Code
SIYAN
Growth form
Vine
Biological cycle
annual
Habitat
terrestrial
SIYAN
Growth form
Vine
Biological cycle
annual
Habitat
terrestrial
🗒 Synonyms
| No Data |
🗒 Common Names
| English |
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| French |
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📚 Overview
Description
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Global Description
Sicyos angulatus is a large herbaceous vine clinging by its trifid tendrils. The leaves are simple with pentagonal lamina, deeply cordate at the base, more or less serrated margins at the ends of the veins. The whole plant is more or less hirsute, covered with glandular stiff hairs. Male and female inflorescences are located in the leaf axils, forming small glomerules of 3 to 20 small green flowers. The ellipsoid shaped fruits, 1 cm long, whitish green in color, are covered with stiff bristly white hairs.
Cotyledons
The cotyledons are large, 2.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, obovate in shape. The sessile lamina is thick, light green in colour and marked by a white trifid rib at the base.
First leaves
The first leaves are simple, alternate, stalked with a pentagonal lamina, slightly cordate at the base. The margin is lined with characteristics tines, marking the end of the ribs. The petiole is pubescent; the lamina is glabrous to slightly pubescent on the upper side, pubescent on the lower surface.
General habit
Sicyos angulatus is a large herbaceous vine, clinging to any support by its tendrils. It can measure up to 10 meters long.
Underground system
Taproot system.
Stem
The stem is cylindrical to angular, hollow, covered with hirsute, glandular hairs. Opposite the leafy petiole develops a tendril that rapidly become trifid. The tendril is hirsute.
Leaf
The alternate leaves are simple, stalked. The lamina is polygonal, with cordate base and 5 to 7 pointed lobes, 20 to 25 cm long and 25 to 30 cm wide. The margin is dotted with well marked tines protruding from the margin at the end of the ribs and ending with a short tip. The base of the lamina is deeply cordate, the apex is more or less apiculate. The upper surface is glabrescent while the lower surface is pubescent to hirsute. Venation is palmate at the base of the lamina.
Inflorescence
Sicyos angulatus is a monoecious species. The female flowers are in dense glomerules, carried by a hirsute peduncle, 1 to 2 cm long. The male flowers are grouped in glomerules of 4 to 20 flowers at the end of a long stalk (up to 15 cm). The female and male inflorescences are inserted in the axils of the same leaf.
Flower
The female flowers are small, whitish-green with inferior ovary, having 5 reduced sepals and 5 petals fused in cup shape at the base and with triangular ends, 2 mm long. The ovary is covered with long white, stiff hairs, 3 to 5 mm long, like little needles. The petals are covered with very short glandular hairs at the top. The style exceeds the corolla; it is topped by a large stigma with 3 rounded lobes. Each flower is borne by a pedicel of 8 mm. The male flowers contain a central staminal column topped by a glomerulus of circumvented, united anthers.
Fruit
Sessile fruits in groups of 3 to 20 are ellipsoid in shape, 1 cm long and 0.5 cm wide, green in colour, becoming brown at maturity. They are covered with stiff very prickly white hairs.
Seed
Each fruit contains a large polygonal ellipsoid seed, with brown and smooth tegument.
Sicyos angulatus is a large herbaceous vine clinging by its trifid tendrils. The leaves are simple with pentagonal lamina, deeply cordate at the base, more or less serrated margins at the ends of the veins. The whole plant is more or less hirsute, covered with glandular stiff hairs. Male and female inflorescences are located in the leaf axils, forming small glomerules of 3 to 20 small green flowers. The ellipsoid shaped fruits, 1 cm long, whitish green in color, are covered with stiff bristly white hairs.
Cotyledons
The cotyledons are large, 2.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, obovate in shape. The sessile lamina is thick, light green in colour and marked by a white trifid rib at the base.
First leaves
The first leaves are simple, alternate, stalked with a pentagonal lamina, slightly cordate at the base. The margin is lined with characteristics tines, marking the end of the ribs. The petiole is pubescent; the lamina is glabrous to slightly pubescent on the upper side, pubescent on the lower surface.
General habit
Sicyos angulatus is a large herbaceous vine, clinging to any support by its tendrils. It can measure up to 10 meters long.
Underground system
Taproot system.
Stem
The stem is cylindrical to angular, hollow, covered with hirsute, glandular hairs. Opposite the leafy petiole develops a tendril that rapidly become trifid. The tendril is hirsute.
Leaf
The alternate leaves are simple, stalked. The lamina is polygonal, with cordate base and 5 to 7 pointed lobes, 20 to 25 cm long and 25 to 30 cm wide. The margin is dotted with well marked tines protruding from the margin at the end of the ribs and ending with a short tip. The base of the lamina is deeply cordate, the apex is more or less apiculate. The upper surface is glabrescent while the lower surface is pubescent to hirsute. Venation is palmate at the base of the lamina.
Inflorescence
Sicyos angulatus is a monoecious species. The female flowers are in dense glomerules, carried by a hirsute peduncle, 1 to 2 cm long. The male flowers are grouped in glomerules of 4 to 20 flowers at the end of a long stalk (up to 15 cm). The female and male inflorescences are inserted in the axils of the same leaf.
Flower
The female flowers are small, whitish-green with inferior ovary, having 5 reduced sepals and 5 petals fused in cup shape at the base and with triangular ends, 2 mm long. The ovary is covered with long white, stiff hairs, 3 to 5 mm long, like little needles. The petals are covered with very short glandular hairs at the top. The style exceeds the corolla; it is topped by a large stigma with 3 rounded lobes. Each flower is borne by a pedicel of 8 mm. The male flowers contain a central staminal column topped by a glomerulus of circumvented, united anthers.
Fruit
Sessile fruits in groups of 3 to 20 are ellipsoid in shape, 1 cm long and 0.5 cm wide, green in colour, becoming brown at maturity. They are covered with stiff very prickly white hairs.
Seed
Each fruit contains a large polygonal ellipsoid seed, with brown and smooth tegument.
Wiktrop
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| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
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No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
No Data
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
Life cycle
Annual
Reunion: The first seedlings of Sicyos angulatus appear in cut cane as from the month of September. Germination period extends until May after the last weeding. Flowering and fruiting occur in short days.
Wiktrop
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| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
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Cyclicity
Sicyos angulatus is an annual species, it multiplies by its fruit disseminated by animals, clothing and agricultural machinery; each fruit contains a large seed. The growth of this plant can be very rapid, 2 to 3 m per week. The tendrils can extend up to 60 cm to reach an object around which it wraps. In temperate zones, this species appears especially late in the crop cycle (July-August), but the size of the plant and seed production will be more important when germination is early and development time is long
Wiktrop
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| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
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Morphology
Growth form
Liana
Liana climbing structure
Liana with tendrils
Leaf arrangement
Alternate
Leaf type
Simple
Type of prefoliation
Broad leaves
Stem section
Round
Pentagonal
Root type
Taproot
Hollow or solid stem
Hollow stem
Stipule type
No stipule
Leaf attachment type
with petiole
Cotyledon type
oblong
elliptic
Lamina base
cordate
Lamina margin
hairy
irregular
Lamina apex
apiculate
acute
mucronate
Upperface pilosity
Glabrous
Lowerface pilosity
Less hairy
Simple leaf type
Lamina pentalobed
Lamina section
flat
Lamina Veination
Palmate
Flower color
Green
Inflorescence type
Pedonculate glomerule
Stem pilosity
Less hairy
Stem hair type
Hispidus
Pubescent
Life form
Climber
Look Alikes
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Sicyos angulatus is morphologically very similar to Sechium edule (chayote or christophine). These two species can be easily confused at the vegetative stage. S. angulatus is distinguished by a hairy stem and well marked tines on the margin of the lamina, while S. edule is glabrous with margin having just white dots at the ends of the ribs. Flowering and fruiting are very different in these two species which at this stage does not show any possible confusion.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Ecology
In the USA and in Metropolitan France, Sicyos angulatus preferentially grows in humid areas, along rivers and in flooded areas.
