Code
DIMRE
Growth form
Grass
Biological cycle
Annual
Habitat
Terrestrial / Marshland
DIMRE
Growth form
Grass
Biological cycle
Annual
Habitat
Terrestrial / Marshland
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Cynosurus retroflexus Vahl |
| synonym | Dactylis paspaloides Willd., nom. superfl. |
| synonym | Dinebra aegyptiaca Delile, nom. superfl. |
| synonym | Dinebra arabica Jacq. |
| synonym | Dinebra brevifolia Steud. |
| synonym | Dinebra paspaloides P.Beauv., nom. illeg. |
| synonym | Dinebra retroflexa var. brevifolia (Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz |
| synonym | Dinebra retroflexa var. retroflexa |
| synonym | Eleusine calycina Roxb. |
| synonym | Leptochloa arabica (Jacq.) Kunth |
| synonym | Leptochloa arabica (Jacq.) Steud. |
| synonym | Leptochloa calycina (Roxb.) Kunth |
| synonym | Leptochloa coromandelina Steud. |
🗒 Common Names
| Dutch; Flemish |
|
| English |
|
📚 Overview
Diagnostic
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Description
Global description
Dinebra retroflexa is a grass with linear leaves and flat. The ligule is membranous, laciniated at the apex. The inflorescence is composed of many linear racemes, distributed along the floral axis. They are first trained and then folded down. Spikelets are sessile and compressed with 2 or 3 flowers. The glumes are long tapered and longer than the flowers. Lemmas are membranous and mucronate. Paleas are membranous and bicarinated.
First leaves
The first leaves have a linear limb, 3 to 10 cm long and 5 mm wide. It is spread and flat. The ligule is membranous, at the top laciniated. The sheath is dotted with long fine hairs. The margin of the lamina is smooth to very slightly scabrous.
General habit
Grass in loose tuft. This species is 20 to 100 cm tall.
Underground system
The roots are fasciculate.
Culm
Culm is cylindrical, smooth and glabrous. The nodes are glabrous and dark in color.
Leaf
The leaves are simple, alternate. The sheath is dotted with long fine hairs. It is rounded and does not have a well marked hull. The ligule is 1 mm high. It is membranous, slightly laciniated at the top. The lamina is linear, long tapered in acute apex at the top. It is spread and flat. The central rib forms a small round hull. It is 4 to 20 cm long and 4 to 8 mm wide. The margin is smooth to very finely scabrous. The upper side has some long fine hairs.
Inflorescence
The inflorescence is composed of many racemes distributed along the floral axis, on 10 to 35 cm. The racemes are linear and are 1 to 8 cm long. They are first trained and then folded down at maturity. The rachis is triangular in section and has a bare upper surface. During the spread, the whole raceme comes off with all its spikelets.
Spikelets
The spikelets are sessile, arranged in two rows on the lower sides of the rachis. They are flattened laterally and include 2 or 3 fertile flowers. They measure 5.5 to 7 mm long. The glumes are scarious, lanceolate, 5.5 to 7 mm long, at the apex gradually attenuated in a point in the upper third of the glume. Its dorsal rib is scabrous. The glumes protrude widely and partially hide the 2 or 3 flowers. The first flower is subsessile while the following ones are borne by a pedicel 0.5 to 1 mm long. Lemmas and paleas are membranous. Lemmas are 2 to 2.5 mm long and glabrous or have some fine hairs near the dorsal vein. Their summit is slightly truncated and mucronate. Paleas are bicarinated and finely pubescent along the dorsal veins.
Grain
The grain is ovoid, 1.5 mm long.
Dinebra retroflexa is a grass with linear leaves and flat. The ligule is membranous, laciniated at the apex. The inflorescence is composed of many linear racemes, distributed along the floral axis. They are first trained and then folded down. Spikelets are sessile and compressed with 2 or 3 flowers. The glumes are long tapered and longer than the flowers. Lemmas are membranous and mucronate. Paleas are membranous and bicarinated.
First leaves
The first leaves have a linear limb, 3 to 10 cm long and 5 mm wide. It is spread and flat. The ligule is membranous, at the top laciniated. The sheath is dotted with long fine hairs. The margin of the lamina is smooth to very slightly scabrous.
General habit
Grass in loose tuft. This species is 20 to 100 cm tall.
Underground system
The roots are fasciculate.
Culm
Culm is cylindrical, smooth and glabrous. The nodes are glabrous and dark in color.
