Code
OXALA
Growth form
geophyte
Biological cycle
vivacious
Habitat
terrestrial
OXALA
Growth form
geophyte
Biological cycle
vivacious
Habitat
terrestrial
🗒 Synonyms
| synonym | Acetosella violacea subsp. latifolia (Kunth) Kuntze |
| synonym | Acetosella violacea var. albida Kuntze |
| synonym | Ionoxalis attenuata Small |
| synonym | Ionoxalis bipartita Rose |
| synonym | Ionoxalis buchtienii Rusby |
| synonym | Ionoxalis calcaria Small |
| synonym | Ionoxalis latifolia (Kunth) Rose |
| synonym | Ionoxalis stipitata Rose |
| synonym | Ionoxalis tenuiloba Rose |
| synonym | Ionoxalis vallicola Rose |
| synonym | Oxalis acromelaena Diels |
| synonym | Oxalis araucana Reiche |
| synonym | Oxalis atroglandulosa R. Knuth |
| synonym | Oxalis binervis Regel |
| synonym | Oxalis buchtienii (Rusby) R. Knuth |
| synonym | Oxalis bulbifera R. Knuth |
| synonym | Oxalis calcaria (Small) R. Knuth |
| synonym | Oxalis chiriquensis Woodson |
| synonym | Oxalis eggersii Urb. |
| synonym | Oxalis latifolia subsp. latifolia |
| synonym | Oxalis latifolia subsp. vespertilionis (Zucc.) Lourteig |
| synonym | Oxalis lilacina Klotzsch |
| synonym | Oxalis mauritiana Lodd. |
| synonym | Oxalis morelosensis R. Knuth |
| synonym | Oxalis multipes R. Knuth |
| synonym | Oxalis pseudoarenaria R. Knuth |
| synonym | Oxalis stipulata (Rose) Rose ex R. Knuth |
| synonym | Oxalis tenuiloba (Rose) R. Knuth |
| synonym | Oxalis vallicola (Rose) R. Knuth |
| synonym | Oxalis vespertilionis Zucc. |
| synonym | Sassia latifolia (Kunth) Holub |
🗒 Common Names
| Afrikaans |
|
| Anglais / English |
|
| Comorian |
|
| Créole Maurice |
|
| Créole Réunion |
|
| Créole Seychelles |
|
| Malgache |
|
📚 Overview
Description
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Global description
Oxalis latifolia is a herbaceous plant, without external stem. It appears as a tuft of long-stalked leaves and small pink long stalked inflorescence emerging from a bulb. At the base of the bulb, develops a taproot and small underground stems, themselves carrying small bulbs. The leaves consist of three large terminal leaflets, spreading, triangular or heart shape. Sometimes they are folded at the central rib. The lamina is flexible. The petiole has an acid taste when it is chewed. Flowers, purple in color, are combined in groups at the end of a stem longer than the leaves. The fruit develops very rarely, releasing several seeds.
First Leaves
The first leaves are trifoliate, long-stalked, emerging from a scaly bulb. Notched or triangular leaflets with wedged base and flat or notched, divergent apex, having orange granulations.
Growth habit
Stemless grass, which is in the form of a small tuft, 20 to 30 cm high, with trifoliate triangular, long-stalked leaves and with long stalked inflorescences.
Underground System
Waxy white taproot, with well developed secondary formations, along with some rootlets. Globular or ovoid bulb, reaching up to 2.5 cm long and 2 cm wide. It is surrounded by large papery protective scales, and brown feeder scales, elliptical, narrow from 7 to 15 mm long and 4 to 6 mm wide. Stipules translucent to papery, red, with ciliated and glandular margins, with orange granulations. Rhizomes emerging from the base of the bulb carries white bulbils at the end.
Stem
Aerial stem absent. Underground stem reduced to the axis of the bulb.
Leaf
Fasciculate leaves in tuft, compound, with three terminal digitate leaflets, carried by a vertical petiole of 5 to 20 cm long. Green leaflets, purplish beneath. The blade is entire, sub sessile, obtriangular or notched at the top, 1 to 5 cm long and 2 to 7 cm wide. The base is wedged, the apex is narrow or notched, sometimes mucronate. The leaf blade is more or less folded along the midrib. Both sides are glabrous or sub glabrous, with the presence of orange granulations at the base of the lower face.
