop - Les adventices d'Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.
- Berhaut J., 1967. Flore du Sénégal. 2ème éd. Clairafrique éd., Dakar, Sénégal, 485p.
- Hutchinson J., Dalziel J. M., Keay R. W. J. & Hepper F. N., 1958. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. I part. 2. 2ème éd.. The Whitefriars Press ed., London & Tonbridge, 828p.
- Merlier H. & Montégut J., 1982. Adventices tropicales. ORSTOM-GERDAT-ENSH éd., Montpellier, France, 490p.
- Donfack P., 1993. Etude de la dynamique de la végétation après abandon de la culture au Nord-Cameroun. Thèse Dc. 3ème cycle , Faculté des sciences, Univ. de Yaoundé, Cameroun, 192p.
- Le Bourgeois, T. and H. Merlier (1995). Adventrop - Les adventices d'Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.
Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=triumfetta%2520pentandra
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Order | Malvales |
Family | Malvaceae |
Genus | Triumfetta |
Species | Triumfetta pentandra A. Rich. ex Guill. & Perr. |