Leaf
The leaves are simple, alternate. The sheath is dotted with long fine hairs. It is rounded and does not have a well marked hull. The ligule is 1 mm high. It is membranous, slightly laciniated at the top. The lamina is linear, long tapered in acute apex at the top. It is spread and flat. The central rib forms a small round hull. It is 4 to 20 cm long and 4 to 8 mm wide. The margin is smooth to very finely scabrous. The upper side has some long fine hairs.
Inflorescence
The inflorescence is composed of many racemes distributed along the floral axis, on 10 to 35 cm. The racemes are linear and are 1 to 8 cm long. They are first trained and then folded down at maturity. The rachis is triangular in section and has a bare upper surface. During the spread, the whole raceme comes off with all its spikelets.
Spikelets
The spikelets are sessile, arranged in two rows on the lower sides of the rachis. They are flattened laterally and include 2 or 3 fertile flowers. They measure 5.5 to 7 mm long. The glumes are scarious, lanceolate, 5.5 to 7 mm long, at the apex gradually attenuated in a point in the upper third of the glume. Its dorsal rib is scabrous. The glumes protrude widely and partially hide the 2 or 3 flowers. The first flower is subsessile while the following ones are borne by a pedicel 0.5 to 1 mm long. Lemmas and paleas are membranous. Lemmas are 2 to 2.5 mm long and glabrous or have some fine hairs near the dorsal vein. Their summit is slightly truncated and mucronate. Paleas are bicarinated and finely pubescent along the dorsal veins.
Grain
The grain is ovoid, 1.5 mm long.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
No Data
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
South Africa: It flowers from December to May.
Northern Cameroon: Dinebra retroflexa is a species mainly present in the middle and at the end of the crop cycle. It germinates in June or July when Vertisol has accumulated a large water reserve and independently of the plowing of the plot. Cultural operations such as weeding and ridging generate new levees. Flowering begins in August, followed quickly by fruiting. This continues until the plant dries out at the beginning of the dry season (November), when the soil no longer has enough water.
Northern Cameroon: Dinebra retroflexa is a species mainly present in the middle and at the end of the crop cycle. It germinates in June or July when Vertisol has accumulated a large water reserve and independently of the plowing of the plot. Cultural operations such as weeding and ridging generate new levees. Flowering begins in August, followed quickly by fruiting. This continues until the plant dries out at the beginning of the dry season (November), when the soil no longer has enough water.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Cyclicity
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Dinebra retroflexa is an annual species. It multiplies by seeds. During the dissemination, the racemes detach themselves entirely from the floral axis with all their spikelets.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Ecology
Dinebra retroflexa develops in the Sudano-Sahelian regions with an annual rainfall of between 600 and 1,200 mm. It is a characteristic species of very clay soils and very humid as the vertisols and the recent alluviums at the edge of streams. It appears punctually on fersialitic soils in the wetter bottomlands.
South Africa: Present in the north-east of the country, in the savanna zones. It grows on very clay-rich black soils in areas of water retention or temporarily flooded, and is shade tolerant.
Northern Cameroon: This species is frequent and sometimes abundant, during the inter-season, in the temporarily flooded plots. In North Cameroon, it is a local potential weed which, during the rainy season, develops in the parcels cultivated on the vertisols exondés.
Comoros: Absente
Madagascar: Absentee
Mauritius: Advent of sugar cane in heavy soils
Mayotte: Absentee
Reunion: Present but not observed as a weed in crops
South Africa: Present in the north-east of the country, in the savanna zones. It grows on very clay-rich black soils in areas of water retention or temporarily flooded, and is shade tolerant.
Northern Cameroon: This species is frequent and sometimes abundant, during the inter-season, in the temporarily flooded plots. In North Cameroon, it is a local potential weed which, during the rainy season, develops in the parcels cultivated on the vertisols exondés.
Comoros: Absente
Madagascar: Absentee
Mauritius: Advent of sugar cane in heavy soils
Mayotte: Absentee
Reunion: Present but not observed as a weed in crops
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Origin
Dinebra retroflexa is native to Africa
Worldwide distribution
This species is widespread throughout tropical Africa. It is also present in India and some European countries. It is present in Mauritius and Reunion.
Dinebra retroflexa is native to Africa
Worldwide distribution
This species is widespread throughout tropical Africa. It is also present in India and some European countries. It is present in Mauritius and Reunion.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Risk Statement
Local harmfulness
Northern Cameroon: In Northern Cameroon, Dinebra retroflexa is a potential local weed in crops. During the rainy season, it develops in the cotton or corn plots on the non-flooded vertic soils.
Mauritius: Occasional weed in sugar cane on heavy clay soils.
South Africa: Rice weed in the north-east of the country.