Inflorescence
The inflorescence is an umbelliform cyme, often bifid, carried by a long peduncle, 10-25 cm long. Bracts and bracteoles small, at the base of the umbel.
Flower
Purple flowers, with white to yellowish core, 10 to 15 mm in diameter, carried by a slender pedicel, 15 to 20 mm. The calyx is green, composed of 5 free, smooth, uneven sepals with orange or purple granulations. Corolla with 5 free petals, formed from a white claw and a pink purple lobe, spread on the widely rounded top. 10 hairy stamens, in 2 different sizes group. The ovary is superior with 5 fused carpels.
Fruit
Fruit is rarely developed. It is an oblong capsule, 4 to 8 mm long, dehiscent containing several seeds.
Seed
Seed ellipsoid of 1 mm long, brownish with rough seed coats.
Oxalis latifolia is a herbaceous plant, without external stem. It appears as a tuft of long-stalked leaves and small pink long stalked inflorescence emerging from a bulb. At the base of the bulb, develops a taproot and small underground stems, themselves carrying small bulbs. The leaves consist of three large terminal leaflets, spreading, triangular or heart shape. Sometimes they are folded at the central rib. The lamina is flexible. The petiole has an acid taste when it is chewed. Flowers, purple in color, are combined in groups at the end of a stem longer than the leaves. The fruit develops very rarely, releasing several seeds.
First Leaves
The first leaves are trifoliate, long-stalked, emerging from a scaly bulb. Notched or triangular leaflets with wedged base and flat or notched, divergent apex, having orange granulations.
Growth habit
Stemless grass, which is in the form of a small tuft, 20 to 30 cm high, with trifoliate triangular, long-stalked leaves and with long stalked inflorescences.
Underground System
Waxy white taproot, with well developed secondary formations, along with some rootlets. Globular or ovoid bulb, reaching up to 2.5 cm long and 2 cm wide. It is surrounded by large papery protective scales, and brown feeder scales, elliptical, narrow from 7 to 15 mm long and 4 to 6 mm wide. Stipules translucent to papery, red, with ciliated and glandular margins, with orange granulations. Rhizomes emerging from the base of the bulb carries white bulbils at the end.
Stem
Aerial stem absent. Underground stem reduced to the axis of the bulb.
Leaf
Fasciculate leaves in tuft, compound, with three terminal digitate leaflets, carried by a vertical petiole of 5 to 20 cm long. Green leaflets, purplish beneath. The blade is entire, sub sessile, obtriangular or notched at the top, 1 to 5 cm long and 2 to 7 cm wide. The base is wedged, the apex is narrow or notched, sometimes mucronate. The leaf blade is more or less folded along the midrib. Both sides are glabrous or sub glabrous, with the presence of orange granulations at the base of the lower face.
Inflorescence
The inflorescence is an umbelliform cyme, often bifid, carried by a long peduncle, 10-25 cm long. Bracts and bracteoles small, at the base of the umbel.
Flower
Purple flowers, with white to yellowish core, 10 to 15 mm in diameter, carried by a slender pedicel, 15 to 20 mm. The calyx is green, composed of 5 free, smooth, uneven sepals with orange or purple granulations. Corolla with 5 free petals, formed from a white claw and a pink purple lobe, spread on the widely rounded top. 10 hairy stamens, in 2 different sizes group. The ovary is superior with 5 fused carpels.
Fruit
Fruit is rarely developed. It is an oblong capsule, 4 to 8 mm long, dehiscent containing several seeds.
Seed
Seed ellipsoid of 1 mm long, brownish with rough seed coats.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Nomenclature and Classification
No Data
📚 Natural History
Life Cycle
Life cycle
Vivacious
Reproduction
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Oxalis latifolia is a vivacious plant. Reproduction occurs mainly vegetatively by the small bulbs located at the tips of underground stems. When 1 plant is dug, it is common to find a dozen small bulbs around the main bulb.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
Morphology
Growth form
Tuft plant with narrow leaves
Leaf arrangement
Alternate
Leaf type
Compound
Type of prefoliation
Broad leaves
Compound leaf type
Trifoliate leaf 2
Latex
Without latex
Stem section
Round
Root type
Bulb
Hollow or solid stem
Solid stem
Stipule type
No stipule
Leaf attachment type
with petiole
Fruit type
Siliqua one tiped
Lamina base
attenuate
Lamina margin
entire
Lamina apex
emarginate
Upperface pilosity
Glabrous
Lowerface pilosity
Glabrous
Lamina section
flat
Lamina Veination
3 opposite at the basis
Flower color
Pinkish
Purple
Inflorescence type
Cyme
Umbel
Stem pilosity
Glabrous
Life form
Broadleaf plant
Geophytic plant
Look Alikes
O. latifolia can be confused with O. corniculata. The latter is prostate, with yellow flowers and small rounded leaflets, whereas O. latifolia grows in tuft, with purple flowers and large triangular leaflets.\
Key for Oxalis .
Key for Oxalis .
| 4 Leaflets | O. tetraphylla | ||
| 3 Leaflets | tuft plant without stems | leaflets rounded apex | O. debilis |
| triangular leaflets | O. latifolia | ||
| prostrate | small leaflets with rounded top | O. corniculata | |
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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Ecology
It grows best in moist shady conditions. It is most commonly found in localized areas in gardens, coffee and tea plantations. Once established, it appears to be permanent and infested areas gradually extend.
Comoros: Oxalis latifolia is a species that likes nitrogen-rich land. More particularly encountered in cool, shady places between 0 and 1500 m altitude of the three islands.
Madagascar: A weed widespread throughout the island (of light and slightly fertile soil).
Mauritius: weed of crop and fallow, common especially in the high part of the island.
Reunion: The species is very common in all parts of the island. It is found up to 1500 m altitude. It occurs in soils rich with nutrients.
Seychelles: Species cultivated as an ornamental plant, rare.
Comoros: Oxalis latifolia is a species that likes nitrogen-rich land. More particularly encountered in cool, shady places between 0 and 1500 m altitude of the three islands.
Madagascar: A weed widespread throughout the island (of light and slightly fertile soil).
Mauritius: weed of crop and fallow, common especially in the high part of the island.
Reunion: The species is very common in all parts of the island. It is found up to 1500 m altitude. It occurs in soils rich with nutrients.
Seychelles: Species cultivated as an ornamental plant, rare.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
No Data
📚 Habitat and Distribution
General Habitat
Habitat
Terrestrial
Description
Geographical distibution
Madagascar
Reunion Island
Comoros
Mauritius
Seychelles
Origin
Native in South and Central America.
World Distribution
In East Africa it is widely distributed mostly at high altitudes.
dummy
| Attributions | dummy |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
| References |
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No Data
📚 Occurrence
No Data
📚 Demography and Conservation
Risk Statement
Global hamrfulness
Oxalis latifolia is a common weed in crops. It produces sometimes oxalic acid that causes poisoning in livestock.
Local harmfulness
Comoros: Oxalis latifolia is a common weed of vegetable crops.
Kenya: Frequent and generally abundant. It is reported as a serious weed in various parts of Kenya's highlands, particularly in the districts of Sotik, Elgeyo-Marakwet and Eldoret.
Madagascar: weed of low frequency and scarce.
Mauritius: A weed of medium harmfulness in sugarcane crops but may be important in some vegetable crops.
Reunion: weed common in 30% of cultivated land, particularly in vegetable crops and sugar cane fields. Rarely abundant, it can locally with a covering greater than 30% coverage.
Seychelles: Species of low harmfulness.
Rwanda: it's not a weed in crops
South Africa. It is a common weed in crops.
Tanzania: Species considered generated in Arusha region and Moshi municipality.
Uganda: This is a problem in Toro and Kawanda.
Oxalis latifolia is a common weed in crops. It produces sometimes oxalic acid that causes poisoning in livestock.
Local harmfulness
Comoros: Oxalis latifolia is a common weed of vegetable crops.
Kenya: Frequent and generally abundant. It is reported as a serious weed in various parts of Kenya's highlands, particularly in the districts of Sotik, Elgeyo-Marakwet and Eldoret.
Madagascar: weed of low frequency and scarce.
Mauritius: A weed of medium harmfulness in sugarcane crops but may be important in some vegetable crops.
Reunion: weed common in 30% of cultivated land, particularly in vegetable crops and sugar cane fields. Rarely abundant, it can locally with a covering greater than 30% coverage.
Seychelles: Species of low harmfulness.
Rwanda: it's not a weed in crops
South Africa. It is a common weed in crops.
Tanzania: Species considered generated in Arusha region and Moshi municipality.
Uganda: This is a problem in Toro and Kawanda.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
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No Data
📚 Uses and Management
Management
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Control
Cultivation has no lasting effect on O. latifolia and, even with the most the soil to grow again as soon as condition are favourable. The foliage is killed by many herbicides, but few foliar-acting chemicals are translocated sufficiently to reach the bulb system, and merely killing the leaves provides a stimulus to bulbil ripening and a consequent increase in the number of bulbils that are viable. Aminatriazole is translocated more readily and will kill a proportion of bulbils, so that repeated treatment with this chemical, with occasional cultivation to stimulate more dormant bulbils into growth, may eventually result in eradication, repeated treatment with glyphosate is also possibility. Of the residual herbicides only oxadiazon shows much potential against Oxalis. In New Zealand methyl bromide has been used successfully to eradicate a very similar species of Oxalis and Britain metham-sodium has also been employed successfully against O. corymbosa.
Management recommandations for vivaceous broad-leaved weeds in rice fields: http://portal.wikwio.org/document/show/26
Global management
For weeding Advice for broadleaf perennial weeds of irrigated rice and lowland in Africa, visit: http://portal.wikwio.org/document/show/25
Local Management
Madagascar: The oxalis have the ability to grow even through a thick mulch (through their root reserves). Control by hoeing or weeding is difficult. Chemical control is also difficult, since the oxalis are insensitive to most herbicides available in Madagascar, except to diuron (and also ametryn and oxyfluorfen, not available in Madagascar). It is therefore essential to eliminate them before they become abundant.
Wiktrop
| Attributions | Wiktrop |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
📚 Information Listing
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
References
- Flora of Mozambique: http://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=132820
- Troupin G. (1989). Flore du Rwanda, Spermatophyte (Volume II). Musée Royal de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. 456p
- Ivens, G.W (1989). East Africa weeds and their control. Oxford University press. Nairobi, Kenya. 211p.
- Le Bourgeois, T., A. Carrara, M. Dodet, W. Dogley, A. Gaungoo, P. Grard, Y. Ibrahim, E. Jeuffrault, G. Lebreton, P. Poilecot, J. Prosperi, J. A. Randriamampianina, A. P. Andrianaivo and F. Théveny (2008). Advent-OI : Principales adventices des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien. Cédérom. Montpellier, France, Cirad ed.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Q-Bank: http://www.q-bank.eu/Plants/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Plants%20-%20Species&Rec=167&Fields=All
- Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): http://www.hear.org/pier/species/oxalis_latifolia.htm
- Holm, L., Doll, J., Holm, E.,Pancho, J.,Herberger, J.(1997). World weeds: natural histories and distribution. John Wiley & Sons. 1129 pp.
- JSTOR PLANTE SCIENCE: http://plants.jstor.org/flora/fz1193
- Flora of Zimbabwe: http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=132820
- Le Bourgeois, T., P. Grard, L. C. Foxcroft, D. Thompson, A. Carrara, A. Guézou, R. W. Taylor and T. Marshall (2013). Pl@ntInvasive-Kruger V.1.0 : Alien plants of the Kruger National Park. Cdrom. Montpellier, France, Skukuza, South Africa, Cirad-SANparks-SAEON eds.
- Le Bourgeois, T., Carrara, A., Dodet, M., Dogley, W., Gaungoo, A., Grard, P., Ibrahim, Y., Jeuffrault, E., Lebreton, G., Poilecot, P., Prosperi, J., Randriamampianina, J.A., Andrianaivo, A.P., Théveny, F. 2008. Advent-OI : Principales adventices des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien.V.1.0. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom.
- Husson, O., H. Charpentier, F.-X. Chabaud, K. Naudin, Rakotondramanana et L. Séguy (2010). Flore des jachères et adventices des cultures. Annexe 1 : les principales plantes de jachères et adventices des cultures à Madagascar. In : Manuel pratique du semis direct à Madagascar. Annexe 1 - Antananarivo : GSDM/CIRAD, 2010 : 64 p.
Information Listing > References
- Flora of Mozambique: http://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=132820
- Troupin G. (1989). Flore du Rwanda, Spermatophyte (Volume II). Musée Royal de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. 456p
- Ivens, G.W (1989). East Africa weeds and their control. Oxford University press. Nairobi, Kenya. 211p.
- Le Bourgeois, T., A. Carrara, M. Dodet, W. Dogley, A. Gaungoo, P. Grard, Y. Ibrahim, E. Jeuffrault, G. Lebreton, P. Poilecot, J. Prosperi, J. A. Randriamampianina, A. P. Andrianaivo and F. Théveny (2008). Advent-OI : Principales adventices des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien. Cédérom. Montpellier, France, Cirad ed.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Q-Bank: http://www.q-bank.eu/Plants/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Plants%20-%20Species&Rec=167&Fields=All
- Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): http://www.hear.org/pier/species/oxalis_latifolia.htm
- Holm, L., Doll, J., Holm, E.,Pancho, J.,Herberger, J.(1997). World weeds: natural histories and distribution. John Wiley & Sons. 1129 pp.
- JSTOR PLANTE SCIENCE: http://plants.jstor.org/flora/fz1193
- Flora of Zimbabwe: http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=132820
- Le Bourgeois, T., P. Grard, L. C. Foxcroft, D. Thompson, A. Carrara, A. Guézou, R. W. Taylor and T. Marshall (2013). Pl@ntInvasive-Kruger V.1.0 : Alien plants of the Kruger National Park. Cdrom. Montpellier, France, Skukuza, South Africa, Cirad-SANparks-SAEON eds.
- Le Bourgeois, T., Carrara, A., Dodet, M., Dogley, W., Gaungoo, A., Grard, P., Ibrahim, Y., Jeuffrault, E., Lebreton, G., Poilecot, P., Prosperi, J., Randriamampianina, J.A., Andrianaivo, A.P., Théveny, F. 2008. Advent-OI : Principales adventices des îles du sud-ouest de l'Océan Indien.V.1.0. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom.
- Husson, O., H. Charpentier, F.-X. Chabaud, K. Naudin, Rakotondramanana et L. Séguy (2010). Flore des jachères et adventices des cultures. Annexe 1 : les principales plantes de jachères et adventices des cultures à Madagascar. In : Manuel pratique du semis direct à Madagascar. Annexe 1 - Antananarivo : GSDM/CIRAD, 2010 : 64 p.
La flore des mauvaises herbes de la Canne à Sucre à La Réunion. Caractérisation à partir des témoins des essais d’herbicides. 2005-2016
MP
Marnotte PascalWeeds of tropical rainfed cropping systems: are there patterns at a global level of perception?
TL
Thomas Le BourgeoisEtude de la phénologie et des traits de réponse aux pratiques culturales des espèces végétales d'intérêt pour la lutte biologique en vergers d'agrumes à la Réunion
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Fabrice LE BELLECImages
There is content in another language. Please click here to read it. (Français)
Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Oxalis%2520latifolia
Thomas Le Bourgeois
| Attributions | |
| Contributors | |
| Status | UNDER_CREATION |
| Licenses | CC_BY |
| References |
No Data
🐾 Taxonomy
| Root | Root |
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Tracheophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Oxalidales |
| Family | Oxalidaceae |
| Genus | Oxalis |
| Species | Oxalis latifolia Kunth |
📊 Temporal Distribution
📷 Related Observations
