Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Other Abundant Populations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
African Ecology

Part of the book series: Springer Geography ((SPRINGERGEOGR))

  • 1433 Accesses

Abstract

Following 4 years of almost no rain in Angola in 1793–1794, rodents were reported as beginning to attack people (Miller 1982), indicative of a rodent outbreak. Specific rodent irruptions in Africa have been reported since 1905 beginning with Meriones shawi in Tunisia. M. shawi is the species most involved in irruptions in North Africa, with the multimammate rat Mastomys (=Praomys) natalensis and the field rat Arvicanthis niloticus in sub-Saharan Africa. Tropical rodents exhibit large but irregular intra and inter annual fluctuations, unlike the cyclic populations showing regular density fluctuations in the northern temperate zone. The years 1975–1976 witnessed a major irruption of rodents throughout the Sahel.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ——— (1914) Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Sleeping Sickness Cd 7349 and Minutes of Evidence Cd 7350. London, HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Backhouse, J. (1844) A Narrative of a Visit to the Mauritius and South Africa. London, Hamilton Adams.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrow, J. (1801–1804) An Account of Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa in the years 1797 and 1798. 2 vols. London, Cadell and Davies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumann, O. (1894) Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle. Reisen und Forschungen der Massai-Expedition des deutschen Antisklaverie-Komite in den Jahren 1891–1893. Berlin, Dietrich Reimer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, B. (1971) The Dark Ages in Ancient History: I. The First Dark Age in Egypt. AMJA. 75, 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. H. V. (1970) The use of the herb layer by grazing ungulates in the Serengeti. In: Watson, A. ed. Animal populations in relation to their food resources. Oxford, Blackwell. pp111-123