Northern Cameroon: In Northern Cameroon, Dinebra retroflexa is a potential local weed in crops. During the rainy season, it develops in the cotton or corn plots on the non-flooded vertic soils.
Mauritius: Occasional weed in sugar cane on heavy clay soils.
South Africa: Rice weed in the north-east of the country.
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
📚 Information Listing
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
References
- Zon van der A.P.M., 1992. Graminées du Cameroun, Vol. II, Flore. Wageningen Agric. Univ. Papers 92 - 1, Wageningen, 557p.
- Le Bourgeois Th., 1993. Les mauvaises herbes dans la rotation cotonnière au Nord-Cameroun (Afrique) - Amplitude d'habitat et degré d'infestation - Cycle de développement. Thèse USTL Montpellier II, Montpellier, France, 241p.
- Gibbs Russell, G. E., L. Watson, M. Koekemoer, L. Smook, N. P. Barker, H. M. Anderson and M. J. Dallwitz (1991). Grasses of Southern Africa. An identification manual with keys, descriptions, distributions, classification and automated identification and information retrieval from computerized data. South Africa, National Botanic Garden - Botanical research Institute.
- Hutchinson J., Dalziel J. M., Keay R. W. J. & Hepper F. N., 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. III part. 2. 2ème éd. The Whitefriars Press ed., London & Tonbridge, 574p.
- Berhaut J., 1967. Flore du Sénégal. 2ème éd. Clairafrique éd., Dakar, Sénégal, 485p.
- Stanfield D.P., 1970. The flora of Nigeria, Grasses. Stanfield and Lowe ed., Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, Nigeria, 118p.
- Donfack P., 1993. Etude de la dynamique de la végétation après abandon de la culture au Nord-Cameroun. Thèse Dc. 3ème cycle , Faculté des sciences, Univ. de Yaoundé, Cameroun, 192p.
- Braun M., Burgstaller H., Hamdoun A. M. & Walter H., 1991. Common weeds of Central Sudan. GTZ, Verlag Josef Margraf ed. Scientific Book, Weikersheim, Germany, 329p.
- Van Oudtshoorn, F. (2012). Guide to grasses of Southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa, Briza.
- Le Bourgeois, T. and H. Merlier (1995). Adventrop - Les adventices d'Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.
- Merlier H. & Montégut J., 1982. Adventices tropicales. ORSTOM-GERDAT-ENSH éd., Montpellier, France, 490p.
Information Listing > References
- Zon van der A.P.M., 1992. Graminées du Cameroun, Vol. II, Flore. Wageningen Agric. Univ. Papers 92 - 1, Wageningen, 557p.
- Le Bourgeois Th., 1993. Les mauvaises herbes dans la rotation cotonnière au Nord-Cameroun (Afrique) - Amplitude d'habitat et degré d'infestation - Cycle de développement. Thèse USTL Montpellier II, Montpellier, France, 241p.
- Gibbs Russell, G. E., L. Watson, M. Koekemoer, L. Smook, N. P. Barker, H. M. Anderson and M. J. Dallwitz (1991). Grasses of Southern Africa. An identification manual with keys, descriptions, distributions, classification and automated identification and information retrieval from computerized data. South Africa, National Botanic Garden - Botanical research Institute.
- Hutchinson J., Dalziel J. M., Keay R. W. J. & Hepper F. N., 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Vol. III part. 2. 2ème éd. The Whitefriars Press ed., London & Tonbridge, 574p.
- Berhaut J., 1967. Flore du Sénégal. 2ème éd. Clairafrique éd., Dakar, Sénégal, 485p.
- Stanfield D.P., 1970. The flora of Nigeria, Grasses. Stanfield and Lowe ed., Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, Nigeria, 118p.
- Donfack P., 1993. Etude de la dynamique de la végétation après abandon de la culture au Nord-Cameroun. Thèse Dc. 3ème cycle , Faculté des sciences, Univ. de Yaoundé, Cameroun, 192p.
- Braun M., Burgstaller H., Hamdoun A. M. & Walter H., 1991. Common weeds of Central Sudan. GTZ, Verlag Josef Margraf ed. Scientific Book, Weikersheim, Germany, 329p.
- Van Oudtshoorn, F. (2012). Guide to grasses of Southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa, Briza.
- Le Bourgeois, T. and H. Merlier (1995). Adventrop - Les adventices d'Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.
- Merlier H. & Montégut J., 1982. Adventices tropicales. ORSTOM-GERDAT-ENSH éd., Montpellier, France, 490p.
Images
Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Dinebra%2520retroflexa
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Liliopsida |
| Order | Poales |
| Family | Poaceae |
| Genus | Dinebra |
| Species | Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
