Code
EICCR
Growth form
Broadleaf
Biological cycle
Vivacious
Habitat
Aquatic
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms
synonym | Eichhornia cordifolia Gand. [Illegitimate] |
synonym | Eichhornia cordifolia Gand., nom. illeg. |
synonym | Eichhornia crassicaulis Schltdl. |
synonym | Eichhornia speciosa Kunth [Illegitimate] |
synonym | Eichhornia speciosa Kunth, nom. superfl. |
synonym | Heteranthera formosa Miq. |
synonym | Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) Raf. |
synonym | Piaropus mesomelas Raf. |
synonym | Pontederia crassicaulis Schltdl. [Spelling variant] |
synonym | Pontederia crassicaulis Schltdl., orth. var. |
synonym | Pontederia crassipes Mart. |
synonym | Pontederia elongata Balf. |
Afrikaans |
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Anglais / English |
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Créole Guyane |
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Other |
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Underground system
Leaf
Inflorescence
Flower
Fruit
Seed
Attributions | dummy |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
References |
Life cycle
Mayotte: Eichhornia crassipes flowers all year round. Fruiting is not known in thie area.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Growth form
Leaf arrangement
Leaf type
Type of prefoliation
Latex
Stem section
Root type
Hollow or solid stem
Stipule type
Leaf attachment type
Fruit type
Lamina base
Lamina margin
Lamina apex
Upperface pilosity
Lowerface pilosity
Lamina section
Lamina Veination
Flower color
Inflorescence type
Stem pilosity
Life form
Eichhornia crassipes is a floating plant in fresh water, pH 7 or acid, optimum growth temperature 25-30 ° C [ 12-35 ] ; it enjoys high levels of N , P, K in the middle. It is very tolerant to the salinity of the medium , it can usually withstand only very low salinities of around 0.06% .
Mayotte: Eichhornia crassipes is an exotic, freshwater aquatic species. It is rarely cultivated in ponds and can be very invasive in natural and semi-natural wetlands, lakes and lowland rivers.
Attributions | dummy |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
References |
Habitat
Geographical distibution
Origin
Eichhornia crassipes is native to South and Central America.
Worldwide distribution
Originally introduced for its decorative value, widespreeads in most warm countries and now naturalised in the Paleotropics.
Attributions | dummy |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
References |
Global harmfulness
Eichhornia crassipes generally a threat to aquatic plants and animals native species. For the establishment of a dense plant cover and especially single-species, E. crassipes can also interfere with the bird populations in thrall to aquatic environments, particularly with the ducks. It is causing significant changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of its new biotope (decreased nutrient concentration and dissolved oxygen in the water column), a decrease of penetration of solar radiation in the water and an increase in water loss through evapotranspiration (increases by 2 to 8 times the evaporation of a free water surface), upsets the mineral balance, causes a strong release of H2S. It prevents browsing, blocking dams, hampers access to water for livestock and people as well as fishing, blocking the pumps, which often translates into a significant economic impact.
Local harmfulness
Benin: Eichhornia crassipes is rare and scarce in rice fields.
Burkina Faso: rare and scarce.
Chad: rare and scarce.
Ivory Coast: abundant rare but when present.
Ghana: abundant rare but when present.
Kenya: frequent and generally abundant.
Mali: abundant rare but when present.
Nigeria: abundant rare but when present.
New Caledonia: E. crassipes has a very strong impact on the environment, growing species with very high capacity multiplication, still little spread on the territory, difficult management as soon as the population becomes large (> 100 m2).
Uganda: abundant rare but when present.
French Polynesia: E. crassipes is mainly present in French Polynesia in the Society Islands and the Marquesas.
Senegal: abundant rare but when present.
Reunion: highly invasive species in coastal stretches of fresh water (pond Gol), often with Pistia stratioites. Apart from the ecological and human impact on aquatic freshwater environments, the evacuation of masses of hyacinth into the marine environment during heavy flood ponds, resulting in pollution of shores and neighboring lagoons but also vis-à-vis the risks of coastal navigation.
South Africa: Eichhornia crassipes forms dense mats that completely cover the surface of the water, causing a change in the chemistry and composition of the water to the detriment of other organisms. In many rivers in the Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Gauteng, the Free State and Mpumalanga. It is particularly problematic along large stretches of the Vaal River.
