WIKTROP - Weed Identification and Knowledge in the Tropical and Mediterranean areas

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.

Accepted

🗒 Synonyms

synonym	Echinochloa caudata Roshev.
synonym	Echinochloa commutata Schult.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-corvi (L.) P.Beauv.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. aristata (Vasinger) Morariu, nom. illeg.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. atra (Kuntze) Soó
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. breviseta (Döll) Morariu
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. breviseta (Gaudin) P.Silva
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. echinata (Willd.) Morariu
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. exigua (Holub) Soó
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. exigua (Holuby) Soó
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. longiseta (Trin.) Farw.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. mitis (Pursh) Farw.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. mixta (A.F.Schwarz) Soó
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. mutica (Vasinger) Morariu
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. mutica (Vasinger) Morariu, nom. illeg.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. purpurea (Pursh) Farw.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. rohlenae (Domin) Soó
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. submutica (Neilr.) Morariu
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. viridissima (Honda) Kitag.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. vittata F.T.Hubb.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli f. zelayensis (Kunth) Farw.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. caudata (Roshev.) Tzvelev
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. erecta (Pollacci) Cif. & Giacom.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. spiralis (Vasinger) Tzvelev
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. zelayensis (Kunth) Shinners
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. aristata Gray
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. austrojaponensis Ohwi
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. breviseta (Gaudin) Neilr.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. caudata (Roshev.) Kitag.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-corvi (L.) Mathieu
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. echinata (Willd.) Honda
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis Ohwi
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. kasaharae Ohwi
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. longiseta (Döll) Podp.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis (Pursh) Peterm.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. mutica (Elliott) Rydb.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola Ohwi
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. submutica Neilr.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. viridissima Honda
synonym	Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis (Kunth) Hitchc.
synonym	Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. austrojaponensis (Ohwi) S.L.Dai
synonym	Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. breviseta (Döll) S.L.Dai
synonym	Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. breviseta (Gaudin) S.L.Dai
synonym	Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. praticola (Ohwi) S.L.Dai
synonym	Echinochloa crusgalli subsp. submutica Honda
synonym	Echinochloa crusgalli var. breviseta (Döll) Podp.
synonym	Echinochloa disticha St.-Lag. [Illegitimate]
synonym	Echinochloa disticha St.-Lag., nom. superfl.
synonym	Echinochloa dubia Roem. & Schult.
synonym	Echinochloa echinata (Willd.) Nakai
synonym	Echinochloa formosensis (Ohwi) S.L.Dai
synonym	Echinochloa glabrescens Kossenko
synonym	Echinochloa hispida (E.Forst.) Schult.
synonym	Echinochloa hispida (G.Forst.) Schult.
synonym	Echinochloa macrocarpa var. aristata Vasinger
synonym	Echinochloa macrocarpa var. mutica Vasinger
synonym	Echinochloa macrocorvi Nakai
synonym	Echinochloa madagascariensis Mez
synonym	Echinochloa micans Kossenko
synonym	Echinochloa muricata var. occidentalis Wiegand
synonym	Echinochloa occidentalis (Wiegand) Rydb.
synonym	Echinochloa paracorvi Nakai
synonym	Echinochloa persistentia Z.S.Diao
synonym	Echinochloa pungens var. occidentalis (Wiegand) Fernald & Griscom
synonym	Echinochloa spiralis Vasinger
synonym	Echinochloa tzvelevii Mosyakin ex Mavrodiev & H.Scholz
synonym	Echinochloa zelayensis (Kunth) Schult.
synonym	Echinochloa zenkowskii Schltdl.
synonym	Ischaemum glabrescens Ham. ex Hook.f. [Invalid]
synonym	Ischaemum glabrescens Ham. ex Hook.f., pro syn.
synonym	Milium crus-galli (L.) Moench
synonym	Oplismenus crus-corvi (L.) Dumort.
synonym	Oplismenus crus-galli (L.) Dumort.
synonym	Oplismenus crus-galli var. muticus (Elliott) Alph.Wood
synonym	Oplismenus dubius (Roem. & Schult.) Kunth
synonym	Oplismenus echinatus (Willd.) Kunth
synonym	Oplismenus limosus J.Presl
synonym	Oplismenus zelayensis Kunth
synonym	Orthopogon crus-galli (L.) Spreng.
synonym	Orthopogon echinatus (Willd.) Spreng.
synonym	Panicum alectorocnemum St.-Lag. [Illegitimate]
synonym	Panicum alectorocnemum St.-Lag., nom. superfl.
synonym	Panicum alectromerum Dulac [Illegitimate]
synonym	Panicum alectromerum Dulac, nom. superfl.
synonym	Panicum coarctatum Steven ex Trin. [Invalid]
synonym	Panicum coarctatum Steven ex Trin., pro syn.
synonym	Panicum corvi Thunb. [Illegitimate]
synonym	Panicum corvi Thunb., nom. superfl.
synonym	Panicum corvipes Stokes [Illegitimate]
synonym	Panicum corvipes Stokes, nom. superfl.
synonym	Panicum cristagalli Gromov ex Trautv. [Spelling variant]
synonym	Panicum cristagalli Gromov ex Trautv., orth. var.
synonym	Panicum crus-corvi L.
synonym	Panicum crus-galli atra Kuntze
synonym	Panicum crus-galli f. atra Kuntze
synonym	Panicum crus-galli f. exiguum Holuby
synonym	Panicum crus-galli f. hispidum Kuntze
synonym	Panicum crus-galli f. hispidum Kuntze, nom. illeg.
synonym	Panicum crus-galli f. mixtum A.F.Schwarz
synonym	Panicum crus-galli L.
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. angustifolium Döll
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. aristatum Pursh
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. brevisetum Döll
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. brevisetum Gaudin
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. echinatum (Willd.) Döll
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. erectum (Pollacci) Fiori
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. longisetum Döll, nom. illeg.
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. longisetum Trin.
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. mite Pursh
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. muticum Elliott
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. prostratum Kuntze
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. pumilum Goiran
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. purpureum Pursh
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. pygmaeum Kuntze
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. rohlenae Domin
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. submuticum (Neilr.) Hayek
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. vulgare Döll
synonym	Panicum crus-galli var. zelayense (Kunth) Stratman
synonym	Panicum crus-pici Willd. ex Döll [Invalid]
synonym	Panicum crus-pici Willd. ex Döll, nom. nud.
synonym	Panicum cruscorvi L.
synonym	Panicum dubium Sieber ex Steud. [Invalid]
synonym	Panicum dubium Sieber ex Steud., pro syn.
synonym	Panicum echinatum Willd.
synonym	Panicum goiranii Rouy
synonym	Panicum grossum Salisb. [Illegitimate]
synonym	Panicum grossum Salisb., nom. superfl.
synonym	Panicum hispidum G.Forst.
synonym	Panicum limosum J.Presl ex Nees
synonym	Panicum numidianum Sieber ex Schult. [Invalid]
synonym	Panicum numidianum Sieber ex Schult., pro syn.
synonym	Panicum oryzetorum Sickenb. [Illegitimate]
synonym	Panicum oryzetorum Sickenb., nom. illeg.
synonym	Panicum scindens Nees ex Steud.
synonym	Panicum segetale Roxb. ex Hook.f. [Invalid]
synonym	Panicum segetale Roxb. ex Hook.f., pro syn.
synonym	Panicum zelayense (Kunth) Steud.
synonym	Panicum zenkowskii Rupr. ex Schltdl., nom. altern.
synonym	Pennisetum crus-galli (L.) Baumg.

🗒 Common Names

Anglais / English	Common barnyardgrass Cockspur grass Dutch kut grass Barnyardgrass
Bengali	Barashyamaghas Dalghash
Français / French	Panic pied de coq Panisse pied-de-coq
Hindi	Shama Kayada Gobra Jatghasha
Other	Sawank Fre: Panisse pied-de-coq Fre: Panic pied de coq Eng: Barnyardgrass Eng: Dutch kut grass Cockspur grass
Urdu	Dhiddan

📚 Overview

Overview

Brief

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Code

ECHCG

Growth form

grass

Biological cycle

annual

Habitat

marshland

Wiktrop

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Diagnostic

Diagnostic Keys

Description

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Global description

Echinochloa crus-galli is a rooted aquatic grass, occurring as an erect tuft, 50 to 100 cm high, tillering vigorously but does not take roots at the nodes. Roots are fibrous, white or brown. Stems are rounded, glabrous. Leaves are linear, glabrous, without ligule. Leaf sheath present. Flowers are hermaphrodite, grouped in a spike or in a terminal panicle of spiciform purple or brown racemes. The fruit is a caryopsis. Notes: From a systematic point of view, this is an extremely variable species, and has been divided into several varieties and forms. The absence of ligule and the presence of numerous racemes which are spaced, erect or branched are discriminating characteristics.

First leaves

Seedlings are difficult to differentiate from those of rice, but their leaves are harder and have a darker and thinner central rib. The prefoliation is rolled.

General habit

Annual plant, tufted, E. crus-galli reaches 50 to 100 cm in height and tillering vigorously.

Underground system

The root system is fasciculate

Culm

The culm is cylindrical, glabrous. It is greenish to purplish.

Leaf

The leaves are linear, lanceolate, flat, and totally hairless. The leaf sheaths are red unlike rice which has green sheaths. The ligule is absent.

Inflorescence

The inflorescence is composed of many linear spiciform racemes, distributed along the floral axis and comprising of bi-florous spikelets, arranged in four rows, on one side of the rachis.

Spikelet

The spikelets are subglobose, 2.5 to 3.5 mm. Upper glume and lower lemma are hispid and terminate in short tip. The lemma and palea of upper flower are smooth and shiny.

Grain

The grain is a caryopsis.

Wiktrop

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SubSpecies Varieties Races

Diagnostic Keys

Description

No Data

📚 Natural History

Natural History

Life Cycle

Life cycle

Annual

The entire development cycle of Echinochloa crus-galli is made within 42-64 days.

Thomas Le Bourgeois

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Contributors	Thomas Le Bourgeois
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Cyclicity

Reproduction

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Echinochloa crus-galli is an annual plant. It reproduces and spreads by seed or vegetative propagation. Seeds are often mixed with those of rice. The number of seeds produced by a plant can vary from 2 000 to 40 000. Some seeds germinate immediately after harvest, while others remain dormant for 4 to 48 months. Photoperiodism affects seed dormancy, both in duration and intensity.

Wiktrop

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Growth form

Tuft plant with narrow leaves

Leaf arrangement

Alternate

Leaf type

Grass or grass-like

Grass-like leaf type

Grass leaf

Type of prefoliation

Rolled leaf

Latex

Without latex

Stem section

Round

Root type

Fibrous roots

Ligule type

Without ligule

Hollow or solid stem

Hollow stem

Stipule type

No stipule

Leaf attachment type

with graminate sheathing

Fruit type

Grain of grasses

Lamina base

sheathing grass-like broader

Lamina margin

entire

Lamina apex

attenuate

Upperface pilosity

Glabrous

Lowerface pilosity

Glabrous

Lamina section

flat

Lamina Veination

Parallel

Flower color

Brown

Inflorescence type

Condensed spike

Alternate racemes

Stem pilosity

Glabrous

Life form

Grass

Look Alikes

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A closely related species, Echinochloa crus-pavonis is much like E. crusgalli and is often difficult to distinguish from that polymorphic species. The rather soft, pinkish, or pale purple panicle with crowded spikelets with very long awns is characteristic of E. crus-pavonis.

Comparison of *Echinochloa*
ligule absent	sheath green	Narrow leaf = 8 mm	E. colona
ligule absent	sheath reddish	Large leaf= 15 mm	E. crus-galli
Hairs of ligule	fringe of cilia	Leaf size < 20 mm	E. stagnina
Hairs of ligule	well-developed cilia	Leaf size > 20 mm	E. pyramidalis

Distinction of Echinochloa species is not easy

Distinctivve criteria of several Echinochloa species

Biology	Ligule	Callus	Racèmes	Spickelet disposal	Spickelet size	Species
annual	ciliate	globular	6-8 simple	2 raws	3-4 mm	*E. callopus*
annual	absent	absent	numerous ramified	fasciculate	2-3 mm	*E. crus-pavonis*
annual	absent	absent	numerous simple	2 raws or more	3-4 mm	*E. crus-galli*
annual	absent	absent	numerous simple	4 raws	1,5-3 mm	*E. colona*
annual/vivacious	absent	absent	2 - 12 simple	2 raws	3 mm	*E. obtusiflora*
vivacious	ciliate	absent	numerous simple or ramified	fasciculate	2,5-3,5 mm	*E. pyramidalis*
vivacious	ciliate	absent	numerous simple unilateral	fasciculate	3,5-6 mm	*E. stagnina*

Wiktrop

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Physiology

Ecology

Echinochloa crus-galli is the most cosmopolitan and most important species of the genus Echinochloa from the economic point of view. This is the most widely spread weed of the rice fields in South and Southeast Asia. Native to tropical Asia, it is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions between 50 ° N and 40 ° S latitude. The extent of its spread and aggressiveness are due to the rapid development, high production of seeds, low dormancy and a good adaptation to various environmental conditions. It occurs at low or medium altitude, prefers sunny and moist areas and can even continue its growth while it is partially submerged. It is a common weed in swamps and aquatic environments. But it grows well in drier soils, albeit with smaller dimensions and a number of tillers, panicles and inferior seeds. Growth is good on sandy soils, clay, especially if the nitrate level is high.

Wiktrop

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Miscellaneous Details

No Data

📚 Habitat and Distribution

Habitat and Distribution

General Habitat

Habitat

Marshland

Distribution

Description

Geographical distibution

Madagascar

Mauritius

Origin

Echinochloa crus-galli is native to Africa, Europe and Asia.

Worldwide distribution

North, Central and South America, Mediterranean and Southern Africa, Europe, Asia.

Wiktrop

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Endemic Distribution

No Data

📚 Occurrence

Occurrence

No Data

📚 Demography and Conservation

Demography and Conservation

Population Biology

Trends

Risk Statement

Global harmfulness

The ecology of Echinochloa crus-galli is comparable to rice. Also this weed resemble a lot to rice, in the young stages and it is common to find that 10% of plants can mix with rice at its transplantation. Where rice is directly sown, the weed germinates simultaneously, within 5 to 6 days. Because it can sprout and produce new culms throughout the year, E. crus-galli can appear and develop rapidly in alignment cultures. Experiments have shown that in dense stands, this species may take from 60 to 80% of soil nitrogen quantities.

Local harmfulness

Benin: Echinochloa crus-galli is a major annual weed of irrigated rice and lowland rice. At seedling stage, E. crus-galli is difficult to discern from a rice seedling, making the manual control difficult. E. crus-galli is characteristic of clay soil and very wet soils like vertisols, recent alluvium along the watercourses, the planasols and lowland areas. It is common and sometimes abundant during the international season in temporarily flooded plots.
Burkina Faso: frequent and scarce.
Ivory Coast: common and generally abundant.
Ghana: frequent and generally abundant.
Kenya: frequent and generally abundant.
Madagascar: The Echinochloa’s are common on wet or flooded soils. Major weeds of rice fields.
Mali: rare but abundant when present.
Nigeria: frequent and generally abundant.
Senegal: rare but abundant when present.
Tanzania: frequent and generally abundant.
Chad: rare but abundant when present

Wiktrop

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Conservation Status

Threats

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Madagascar: The Echinochloa plants are hosts of Pyricularia sp. and Meloidogyne incognita, as well as viruses.

Wiktrop

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Legislation

Protection Legal Status

No Data

📚 Uses and Management

Uses and Management

Uses

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Livestock feed: In Madagascar, Echinochloa are often quite good fodder.

Wiktrop

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Folklore

Management

Global control

Agronomical control: A pre-flooding of the culture can be done to destroy the plants before secondary roots of Echinochloa crus-galli develop (technique of false planting). Maintaining the water level from 15 to 20 cm deep in the first month of Rice plantation prevents emergence of E. crus-galli. Rotation with rainfed crop is effective when infestations are severe.

Biological control: E. crus-galli is attacked by a large number of insects (often polyphagous), fungi or viruses. Weevil of North American origin, Listronotus humilis might be of interest in biological control. Its larva consumes the ends and young tissues of E. crus-galli seedling.

Chemical control: In India, for rice, butachlor at 1.5 kg / ha of anilophos to 400 g / ha, pretilachlor to 1.0 kg / ha or pendimethalin 1.5 kg / Ha is applied before germination. In Pakistan for rice, application of Machete 60 EC, 10 EC of Argold, of Acetor 50 EC 3-5 days after transplanting rice seedlings.

For annual grass weed control tips irrigated rice and lowland in Africa, visit: http://portal.wiktrop.org/document/show/32

Local control

Madagascar: The manual control echinochloa is very difficult because young plants are very difficult to differentiate from rice seedlings. Weeding favors emergence. The echinochloa are plants that support well the flooding. Chemically, possible control oxadiazon, alachlor and diuron at pre-emergence (or pendimethalin crus-galli E.), fenoxaprop-ethyl or post-emergence on young plants. Good control by glyphosate, even on older plants.

Wiktrop

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No Data

📚 Information Listing

Information Listing

Species Resources

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN)

Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

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https://www.gbif.org/species/2702808

Thomas Le Bourgeois

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Contributors	Thomas Le Bourgeois
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References

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

References

Galinato M., Moody K., Piggin C. M. 1999. Upland rice weeds of South and Southeast Asia. IRRI. Philippines.

Marnotte, P., Carrara, A., Dominati, E. & Girardot, F. 2006. Plantes des rizières de Camargue. Montpellier, France, Cirad, Centre français du riz, Parc naturel régional de Camargue. http://plantes-rizieres-camargue.cirad.fr/monocotyledones/poaceae/echinochloa_crus_galli
Clayton, W.D., Vorontsova, M.S., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 19 December 2019]

Dénissov A. I., 1982. Principe d`agriculture tropicale. Ed., Moscou, URSS, 239 p.

Nayyar M. M., Ashiq M. and Ahmad J. 2001. Manual on Punjab weeds (Part I). Directorate of Agronomy. Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad Pakistan.

Soerjani, M., Kostermans, A.J.G.H., Tjitrosemito, G. 1987. Weeds of rice in Indonesia. Balai Puskata, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Waterhouse D. F. 1994. Biological control of weeds: Southeast Asian prospects. ACIAR Monograph No. 26, 302 p.

Grard, P., T. Le Bourgeois, J. Rodenburg, P. Marnotte, A. Carrara, R. Irakiza, D. Makokha, G. kyalo, K. Aloys, K. Iswaria, N. Nguyen and G. Tzelepoglou (2012). AFROweeds V.1.0: African weeds of rice Montpellier, France & Cotonou, Bénin, Cirad-AfricaRice eds.

Husson, O., H. Charpentier, F.-X. Chabaud, K. Naudin, Rakotondramanana et L. Séguy (2010). Flore des jachères et adventices des cultures. Annexe 1 : les principales plantes de jachères et adventices des cultures à Madagascar. In : Manuel pratique du semis direct à Madagascar. Annexe 1 - Antananarivo : GSDM/CIRAD, 2010 : 64 p.

Johnson, D.E., 1997. Weeds of rice in West Africa. WARDA/ADRAO, Bouaké. 150p
Troupin G. (1989). Flore du Rwanda, Spermatophyte (Volume IV). Musée Royal de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, Belgique. 240 p
Fan Zhang', Jih-Jing Lin3, Theodore C. Fox, Cesar V. Mujer, Mary E. Rumpho, and Robert A. Kennedy (1994). Effect of Aerobic Priming on the Response of Echinochloa crus-pavonis to Anaerobic Stress. Plant Physiology 105: 1149-1 157
Holm L.G., Plucknett D.L., Pancho J.V., Herberger J.P. (1977. The world's worst weeds: distribution and biology. Honolulu, Hawaii (USA): University of Hawaii Press. 609 p
I. O. Akobundu, C.W. Agyakwa (1998). A handbook of West African Weeds. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria 72p.
Pancho J.V., Obien Sr. (1995). Manual of ricefield weeds in the Philippines. Muñoz, Nueva Ecija (Philippines): Philippine Rice Research Institute. 543 p.

Grard, P., Homsombath, K., Kessler, P., Khuon, E., Le Bourgeois, T., Prospéri, J., Risdale, C. 2006. Oswald V.1.0: A multimedia identification system of the major weeds of rice paddy fields of Cambodia and Lao P.D.R. In Cirad [ed.]. Cirad, Montpellier, France. Cdrom. ISBN 978-2-87614-653-2.

Information Listing > References

Galinato M., Moody K., Piggin C. M. 1999. Upland rice weeds of South and Southeast Asia. IRRI. Philippines.
Marnotte, P., Carrara, A., Dominati, E. & Girardot, F. 2006. Plantes des rizières de Camargue. Montpellier, France, Cirad, Centre français du riz, Parc naturel régional de Camargue. http://plantes-rizieres-camargue.cirad.fr/monocotyledones/poaceae/echinochloa_crus_galli
Clayton, W.D., Vorontsova, M.S., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 19 December 2019]
Dénissov A. I., 1982. Principe d`agriculture tropicale. Ed., Moscou, URSS, 239 p.
Nayyar M. M., Ashiq M. and Ahmad J. 2001. Manual on Punjab weeds (Part I). Directorate of Agronomy. Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad Pakistan.
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Images

Herbarium pictures ReCOLNAT: https://explore.recolnat.org/search/botanique/simplequery=Echinochloa%2520crus-galli

Thomas Le Bourgeois

Attributions
Contributors	Thomas Le Bourgeois
Status	UNDER_CREATION
Licenses	CC_BY
References

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🐾 Taxonomy

Root	Root
Kingdom	Plantae
Phylum	Tracheophyta
Class	Liliopsida
Order	Poales
Family	Poaceae
Genus	Echinochloa
Species	Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.

📊 Temporal Distribution

📷 Related Observations

👥 Groups

WIKTROP - Weed Identification and Knowledge in the Tropical and Mediterranean areas