Reunion: For now, observations of Sicyos angulatus in sugarcane are limited to Grand Tampon, Saint-Joseph and Sainte-Suzanne and more recently in Savanna. But it was found along roadside in Saint Benoit (Belt Road) and along pumpkin patch in Saint Paul (antenna 4). It can invade the entire sugarcane area of the island, enjoying a rainfall higher than 2000 mm or of irrigation. It grows particularly well in the heat, but do not fear the maximum altitudes of sugarcane growth (1000 m).
Reunion: For now, observations of Sicyos angulatus in sugarcane are limited to Grand Tampon, Saint-Joseph and Sainte-Suzanne and more recently in Savanna. But it was found along roadside in Saint Benoit (Belt Road) and along pumpkin patch in Saint Paul (antenna 4). It can invade the entire sugarcane area of the island, enjoying a rainfall higher than 2000 mm or of irrigation. It grows particularly well in the heat, but do not fear the maximum altitudes of sugarcane growth (1000 m).
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
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No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Terrestrial
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Origin
Sicyos angulatus is native to the United States, it is present in every state east of the Rocky Mountains from the eastern provinces of Canada to Mexico.
Worldwide distribution
Sicyos angulatus is also found in Guadeloupe and Martinique and in Eastern Asia (China, Japan, North Korea). It was first introduced to Europe as an ornamental plant but has since escaped cultivation to become an invasive species. It was observed and harvested for the first time in October 2003 in Reunion Island from an individual invading the fence of a garden in Tampon. It has since been harvested several times in the sugar cane fields on the northeast coast and more recently in the West in the Savanna region.
Sicyos angulatus is native to the United States, it is present in every state east of the Rocky Mountains from the eastern provinces of Canada to Mexico.
Worldwide distribution
Sicyos angulatus is also found in Guadeloupe and Martinique and in Eastern Asia (China, Japan, North Korea). It was first introduced to Europe as an ornamental plant but has since escaped cultivation to become an invasive species. It was observed and harvested for the first time in October 2003 in Reunion Island from an individual invading the fence of a garden in Tampon. It has since been harvested several times in the sugar cane fields on the northeast coast and more recently in the West in the Savanna region.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
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Description
Geographical distibution
Reunion Island
No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Risk Statement
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Global harmfulness
Sicyos angulatus is native to North America, from Canada to Mexico. It is reported in 37 US states and considered a major weed of corn, sorghum and soybeans. Plants emerged since spring can reach 86 kg in fresh weight and produce more than 80,000 seeds. It was introduced to Europe as an ornamental plant and now poses significant problems in different countries (Great Britain, Turkey, Spain, Croatia, Czech Republic, and Sweden) and in France where it was reported as invasive since 1983, although present for more long time. It was considered useful to decorate walls and fences quickly. It now appears as particularly threatening in corn crop in the Southwest, in the Rhone Valley, Brittany and central France. Lianas quickly cover crops forming a screen for the light. They can collapse corn stalks of the end cycle, which results in significant yield losses. It is also occasionally reported in vine and soy and quickly tends to colonize hedgerows, particularly in Britain. Given the threat it poses to Europe, this species was added in 2004 to the EPPO Alert.
Local harmfulness
Reunion: Sicyos angulatus has been recorded mainly in sugarcane culture where it wraps around the rod, connecting with each other, which greatly hinders harvesting, whether manual or mechanical. It also occurs occasionally in culture of chayote (Sechium edule) where it is difficult to distinguish between the cultures during the growing season. It is then very difficult to specifically control this species without destroying the culture of chayote that belongs to the same botanical family. Its dispersion is provided by spiny fruits transported by animals or machines.
Sicyos angulatus is native to North America, from Canada to Mexico. It is reported in 37 US states and considered a major weed of corn, sorghum and soybeans. Plants emerged since spring can reach 86 kg in fresh weight and produce more than 80,000 seeds. It was introduced to Europe as an ornamental plant and now poses significant problems in different countries (Great Britain, Turkey, Spain, Croatia, Czech Republic, and Sweden) and in France where it was reported as invasive since 1983, although present for more long time. It was considered useful to decorate walls and fences quickly. It now appears as particularly threatening in corn crop in the Southwest, in the Rhone Valley, Brittany and central France. Lianas quickly cover crops forming a screen for the light. They can collapse corn stalks of the end cycle, which results in significant yield losses. It is also occasionally reported in vine and soy and quickly tends to colonize hedgerows, particularly in Britain. Given the threat it poses to Europe, this species was added in 2004 to the EPPO Alert.
Local harmfulness
Reunion: Sicyos angulatus has been recorded mainly in sugarcane culture where it wraps around the rod, connecting with each other, which greatly hinders harvesting, whether manual or mechanical. It also occurs occasionally in culture of chayote (Sechium edule) where it is difficult to distinguish between the cultures during the growing season. It is then very difficult to specifically control this species without destroying the culture of chayote that belongs to the same botanical family. Its dispersion is provided by spiny fruits transported by animals or machines.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Management
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Global control
In the case of recently detected populations that are not very widespread, eradication must be implemented. This involves demarcating the area concerned and eliminating all individuals before they produce new fruit. The area concerned must be monitored for several years, until no more individuals appear.
Where large areas have been infested in the past, the spread of the infestation must be prevented. Prohibit all transport of soil from the infested area. All farm machinery and vehicles working in the infested area must be meticulously cleaned before moving on to other sites.
Chemical control
In maize crops, pre-emergence treatments with atrazine or simazine are effective against Sicyos angulatus. Post-emergence treatments with gluphosinate can be used in fields of gluphosinate-resistant maize. Other post-emergence herbicides that can be used include atrazine, primisulfuron, bromoxynil, chlorimuron, dicamba, glufosinate, glyphosate, prosulfuron, thifensulfuron and tribenuron.
In soybean crops, the herbicides that can be used in combination are: sulfentrazone, chlorimuron, metribuzin, imazethapyr, pendimethalin, imazaquine. Because S. angulatus emerges over a long period, a pre-emergence treatment with metribuzin followed by a post-emergence treatment (before the 6-leaf or 30 cm stage) with thifensulfuron or chlorimuron is effective.
Mechanical control
Deep ploughing, at a depth of more than 15 cm, considerably limits the germination of S. angulatus seeds. Shallow tillage after emergence destroys young plants, but as emergence is spread out over time, it does not prevent late germination.
Agricultural control
After an infested summer crop such as maize or sunflower, it is preferable to plant several winter crops or a perennial crop to mechanically eliminate S. angulatus populations during the summer.
Local control
Reunion: Given the risk posed by Sicyos angulatus both for sugarcane cultivation and for other crops in Reunion including chayote and orchards, it is important to systematically fight against all plant under development in a cultured plot or out of the cultivated plot. It can be done by weeding for isolated plant or through early post-emergence herbicide treatment (lower plants to 25 cm) with anti-dicot. Given the long period of germination, the targeted weed control of this weed should be repeated to eliminate all the individuals that may appear in installments during the season. The pre-emergence treatment is largely ineffective, except in anticipation of heavy infestations. Indeed, late germination are not affected and will require additional treatments of post-emergence chemical or mechanical. This species is a major threat to sugar cane and other crops in Reunion. It is essential to prevent its development on the island, and if possible eradicate it as soon as possible if we dont not want to see it join the category of invasive lianescent plants. It is therefore necessary to monitor plots, vines, borders, hedges where this plant grows preferentially.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
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Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
References
- OEPP. 2004. Sicyos angulatus (Cucurbitaceae) est une nouvelle adventice des cultures de maïs en France: Addition à la Liste d'Alerte de l'OEPP.
- FOURNET J. 2002b. Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Cirad, Gondwana éditions, Montpellier, France, 1-1324.
- SCOTT A.J. 1990. Cucurbitaceae. In Antoine, R., Bosser, J., Fergusson, I. K. [eds.], Flore des Mascareignes - La Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues, 22. MSIRI, IRD, Kew.
- SMEDA R.J., WELLER S.C. 2001. Biology and control of burcucumber. Weed Science 49 (1): 99-105.
- FOURNET J. 2002a. Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Cirad, Gondwana éditions, Montpellier, France, 1325-2538.
- RANDALL R.P. 2002. A global compendium of weeds. Richardson, R.G., Richardson, F.J., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 905.
- ESBENCHADE W.R., CURRAN W.S., ROTH G.W., HARTWIG N.L., ORZOLEK M.D. 2001. Effect of establishment date and crop competition on burcucumber fecundity. Weed Science 49 (4): 524-527.
- EPPO (2010) Datasheets on Sicyos angulatus. EPPO Bulletin ⁄ Bulletin OEPP 40, 401–406
- LARCHE J.-F. 2004. Sicyos angulatus, nouvelle adventice du maïs dans le Sud-Ouest de la France. Phytoma - Défense des cultures 571: 19-22.
- CHAUVEL B., DESSAINT F., LONGCHAMP J.P., GASQUEZ J. 2004. Enquête sur les mauvaises herbes envahissantes en France. Dix-neuvième conférence du Columa - Journées internationales sur la lutte contre les mauvaises herbes, Dijon, France.
- EPPO (2010) Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 40, 396-398
Information Listing > References
- OEPP. 2004. Sicyos angulatus (Cucurbitaceae) est une nouvelle adventice des cultures de maïs en France: Addition à la Liste d'Alerte de l'OEPP.
- FOURNET J. 2002b. Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Cirad, Gondwana éditions, Montpellier, France, 1-1324.
- SCOTT A.J. 1990. Cucurbitaceae. In Antoine, R., Bosser, J., Fergusson, I. K. [eds.], Flore des Mascareignes - La Réunion, Maurice, Rodrigues, 22. MSIRI, IRD, Kew.
- SMEDA R.J., WELLER S.C. 2001. Biology and control of burcucumber. Weed Science 49 (1): 99-105.
- FOURNET J. 2002a. Flore illustrée des phanérogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Cirad, Gondwana éditions, Montpellier, France, 1325-2538.
- RANDALL R.P. 2002. A global compendium of weeds. Richardson, R.G., Richardson, F.J., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 905.
- ESBENCHADE W.R., CURRAN W.S., ROTH G.W., HARTWIG N.L., ORZOLEK M.D. 2001. Effect of establishment date and crop competition on burcucumber fecundity. Weed Science 49 (4): 524-527.
- EPPO (2010) Datasheets on Sicyos angulatus. EPPO Bulletin ⁄ Bulletin OEPP 40, 401–406
- LARCHE J.-F. 2004. Sicyos angulatus, nouvelle adventice du maïs dans le Sud-Ouest de la France. Phytoma - Défense des cultures 571: 19-22.
- CHAUVEL B., DESSAINT F., LONGCHAMP J.P., GASQUEZ J. 2004. Enquête sur les mauvaises herbes envahissantes en France. Dix-neuvième conférence du Columa - Journées internationales sur la lutte contre les mauvaises herbes, Dijon, France.
- EPPO (2010) Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 40, 396-398
Images
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Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Sicyos%2520angulatus
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Cucurbitales |
| Family | Cucurbitaceae |
| Genus | Sicyos |
| Species | Sicyos angulatus L. |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