Tanzania: rare and scarce.
Attributions | Wiktrop |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Water treatment : Water hyacinths can be cultivated for waste water treatment.
Food : The plant is used as a carotene-rich table vegetable in Taiwan. Javanese sometimes cook and eat the green parts and inflorescence.
Animal feed : The plant is also used as animal feed
Other : It is used as organic fertilizer although there is controversy stemming from the high alkaline pH value of the fertilizer. Because of its extremely high rate of development, Eichhornia crassipes is an excellent source of biomass. One hectare of standing crop can thus produce more than 70,000 m3 of biogas. According to Curtis and Duke, one kg of dry matter can yield 370 liters of biogas, giving a heating value of 22,000 KJ/m3 (580 Btu/ft3) compared to pure methane (895 Btu/ft3). In East Africa, water hyacinth from Lake Victoria is used to make furniture, handbags and rope.
Attributions | dummy |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
References |
Chemical control: Various herbicides were used in the fight against E. crassipes programs. Examples are Uganda (Lake Victoria) molecules such as glyphosate, 2,2-DPA, 2,4-D, diuron and diquat. In France, only two molecules are approved for weed control of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants - effective dichlobenil on monocots and dicots (80 to 160 kg.ha-1 pc depending on the water depth), noted that This product poses a risk of poisoning for high dose fish; glyphosate for destroying semiaquatiques helophytes plants (2160 g.ha-1 3240 until my g.ha-1 for my mallet). However, the sudden and massive death of all the weed results in a huge mass of organic matter flowing and breaks down at the same time, which results in a significant release of H2S in the middle.
Biological control: Since the early 1970s, various biological control agents have been studied and used in the world to fight against water hyacinth and water lettuce. Two weevils - Neochetina bruchi Hustache (1926) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Erirhinae) and Neochetina eichhorniae Warner (1970) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Erirhinae), two butterflies - Niphograpta albiguttalis and Xubida infusellus (Pyralidae), a mite - Orthogalumna terebrantis (Galumnidae ), a tack - Ecritotarsus catariensis (Miridae) and a pathogen - Cercospora rodmanii (Hyphomycetes).
Recommandations for managing floating aquatic weed in irrigated rice: http://portal.wiktrop.org/document/show/22
New Caledonia: The southern province launched in April 2015 its biological control program, in partnership with the Conservatory of Natural Spaces of New Caledonia, the introduction and release of weevils Neochetina bruchi and Neochetina eichhorniae.
Attributions | dummy |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY_SA |
References |
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
- Holm L.G., Plucknett D., L., Pancho J.V., Herberger J.P. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 609.
- Le Bourgeois T. 2006. Dossier technique concernant Neochetina eichhorniae et N. bruchi (Coleoptera - Curculionidae) et Neohydronomus affinis (Coleoptera - Curculionidae) pour une demande d'importation et de lâcher à la Réunion en vue de la lutte biologique contre Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae) et Pistia stratiotes (Araceae) plantes aquatiques exotiques envahissantes des étendues d'eau douce littorales Cirad, Saint Pierre, Réunion.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Barthelat, F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Meze, Paris, France, Collection Inventaires et Biodiversité, Biotope – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 687 p.
- Le Bourgeois T. & Lebreton G. 2006. Expertise sur la gestion des plantes aquatiques envahissantes Eichhornia crassipes (Jacinthe d'eau) et Pistia stratiotes (Laitue d'eau) dans les étendues d'eau douce littorales de la Réunion. Commande D.E.E./Service ENS n°X002878. Cirad, Saint Pierre, Réunion.
- Mary N. 2007. Espèces envahissantes des milieux d'eau douce en Nouvelle Calédonie. Hytec, Nouméa, Nouvelle Calédonie.
- http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=70&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=FR
- http://archives.eppo.org/MEETINGS/2008_conferences/eicchornia_workshop.htm
- http://www.hear.org/pier/species/eichhornia_crassipes.htm
- https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:310928-2
- Julien, M.H., and Griffiths, M.W. (1998), Biological Control of Weeds: A World Catalogue of Agents and their Target Weeds (4th ed.), Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing, CAB International;
- Holm LG, Plucknett DL, Pancho JV, Herberger JP (1977). The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. Honolulu Hawaii (USA): The University of Hawaii Press. 72-77pp;
- C.R. Curtis and J.A. Duke. 1982. An assessment of land biomass and energy potential for the Republic of Panama. vol. 3. Institute of Energy Conversion. Univ. Delaware; Productivity and nutrient uptake of water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes.
- K.R. Reddy and J.C. Tucker. 1983. 1. Effect of nitrogenous source. Econ. Bot. 37(2):237-247. Cited in Handbook of Energy Crops. By J. Duke; Eichhornia crassipes, in Handbook of Energy Crops by J. Duke. Available only online.
- G. W. Ivens (1989). Eastern Africa weeds control. Oxford University press, Nairobi. 7p;
- Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp;
- invasives South Africa https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/water-hyacinth/
- http://www.province-sud.nc/content/la-lutte-biologique-enfin-au-programme-en-nouvelle-cal%C3%A9donie
- Holm L.G., Plucknett D., L., Pancho J.V., Herberger J.P. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 609.
- Le Bourgeois T. 2006. Dossier technique concernant Neochetina eichhorniae et N. bruchi (Coleoptera - Curculionidae) et Neohydronomus affinis (Coleoptera - Curculionidae) pour une demande d'importation et de lâcher à la Réunion en vue de la lutte biologique contre Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae) et Pistia stratiotes (Araceae) plantes aquatiques exotiques envahissantes des étendues d'eau douce littorales Cirad, Saint Pierre, Réunion.
- Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice. Cédérom. Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.
- Barthelat, F. 2019. La Flore illustrée de Mayotte. Meze, Paris, France, Collection Inventaires et Biodiversité, Biotope – Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 687 p.
- Le Bourgeois T. & Lebreton G. 2006. Expertise sur la gestion des plantes aquatiques envahissantes Eichhornia crassipes (Jacinthe d'eau) et Pistia stratiotes (Laitue d'eau) dans les étendues d'eau douce littorales de la Réunion. Commande D.E.E./Service ENS n°X002878. Cirad, Saint Pierre, Réunion.
- Mary N. 2007. Espèces envahissantes des milieux d'eau douce en Nouvelle Calédonie. Hytec, Nouméa, Nouvelle Calédonie.
- http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=70&fr=1&sts=sss&lang=FR
- http://archives.eppo.org/MEETINGS/2008_conferences/eicchornia_workshop.htm
- http://www.hear.org/pier/species/eichhornia_crassipes.htm
- https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:310928-2
- Julien, M.H., and Griffiths, M.W. (1998), Biological Control of Weeds: A World Catalogue of Agents and their Target Weeds (4th ed.), Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing, CAB International;
- Holm LG, Plucknett DL, Pancho JV, Herberger JP (1977). The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. Honolulu Hawaii (USA): The University of Hawaii Press. 72-77pp;
- C.R. Curtis and J.A. Duke. 1982. An assessment of land biomass and energy potential for the Republic of Panama. vol. 3. Institute of Energy Conversion. Univ. Delaware; Productivity and nutrient uptake of water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes.
- K.R. Reddy and J.C. Tucker. 1983. 1. Effect of nitrogenous source. Econ. Bot. 37(2):237-247. Cited in Handbook of Energy Crops. By J. Duke; Eichhornia crassipes, in Handbook of Energy Crops by J. Duke. Available only online.
- G. W. Ivens (1989). Eastern Africa weeds control. Oxford University press, Nairobi. 7p;
- Holm, Leroy/Pancho, Juan V./Herberger, James P./Plucknett, Donald L. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 391 pp;
- invasives South Africa https://invasives.org.za/fact-sheet/water-hyacinth/
Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Eichhornia%2520crassipes
Attributions | |
Contributors | |
Status | UNDER_CREATION |
Licenses | CC_BY |
References |
Root | Root |
Kingdom | Plantae |
Phylum | Tracheophyta |
Class | Liliopsida |
Order | Commelinales |
Family | Pontederiaceae |
Genus | Eichhornia |
Species | Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms |