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Megalastrum (Dryopteridaceae) in Central America

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Summary

Twenty-one species of Megalastrum are here recognised for Central America. A dichotomous indented key is given to identify the species, and each species is provided with a description, complete synonymy, discussion, specimens examined, and illustrations. Eight new species are described: Megalastrum apicale R. C. Moran & J. Prado, M. costipubens R. C. Moran & J. Prado, M. glabrum R. C. Moran & J. Prado, M. gompholepis R. C. Moran & J. Prado, M. intermedium R. C. Moran & J. Prado, M. longiglandulosum R. C. Moran & J. Prado, M. mexicanum R. C. Moran & J. Prado, and M. sparsipilosum R. C. Moran & J. Prado. Two new combinations are made: M. galeottii (M. Martens) R. C. Moran & J. Prado and M. heydei (C. Chr.) R. C. Moran & J. Prado. The central mountains of Costa Rica and Panama are the most species-rich region in Central America, harbouring 15 species, 10 of which are endemic.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by a grant to the senior author from the United States National Science Foundation (DEB 0717056). We thank the curators of AAU, B, BM, BR, F, GH, HB, HBR, HUA, K, MBM, MICH, MO, NY, P, R, RB, S, SP, SPF, U, UC, UPCB, and US for loans. We thank Alejandra Vasco (NY) for help generating the lists of specimens examined and index to collectors’ names and numbers, Roy Gereau (MO) for help with the Latin diagnoses, and Hannah Stevens (GIS lab at the New York Botanical Garden) for help with the distribution maps. The drawings of indument were made by Mr Haruto Fukuda.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The New York Botanical Garden, 200th Street & Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY, 10458-5126, USA

    Robbin C. Moran

  2. Instituto de Botânica, CP 3005, CEP 01031-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Jefferson Prado

Authors
  1. Robbin C. Moran
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  2. Jefferson Prado
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robbin C. Moran.

Appendices

List of species recognised for Megalastrum

The numbers correspond to those used in the indices below to scientific names and to collectors’ names and numbers.

  1. 1.

    Megalastrum apicale R. C. Moran & J. Prado

  2. 2.

    Megalastrum atrogriseum (C. Chr.) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran

  3. 3.

    Megalastrum costipubens R. C. Moran & J. Prado

  4. 4.

    Megalastrum ctenitoides A. Rojas

  5. 5.

    Megalastrum dentatum A. Rojas

  6. 6.

    Megalastrum galeottii (M. Martens) R. C. Moran & J. Prado

  7. 7.

    Megalastrum glabrum R. C. Moran & J. Prado

  8. 8.

    Megalastrum gompholepis R. C. Moran & J. Prado

  9. 9.

    Megalastrum heydei (C. Chr.) R. C. Moran & J. Prado

  10. 10.

    Megalastrum intermedium R. C. Moran & J. Prado

  11. 11.

    Megalastrum longiglandulosum R. C. Moran & J. Prado

  12. 12.

    Megalastrum longipilosum A. Rojas

  13. 13.

    Megalastrum lunense (H. Christ) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran

  14. 14.

    Megalastrum macrotheca (Fée) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran

  15. 15.

    Megalastrum mexicanum R. C. Moran & J. Prado

  16. 16.

    Megalastrum palmense (Rosenst.) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran

  17. 17.

    Megalastrum pulverulentum (Poir.) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran

  18. 18.

    Megalastrum reductum R. C. Moran & J. Prado,

  19. 19.

    Megalastrum sparsipilosum R. C. Moran & J. Prado

  20. 20.

    Megalastrum squamosum A. Rojas

  21. 21.

    Megalastrum subincisum (Willd.) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran

Index to scientific names

Accepted names are in bold face; synonyms, in italic. The number between parentheses corresponds to the species number in this revision.

Aspidium erythrostemma H. Christ (17)

Aspidium karstenianum var. navarrense H. Christ (2)

Aspidium lunense H. Christ (13)

Aspidium lutescens Willd. (17)

Aspidium subincisum (Willd.) H. Christ (21)

Ctenitis atrogrisea (C. Chr.) Ching (2)

Ctenitis bidecorata Lellinger (14)

Ctenitis biserialis (Baker) Lellinger (14)

Ctenitis haitiensis (Brause) Lellinger (14)

Ctenitis lunensis (H. Christ) Lellinger (13)

Ctenitis karsteniana (Poir.) Vareschi (17)

Ctenitis macrotheca (Fée) Ching (14)

Ctenitis pansamalensis (C. Chr.) Ching (13)

Ctenitis palmensis (Rosenst.) Lellinger (16)

Ctenitis pulverulenta (Poir.) Copel. (17)

Ctenitis pulverulenta (Poir.) Copel. var. heydei (C. Chr.) Stolze (9)

Ctenitis skutchii Lellinger (13)

Ctenitis subincisa (Willd.) Ching (21)

Dryopteris atrogrisea C. Chr. (2)

Dryopteris biserialis (Baker) C. Chr. (14)

Dryopteris erythrostemma (H. Christ) C. Chr. (17)

Dryopteris galeottii (M. Martens) C. Chr. (6)

Dryopteris haitiensis (Brause) Urb. & Maxon (14)

Dryopteris karsteniana (Klotzsch) Hieron. (17)

Dryopteris karsteniana var. heydei C. Chr. (9)

Dryopteris lunensis (H. Christ) C. Chr. (13)

Dryopteris macrotheca (Fée) C. Chr. (14)

Dryopteris mazei (Baker) C. Chr. (14)

Dryopteris pansamalensis C. Chr (13)

Dryopteris pulverulenta (Poir.) C. Chr. (17)

Dryopteris subincisa (Willd.) Urb. (21)

Dryopteris subincisa (Willd.) Urb. var. haitiensis Brause (14)

Dryopteris subincisa var. karsteniana (Klotzsch) C. Chr. (17)

Dryopteris subincisa var. palmensis Rosenst. (16)

Megalastrum apicaleR. C. Moran & J. Prado (1)

Megalastrum atrogriseum (C. Chr.) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (2)

Megalastrum bidecoratum (Lellinger) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (14)

Megalastrum biseriale (Baker) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (14)

Megalastrum costipubensR. C. Moran & J. Prado (3)

Megalastrum ctenitoidesA. Rojas (4)

Megalastrum dentatumA. Rojas (5)

Megalastrum dorsiglabrum A. Rojas (18)

Megalastrum galeottii (M. Martens) R. C. Moran & J. Prado (6)

Megalastrum glabrumR. C. Moran & J. Prado (7)

Megalastrum gompholepisR. C. Moran & J. Prado (8)

Megalastrum haitiense (Brause) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (14)

Megalastrum heydei (C. Chr.) R. C. Moran & J. Prado (9)

Megalastrum intermediumR. C. Moran & J. Prado (10)

Megalastrum karstenianum (Klotzsch) A. Rojas (17)

Megalastrum longiglandulosumR. C. Moran & J. Prado (11)

Megalastrum longipilosumA. Rojas (12)

Megalastrum longipilosum A. Rojas var. glabrescens A. Rojas (6)

Megalastrum longipilosum A. Rojas var. glandulosum A. Rojas (11)

Megalastrum lunense (H. Christ) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (13)

Megalastrum macrotheca (Fée) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (14)

Megalastrum mexicanumR. C. Moran & J. Prado (15)

Megalastrum palmense (Rosenst.) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (16)

Megalastrum pulverulentum (Poir.) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (17)

Megalastrum pulverulentum (Poir.) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran var. heydei (C. Chr.) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (9)

Megalastrum reductumR. C. Moran & J. Prado (18)

Megalastrum skutchii (Lellinger) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (13)

Megalastrum sparsipilosumR. C. Moran & J. Prado (19)

Megalastrum squamosumA. Rojas (20)

Megalastrum subincisum (Willd.) A. R. Sm. & R. C. Moran (21)

Nephrodium biseriale (Baker) Diels (14)

Nephrodium villosum var. karstenianum (Klotzsch) Jenman (17)

Nephrodium villosum var. subincisum (Willd.) Hook. ex Sodiro (21)

Nephrodium villosum var. subincisum (Willd.) Jenman (21)

Phegopteris galeottii (M. Martens) Fée (6)

Phegopteris hirsuta Fée (17)

Phegopteris karsteniana (Klotzsch) Mett. (17)

Phegopteris macrotheca Fée (14)

Phegopteris stenolepis Fée (6)

Phegopteris subincisum (Willd.) Fée (21)

Polypodium connexum var. mazei (Fourn. ex Baker) Fourn. ex Duss (14)

Polypodium barbatum Desv. (17)

Polypodium biseriale Baker (14)

Polypodium galeottii M. Martens (16)

Polypodium karstenianum Klotzsch (17)

Polypodium mazei Fourn. ex Baker (14)

Polypodium pulverulentum Poir. (17)

Polypodium subincisum Willd. (21)

Appendix I. Distribution of Megalastrum by country in Central America

The number in parentheses is the total number of species for each country. Endemics in bold.

Belize (2): M. galeottii, M. lunense.

Costa Rica (15): M. apicale, M. atrogriseum, M. costipubens, M. ctenitoides, M. dentatum, M. galeottii, M. glabrum, M. intermedium, M. longiglandulosum, M. longipilosum, M. lunense, M. macrotheca, M. palmense, M. pulverulentum, M. squamosum.

El Salvador (1): M. galeottii.

Guatemala (6): M. atrogriseum, M. galeottii, M. gompholepis, M. heydei, M. lunense, M. pulverulentum.

Honduras (4): M. galeottii, M. pulverulentum, M. sparsipilosum, M. subincisum.

Mexico (8): M. galeottii, M. gompholepis, M. longipilosum, M. lunense, M. mexicanum, M. pulverulentum, M. sparsipilosum, M. subincisum.

Nicaragua (3): M. costipubens, M. galeottii, M. lunense.

Panama (13): M. atrogriseum, M. costipubens, M. dentatum, M. galeottii, M. glabrum, M. intermedium, M. longipilosum, M. lunense, M. macrotheca, M. palmense, M. pulverulentum, M. reductum, M. squamosum.

Appendix II. Index to collectors’ names and numbers

Acosta, L.: 2400 (2)

Alfaro, A.: 6893, 6895, 8076 (6); 16552 (12); 16894 (3)

Allen, P. H.: 788 (6)

Alston, A. H. G.: 8743 (13)

Antonio, T.: 2722 (16); 5090 (2)

Araquistain, M.: 624 (6)

Araya, F.: 919 (3)

Barringer, K.: 2310 (2)

Bigelow, S.: 21 (2); 50 (1)

Biolley, P.: 70 (2); 10687, 10686, pro parte (3); 10686, pro parte (6)

Bittner, J: 970 (13); 974 (1); 985 (12); 1058, 2300 (1)

Bourgeau, M.: 2016, 2277 (6)

Brade, A.: 27, 122 (2); 156 (1); 215 (16); 349 (1); 404 (3); 567, 568 (2); 569 (5); 570 (6); 571 (3)

Breedlove, D. E.: 21602 (6); 22622 (19); 22633 (8); 31677 (19); 31884 (8); 32211 (21); 32364 (19); 33078 (6); 33687, 34621 (19); 38082, 38931 (6); 42014, 56669 (13)

Brenes, A. M.: 5766, 5766A (1); 13665 (2); 17095, 17097 (1)

Burger, W. C.: 4141 (1); 4871 (16); 5054 (12); 5324 (2); 5326 (1); 5421 (11); 5684 (1); 5693 (16); 6005 (17); 8024 (6); 8566 (7); 8696 (1); 8853 (3); 9689, 9795, 10774 (2); 11927 (6)

Caballero, R: 136, 143 (16); 191 (17)

Chacón, I. A.: 1160 (6)

Chavarría, M.: 484, 493 (2)

Cháves, C.: 159 (12)

Chaves, J. L.: 466 (12)

Chrysler, M. A.: 5102 (2); 5511 (17); 5576 (2)

Collins, G. N.: 234 (6)

Conzatti, C.: 594, 615 (6)

Cook, O. F.: 157, 329 (6)

Cooper: 10271 (6)

Cornman, L. R.: 862 (7); 973 (6); 998 (16); 1003 (6)

Cornman, M. A.: 1138 (10); 1282 (17)

Correa, M. D.: 2232 (2); 3978 (6)

Croat, T. B.: 10656 (17); 13570 (6); 15683 (2); 22224A (3); 22407 (16); 23007 (12); 27413, 33451, 33457 (2); 33913, 33928, 34046 (20); 36281 (3); 37084 (2); 43092 (6); 50067, 50082, 59973 (2); 60386, 60435 (6); 66317 (10); 66424, 66425 (16); 66527, 66561 (6); 66574 (12); 78537 (6); 78854 (1)

D'Arcy, W. G.: 5465 (2)

Davidse, G.: 24225 (13); 34476 (6)

Davidson, M. E.: 293 (16)

de la Sota, E.: 5026 (7); 5210 (12); 5262 (1)

Donnell-Smith, J. D.: 5086, 6895 (6); 6895, pro parte (3)

Dryer, V. J.: 110 (7); 414 (1)

Evans, A. M.: 2943 (1); 3050 (10); 3082 (12)

Fernández, A.: 933 (2)

Fink, H.: 55, 59, pro parte (6); 59, pro parte (21)

Fletes, E: 27 (16)

Fuentes, Z.: 760 (16)

Galeotti, H.: 6321 (6)

Gallardo, G.: 211 (6)

Ghiesbreght: 365 (6)

Gómez, L. D.: 2193 (16); 2266 (5); 2272 (6); 3525, 3553, 3564 (14); 3611 (2); 6291, 6383, 6863, 7048 (6); 19056, 19073 (12); 19290, 19291 (14); 20184, 20828, 20928 (2); 21672 (10); 22324 (14)

González, I.: 155 (16)

Grant, V.: 827 (6)

Grayum, M.: 2331 (6); 2887 (3); 3713 (2); 3806, 3811 (6); 4538 (14); 4769, 5008, 5487, 5554 (6); 5674, 6642, 7093 (5); 7178 (14); 7367 (5); 7405, 7467 (14); 7765 (1); 8326 (6); 10315 (14); 10316 (16); 10914 (13); 11088 (2)

Grijalva, A.: 468 (13)

Haber, W.: 9354 (12); 9499 (2); 9499 (7)

Hammel, B.: 14186 (6); 14332 (20); 14445, 14657 (2); 19276 (12); 20559 (17)

Hampshire, R. J.: 548 (2)

Hatch, W. R.: 25 (6); 210 (13)

Hellwig, R. L.: 454 (6)

Hennipman, E.: 6589, 6613, 6652 (2); 6740 (5); 6813 (16); 6818 (5)

Henrich, J. E.: 254, 357 (6)

Hernández, H.: 1414, 1616, 1704, 1962 (15)

Herrera, G.: 315 (6); 347 (1); 402 (2); 591 (13); 2455, 2458, 2458 (20); 2791 (1); 2794 (4); 3538 (6); 3896 (13); 4159 (2); 4338 (6); 4580 (11); 5296, 5410 (2); 5488, 5867 (5); 6064 (2); 6116 (16); 7155 (6); 7929 (5); 8379 (2); 8461 (1); 8509 (2); 8717 (20); 9094 (1); 9103 (2)

Heyde: 3249 (9)

Hill, S. R.: 17693 (7); 17785 (2)

Hinton, G. B.: 14060 (6)

Hoffmann, C.: 774 (6)

Holm, R. W.: 339, 411 (6)

Holst, B. K.: 5820 (13)

House, P.: 868 (21)

Ingela, K.: 95-M141 (17)

Ivey, C.: 141 (6)

James, W.: 61 (2); 63 (7); 73 (12)

Jiménez, A.: 47 (17); 446, 891, 897 (6); 1182 (7)

Jiménez, O.: 603 (1); 808, 1140 (6)

Jones, M.: 139, 301 (6)

Judziewicz, E. J.: 4411 (6)

Kenoyer, L. A.: 689, 720 (19)

Killip, E. P.: 5053, 5061, 5124 (16); 5136 (10); 5144, 5144, 5151 (2); 5211 (6); 5336 (14); 5377 (2); 5501 (16); 5502 (10)

Kluge, J.: 6357 (14)

Lankester, C. H.: 650, 652, 886 (2)

Lellinger, D. B.: 735 (6); 750 (1); 793 (5); 814 (10); 833 (12); 1021 (5); 1233 (13); 1336 (2); 1379 (16); 1442 (12); 1480 (1); 1576 (6); 1702 (5); 1787 (17); 1866 (3)

Lems, K.: 640129 (17)

Liebmann: 649 (6)

Liesner, R. L.: 780 (13)

López-G, E.: 1 (6)

Luteyn, J. L.: 3471 (8)

Martínez, K.: 433 (13); 452 (1)

Martínez-S., E.: 19692 (8)

Matuda, E.: 2915 (6)

Maurice, Bro: 670 (2)

Maxon, W. R.: 303 (16); 4952 (6); 8016, 8033 (2); 8062 (16); 8321, 8340 (2); 3268a (13)

McAlpin, B. W.: 70-130 (6); 73-172 (2)

McPherson, G.: 12277B (2)

Mickel, J. T.: 1077 (12); 1082, 1455, 1845, 1853 (6); 1855 (2); 2049 (12); 2240 (1); 2244, 2247 (16); 2250 (1); 2257, 2332, 2562, 2563, 2578 (2); 2633 (6); 2640 (2); 2756 (11); 2975 (1); 3009 (5); 3116 (12); 3171 (6); 3431 (1); 3433 (6); 3553 (3); 3574 (16); 3949, 5230, 5892, 5923, 6191, 6376, 6396, 6401, 7268 (6)

Molina R., A.: 8084 (6); 10659 (21); 14068 (19); 14499 (21); 20024, 20337, 20397, 22217 (6)

Monro, A. K.: 4230 (10)

Monterrosa, J. S.: 961 (6)

Mora-C., E.: 6, 63 (6)

Moraga, C.: 462 (2)

Moraga, M.: 351 (6); 486 (16)

Morales, J. F.: 1958 (17); 2036 (6)

Moran, R. C.: 2190 (3); 2332 (2); 3050 (5); 3111 (6); 3117 (13); 3162 (12); 3172 (2); 3258 (12); 3276 (2); 3354 (1); 3355 (2); 4019, 4075, 4122 (13); 5060 (18); 5527 (19); 5648 (21); 5651 (19); 8015 (16); 8029 (17); 8133, 8176 (6); 3186, pro parte (13); 3186A (6)

Morton, C. V.: 2397 (6)

Navarro V., E.: 860, 862 (5); 906, 916 (10)

Nee, M.: 28419 (6)

Neill, D.: 1619 (6)

Nisman, C.: 18, 21 (2); 31, 47 (17); 89 (6); 97 (5); 149 (6); 163 (5)

Ortega-U., A.: 282 (6)

Palmer, C. W.: 112, 125, 148 (7)

Pineda, V.: 255 (21)

Pittier, H.: 307, 312, 7480 (3); 9472 (6); 9909 (3); 10684 (6); 10993 (10)

Purpus, C. A.: 1980, 4254 (6); 6768 (8); 7230, 7255, 11086, 13060, 13060, 15735, 16624 (6)

Quesada, F.: 1474 (12); 2017 (10)

Ramírez R., F.: 645 (19)

Ray, P.: 2141 (6)

Riba, R.: 290 (2)

Rodríguez, A.: 2807 (12); 3809 (13); 5931 (2)

Rojas, A.: 105, 149, 232, 283, 378, 378, 409, 439 (2); 566 (6); 699 (13); 754 (5); 840 (16); 842 (14); 853 (10); 1060 (2); 1177, 1296, 1586 (6); 1768 (2); 1871, 1898 (13); 2060 (6); 2318 (1); 3075 (12); 3404 (16); 3515 (1); 3570 (2); 3571 (16); 3649 (6); 3895 (12); 4059 (5); 4076 (1); 4101 (6); 4129 (13); 4162 (1); 4186 (2); 4334 (16); 4580 (20); 4630 (12); 4631, 4736 (13); 4879 (16); 4910 (14); 4911 (17); 5062 (20); 5100 (2); 5770 (6); 5809 (17); 5862 (2); 6006 (16); 6024 (6)

Rothschub, E.: 213 (6)

Rovirosa, J. N.: 817 (15)

Sánchez S., J.: 345 (19)

Santamaría, D.: 6553, 11465 (1)

Scamman, E.: 5883 (6); 5888 (3); 5936 (6); 5937 (13); 5938 (12); 7013 (5); 7093 (2); 7094 (3); 7096 (2); 7595 (6); 7652 (2); 7654 (13); 7956 (1); 7959, 7960 (2); 7961 (6); 7962 (3)

Schaffner, W.: 239 (6)

Schipp, W. A.: 762 (6)

Sinaca C., S.: 1154 (15)

Skog, L. E.: 4055 (2)

Skutch, A. F.: 3113 (13); 3274, 3601 (2); 2337, pro parte (13)

Smith, A.: H189 (2)

Smith, A. R.: 189, 1685 (2); 1863 (6); 2129 (16); 2130 (14); 2256 (13); 2290 (1); 2316 (16); PC107, PC182 (2)

Smith, C. E.: 4139 (19)

Soihet M., G.: 201 (21)

Spence, J.: 75 (6)

Standley, P. C.: 37062 (3); 37756 (16); 38185 (2); 39206 (1); 39870 (2); 42113 (17); 45772 (3); 49230, 49421, 49692, 49731 (2); 49940 (16); 51024 (2); 68520, 85060, 85477, 85554, 86322 (8); 91509 (17); 91653 (13)

Stevens, W. D.: 6666 (13)

Steyermark, J. A.: 36301, 36422 (8); 36867, 37750 (19)

Stolze, R. G.: 1433 (16); 1495 (14); 1567, 1568 (2)

Stork, H. E.: 1184, 1777 (2); 2646 (3); 2671, 2716 (1); 2844 (2); 2849 (17)

Sullivan, G. A.: 524 (13)

Sundue, M.: 1724, 1733, 1737 (7); 1743, 1750 (1); 1779, 1782 (2); 1783 (16); 1789 (5); 1800, 1816 (2); 1818 (12)

Tate, R.: 35 (3)

Tonduz, A.: 1838, 9481, 9868 (6); 11334, 14583 (3)

Trusty, J.: 146 (6)

Valdespino, I. A.: 599 (3)

Valerio, M.: 28 (14); 82 (2); 1806 (1); 2248 (2); 2250 (6)

Valverde, O.: 935 (2)

van der Werff, H.: 6376 (5); 6514 (16); 6754 (2); 7240 (16)

Ventura-A., F.: 399 (19); 16270 (6)

von Türckheim, H.: 796 (2); 1052 (6); 1055 (13); 1056, 1069, 8052, 8811 (6)

Webster, C.: 6106 (3)

Wercklé, C.: 577 (17); s.n. [Inst. Physico-geogr. Nat. Costarricense 16782] (6); s.n. [Inst. Physico-geogr. Nat. Costarricense 16788] (13)

Williams, L. O.: 17686, 23646, 23957 (6); 25586, 25752, 26219, 26975, 27211, 27216 (8); 27688 (6); 28017, 28077 (16); 42616 (6)

Wilson, C. L.: 234 (13)

Yuncker, T. G.: 6098 (6).

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Moran, R.C., Prado, J. Megalastrum (Dryopteridaceae) in Central America. Kew Bull 65, 137–188 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-010-9214-3

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