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Grimsdell, J. J. R. (1973) The persecuted Black Lechwe of Zambia. Oryx. XII, 77–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berville. (1857) Rémarques sur les maladies du Sénégal. Thèse doctorat. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, H. M. H. (1973) Primary production in the Serengeti: purpose, methods, and some results of research. Ann. Univ. Abidjan, Ser. E, Ecol. 6, 171–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, H. (1876) Natal, a History and Description of the Colony. London, Reeve and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1782) Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particuliére, servant de suite à l’Histoire des Animaux Quadrupèdes. Supplément 6. Paris, Imprimerie Royale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burchell, W. J. (1822–1824) Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa. 2 vols. London, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Child, G. (1971) The impact of man on the environment of Botswana. Botswana Notes and Records. 3, 91–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, K. L. I. (1989) Programme report, September 1989. Arusha, Serengeti Ecological Monitoring Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Borner, M. (1995) Population Trends and Distribution of Serengeti Herbivores: Implications for Management. In: Sinclair, A. R. E. and Arcese, P. eds. Serengeti II. Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press. pp117-145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, J. (1868) Travels in the Interior of South Africa, Comprising Fifteen Years’ Hunting and Trading; with Journeys across the Continent from Natal to Walvisch Bay, and Visits to Lake Ngami and the Victoria Falls. 2 vols. London, Bell & Daldy.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1972) Observations on a wildebeest die-off in Botswana. Arnoldia (Rhodesia). 5(31), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, J. H., Hewitson, B., Busuioc, A., Chen, A., Gao, X., Held, I., Jones, R., Koli, R. K., Kwon, W.-T., Laprise, R., Rueda, V. M., Mearns, L., Menéndez, C. G., Räisänen, J., Rinke, A., Sarr, A. and Whetton, P. (2007) Regional climate projections. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H. L. eds. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. pp847-940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, A. R. (1945) Uganda Memories (1897–1940). Kampala, The Uganda Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, R. L. (1934) Rinderpest in wildebeest. In: Rep. Dept. vet. Sci. anim. Husb., Tanganyika 1933, 37-42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cresswell, R. (1862) Aristotle’s History of Animals in Ten Books. London, George Bell & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1974) The Seronera bull problem. I. The elephants. E. Afr.Wildl. J. 12,1-27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, R.G. (1850) Five Years of a Hunter’s Life in the Far Interior of South Africa. 2 vols. London, John Murray.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davie, T. B. (1921) The Trekbokke or Migratory Springbucks of South Africa. The Cornhill Magazine. 50, 483–487.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— ed. (2001) Antelope Survey Update. Number 8: February 2001. Gland, IUCN.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1930) Animal Ecology and Evolution. Oxford, Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elton, F. (1872) Journal of an exploration of the Limpopo river. J. Roy. Geog. Soc. 242, 1–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evagrius. (1846) Ecclesiastical History. A History of the Church in Six Books, From A. D. 431 to A. D. 594. London, Samuel Bagster And Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldmann, H. (1905) I. Deutsch-Ostafrika. Schlafkrankheit. Medizinal-Berichte über die deutschen Schutzgebiete. 6, 63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, O. G. H., Du Toit, R. and Kluge, E. B. (1954) The influence of the tsetse fly eradication campaign on the breeding activity of Glossinae and their parasites in Zululand. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res.. 26, 389–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R. A. (1898) Travels and Life in Ashanti and Jaman. London, Archibald Constable.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritsch, G. (1868) Das Clima von Süd-afrika mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Culturfähigkeit des Landes. Z. Der Gesellschaft für Erdkünde zu Berlin. III, 132–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fryxell, J. M. and Sinclair, A. R. E. (1988) Seasonal migration by white-eared kob in relation to resources. Afr. J. Ecol. 26, 17–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, C. (1923) Tsetse in the Transvaal and surrounding territories. An historical review. Mem. 1. Entomology Memoirs. Pretoria: Department of Agriculture. pp68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghabbour, S. I. (1972) Some aspects of conservation in the Sudan. Biol. Cons. 4, 228–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, F. (1856-1858) Narrative of an expedition to the north-west of Lake Ngami, extending to the capital of Debabe’s territory, via Souka River, hitherto an unexplored portion of Africa. The Eastern Province Monthly Magazine, I, 252-257; 316-323;385-392; 533-543; 595-601; 661-669; II, 14-19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubser, C., Hué, S., Kellam, P. and Smith, G. L. (2004) Poxvirus genomes: a phylogenetic analysis. Journal of General Virology. 85, 105–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, J. J. (1901) A journey from Zeila to Lake Rudolf. Geog. J. 18, 258–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heape, W. (1931) Emigration, Migration and Nomadism. Cambridge, Heffers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hecker, J. F. C. (1844) The Epidemics of the Middle Ages. Trans. Babington, B. G. London, The Sydenham Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— McPhee, R. and Rickman, L. R. (1957) The epidemiology of tick-typhus in Nairobi. E. Afr. med. J. 34, 459–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Hillman, A. K. K. (1977) Mortality of wildlife in Nairobi National Park, during the drought of 1973–1974. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 15, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hine, J. (1907) Work in the Zigua Country. Central Africa. 25, 115–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1933) The London Convention of 1900. J. Soc. Pres. Fauna Emp. 20, 33–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hole, H. M. (1926) The Making of Rhodesia. London, Macmillan & Co. Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Butt, M. J. (1977) Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. III. Oestrus spp. and Gedoelstia hässleri in the blesbok. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res.. 44, 113–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1935) Overstocking in Tanganyika Territory. E. Afr. Agric. J. I, 353–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. G. (1805) The Plague in Barbary. The Gentleman’s Magazine. XLI, 123–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Waibel, L. (1920) Beiträge Zur Landeskunde von Südwestafrika. Mitt. Deutsch. Schutzgebieten Ergänzungsheft Nr. 14. Berlin, Mittler und Sohn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, C. S. (1936) Flood-Stage Records of the River Nile. Trans. Amer. Soc. Civil Engineers. 101, 1012–1071.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, T. B. (1908) Tramps round the Mountains of the Moon. London, Fisher & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koch, R. (1884) Ueber die Cholerabacterien. Deutsche Med. Wochen. 10, 725–728.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, A. C. and Shongwe, S. (2004) Temperature trends in South Africa: 1960–2003. Int. J. Climatol. 24, 1929–1945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, F. J. and Bigalke, R. C. (1984) Fire in fynbos. In: Booysen, P. de V., and Tainton, N. M. eds. Ecological Effects of Fire in South African Ecosystems. Berlin, Springer-Verlag. pp67-114.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1964) Estimation of the large mammal densities, biomass and energy exchange in the Tarangire Game Reserve and the Masai steppe in Tanganyika, E. Afr. Wildl. J. 2, 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavauden, L. (1935) La Forêt Equatoriale Africaine son Passé, son Présent, son Avenir. Paris, Ass. Colonies-Sciences & Comité National des Bois Coloniax. 22pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— Verhagen, R. and Verheyen, W. (1993) Productivity of different generations in a population of Mastomys natalensis rats in Tanzania. Oikos. 68, 53–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——— Verhagen, R., Verheyen, W., Mwanjabe, P. and Mise, T. (1996) Forecasting rodent outbreaks in Africa: an ecological basis for Mastomys control in Tanzania. J. Appl. Ecol. 33, 937–943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leistner, O. A. (1967) The Plant Ecology of the Southern Kalahari. Pretoria, The Government Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitão, A. de S. M. (1900) Relatório da Visita sanitária nos concelhos de l’este de Loanda mais victimados pela doença do somno. Porto.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1796) New Travels into the Interior Parts of Africa, by the way of the Cape of Good Hope in the Years 1783, 84, & 85. 3 vols. London, G. G. & J. Robinson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebig, J. (1840) Organic Chemistry in its Application to Vegetable Physiology and Agriculture. London, Taylor and Walton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingstone, D. (1857) Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa; Including a Sketch of Sixteen Years’ Residence in the Interior of Africa, And a Journey from the Cape of Good Hope to Loanda on the West Coast. Thence across the Continent, Down the River Zambesi, to the Eastern Ocean. London, John Murray.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, W. (n.d.) [1913]. The Conquest of the Desert. London, T. Werner Laurie Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matechi, H. T. and Muangirwa, C. J. (1981) Some factors contributing to rapid growth and decline of tsetse populations in a recently infested area near Magugu northern Tanzania. Misc. Rep. 997. Paper presented at the 17th meeting of the OAU/STRC International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control (ISTRC) Arusha, Tanzania-19-24 October 1981. pp10 cyclostyled.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1985) Interactive regulation of grass yield and chemical properties by defoliation, a salivary chemical, and inorganic nutrition. Oecologia. 65, 478–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Press. pp49-70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, R. (1748) A Discourse on the Small-Pox and Measles. London, John Brindley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, A. J. (2006) The role of salinity and sodicity in the dieback of Acacia xanthophloea in Ngorongoro Caldera, Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 44, 61–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, A. W. (1960) The influence of annual burning on a soil in the derived savanna zone of Nigeria. 7th Int. Congr. Soil Sci. Trans. 4, 257–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, W. A. (1914) In: Minutes of Evidence taken by the Departmental Committee on Sleeping Sickness. Cd. 7350. pp261-262. London, HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwalyosi, R. B. (1981) Ecological changes in Lake Manyara National Park. Afr. J. Ecol. 19, 201–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Page, W. A. (1959) The ecology of Glossina longipalpis Wied. in Southern Nigeria. Bull. Ent. Res. 50, 595–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, K. D. (1978) River Blindness in Northern Ghana, 1900–50. In: Hartwig, G. W. and Patterson, K. D. eds. Disease in African History An Introductory Survey and Case Studies. Durham, Duke University Press. pp88-117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pechuël-Loesche, E. M.. (1882) Die Loango-Expedition.Vol. 3(1). Leipzig, Paul Frohberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perham, M. and Bull, M. (1959) The Diaries of Lord Lugard. 3 vols. London, Faber And Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulton, E. B. (1926) III International Entomology Congress 1925. Vol. II. pp434-451.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Gwynne, M. D. (1977) Rangeland Management and Ecology in East Africa. London, Hodder and Stoughton.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Weyerhauser, F. J. (1987) Epidemics in populations of wild ruminants: anthrax and impala, rinderpest and buffalo in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. Oikos. 49, 28–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prospero, J. M. and Lamb, P. J. (2003) African Droughts and Dust Transport to the Caribbean: Climate Change Implications. Science. 302, 1024–1027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, R. (1979) Ecology, Meaning, and Religion. Berkeley, Calif., North Atlantic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1950) The transmission of plague in Kenya. Part II. In urban and rural areas of epidemic and endemic types. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 53, 103–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertshaw, P. (1990) Early Pastoralists of South-western Kenya. Nairobi, British Institute in Eastern Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaub, M., Kania, W. and Köppen, U. (2005) Variations of primary production during winter induces synchrony in survival rates in migratory white storks Ciconia ciconia. J. Anim. Ecol. 74, 656–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheube, B. (1900) Die Krankheiten der warmen Länder. Jena, G. Fischer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmarda, L. K. (1853) Die Geographische Verbreitung der Thiere. 3 vols. Wien, Carl Gerold und Sohn.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1782) A Treatise on the ‘synochus atrabiliosa, a contagious fever which raged at Senegal in the Year 1778, and proved fatal to the greatest part of the Europeans, and to a Number of the Natives … London, John Murray.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1897) The economic value of Rhodesia. The Scottish Geographical Magazine. XIII, 505–514.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1907) Letter. Preservation of Game in South Africa. The Field Newspaper. 110, 620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seymour, G. L. (1858) The journal of the journey of George L. Seymour to the interior of Liberia: 1858. New-York Colonization Journal, 105, 108, 109, 111, 112.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1989) Population regulation in animals. In: Ecological Concepts. Ed. Cherrett, J. M. Oxford, Blackwell. pp197-241.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1995) Serengeti past and present. In: Sinclair, A. R. E. and Arcese, P. eds. Serengeti II: Dynamics, management and conservation of an ecosystem. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. pp3-30.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Arcese, P. (1995) Serengeti II. Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Krebs, C. J. (2003) Complex numerical responses to top-down and bottom-up processes in vertebrate populations. In: Sibly, R. M., Hone, J. and Clutton-Brock, T. H. eds. Wildlife Population Growth Rates. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. pp127-147.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Norton-Griffiths, M. (1979) Serengeti. Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— Grant, J., Hopcraft, C., Olff, H., Mduma, S. A. R., Galvin, K. A. and Sharam, G. J. (2008) Historical and Future Changes in the Serengeti Ecosytem. In: Sinclair, A. R. E., Packer, C., Mduma, S. A. R. and Fryxell, J. M. eds. Serengeti III Human Impacts on Ecosystem Dynamics. Chiacgo, University of Chicago Press. pp7-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K. V. and Ata, F. (1967) Experimental rinderpest in camels. A preliminary report. Bull. epizoot. Dis. Afr. 15, 19-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sitwell, C. (1898) Report on the Toro District for 1897-98. 4. 6. 1898. Parliamentary Papers. Africa. No. 43 (1899). C-9232. London: HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slatin, R. C. (1895) Fire and Sword in the Sudan. A Personal Narrative of Fighting and Serving the Dervishes. 1879–1895. London, Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloane, H. (1707) A Voyage to the Islands of Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica, with the Natural History of the Herbs and Trees, Four-footed beasts, Fishes, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, &c of the Last of these Islands. 2 vols. London, Benjamin Motte.

    Google Scholar 

  • Small, D. (1953) Some ecological and vegetational studies in the Gola Forest Reserve, Sierra Leone. MSc diss. Belfast, Queen’s University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soper, R. (2002) Nyanga. Ancient Fields, Settlements and Agricultural History in Zimbabwe. London, The British Institute in Eastern Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinage, C. A. (1969) Report of the Ecologist to the Rwanda National Parks. Part I. Outline of the Ecology of the Akagera National Park and the Mutara Hunting Reserve. London, Ministry of Overseas Development. cyclostyled. 177pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— Ryan, C. and Shedd, M. (1980) Food selection by the Grant’s gazelle. Afr. J. Ecol. 18, 19–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stangeland, C. E. (1904) Pre-Malthusian Doctrines of Population: A Study in the History of Economic Theory. Studies in History, Economics and Public Law. XX1(3), 391–746.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1878) Through the Dark Continent. 2 vols. London, Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanepoel, R. (1981) Observations on Rift Valley Fever in Zimbabwe. Contributions to Epidemiology and Bisotatistics. 3, 83–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tansley, A. G. and Chipp, T. F. (1926) Aims and Methods in the Study of Vegetation. London, The British Empire Vegetation Committee.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tate, H. R. (1904) Notes on the Kikuyu and Kamba Tribes of British East Africa. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. XXXIV, 130–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taufflieb, R., Robion, Y. and Cornet, M. (1971) Le virus amaril et la faune sauvage en Afrique. Cah. ORSTOM, sér. Ent. Méd. Parasitol. 9, 351–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thal, J. A. (1972) Les maladies similaires à la peste bovine, études et lutte, Ndélé, République Centrafricaine. Enquête sur la peste bovine et les maladies similaires. Rome, FAO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A. S. (1941) The vegetation of the Sese Islands, Uganda. J. Ecol. 29, 330-353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Townshend, Ch. H. T. (1923) The Tsetse Problem. S. Afr. J. Nat. Hist. IV(1), 36–45; (2) 139–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urquhart, G. M., Hay, D., Zaphiro, D. R. P. and Spinage, C. A. (1960) Some Internal Parasites of Game Animals in Kenya. E. Afr. Agric. For. J. XXVI, 11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verheyen, R. (1954) Monographie éthologique de l’Hippopotame (Hippopotamus amphibius Linn). Brussels, Inst. Parcs Nat. Congo Belge.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1987) L’action des Eléphants et des Hippoptames sur l’Habitat, au Parc National des Virunga, Zaïre. Evolution chronologique de leurs populations. Bull. Inst Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique. Biologie. 57, 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincens, A., Schwartz, D., Elenga, H., Reynaud-Farrera, I., Alexandre, A., Beruac, J., Mariott, A., Martin, L., Meunier, J.-D., Nguetsop, F., Servant, M., Servant-Vildary, S., Wirrmann, D. (1999) Forest response to climate changes in Atlantic Equatorial Africa during the last 4000 years BP and inheritance on the modern landscapes. J. Biogeog. 26, 879–885.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wayland, E. J. and Brasnett, N. V. (1938) Soil Erosion and Water Supplies in Uganda. Geological Survey of Uganda Memoir No. IV. Entebbe, The Government Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, F. trans. (1997) Adolphe Delegorgue’s Travels in Southern Africa [1845]. 2 Vols. Durban, University of Natal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wijngaarden, W. van. (1985) Elephants-Trees-Grass-Grazers Relationships between climate, soils, vegetation and large herbivores in a semi-arid savanna ecosystem (Tsavo, Kenya). ITC Publication No. 4. International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orpen, J. M. (1964) Reminiscences of Life in South Africa from 1846 to the Present Day. Volumes I and II. Cape Town: C. Struik.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rookmaaker, L. C. (1989) The Zoological Exploration of Southern Africa 1650–1790. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wickwood House, SN7 8EZ, Faringdon, UK

    Clive A. Spinage D.Sc

Authors
  1. Clive A. Spinage D.Sc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Spinage, C.A. (2012). Other Abundant Populations. In: African Ecology. Springer Geography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22872-8_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation