Sida cordifolia L.
synonym | Sida altheifolia Sw. |
synonym | Sida conferta Link |
synonym | Sida cordifolia var. altheifolia (Sw.) Griseb. |
synonym | Sida cordifolia var. conferta (Link) Griseb. |
synonym | Sida decagyna Schumach. & Thonn. ex Schumach. |
synonym | Sida herbacea Cav. |
synonym | Sida holosericea Willd. ex Spreng. |
synonym | Sida maculata Cav. |
synonym | Sida micans Cav. |
synonym | Sida pellita Kunth |
synonym | Sida pungens Kunth |
synonym | Sida rotundifolia Lam. |
synonym | Sida velutina Willd. ex Spreng |
Comorian |
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Creoles and pidgins; French-based |
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Créole Maurice |
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Créole Réunion |
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Créole Seychelles |
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English |
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French |
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Malagasy |
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Other |
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Sida cordifolia is an upright plant, herbaceous to sublignified, quickly branched. The stem is covered with a dense felting of stellate hairs, giving a gray hue. The root is a robust taproot. The leaves are alternately disposed on the stem. They are oval in shape, with broadly rounded base and wedged top. The leaf margin is regularly and finely serrated. The faces are covered with a felting of stellate hairs, giving a gray-green hue. The flowers are solitary or in small groups at the base of the leaves. They are white, yellow or orange yellow in colour. The fruits are dry, separating at maturity in 9-11 seeds in the shape of a quarter of an orange. They are surmounted by two long thorny tip.
Cotyledons
Cotyledons stalked, ovate lamina, slightly cordate at the base and wedged or rounded top, 6 mm long and 5 mm wide. Palmate venation with 3 ribs. Petiole and margin of leaf blade ciliated.
First leaves
First leaves alternate, simple. Borne by a short petiole, ciliated. The leaf blade is orbicular oval, with slightly cordate base and rounded apex, dentate ciliated margin. The ribs are pinnate, depressed on the upper face. Both sides are covered with thin tomentum of stellate hairs.
General habit
Plant erect with short main stem rapidly branched into ascending branches. It reaches 50 cm in height.
Underground system
The root is a deep taproot and very resistant to weeding.
Stem
Cylindrical stem, solid, becoming rapidly lignified, covered with tomentum of stellate hairs which gives it a greyish-green color.
Leaf
Leaves simple, alternate, with petioles of 0.5 to 3.5 cm, with stellate tomentum. At the base of the petiole are two threadlike stipules of 5 mm long. The lamina is oval to nearly orbicular in young leaves, 1.5 to 4 cm long and 1-3 cm wide, rounded at the top, cordate at the base. The margin is serrated. Both sides are covered with a tomentum of stellate hairs which gives them a gray-green hue. The nervation is marked with 5 main veins emerging from the base and then branched.
Inflorescence
Solitary and axillary flowers, or in clusters of 3 to 10 flowers at the end of short lateral branches with reduced leaves.
Flower
The flowers are borne by a peduncle of 1 to 3 cm, articulated in the middle. The calyx is campanulate with acute short lobes with 5 sepals of 6 mm long, tomentose. The yellow corolla, 15 mm in diameter is formed of five petals welded in a tube at the base, with rounded to oblique ends. The stamens are welded at the base in pubescent tube, but the filament and anthers are free. The ovary is superior with 9-11 carpels.
Fruit
The fruit is a globular capsule of 7.5 mm in diameter, comprising 9 to 11 mericarps in the shape of a quarter of an orange, 3 to 4 mm long and 1.75 to 2.5 mm wide, straw-colored, with the top surmounted with 2 pubescent points with curved hairs, 3 to 3.5 mm long. Faces are highly crosslinked in the lower part.
Seed
Seed kidney-shaped orbicular, 1.5 to 2 mm long, light brown in colour, pubescent around the hilum. It remains included in the mericarp.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Life cycle
Mayotte : Sida cordifolia flowers and fruits all year round.
