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Phylogeny and Systematics of Cyperaceae, the Evolution and Importance of Embryo Morphology

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Abstract

Despite recent advances in molecular phylogenetic studies, deep evolutionary relationships in Cyperaceae are still not entirely resolved. Reduction of floral morphology and complex inflorescences pose difficulties to unravel relationships based on morphology alone. One of the most phylogenetically informative structures in Cyperaceae are the embryos. The utility of embryo characters and types in Cyperaceae systematics is reviewed in a molecular phylogenetic context using a DNA supermatrix incorporating sequences from five plastid (matK, ndhF, rbcL, rps16, trnL-F) and two nuclear ribosomal (ETS, ITS) regions. The phylogenetic hypothesis presented includes the most extensive sampling of the family to date. Fourteen qualitative morphological embryo characters were coded, ancestral state reconstructions were performed, and the embryo of each sampled genus was classified in a typological system based on key morphological features. Embryo morphology provides a valuable source of independent data for Cyperaceae systematics that can be used to place species with unknown affinities, when molecular data is not available, or when results of analyses are inconclusive or conflicting. Integrating embryo data will remain critical for future higher level studies of Cyperaceae evolution and classification.

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Ghent University Department of Biology and an NSERC Discovery Grant to JRS. We thank the curators of the BR, K, GENT and L herbaria for the loan of specimens and permission to carry out destructive sampling.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Research Group Spermatophytes, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium

    Ilias Semmouri, Kenneth Bauters, Paul Goetghebeur & Isabel Larridon

  2. Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, 9000, Gent, Belgium

    Ilias Semmouri

  3. Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860, Meise, Belgium

    Kenneth Bauters

  4. Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada

    Étienne Léveillé-Bourret & Julian R. Starr

  5. B.A. Krukoff Curator of African Botany, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK

    Isabel Larridon

Authors
  1. Ilias Semmouri
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  2. Kenneth Bauters
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  3. Étienne Léveillé-Bourret
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  4. Julian R. Starr
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  5. Paul Goetghebeur
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  6. Isabel Larridon
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Isabel Larridon.

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Semmouri, I., Bauters, K., Léveillé-Bourret, É. et al. Phylogeny and Systematics of Cyperaceae, the Evolution and Importance of Embryo Morphology. Bot. Rev. 85, 1–39 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-018-9202-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-018-9202-0

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