New Caledonia: Seeds of Sida cordifolia germinate at the onset of the rainy season; individuals grow quickly and flower from the end of this season to produce mature fruit until the end of the fresh season (November). The aerial part of the plant dies, but new shoots develop from the root system.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Growth form
Leaf arrangement
Leaf type
Type of prefoliation
Latex
Stem section
Root type
Hollow or solid stem
Stipule type
Leaf attachment type
Fruit type
Cotyledon type
Lamina base
Lamina margin
Lamina apex
Upperface pilosity
Upperface hair type
Lowerface pilosity
Lowerface hair type
Simple leaf type
Lamina section
Lamina Veination
Flower color
Inflorescence type
Stem pilosity
Stem hair type
Life form
Lamina with cordiform base | Pubescent stem | S. urens | ||
Stem with glandular hairs (sticky plant) | S. glabra | |||
Tomentose stem | S. cordifolia | |||
Lamina with wedged base | long petiole | lamina with flat venation, dark green | M. coromandelianum | |
lamina with venation slightly marked, pale green | S. alba | |||
short petiole | Phyllotaxy disticous, lanceolate lamina, pedicel as long as petiole | S. acuta | ||
Phyllotaxy helical, elliptic or oboval lamina pedicel longer than petiole |
Width of lamina < 1,2 cm | S. rhombifolia | ||
width of lamina : 1 to 3 cm | S. rhombifolia subsp. alnifolia |
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Sida cordifolia grows wild in wastelands and along roadsides.
Comoros: Sida cordifolia is a species present in areas of low and medium altitude of the three islands of the Comoros. It is very common in abandoned wasteland, and along roadside.
Madagascar: ruderal and weed species spread throughout the island especially in dry areas (but less widespread than Malvastrum coromandelianum). Frequently on the edges of fields, their abundance is often indicative of compacted soil.
Mauritius: Absent.
Mayotte: Sida cordifolia is a common cryptogenic species in natural and secondarized open environments. It is found in particular in villages, crops, pastures, along paths from xerophilous to hygrophilous areas.
New Caledonia: Sida cordifolia is found frequently on roadsides, in cultivated fields, gardens and in dry forests where its frequency of occurrence is 25%
Reunion: This plant is found mainly at low altitude on the west coast of the island, on fallow land, along roadsides, in dry savannah and cultivated fields.
Seychelles: In clearings and abandoned places, it is rarely abundant.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Habitat
Geographical distibution
Origin
Sida cordifolia is native to India and South-East Asia.
Worldwide distribution
They are found throughout the tropical and sub-tropical.
Attributions | dummy |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
References |
Global harmfulness
Sida cordifolia is considered a serious crop weed in Brazil, South Africa and northern Australia.
Local harmfulness
Burkina Faso: Rare and scarce.
Comoros: The weed is very abundant in old cassava plantations.
Ivory Coast: Frequent and scarce.
Madagascar: low frequency and scarce species in crops.
Mali: Frequent and scarce.
Mauritius: Absent.
Nigeria: Rare and scarce.
New Caledonia: Occasionally, it may colonize over-exploited or degraded pastures, as in Papua New Guinea and New Caledonia. It is found frequently on roadsides, in cultivated fields, gardens and in dry forests where its frequency of occurrence is 25%. It is rarely eaten by livestock, but its frequency of deer browsing exceeds 50%.
Uganda: Frequent and usually abundant.
Reunion: It is able to infest cultures of the West Coast.
Senegal: Frequent and scarce.
Seychelles: A weed low harmfulness.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Global control
In grassland, mowing only gives temporary control of Sida species and in arable land the deep, woody tap root makes control by cultivation difficult. Young seedlings can be killed by spraying 2,4-D or MPCA but resistance to these herbicides increase rapidly with age and formulations containing dicamba or picloram are needed to control established plants. Pre-emergence treatment with substituted ureas or triazines is effective in a variety of crop.
Management recommandations for perenial broad leaved plants in rice fields: http://portal.wiktrop.org/document/show/26
Biological control: As for other Sida spp., this species can be controlled by biological control agents (beetles Calligrapha felina, C. pantherina and Acanthoscelides brevipes).
Local control
Madagascar: Sida cordifolia is a species with low harmfulness in general. Manual weeding is very difficult because of its very powerful rooting system. Chemically, sidas are controlled by atrazine, diuron or oxadiazon pre-emergence, and 2,4-D or glyphosate on young plants. Adult plants are relatively tolerant to these herbicides.
New Caledonia: Control methods are identical to S. acuta and S. rhombifolia. Slashing with rotary cutters before flowering limits the propagation of the seeds but does not destroy the plant. Livestock should not be grazed in infested plots during the fruiting period. The herds coming from these plots nevertheless must stay 4 to 5 days in a quarantine plot. Herbicide-sprayed areas (2,4-D) can be rehabilitated on 2-week regrowths after gyro grinding at the beginning of the rainy season. However, herbicides become ineffective on adult individuals.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
- Troupin G. (1989). Flore du Rwanda, Spermatophyte (Volume II). Musée Royal de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. 360p
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- O. Akobundu & C.W. Agyakwa: A handbook of West African Weeds. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria (1998), 343p.
- Holm L. G., Plucknett D. L., Pancho J. V., Herberger J. P. 1991. The worlds worst weeds. Distribution and Biology. East-West Center by the University Press. Hawaii.
- W. Ivens (1989). Eastern Africa weeds control. Oxford University press, Nairobi. 200 p
- Le Bourgeois, T., Carrara, A., Dodet, M., Dogley, W., Gaungoo, A., Grard, P., Ibrahim, Y., Jeuffrault, E., Lebreton, G., Poilecot, P., Prosperi, J., Randriamampianina, J.A., Andrianaivo, A.P., Théveny, F. 2008. Advent-OI : Principales adventices des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien.V.1.0. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom.
- Blanfort, V., F. Desmoulins, J. Prosperi, T. Le Bourgeois, R. Guiglion and P. Grard (2010). AdvenPaC V.1.0 : Adventices et plantes à conflit d'intérêt des Pâturages de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Montpellier, France, IAC, Cirad.http://idao.cirad.fr/applications
- Husson, O., H. Charpentier, F.-X. Chabaud, K. Naudin, Rakotondramanana et L. Séguy (2010). Flore des jachères et adventices des cultures. Annexe 1 : les principales plantes de jachères et adventices des cultures à Madagascar. In : Manuel pratique du semis direct à Madagascar. Annexe 1 - Antananarivo : GSDM/CIRAD, 2010 : 64 p.
- Barthelat, F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Meze, Paris, France, Collection Inventaires et Biodiversité, Biotope – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 687 p.
- Troupin G. (1989). Flore du Rwanda, Spermatophyte (Volume II). Musée Royal de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. 360p
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- O. Akobundu & C.W. Agyakwa: A handbook of West African Weeds. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria (1998), 343p.
- Holm L. G., Plucknett D. L., Pancho J. V., Herberger J. P. 1991. The worlds worst weeds. Distribution and Biology. East-West Center by the University Press. Hawaii.
- W. Ivens (1989). Eastern Africa weeds control. Oxford University press, Nairobi. 200 p
- Le Bourgeois, T., Carrara, A., Dodet, M., Dogley, W., Gaungoo, A., Grard, P., Ibrahim, Y., Jeuffrault, E., Lebreton, G., Poilecot, P., Prosperi, J., Randriamampianina, J.A., Andrianaivo, A.P., Théveny, F. 2008. Advent-OI : Principales adventices des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien.V.1.0. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom.
- Blanfort, V., F. Desmoulins, J. Prosperi, T. Le Bourgeois, R. Guiglion and P. Grard (2010). AdvenPaC V.1.0 : Adventices et plantes à conflit d'intérêt des Pâturages de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Montpellier, France, IAC, Cirad.http://idao.cirad.fr/applications
- Husson, O., H. Charpentier, F.-X. Chabaud, K. Naudin, Rakotondramanana et L. Séguy (2010). Flore des jachères et adventices des cultures. Annexe 1 : les principales plantes de jachères et adventices des cultures à Madagascar. In : Manuel pratique du semis direct à Madagascar. Annexe 1 - Antananarivo : GSDM/CIRAD, 2010 : 64 p.
- Barthelat, F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Meze, Paris, France, Collection Inventaires et Biodiversité, Biotope – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 687 p.
Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Sida%2520cordifolia
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Magnoliopsida |
Order | Malvales |
Family | Malvaceae |
Genus | Sida |
Species | Sida cordifolia L. |